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LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

NO.

OQQ____ DATE..3.rA8<32._.
s o urce,. .Cjo.l.iege ^ u ry d s. . .
^.frv __ XUI4 Dec

I leeember 2tj, 1891.]

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

% W&tMv Illustrate* 3ountal

HORTICULTUKE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS.

(ESTABLISHED IN 1841.)

VOL X.-THIRD SERIES.
JULY TO DECEMBER, 1891.

LONDON :
41, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

1891.

Pet-

IS1I

LOKDON
BRADBURY, AGVTSW, & CO. LIMD., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

The Gardeners' Chronicle.J

f [December 26, 1891.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1891.

Abbeville garden at, 127
Aberystwith, the past winter at, 76
Abies magnifica, 276 ; A. m. var.

shastensis (the Shasta Red Fir),

430; A. Webbiana, female cone of,

395
Aburi, Gold Coast, 60
Abutilon Thompsoni, 610
Abutilons for winter-flowering, 102
Acacia trees in Egypt, 12
Acampe madagascariensis, 60S
Acer insigne var. velutinum, 189 ; A.

Trautvetteri, 180; A. Volxemii, 9,

188
Actinidia Kolomicta, 402
Adon Mount, Dulwich. 250
Aerides Lawrences), 160
African Oil-Palm in Borneo, the, 423,

558
Agave albicans, 730
Agave, flowering of the American, 713
Agricultural education, 106
Agricultural education, an important

experiment in, 520
Agricultural Gazette of New South

Wales, 69
Air in woods, &c, hygienic value of,

400
Alaskan forests, 732
Aldenham House, Elstree, 608
Allspice, Californian, 702
Alnwick Castle, 282
Aloysia citriodora, hardiness of, IS
Alpine plants, culture of, 454, 483,

548
Alpines, sphagnum moss growing in,

36
American flora at the World's Fair,

676 ; fruit evaporator, 53
Analysis of White Globe Onion, 152
Androsace lanuginosa, 144
Anemones, Japanese, 368
Angrsecum eburneum, 710
Anguloa, a new, 681
Apiary, the, 38. 96 164. 221, 277, 339,

427, 487, 550, 615, 673, 735 (see

Bees)
Apple and Pear growing, pvramidal,

731
Apple avenue at Waltham Cross, 340 ;

A. Chelmsford Wonder. 613; A.

culture and orchards, 419 ; A. Jas.

Grieve, 493; A. Lord Grosvenor,

405 ; scab, 580
Apple, the chemistry of, 611, 733
Apples, does it pay to grow ? 190, 274
Apples, Tasmanian, 736
Apricots from seed, 377; Russian,

555
Araucaria exeelaa, 371
Arisaema anomalum, 739
Aristolochia grandiflora, 190 ; A. Da-

chartrei, 744
Armeria Gaditana, 522
Arnebia echioides, 37
Artichoke leaves, poison in, 522
Artificial manuring, effects of, 5S6
Arundina bambusifolia, 394
Asparagus, experiments with, 243
Assimilation in Lichens, 586

Asters at Eynsford, annual, 305
August stocktaking, 372
Auricula, Page's champion green-
edged, 40; the, 19. 246, 761; A.
Booth's Freedom, 40; A. Leigh's
Colonel Taylor, 40
Australian fruit imports, 400
Autumn-flowering plants, 620
Autumn in the Rose garden, 582
Azalea mollis, 48 ; A, procumbens, 514

Babraham Hall. 648

Balfour, Isaac Bayley, 275

Bamboo, seeding of, 93 ; B. Japantse,

hardiness of, 70
Bass or I'iassava, 335
Bee-keeping and County Councils,

133 ; law relating to, 142, 562 (see

Apiary)
Beet Spinach, 619
Begonia, tuberous, with striped flowers,

400, 434; B. Weltoniensis, 610; B.

John Heal and Winter Gem, 6*0 ;

B. tuberous at Tring Park, 400;

at Bower Ashton, 404
Belgium, Orchid Culture in, 479
Belladonna Lily. 397
Berlin Botanic Garden, 96
B.gnonia radicans, 527
Birds of the commons and woodlands,

730, 758
Black Currant wine, 141
Blanching, 248
Blight on Plums, 618
Blue Michaelmas Daisies, 620
Bocconia cordata, 619, 651, 679, 742
Bohemia, the Plum harvest in, 431
Bolbophyllum macranthum, 739
Bolting of Cabbages, 18, 76, 140
Bombay ferneries, 555; gardens, 143
Bone-meal manures. 401
Books, Mr. Hibberd's, 647

Books, Notices of:— a Handbook

of British Commerce, &c. (P. L. Sim-
monds,F.L.S.), (London : Moffatt &
Page), 706 ; Amateur Gardening,
765 ; Baillon's Histoire des Plantes,
75 ; Bankruptcy, The Law of, 766 ;
Book of the Farm, 76 ; Botanical
Magazine, 106. 107, 197; Botan-
isches Adressbuch, 15 ; British
Edible Fungi : How to Distinguish,
and how to Cook Them (M. C.
Cook), 740; British Fungi— Phygco-
mycetes and Ustilagineaa (<?. Mas-
see), 739; Bulletin de la Societe
Franchise d'Horticulture de Londres,
401 ; Bush Friends in Tasmania
(Meredith), 402; Calvert's Me-
chanic's Almanack, 765; Catalogue
of Vascular Plants of South
Western France, 137 ; Cours
dAnglais (Alfred Legrand), 517
Dictionnaire de Botanique (Bail/on)
251, 766; Evolution of Plants
Lower Forms (G. Massee), 740
Flora of China, 251 ; Forstliche
Botanik (Frank Schwarz), 740
Fossil Botany (H. Graf zu Solms)
768 ; Garden Annual and Alma'

nack (W. Robinson), 738; Garden
Craft, Old and New (J. Sedding),
555, 674; Gardeners' Magazine,
The, 765 ; Glenng's Illustrated Gar-
den Almanack, 765; Grape Grow-
ing for Amateurs (E. Molyneux),
281; Handbook of the Destructive
Insects of Victoria, 371 ; Himalayan
Journals, 766 ; How to Grow Onions,
40, 766 ; Horticultural Directory
and Year- Book (Dr. Hogg), 738;
Icones Plantarum, 107; Landscape
Gardening, 108 ; La Rose, Histoire
et Culture (M. J. Bel), 739 ; L»s
Plantes d'Appartement et les Plantes
deFenetres, 192; Making of Flowers,
the (G. Henslow), 76; Manipula-
tions de Botanique Medicale et
Pharmacptique (Sf, M, Herail et
Valire Bonnet), 740; My Gardener;
A Practical Handbook for the
Million (H. W. Ward), 706; Mush-
rooms and their Culture (C. Brookes),
518; Orchid Album, the, 766;
Our Country Flowers, and How
to Know them (W. J. Gordon),
402 ; Piesse's Art of Perfumery, 76,
517 ; Plant World, the (G. Massee),
768 ; Select Extra Tropical Plants
Readily Eligible for Industrial Cul-
ture or Naturalisation (Baron F von
Mueller), 7 i0; Silva of North Ame-
rica, the, 76, 195 ; The Birds of our
Rambles (C. Dixon). 706 ; The Fruit
Grower's Guide, 676; The Minia-
ture Fruit-Garden and Modern
Orchard ( T. Rivers and T. F. Rivers),
739 : Tillage and Implements (IK. J.
Maiden), 402; Travels and Adven-
tures of an Orchid Hunter (A. Mil/i-
can), 739 ; Vegetarian, the, 765 ;
West Indian Flora and Fauna, Ex-
tract from, 738

Bordeaux Mixture, 593 ; Messrs. Sut-
ton's experiments with, 523 ; and
the Potato disease, 609

Botanical library at Kew, 739

Botanical Magazine. 371, 490. 739

Botanic Gardens, Palermo. 371

Botany, possibilities of, 306

Bottling fruits, 244

Bouquet-holder, a new, 739

Bouvardias, 619

Bowood Park, 125

Box, a forest of, 371

Breaking-up pan, 404

Brentford, a new market at, 460, 760

Briar stocks for Standard Roses, 335

Brien, James O', 225

Bright colours in autumn foliage, 521 ;
in tree foliage, 558

British Association, 280

British flies, 706

British Fruit Growers' Association
484, 579

Broad Horn Ferns, or Platyceriums,
697

Broccoli, good winter, 713, 762

Broccoli, late, Veitch's Model, 306

Brocklesby Park, 39

Broom, cream-coloured, 17; Spanish,
162

Browallia, the genus, 188

Buenos Ayres. 192

Bulb crop at Haarlem, 16

Bulb garden. 486, 555

Bull's, Mr. W., winter garden at, 74

Burghley House, Strawberries ar, 140

Burford Lodge, Orchids at, 19

Burgundy, wine prospects in, 128

Burn Park, Uddingston, 275

Burnt-earth in the propagatii n of

plants. 70S
Burton Flower Show, 17

Cabbages, bolting of, 18, 76. 140

Cacao, Coffee, and Coca in Peiu, 175

Cactuses, respiration of, 401

Calampeli8 scabra var. rosea, 672

Calceolaria pinnata, 402

Calceolarias, herbaceous, 171; striking,
397

Calcutta, Botanic Garden at, 396

Callicarpa purpurea, 103

Calycanthus occidentals, 702

Campanula pyramidalis alba, 403

Camphor as an insecticide, 77

Candytufts, 22 ; perennial. 37

Carbolic acid fur Vines, 257

Carnation disease caused by eel-
worms, 70

Carnation Souvenir de la Malmaison,
70

Carnations, a dipterous larva destruc-
tive to, 742

Carnations for conservatories, 19, 223

Carnations and Picotees, 19, 762 ;
Benary's new, 303

Carnations, border, and the Martin
Smith prizes, 46

Carpet-bed designs, 377

Carrot, Veitch's Matchless, 650

Castle Hill, Englefield Green, 191

Casuarinas, 676

Catasetum barbatum, 482; C. Bun-
gerothi, 187 ; C. fimbriatum, 422

Cattleya, a gigantic, 554

Cattleya Bowringiana, 546 ; C. labiata,
366, 371, 452. 618; C. labiata
autumnalis, 422, 490; C. labiata,
autumn flowering, Swainson's var.,
431 ; C. labiata autumnalis alias
Warocqueana, 482 ; C. labiata, Gard-
ner's var., 431 ; C. labiata, with
two lips, 616 ; C. labiata. Lindl., 366 ;
C. labiata vera, 401 ; C. Hardyana X
var. Laversinensis, 760; C. Har-
risii X (C. guttata Leopoldii X C.
Mendelii), 452

Cattleya labiata, flowering at Sander's,
730

Cauliflower, Sutton's First Crop (see
Vegetablea), 69

Cedrus Deodara, coning of, 492, 679

Celerv, 103 ; C. Wright's Grove Pink,
744, 768

Celsia cretica, 402

Centaurea Margartas, 741

Centaurea nigra, white flowered, 403

Central Asia, plants of, 766

Cerastiura tomentosum, 144

IV The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

CDeoember28, 1891.

Cereus J. T. Peacock, 527 ; C. peru-
vianas, 37

Chancellor Swayne's Garden, 128

Chemical changes during growth of
Potatos, 401

Chemistry of soils, 497; of the Apple,
611, 733

Cherries in 1891, and previously, price
of, 76 ; in September, 585

Cherry Early Rivers, 75

ChestnutTree struck bv fire-ball, 523

Chicago Exhibition, 400, 617, 706, 736 ;
flowers at, 491

Chimonanthns fragrans, fruiting of,
679

China-grass in Dundee, 276

Chinese Primrose, the original, 555

Chiswick Conferences, 398, 428 ; notes,
219, 242, 280 ; Violas and Pansies
at, 75

Churchtown Gardens, the, 363

Chrysanthemum buds, 232

Chrysanthemum Etoile de Lyon, 650,
708, 742 ; C. frutescens, 103 ; C.
Golden Hermione, 741 ; C. Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy, 708; C. Mrs.
Robinson King, 761; C. W. W.
Coles, 762

Chrysanthemum notes, 669, 701 ; pros-
pects at Woodhatch, 587; sports,
575, 610, 620

Chrysanthemum show at Paris, 647

Chrysanthemums about London, 459,
493 ; at Camberwell, 548 ; at Messrs.
Veitch & Son's, 530 ; at St. John's
Nursery, Putney, 548; ehangeable-
ness of, 485 ; buds, 232 ; in New Zea-
land, 219; in September, 273; in
Sydney, 17; in Monmouth, 708;
seedling, 526; Hen-and-Chickens
variety, 618; New Single-flowered,
762

Cider, keeping, 619 ; making, 620

Ciergnon, Belgium, 492

Cineraria, the, 734

Cirrhopetalum Colletti, 490 ; C.
Tbouarsii, 69

Cistus laurifoliu9, 162

Citrus aurantium, 371

Classification of Rose-growers and
other exhibitors, 639, 680. 707

Climbing Niphetos Rose, 586, 619, 657,
679

Cliveden, 46

Clivea miniata, garden varieties of, 334

Clubbing in Wallflowers, 731

Cochlinda Noezliana. 394

Coffee-leaf fungus, 68

Coleworts, sowing and planting, 82

Colombia, 483

Colonial notes, 20, 68, 143, 625

Colour of grass, 588

Colpoon compressum, 68 (see Preum
b-sjes)

Colpoon = Osyris compressa, 68 (see
Preum besjes)

Columbines, 127

Commemoration trees, 555

Commons and woodlands, birds of the,
730, 758

Cone female, of Abif s Webbiana, 395

Conference Pear, 679

Conifer Conference, &c, 070, 435, 490,
458; contributors of, to Royal Hor-
ticultural Society's Conference, 402

Conifer seed, saving and sowing, 404

Conifers at Hatton, dimensions of, 6S

Coning of Cedrus Deodara, 492

Contest in potting in Madison Square
Gardens, 737

Continental novelties, 561, 586, 621,
672, 741

Co-operative flower show, 250

Copper carbonate for fungi, 137

Copper-salts and fungous-mould, Sut-
ton's experiments, 488

Conner-salts and Potato disease, 309,
488

Cork Pine at Chicago, 676

Coryanthes, two new, 483

Cotoneaster horizontals, 702

County Councils and technical educa-
tion, 372 ; and the Education Sehrm»,
6l8

Couroupita guianensis, 649

Covent Garden, 16

Covert plants, 732

Cow manure, advantages of, 401

Crab John Downie, 426, 492

Cracking of Pears, 406

Cream-coloured Broom, 17

Cre^pin celebration, the, 705

Crepin, M., 738

Crinum, hybrid, 522

Cross-bred Orchids, 396

Crown Imperial, the, 556

Croxteth Hall, 545

Cucumber disease, 75

Cucumber Stourbridge Gem, 492

Culture of Alpines, 454, 483, 548

Cumberland Lodge, the large Vine at,

53
Cunonia capensis, 585
Currant shoots dying from Phytop-

tus ribis, 82
Cyclamen, hardy, 708
Cycnoches chlorochilon, 69, 394 ; C.

versicolor, 394
Cypripedium, a £250, 618 ; a natural

hybrid, 371; C. Enfieldense x, 546;

C. insigne Bohnhofianum, new var.,

586 ; C. insigne, 94 ; C. i. Sanderas,

669; C. Lawrenceanum, 699
Cypripedium spectabile in Western

China, 546
Cypripediums, fertilisation of, 701
Cytisus nigricans, 162 ; C. scoparius

Andreanus, 17, 68

Dahlia, Annie Harvey, 424

Dahuria and Dahuricus, 557, 5n8, 6*0

Dalgarno's patent turf cutter, 618

Daniel's Continuity Cabbage Lettuce,
404

Daphne cneorum, 218

Darwin Tulips, 10

Date, cultivation of, in Persia, 400

Dates of Royal Horticultural Society's
meetings, &c, in 1892. 739

Day Lily of the Desert, 526

Dean, Mr. A., 76

Dell, The, Egham, 245

Delphinium album grandifiorum, 462

Deodar coning, 279

Dendrobes at Armainvillers, the, 19

Dendrobium Ainswortbi X, 482; D.
Phalsenopsis, 669 ; D. Phalamopsis
Schroderianum, 491, 641 ; D. Phalse-
nopsis Schroderianum at St. Albans,
577

Devahna House, Aberdeen, 742

Devonshire Ferns, 246, 420, 526

Dianthus Napoleon III., 405

Dionrea muscipula, movements, secre-
tion, and structure of, 364

Dipterous larva, a, destructive to Car-
nations, 742

Disease of Carnations, eel-worm, 70;
of Cucumbers. 75 ; of plants, 617 ; of
New South Wales, 69 ; Potato, the,
47 ; of Primula, 626

Dogwood, the variegated, 368

Doronicums on the grass, 18

Doryanthes excelsa, 491

Dauglas Firs, weeping, 702 ; odour of,
404

Downie, Mr. John, 300

Druids, sacred plants of, 705

Dublin, gardens at, 405

Oulwich Park, 65

Dunn, Mr. Malcolm, 300

Edinburgh botanic gardens, 41 ; exhi-
bition, 278, 308

Education, horticultural, 488, 521, 524 ;
of gardeners, 620 ; technical, 520,
647, 739

Eel-wbrm, disease of Carnations,
caused by, 70

Eel-worms in Strawberries, 107

Egg-plants, 760

Electro-culture, 616, 704

Elm, English, variegated, 404

Elms for avenues, 741

Embankment, flower beds on the
Thames, 76

Emigration, 431

Entomology — An Orchid eater, 108 ;
Hop louse, 128

Epiphyllum Goertneri, 490

Eryngium Oliverianum, 164

Essential oil crops, 220

Estate fruit nurseries, 557, 650 ; plant-
ing, 620

Eucalyptus globulus at Tresco, Scilly,
737

Eucharis, 103

Eucharis mite, remedy for, 708

Eucryphia Billardieri var. Milligani,
490; E. pinnatifolia, 217

Eunalcus, 108

Evergreen Oaks in Busbey Park (a
broken trio), 742

Exhibition, Chicago, 736

Exochorda Alberti, 402

Extracting honey, 96

Eyot at Kew, the, 15

Fell. W., & Co.'s, nursery at Hexham,

282
Fern, a new variegated. 374
Fern, Holly, home of. 216
Ferneries, Bombay, 555 ; hardy, 426
Ferns, and their multiple parents, 331 ;

Devonshire, 246, 420, 526 ; facts

regarding the prothalli and propa-
gation of, 332
Fertiliser for Strawberries, 431
Ficus repens, 400
Figs, 526

Figs from open wall in Scotland, 492
Flora and fauna, West Indian, 738
Floriculture in the States, 523
Florists' flowers, 19, 134, 246, 303, 424,

485, 547
Florists' wire tidy, 116
Flower beds in Hyde Park, 612 ; on

the Embankment, 76
Flower farming at Mitcham, 455
Flower garden, 12, 43, 72, 103, 135,

165, 193, 221, 276, 339, 369, 397, 426,

456, 486, 518, 550, 582, 615, 621, 645,

672, 703, 734, 762
Flower trade, 143
Flowers in season, 16 ; pollination of,

276
Fog, town, 340, 648
Foreign correspondence, 483, 643, 744
Forests, Alaskan, 732
Forest of Box, a. 371
Forest trees in Prussia, exotic, 425
Forestry, 70, 101, 247, 337. 581, 642,

700 ; in France, 700 ; in September,

337
Fossil resins for varnish-making, 729
Foxgloves, 47
Frankwell Nurseries, Chrysanthemums

at, 548
Freeland House, Forgandenny, 300
Frost in South Wales, 680
Fruit bottling, 244
Fruit at Hutton Hall, 517
Fruit at winter agricultural shows,

675
Fruit crop in Kent, 16. 46
Fruit crop, report on, 97, 104
Fruit crop, the, 47
Fruit crops, remarks on. 130
Fruit culture, 74, 167, 194; in Ireland,

584 ; in South Wales, hardy, 187
Fruit-drying apparatus, 680
Fruit evaporator, 53
Fruit farm notes, 244
Fruit growing and market gardening

as Irish industries, 554 ; imports

from Australia, 400; packing, 157 ;

394 ; prosp'ects, 75 ; rates, 401 ;

Bales in Kent, 200 ; tree, eff»et3 of

girdling a, 484

Fruit nurseries, out in the, 744

Fruit Show, International, 491, 552,

618
Fruit trade between Germany and

France, 738
Fruit trees, renovating large, 742
Fruit trees for tenants, 651
Fruiterers' Company, 106 ; visit to the

Crawley Nurseries, 309
Fruits under glass, 13, 43, 73, 102,

134, 165. 192, 221, 248, 277, 338,

368. 397, 427, 457, 487. 518. 551,

582 614, 644, 673. 702, 735, 762
Fuchsia triphylla, 164
Fumigating fruit-jars, 196
Fungus, a new British, 374 ; on

Coffee-leaf, 68 ; on Pears, 377

Garden, a Madeira, 74

Garden and forcing Pink, the, 548

Garden ( 'raft, 674

Gardeners' Institute for Newcastle-on-

Tyne, 738
Gardeners' Orphan Fund, the, 14, 16,

81, 554, 766; Fdte at the Crystal

Palace, 46 ; suggestion, a, 768
Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti-
tution, 17, 739
Gardeners, subjects of study by, 432,

461, 492, 587
Gardeners, unlucky, 709, 742
Garden, Manures for the, 67
Germany and France, fruit trade

between, 738
Gigantic Cattleya, a, 554
Girdlestone, Mr. T. W., at home, 272
Girdling, effects of, 484
Gladioli, Lemoine's Hardy, 525 ; new

Californian, 556
Gladiolus Milleri. 393
Gladiolus, the, 424. 728
Glamis Castle gardens, 710
Glasgow Botanic Gardens, 676
Glass copings for garden walls, 454
Glass-houses at West Hartlepool, 166
Glenhurst, vegetables at, 374
Gold Coast, Aburi, 69
Golden-crested wren, 731
Gooseberries, pruning, 77, 109 ; trained

on walls, 557
Grafting, effects of, 35
Grant, Mr. W. J., accident to, 738
Granulated honey, 550
Grapes at the Caledonian Society's

Show, 394 ; cracking and scalding,

101, 138; spot on, 406
Griffiniana Hyacinthina, 459
Gutta-percha trees at Singapore, 522

Habenaria carnea, 729

Hampton Court, Herefordshire, 759

Hardiness of Japanese Bamboos, 70 ;

of Phloxes, 680
Hardy ferneries, 426
Hardy herbaceous plant, what is a,

526 ; perennials, what are, 462, 493,

620 ; perennials for beds and borders,

397
Hardy fruit garden, 12, 42. 73, 103, 134,

165, 193, 220, 249, 277, 306, 369,

396, 457, 486, 519. 551, 583, 615,

645, 673, 703, 734, 763
Harveian Anniversary, Dr. Dickinson's

address, 491
Hatton, dimensions of Conifers at, 68
Hatfield, notes from, 730
Haynald, Cardinal, 75
Hazelwood, Kings Langley, 766
Heating, a novel method of, 767
Helmholtz, Professor, 491
Hemerocallis fulva, 75
Hen - and - Chickens Chrysanthemum,

618
Herbaceous border, 72
Heredity, theoty of, 613
Heriot-Watt Colleen. Horticultural

class at, 491

The Gardeners' Chroniole,]

INDEX.

[December 28, 1891.

Heritiera macrophylla, 371
Hesperocallis undulata, 526
Hibberd's library, Mr., 16, 647
Hibberd Memorial, Shirley, 766
Highbury, Birmingham, 614
Highbnry, Lrelia autumnalis from, 730
Hippeastrura, the, 613; hybrid, 522
Holly Fern, the home of, 216
Hollyhock, the, 424
Holmes, W., the late. 374
Honey, granulated, 550
Hong-Kong, 371
Horticultural class at the Heriot-Watt

College, 49.3, 584
Horticultural Club, 739
Horticultural education, 488,520, 584,

646 ; in Kent, 593
Humming-bird hawk-moth, 742
Humus formation and properties, 107
Hutton Hall, fruit at, 517
Hvacinthus candicans, 302, 400, 405,

462
Hybrid between Crinum and Hippeas-

trum, 522
Hybrid Lilies, 168 ; Orchids, 396
Hybrid Streptocarpus, 460, 486, 587
Hybrid Wheats, 522
Hybrids, varying characters of, 109
Hyde Park, flowers in, 16
Hydrangea paniculata, 404, 405, 702

hones Plant arum, 522, 640
Illicium constituents of fruit, 555
Impatiens mirabilis, 371 ; I. Hookeri,

739
India, 248. 396

Ingestre Gardens, Stafford, 516
Insecticide, an efficient, 462 ; camphor

as an, 77
Insectivorous plants, 404
Instruction in schools, horticultural,

166
Ipomcea Learii, 404
Iris Robinsoniana, 17
Irises, 160

Irish Yew, seedlings of, 68
Iron v. wood in glasshouses, 557, 587,

739
Irrigation colonies of Victoria, 522
Ixora Westii, 432

Jamaica International Exhibition, 459

Jam crop of 1891, 576

Jam, manufacture of, 713

Japanese books, 554

Japanese Chrysanthemums, stands for,
742

Japanese sedge mats for plant protec-
tion, 705

Jarrah wood in church building, 401

Jerusalem Artichokes, origin of name,
182, 526, 651, 707

Jones, Mr., Frogmore, presentation to,
372

Jubiea spectabilis, 617, 643, 681

Kafib-Pbeum (see Preum-besjes), 68
Kelway medals for Gladiolus, Pasonies,

and Pyrethrums, 491
Kew, botanical library at, 739
Kew notes, 8, 162. 190. 393 546
Kitchen garden, the, 13, 73, 103, 134,

165, 192, 220, 249, 276, 307, 368,

426, 456, 487. 519. 551, 583, 614,

644, 672, 702, 735. 763
Knebworth House, 7
Kniphofias, 391, 432
Kola Nut, 16

Labels, 110

Laslia autumnalis from Highbury, 730

Lrclia Boothiana, 577 ; L. grandis
tenebrosa, 394 ; L. praestans, 515 ;
L. grandis tenebrosa, 758

Lagerstnemia reginse, 70

Laird, Mr. B. B., 300

Lake House Orchids, sale of the, 496

Lambton Castle Gardens, 302

Landscape gardener, a royal, 554

Larch canker, 160

Lathyrus sativus, 558

Law : — A bad crop of Onions, 562 ;
Bee-swarming case, 142 ; Law with
regard to bees, 562 ; Lopping and
topping trees, 143 ; Meux, Sir H. B.
''. Cobley, 769 ; Nurseryman's claim
for work done, 142

Lawrence's, Sir Trevor, collection of
Orchids, 336

Leaves, poisonous, 404

Legislation against insect-pests, 555

Leguat, Francois, and his plants, 95,
158, 335

Lemoine's Hardy Hybrid Gladioli for
1891 (Nanceianus section), 525

Leontopodium alpinum, 18

Lettuce, Suttons', All Heart (see
Vegetables), 69 ; Daniels' Con-
tinuity, 404 ; Webb's Monstrous
White Cos, 69

Lettuces, 40, 48

Lilacs, 16

Lilies at Oakwood, 492; hybrids, 168

Lilies at Mr. Tracy's nursery, 72

Lilium Grayi, 162; L. longittorum and
L. Browni, 225 ; L. longiflorum var.
Harrisii and green-fly, 18 ; L. Mar-
tagon X Harrisoni, 94 ; L. ochro-
leucum, 588, 619; L. ochroleucum
Wallichianum, 557; L. Wallich-
ianum, 371 ; L. Wallichianum su-
perbum, 526

Lily Belladonna, 397

Lime as a preservative for Potatos
and fruit, 460

Lindsay, Mr. Robert, 300

Malaga, gardening at, 647

London, wood-pigeons in, 76

Longleat Gardens, the, 271

Lothian, Marquis of, 299

Lycaste Skinneri, Pitt's var., 69

Lysimachia paridiformis, 190

Madeira garden, a, 74 ; Vine culture

in, 279
Maize culture, 586
Mammoth Chrysanthemums, 708
Manure for Tomatos, best, 460
Manures for the garden, (17
Manuring soils, researches on, 197 ;

artificial, 586
Maples, some Caucasian, 188
Marguerite Etoile d'Or, 405
Market measures, 395
Market Plums, 332
Market, new, at Brentford, 460, 760
Market plant colony, 740
Marketing garden produce, 432
Marshal von Bieberstein, 76
Masdevallia macrura, 160; the genus,

252
Mauritius, 335
May, the weather in, 77
McLeod, Mr. Angus, 300
Meat-eating plants, 370
Melons, 102 ; cure for mildewed, 82 ;

Webb's President, 492
Menziesia, 101
Microstylis metallica, 547
Milbank Prison, sale of, 276
Miltonia vexillaria Sanderiana, 394
Mina lobata, 432
Minley Manor, 695
Mitcham, flower-farming at, 455
Moles, 77

Monstrous Nympbsea, a, 76
Moore, Mr. Spenc'e'r, 47

Morello Cherries, 198

Mushrooms at the Chicago Exhibition,

676
Myles Memorial Fund, 522

Nafoleona Miersii, 490

Narcissus italicus, 486

Naturalization of exotic forest trees in
Prussia, 425

Nephrolepis pectinata, 527

Nerine Fothergilli major (curvifolia),
555

Nerines, 556

New appliances, 427, 550

Newcastle - on - Tyne, proposed Gar-
deners' Institute for, 738

New Guinea, products of, 611

Nicotine, development of, in plants,
371

Niphetos Rose, climbing, 586, 619, 657,
679

Nitrates and ammonium-salts as plant-
food, the va'ue of, 431

Nitrogen compound evolved from soils,
431

Norantea guianensis, 70

Novelties, Continental, 561, 586, 621,
672, 741

Nurserymen and the Parcel Post, 554

Nursery notes, 72, 548, 699

Nymphoea, a monstrous, 76

Nymphrea lotus var. monstroso, 38

Oakwood, notes from, 492, 679
OBITUARY:— Alphand.M., 705; Balfe,
Ambrose, 739 ; Bennet, Dr. Henry,
170; Bettany, G. T., 705; Bol-
ton, James, 286 ; Bradley, Mr.
Samuel, 256; Bridges, Alexandtr
Henry, 497; Brown, William, 349;
Buchan, Esq., H. J., 54; Cowan,
Robert, 681 ; Dickson, W. A„ 769 ;
Cilasscock, Henry, 530; Hardy, M.
Auguste Francois, 677; Herincq,
M. F., 16 ; Kershaw, Lister, 713 ;
Kitchen, Miss, 531 ; Knight, Helen
Porteus, 287 ; Kramer, Franz, 681 ;
Levet, Etienne, 523 ; Macleay, Sir
William, 713; Meston, Joseph Fyfe,
256 ; Miles, Mrs., 256 ; Miles, Frank,
81; Myles, Percy, 466; Ricasoli.Gen.
Vincenz, 170 ; Steel, George, 144 ;
Van Volxem, Jean Baptiste Joseph,
349 ; Vert, John, 769
O'Brien, James, 225
Odontoglossum aspersum, 670
Odontoglossum X Coradinei, 422; O.
coronarium, 482 ; O. Leroyianum,
19 ; O. Youngi, 670
Oncidium crispura Loddigesii, 422 ;
O. Krameri, 702 ; O. ornithorhyn-
chum album, high price paid for,
496
Onions, 557, 651 ; analysis of, 152 ;
how to grow a good crop of, 588 ;
a fine crop of, 618 ; keeping, 70 (see
Seed trade)
Opium Poppy, 595
Orchid Committee, the, 557
Orchid culture in Belgium, 479
Orchid growing, English, 194
Orchid-houses, the, 13, 42, 73, 102,
135, 193, 221, 249, 276, 307, 339,
369, 396, 427, 457, 486, 519. 550,
583, 614, 645, 672, 703, 735. 763
Orchid notes and gleanings, 19, 36. 69,
127, 242, 333, 394, 452, 482, 515,
546, 577, 640, 669, 701, 730, 758
Orchid rockery at Chelsea, the, 452
Orchids at Bruges, 139 ; at Burford
Lodge, 19, 336; at Hazelbourne, 36 ;
at H. Low & Co.'s, 394 ; at Morpeth
House, Ipswich, 423 ; at Messrs.
Pitcher & Manda's, 670; at Messrs.
J. Veitcb & Sons, 670 ; at Mr. Wm.

Bull's, 699; at Southgate, 423; at

St. Albans, 337; atWoodhatch,102;

at Willesden, 640
Orchids, cross-bred, 396 ; in Brussels,

686; in flower at Highbury, 515;

Mr. Drewett's, 422
Orchids, culture of tropical, 759
Oriental Plane, the, 742

Packing fruit, 394

Pseony, the genus, 431

Palermo Botanic Gardens, the, 371

Palm, variegated, 708

Pan, breaking up, 404

Pansies, 19

Pansy, the, 762

Pappea capensis, Preum-besjes, 68

Park, Dulwich, 65

Paisley, protecting, 768

Passing year, the, 764

Passion flower, Constance Elliot, 404

Past season, the, 427

Pea, English Wonder, 76 ; P. Super-
abundant, 558 ; P. The Stanley, 404 ;
sowing, 48

Peas at Chiswick, 133; early, 18;
sowing, 19, 48

Peach blister, 491 ; cultivation of the,
523 ; Dr. Hogg, 742, 768 ; Thames
Bank, 425

1'eachesat Ketton Hall, Stamford, 108;
and Nectarines in suburban gardens,
outdoor, 516; splitting of, 493;
mildewed, cure for, 82 ; on open
walls, 698

l'ear Conference, 679 ; Pitmaston
Duchess, large, 679, 742 ; Prickly
431 ; Winter Nelis, 169

Pear slug, 407

Pears, cracking of, 406 ; fungus on,
377 ; heavy Pitmaston Duchess,
708

Pears, Styrian, 450

Pelargonium Gloire de Ponthevin, 76

Penrhyn Castle Gardens, 453

PentBtemon, the, 547

People and private gardens, the, 558

Perennial, what is a hardy ? 373

Perennial Candytufts, 22

Peronospora viticola and Vines, 82

Persia, Date cultivation in, 400

Petunia, disease of, 114 ; P. Double-
fringed Sunset, 587

Phajus Humbloti, 160

Phalfenopsis at Clare Lawn, 759

Phalffinopsis Esmeralda, 371

Phloxes, hardiness of, 680

Phormium tenax, seeding, 137

Phylloxera, 175

Phytoptus ribis killing Currant
shoots, 82

Piassava or Bass, 335

Pigeons, wood, in London, 76

Pine trees and temperature, 522

Pinks, 16, 19, 548

Pin us rigida, 338

Piracy of illustrations, 530

Plane trees and Glajosporiutn nervise-
quum, 491 ; trees at Ghent, dis-
ease of, 491

Plants, diseases of, 617; distribution
of, 431

Plants, New: — Ada Lehmannii,
34 ; Acampe madagascariensis, 608 ;
Aerides Lawrenceana (A. Amesi-
ana), 393; Appendicula Peyeriana,
669; Bolbophyllum denticnlatum,
215 ; B. nigripetalum, 215 ; Catt-
leya labiata Luddemanniana, 546 ;
Cupressus arizonica, 364 ; Cypri-
pedinm Godefroya? luteum, 393 ;
C. Macfarlanei, 300 ; Dendrobium
Leeanum, 641; Phalasnopsis, Lee's
var., 728 ; Epidendrum Mooreanum,
215; E. pusillum, 669; Kniphofia
Northia% 67; Lrelia grandis var.
tenebrosa, 126; Lilium longiflorum
var. chloraBter, 66; Magnolia, anew
hardy, 34; Megaclinium Clarkei,
215; M. leucorachis, 215; Miltonia
vexillaria Sanderiana, 394; Mor-

VI The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 26, 1891.

modes punetatum, 696; Myosotis
Victoria, 159 ; Neobenthamia gra-
cilis, 272 ; Nerine pancratioides
576; Odontoglossum X Cookianum,
696 ; 0 Godseffianum, 728 ; O. Hen-
nisii, 158 ; O. X Imschootiana, 758 ;
Ornithogalum (Caruelia) Saunder-
sias, 452 ; Pelexia olivacea, 215 ;
Pholidota repens, 215 ; Physosiphon
guaternalensis, 215 ; Polystachya
bulbophylloides, 215 ; Renanthera
Imschootiana, 215 : Rose La France
of '89, 141; Thunia Mastersiana, 420
Plant Portraits : — Acrostichum
tosaense, 551 ; Aerides affine var.
Godefroyanum, 248 ; A. Houlle-
tianum, 108 ; A. suavissimum,
739 ; Aganisia ionoptera, 192 ;
AUamanda Williamsii, 706; Alnus
maritima, 37 ; Anoiganthus brevi-
florus, 192; Anthurium Ridolfia-
num x album, 551 ; Aphelandra te-
tragona var. imperialis, 551 ; Apple,
Calville Victor Hugo, 37 ; Arbutus
arizonica, 192 ; Arisjema enneaphyl-
lum, 648 ; Aster Shorti, 551 ;
JEranthus brachycentron, 37 ; Bol-
tonia asteroides, 551 ; B-'gonia Bau-
mannii,37; B. Mdlle. Emile Rodi-
gas, 648, 551 ; Bertolonia guttata
var. Baron Adolphe Rothschild, 37;

B. g. var. Madame Leon Say, 37;
Bilbergia Wittmackiana. 37 ; Cala-
dium adamantinum, 192; Cattleya
D iwiana aurea, 192 ; C. labiata var.
Schroderse, 192 ; C. Triana; vara.,
37 ; Caladium sagittatum, 551, 648 ;
Campanula pulla, 766 ; Coryantbes
leucocorys, 551 ; Croton Madame
Lucien Linden, 739 ; Cycnoches,
peruvianum, 648 ; Cydonia japonica
alba, 248; Cymbidium elegans, 248;
Cypripedium amabile X , 648 ; C. Dau-
theri var. Poggio Gherrado, 739 ;

C. EngelhardtajX, 248; C. Law-
renceanum var. Hyeanum, 248 ;
C. Stonei, 37; C. villosum, 37;
Dais cotinifolia, 648 ; Dendrobium
bigibbum, 551 ; D. superbiens, 551 ;
Diacrium bicornutum, 551 ; Dian-
thns callizonus, 551 ; Dipelta yun-
nanensis, 248 ; Dipladenia "Thomas
Speed," 242 ; Disa grandiflora, 739 ;
Doryanthes Paltneri, 739 ; Drymo-
phleusoliviformis, 248 ; Echinocactus
pectinatusrobustus. 551 ; Eriogonum
Hausknechtii. 551 ; Erythrina
Crista-galli, 739 ; Ficus stipulata,
551 ; Franciscea calycina gran-
diflora, 248 ; Geranium arme-
num, 248 ; Hamamelis arborea, 37 ;
H. japonica, 37, 551 ; Ipomam
camarunensis, 338 ; Iris alata va-
rieties, 248 ; I. Korolkowi (Regel)
var. venosa, 648 ; I. Robinsoniana,
551 ; Jasminum polyanthum, 37 ;
Jochromagesnerioides and J.Warsce-
wiczii, 338 ; Lachenalia Comesii X ,
108 ; L. Regeliana X , 108 ; Ltelia
amanda X.551, 648; L. purpurata,
37 ; L. p. var. alba, 37 ; L. p. var.
rosea, 648; Lselia Schroderi var.
delicata, 739; Lepachys columnaris,
766 ; Lilium auratum cruentum, 551 ;
L. Henryi, 648 ; Lobelia syphi-
litica, 551 ; Loasa ambrosiifolia,
338 ; Lonicera tangutica, 648 ;
L. tartarica var. grandibracteata,
551 ; Masdevallia coriacea, 551 ;
M. macrura, 338 ; Miltonia Reg-
nelli purpurea, 648; Morisia bypo-
gsea, 551 ; Narcissus Fenlii, 338 ;
Nectarine Precoce de Croncels, 37 ;
Nepeta Mussini, 108; Notholsena
dealbata, 551 ; N. rigida, 706 ; Odon-
toglossum Bergmanni, 338 ; O.
crispum var. Bluthiana, 551 ; O.
Edwardi, 648; O. mulus Hol-
fordianum, 338 ; O. polyxanthum, 338 ;
Orphanidesia gualtherioides, 551 ;
Peach The Brigden, 338; Pear
Beurre de Mortillet, 706 ; P. Charles
Cogn6e, 551 ; P. Doyenne1 d'hiver,
551 ; Pellea Pringlei, Davenport
sp. nov., 739 ; Phalsenopsis spe-
ciosa, 338 ; P. violacea, 648 ;

Phaius Humbloti, 338; Philadel-
phus microphyllus, 551 ; Pink
Madame Ernest Bergman, 338 ;
Pinus cembroides, 338; Plum Des-
romains, 108; P. Yellow Monsieur,
648 ; Populus monticola, 338 ;
Primula imperialis, 551 ; P.
Poiasoni, 551 ; Quercus alnifolia,
338; Q. pontica, 551; Ravenala
Hildebrandti, 37 ; Rondeletia spe-
ciosa, 706; Rose Queen Natalie of
Servia, 551 ; Selenipedium calu-
rum X, 648 ; Senecio Heri-
tieri, 766 ; Sparaxis tricolor,
Drapeau Beige, 108 ; Spirsea astil-
boides var. floribunda. 108 ; Ste-
monitis elegans sp., 648 ; Stenan-
drium Lindeni, 551, 648 ; Strepto-
carpus kewensisX, 551; S. Wat-
soni x , 551 ; Tillandsia hierogly-
phica, 551 ; T. Lorentziana, 37 ;
Trillium grandiflorum, 551 ; Trol-
lius europseus and T. aurantiacus,
338; Tulipa Kolpakowskyana and T.
Leichtlinii, 551 ; Viburnum molle,
551 ; Vitis Romaneti var., 706 ;
Weigelia Eva Rathke, 108 ; Zygo-
petalum Giutieri, 37

Plant notes, 37, 70, 164, 401

Plant of ill repute, 580

Plants for covert, 732

Plants, insectivorous, 404

Plants under glass (see also Plants and
their culture), 13, 43, 73, 103, 135,
164, 193, 220, 248, 277, 307, 338,
369, 397, 459, 487. 519, 550, 583,
614, 645, 673, 735, 763

Plants under shade of tree, 218

Platvceriums, or Broad Horn Ferns,
697

Plea for unlucky gardeners, a, 709

Plowright, Dr., 75

Plum harvest in Bohemia, the, 431

Plums, market, 332; preserved, 11;
blight destruction of, 618

Podocarpus nubigena, 171

Poison in Artichoke leaves, 522 ; in
Conium maculatum, new, 584

Po'son Oaks, Rhus toxicodendron,
683

Poisoning by weed-killer, 646

Poisonous leaves, 404

Pollarding the Tulip tree, 17

Polyanthuses, 762

Poplars, 760

Poppies, Shirley. 72

Poppy opium, 595

Post, paicel, 554

Potato, black-skinned, a new, 432 ;
blight prevention, 558 ; copper salts
for, 309 ; crop, prospects of, 398 ;
report on, 162 ; disease, 47, 490 ;
disease question, 671 ; experiments,
137 ; trade at Newcastle, 104

Potato disease and modern remedies,
742

Potatos, Chemical changes during
growth, 401 ; in the Channel Islands,
107 ; judging at shows, 374

Potting contest at Madison Square
Garden, 737

Preserved Plums, 11

Preum beejes, Pappea capensis, 68

Prickly Pear, 431

Primula disease, a, 626 ; P. nivalis, 708,
768

Prizes at the Botanic, 620
Production of Arrack in Spain, 027
Prothalli of Ferns, 332
Pruning Gooseberries, 77, 109 ; sum-
mer, 103
Publications received, 739
Pyramidal Apple and Pear growing,
731

Queen and horicnlture, The, 765
Quinta Palmeira, Madeira, 74

Rainfall, what becomes of the, 304
Raspberry Superlative, and Carter's
Semper Fidelis, 46, 526

Raspberries, 103, 110

Redwood, the, 372

Heichenhachia, 646

Reichenbachian Orchids, 252

Renanthera Rohaniana, 546

Renovating large fruit trees, 742

Report on fruit crops, 97, 131

Resins, fossil, for varnish making, 729

Respiration of Cactuses, 401

Rhododendrons blooming in November,
647 ; greenhouse, 430

Rhus toxicodendron, 310. 621

Rhyncostylis ccelestis, 482

Rockeries, 587, 696, 742, 768

Rock garden, the, 677

Rodriquezia pubescens, 760

Romneya Coulteri. 102

Roridula dentata, 366

Rose Bank, Malvern, 677

Rose Brunnert Fridplin, 424 ; R.
Climbing Niphetos, 424, 619 (see
Niphetos) ; R. Henriette de Beau-
veau, 424; R. Kaiserin Friedrich,
424

Rosery, the, 517, 582, 640, 710

Roses, and the winter of 1890-91, 10,
35; lour good new climbing, 424;
indoor climbing, 35 ; in pots, 640 ;
lifting hybrid perpetual, 517 ; winter
protection of, 640 ; new, 727; pests,
destruction of, 522 ; showing, 334

Royal Botanic Society's Gardens, tree
in, struck by lightning, 76 (see
Societies)

Royal Botanic Society's prizes, 651

Royal Horticultural Society's certifi-
cated plants, 405 (see Societies)

Rubus deliciosus, 70

Russia, table decorations in, 400

Russian Apricots, 555

Rust in Wheat, 521

Salt- blast, 676

Salt, influence of, on food-reserves of

plants, 371
Salvia hians, 18
Sauraja spectahilis, 190
Sehizanthus, 397
Schroder, Baron, 76

Scientific Committee : — Abies
Webbiana frutn Fota, 559 ; Agaricus
melleus attached to its mycelium,
622 ; A. sqnarrosus, a true root
parasite, 622 ; Ashwnod, diseased,
77 ; Apple canker, 465 ; Apple and
Pear twigs barked, 141 ; Ben-
thamia fragifera fruit, 745 ; Citrons,
745 ; Conifers attacked by Chermes,
141 ; Cunonia capensis, 621 ; Cyc-
noches chlorochilon, 77 ; Elm with
coloured wood, 77; Fog, and rain,
745 ; Fog, injury by, to plants
in London, 621 ; Fog investigations,
559 ; Fog report, 465 ; Hunting
spider, 559, 621 ; Iris petals, varie-
gated, 77; Iris pseudo-acorus, 559;
Insect, new, from St. Helena, 621 ;
Ixodidoe (Ticks) from Antigua, W.I.,
622 ; Leaf-buds at apex of leaf-
stalks of Heuchera sp., 559 ; Meru-
lius lachrymans, 465 ; Microscopic
structure of hybrids, 141 ; Narcissus
bulbs attacked by Uerodon, 745 ;
Papaver pilosum,77 ; Pear spot. 559,
621 ; Pinus halepensis. 621 ; Poly-
porus fraxineus, 465; Porana pani-
culata, 622; Primula Forbesi, 744 ;
Primula mould, 559 ; Primula rosea
mildewed, 465 ; Primulas and slugs,
141 ; Scots Fir and Larch and
Chermes, 77 ; Strawberries attacked
by beetles, 141, 465 ; Thelephora sp.,
745 ; Wallflowers with clubbed roots,
559, 621 ; Willows, excrescences on,
77

Scotland, 493, 742

Seaforthia elegans, Mr. Poison's, 372

Sedum spectabile, 619

Seedling plant, what is a. 136

Seedlings of Irish Yew, 68

Seed trade, the, 70, 610

Seeds, sowing Conifer, 404

Shaded places under trees, plants for,

218
Shelter and sea-breezes, 644
Shirley Poppies, 72
Slugs, destruction of, 371
SOCIETIES.— Acton, 141 ; American
Florists', 303 ; Antwerp Interna-
tional, 75, 247, 462; Arboricul-
tural of Eogland, 256 ; Atherstone,
201 ; Aylesbury, 80 ; Banbury Chrys-
anthemum, 681; Basingstoke, 285;
Berlin Chrysanthemum, 701 ;
Birmingham Botanical and Horti-
cultural, 78, 593 ; Bolton Chrysan-
themum, 653 ; Boston, 78 ; Bourne-
mouth and District Mutual Improve-
ment, 342; Bournemouth Chrysan-
themum Show, 623; Brighton and
Hove, 560; British Fruit Growers,
142 ; Brixton, Streatham, and Clap-
ham Horticultural, 561 ; Brockham
Rose, 78 ; Bruges, 75 ; CardifT Chrys-
anthemum, 646 ; Carnation and
Picotee Union, 201 ; Cassipore Prac-
tical Institution of Horticulture,
Floriculture, and Agriculture, 431 ;
Chambre Syndicate des Horticul-
teurs Beiges et Socie'6 Royale
d'Agriculture et de Botanique,
Ghent, 460, 737 (see also Ghent) ;
Cheltenham, 491 ; Chiswick, 79;
Chertsey, Walton, &c, 78; Clay
Cross, 228 ; Croydon Horticul-
tural, 21 ; Crvptogamic Society
of Scotland, 463 ; Crystal Pa-
lace Fruit, 346, 465;' Crystal
Palace Chrysanthemum Show, 592;
Dalkeith Horticultural, 348 ; Dalston
and neighbourhood, 75, 592 ; Devon
and Exeter Horticultural, 286, 625 ;
Ditton, 142; Dutch Horticultural,
75. 168, 280, 430; Ealing, 46, 112,
491 ; East London Amateur, 252 ;
Edinburgh Botanical, 79, 623, 744 ;
Enfield, 79; Evening fete at
the Botanic, 47 ; Eynsford Cot-
tage Gardeners, 681 ; Frome
Floral, 174 ; Fruiterers' Company,
80 ; Gardeners' Royal Benevolent
Institution, 52 ; German Gar-
dener's Club, 765; Ghent, 106,
247, 304 ; Gloucester, 79 ; Gosport,
560; Hammersmith Horticultural,
107 ; Harefield Horticultural, 681 ;
Havant, 560 ; Higbgate Horticul-
tural, 112; Hitchin District Chrys-
anthemum, 625 ; Horticultural Club,
168; Hull, 652; Ipswich and East
of England Horticultural, 591 ; Kent
County Chrysanthemum, 560 ; Kent
County Show of Farm Fruits, 622 ;
Kingston and Surbiton, 622 ; Kings-
wood and West Gloucestershire,
347; L'Orchid^ene (Brussels). 490,
586, 765 ; Linnean, 14, 521, 617, 646,
674, 705, 765; Liverpool, 652; Luton,
142; Manchester Royal Botanical and
Horticultural, 113, 495, 529, 653 ;
Maidenhead, 229 ; Midland Counties
Carnation and Picotee, 228, 738;
Midland Counties Show, 20; Midland
Pink, 111 ; Moor Park, 286; National
Auricula and Primula, 430, 530 ;
National Carnation and Picotee,
111, 306, 430, 530 ; National Chrys-
anthemum. 46. 230, 312, 494, 530, 588,
653, 712, 769; National Co-opera-
tive, 230 ; National Dahlia, 311, 347;
National Pink, 141 ; National Rose,
50, 432, 675, 705 ; Natural History of
Aberdeen, 677; Newcastle-on-Tvne
and District, 224, 432, 618, 676;
New Cross, 348 ; Newbury Horticul-
tural, 174 ; North of Scotland Hor-
ticultural Association, 524, 561 ;
North of Scotland Apiarian, 285;
North of Scotland Root, 626 ;
Pharmaceutical, 739 ; Portsmouth,
591 ; Prescot, 112 ; Preston and Ful-
wood Floral Horticultural, 436 ;
Putney, Wandsworth, and District
Chrysanthemum, 692; Reading Gar-
deners', 75, 676 ; Reading Hor-
ticultural, 348, 623; Richmond
Horticultural Show, 21 ; Royal
Botanic Wte, 47; Royal Cale-

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 26, 1891.

Vll

donian Horticultural, 299, 312, 376,
710; Royal Horticultural, 44. 47. 48,
77, 110, 139, 199, 227, 254, 285,
308, 310, 345, 371, 375, 434,
465, 490, 527, 559, 590, 621, 674,
711, 744, 765; Royal Horticultural
of Aberdeen, 286, 524 ; Roval Horti-
tural of Ireland, 51, 371, 459;
Royal, of Canada, 20 ; Royal
Oxfordshire Horticultural, 348 ;
Royal Scottish Arboricultural, 201,
227; Royal Western, 112; Scottish
Horticultural Association, 170, 348,
463, 678, 709; Shropshire Floral
and Horticultural, 230; Smithfield,
705 ; Southampton, 173, 559 ; Stave-
ley Works Horticultural, 107 ; St.
Neots, 201 ; Stockport Chrysanthe-
mum, 653 ; Stowmarket, 376 ; Taun-
ton Dean, 229 ; Teddington, 625 ;
Trowbridge Horticultural, 255 ;
Twickenham Horticultural, 651 ;
Ulster Horticultural, 624 ; United
Horticultural Benefit and Provident,
75, 495; Waltham Abbey, 142;
Ware and District Horticultural,
430, 492, 625; Warwick Amateur,
174; Watford, 561; Wilts Horti-
cultural. 255; Wimbledon and Dis-
trict, 625 ; Winchester, 51 ; Wood-
bridge, 78 ; Woodford Horticultural,
112; York, 651

Soil for fruit culture, 218

Sophora japonica, 514 ; at Sion,
blown down, 739

Sophora japonica pendula, 514

South Shields cemetery, 303

Spanish Broom, 162

Sphagnum moss, growing alpines in, 36

Spinach, 242

Spiral torsion, 522

Splitting of Peaches and Nectarines,
493

Spot on Grapes, 406

Spye Park, 667

Stands for exhibiting Japanese Chrys-
anthemums, 708, 742

Staphylea colchica, 161

Stock Princess Alice, new Ten-week,
650

Stock upon scion, influence of, 35

Stock-taking, June, 106; July 224;
September, 460 ; October, 617 ; No-
vember, 766

Stocks, Plum, 251

Strawberry crop, the, 47 ; harvest,
76 ; James Veitch, large, 75 ; leaf
disease, the, 53; fertiliser for, 431;
season of 1891,302

Strawberries. 40 ; newer or little
known, 283

Streptocarpus hybrids at Chelsea, 460;
new hybrids of, 486, 587

Struggle for plant life in the Guianan

forest, 578, 612
Styrax japonica, 37
Study, subjects for, by gardeners, 432,

461, 492, 587
Substitutes for tea and coffee, 72
Sulpho-steatite, 491
Sutton's experiments with copper salts

for fungous moulds, 488
Swayne, Rev. Chancellor's, Garden,

128
Sweet Peas, Eckford's, 284
Sydney, notes from, 143 ; grasses and

weeds of, 371
Syrian Truffle, a, 617
Syringas for forcing, 555 ; the home of

certain, 9

Table decorations in Russia, 400
Tahle plants at Moorland Nursery,

Norwood, 436
Tacsonia seedlings, 491
Tannin in plants, the behaviour of,

523
Tasmanian Apples, 736
Tasmanian fruit, 143
Tasso's tree, 555
Tea and coffee substitutes, 23 7'-',

173
Tfdworth glasshouses, the, 49.3
Tedworth House, 451
Theory of heredity, 613
Thrixpermum Berkeleyi, 546
Thujopsis dolabrata, 403
Tibetan plants, 76
Timbo, 431
Toads and slugs, 643
Tomato forcing, 126
Tomato Glenhurst Favourite (see

Vegetables), 69
Tomatos, 102 ; at Knebworth, 432 ;

best manure, 460 ; early, 48, 77,

138; in the open ground, 405
Tomatos and Cucumbers for Market,

651, 680, 708
Town fogs, and their effect, 607, 650
Trade in flowers, 143
Trade notices : English Fruit and

Rose Co. (Cranston's), 202 ; Hooper

& Co., 231 ; J. & W. Herd Bros.,

256
Trains stopped by insects, 555
Tram stable-dung for Mushroom beds,

377
Transvaal, notes from, 426

Trees and Shrubs, 68, 338, 368, 514,

703, 760; in large towns, 513, 556;

commemoration, 555
Tresco, Scilly, Eucalyptus globulus at,

737
Trochetia Blackburniana, 739
Tring Park, Vanda coerulea at, 372
Triple trophy winner, a, 646
Trollius, 515
Tropreolum, Mrs. Clibran, 404, 405,

4.32 ; T. pentaphyllum, 401
Truffle, a Syrian, 617
Tulipa Sintenensii, 371
Tulips, Darwin, 10, 520
Turf-cutter, Dalgarno's patent, 618
Turnips, 103

United States, national flower of, 17
Unlucky gardeners, 709, 742
Upleatham, notes from, 481

Vanda ccerulea, Burmese variety, 422 ;

V. c, Sander's variety, 5-6; V. c. at

Tring Park, 372 ; V. Hookeri, 482 ;

V. Sanderiana, Goldsmid's variety,

491
Vandas at East Dulwich, 554
Variegated English Elm, 404
Varnish-making, fossil resins for, 729
Varnish trees at Frankfort, 617
Vefe'.able and fruit culture classes,

400
Vegetable products in New Guinea,

611
Vegetables at Glenhurst, 374
Vegetables, three good varieties of,

650
Veitch's Matchless Carrot, 650
Veitch Memorial prizes, 765
Veitch, Messrs., plants in flower at,

243
Verbena hjbrida erecta compacta atro-

sanguinea, 621
Veronica Lavaudiana, 739
Vine at Cumberland Lodge, the large,

53
Vine culture in Madeira, 279
Vines and Peaches in one house, 492
Vines and Peronospora viticola, 82 ;

carbolic acid for, 257
Violas and Pansies at Chiswick, 75

Violas, a standard of beauty in, 275
Violas v. Tufted Pansies, 709
Violets, 397, 424

Waddon House, 67

Wallflowers, clubbing in, 731

Walnut, failure of, to fruit, 492

Walnuts, 219

Warblers, the, 730

Watsonia densiflora, 393 ; W. iridi-

folia var. O'Brieni, 393
Wax refiniDg, 339
Weather and the crops, the, 47 ; in

mid-Staffordshire, 558 ; in May, 77
Weed-killer, poisoning by, 16, 646
Welbeck Abbey Gardens, 185, 215
Wellesley, Mass., US A., 371
West Indian flora and fauna, 738
Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts,

697
Wheat. Carter's Cross-bred, 171 ; crop

of 1891, the, 521 ; hybrid, 522 ; rust

in, 521
White-flowered Centaurea nigra, 403
Wine from Black Currants, 141
Wine prospects in Burgundy, 128
Winter garden at Mr. Bull's, 74
Winter Heliotrope, 741
Winter-moth and American-blight,

remedies for, 377
Winter of 1890-91, and the birds,

the, 213 ; the past at Aberystwith,

76
Wood-pigeons in London, 76
Woolpits, 241
Worms on a lawn, 497

33
Wren, Sir Christopher, as a gardenpr,
Wyatt's, Neville, sale of Orchids, 496
Wythenshawe Hall, 423

Yeah, the passing, 764
Yew, Irish, seedlings of, 68
Young, Mr. Wm., 299
Yucca tilamentosa, 620; Y. filifera,
490

Zephyranthes Candida, 393

Zinnia, Double-striped Perfection, 586

Zygopetalum Lindeni:e, 759

A REMINISCENCE OI CHATSWORTH.

Vlll Tke Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 26, 1891.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Abbeville, Town Garden at, 127
Abies magnifica var. shastensis, 429 ;

A. nobilis and Cupressus erecta

viridis, 463 ; A. Nordmanniana, 461 ;

A. Webbiana, shoot and cones, 393,

395, 399
Acer insigne var. velutinum, 189 ; A,

Volxemi leaf, 9 ; leaf and flowers,

and diagrams of flower, 11
Adou Mount, Dulwich, Gardens at, 251
Anti-blight distributor, 47
Apple Avenue at Waltham Cross, 341
Apple, Chelmsford Wonder, 613
Aristolochia elegans, seed vessel of,

514 ; A. gigas, 553
Aster, White Comet, 525

Babraham Hall, Cambridgeshire, 647
Balfour, Professor Isaac Bayley, 275
Begonia tuberosa vittata, with striped

blossoms, 561
Bridge in Indian Garden, 403

Callicarpa purpurea, 101

Cannon Ball Tree (Couroupita guia-
nensis), 649

Carnations, Eel-worm disease of, 71

Cedar of Goa, 761

Cedrus atlantica, cones of, 425 ; C.
Deodara, cones of, 423

Centaurea macrocephala, 39 ; C. Mar-
garita;, 741

Chatsworth, 759

Cliveden, near Maidenhead, 45

Clubbing in Wallflowers, 731

Conference Pear, 679

Conifer Garden at Chiswick, plan of,
435

Cumberland Lodge, large Vine at, 41

Currant-bud mite, 82

Cypripediura insigne var. Sandene,
669 ; C. monstrous, 515 ; C. macro-
chilumx, 343; C. Rothschildianutn,
15

Dalgarno's Patent Turf Cutter, 618
Dalkeith Garden, view in, 281
David Douglas, portrait of, 428
DendrobiumLeeanum, 641 ; D. Phals-
nopsis var. Schroderianum, showing
habit, 642 ; forms of flower, 643

Digitalis, malformed flower of, 69
Disease of Carnations (Eel-worm), 71
Disease of Strawberry leaves, 53
Distributor, the anti-blight, 47
Drosera, glands of, 364 ; group of, 365

Edinburgh, Princes Street Gardens,

301
Eel-worm disease of Carnations, 71
Epidendrum vitellinnm, peloria of, 141
Eucalyptus globulus at Tresco, Scillv,

737
Eucryphia pinnatifolia, 217
Eunalcus albo-costatus, 109
Evaporator, fruit, 53
Eyot at Kew, 141

Fog-resisting house, Mr. Toope's, 650
Forms of flowers of Dendrobium

Phalsenopsis var. Schroderianum,

613
Foster, Prof. M.'s Garden, 585
Fruit evaporator, 53

Gaillardia, LoreDz's perfection, 561
Grape Vine at Cumberland Lodge,

the great, 41
Grooved steel tacks, 199

Habenaiua carnea, 729

Heating, a novel method of, 767

Helenium autumnale, 433

Helianthus multiflorus, 421

Hen - and - Chickens Forget - me - not,

with enlarged section and ground

plan, 159
Hypericum Moserianum, 333

Indian garden, bridge in, 403
Iris, ripening stages for, 579

Kew, Eyot at, 141
Kniphofia Northiae, 392
Krelage, J. H., Mr., 517

Ljelia Boothiana, 577
Levens, Garden at, 671

Malvern, Mrs. Wilmot's Garden at,

675
Meston, late Mr. Joseph Fyfe, 253
Minley Manor, Plan of Winter Garden

at, 707
Missouri, School of Horticulture,

views in, 481, 489
Monstrous Cypripedium, 515
Myosotis Victoria (see Hen - and -

Chickens Forget-me-Xot), 159

Neobenthamia gracilis, 273
Newbattle Abbey, 283

O'Brien, James, 225

Palm House, Welbeck Abbey, 195

Papaver glaucum, 627

Pear, the Conference, 679

Peloriate flower of Dendrobium Pha-
lamopsis var. Schroderianum, 643

Penrhyn Castle, 453

Petunia, double-fringed brilliant car-
mine, Sunset, 589

Phoenix sylvestris, 105

Picea pungens, 547, 549

Pinguicula grandiflora, 373

Platycerium alcicorne, 697 ; P. grande,
698; P. Wallichii,699; P.Willinc-
kii, 701

Plum, Jefferson, constricted branch,

484, 485
Podocarpus nubigena, showing male

catkins, 171
Primula disease, spore-bearing tuft of,

626

Rock Garden, Rev. H. Ewbank's, 459
Roridula dentata, 367
Rose Bank, Malvern, 675

Scilly Isles, Eucalyptus globulus at

737
Slugworm, the, 407
Spore-bearing tuft of Primula disease,

626
Staphylea colchica, 161
Strawberry leaves, disease of, 53
Strawberry pickers at work at Swan-
lev, 223

Tacks, grooved steel, 199
Tait's anti-blight distributor, 47
Thomas, Mr. O., 609
Turf-cutter, Dalgarno's patent, 618

Verbena hybrida erecta compacta
atrosanguinea, 621

Wallflowers clubbing, 73
Waltham Cross, Apple avenue at, 341
Welbeck Abbey Palm House, 195
Woolpits, Surrey, 245

Zinnia, Double-striped Perfection, 587

SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS.

Aldenham House, Elstree, November 21.

Darwin Tulin in Mr. J. H. Krelage's Nursery, Haarlem, a Bed

or, October 31.
Hazelwood, Kings Langlet, December 26.
Madeira Garden, Quinta, Palmeira, Livada, July 18.
Minlet Manor, December 12.
Orchids, Trophy of, August 1.

Pavilion, Wellesley, Mass., U.S.A., September 26.

Range of Glasshouses at West Hartlepool, August 8.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society ; Portraits of Marquis
of Lothian, Messrs. John Downie, Malcolm Dunn, Robert
Lindsay, Angus McLeod, Wji, Young, September 12.

Vineyard in Madeira, September 5.

Winter Garden at Mr. W. Bull's, July 18.

9ft

Established i84i

No. 23G.

-VOL. X. ^ Series.

SATUEDAY, JULY 4, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper. { r RICE dQ
t Post-free, 3Jrf.

CONTENTS.

Acacia trees in Fgypt ...

Kola nut

Acer Volxemii

Leontopodium alpiuum ...

Aloysia citriodora, hardi-

Lilacs

ness of

Lilium longiHorum var.

Auricula, the

Harrisii and greenfly ...

Book : —

Lord Randolph Churchill's

Botanisches Adressbuch

Botany

Bulb crop at Haarlem, the

National flower of the

Burford Lodge, Orchids at

U.S.A., the

Cabbages, bolting of

Obituary : —

Carnations 19

Herincq, F

Chrysanthemums in Syd-

Odontoglossum Leroyanum

ney

Orchids at Burford Lodge

Cjlouial Notes

Orchid houses, the

Cypripedium Rothschildi-

Pansies

anum

Peas, early

Odrwin Tulips

Peas, sowing

Dendrobium Phalsenopsis

Phalrenopsis grandiflora...

Doronicums on the grass

Pinks 16

Eyot at Kew, the

i;>

Plums, preserved

Flower Garden, the

Potato disease, the

Flowers in Hyde Park ...

Rose shows to come

,, in season

Roses, the winter of

Fruits under plass

1890-91, and the

Gardeners' Orphan Fund,

Salvia hiaus

the

Societies : —

Gardeners' Royal Benevo-

Croydon

lent Institution

Ealing Gardeners'

Hardv fruit garden, the

Linnean

Hlbberd'B library, the late

Richmond

Shirley ...

Torquay Rose Show ...

Iris Robinsoniana

Syringas, the home of cer-

Kew notes

tain

Kneliworth

Tulips, Darwin

ILLU8TF

ATION8.

Acer Volxemii

Cypripedium Rothschildianum

" Pa.iton's Calendar." New Edition, " The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price Zd., post-free, 3kd. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

Now Heady, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. VIII., Third Series, July
to December, 1890. The Publisher, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Business Address.

WE, ROBERT TAIT, DAVID FLEMING,
and ARTHUR TESTF.R, Partners of the Firm of
DICKSON, BROWN, and TAIT, Seep Merchants, 43 and
45. Corporation Street, Manchester, have this day TAKEN
INTO PARTNERSHIP Mr. ROBERT TAIT, jun.; and the
said Business will in future, as heretofore, be conducted under
the old designation of DICKSON, BROWN, and TAIT.
July 1, 1891.

PLANT NOVELTIES, of every description,
for Sale. Complete Catalogue gratis.
W. KLIEM. Gotha, near Erfurt.

CAULIFLOWER PLANTS. — VEiTCH'S
AUTUMN GIANT, 3s. per 1000. P.O. with order.
MANAGER, Osborne House Farm, Wisbech.

SUPE RB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

RCIIIDS. — Clean healthy plants at low

prices. Inspection invited. Kindly send for CATALOGUE.
JAMES CYPHER, Exotic Nurseries, Cheltenham.

LEMATIS JACK MAN I I ALBA,

THE WHITE JACKMANNII.

For bedding. 12s. per dozen.

CLEMATIS LANUGINOSA, 12s. per dozen.

CHARLES NOBLE, Bagshot.

o
c

THE BEST PRIMULA. — CARTERS
HOLBORN PRIZE MIXED-vide Awards. New Seed
In sealed packets, price 2s. 6flf. and 3s. 6d. per packet, post free.
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

THE BEST CINERARIA. — CARTERS'
BRILLIANT PRIZE MIXED-vide Awards. In sealed
packets, price 2s. 6a\ and 3s. 6d. per packet, post free.
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

rFHE BEST CALCEOLARIA.-^CARTERS'

-I VICTORIA PRIZE MIXED-vide Awards. In sealed
packets, price 2s. 6o\ and 3s. 6d. per packet, post free.
237 and 238. High Holborn, London, W.C.

Sow now for early flowering In Spring.

ROEMER'S SUPERB PRIZE PANSIES.
0jP The finest strain of Pansies in the World. „{gl
Introducer and Grower of all the leading Novelties.

CATALOGUE free, on application.
FRED. ROEMER, Seed Grower, Quedlinburg, Germany.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S IMPROVED
• MUSHROOM SPAWN for Outdoor and Indoor
Culture. Per bushel, 5s.; per cake, 6d. Per cake, free by
Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be hail free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBEKRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crulched Friars. EC.

N.B.— Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs w ill
be found in this Catalogue.

CROTONS for SALE (Private).— About ten
large specimen plants, and several others, tit for exhi-
bition. Can be viewed on application to —

Mr. J. BIRD, 3i, New Croxted Road, West Dulwich.

"\nOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble

V "a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, Id., Is., and 2s. <&d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists. Rothesay. Scotland.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
TINES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Begonias a Specialty.

LAINGS' COLLECTION

of Double and Single varieties is NULLI SECUNDUS,
for pot culture, as bedding plants, or as banging basket plants.
Inspection invited. Best and most descriptive CATALOGUE
ever published, post-free. Catford Bridge Railway Station.

JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, he. Forest
Hill, Loudon, S.E.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY. — ODONTO-
GLOSSUM VEXILLABIUM. very fine plants, all with
flower-spikes, 5s., 7s. 6rf.. and 10s. 64. Please write for New
PRICE LIST.

W. L. LEWIS AKD CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

Nurserymen by Appointment to the London School

BOARD.

JOHN PEED and SONS offer CUPRESSUS
LAWSONII, in cane baskets, from 5 to 8 feet high ; grand
plants, suitable for furnishing. ARAUCAR1A EXCELS A,
from 3 to 6 feet high, furnished to pot.

Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood Road, S.E. ; also at
Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W.

HENRY SQUELCH, Fbuit Salesman and
Commission1 Agent, is open to receive Consignments
of all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. All Consignments
receive personal attention. Account Sales daily, and cheques
weekly, or as desired. Empties and Labels supplied.
North Row, Covent Garden.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

SU T T O N'S GLOXINIA.

Awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Floral Silver-
gilt Medal at the Great Temple Show, 1890. Price of
seed, mixed colours, 5s. and 2s. 6d. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S CALCEOLARIA. — The finest
strain in existence. Price of seed, mixed colours, 5s. and
3s. Qd. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S CINERARIA. — Unsurpassed by
any other strain in cultivation. Price of seed, mixed
colours, 5s. and 2s. Gd. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Exhibition Lawn Grass.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
offer their Superb Mixture of
DWARF EVERGREEN LAWN GRASS SEED,

Of the same quality as that supplied by them fur the Grounds
of the Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester.

Per lb., Is., post-free, Is, 3d. ; per cwt., 100s. Carriage Paid.

Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Mitigate, Manchester.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-yr. old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-yr. old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

Trade Offer of Large Kentias and Cocos.

WICETON begs to offer some extra fine
• BELMORIANA, FOSTERIANA, MOOREANA, and
RUPICOLA. from 8 to 15 feet high ; a few extra-sized Grand
Specimens, from 20 to 25 feet, with 10 to 18 leaves; large
batch of COCOS FLEXUOSA and PLUMOSA, 9 to 15 feet.
Prices on Application. Inspection invited.

Putney Park Lane, S.W. (near Barnes Station); also 129
and 130, Covent Garden Market.

CLEARANCE SALE OF BULBS
FOR PRESENT PLANTING.
Lemoine's beautiful new GLADIOLI, in mixture, per dozen,
4s. 6rf. ; RANUNCULUS, showy sorts, mixed, 2s. 6d. per 100 ;
beautiful new large-flowered single POPPY ANEMONES,
mixed, 4s. ed. per 100 ; ANEMONE FULGENS, the beautiful
scarlet Windflowerof the Riviera, 4s. id. per 100; per 1000,40s.
Sweetscented PEARL TUBEROSES, 3s. per doz.; per 100, 18s.
Carriage Free on receipt of Post Office Order.
BARR and SON, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
Adiantums, Pteris, Cyrtomiums, Nephrodiums, Poly-
sti( hums, and 20 other most Saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100.
Adiantum Cuneatum, in 5-inch pots, fine tops, to cut at once,
50s. per 100. Large Ferns, in 48's, 45s. per 100, in 6 useful
sorts; Adiantum macrophyllum, 40s. per 100; A. Mariesii,
40s. per 100 ; A. decorum, 16s. per 100 ; Cheilanthus elegans,
30s. per 100. Packed free ; Cash with Order.
J. SMITH. London Fern Nurseries. Loughboro' Junction. S.W.

PRIMULAS-PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS.—
Twenty-first year of distribution. Williams' Superb Strain,
Is id. per dozen, 10s. per 100. CINERARIAS, same price;
also double white PRIMULAS, id. each. Carriage free for
cash with order.— JOHN STEVENS, The Nurseries, Coventry.

VISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are
cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J LINDEN and LUCEEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. EngUsh CATALOGUE sent gratis.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jul? 4, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Thursday, July 16.

SPECIAL SALE of ORCHIDS in FLOWER and BUD.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce that
hi3 NEXT SPECIAL SALE of ORCHIDS in FLOWER
and BUD, wilt take place at his Great Rooms, 38, King
Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY, July 16. at
half-past 12 o'Ciock precisely, and he will be glad if Gentlemen
desirous of ENTERING LOTS for THIS SALE will please
send LISTS not later than Thursday next,

Tuesday, July 7.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Booms,
on TUESDAY, July 7, at half-past 12 o'Ciock, by order of Mr.
F. Sander, importations of useful and popular ORCHIDS,
consisting of the following, and many others : — Cattleya
Bowriugiana, C. Mendeli, C. superba splendens, Oncidium
papilio majus, 0. hreaaatochilum, Saccolabium Blumei, S.
curvifolium, Dendrobium formosum giganteum, D. Da'.housie-
anum, D. draconis, Lycaste Skinnerii, Dendrobium dicuphum,
D. Feelschii, Schomburgkia Sanderiana (new), Dendrobium
heterocarpum, Grammatophyllum Measuresianum, Bate-
manaia Burtii, Bulbophyllum mandibularum (tew), Cattleya
O'Brieuiana, C. Trianje alba (true), C. Schofieldiana (true),
Lffilia grandis tenebrusa, Epidendrum Randii, Cattleya
Eldorado Wallisii, Phaius Humboltii, Cycnoches chloroehilon,
Cypripedium hybridum cahuzie, Haynaldianum calophyllum,
C. Wallisii, C. Wendlaudianum, and many other choice and
interesting plants.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.— Notice.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to ANNOUNCE that, in CONSEQUENCE of the VISIT
of the EMPEROR of GERMANY to the CITY on FRIDAY
NEXT, July 10, their usual FRIDAY'S SALE of ORCHIDS
"WILL NOT TAKE PLACE on that day, but there will be a
SALE on TUESDAY NEXT, July 7. See preceding Adver-
tisement.

WANTED, to RENT, a SMALL NUR-
SERY, chiefly Glass, new, without much Stock, pre-
ferred. Write full particulars to—
R. CHEESMAN, Prinsted, Emsworth, Hants.

FOR SALE, about two doz. large SPECIMEN
KOSES, in 1-4 and 16-inch pjts, of best exhibition
varieties ; the plants have obtained many First Prizes at West
of England Shows, and are in the best possible health and
vigour. List of varieties and prices, on application to —
GEO. COOLING and SONS, The Nurseries, Bath.

FOR SALE, a COMPACT NURSERY, with
6 Greenhouses, Shed, and Office, standing on Half an
Acre of Land, in good retail situation. CAN liE HAD OX
RENTAL or 16 years' Lease.

Apply in first instance to X , J. GRAY, Florist, Carnarvon
Road, South Woodford, Essex.

London.— In a Papulous and Busy Suburb.

FOR SALE, on exceptionally favourable terms.
The LEASEand GOODWILL of a well-established SEED
and FLORIST BUSINESS. Excellent Shop in Main Road,
near two Stations. Turn over £lli JO to £1300 a year. Splendid
chance for a beginner. Lease 21 years. Rent £90. Also
SMALL NURSERY close to shop,* with 6 Houses. Rent
£i. Fine opening for Jobbing and Trade. Price all at £500
or offer. Apply 10 Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

f^OR DISPOSAL.— A compact little NUR-
SERY, doing a goo! all-round trade; annual increase.
Six Greenhouses, well-heated pits, and frames, all in good
repair; B-roomed convenient House. Shop, near station ; doing
good Cut Flower Trade. Both on main road. Price low, or
at valuation. Reawn, ill-health. In own hands nearly
19 years. 15J years' lease. Apply —
R. HOLLOWAY. Florist, Heme Hill, S.E.

London, S.E. (7159).— Adjoining Station.
pAPITAL FLORIST'S BUSINESS,

V^ doing a good trade iu Cut Flowers and Fruit. — Three
Greenhouses, large Conservatory, Shop, Warehouse, and semi-
detached House. Splendid opening. Adjoining is a confec-
tioners, which is carried on by owner, and could be let off at
£50 per annum. Rent for whole £70. Price for Glasshouses,
Conservatory, and Stock £1000. Apply to Messrs. PROTHEROE
and MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY. 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

J WEEKS AND CO., HORTICULTUBAL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens, Florist and Seed

BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS'
HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti-
culars of the above, and can be obtaiued, gratis, at
67 and 6S, Cheapside, London, E.C.

LAXTON'S NEW STRAWBERRIES.— A
preliminary Priced List, including Laxton's " Scarlet
Queen," the liuest flavoured, brightest coloured, and best
early variety; Noble, the king of Strawberries; Competitor,
White Knight, Cardiu"!, Latest of All, Commander, The
Albert, Crescent, John Ruskin, A. Nicaise, La Grosse Sucree,
Waterloo, and the best New and Oil Sort9, free on application
to— THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

THE

"GAIR" COLLECTION

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

HATE JUST PURCHASED

The Large and Fine Collection of

ORCHIDS

Formed by the late JOHN GAIR, Esq., of
THE KILNS, FALKIRK, N.B.

The Company have removed the Collection to their Nurseries
at Garston by Special Train. The Collection is now on Sale,
and inspection is very earnestly invited. Descriptive and
priced Catalogues will be sent po3t-free, on application to the
Company.

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

THE TWO BEST CABBAGES

DICKSON'S FIRST AND BEST, and

DICKSON'S PERFECTION.

Per packet, Gd. ; per ounce, Is. Post free.

Mr. A. J. Long, writing on June 1, sa$s:— "I am very
pleased with your " First and Best " Cabbage, which I sowed
last summer for the first time. We have been cutting for the
past three weeks, and I cannot hear of anyone else cutting so
early. The plants withstood the severe winter remarkably
well."

For other CABBAGES, LETTUCES, ONIONS. &c, for
present sowing, see CATALOGUE, sent post free on
application.

BICKSONSeSssCHESTER

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITH'FSNOW-WHITE
JAGKMANII.

The flowers are paper-white, about the same size as those of
the old purple Jackmanii, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is unrivalled for beds, and also for climbing. Ready
in August. 7s. Qd. each.

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5*. to 105. Gd. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out,
also BEDDING TLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest prices, consistent with correctness and superior
character. Send for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY, KENT.

CHOICE PALMS AND FERNS.

Beautiful PALMS, well grown and healthy plants for Green-
house and Table Decoration, is. Gd., 2s., and 2s. Gd. each;
smo.ll Plants, for growing on, 6s. and 9s. per doz. Twelve
fine FERNS for Greenhouse, Sis. and 12s. ; MAIDENHAIR
FERN, 6s., 9s., and 12s. per dozen. Small FERNS, in variety,
for fancy pots, indoor rockeries, &c, from 3s. per dozen ;
several new and rare varieties, Is. Gd. to 3s. Gd. each. SELA-
GINELLAS, in variety, 6s. and 9s. per dozen. SELAGINELLA
EMILIANA, a beautiful new Moss, Is. 6a!. each. See List, gratis.

WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldtield Nurseries, Altriucham;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

EXHIBITIONS.

KOYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY,
Gardens, Regent's Park, N.W.
EVENING FETE and SPECIAL EXHIBITION of FLORAL
TABLE DECORATIONS, WEDNESDAY, July 8.
Schedules of Prizes now ready.

TRENTHAM and HANFORD HORTICUL^
TURAL SOCIETY.
(In connection with the National Rose Society.)
GREAT FRUIT and ROSE SHOW will be held in
TRENTHAM GARDENS, on JULY 16. Upwards of £70 given
in PRIZES for CUT ROSES, and COLLECTIONS of FRUIT.
Nine varieties, 1st, £10; 2nd, £6; 3rd, £3. Six varieties,
1st, £5; 2nd, £1; 3rd, £i. Four bunches of GRAPES, 1st, £.=. ;
2nd, £3; 3rd, £2. GROUPSof PLANTS, 1st, £23 10s.; 2nd, £14;
3rd, £10 ; 4th, £8. Prizes amounting to £300 will be given.
Entries Clo-:e, July 9.
Schedules now ready, post free, on application to —
JOHN TAYLOR, Hon. Sec., Trentham.

BEDFORD and BEDFORDSHIRE HORTI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY.
EIGHTH ANNUAL SHOW, at Bedford. July 16, 1891.
SPECIAL PRIZES for ROSES, CUT FLOWERS, and PEAS,
open to all England. Entries close ou July 7.
Schedules and Entry Forms to be obtaiued of
Bedtord HENRY TEBB3, Hon. Sec.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF
MANCHESTER.
GRAND ROSE SHOW on SATURDAY, the 18th inst.
Also the NATIONAL PINK SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION.
For Schedules, apply to the undersigned,

BRUCE FINDLAY.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Manchester.

rPHE EIGHTH SUMMER SHOW of the

-L LUTON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY will take place
on JULY 22, 1891. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY POUNDS
iu PRIZES. Entries close on July 18.

Schedules of Mr. W. STALKER, Luton.

CALTERHEBBLE and DISTRICT (Halifax)

O ROSE SHOW (N.R.S), THURSDAY', July 23. 1891.
Schedules on application to the Secretary,

JNO. E. BROOKS, 4, Savile Park Street. Halifax.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION,

TO BE

Held IX THE WAVERLEY MARKET, EDINBURGH,

On NOVEMBER 19, 20, and 21, 1891.

PRIZE SCHEDULES NOW READY. Apply to—

ROBERT LAIUD, Secretary, 17, Frederick Slreet, Edinburgh.

SHROPSHIRE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

189 1.

CASH PRIZES OFFERED, OPEN TO ALL

£640,

Schedules may be obtained from the Hon. Sees..

Messrs. ADNITT & NAtTNTON,
The Square, Shrewsbury.

STRAWBERRY SEASON.

TO GROWERS and DEALERS —
The CLYDESDALE BOX COMPANY', 45, Montrose
Street, Glasgow, make a specialty of Manufacturing PUNNETS
and TRAYS specially adapted for Strawberries and other soft
Fruits. Illustrated PRICE LIST free by Post on application.
Sample Parcels, containing 4 dozen assorted Punnets and
Trays, sent Post-free for 3s. 2d., or 6 dozen Trays only,
assorted, 3s. 2d. The above Company are prepared to appoint
Agents to hold Stock in the principal districts.

Trade Offer.

ICETON begs to offer the following

PALMS : —

Strong ARECA LUTESCENS, in 60's, at 60s. per 100;

„ COCOS WEDDELLIANA, in thumbs, at 32s. and SOl. ;
,, SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in thumbs, 20s. and 30*.;
,, KENTIAS, BELMOREANA and FOSTERIANA, in

thumbs, 40s. and 75s.
„ SEEDLINGS in Stores, at 30s. per 100.
ASPARAGUS, P. NANUS, strong, in thimbles, at His. per 100.
Extra fine PANDANUS VEITCHII, in all Sizes.
Putney Park Lane, S.W.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

The finest, most varied, choice and interesting collection in
the Trade. 1400 species and varieties of stove, greenhouse, and
hardy Ferns. Partially Descriptive Catalogue, including com-
prehensive List of useful Gardening Books, tree on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, One SniLLiNQandSlxrENCE, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

July 4, 1891.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION.

52«J ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL, JULY 8, 1891,

AT WHICH

The Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., will preside.

THE FOLLOWING SUBSCRIPTIONS and DONATIONS HAVE BEEN PAID OR PROMISED :-

The Eight Hon. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, M.P.

Mrs. CHAMBERLAIN

His Grace The Duke of WESTMINSTER

Messrs. ROTHSCHILD AND SONS

Sir W. H. SALT, Bart

The Baron SCHRODER

The Right Hon. Lord CREWE

.Messrs. JAMES VEITCH AND SONS, Chelsea ...

F. D GODMAN, Esq , Horsham

Executors of the late JOHN DOMINY. Es,|.,

Southampton

H. C. LEE, Esq., Upper Tnlse Hill, S.W.
Mr. A. BENTLEY. Eshwood Hall. Durham
Mr. A. BORTHWICK, Sherborne Ho., Cheltenham
Mr. STEPHEN DREWETT, Tweed, Lymiiigton...

Mr. HAYTER, Reigate

Mr. H. PADDON, Bramlov Park. Guildford

Mr. C. PEACOCK, Oak Hill Grove, Surbiton ...

Mr. E. TICKNER, Reigate

Mr. A. PLUMMER, Staines

W. THOMPSON, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone ...

Mr. DANIEL KEEN, Tring

Mr. R. JORDAN, Godalming

Mr. F. MORRIS. St. Leonard's

Miss A. J. WINTER. Hampstead

Miss MARY WINTER, Hampstead

Mr. E. GILBERT, Old Charlton

Mr. J. ATKINSON, Totteridge

Mr. H. DOWDING, The Gardens, Farnham Castle
J. P. ALLAN. Esq., Alexandra Pork, Manchester

J. DREWETT, Esq., King,ton-on-Thame9

Mr. THOS. DENNIS, Bintield Park, Bracknell ...

Mr. W. T. FRENCH, East Sheen

Mrs. MAITLAND GORDON, New Galloway

Mr. J. HUNTER, Richmond

E. MAYLED, Esq., Windsor

M. YOUNG, Esq., Upper Sydenham

Mr. JAMES BECK, Wimborne

The Very Rev. Dean MAPLETON

Messrs. MART and CO.. Oxford Street, W.

Mr. C. T. REED, East Sheen

Mr. A. FENN, East Dereham

Mr. J. RUSSELL, and young Men at Portallach

Gardens

Mr. E. SHEPSTONE, Charlton, Somerset

Mr. G. STEPHEN. Crathie Castle, Aberdeen ...

Mr. J. DUTHIE, Newton Stewart

Sir THOMAS S. BAZLEY, Bart., Hatherop Castle

HERBERT J. ADAMS, Esq., Enfield

EDWARD SALT, Esq., Ferniehurst, Shipley

GUSTAV LE DOUX. Esq., East Moulsey

ARTHUR W. SUTTON, Esq., Reading

JOSEPH BROOME, Esq.. Manchester

R. B. WHITE. Esq., Arddarroch, Oarelochhead ...

SYDNEY COURTAULD, Esq., Braintree

M. H. MILNF.R. Esq., Sefton Lodge, Newmarket,

per Mr. W. H. Lees

FREDK. RYLEY, Esq., Brondvalls. Bury

Ancient Order of York Florists, per JOHN

FIELDEN, Esq

Messrs. HURST AND SON, London

Messrs. WILLS AND SEGAR. South Kensington...

Mr. MURDOCH CHISHOLM, East Sheen

Mr. RICHARD H. EDGE, Frodsham, Cheshire ...

Mr. P. MANN, Westbury, Wilts

Mr. D. ELKINS, Cirencester

Mrs. FINDLAY, Bouniugton, Lanark

Mr. A. 11. WADDS, Osterley Park

Mr. T. SMITH, Papworth. St. Ives

£52

11)

ion

1.1

l'l

I'-

■>

1
1

II
II
0

O 11

0 10

Collected by—

Mr. A. HISLOP. Bletchley Park

Mr. J. LEGG, Glen Andrea. Groombridge

Mr. HARWOOD, Bury St. Edmunds

Mr. R. PARKER. Wansford, Northampton

Mr. C. TERRY. Knutsford

F. A. BEVAN, Esq., Lombard Street

W. VANNER, Esq., Coleman Street

"DELTA," per George J. Ingram (Secretary) ...

ALEX. JAMES MONRO. E-q.. Callam Street (late
Secretary, pro tern.)

Mr. E. BERRY. Roehampton

ARCHIBALD COATS. Esq., Pai-ley

Messrs. J. W. WIMSETT AND SONS. Chelsea ...

JOHN CORBETT. Esq., M.P. , Droitwich

W. B. WATERLOW, Esq., Redhill

Collected by—

Mr. CHAS. FORBES. Trumpington

Mr. W. CHAPMAN, Rugeley

Mr. W. HARRIS, Lyndhurst

Mr. R. STRAND, Dcnne Mill

Mr. RYMILL. Heathersett

Mr. W. SALCOMBE, Ticehurst

F. M. BURTON, Esq . Gainsborough

Mr. HARRY WOODHAMS, Wanstead

Mr. ARTHUR OCOCK, Romford

Mr. THOMAS GODFREY, I'xbridge

Mr. THOMAS VAGG. Romford

The Hon. W. W. ASTOR

NORMAN D. COOKSON, Esq., Wvlam-cn-Tyue ...
W. J. THOMPSON, Esq.. Walton Grange, Stone...

F. M. MOLE, Esq , Birmingham

ROBERT PULLAR, Esq., Perth

The Right Hon. the EARL OF DERBY, K G.

"ANONYMOUS"

" A FRIEND.-' per Messrs. .IAS. VEITCH & SONS
JOHN JAMES BARRON, Esq., Hyde Park Gardens

H. S. LEON, Esq., Bletchley

Lady LOUISA FORTESCUE

W. R. LEE, Esq., Manchester

W. R. G. FARMER, Esq.. Oheam

Mrs. GAMLEN. Hcrnsev

Mr. F. W. BEEVERS. Farnlmm Clia .•

Mr. W. FARLEY, East Dulwich

Collected by-
Mr. J. FOSTER, Glendarragh, Teignmouth
Mr. J. F. GLEN, Brambletye. East Grinstead ...

Under Gardeners and Labourers at Leckmeln
Gardens, per Mr. D. MORRISON

Collected by-
Mr. THOMAS ANNESS

Mrs. ENO

Mc. W. ICETON, Putney Park Lane

Mr. J. MEADOWS, Old Basford, Nottingham

W. J. BROWNE. Esq

The Worshipful the MAYOR of KINGSTON

H. FURZE. Esq., T.-ddiuglon

Mr. J. PUTTICK, Teddington

H. P. P. SOPER, Esq.. Roseneath, Wanstead ...

MARTIN R. SMITH. Lombard Street

His Grace the DUKE of LEEDS

Measrs, NUTTING and SONS, Southwark Street .
WILLIAM WHITELEY, Esq., Westbourne Grove

Ditto ditto

Right Hon. Lord RIBBLESDALE

Collected by Mr. C. DAVIES, Maidstone

£i 10 0

2 15 0

1 16 0
OHO

0 5 0

10 10 0

5 5 0

10 10 0

1 1
0 10
3 3
5 5

2 0
5 5

0 10

1 1

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

8
0
0
6
ii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1 1 0
0 10 6

10 10 0

4 0 0

2 13 6

10 10

5 0

2 2

1 1

2 2

1 1

0 5

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
10 10

5 0 0

10 10 0

5 5 0

1 1 0

1 1 l.i

14 0

Further Subscriptions or Donations will be thankfully received and duly acknowledged by the
Secretary —

G. J. INGRAM, 50, Parliament Street, London, S.W.

PRICE TWOPENCE.— POST FREE, TWOPENCE-HALFPENNY.

THE ROSE

OF THE GARDENERS' MAGAZINE.

JULY 4, 1891.

AMONGST OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ISSUE WILL BE:

National Rose Societi-. and its Work ... George Gordon

Then and Now; or, Fiftv Years of Rose

Showing Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombmiii

Development of the Hybrid Per-
petual William Paul, F.L.S.

Medal Roses Edward Mawley, F.R.Met.S.

Exhibiting Roses Rev. J. H. Pemberton

RnuniK'N R.--F.S

Tea. Roses

Typical Roses

Roses in Pots

Garden Roses

Roses in the North of Enuland
Roses in Town Gardens

Rev. J

T. W. Girdlestone,

George Paul

. A. Williams

, M.A., F.L.S.

Harry Turner

D. T. Fish

R. Harluiess

J. Hudson

PORTRAITS OF LEADING ROSARIANS.

ORNAMENTAL SPECIES OF ROSES, &C.

Offices :-4, AVE MARIA LANE, LONDON, E.C.— Order of your Bookseller,

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them , apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock ot Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

LOVELY TEA ROSES.

Best sorts, in pots, 18s. per dozen ; stronger, 2s. 0<2. and
'is. Bd. each ; New and Choice Varieties, 2s. fid., 3s. 6rf. and 5s.
each . See Catalogue, gratis.

WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham;
also 10 and 12. Market Street, Manchester.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
BENJAMIN RIMBAUD,

Bulb Grower,
Quartier du Temple, Toulon (Var), France

(7^e largest Bulb Grower in the South of France).
Offers—
EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS GRANDIFLORA and other

NARCISSUS.

LILIUM CANDIDUM. FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA.

And all other Specialties of South of France.

Seeds and Plants of

CARNATIONS MARGARITJE and other CARNATIONS.

PRICE LIST on application to the

London Agents : —

Messrs. E. SILBERRAD & SON,

25, Savage Gardens, Crutched Friars, London. E.C.

AGENCE GEnEKALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.

De HERDT and STBECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses. Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — Strecker, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting-Very large size
(1$ Year).

Pbice, 12s. U. peb 100.
SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

SPHAGNUM MOSS.

Orchid Growers who have a difficulty in procuring this fresh,
with large, green, b)ld heads, please send a trial order.

!!I ORCHID PEAT !I!

OF MY OWN CUTTING AND SELECTION,

CANNOT FAIL TO GIVE SATISFACTION.

A FINE STOCK of all other kinds of PEAT,

in large or small quantities, from London or Ringwood.

GARDEN SUNDRIES

Of every description.

G. H. RICHARD3, 1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambeth, S.E.

Chief Peat Depot and Grounds, Ringwood, Hants.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jdly 4, 1891.

FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION

HEATINC APPARATUS.

Most Efficient and Cheapest in Existence,
Bequires no sunk stokehole and no brick
Betting. Will last all night without atten-
tion. Will burn house cinders, therefore
costs next to nothing for fuel. Any one
can fix it. A domestic servant can stoke it.

Complete Apparatus from £4 12s.
SUCCESS GUARANTEED.

Enormous num-
bers in use all
over the country.

Only Slow Com-
bustion Appara-
tus of the kind.
CA UTION.

Bwoare of in-
efficient incom-
plete Apparatus,
which will not
last all night.

Full particulars 1 _
and Prices of \

every sized Ap- %

paratus, and see
numerous Testi-
monials for the
last five seasons,
Bhowing enorm-
ous success, post-
free on applica-
tion.

BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST

Greenhouses, Forcing-houses, Pits, Frames, Plant

Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c.

Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-free from

CROMPTON & FAWKES,

CHELMSFORD.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

light,

4 ft.

6ft..

8 ft.

6ft..

12 ft.

6 ft..

16 ft.

6 ft..

20 ft.

6 ft..

24 ft.

by 6 ft. .

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Be^t Material*, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by anyone.

Sizes and Triceg, Glazed and Painted.

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices,

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

io>i*)ny€p«il,Mr.H.SKELTON,Seedsman,&c.,i.HollowayRd.,N.

PIT LIGHTST

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very Btrong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
Bpecification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

For Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Roads, Stable Yards, &c, also for Killing Plantain

on Lawns. Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No Smell. Does not stain the GraveL
One application will keep the Walks clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen months.

Recommended by Mr. W. G. Head, Superintendent, Crystal Palace Gardens; Mr. J. Bell, the Dnke of Wellington's
Gardener ; Mr. E. S. McLaurin, the Empress Eugenie's Gardener ; Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator, Botanic Garden, Cambridge ;
andmany'other eminent Gardeners. T/le solution is appiied with an ordinary watering can.

Prices, in 1 and 2-gal. Tins, 23. per gal. (Tins included); in 5-gal. Drums, Is. 6d. per gal. 10 and 15-gal. Drums, Is. 4d.

per gal. Special quotations for larger quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty-five ga'lons of water.

ANTI-FUNGI POWDER, THE ONLY EFFECTUAL REMEDY FOR TOMATO DISEASE,

MOULD AND MILDEW ON ROSES, VINES, &c.

It can be applied with an ordinary Powder Distributor, has no smell, and is harmless to the plants or fruit.
Recommended by Mr. W. Hills, Gardener to Viscount Gort, East Cowes Castle ; Mr, W. CHILD, Gardener to the Rev. W.
Wilk<=, Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society ; Mr. Chas. Ross, Welford Park Gardens, Newbury, and others.

Prices : 1 lb. Is., 3 lb. 2s. 9d., 7 lb. 5s. 6d., 14 lb. 10s., 28 lb. 18s., 56 lb. 35s. Carriage paid on 28 lb. and upwards.

Please Note Change of Name :—

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY, Tunbridge, Kent;

And CARLTON STREET, BOLTON, LANCASHIRE.
N.B.— We have made no Change in the Manufacture ok Composition of any of our Goods.

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses
Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot-water Pipes, and all appliances foi
heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Price 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country, an inspection ol
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
us enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Survey a
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

London Office :- 163, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

CLIMAX

CONCENTRATED

WEED KILLER

Is Double the strength of any other.

Destroys all weeds on Garden Walks, &c, &<-..

Improves the colour of the Gravel- has no smell.

Saves many times Its cost In labour alone. One
application will keep the walks clear of weeds for a
whole season at least. Can be applied with an
ordinary watering-can.

Note the strength, & compare the price with others.

1 Gallon makes 61 Gallons for use.

PRICE IN Tins :— 1 gallon, 3s. ; 5 gallons, 2s. Gil. per gallon ;
10 gallons, 2s. 3d. per gallon ; 40 gallon casks, 2s. per gallon.
Tics and Casks free.

CLIMAX

l.',|ifcfcH:J:M[»mil;l

Is Guaranteed to effectually Destroy all Moss on
Lawns, &c. while at the same time it will stimulate
and Increase the Growth of the Grass.

1 Gallon as sold will make 15 Gallons for use, and
Is sufficient to do 110 square yards. Can be applied
with an ordinary watering-can. Saves many times
Its cost, and Insures a perfect Sward.

Price in Tins :— 1 gallon, 3s. ; 5 gallons, 2s. M. per gallon ;
10 gallons, 2s. 6rf. per gallon ; 40 gtllon casks, 2s. 3d. per gal.
Drums and Casks free.

Carriage paid on all orders of 10 gallons and upwards. Sample gallons pent Carriage paid on receipt of Postal Order.

Prepared solely by tlie BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., Luton Street, Liverpool.

Can be had through all Seedsmen, or direct. Ask for the " CLIMAX," and take no other.

July 4, 18'J1.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

STILL THE PREMIER HOUSE

FOR

TDBER0D8 BEGONIAS!

We loere Awarded the FIRST PRIZE against all comers at the

GREAT BEGONIA EXHIBITION

AT THE

ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER,

JUNE 24 and 25, 1891.

OUR UNRIVALLED STRAIN of BEGONIAS

Also received the Silver Cup at the recent Temple Show — convincing proof to all
that as Raisers and Growers we are still SECOND TO NONE.

We Cordially INVITE ALL LOVERS OF FLOWERS to Inspect our

"TRULY MAGNIFICENT SHOW OF BEGONIAS."

Railway Stations— Catfobd Bbidge (S.E.R.) and Forest Hill (L.B. & S.C.R.).

JOHN LAING & SONS,

BEGONIA GROWERS, FOREST HILL, S.E.

THE COTTACER'S CALENDAR OF CARDER OPERATIONS.

Post-free 3^d. ; 25 Copies, 5-=. ; 50, 10s. ; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE. 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C.

^55

Without which

none is genuine.

THE "PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Without which
none is genuine.

"PERFECT" SUMMER SHADINC.
"SWIFT AND SURE" INSECTICIDE.

SOLD BY
SEEDSMEN, ETC.

Prices and Particulars Free.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

"PERFECT" MILDEW DESTROYER,
"PERFECT" WORM DESTROYER.

THE HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL COY.,

97 Milton Street, GLASGOW (Originally of Tunbridge, Kent).

CAUTION' TO THE PUBLIC— Please carefully note our Name, Address, and Trade Mark,
and do not be deceived by imitations.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that by virtue of an Order of the High Court of Justice,
dated May 26, 1891, the use of the name AGRI-HORTICULTURAL CHEMICAL
COY. on Show-Card*, Circulars, Labels, or otherwise hotcsoever, by the Makers of the
ACME WEED KILLER, recently trading under that name at Tunbridge, Kent, is
ILLEGAL, and that our Manufactures cannot be obtained genuine in Tunbridge
except from our Agents, Messrs. WEBMER fy WARDLEY, Chemists, there.

ORDER OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE.

The Horticultural and Agricultural
Chemical Coy.,

97 MILTON STREET, GLASGOW,

PLAINTIFF.

VERSUS

The Agri-Horticultural Chemical Coy.,
TUNBRIDGE, KENT,

DEFENDANTS

The Court granted an INJUNCTION RESTRAINING THE DEFENDANT COY.

(1) From using in any manner or for any purpose whatsoever the Name Agri-Horticultural Chemical

Coy. or any name likely to mislead or deceive the public into the belief that the business of
the Defendant Coy. is the same as the business of the Plaintiff Coy. or in any way connected
therewith.

(2) From infringing the Plaintiff's Letters Patent, dated 11th March, 1SS6, by making or selling

any compounds made according to the specification thereof or being a colourable imitation thereof

(3) The Court also ordered the Defendant Coy. to pay to the Plaintiffs £40 towards their costs

of this action.

CT „ ,T„TTTT„„„ TTT^^TTT^^r,

JAMES SENDALL & CO.,

CAMBRIDGE.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

FOR OTHER CARDEN FRAMES,

See ILLUSTRATED LISTS of 20 Varieties,
OUR OWN INVENTIONS, Post Free.

No. 113.-P0RTABLE PLANT PRESERVER and
GARDEN FRAME.

Made of best red wood Deal ; malleable iron hinges.

PAINTED thiee coats of brat oil colour.

GLAZED with 21-oz. English glass, ready for use.
6 ft. long x 3 ft. £2 0 0 9 ft. long X 5 ft. £3 12 8
6 ft. ,, X4ft. 2 5 0 12 ft. ,, x3ft. 3 0 0

6 ft. „ X5ft. 2 10 0 12 ft. ,, X4ft. 3 15 0

9 ft. „ x3ft. 2 15 0 12 ft. ,, X5ft. 4 12 6

9 ft. „ X 4 ft. 3 5 0 12 ft. „ X 6 ft. 5 10 0

FRAME or PIT LIGHTS.

6 ft. X 4 ft., painted and glazej, 14s. ; unglazed, 5s. 6rf. each.

7 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. „ ,, 17s.; „ 7s. Od. „

Orders of 40s. Value Carriage Paid to stations in

ENGLAND and WALtS, many in SCOTLAND and IRELAND.

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL
STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot - water Apparatus

for warming

Buildings of every

description.

Illustrated Circulart

Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3s.

w. h. LASCELLES & co„

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

121, BUNHILL ROW,

LONDON, E.C.

CONSERVATORIES,

GREENHOUSES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

VINERIES,
PEACH HOUSES, &c.

Plans and Estimates Free.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

"ADIES" LAWN EDGER
AUTOMATIC SHEARS,

PATENTED.

Awarded (after trial) Banksian Medal and Certificate of
Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society.

THIS INVENTION consists of a pair of Shears,
_ ijgtat. attached to a small roller,
which work automati-
cally, ami will cut the
grass edges as fast as
it is possible to push
the machine along.

CRYSTAL PALACE,

WEDNESDAY, JULY 15, 1891.

GRAND ROSE FAIR AND FLORAL FETE,

IN AID OF THE GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.

ADMISSION TO THE PALACE, ONE SHILLING.

PROGRAMME:

(JRICKET MATCH — THE SEEDSMEN v. THE GAEDENERS OF ENGLAND.

TWO ORGAN RECIFALS.

TWO CONCERTS BY THE RENOWNED CRYSTAL PALACE J ORCHESTRA.

PROMENADE MUSIC BY THE CRYSTAL PALACE MILITARY BAND.

GRAND FOUNTAIN DISPLAY.

TWO PERFORMANCES BY THE WONDERFUL TRAINED WILD ANIMALS.

MONSTER BALLOON ASCENT.

ILLUMINATED GARDEN FETE AND GRAND OPEN-AIR BALLET.

AND

OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS ALL DAY.

Of all Ironmongers, Florists i Seedsmen.

Price, complete, 21/-,

Or will be sent carefully packed on receipt of P.O.O. 22/-

to 13, Chjrterhoise Street, London, E.C.

Obtain Tickets from your Florist, or direct from the Secretary,

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick.

Combined Railway and Admission Tickets, Is. 6d. ; Children half price. Please state whether
L. C. & D. (High-level), or L. B. & S. C. (Low-level) Rails.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

No. 60.-PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER.

6 ft. by 3 ft. £2 0 0 1 6 ft. by 4 ft. £2 5 0
12 ft. by 3 ft. 3 2 0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 15 0

No. 73.-New Span-roof GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. JE2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £5 14 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 4 0
All Frames made of selected Red Deal, painted
three times, and lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet
glass.

Cucumber Frame Lights.

6 ft. by 4ft., glazed and painted ... 14.5. each.

Unglazed and unpainted 5s. 6rf. each.

Cash Prices. Carriage Paid on Orders of 40s. value.

WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES, in all styles.

No. 74.-THREE-QUARTER SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

No.
Sinr

,, „ 16 ft. by 4 ft. £115 0 1 BOILEES of all makes and sizes sup-

•i * w »V < 9 ft. by 4 ft. 2 7 6 plied at the cheapest rates. VALVES,
Uar to «o. 79. ( ,2 tt- by 4 ft. 3 O 0 | PIPES, and FITTINGS always in stock.

4 ft. bv 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

12 ft. by 6 ft. £5 17 0
16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 8 6

No. 7B.-MELON and CUCUMBER FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2001 12 ft. by 6 ft. £4 3 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. 3 0 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 5 6 0

Wall Fruit Tree Protectors, Hand Lights,
Propagating Glasses, &c.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, includ-
ing Horticultural Buildings and Appliances, Iron
Buildings, Poultry and Kennel Requisites, &c.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY,

Undertake the oomplete ereotion of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the
largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to seleot from, and invite inspection of same.

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc. ; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLAOKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

Jul* 4, 1891.]

THE GA B D E NEBS' CHBONI CL E.

WEBBS'

EMPEROR CABBAGE

THE EARLIEST AND BEST.

6(1. and Is. per packet,

IS. 6d. per ounce.

I v Inm Mr. R. LYE, The Gardens,

H (£ Symdntan Court, July 23, 18=9:—

' I have grown a good many

/arieties of Cabbage, bub I con-

f$ sider Webb's Emperor the best of

them all. I planted out a bed of

850 plants last autumn, and not

one went to seed, but all turned

out splendidly, and were admired

by all who saw tliem." per QJ

EARLY NONPAREIL CABBAGE 8d.

ENFIELD MARKET 6d

EARLY RAINHAM 9d.

RED DUTCH 9d.

ONION.

WEBBS' RED GLOBE TRIPOLI
LARGE FLAT RED TRIPOLI

GIANT ROCCA

WHITE LISBON

POST-FHEE.

Per pkt.
... 6d. IB. 6d.
... 6d. lOd.
... 6d. IB. Od.
8d.

webb«sdBwordsle\;stourbridge

CHARLES NOBLE.

THE Entire Collection of CLEMATIS (the
result of a lifetime of hybridisation and selection) is to be
DISPOSED OF AT ONCE.

CHARLES NOBLE

has just received a consignment of TREE and SHRUB SEEDS
from the fountains of Sikkim, many supposed to be uew and
all valuable.

CHARLES NOBLE

feels his entire attention must be devoted to this collection,
and reluctantly sacrifices his old hobby.
The CLEMATIS Will be SOLD (until the Stock is ex-
hausted), at HALF PRICE.

These Clematis are invaluable for Bedding.
Bagshot.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE GEMS.

CROTONS, 12 sorts, Gs., 9.T., 12s., and 18s. per dozen;
DRACENAS, for growing on, 9s. and I2s. per dozen ; CALA-
DIUMS, 12 Bplendid varieties, to make a show this summer,
12s. and 185. per dozen; 12 beautiful Stove or Greenhouse
PLANTS. 9s., I2s„ or 18s.; 12 beautiful Stove or Greenhouse
CLIMBERS, 21s. to 42s. ; PASSIFLORAS, in variety. Is. and
Is. Gd. each, 6 beautiful sorts, 7s. Gd. See Catalogue, gratis.

WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester,

SOW NOW for
SPRING FLOWERING.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ,

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ALBA f Forget-me-Xots
SILENE PENDULA COM PACTA
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA ALBA
WALLFLOWER, Cranford Golden Beauty
WALLFLOWER, Grahams Blood Red
WALLFLOWER, choice double German
STOCKS. Brompton and East Lothian
PRIMROSE, choice hybrids
POLYANTHUS, choice mixed and gold-laced
PANSIES, choice show and fancy strains
VIOLAS, in separate colours
Per packet 6d.t Is., and Is. 6d., post-free; or in larger quanties.

By makiDg sowings of above now, beautiful displays may be

obtained next Spring.

For all other FLOWER SEEDS see CATALOGUE,

sent post-free, on application to —

1CKS0N

Seed
Merchants S
Nurserymen

Chester

"CARNATION— LIZZIE McCOWAN."

The Best Pure White Carnation ever introduced. Flowers
tine and large, pure white, and beautifully fimbriated; the
most free-flowering variety known. Very valuable for Cut
Flower purposes, as the buds do not burst.
Strong small plants, now ready. Price, 3s. fid each; 30s. doz.
Orders executed in strict rotatiou.

PITCHER & MANDA,
The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent

STAMEN'S

Established
30 Years.

MANURE.

Exceeds all others in general fertilising
properties and staying powers.

It promotes a rapid, healthy, and robust growth
to plants generally.

It is a clean and dry Powder, with very little
smell.

It is consequently particularly adaptable for
Ladies interested in Plant Culture.

The highly fertilising properties of this Manure
render its money value, in comparison with
other Manures, at least double ; and users will
find that very small quantities will produce
favourable and lasting results.

Sold in Tins, 6d., Is., 2s. 6d., 5s. 6d.,
and 10s. 6d. each.

And in Kegs (free), at Reduced Prices : —
28 lb., 10s. 6d. ; 56 lb., 18s. ; 112 lb.,
32s. each.

LETHORION (VAPOUR CONE),

(PATENT).

The total destruction of
Insect Pests in Greenhouses
is thoroughly secured with-
out the slightest possible
iDj'ury to Flowers or Plants
of the tenderest kind. It
cannot fail where the
houses are secure.

PRICES— For Frames,

&c, of 50 cubic feet, Gd.;

A 100 feet, 9rf. ; 500 feet, Is. ;

fc 1000 feet, Is. Gd. ; 4000 feet,

bs. each.

Owing to the enormous
demand, intending users
should give their Seedsmen
Early Orders to secure a
supply.

By permission of the Hon. Board of Customs
DUTY FREE.

TOBACCO PREPARATIONS

HORTICULTURAL USE.

THE "LONDON'' TOBACCO JUICE.

(Free of Durr.)

Manufactured from strong American Leaf Tobacco, and
highly concentrated. Sold in bottles :— Pints, Is.; quarts,
Is. Qd. : half gall., 2s. 6d. ; gall., 4s. Or, in casks of 10 galls,
and upward-*, at 9*. 6rf. per gallon.

EXTRA 8TR0NC TOBACCO JUICE.

Specially manufactured for Evaporating in Greenhouses.
Piuts. Is. 6d. ; quarts, 2s. 9d. ; half-gall.. Cs. ; gall., lis. And
in kegs of 5 galls., 10s. $d. per gall. ; 10 galls., 10s. per gallon.

THE "LONDON'' TOBACCO POWDER.

This preparation consists of best Virginian Tobacco, finely
ground and mixed with other ingredients of an essential
character. Price, in tins, Is., 2s. Gd., and is. Or, in bulk, £3
per cwt.

NICOTINE SOAP.

An effectual and speedy Eradicator of Scale, Thrip, Green
Fly, Mealy Bug, Ked Spider. American Blight, and all Parasites
affecting plants, without injury to foliage. In jars, Is. 6rf. and
3s. each, and in tins, 5s. 6rf., 15s. 6d., and 25s. each.

The above articles are manufactured only at our Bonded
Stores, Shnd Thames, S.E., and are the only reliable Horti-
cultural Tobacco Preparations produced. We caution the
public against srurious articles offered by several firms.

CORRY, SOPER, FOWLER & CO.

(LIMITED),

16, FINSBTJBY STREET, E.C. ;
And SHAD THAMES, S.E., LONDON.

THE

barters' (tyxwmlt

SATURDAY, JULY 4, 1801.

KNEBWORTH HOUSE.

CINCE my description of Knebworth in the
*^ Gardeners' Chronicle five years ago, the
changes and improvements in the property have
been very marked. A notable change has been
the foreign residence of the owner, the Earl of
Lytton, who, for the second time, has left his
Hertfordshire home and his country in the
service of the Queen. In consequence of his
absence, Knebworth has been let to Mr. J. C.
Osgood, an American gentleman. Mr. Osgood
is fonder of hunting than of gardening, and has
filled his enlarged stables — enlarged mainly at
his own expense — with about thirty horses, but
it must not be imagined that the gardens on that
account have fallen into neglect. Mr. Kipling's
service as head gardener here is of twenty-five
years' date, and commenced under the late Lord
Lytton, who then bore the more familiar name of
Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton. The novelist and
M.P. for Herts, till he became a peer, was one of
those ardent persons whose pursuits are passions.
He was passionately fond of gardening, and Mr.
Kipling conducted the improvement of an old-
fashioned garden, then not so extensive as the
area covered by the great house, till his mother,
Mrs. Bulwer Lytton, constructed one of custom-
ary size for a great house. The previous account
of Knebworth, just referred to, described the
horticultural fairylandwhich LordLytton created,
comprising shrubberies and an Italian garden, a
series of pleasure gardens, a rosery, a maze, and
in the furthest distance a Roman garden of the
time of Horace, with a temple of Diana and
some appropriate classic busts ranged against a
clipped Yew hedge as a background.

All these novelties and changes were carried
out with great good taste, spiced sometimes by
erratic genius. The last departure from Kneb-
worth came in 1873, when Lord Lytton shook
hands with his trusty gardener and bade him
" Adieu!" sad word,'says Byron, but one " which
has been and must be." He departed for
Bournemouth, and never returned. Other im-
provements and additions have been effected by
the present Lord Lytton— the first earl, whose
largest work, at present, as an innovator, has
been the inclosure of 7 acres from the park to
form a Wilderness, which is now in its fourth
year of development, and which will in time become
a very picturesque feature of the grounds. The
present owner's taste is for " natural gardening,"
if the term may pass. We certainly have gar-
dens which are far too formal and too much
tricked out— too "dressy," or too artificial in
their ornaments ; and although Nature is not a
gardener, and would make a very poor one,
indulging in weeds and intercepting light and

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

air with great trees before our very windows,
still the term " natural " as opposed to " mere-
tricious," may be allowed to pass. It has taken
the form here of a protest against the formal
bedding-out system. In 1886, about 6000
bedders were planted out annually in spring ; the
number has increased to 30,000 plants, but those
which are used now are not the tender tribes of
former days, suoh as the Pelargonium, Coleu?,
Iresine, and Calceolaria, so much as the hardier
plants of herbaceous habit.

A fine collection of Hawthorns, another out-
come of the owner's special taste, has been
formed at Knebworth. There are already
twenty-seven varieties, and others will be added,
and when I mention that these beautiful blossom-
ing thorns form a leading feature in the Wilder-
ness, it will be evident that such natural pro-
ductions of a wild garden as the Nettle, Sowthistle,
and the Dock, are not allowed to overrun this
cultured enclosure. Even the Bramble, with its
handsome leaves, is restrained within due limits.
The Knebworth Wilderness is, in fact, one which
ladies could pass through in their ordinary cos-
tume without being stung and torn ; and who
would care for a garden from which the fair
successors of Mother Eve were excluded, through
its rude disorder, and the growth of Nature's
most unlovely specimens of vegetable life, foul
toadstools, slimy fungoids, and deleterious
Agarics ?

The gardens and pleasure-grounds now extend
to twenty-seven acres, which are kept in order
by fourteen men. There are three vineries, and
another range of houses devoted to fruits and
flowers, and a span-roof house has recently been
erected, 60 feet long by 18 feet wide, with one
division for miscellaneous plants, and another
for Orchids. During Lord Lytton's viceroyalty
of Jndia, he sent these Orchids home, twelve
years ago. Among various species are Saceola-
biums, Vandas, Dendrobiums, and Aerides, which
connoisseurs have said could hardly be matched.
They have all been grown hitherto in the
vineries, where they have usually done well ;
but the winter temperature has proved a little
too low for the Vandas, and new quarters have
therefore been provided. An exception to the
above-mentioned experience exists in Vanda
ccerulea, which has always flourished vigorously,
and sent out flower-spikes every year, each
oarrying fifteen or sixteen flowers. There is, at
the present time, one plant of Saccolabium with
three racemes of flowers, each 18 inches in
length. A plant of Aerides stands 4 feet high,
and has several leading breaks and manv
flower-spikes. Besides these, there are some
varieties of Ccelogyne cristata, which came from
India with the rest, and which Mr. Kipling has
had to establish. The best of these is a variety
similar to the one known as the Chatsworth
form, and the best plants of this are 2 feet across.
I u their season they bloom very freely. The most
remarkable of the Saccolabiums are S. guttatum
and S. g. giganteum.

Perhaps I may be allowed to repeat what was
said of the Knebworth Orchids six years ago,
that the Vines are not subordinate to them, but
the contrary, since a full crop of Grapes is ex-
pected, the first and earliest crop being started in
December, while the Muscats and late black sorts
ripen in September. Mr. Kipling says that after
the Grapes are ripe the Orchids remain in the
late vinery, where the regular use of fire-heat is
discontiued from the time the crop is ripe. The
temperature is never allowed, intentionally, to
fall below 50°, though in the morning, after a
cold night, it has occasionally reached 45°, a
lowering whioh did not suit the Saccolabium,

though, curiously enough, the Vandas and
Aerides did not appear to suffer from it.
A temperature of from 50° to 55° is aimed
at in the resting months. They stay in the
ame house till the end of December, when they
are moved into the early vinery, where the night
temperature is as above-named. As soon as the
mid-season vinery affords them the required
conditions, they are transferred to it, and after-
wards to the Muscat-house, when the Vines are
started. Here they are hung up, and their
heads as much exposed to the light as the foliage
of the Vines will allow ; and through the summer
the Orchids and the Muscats live by necessity
under similar conditions of heat, air, and
moisture.

Another improvement, just outside the garden,
but not to be ignored from a landscape gardening
point of view, has been effected since the open-
ing of the Knebworth Station on the Great
Northern Railway, by the building of a pair of
entrance lodges, in Queen Anne style, in the
village, and the opening of a new carriage-drive
through the park to the house. H. E.

KEW NOTES.

The large Cactus, Cereus giganteus, which was
imported from Mexico in July last, and planted in
the Palm-house, is showing active signs of life.
There are several Pear-shaped growths, which will
no doubt turn out to be flowers, besides signs of
growth at the apex. This must be very gratifying,
as it is the largest ever brought into this country,
measuring 14 feet in height, with a' girth of about
4 feet, and weighing 12 cwt. The wounds on it
produced by bruising on its passage from Mexico,
are quite healed up, through constant attention in
the way of dressings with flowers-of-sulphur and
powdered charcoal ; so that there is considerable
hope that this fine specimen will form one of the
many attractions at these gardens for many years to
come.

It is rather disheartening, that at the same time
as we report the progress of one valuable plant,
we have to record the downfall of another, but so it
is ; for, without a moment's warniDg, one of the
largest Palms, Latania borbonica, syn. Livingstonia
chinensis, in the Palm-house, snapped off about
12 feet from the ground. In its fall it came in
contact with the wire supports of Phrenix sylvestris,
another very large Palm, bringing that down also,
and doing considerable damage to the plants around.
It is rather remarkable that a plant of such tree-
like dimensions should become top-heavy, and break
off (which was undoubtedly the cause of it falling)
without there being any other obvious cause.

SYRINGA JOSIK.EA, ETC.

Not long ago an article in Garden and Forest
discussed the different species of Syringa cultivated
in gardens, and in this article it was stated that
the native country of Syringa Josiksea, Jacq., was
unknown, and that all the plants in cultivation have
been derived from a single specimen found in a garden
ii Hungary.

The statement is inexact, and the country where
this species grows naturally is well known. It was
discovered in 1830 by the Baroness Josika (nee
Craki) in Transylvania, not in a garden, but on the
rocky banks of the river Sebes, in Clausenberg, and
the younger Jacquin, who named the plant in honour
of the discoverer, showed specimens of it at the
Congress of Naturalists held that year at Hamburg,
inserting the first diagnosis of his species in the
account of this meeting published in the Bot. Zeit.
(1831, p. 67). Reichenbach, in his Flora Germanica
Excursoria, published in 1830-32, gave characters of
Syringa Josikiea, with an iudlcation of the region

where it had been found ; and the same author, in his
admirable Ivonographia of the German Flora, publishes
a figure of it. In more recent years, various Hun-
garian collectors have found the plant in its native
country, and have distributed specimens.

In order to remove any doubts which may still
exist upon the occurrence of Syringa Josikcea grow-
ing spontaneously in north-eastern Hungary, I have
written to some of my Hungarian correspondents.
Professor Borbas, at Buda Pesth, and others. They
give me exact and complete information with regard
to the discovery of the plant, and the localities
where it grows, which can leave no possible doubt
with regard to its spontaneousness in Europe. I am
indebted to the kindness of Mr. Carl von Flatt,
judge at Elest, near Grosswardein, the country of
Syringa Josikrea, for a list of the ten localities
where it is known to occur, and which extend over
the four counties of north-eastern Hungary — namely,
Kolos, Bihar, Ung, and Marmaros. It is in the
first of these, Kolos, that .the plant was discovered
on the river Sebes.

S. Josiksea grows everywhere near the water, at an
altitude varjing from 300 to 400 metres above the
sea, between 46° and 48° of north latitude and
between 40° and 42° of east longitude. Mr. Victor
Janka describes (Ostreich, Bot. Zeit., 1885, 3, f. f.)
the locality in the district of Marmaros, where he
first found it, as covered with thickets of Alder,
Bhamnus frangula and Salix aurita.

Mr. Carl von Flatt, to whom I am indebted for
the bibliography * of this species, which is joined to
this communication, writes : — " The borne of the
plant growing spontaneously is in the primeval
forests of the mountain-chain which separates Hun-
gary from Siebenburgen. For miles and miles of
the territory where S. Josiksea grows neither a house
nor a hut is to be seen. The stations discovered by
me are both in the Remetz mountain forests ; one,
Lunka Kotuni (1885), furnished few specimens, but
there are finer ones in Pareu Foeguczat (1886),
where there are nearly a thousand plants growing.
Probably Kitabel had heard of this plant. In his
manuscripts, preserved in the National Museum at

* Syringa Josik*a, Jacq. fil.
Ncmzeti taesalbodo (1830), p. Hi.—Erste quelle .' (Eine

ungarische Zeitschrift.)
Reichenbach. — "Flora Germanica excursoria" (1830), i.,

p. 432. (Zu spat!) Flora (Regensburg), xiv. (1831), i.,

p. 67.
Reichenbach. — " Plantse criticre" (1831), n, 1049.
dt. Fast. — In "Joh. Chr. Gottl. Baumgarten Enumerations

stirpium Transsylvanise Indigenarum Mantilla?," i. (1816),

p. 2, n. 15.
Fcrd. Schur.—" EnumeratioPlantaruniTranssylvaniee" (1866\

p. 451.
Aug. Nielrtich. — "Aufzahlung der in TJngaru u. Slavonien

bisher beobachteten wildwaehsenden Gefiisspflanzen " (1870),

p. 155.
Decaisne.— " Monographic des Genres Ligustrum et Syringa."

In Noiwelles Archives du Museun d'Bistoire Natnrelle,

xii. (1879), pp. 1—45.
Dr. Simonrai.—la Termefzttpajzi fuzetek, v. (188)), p. 44.

(Ungarisch.)
D". V. v. Janka. — In Oesterreichische bctanische Zeitschrift,

1885.
M. A. Franchet — " Observations sur lea Syringa du Nord do

la Chine." (Bulletin de la A'ociete philomatiquc ds Paris

(1885), Seance du 25 Julliet, pp. 1—7.)
C. v. Flatt. — A Syringa .Tosikiea Biharban, in Erdejzeti Lapok

(1886), xxv., pp. 141—150. (ITngarisch.)
J.v.Csato. — In Oesterreichische botanische Zeitschrift (1S86),

p. 249.
C. v. Flatt.— A. Syringa Josikrea, Jacq. fil. faji Oilkijagiird', ia

Erdefzeti Lapok, xxvi. (1887), pp. 568—581. (Ungarisch.)

Bis Dato der Ausschliesliche Artikel.
A. Michalus.— In Erdepeti Latok, xxvi. (1887), pp. 982, 983.

(Ungarisch.)
Dr. A. Simonkai. — In Nagt/udradterinej~ietrajza(lS$0), pp. 116

—121. (Ungarisch.)
BltiJJ und Ftngerhuth. — "Compendium Floree Germaniae," i.f

1, p. 15. •
Dr. Moritz Willkomm. — "Fbrstliche Flora von Deufeiohland

und Oesterreich," p. 566.
M. Fuss.—" Flora Transsylvania? excursoria " (1865). n. 1997.

IcONES. — Syringee Josiktsa.
Jacquin. — " Eclogas Plantarum," fol. tab. col. dS44), tab. 167.
Reichenbach.—" Plantse criticfie " (1831), viii., 780, n. 1049.
Curtis. — Botanical Magazine, series iii., 60— 3273.
Edtvirds. — The Botanical Register, xx., 1733, tab. co!.
Maund.—The Botanist (1839), i., 24.
Magi/vdrad terme'/zetrojza (1890), p. 117. (Uurgimeh.)

Jolt 4, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Buda Pesth, there is a drawing with the following
note : —

"'Syringa prunifolia, Kit. Ita interea pro con-
servanda memoria nomino qua: ad viam Munkacsino-
Leopolim (Lemberg), ducentem inter Felsu-Hrabo-
nicza et Pudpolock in comitatu Beregh crescit, foliis
que Pruni distincta, referente Dre Bulla.'

" Seudel, in his Nomcnclator Bolanious, gives under

all idea of garden origin. And, you know, Monsieur
Franchet has suggested the identity of S. Josikrca
and S. Emodi of the Himalayas (Observations sur la
Syringa du Nord de la Chine), but certainly no one
had ever cultivated the Indian plant in Hungary
previous to the year 1830, when S. Joaikrca was dis-
covered, and even to-day it is very doubtful if a single
specimen of S. Emodi can be found in all that district.

this country S. vulgaris maintains itself easilv, and
for a long time, wherever it has been planted, and
therefore, sometimes appears spontaneous or sub-
spontaneous, although it is not indigenous here.
This is the case, too, with Philadelphus coronarius,
which is often found about the ruins of buildings
which have been abandoned for more than half a
century, furnishing the last trace of ancient gardens.
H. Christ, Bale, Switzerland, in Garden and Forest.

FlO. 1.— ACER VOLXEMI, MAST. ! SHOW1SG LEAF AND BIPE SEED-VESSEL,

S. Josiksea as a synonym, S. vincetoxifclia, Basing.
Where he found this I cannot tell, tor Baumgarten
did not publish such a name."

If S. Josiktea is to be considered an escape from
cultivation, what known species can it have been
derived from? Certainly there does not exist in
Europe any specie* from which it can have been
e'erived, a reason sufficiently important for rejecting

Syringa vulgaris. — Permit me to call attention
also to an error with regard to the native country of
S. vulgaris. That plant does not grow wild in Pied-
mont, and its most western station is southern Hun-
gary, in the neighbourhood of the Danube. If more
western stations are given in some Floras, it is for
plants which have escaped from gardens. [See note
of M. Andre1 in cur rresent issue. Ed. G. C] In

ACER VOLXEMI (figs. 1 and 2).

In our number for January 20, 1877, we published
an illustration of this speci€S. It seemed to us at
the time, as it has done ever since, to be amply
worth a separate name, at least for garden purposes.
No more appropriate name could be given to it than
that of its discoverer, Mr. Jean van Volxem. He

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

[Joly 4, 1891.

met with it in the Caucasus, and his trained eye
at once recognised its distinctness. From that time
to the present we hare grown the tree, which is per-
fectly hardy, and remarkable for its robust and rapid
growth, and the silvery-whiteness of the under-sur-
face of its " ample " leaves. On this account we have
frequently exhibited branches of it, and urged its cul-
tivation as an avenue tree, or for any purposes where
a tree of rapid growth and noble aspect is required.

The materials upon which we relied in describing
the species were avowedly inadequate, so that it is
no wonder that, in the minds of other botanists
not so familiar with the aspect and habit of the
tree as ourselves, our tree was considered to be
a form of A. pseudo-platanus, or of A. insigne.
We had, however, taken the precaution to compare
all the available specimens of these species before
committing ourselves, and were favoured with speci-
mens of both from M. Boissier himself. Our tree
of A. Volxemi grows so rapidly, and the space at
our disposal is so circumscribed, that we are perforce
obliged to commit the barbarity of lopping the tree
every year. In consequence of this, perhaps, no
flowers have been produced. From Mr. Van
Volxem, however, we have lately received flowering
specimens, of which we hasten to give an illustration,
and so to complete our original description (see fig. 2).

It will immediately be seen (fig. 2) that its erect
corymbose inflorescence and glabrous filaments
separate it widely from A. pseudo - platanus.
Whether it be distinct from A. insigne (Boissier,
not of Hook, in Eot. Mag.), is a question on which
we shall have something to say shortly, when we
lay before our readers an illustration of that
species, which is also growing in our garden,
which flowered for the first time two years ago, and
is flowering again abundantly this season. M. T. M.

Roses.

THE WINTER OF 1890-91, AND THE ROSES.

(Continued from vol. iz.. p. 728.)
The climatic variations in our small island,
occasioned doubtless, to some considerable extent,
by its being an island, are somewhat remarkable ;
and people who speak and write very dogmatically
about the hardiness or otherwise of certain things
without indicating the spot from whence they
hail, are apt to mislead instead of guiding others.
Thus the condition of that part of England of
which I have hitherto written, the west and south-
west, is considerably different from that about which
I now write ; a line drawn across England from say
Hereford, would hit somewhere about Aldborough
on the east coast in Suffolk, yet while at the former
place the average rainfall is somewhere about
30 inches, at some stations in Suffolk it is not
20 inches, and in many places on the east coast less ;
the greatest difference occurs, too, in the autumn,
which is drier here than in any other part of England.
This must tend to the ripening of the wood and conse-
quently to the power of resisting frost, and I feel
strongly that if I had to choose a place in which
to make a Rose garden, more especially a Tea
Rose garden, I should choose East Anglia. True
you have to reckon with the east winds, of
which you feel the full benefit. We used to say
at Deal, it blew to us straight from the North Pole,
and there have been frequent jeremiads from one, at
any rate, of your correspondents, as to the terrible con-
dition of these regions ; but withal we have always,
since I can remember aught of Rose showing,
had some of our very best flowers from that fide
of England ; forty years ago, Ben Cant amongst
nurserymen, and Mr. Hedge, of Eyre Hall, amongst
amateurs, long before others thought anything about
Teas, used to carry off the spoils of victory and bring
reward. There cling to one's memory the blooms of
LaBoule d'Or, LEnfant Tisore, and Souvenir d'Elise,
which later years have not tended to efface. And now
Ben still remains, his nephew has taken a leading
place, and the clerical contingent, Messrs. Bernes,
Foster Melliar, and Page Roberts have shown us that

East Anglia can hold her own in the fierce contests
that are now fought for the Queen of Flowers.

That East Anglia has suffered this year in the
severity of the winter there can be little doubt. One
fearful howl reaches us from Norfolk sufficient to
rouse the dead. " No Roses this year — all our Rose
trees dead." My friend is apt to speak and write in
hyperboles, and I therefore take this statement
with the proverbial grain of salt — but even then it
indicates that he has been very " hard hit."

Here is Mr. Ben Cant's statement : " The lowest
temperature recorded here was on the night of
Jan. 9, 7°, or 25° of frost ; and all through the winter
the temperature on the ground wa8 from 6° to 8°
lower than at 4 feet from the ground, and to this is
to be attributed, perhaps, the great injury done to
the dwarf Teas. Our soil is very dry loam, but I
always grow my Teas in the lightest ground, which
stands very high and most exposed. Standard Teas
not much injured, excepting Comtesse de Nadaillac,
Devoniensis, Niphetos, the Bride ; many sorts entirely
unprotected, such as Anna Olivier, Madame Cusin,
Madame de Watteville, and Marechal Niel, are not
hurt at all, while the same sorts as dwarfs, although
protected, are killed to the ground, and many of
them killed outright — in fact, all dwarf Teas and
Noisettes very much injured. Budded Teas and
Noisettes of last season's working have not suffered
at all, the former had no protection, the latter
were covered with Bracken. It has often been said
that green unripened wood is sure to be killed, but
many of mine have made shoots 12 to 18 inches
long, and not one of them was injured. H.P.s did
not suffer anything worth mentioning." This is a
very remarkable fact, and coming, as it does, from
one of our oldest and most successful Rose growers,
it deserves careful consideration ; but as one swallow
does not make a summer, so all this is the exception
that proves the rule — the rule being how to grow
standards where you can grow dwarfs. I confess
it puzzles me, and I think will puzzle wiser heads
than mine.

We have few amateurs who know the Rose better,
and who are more careful observers of its manners
and customs, than the Rev. Foster Melliar, Sprough-
ton Rectory, Ipswich. In his report to me, he says,
" Our lowest temperature was 5°, in a sheltered posi-
tion, on a north wall, 4 feet from the ground. The
position of the garden is a very sheltered one,
although low, only about 23 feet above sea level. I
have not yet examined my Teas (March 18), but
have sampled them, and should estimate the loss at
less than usual, due, I suspect, to the fact that the
minimum temperature was little below the average,
and the wood dried and ripened off in the autumn
above the average ; a few hybrids, such as Puritan,
cut, but not many. I do not think it would be much
loss if Puritan was cut out altogether." Yet one
other testimony from the eastern counties, that of
Mr. Burrell, of Cambridge, who writes : " We have
no present bed of Tea Roses, as we had sent all
away in November. The most severe frost that we
had was about the level of zero, but with six
inches of snow ; and all together the tops of the
Teas are killed and damaged — one was killed out-
right, except a few old standards. Dwarfs of
all kinds have broken strongly from base. The
hardier Teas such as Caroline Kuster, Boule
d'Or, Marie van Houtte, Madame Lambard, Sou-
venir d'un Ami, Souvenir de Sarah A. Prince,
Princess of Wales, Jean Ducher, Francisca Kruger,
the most tender Niphetos ; Comtesse de Nadaillac,
Devoniensis, and Innocente Pirola ; no damage was
done to the H.P. Soil medium calcareous loam ;
situation quite open. I fear that the frost on Whit-
Sunday and Monday may have done more harm than
the winter's frost." I had a very bad account from
Yorkshire : " We had about 25° of frost here, with
snow hanging on the trees, and it is quite marvellous
how well things have stood ; none of the growth has
been cut back or discoloured, and the shoots have
grown a good deal since." I now pass away from the
coast to the interior ; the accounts vary very much.
Mr. E. Mawley, that very close observer of meteoro-
logical events, says, " My soil is clay, and flints on

chalk, about 400 feet above sea-level. My plants are
very little injured, less so than in much milder
winters, although we had 22° of frost." This was-
written on March 3 ; but since then he has told
me that there was considerably more damage done
to his Teas than he had at first supposed.

Mr. E. B. Lindsell writes from Hitchin, *' My
soil is clayey loam, subsoil boulder clay. Situation
open to E. and N.E., 218 feet above sea-level.
The lowest temperature recorded during the frost
was on December 22 last, when the thermo-
meter fell to 3-4°, giving 28-6° of frost. The dwarf
Teas which were earthed-up and protected with
Bracken, appeared uninjured below the snow-line,
but standards have suffered terribly. I entirely rely
on standards to give exhibition blooms of Comtesse
de Nadaillac, Niphetos, Marechal Niel, Madame
Cusin, Madame de Watteville, and Ethel Brownlow,
and 20 per cent, of my stock have been killed
though the heads of the plants were well filled with
Bracken. It is somewhat singular that standards of
Niphetos and Ma Capucine in pots, which stood
outside all through the frost without protection*
except from a little Bracken, escaped comparatively
uninjured, and have flowered well. All H.P.s,
except La France and Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, are
grown here as dwarfs on seedling or cutting Briar,
and go through the winter unprotected by us ; but
in this last terrible winter Nature kindly gave the
plants a covering of some 3 inches of snow, which
saved us from disaster, as many plants were killed
outright down to the snow-line. The sorts that
Buffered most were the Baroness and her two descen-
dants. Her Majesty (certainly a tender Rose), and
Merveille de Lyon, Pride of Waltham, Lady Shef-
field, and some other of the smooth-wooded varieties-
of the Victor Verdier race. Lady Mary has suffered
severely as a standard, but I am glad to be able to
give a certificate of hardiness to Messrs. Dickson's-
fine Roses Earl of Dufferin and Lady Helen Stewart.
Suzanne-Marie Rodocanachi has also stood the frost
well. This beautiful Rose should be catalogued
under Mr. Girdlestone's name, he being the votes
saccr who rescued it from oblivion."

I have a few more notices of the effects of the
winter in some of the Home Counties. The friends
with whom I have corresponded have, as it wil)
be seen, given much useful intelligence on the
special subject for what I asked for information,
Each day now brings us nearer the exhibition time,
and the trepidations of growers are evidenced by the
postponement of shows ; but the last weeks have done
wonders in bringing on the flowers, and should the-
fine weather continue, perhaps Roses may not be-
so far behind as has been supposed. Wild Rose.

The Bulb Garden.

THE DARWIN TULIPS.

Those who doubt the future of the new and entirely-
distinct race of Tulips which Mr. J. H. Krelage has>
named after the distinguished English naturalist,
would no longer have harboured any scepticism had)
they visited Haarlem a few weeks ago, when this-
magnificent strain was in the full flush of its beauty.
No words can adequately describe the appearance of
batches of the Darwin Tulips in flower with the sun
shining directly upon them. To a casual observer,
the colours and shadings appear infinite, and, as »
matter of fact, I believe there are over 2000 more or
less distinct varieties. As they are destined to play
an important part in spring gardening in the future,
perhaps a few notes on their history will not prove
unwelcome. For the main part of the facts, I am
indebted to the veteran bulb-grower, Mr. J. H.
Krelage, whose courtesy to Visitors to Haarlem is well
known, and whose extensive library is a bookman's
Paradise, where the bibliophile might for years find
plenty to interest, to instruct, and to amuse.

The Darwin Tulips are of Flemish origin, and
originated from seeds sown between the years 1860
and 1872, from the best breeders and broken (varie-
gated) strains, out of the most famous collections in

July 4, 1-91.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

French Flanders, which, in their turn, had been
undergoing the process of selection in the hands
of one family for over a century. This collection
would, in all probability, have been lost to horticul-
ture if Mr. Krelage had not purchased it a few years
ago, for the owner was almost as much disposed to
destroy it as he was to sell it. However, Mr. Kre-
lage secured the entire stock, and for the past few
years has been busy in propagating the various sorts.
In the course of the forthcoming autumn many
thousands of bulbs will be put into commerce,
although as yet the prices, if exceedingly mode-
rate, taking all the circumstances into considera-
tion, are somewhat prohibitive, and the strain

created a sensation. "\The varieties include almost
every conceivable colour and shade, from pale por-
celain to the darkest violet, from soft rose to the
most brilliant red, from light brown to what is
believed to be the darkest black in the floral world.
These Tulips have very large well-formed flowers,
which are placed on tall strong stems often nearly
2 feet in height. The leaves are proportionately
large and strong. Indeed, compare a batch of these
with one of ordinary Tulips, the contrast is as great
as that which exists between a regiment of the
Grenadier Guards and the most insignificant of
country rifle corps.
As is usually the case, the choicer sorts are the

widely appreciated by horticulturists, not only in
England, but throughout the world. In asking per-
mission to use the name, Mr. Krelage received the
following note from Professor Francis Darwin : —
"If my father had been alive I am sure he would
willingly have consented to your proposal, and I
think I may safely answer for the other members of
the family, who I am sure will feel pleased, as I do,
at the spirit and manner in which you propose to
name your new strain."

As regards cultivation, Mr. Krelage has no
" patent method," as he finds that they do sufficiently
well where other Tulips thrive. They certainly
luxuriate in the light porous soil of Haarlem and

Fia. 2. — ACER VOLXEMI, MAST.: LEAF, INFLORESCENCE, AND FLOWERS. A, HERMAPHRODITE FLOWER; B, MALE FLOWER, BOTH MAGN. 4 IMAM. (SEE P. 9.)

•will not be extensively grown for bedding or massing
purposes. The very cheapest with names, but
mixed, are 30s. per hundred ; whilst for single bulbs
of the superior sorts the sums of from 7s. &d. to £2,
and even more per bulb, will be asked. And from
all indications at present the demand will cause a
nineteenth century Tulipomania on a small scale.

Darwin Tulips were quite a feature of the
Paris Exhibition of the year before last, and
were the admiration of all who saw them. The six
beds in the lawn surrounding the basin before the
Trocadero contained 720 varieties, of each of which
there were four bulbs. This exhibit was awarded a
Gold Medal, and at several other exhibitions they have

slowest and most difficult to multiply. Perhaps the
most welcome, as they are also among the rarest of
the new strains, the black and the darkest red
shades will be the most generally welcomed by
horticulturists. The black variety is simply a
magnificent variety, for it is as deep and decided
in its colour as anything to be found in the vege-
table kingdom, and calls to mind the story of " la
Tulipe noire," of Alexander Dumas, who probably
never dreamt of the possibilities of horticulture, or
that a " black Tulip " would one day be un fait
accompli.

The dedication of the strain to the memory of the
late Charles Darwin is a graceful act, which will be

Overveen. Mr. Krelage tells me that one or two
amateurs in this country have not succeeded in
growing the Darwin strain to perfection. If they
described their methods of culture, it might be easy
to suggest another method of procedure. W. Roberts.

PRESERVED PLUMS.

There stands before me a tin of well-preserved
Plums ; the weight of fruit and syrup is 2J lb.,
and the cost to me is 9d. Possibly in the Stores the
tin might be purchased more cheaply ; at any rate,
here we have delicious sweet cooked Plums, only

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

just needing thorough examining before eating, for
less than id. per lb., and that, too, at any time of the
year. Were these Plums of home preparation, we
might have felt more satisfaction in the contem-
plation of a most interesting evidence of business
enterprise. The label shows, however, that they are
of American production, and from Monroe county,
New York ; they are called Egg Plums, and perhaps
may be of a variety so called in America, but really
are of about the size of Greengages, of a greenish-
yellow colour, and clingstone. The tins are cheaper
and contain much more fruit than the bottles, which
seem to be of home production , so that we find America
competing with our home preservers successfully,
and offering to the million delicious fruits for ordi-
nary consumption at moderate prices. We may
regard a big Plum crop this season as an almost
assured certainty. There is a large set, and only
some very unlooked-for disaster can prevent the crop
maturing. What are we going to do with it ? That
is, indeed, the question. We have few more perish-
able fruits than is the Plum, and a very abundant
crop is, with our present restricted means of dis-
posing of it, not always a desideratum. Once
gathered, the fruits must be sold at some price
quickly, or utterly spoil. We have seen that sort of
thing frequently in previous years, when there has
been a large Plum production. We shall assuredly
see it again this year. Why can we not help to
utilise our own great abundance at once for the
benefit of growers and the consuming public, by
setting up at home canning establishments, for
the preservation of all superfluous fruit, rather
than allow our fruits to waste, and purchase
from America. I am not writing in this strain
from a stupid Protectionist point of view. What
we want to see is common sense prevailing, and our
own growers doing what enterprising growers in
America do so successfully. If it pays to can Plums
and send them over here, to be retailed for consump-
tion in thousands of British homes, at less than
id. per lb., it ought to be possible for home-growers,
if they had their own canning factories, to place
tinned Plums at our disposal even more cheaply.

We have been urged to adopt the drying method of
preserving Plums. That would, I doubt not, prove a
much costlier and less satisfactory process of utilising
Plums than is canning. There have been some foolish
prejudices at times created against tin fruits and
vegetables ; but the alarm has no foundation in fact.
Literally millions of imported tins of fruits and vege-
tables are consumed in this country, which are found to
be entirely pure and healthy. The trade isso dependent
upon a good reputation, that outsiders seem to put us
to shame by the great care they take in the methods
of preserving products, whether in cans or otherwise.
The same thing prevails in connection with the trade
in fresh fruits and vegetables, and until our home
growers in the matter of selection and packing take
a leaf out of foreign growers' books, they must be
content to accept moderate prices. Whether we can
compete with the French in the matter of drying
Plums is doubtful ; we may adopt the same methods,
but still lack the climate to mature Plums suitable
for drying — all that, however, has to be shown. So
far as canning is concerned, it would seem certain
that we can do that as well as others ; we only
want the appliances. We only fail in those industries
which we can hardly domesticate, in the same
way we can with preserves or jams, or in bottling
fruits. In proper factories the work can be so much
more efficiently done, that it would be wiser to pay a
little more and have the contents of the tins
thoroughly preserved. The present season offers a
capital opportunity for the beginning of a home-
canning trade. It is to be hoped that insular enter-
prise will not be backward. A. D.

stood naked, bleeding a red gum. Elsewhere stood
trees fairly preserved. Everywhere were long
white poles with hooked ends, the bark and
thorns carefully stripped off. These are the shep-
herds' hooks, so often seen in Scriptural pic-
tures. . . . They are used for pulling down the
branches, and shaking off the small green leaves. A
child takes up a crook, and goes to a tree, quickly
followed by his half-dozen sheep and goats. For
them he shakes the tree, until no more leaves will
fall, and the sheep pick them up from between the
stones. For camels this is not enough ; the boughs
must be cut down, that the camels may eat them
with that contemplative caution which is a chief
characteristic. A traveller halting at sunset is soon
up a tree with his axe. The dead boughs later on
are burnt for charcoal, and exchanged for Wheat at
the rif, a term applied to the river bank, as it is to
the north coast of Africa, whence came the first
ruffians. There has doubtless been much immigra-
tion from the West, and El Gharbawi is not an
uncommon cognomen. . . . Further on, a line was
drawn across the path, a mere scrape of the hand in
the soft sand. This was the boundary between two
families, whose farming differed. Secure at the
summit of his mountain here lived an old patriarch,
who had been blessed with a numerous family. His
policy was to let all his trees grow to their fullest
size. A white-bearded old man, and very pleasant ;
but, oh ! so tedious in his courtesy. His fine spread-
ing trees were doubly pleasant after the devastation
below, where the family had said to themselves, " If
the greybeard won't use his own trees, he shall have
no temptation to cut ours." Extract from a Letter of
Mr. Floyer, in " Athencsum," June 27, 1891.

The Week's Work.

ACACIA TREES IN EGYPT.

The Siyal trees are so important in Abade life,
that they merit a few words. Riding up the valley,
all were hacked to pieces ; sometimes every bough
lay leafless on the ground, and the gnatled trunks

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

APRICOTS. — The splendid rains have done a
great deal of good to all fruit trees, but yet where
the soil is light and shallow, and the Apricot trees
are bearing heavy crops, artificial waterings at the
root will be needed. Before affording water, loosen
the soil slightly with a fork, and lay on a mulch of
manure. Let the crop of fruit on old trees be rather
light than heavy ; and lay in plenty of young wood,
and, where practicable, the main branches should
be covered with young foliage, so as to defend them
against strong sunshine. In shortening back shoots
to form fruit spurs, leave four or five buds from the
base ; keep all the leaders of young trees neatly
fastened to the walls, and watch for snails, slugs,
woodlice, and other creatures which damage the
fruits.

PEARS. — Summer pruning should now be pro-
ceeded with, taking in hand first those which are
making the strongest growth, not divesting the trees
entirely of the new growth at once, but going over
them twice or even thrice, cutting back the shoots
the first time to five buds. Now is a good time to
note such trees as stand in need of lifting and root-
pruning in the autumn.

CORDONS, PYRAMIDS, AND ESPALIERS should
have the leading shoots trained in, but not tightly,
or in contact with the training wires, or the nails
if on walls. Crops of Pears are heavy this year,
and a second thinning of the fruits will be needed ;
and heavy mulches, especially to Pears on the
Quince stock which are surface rooters, and to those
which may be making scanty growth — failing a mulch,
sprinkle the soil over the roots with Thomson's
Vine Manure, Clay's, or good guano.

Cordon Apples planted at the side of walks and
other conspicuous places, should consist of large and
showy varieties. Do not let them carry very many
fruits, or maggoty ones — as soon as observed these
last should be removed and burned. Where the
"maggot" abounds, hand-pick carefully, this being
the surest way of destroying it ; mulch and afford the
cordons plenty of water in dry weather. Pinch the
Bide shoots once or twice, but not closely, or the
lower buds, which should be dormant, will start.
[Mr. Rivers, a good cultivator, cuts back the shoots
to 6 inches in July, and shortens back still further
in winter. Ed.] When the leading shoots of double
cordons do not grow evenly, break the strongest

leader half in two and leave the end hanging : this
will in a great measure check the flow of sap in that
direction, and by only being half broken the back
buds are not so liable to burst, while the weak ones
will be strengthened. It is a method which may be
practised with young espalier and many other trained
trees.

PLUMS. — Most of these are cropping heavily, and
where practicable the fruit should be reduced in
numbers. Large-fruited Plums should certainly be
attended to in this respect. Water and mulch as
recommended tor Pears. The trees against walls of
the Greengage, Coe's Golden Drop, Reine Claude de
Bavay, Ickworth, Imperatrice, &c, should have
plenty of strong shoots laid in, as it is on these when
two or three years old that the best and finest fruits
come. Have the foliage cleaned before the fruit gets
much advanced.

CURRANTS on walls should have a free thinning
out of the breast wood, and the shoots required for
filling up bare spaces secured, remembering that
young wood gives the finest fruit; and if a dressing of
manure can be applied it will be of much benefit.
Gooseberries on trellises and walls should be simi-
larly attended to. Fruits for bottling and jelly-
making may now be gathered. Place litter under-
neath the bushes so as to keep the berries clean.
H. Marhham, Meremorth Castle, Maidstone,

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

SUMMER BEDDERS. — CARPET- BEDS. — The

effects of the recent much-needed rains are nowhere-
more marked than in the growth made by all sorts
of bedding plants. So, notwithstanding the back-
wardness of the season up to a recent date, the
beds promise to be as well furnished by the middle
or end of the month of July as they have been at
that date in previous years. Peg down the growths,
and otherwise pinch and train into shape the various
carpeting plants. Gather the flowers off Sedums,
Echeverias, Saxifrages, Golden Chick weed (Stel-
laria graminea aurea), and plants of similar growth,
pressing down the centre of these plants with the
fingers, and thus induce them to cover their allotted
space quickly. Cut off with the shears any growths
that spoil thejdividing lines of plants, as well as from,
the plants which fill out the divisions themselves.
Cerastium arvense, Herniaria glabra, Stellaria, audi
Antennaria tomentosa are the plants most quickly
trimmed into shape.

Carpet-beds from this date to the middle or end'
of September should, however, be gone over at least
twice in about three weeks, to keep the patterns quite
distinct, and the whole in good order. When well-
kept— as they should be — these mosaic patterns,
formed exclusively of dwarf foliage plants of bright,,
soft, and pleasing colours, contrast most effectively
with the masses of scarlet, pink, white, yellow, blue,
&c, surrounding them. Continue to pick off all'
flowers from Pelargoniums, Calceolarias, Begonias,
Verbenas, Petunias, Heliotropes, Lobelias, and such-
like, until the ground space is pretty well furnished,
the object from the beginning being to cover the
beds and borders with a mass of foliage and flowers
in the shortest space of time. In the absence of
rain, water in the afternoon any plants which are not
growing quite so fast as could be desired, at least
thr -I' times a week until the allotted space is
covered.

CUTTING GRASS-VERGES AND EDGINGS.— It is

necessary to cut the grass-verges alongside walks, as
well as next the beds and borders, once a year with
the turfing-iron. Where this operation has been
deferred till a more convenient time, it should be
done forthwith, afterwards cutting the fringe of
grass growing over this line once a fortnight, which
will be about every other time the verges and lawns
are machined. Should there be any Plantains in the
lawn, take means to remove them at once, as they
are very undesirable objects in what might other-
wise be termed a well-kept lawn. The quickest,
neatest, and most effective means of ridding a lawn of
Plantains and Dandelions that I am acquainted with,
is to half-fill a blacking-jar with Smith's " Weed-
killer," put the jar in a small shallow box, with a
cross-handle for carrying it about, and, armed with-
an iron skewer about 9 inches long, dip the skewer
into the weed-killer, and then pierce the centre of
the weed, dipping the skewer into the liquid each
time a plant is pierced. The death of the plant is
certain. This " weed-killer," being a deadly poison,
and sure to kill any grass or plant it comes in
contact with, great care is necessary in applying

July 4, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

it either in the manner indicated, or for eradicating
weeds on walks ; hence the necessity for placing
the bottle securely in a box to prevent any mishap
occurring. H. \\ . Ward, Longford Cattle, Salisbury.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

LATE VINES.— The bunches of Grapes on late
Vines being now thinned, and those for longer
keeping more severely than early winter Giapes, the
bunches should be finally looked over, and berries
removed where they are at all crowded, so as to allow
the air free passage through the bunches. Scalding
has, I fear, been troublesome this season, owing to
the changeableness of the weather, so that it will be
advisable to air vineries freely, and keep a gentle
warmth in the hotwater pipes, a small amount of air
being afforded at night so as to allow of the escape
of moisture, before the sun reaches the house in the
morning. A buoyant atmosphere just before the
colouring period is a good preventive of scalding in
the berries. The outside borders will have had
sufficient rain to moisten them thoroughly, but
borders which have been a long time made will be
better for a good dressing of Thomson's Vine
Manure. Inside borders may be afforded the same,
Le Fruitier, or farmyard liquid. Guano and fish
manure answer well enough if applied after the berries
are thinned. Syringing overhead must be done
carefully, and if the water be impregnated with
lime none should be allowed to touch the Grapes.
Badly-rooted Vines, or those whose borders have
been increased, should be allowed to extend their
terminals, and the lateral points should not be cut
back so much as is usual ; and in the case of thin-
skinned varieties which are apt to crack if greater
freedom of growth be not allowed, this malady will
be in great measure averted, especially if the border is
not allowed to get excessively moist. Leaf mildew,
sometimes troublesome about this date in houses
that are badly ventilated, may be got rid of by
sponging the leavps with warm water and flowers-of-
sulphur, and maintaining a drier atmosphere, with
more ventilation, and by keeping some slight warmth
in the heating apparatus. Remember that pre-
caution is better than cure. Red spider gives trouble
when atmospheric moisture is reduced in amount,
and the best way to get rid of it is by sponging the
leaves if fruit is on the Vines, and by a thorough
syringing with sulphur and warm water in houses
where the fruit is cleared off. Shallow borders
containing young Vines must be kept moist, or
growth will be checked, and some kind of manure
employed until such time as the Vines have made a
sturdy growth, Allow them all the sunlight possible,
if it be intended to force them early next season.
Vines in pots for the same purpose must be liberally
treated, all laterals stopped at the first joint, and the
points also, when the Vine has reached a height of
6 to 7 feet. Shift young canes struck from eyes this
season, and keep them growing with a high tempera-
ture in a moist house. Such Vines when well done
are capital canes for planting, or for fruiting after
lieing cut back. G. Wythes, Syon House, Brentford.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE STOVE.— Plants of Clerodendron Balfouri-
anurn, which have gone out of flower, should be pruned
in and placed in a genial growing temperature where
there is sufficient head-room in the house or pit for
the young shoots to run up to full length, without
hindrance. When about 2 inches in length of new
growth have been made, the plants should be turned
out of their pots, and one-half of the old soil be
shaken off, any long straggling roots being then cut
back somewhat. Re-pot the plants in three- fourths
rich fibrous loam, one-fourth of decayed manure,
and sand in proportion. The potting should be done
moderately firm. Place the plants where the
shoots can be trained on pieces of twine 16 to 20
feet long, secured to the roof of the stove. Syringe
the plants ireely morning and afternoon whilst
growth continues. Examples of this species of
Clerodendron, which may be planted out in beds,
and grown as roof or pillar-climbers, should also be
cut down to about 10 feet from the base when they
have finished flo\7ering, and unless this be done
annually, they will become crowded with useless
flowerless shoots. Some of the surface-soil should
be removed, and replaced with fresh materials, to
which a liberal quantity of manure should be added.

POT ROSES. — Tea Roses which have been forced
will, owing to the want of room, in many cases,
have to stand outside during the summer, and will
require to be gradually hardened off, if no harm

is to happen to them. The young leaves are very
tender, by reason of the plants having been forced ;
and these are very sensitive to bright sunshine and
drying winds. When placed outside, look over them
every few days, and if mildew be noticed, forthwith
dust over the affected parts with flowers-of-sulphur,
or wash with some mildew antidote. Red-spider or
the Rose-aphis should be kept at bay by tobacco- water,
and the free use of clear water and the syringe.

The present is a good time to repot Roses which
require larger pots or tubs ; and, as a rule, the
strong-growing sorts, if they are healthy, should
have larger pots than weakly ones, but none should
be over-potted — rather err on the side of small pots,
&c. A strong loam, made rich with about one-fifth
of decayed manure, with coarse sharp sand in propor-
tion, makes a suitable compost for pot Roses.
Make the drainage good, and put some rough fibry
portions of the loam over the crocks, so as to keep
out the soil. Pot firmly, using a potting stick.
Stand the plants where they will have full sun-
shine, plunging the pots, if possible, in fine coal-
ashes to the rims, which will keep the roots at a
more equable temperature. In bright weather these
pot Roses will be benefited by frequent overhead
syringings with clear water.

ALLAMANDAS. — Large specimen Allamandae
which were partially shaken out and repotted in
fresh soil early in the year, will now require some
kind of manurial stimulant, otherwise the bloom
will become scanty in quantity, and the individual
flowers small. Young stock raised from cuttings in
the spring may now be potted into 10-inch pots.
With sufficient, heat, these plants will continue to
bloom till late in the season, and form a succession
to the older specimens, which were early started.
B. Milner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

MUSHROOM BEDS. — Beds which were spawned
four or five weeks ago, should now have the cover-
ing of litter carefully removed, and be supplied with
water in quantity according to the dryness of the
soil. Shake out the litter, and replace it lightly,
and, if circumstances suggest it, thinner than before.
Collect materials for making out-of-doors succes-
sion beds, to come into bearing in September and
later. Spread them out in the sun, but cover up from
rain. Prepared in this way, the dung is better than
when its rankest heat and ammonia are got rid of by
fermentation. Then see that the droppings are from
corn-fed horses only.

ASPARAGUS. — Cutting should soon cease, and the
plants be encouraged to make strong growth. Keep
the beds weeded ; afford frequently light dressings
of agricultural salt when the soil is light ; also
during dry weather water heavily, occasionally using
liquid manure. On heavy soil, salt, or strong
manure should not be afforded, but frequent dress-
ings of an artificial manure. Secure the stronger
shoots to stakes, to prevent their being broken, and
pull up all chance seedling Asparagus which would
crowd the beds if they were left. To prevent the soil
from cracking, mulch with leaf-mould, or the like.
Keep the rows of Asparagus planted in the spring
quite clear of weeds, and those which were sown at
that season carefully hand-weeded, first thinning
them out to 4 or 5 inches apart.

MISCELLANEOUS MEMORANDA.— Clear off any
remains of crops, dig and prepare the ground for
Turnips, Cabbage, Lettuce, Endive, &c. Brussels
Sprouts, Broccoli, Kales, and Savoys may be planted
out on land that has been under Peas or Potatos.

To prolong the bearing of large-podded Peas, and
have them of good flavour, closely pick all pods as
soon as large enough for use, and water copiously
with liquid manure and clear water. To provide for
a full supply of large crisp vegetables, plentiful
watering and occasionally a good soaking with farm-
yard or stable drainings will be of great use, the
latter being carefully put on the soil between the
rows — never letting it come in contact with the leaves.
Mulching will be of use on hot shallow soils, employ-
ing grass-cuttings if nothing better may be obtained.

Peas and Cauliflowers are the first to suffer
from drought, and need therefore early attention.
Waterings should be by preference, always done in
the evening, even if the men have to be paid over-
time for doing it. Let all waterings be thorough,
so that the moisture goes lower than the roots, or
else they will come to the surface in search of it,
and suffer from drought at times. By watering
the crops abundantly at one time there is a real
saving of labour, as the work need not be repeated

in less time than seven days, even if no rain should
fall in the interval. Onions, Salading, Cauliflowers,
Peas, and French Beans are much improved by
having the soil kept in a moist state in warm
weather. Always afford water before the plants
show signs of exhaustion.

If the Onion maggot has become troublesome,
make a dressing with 2 lb. of soft-soap dissolved in
100 gallons of water, with i bushel of soot tied in a
bag and allowed to soak in the same for twelve hours.
Apply this to the bed with a rose water-can ; it will
keep the maggot in check. Mulch the beds, well
water them in dry weather, and occasionally dust
them over with soot. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Bsher.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

VANDAS. — The species V. suavis and tricolor
should now have a shading of thick whiting placed on
the glass, which will keep the plants cool also, and
temper the strong light, which would soon take the
colour out of the foliage, and with the colour the
health of the plant also. Plants should be en-
couraged to start into growth by affording warmth
and moisture. Vanda Amesiana grows best in a
house having a cooler temperature than suits suavis
or tricolor. The lovely V. Kimballiana is greatly
benefited by overhead waterings during growth, and
it should be stood where the circulation of air is
sufficient to dry them up at least once a day, and if
they should dry up very quickly, I find that three or
four syringings afforded during the day have a good
effect on the health of the plant.

CATTLEYA HOUSE.— The work in this section
will, for the present, be of a general character. A
few plants, it is true, consisting principally of C.
gigas have to be repotted, which is best performed
directly the flowers have faded. Late flowering
C. Mendeli and C. Mossioe may also be repotted,
if requiring it, and as late as the middle of the
present month ; later than which it is unadvis-
able to repot large Cattleyas. For a number of
years I have been in the habit of repotting Cat-
tleyas in the summer, the reason for doing which
is very simple — in the new compost the young
roots freely extend to the sides of the pot, it is
then that the new pseudobulbs grow apace.
The potting compost may consist of three parts
brown fibry peat, one of sphagnum moss, and one of
clean crocks, the latter being far to be preferred to
charcoal, which, after being covered with the com-
post for some time, gets sodden, and the roots,
although they do at first adhere to it, in a very short
time rot away — and this disaster does not occur with
crocks. In speaking of this circumstance to some
gardening friends, I have had the sweetening pro-
perties of charcoal pointed out to me, and I
admit that it does this. I have during the last fifteen
years had the opportunity of turning out some
plants from most of the collections of Orchids that
have been sold during that period, and after studying
the matter in a practical manner, I am certain that
the use of charcoal in Orchid growing is a mistake.
Care in the shading of the plants is now very neces-
sary, and it is a matter that should not be lightly
passed over.

I have in a previous calendar pointed out that posi-
tion in a house is a point of much importance, and
ought to be studied. C. Percivaliana should be stood
in a position where it commands full sunshine, and can
be syringed overhead at least twice a day. It is a
good plan before fully exposing the plants, to place a
sheet of tissue-paper over the foliage, and watch
during the warmest part of the day, when it will be
seen if any bubbles in the glass have escaped notice.
By doing this, the burning of the foliage may be
averted. C. lobata — or, as it is more generally
known now, C. Boothiana — is another plant which is
the better for a certain amount of sunlight whilst
growing. It is a plant which should have C. gigas
treatment to flower it successfully, but it is un-
doubtedly a little bit more difficult; and no water
should be afforded the plants after the young
pseudobulb breaks away until it can be seen if
a sheath is coming in the young growth or not.
As soon as this can be determined, water may
be applied in either case, and the plant exposed to
full sunshine, overhead syringing being resorted to,
to avert the shrivelling of the pseudobulbs owing
to the dry state of the potting compost. C. Gaskel-
liana will now be coming into flower, at least the
earlier-flowering plants. It is a grand introduction,
flowering, as it does, from midsummer to December.
C. Warocqueana is a fine addition to autumn-flower-
ing Cattleyas. The temperatures of all the houses
may remain as given in my last calendar. A. G. Catt,
Parkfield, Hallow, Worcester.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one bipe onxt of the
PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarintee of good faith.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Plants, &c, to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and, research for their solution, must not eipect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

Illustrations. — Photographs or drawings, su table for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
flowers, trees, tyc, are solicited.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY,

TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY, July 8<

THURSDAY, JULY

SATURDAY, JULY 11

MEETING.

July 11 — Royal Botanic Society. General.

SHOWS.

(Royal Horticultural Society's Ex-
hibition and Conference on Hardy
Summer Perennials and Small
JL" ' Fruits, Chiswick Gardens (two
day).
' Gloucester.

/-Royal Botanic Society's Evening

| FSte, 8—12 p.m.

| Portsmouth (three daysj.

Ealing.

Sutton.

Dursley.

Hitchin.

York Ancient Florists.

I Bath.
9- Chichester.

( Woodbridge.

\ Galashiels.
'( New Brighton.

SALES.

TinrcnAv t,,t^- 7 ' FloweriDg Orchids, at Protheroe &

TUESDAY, JlLl ,-j Morri3. Room9,

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 63°,2.

The Potato
Disease.

We are now close upon the time
when we may expect a visitation
from this pest. Let us hope that
the atmospheric conditions may be such that the
fungus may develop itself only feebly, and not
induce much injury to our crops. We cannot,
however, rely on any such immunity, and it
therefore behoves us to be ready, not only to
act on the first appearance of the disease, but at
once to adopt measures of precaution. It must
be remembered that there is now no excuse for
apathy and quiescence. The nature of the
plague is known, if not in all its details, at least
to such an extent that we know how to combat
it with rational means, and with a large amount
of certainty as to the issue. High moulding, as
recommended by Mr. Jensen, is productive of
excellent results, and will, as the Chiswick expe-
riments testify, secure a crop even when the
haulm is a mass of putrescence. How much
larger that crop might be if the moulding were
applied earlier, we leave our readers to judge.
If farmers and large growers do not think it
worth their while to adopt this i i aple expe-
dient, at least, there can be no question that the
small grower and the cottager will find it worth
his while to secure a partial crop when other-
wise he would have none.

There is another way of looking at the matter.
Has anyone the right, now that the means of
control are within his power, to fold his hands
and allow his neighbour's crops to be ruined

because he is too inert or too sceptical to adopt
these means ? Still more, has anyone the right
to continue to directly propagate the disease by
neglect and carelessness, as [is still, we are sorry
to say, all but universal among growers ? Surely
the conscience of cultivators should preserve
them in the future from what was formerly
unavoidable, but which now is, to our thinking,
not less than criminal.

Another method of combating the disease, is
that by means of salts of copper. We have
seen this tried on a small scale with the Tomato
fungus ; and our colleague, M. Piuixieux, a
highly competent authority, has tried it on a
large scale with the Potatos in France. The
proportions in which it should be used are : —
3 lb. of salphate of copper," 1 lb. of quicklime,
20 gals, of water. Dissolve the sulphate in water
in a wooden tub. Slake the lime in another tub,
and mix it with the copper solution. Keep the
mixture stirred, and apply the whole with a
spray pump, such as was figured in our issue,
May 30, 1891. On a large scale the proportions to
be used are : — Sulphate of copper, 20 lb. ; lime,
101b.; water, 100 gals. '"* Another receipt which
some French experimenters prefer is : — Copper
sulphate, 4 lb., dissolved in 3 gals, of water ; add
6 lb. of carbonate of soda to the solution, and
| lb. of treacle. Stir the mixture, allow it to
remain for twelve hours, and then dilute with
22 gals, of water.

The effect of the lime in the one case and of
the soda in the other, is to form either an
oxide or a carbonate tof copper, which is depo-
sited by the spray on the foliage, and effects the
destruction of the fungus. In an article by
Mr. Whitehead in the present number of the
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, we
find the copper solution recommended to be
employed at the rate of 140 to 150 gallons per
acre at the end of June, and again four weeks
later. In any case it should be applied imme-
diately a spot of the disease is seen.

The same substances may be employed, with
or without an admixture of sulphur, in the
form of a dry powder dusted on to the foliage
with a distributor, in the same way that sulphur
is used for the Oidium of the Vine, and as recom-
mended by Mr. Tait, of Oporto. We have no
experience of the use of the powder on the Fotato
fungus, but if it be very fine and evenly distributed,
there can, we think, be no doubt as to the result.
For the Lily-fungus this would be very suitable.
Owing to the mode of growth, and the life-
habits of the fungus, it must not be supposed
that any of these remedies will completely destroy
the fungus. All that is claimed is, that it can
be so thoroughly kept in check that a satisfac-
tory crop can be secured where otherwise there
would be none, or next to none.

It is very difficult to induce people, even in
their own interests, to make trial of remedies of
this kind. For our own parts, we have con-
tinually urged the matter upon our readers for
years past, and we rejoice to find the Royal
Agricultural Society and the Fruit Growers'
Association at last pursuing the same course.

Mr. Whitehead's article contains within a
small compass the results of the experiments of
Riley* and others, and should be reprinted and
circulated broadcast without a day's delay.

CYPRIPEDIUM ROTHSCHILDIANUM.— This is one

of the most stately of recently-introduced Cypri-
pediums, and its free habit of growth, and the
certainty with which it may be counted on to pro-
duce its beautiful flowers, has caused it to steadily
increase in favour, as the plants imported by

Messrs. F. Sanler & Co. into this country have in-
creased its strength, and thus revealed the merits
of this quaint and original species. In colour it is
as quaint and attractive as in shape, the lighter
colour being yellowish-white to pale yellow, and the
darker chocolate colour tinged in parts with crimson.
C. Rothechildianum grows very freely in a warm
moist house in which the other hot-house species,
such as C. Lowii, C. Stoneii, C. Sasderianum, &c,
are kept. The specimen illustrated (fig. 3) was
exhibited by Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Wylam-
on-Tjne, at the Royal Horticultural Society in
May last.

LlNNEAN SOCIETY.— At the meeting held on
June 18, Professor Stewart, President, in the chair,
Messrs. Hebbejrt Jones and John Bidgood were
admitted Fellows of the Society, and Mr. C. W.
Slatee was elected. Mr. W. H. Beeby exhibited
specimens of Hieracium protractum and other plants
collected in Shetland. Mr. Stuart Samuel exhibited
a dwarf specimen of Acer palmatum, and made some
remarks on the dwarf trees artificially produced by
the Japanese. Mr. R. V. Sheeeing showed some
cases of dried Bananas, and described a new method
of preservation adopted in Jamaica to save waste of
small parcels of fruit which would be otherwise un-
saleable. Mr. A. W. Bennett exhibited and made
remarks upon a specimen of Selaginella lepidophylla
which was found to possess remarkable vitality, and
upon proper treatment to resume its normal appear-
ance after having been gathered some months. Dr
R. A. Prior exhibited samples of the spiked Star of
Bethlehem, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, and stated
that although described in British floras as a rare
plant, it is so abundant on the hill pastures around
Bath that it is brought to the market there in large
quantities under the name of French Asparagus, and
sold for a penny a bunch. Mr. R. A. Rolfe showed
two hybrid Odontoglossums with the parent plants,
namely O. Wilckeanum (produced from O. crispnm
and O. luteo-purpureum), and 0. excellens (produced
from 0. Pescatorei and 0 triumphans). These had
first appeared as natural hybrids out of imported
plants, and the parentage was subsequently ascertained
under cultivation. A paper was then read by Mr.
Spencer Moore on the true nature of Callus, and in
continuation of former remarks on the same subject
(Linn. Soc. Joum. Hut., vol. xxvii., Nos. 187, 188).
He showed that the outer sieve-plates of the Fig are
obliterated by a substance giving all the dye reactions
of callus, which does not peptonise, and will not
yield proteid reactions. Many of the inner sieve-
plates he found to be stopped up with a proteid
callus resembling in every way the substance of
ballia stoppers, and the proteid callus of the Vege-
table Marrow. It appeared that true callus would
dissolve in a solution of gum arable, but whether by
agency of a ferment or of an acid, he had not yet
determined. A second paper by Mr. Spencer Moore
dealt with the alleged existence of protein in the
walls of vegetable cells, and the microscopical detec-
tion of glucosides therein.

The Gardeners' Orphan Fund. — The

monthly meeting of the committee took place at
the Hotel Windsor on the 26th ult., William
Marshall, Esq., in the chair. The Hon. Secretary
reported that the balance at the bank was
£501 16s. 2d. ; also that he had received several
of the collecting cards sent out for the national
collection, and, judging from the average amounts,
there was every prospect that the collection would
result in a considerable addition to the funds. The
usual quarterly allowance to the thirty-nine children
at present on the Fund, amounting to £126 15s.,
was ordered to be paid. The details of the Rose
Fair and Floral Fete at the Crystal Palace on
July 15 were arranged; many promises of suppoit
had been received of Roses and other flowers for
Bale, and groups of plants to add to the attractions
of the fete. The committee are in treaty with the
railway companies, and there is every probability the
success the committee so much desire will attend
their efforts.

July 4, 1801.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE EYOT AT KEW.— It rests with the public
whether one of the most beautiful spots in the whole
course of the Thames shall be preserved or not. If
it were a case of destruction merely, the loss would
not be so serious as it will be under existing
circumstances. It is not only the annihilation of
the most beautiful scene of its kind near London,
but it is the exposure in all its hideous repulsive-
ness of the river bank at Brentford. We are glad to
see our contemporary, the Richmond Times, taking
the matter up ; but this is not a merely local ques-
tion, it concerns the metropolis at large, and all
those who delight in the river and its amenities.
We should gladly hear of a vigorous protest on the

extract from the Richmond and Twickenham Times
shows that the matter is attracting local attention,
but, as we have said, the subject is one which affects
the whole metropolis, and the visitors to it : —

" House of Commons.
"To King, Richmond and Twickenham Times,
Richmond. — In reply to my question this afternoon,
the Government are perfectly willing to confer with
the local authorities with the object of saving trees
on Brentford Eyot. James Bigwood."

From a report subsequently received, it appears
that Mr. Bigwood asked the First Commissioner of
Works whether the Department were now asking
for tenders for the purchase of standing timber on

Mobben's Correspondance Botanique, but in a smaller
and less expensive form. In the interests of science,
botanists of all countries are requested to inform
the editor of all changes and corrections. We would
suggest to him that he should in future years follow
Professor Mobben's plan of sending the proof-
sheets to some competent correspondent in
each country for the purpose of revision. Had
this been done in the case of Great Britain,
many errors would have been avoided, thus : —
Mr. Dyer's address is not Kew Garden Road, Mr.
Hemsley no longer lives at Cambridge Road, Chis-
wick. The Royal Horticultural Society has no
garden at South Kensington. Mr. Boulqer's address

Fig. 3. — cypripedicm rothsciiildianum. (see p. 14.)

part of the press, of a deputation to the Office of
Woods aud Forests, of "a question in the House,"
or of any means which may be considered most
effectual for the preservation of this little islet.
It is, by the way, far more beautiful than that in
the lake of Geneva by Chillon, of which Byron sang.
If the sentiment of romance is lacking in the
Brentford " Ait," that attaching to its beauty should
be strong enough to prevent the threatened destruc-
tion. What is wanted is some protection by " camp-
sheddiDg " or otherwise, so as to prevent the washing
away of the banks by the steam-tugs and launches.
Were the "eyot" placed under the direction of the
authorities at Kew, it might with advantage be
turned to accouDt as a salicetum. The following

Iirentford Eyot, and whether he was aware that
people in the neighbourhood, who were anxious to
preserve these trees upon that island, were willing
to pay all expenses towards the safe maintenance of
them in their present position. Mr. Jackson was
not aware that tenders were out for the purchase of
the timber. The Commissioners of Woods would be
glad to hear from the persons referred to in the
question, and if they could meet the wishes of the
local authorities they would do so.

BOTANISCHES ADRESSBUCH.— Mr. W. Engel-
mann, of Leipsig (Konigstrasse, n. 10) has published
a list of living botanists, botanic gardens, societies,
and journals, on the plan of the late Professor

is not at Landbroke Grove, Mr, John Gibson is not
" gardener in the Hyde Park," Mr. " A. Macyntre "
is not the Superintendent of tbe Victoria Park, nor
Mr. Rogeb of that of " Bettersea." Three nursery-
men are mentioned — a circumstance which makes
us wonder why more were not included. The Royal
Microscopical Society is no longer housed in King's
College. "Dr. Maxwell F. Masters" is not the
Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society ; nor is
" Dr. F. Maxwell Masters " the name of the Editor
of this journal. The Annals of Xatural History is not
edited by Mr. W. S. Dallas, and the name of Mr. T.
A. Briggs should be deleted from the lists of living
botanists. Theterm " florist " is moreover used in this
country in a very different sense from that in which

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

it is employed by Continental botanists. Although
we have pointed out these errors, and mighc have
mentioned many others, we by no means do so with
auy wish to disparage what is really a most useful
publication, and one which may be made still more so.
Had the editor consulted the Kern Bulletin, or the
revised list published in our number for January 17,
1891, he might have avoided several of the errors we
have noted.

Kola Nut.— Generally speaking, the virtues
attributed to newly-introduced drugs or articles of
food require to be as severely discounted as if they
were patent medicines. This precaution is hardly
needed in the case of the Kola nut, provided the
nuts are in a fresh wholesome condition. The
power of the nut in enabling the partaker to
undergo prolonged fatigue, whether of body or
mind, and protracted abstinence from food,
is established beyond question. The military
authorities in India are likely t.o adopt it in cases
of military expeditions, where food is scarce
and difficult of carriage. We allude to the
subject on the present occasion in order to
suggest that a trial be made of it in the hay-field
and among harvesters. In the form of chocolate it
is very serviceable, as we can testify in the obviating
and lessening the fatigue of prolonged mental exer-
tion ; but in the field "Kolatina" mixed with
water or milk would, of course, be preferable.
Kolatina contains 40 per cent, of Kola. Messrs.
Thomas Christy & Co., of 25, Lime Street, are
willing to supply quantities sufficient for experi-
mental purposes, as there is no fear of ill re-
sults, but a strong probability of its forming an
excellent substitute for beer. We have spoken of
K'jla as if it were new — this is hardly correct — the
tree and its virtues have long been known to botanists,
but it takes a long time for the general public
to become acquainted with such matters.

Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— We earnestly call
the attention of our readers to the Rose Fair and
Floral Fete to be held at the Crystal Palace on
Wednesday, July 15, for the benefit of the Gardeners'
Orphan Fund. The admission to the Palace is one
shilling only. Among the items of the programme,
in addition to the display and sale of Roses, are : —
Cricket match : the Seedsmen v. the Gardeners of
England, two organ recitals, two concerts by the
renowned Crystal Palace orchestra, promenade
music by the Crystal Palace military band,
grand fountain display, two performances by the
trained wild animals, monster balloon ascent,
illuminated garden fete and grand open-air ballet,
and other popular attractions all day. Tickets
may be had at most of the florists, from the
Secretary, Mr. A. F. Barron, Royal Horticultural
Society's Garden, Chiswick ; or from the Publisher
of this Journal, at this office. Those applying for
tickets by letter should take care to pay postage,
and to specify by which route they wish to travel.
The high-level route is that by the London, Chatham,
and Dover lines ; the low-level route is that by the
Brighton Company's service.

Mr. Hibberd's Library.— The sale, by Messrs.
Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, took place on the
29th and 30th ult., of the library of the late Mr.
Shirley Hibberd. A large number of Archaeo-
logical books, and books of travel, were included
among works relating to botany and horticulture.
Among the prices obtained for books in the
latter category we may note the following : —
Sweet's " Cistine.-E," £1 16s. ; Sweet's " Geraniacex,"
5 vols., £2 18s.; Lindley's 'Pcmologia Britannica,"
£1 14s. ; a copy of the first edition of " In Me-
nioriam," £1 14s. ; a complete set of the "Botanical
Register," in 34 volumes, fetched £36; Seeniann's
" Flora Vitiensis," £2 6s. ; " The Herefordshire Po-
mona," £5 7s. Cd. ; Elwes' " Monograph of Lilies,"
£7 10s. ; Wallich'a " Plants Asiatics Rariores,"
3 vols., £14 ; Ravenscroft'a " Piuetum Britannicum,"
3 vols., £9 10s. ; Turner's " Herbal " (1568), £19 10s. ;
Gerarde's " Herbal," £1 12s. (incomplete) ; Paxton's
"Magazine of Botany," 16 vols., £11 10s.; a com-

plete set of the " Botanical Magazine," £99 ; Masters'
" Vegetable Teratology " and two other books, 26s. ;
Loddiges' " Botanical Cabinet," 20 vols., £7 ; " Flore
des Serres"(Van Houtte), 23 vols., £18 10s.; Par-
kinson's "Paradisus" (imperfect), £6 12s. Gd. ;
" Gardeners' Chronicle " (complete to 1889), £15 10s.;
" Gardeners' Magazine," 40 vols., £1 7s. ; " The
Garden" (nearly complete), £3 lis.; "Journal of
Horticulture," 50 vols., 16s. The amount realised
was, we believe, a little over £800.

M. F. Herincq— We learn from the Revue
Horticole, of the death of this gentleman, at the age
of seventy-one. M. Herincq was one of the con-
servators of the botanical collections in the museum
at the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris. He was known
to horticulturists as the editor of the Horticulteur
Francais, a publication now defunct, but in its time
remarkable to us Englishmen, at any rate, for the
raciness and vigour of its language. M. Herincq
contributed to the Manuel des Plantes, a work
corresponding to Loudon's Encyclopedia of Plants,
and he rendered great assistance in the preparation
of the late M. Lavallee's fine work, entitled,
Arboretum Segre~ianum.

LILACS. — The Revue Horticole contains the com-
mencement of a monograph on the species of
Syringa, from the highly competent pen of M.
Franchet. With regard to the native country of
the common Lilac, which is still a matter of dispute,
M. Andre states that he has lately seen the plant
growing wild in abundance on the mountains sepa-
rating Servia from Bulgaria. The tree was growing
in the company of Staphylea pinnata, Coronilla
Emerus, and other spring-flowering shrubs, among
which were also mixed the pretty flowers of Limaria
annua and Adonis vernalis.

Ealing Gardeners' Association.— The third

annual trip of the members of this body took place
on Monday last, June 29 ; and Dropmore was selected
as the place of resort, by the kind permission of
Lady Louise Fortescue. Dropmore is a most en-
joyable place, particularly at this season of the year.
A very pleasant day was spent, the party much
appreciating the courtesy and attention paid to
them by the late Philip Frost's successor, Mr.
C. Herrin.

PINKS, ETC. — These flowers make a good show
in the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at
Chiswick at the present time. Mrs. Sinkins, white,
maintains its character as a good grower; Her
Majesty, sent out a year or two ago by Hooper, is in
capital form, and Modesty (Turner), is a beautiful
white blotched with light purple in the centre, very
free flowerer. Fuchsia Dunrobin Bedder (Melville),
certificated last year, is doing well planted out in a
bed or two. It is a free-flowering dwarf form of the
old F. Riccartoni.

Death from Drinking Weed- killer.—

Another case of fatal poisoning by a weed-killer
occurred at Warnford Park, Hampshire, recently,
W. Norris, a carpenter employed on the estate,
having drunk a quantity of the liquid inadvertently.
Too much care cannot be taken with these dangerous
compounds ; but we fear that until some one is
severely punished for neglecting to keep them out
of the reach of persons ignorant of their dangerous
nature, these " poisonings by misadventure " will be
constantly occurring.

FLOWERS IN SEASON.— We have received some
magnificent spikes of Delphiniums, Herbaceous
Pieonies, and Pyrethrums, from those excellent cul-
tivators of hardy perennial flowers, Messrs. Kelway
& Sons, Langport, Somersetshire. Among the first-
named is a bright blue-coloured flower — Britannia;
a purple and blue — David ; a ccerulean blue — Bester ;
and one nearly similar in colour, but better, named
Ida. A fine double crimson-coloured Pieony is seen
in Prince George ; a bold single-flowered pink
variety in Calliphone ; and an excellent blush, of
full form, in Princess of Wales. Miss Salway is a
pure double white. Gaillardias, with fluted and

with plain florets, were gorgeous in orange, yellow,
red, and crimson.

The Bulb Crop at Haarlem.— We learn
from one of our correspondents that the weather
here has lately been very sunny and warm, so that
the growers are now very busy in harvesting the
early Tulips, which are, in spite of the past long
severe winter, and of the cold spring, very good, and
the flowering qualities being very promising. The
Hyacinth fields look better than for the last two years.

FRUIT CULTURE.— The Fruiterers' Company (of
which Sir James Whitehead is Master) has obtained
from the Lord Mayor the use of the Egyptian Hall
of the Mansion House for the purpose of holding a
meeting on July 13, to consider what further steps
shall be taken in the promotion of fruit culture in
homesteads and cottage gardens. Among those who
have already expressed themselves interested in the
movement, and have contributed towards the fund
for carrying out its objects, are the Corporation of
London, the Duke of Westminster, the Duchess of
Grafton, the Earl of Dartmouth, Lord Wolverton,
Lord Crewe, Lord Savile, Lord Hothfield, the
Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Mr. W. H. Smith, M.P. ;
and the Mercers', Drapers', Cloth workers', and
Leathersellers' Companies. The Medals and Certi-
ficates awarded at the great exhibition of fruit in the
Guildhall last year will be presented on the occasion,,
and the Lord Mayor will preside.

Growing Alpines in Sphagnum.— We have

received various letters on this subject, and another
article from M. Correvon, which we shall publish in
our next issue. The matter is one of great im-
portance, as showing that these plants can be grown
under conditions not heretofore thought possible.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion.— We may again remind our readers that the
Annual Festival is to take place on Wednesday,
July 8, at the Hotel M<5tropole, Northumberland
Avenue, at half-past 6 o'clock. The Right Hon.
Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., will take the chair, and
he is so good an horticulturist that we trust a large
company wi!l be present to meet him, and to increase
the labours of the Treasurer and of the new Secretary.

Rose Shows to Come.— Mr. E. Mawley, of

Rosebank, Berkhamsted, Herts, wishes us to publish
the following list of Rose shows because of changes
of date having been made in several shows since his
last list was published. July 7 (Tuesday), Diss and
Gloucester; 8 (Wednesday), Hitchin ; 11 (Saturday),
Eltham, New Brighton, and Reigate ; 14 (Tuesday),
Wolverhampton (a three days' show) ; 15 (Wednes-
day), Ealing; 16 (Thursday), Hereford (N.R.S.),
Bedford, Helensburgh, and Trentham ; 17 (Friday),
Ulverstone ; 21 (Tuesday), Christleton and Tibshelf.
23 (Thursday), Halifax and Worksop.

Flowers in Hyde Park.— The hardy Azaleas
being over, Rhododendrons form the principal floral
display at the present time ; the bulk of them have
been temporarily planted by Mr. A. Waterer on either
side of Rotten Row, forming a very pleasing feature.
Although the number of these beautiful shrubs is
small, in comparison to what may be found in large
gardens in the country, they are made the most of,
and every year selected plants are brought. It is a
pity that in a place like Hyde Park, where so many
thousands of people see them, they are not perma-
nently planted out to a larger extent, as nothing
would add more to the beauty of park scenery than
Rhododendrons in bloom in large masses. Among
the best varieties in bloom was John Waterer, still
one of the most showy, having very large trusses of
bright scarlet flowers; Michael, with flowers of bright
crimson-scarlet ; Minnie, white, with chocolate spots ;
Marchioness of Lansdowne, a very distinct variety
of pale rose, heavily spotted with black ; Madame
Carvalho, white; and Lady Eleanor Cathcart, pale
rose, finely spotted ; not forgetting the old R. fastuo-
sum, which may not be such a striking variety as
some of the others, yet it is about the best for
planting around London, as it rarely fails to set a

July 4, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

good crop of flower- buds, even in the most unfavour-
able localities. The bedding-out is almost finished,
much of it being quite established, and gives
good promise of a fine display ; especially
fine are the beds of Roses, which are very
thickly covered with buds. The fashions in this
department seem to change very slowly even
in such a fashionable place as Hyde Park, as the
same style and arrangement may be observed that
has been in use for a considerable number of years.
The mode of plunging specimen plants of Fuchsias,
Pelargoniums, Heliotropes, Plumbago capensis, &c,
in the turf, is one to be admired, as it shows off the
plants to the best advantage. The carpet-bedding
has, if anything, a little too much colour in it pro-
duced bv the red varieties of Alternanthera, but
otherwise it is well done. Among the summer
bedding the most pleasing effect is produced by
planting good - sized plants of ivy - leaved Pelar-
goniums on a ground - work of blue Violas or
other dwarf-growing plants, with the nsual harmo-
nious edgings.

Burton Flower Show.— The first show of

the season in connection with the Burton Horticul-
tural Society took place on Wednesday, June 24,
{.roving a success in every way. Owing to the
season, the exhibits of fruit and vegetables were not
so good as in former years, but the floral display
was unusually good, the competition being very keen.
In the open classes there were some very fine speci-
mens sent by Mr. Cypher, Mr. Webb, and other
well-known exhibitors. In the amateur classes the
competition was also very good, and the exhibits
were of good quality that would have been creditable
at horticultural shows anywhere.

CYTISUS SCOPARIUS ANDREANUS. — At the
Exhibition of the Midland Pansy Society, in
Birmingham, Messrs. R. H. Vektegans & Co.,
exhibited several specimens profusely in flower, at
18 inches high, and in 48-pots, of the above plant.
These were grafted plants imported from the
Continent.

Woodbridge Horticultural Society. —

The above Society will hold their 40th Annual
Show, July 9, at which £150 is offered in Prizes,
and also National Rose Society's Medals. Next
year a 25-guinea Silver Cup will be offered for Roses.

Lord Randolph Churchill's Botany.—

The noble lord, the hon. member for Paddington,
is globe-trotting, and is contributing a series of
papers on " My Trip to Mashonaland " to the
Daily Graphic. The letters, if the first may be
taken as an example, will prove interesting, but
somewhat "shaky" from an horticultural point of
view, as the following letter from Mr. W. Roberts,
of 03, Chancery Lane, to the Pall Mall Gazette of
a recent date shows : — " Lord Randolph Churchill
expresses, in his first letter, from which you quote a
paragraph in this evening's issue, that ' horticulturists
and botanists may be interested with some of the
trees and plants which I will particularise.' They
will, but I am afraid that his lordship's information
in this respect will not enhance their opinion of him.
If he will tell us something which the most juvenile
of gardeners' apprentices do not know, perhaps his
labours will not be entirely thrown away. Lord
Randolph's nomenclature resembles to a certain
extent Mr. Weller's knowledge of London — it is
decidedly peculiar. By ' Combretum (sic) coc-
cinium ' (sic), which is ' novel ' to the traveller, is, I
suppose, intended Poiurea coccinea, a synonym of
which is Combretum coccincum, a plant which is well
known in English gardens, and has been in culti-
vation here for nearly three-quarters of a century.
It has been figured (notably Botanical Magazine, tab.
2102) and described many times in the horticultural
press. Lord Randolph will be able to obtain plenty
of plants in this country. ' Olea fragrans ' looks
well, but readers of My Trip to Mashonaland
would understand what was meant much better if
the simple name of ' Olive ' were given. ' A splendid
Schotia' and ' Bougainvillia ' (which should be

Bouqainvillea) do not convey any very definite idea
to the horticulturist, for there are several species of
each genus in cultivation. The same may be said of
' Francisia,' which, when spelt correctly, Franciscea,
is a mere synonym of Brunfelsia, and in an intensified
degree of Grcvillca (which Lord Randolph gives as
' Grevillia '), of which there are nearly thirty species
to be found in cultivation. The description of
Strelit:ia regince as ' apparently a sort of Banana
is very rich, but it is also not altogether incorrect.
Good also would the information be respecting the
perfume given off by Camphor leaves when crushed
in the hand — only one would have supposed that the
proverbial schoolboy knew of this quality. Clearly
Lord Randolph's trip will be a failure as regards the
horticultural part of it if he does not charter at once
a professional botanist."

Chrysanthemums in Sydney. — A corres-
pondent obliges us with a newspaper - report, two
columns long, of a Chrysanthemum show in Sydney,
in May. " Judging from the great interest which
was taken in the show of last week, there can be no
doubt about the popularity of the Chrysanthemum
in Sydney and its suburbs. The progress made in
the development of the flower has been very great
during the last year or two, and no doubt this will
continue, especially with regard to the cultivation of
Chrysanthemum plants in pots, for one of our gar-
deners has proved beyond all question, and contrary
to the expectations, that specimen plants in flower
can be raised here equal to any in the world, and
Mr. G. Kerslakb, gr. to Mr. W. von dee Hevde, of
llomebush, is to be congratulated on being the
raiser of the finest specimens ever seen in this
colony, or perhaps in any of the colonies. Next
season we may safely expect to see more equally
«ucce8sfully grown plants from other growers,
although everyone cannot expect similar results
from their first endeavours, for there is a great
deal to learn before success can be attained." [It is
of little use, we fear, to repeat that our colonial
friends would do much better service in developing
their own resources than by imitating European
fashions. Ed.]

The National Flower of the United

STATES. — According to a paragraph circulating
in the American newspapers, what that country
needs most of all just now is a national flower.
There seema to be a wild yearning for the
adoption, as distinctively American, of some
member of the flower family; but the difference of
opinion as to the flower to be selected for that
honour is remarkably wide. The following list of
blossoms, favoured by different people, shows that
anything like unanimity of selection is impossible.
The young man looking for a rich wife prefers the
Marigold. Bill collectors favour the Forget-me-
Not. Temperance people select the Water Lily.
The telephone girls think the " Aloe " most appro-
priate. Informers and spies like the " Peach "
blossom. Anglomaniacs think Pennyroyal most
suitable. Men who want to emphasise America as
the country of railroads wish to adopt the Carna-
tion. Pipe manufacturers are fond of the Tuberose.
Milkmen fancy the Cowslip ; prudes, the Primrose.
Aged people naturally select the Elder blossom.
Sage is preferred by wise men. Golden Rod seems
to suit millionaires best. The penman, whose
Christian name is John, will vote for the Jonquil.
Virginia Creeper is the piccaninnies' selection.
Builders take to the Wallflower. Lovers are under-
stood to prefer Tulips.

Pollarding the Tulip Tree.— Sometimes

the question of pollarding the Tulip tree will arise ;
and we read in Muller's Deutsche Gartner Zcitunq,
of a correspondent of that journal who made a trial
with a stout tree which had lost its crown in a
thunderstorm. To form a symmetrical crown, the
limbs which remained uninjured were headed back
in the following winter. Strong sappy shoots were
formed the next season, which were killed for a con-
siderable proportion of their length by the frost the
next winter, and this was repeated for several years,

but not so severely. At length the wood having
become weaker, ripened thoroughly, and flowers
were put forth. From the above, it would appear
that the pollarding of Liriodeudron tulipifera is not
advisable, at least in countries having very severe
winters.

IRIS ROBINSONIANA. — This Iris, of which we
gave a figure recently, is now in bloom in the suc-
culent-house at Kew, and those who wish to see it
should not delay their visit. The plant has the
habit of the New Zealand Flax, sends aloft a
stately panicle of flowers, of which many are in
bloom at once. The individual blooms are, for an
Iris, of medium size, of the purest snow white (cygnis
candidior), with a central blotch of clear gold. The
name given by the Australians to this Iris, that of
Wedding Flower, is not inappropriate. The plant is
a native of Lord Howe's Island, and in habit and
general appearance very unlike an Iris. The flowers,
however, proclaim its lineage.

Foreign Correspondence.

DENDROBIUM PHALyENOPSIS.
The very large quantity of Dendrobium Phala)-
nopsis just coming into flower at the establish-
ment of Messrs. Linden, Brussels, is certainly note-
worthy. There are sufficient in flower to notice
a variety of shades of colour, and from the (act that
it is a six-weeks' flowering Orchid, like the Odoa-
toglossum Alexandra;, it must prove a valuable
flower at this season of the year especially, and on
till the month of October, as the flower-spikes well
indicate at present. The varietal name, Phakcnopsis,
seems well chosen, each individual flower resembling
a dark variety of P. amabilis. An idea that it will
become a favourite, if not a marketable plant, is
general with those who have seen it in quantity as
here. H. K., Laeken.

Home Correspondence.

CREAM-COLOURED BROOM.— I send you here-
with some sprays of a very distinct cream-coloured
Broom, of which I discovered a solitary bush in this
locality, where the common yellow is very plentiful.
It is regarded here as altogether a novelty, and as it
is new to me, I should be glad of your opinion, so that
I may arrange to secure seed if worth while. Chas. T.
Druery, F.L.S., Aberfeldy, X.B. [Pretty, as a variety,
but doubtful if it would come true from seed. Ed.]

the GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT INSTITU-
TION.—When I read the appeals made for assistance
by this noble institution for assisting aged and
necessitous gardeners and their widows, the idea
has often struck me. that in the season of flower
shows someone should take up the subject of having
a stall at every show for the sale of button-holes,
and bouquets at cheap prices, say a penny, two-
pence, or even threepence each, the proceeds of such
sales to be added to the funds of the institution. If
ladies and gentlemen who have gardens would make
small gifts of flowers, and allow their gardeners to
make up nice little sprays, for ladies' wear, for sale,
and send them to the secretary on the show day, it
might also help to realise a sufficient sum to place
some deserving person on its funds. Secondly, if
collecting boxes were put in conspicuous places at
the shows, for contributions to the Gardeners' Bene-
volent Institution Fund, with an inscription, in large
letters, showing the object of the stall and boxes,
visitors who may not have known of the existence of
the institution would willingly, in many cases, con-
tribute. I know from experience, when going round
with a collecting card last year, in places where
people never trouble to read books or buy garden
papers they have no knowledge of the wants of this
or other institutions. Gardeners with a family have
little to spare out of their wages after paying to
their sick and benefit clubs, and keeping themselves
respectable, and cannot give the help they would
like to their brother-craftsmen in distress. And,
lastly I hope all those whose sole object in showing
is prize-monev, will not forget to give their mite to
the Gardeners' Roval Benevolent Institution. J. W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1691.

HARDINESS OF ALOYSIA CITRIODORA. — We
have had many of the so-called hardy trees and
shrubs killed during the past winter, but the above
plant, better known as the Lemon-scented Verbena,
has withstood the winter's cold, unprotected in any
way, and is now growing away as if nothing had
happened. J. Maeers, Chymoroah, Marazion, Cornwall,

BOLTING OF CABBAGES.— In your issue of the
13th ult , a correspondent gives an account of the
state of the spring Cabbage crop in Scotland and in
the north of Ireland, from which it would appear
that this crop will prove a loss to many growers
owing to the plants " bolting." Your correspondent
ascribes this to three causes, viz., " the selection of
unsuitable varieties ; sowing too early ; and the
effect of the severe winter upon the vitality of the
plants." Referring to the varieties, Etampes is
mentioned as being " too tender to endure even
mild winters in Scotland." Now, although residing
considerably further north than the Lothians, and
having grown that variety year after year since it
was first sent out, I must say that it is considered
here one of the hardiest of the early sorts, and the
one that is least liable to " bolt." This was our
opinion from the first season, but since then the
seed has been saved at home, having made a start
with one good head out of a thousand. This year
out of ten thousand plants twenty have not " bolted,"
although exposed to biting east winds and a long
continuance of frost without a pinch of snow to
cover their nakedness ; indeed, between vermin and
weather there was scarcely anything left when April
came in but the stems and mid-ribs — but in spite
of all hardships they are now doing splendidly.
The seed is sown, if possible, on July 11. In spring,
a top-dressing of soot is given, but no artificial
manure is used, as, although forcing for one year
might not cause early flowering, it might have that
effect on plants grown from seed of a strain which
had been forced for a number of years. Like the
McEwan's variety, which your correspondent men-
tions, a few of the Etampes will hold on, even the
second year. Last season, a two-year-old stock pro-
duced the largest head I ever saw in early Cabbages.
On going through the plots to-day, I find that a
number of those sown in July, 1889, are heaiting
beautifully, without any appearance of breaking out
into bloom ; and one or two throw out an arm
of bloom on one side, and a good head of
Cabbage on the other. I have sent per parcel post
a head from those sown in July last, which, if grown
in shelter and under garden "cultivation, would be
very large just now. W. G. H.

It is, indeed, difficult to understand two

things relating to Cabbages in Scotland, written
of by " W. S." First, in relation to the bolting off
to flower of the plants generally; and second, as to
the greater hardiness of Scotch'stocks over those of
the south. " W. S." attributes the general bolting
off to bloom of the Scotch Cabbages to the severity
of the winter. Here, in Middlesex, the winter was
intensely severe also, added to which we had to
endure for many days the horrors of metropolitan
fogs. The weather "killed almost everything of the
Brassica tribe except the autumn-planted Cabbages.
They stood so well that few were killed, and none
have bolted off to flower. It is obvious that the hard
weather here had nothing to do with the Cabbages,
because they have not appreciably suffered. The
chief fault found with them now is that they are so
robust they do not early heart in. That is, how-
ever, the fault of the strains or stocks grown, and
may be remedied another year if growers will but
sow the proper varieties. But when " W. S." claims
for the Scotch stocks that they are hardier than are
those of southern growth, he should have either
shown that the breadths which have thus unduly
bolted in the north were of southern stocks, and not
of northern stocks, or else that our southern Cab-
bages had succumbed to the severe winter weather.
It may be that the northern stocks were sown too
early last year. Some people are in such a hurry to
beat their neighbours, that they do but over-reach
themselves, and it would seem as if the canny Scot,
who, by sowing ten or fourteen days earlier, hoped
to excel his neighbour in the market, had for once
been bitten, and found failure where he looked for
gain. Now, here in Middlesex, when we see a
Cabbage breadth unduly bolting off to flower, be-
coming, in fact, a biennial when the plants should
be triennial, we usually hold that the stock is in fault,
and that the seed was saved under similar growth.
It would be almost a crime to save and sell seed so
produced, as it is morally certain the defect of
character thus formed will be perpetuated. Ordi-

narily, good stocks never bolt, even let the weather
be ever so hard, and if ever hard weather might have
been held as an excuse for undue blooming, it cer-
tainly was the weather of last winter. I could wish
that our metropolitan Cabbage growers would grow
fewer of the old large-leaved stocks, and more of
the smaller-leaved earlier-hearting varieties. These
market growers are very chary of taking up new or
less known sorts, because they grow large breadths,
and the risk is great. In that respect they are
behind private gardeners, who, in their small way,
usually try all new varieties, and thus get to uuder-
stand what merits each one possess. If, instead of
sending into market in enormous quantities the
large-leaved, late-hearting varieties, growers had
breadths of Ellam's Early, Heartwell, Etampes, or
similar varieties, they would be great gainers, and
so would the public. In spite of the fact that Cab-
bages have been plentiful, we have found really early
small, solid-hearted ones, rare. As a rule, on the
hard and none too deeply-worked ground of the
market fields, Cabbages would turn in earlier than in
deeply-trenched soil, and be hardier. That they are
not so early is chiefly owing to bad sorts. It does
seem an absurdity that large numbers of women
should be employed in the fields tying Cabbages, just
as though they were Lettuces, and not to induce
them to heart, because they will heart- in none the
sooner for the tying, but to mislead purchasers into
the belief that the heads are really solid and well
blanched. Had the growers really firm-hearting,
precocious sorts, that kind of deception need not be
practised. A. D,

EARLY PEAS. — These have been very much
damaged, as your correspondent, " R. D.," points out
at p. 758, vol. ix., of the Gardeners' Chronicle. We
commenced to gather Peas from plants which began to
flower at the end of the month of April, but which were
much retarded by the frosts. These were raised in a
cold house, and then planted out on a warm border ;
had sticks put to them, and were protected with small
branches of Spruce Fir; but, in spite of all these
precautions, Chelsea Gem Pea, sown outside in the
first week in February, was ready at the same time ;
and it is at least a week before any other variety
that I grow. American Wonder, Veitch's Selected,
William 1st, were sown at the same time. Chelsea
Gem is hardier than other early Peas, and the pods
are large and filled with well - flavoured seeds.
Another season I shall trust to this variety entirely
for early work. The kitchen-garden foreman says
that it is the best early Pea he has seen for filling
the basket. Another good variety is Cannell's
" English Wonder," a Pea sent to me for trial, which
is a very strong grower, very dwarf and prolific ; in
fact, I think it would be nearly as early as Chelsea
Gem if it were sown at the same date. It is a plant
that forces well, as was apparent in a small batch in
pots, which was grown side by side with Chelsea
Gem, American Wonder was more cut by frost
this season than any other Pea that I grow, so it
would seem to be a somewhat tender plant. Neithfr
Chelsea Gem, American Wonder, or English
Wonder requires any support, all of them growing
from 15 to 18 inches in height. W. A. Cook, Compton
Bassett.

DORONICUMS ON THE GRASS— After growing
the Doronicum in different soils and situations, the
best position is, I find, in a damp situation on turf.
In such a situation we have a large clump at the
present time which is a mass of flower. On taking
charge of these gardens two years ago, I found a
strong clump of this species of Doronicum growing
on a dry situation, and I resolved to divide it, and
plant it as an experiment on the lawn. The plants
were taken up in February of last year, divided and
planted 1 foot apart, first making a station for them
by removing the clayey soil and replacing it with
ordinary garden soil. That year they grew so well
that twelvemonths from the planting, each alternate
plant could be removed with advantage to those
which were left, and these were used to double the
size of the clump, and at the present time the plants
touch each other. The position being on sloping
ground and backed with clumps of Rhododendrons,
the group when seen from a short distance has a
beautiful eSVcS. The Doronicums, beside their value
as hardy plants for massing and for borders, are
useful for cutting, they being furnished with long
flower-stems, and keeping a long time fresh in water.
There are in these gardens large masses of other
plants, viz., Funkias, Trollius europseus, Polygo-
nums, Herbaceous Paeonies, large masses of Saxifraga
granulata flore-pleno ; one of these under a Lime tree
is many yards across, and in its season it is one sheet

of white flowers. Coloured Primroses also make a
grand feature on the turf, and are placed in separate
colours of such strains as Dean's and Waterer's.
Pro, Forde Abbey.

LILIUM LONGIFLORUM VAR. HARRIS!, AND
GREENFLY. — Mr. Pearson well deserves the thanks
of amateurs and gardeners for letting them know of
so quick and effectual a remedy as that he mentions
for greenfly on Lilium Harrisi and other plants, as
it is not only cheap and simple but easy of applica-
tion ; and, if no injury results, what a boon it will be.
In a general way, I fight rather shy of insecticides, as
assistants are not half particular enough in weighing
or measuring quantities, and putting the right pro-
portions, and the haphazard system is responsible for
much mischief being done among plants. If tobacco
juice could only be had at a cheap or reasonable
rate, or the weed the same, for horticultural use.
then aphis would not be such a terror or plague to
gardeners, as they would be able to despatch them
instanter with safety ! Perhaps some day we may
have McDougall's sheets at half the price at whicii
they are sold now, or some other preparation as good.
J. Sheppard.

LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM : " LION'8 FOOT," OR
" EDELWEISS." — This plant is now opening its pale
yellow flowers, of which there are many in a head, sur-
rounded by a star-like whorl of woolly oblong leaves ;
by some thought to be more curious than beautiful.
Its native place is on the high mountain pastures of
Switzerland, &c. It should be planted in an exposed
place in the rockery, in moist porous soil, as it likes
moisture, but not an excess of it. It can be multi-
plied by careful division. Some people find great
difficulty in growing this little alpine successfully,
but I do not know why, unless it be for want of
water during very dry weather. H. Grillage.

SALVIA HIANS.— The stiff and cold soil of the
garden at Edge is unfavourable for most Salvias,
but Salvia hians is a notable exception, and I ca'i
recommend it as a very hardy and very ornamental
plant, having in addition the merit of being con-
tented, for at least ten years, with the spot in which
it is planted, and flowering more strongly every year.
The flower-stalks are about 2 feet high, producing
many whorls of large purple flowers with awhite mark
inside. The growth is compact, and several stalks
are produced from a small base ; seed is ripened
annually in small quantity, and the seedlings begin
to flower when two years old. The habit is strictly
herbaceous. C. Wollcy Dod, Edge Hall, Ma/pas.

THE SEED TEADE.

Sowing Peas. — The old practice of sowing Peas in
the open during the month of November, at one time
carried out in many gardens, and especially in those
of the Southern Counties, in the belief that a con-
siderable gain in earliness of crop resulted in spring,
is one now largely abandoned. It is found that a great
amount of labour is entailed, with considerable risks
of losing the crop, and that the difference in gathering
was very slight. Then the introduction of such
dwarf varieties as Little Gem. American Wonder.
William Hurst, and Chelsea Gem, has placed gar-
deners in possession of varieties they can grow in
pots, or which they can sow in boxes early in the
year under glass, and transfer to the open ground in
early spring when the weather is favourable. The
hardier types of early Peas, represented by the blue
and white round varieties, may be sown as early as
possible in March, and it will be found they will come
in almost or quite as early as those sown in the open in
November, and which had to be very carefully attended
to during the winter. For this purpose Sutton's
Ringleader, their Early Blue, which seems to be
identical with Harrison's Eclipse; and Improved
William the First — as representing the hardier
types of early round Peas, are decidedly the best
for early sowings in the open. But with these it i<
a question of stock. I have seen Ringleader, dwarf,
compact, vigorous, and bearing freely good pods. 'I
have seen it tall, loose in growth, lanky in appear-
ance, late, and producing quite small and unprofit-
able pods. So much can be done in the way of
selecting good stocks of Peas ; and he who enters
upon this work and achieves success is as great a

July 4, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

benefactor to the gardening community as he who
raises an acceptable new variety.

Some interesting particulars are constantly being
revealed to those who have to do largely with the
sowing and testing the qualities of Peas. I saw at
the end of May, in Essex, a large trial of Peas of
many sorts sown very carefully in rows to test their
quality ; and while the round varieties, whether early
or main crop, had germinated well, and with average
regularity, the early wrinkled varieties had done
badly. And yet it was not for lack of adequate ger-
minating power; for samples of the same, the
growth of which had been tested in heat, and again
by a later sowing in April, had germinated freely.
The condition of the soil in early spring does not
appear to be so favourable to the quick growth of
wrinkled as of round Peas. Then 1S90 was un-
favourable to the proper harvesting of many Peas,
and especially to the wrinkled varieties, which
always suffer most in a wet season. The conclusion
come to was, that on the whole it is well not to sow
wrinkled Peas so early in the season as the round
ones.

A wholesale seed house in a large way of business
receives every year a good number of stocks of the
same variety of Pea grown in various parts. It is
the custom to take a half pint sample from each
delivery, carefully marking upon it the name of the
variety and grower, and the quantity delivered, and
then sow in March, keeping about one-third of the
seed. The early sowing is in order to test both
quality and growth. A second sowing is made
early in May, simply as a further test of growth, and
a third sowing is sometimes made at. the end of
May, the seeds being then taken from the bulk.
All this work entails considerable labour ; but it is
very necessary in working a large business.

As showing the lateness of the season, Early
Peas which, when sown in the middle of March,
generally bloom about May 24, showed no sign of
Bower at the end of May; indeed it could hardly be
said the flower-buds were there, and the irregu-
larities of germination in such a season were remark-
able. For instance, seed of William Hurst Pea,
growing against sticks in their trial grounds at
Chelmsford, the sample good, grew very sparingly,
though more than usual care had been taken in
saving it ; but seed of the same variety, saved in
Kent, Sussex, and Lincolnshire, grew well. A
sample of the same, sown at th» beginning of May,
had germinated well, so it would appear obvious that
conditions of soil must have affected the growth of
the seed. And jet it was naturally thought that if
the growth of any sample would be satisfactory, it
would be that saved under such favourable con-
ditions. A very large quantity of samples are
sown — sometimes as many as fifteen to twenty of
one sort. All have sticks placed against them for
their support, and they are carefully examined and
their peculiarities noted. The produce of any
particularly fine and true sample is carefully saved,
and grown another season for stock seeds.

It is noticed that, as a rule, small, indented, and
wrinkled seed grow thickly ; but in the case of large
seeds, they germinate less satisfactorily. Indeed, it
appears to hold good generally, that the larger the
Peas the greater is the number of failures. Pisum.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ODONTOGLOSSUM LEROYANUMx.

A hybrid raised at Armainvillers between O.
crispum and 0. luteo-purpureum. O. Wilckeanum is
supposed to be a natural hybrid between the same
parents, but whether or no, the present plant figured
in the April number of the Orchidophile is distinct
from Wilckeanum. The flowers are stellate, with
oblong lanceolate undulate white segments, barred
with chocolate spots, and with the callus of the lip
yellow and fringed, as in triumphans.

Orchids at Bueford Lodge.
In the famous collection of Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., M.P., there is an unusually large display of
all the showy genera— Odontoglossum, Cattleya,
Lielia, Dendrobium, &c. — of which an excellent idea
was afforded by the large group of rare species shown
by him at the last Temple Show. All the plants
shown there are now out of bloom, but the number
of good things in flower is even greater than at
that time.

In one of those compact, warm houses, in which
most things thrive well, were numbers of fine Vanda
teres in bloom, not a single growth having missed
flowering ; also a specimen of V". t. alba, a deli-
cately-tinted form, but not entirely white, as the
name might lead one to suppose. Here, too, in a
shady corner, was a fine stock of the beautiful ver-
milion terrestrial Orchid, Habenaria militaris, all the
plants being stout, and with fine, perfect, and beauti-
fully marbled stout foliage. Few growers of this plant
succeed with it, and if we note that it is grown beside
vigorous and flourishing plants of Miltonia Rcezlii,
it may give the unsuccessful a clue to the proper
method of culture. In the fame house were plants
of Epidendrum radicans, with fine heads of dark
scarlet flowers ; some also of Phaius Humblotii, and
a very beautiful hybrid Cypripedium X (Lowii X
superbiens).

The Dendrobes.
We noted amongst these the singular 1). stratiotes,
with its long erect twisted petals, the curious and
allied D. strebloceros and its white variety D.S. Ilos-
sianum. Other Dendrobes in bloom were D. suavis-
simum, D. PhaUenopsis, D. triadenum, D. aduncum,
&c. The bank consisting of Cypripediums, which
always look so fresh and healthy, and which are never
without some one or other in flower, have C. bella-
tulum, C. niveum, C. Godefroyre, and C. concolor, all
well furnished with bloom, as well as fine specimens of
the favourite C. Lawrenceanum, C. superbiens, C.
Curtisii, C. superciliarex, C. Sedeni candidulumX,
C. orphanumx, C. Ashburtonhe expansumX, and
others ; and in the same house Cataaetum Bunge-
rothii, Phnhvnopsis Sanderiana, and P. sumatrana.
Suspended in this house, too, was a. very rare and
curious collection of Cirrhopetalum and Bulbophyl-
lum, whose quaint flowers always attract so much
attention whenever they are exhibited in public.

In the Aurides-house a beautiful specimen of
Aiirides nobile had seven spikes ; and A. crassi-
folium, A. falcatum, A. multiflorum, and A. odo-
ratum are in bloom; and in the adjoining house were
some noble specimens of Sobralia macrantha, a plant
of the white S. virginalis, and various pretty and
interesting Epidendrums.

The Cattleya and Lxlia-houses have their occu-
pants, like all the others in the Burford collection,
in fine health ; in bloom being some good examples
of Cattleya Warscewiczii (gigas), C. Mendeli, C.
Mossite, &c. Here the forms of Lrelia elegans are
grown to great perfection. In these houses were
some grand specimens beside the Cattleyas, notably
a great mass of Ccclogyne Lowii, with seventeen
leading growths, and the good and healthy collection
of Vandas, and fine pans of the various species of
Pleione.

In an adjoining stove, among well-flowered speci-
mens of Begonias, Tydieas, &c , including the curious
chocolate-coloured Tinnea asthiopica, which has a
delightful odour of Violets, are two huge specimens,
one perhaps the largest known of Graicmatophvllum
speciosum ; and the Renanthera coccinea, which
has been in the Burford collection for many year?,
and whose history can be traced back to a very early
date in the history of Orchid cultivation in this
country, and which goes far to prove that many
species of Orchids do neither degenerate or die, if
they are carefully tended.

The Cool-houses afforded a rare show of bloom —
those devoted to the Odontoglossums having a fine
display of O. crispum, of which the most striking are
the 0. c. Burford variety, with finely-formed and
heavily-spotted flowers ; and O. c. Purple Emperor,
a charming variety with rosy-purple flowers, on

which are a few brownish spots. There were also
some curious hybrid Odontoglossums in bloom, and
some fine forms of 0. luteo-purpureum, the pretty
white and purple 0. Lucienianum, and a good batch
of Epidendrum vitellinum.

In the Masdevallia-house in which the forms of
O. crispum, O. Forbesii, O. curtum, &c, thrive well,
was a brilliant display of the showier Masdevallias,
whose countless flowers of dazzling brilliance mingle
effectively their shades of scarlet, orange, mauve,
and purple, and with the more stately varieties of
M. Harrjana, M. Veitchiana, M. ignea, &c, the
dwarfer M. rosea and other species are very attractive.
Two very fine hybrid Masdevallias were in bloom,
viz., the very rich orange M. Mundyana X , and the
pretty M. GelenianaX ; and among the miniature
species, M. tridactylites, M. Wageneri, M. swer-
titefolia, and the pretty M. irrorata,

Curious and Rare Orchids
are noted in the Burford collection, and, as Mr. W.
White, the Orchid grower says, the smallest-flowered
species, which some Orchid growers pretend to
despise, always command a great amount of atten-
tion from visitors when they are flowered well.
Among this class of plants now in bloom were noted
the beautiful Masdevallia picturata, with its yel-
lowish flowers, spotted with chocolate-crimson, and
which we believe was flowering for the first time in
cultivation. Pleurothallis macroblepharis, too, with
its slender sprays of midge-like flowers, and the
singular and beautiful P. ornata, with its velvety-
black flowers fringed with silver, should be noted ;
also Luisia volucris, with its dark purple labellum,
dorsal sepal, and horny-like petals, each over an
ineh in length, and the red and white Oncidium tr.i-
quetrum. Sarcopodium psittacoglossum, too, is a very
singular and pretty species, and Bulbophyllum
elegans, a quaint flower. Of a showier class we
mention the noble specimen of the Swan-Orchid
(Cycnoches chlorochilon), with two fine spikes of six
flowers each — probably the greatest number a plant
has even borne under cultivation. Of Disa racemosa
there are good specimens, well-furnished with light
rosy-crimson flowers; the old but rare Warrea
cyanea, too, had a fine spike of flowers, with their
attractive dark blue labellums ; Hexisia bidentata
was profusely furnished with scarlet blooms ; the rare
Cielogyne Dayana, of the original importation, was in
flower, and in the various houses were found many
other pretty and rare species which are seldom observed
in other collections. The gardens around the Orchid
houses are filled with Roses, herbaceous perrennials
and annuals, very bright and attractive, and far
more satisfactory than would be the case if planted
with what are commonly called bedding plants.

A Fine Phal.enopsis grandiflora.
In the gardens of F. Wigan, Esq., at Clare Lawn,
East Sheen, is a very fine specimen of Phahenopsis
grandiflora, the largest of the seven leaves has
being 14 inches long and 3 inches wide. During the
winter the plant made three leaves, and finished up
by producing a flower-spike from the apex of the
plant instead of from the base of a leaf. Its flowers
were unusually large, as the following figures will
indicate : diameter, 4V inches ; width of petal,
2^ inches ; width of top sepal l1 inch ; length of
flower-spike (which has a branch), 2 feet 6 inches.
The main spike has twelve flowers, and the lateral
six flowers.

Florists' Flowers.

CARNATIONS.

Unfortonatelt, growers of collections are stilt
finding their plants die, and to their sorrow, after
they have set forth upon a period of promising
growth. Those who examined the plants found n>ad
or dying in the spring, after they had endured the
perils of the winter, discovered that the point whne
decay set in was just at the surface of the soil; the
stem was found to have decayed through — rotten,
it might be termed, though with a dry rather than

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

with a wet rot. I have seen collections in which
plants are dying from the same cause— happily not
many, but some— and an examination seems to show
that decay set in upon the outer bark, and worked
its way through to the centre of the stem. It is
not an insect like the wire-worm at work, but it
seems to partake more of the character of a decay
wrought by some cause, probably the action of frost
and wet combined. Possibly the fact that layers
were somewhat succulent when the November frost
of last year overtook them, operated to render them
more liable to attack. So far, plants in pots have
been free from insect pests, but with the advent of
hot sunny weather, they are putting in appearance.
Aphis can be kept under by brushing them into
space by means of a camel's-hair brush ; if through
oversight they have become numerous, an insecticide
should be employed.

Calling upon Mr. Joseph Lakin, of Temple
Cowley, a few days ago, I found him very busy going
through his Carnations, cleansing them of all dead
foliage, stirring the soil, and topdressing with a
compost made up of yellow loam, cow manure, and a
little lime ; tying up the main shoots, and then lay-
ing oyster shells upon the surface to prevent evapo-
ration. It takes some time to go through several
hundreds of pots, but it is a process decidedly
advantageous to the plants. Mr. Lakin blooms his
plants in smaller pots than is usual, a pair of plants,
generally, occupying one pot ; but they are healthy,
and full of promise, though late. But much will
depend upon the weather during the next month.

In the open ground, Mr. Likin has beds of his
new white Self Carnations, Annie Lakin and Emma
Lakin, the plants having been put out in October
last. The constitutional vigour of both of these
varieties is seen in the way in which they came
through the winter ; there is scarcely a blank in the
lines of vigorous plants, and in a month or so they
will present to view sheets of bloom. The new
white Pink, Mrs. Lakin, distributed this season, is
also a vigorous grower, and remarkably free of
bloom. Apart from the high quality and purity of
its blossoms, it has the desirable characteristic of
not splitting its calyx. E. D.

The Auricula.
Growers are always busy amongst their plants, and
where the collection is of moderate size, something
will require to be done every day beyond watering
the plants and removing the lights. Seedlings must
be grown on freely if they are to flower next year,
repotting them until they reach the size in which they
will flower— 60s, or a size larger. I know the advan-
tage of planting out seedlings in the open ; it saves
labour, and the plants grow rapidly to a flowering
size. It is, of course, necessary to lift them in their
flowering-pots, at the latest before the third week in
September. Seedling alpine Auriculas, which do so
well out-of-doors in our climate, must not be much
shaded, as they do not need shade to the same
extent as the Auricula proper. In hot weather, the
common green aphis, as well as the Auricula aphis,
multiply exceedingly, and a continual warfare must
be waged against them by dusting with tobacco-
powder, or fumigating with tobacco, which are the
two most effectual means of destroying them. The
repotting of Auriculas should be finished quickly, in
order that the plants may be established before the
cold weather. Do not let the plants suffer for want
of water, but also do not afford them too much.

The Cabnation and Picotee.
The weather was so cold to nearly the middle of
June, that it seemed as if it must be a very late
season, but the month waB really warm in its
latter half, and the progress of the flower-buds has
been very rapid. A rather remarkable phenomenon
occurs annually with my plants in pots ; before the
petals have grown enough to open the calyx, many
of the flowers are found quite disfigured by thrips.
How these insects get into the buds before they
open is a mystery to me, especially as there are
scores of plants in the open ground quite close to
them, and none of these are attacked by thrips. It

has been found advisable to get the plants under
glass as soon as we can, and fumigate them with
tobacco. The seedling plants which are to flower
out-of-doors have made unusually good growth,
and are crowded with flower-buds. I did not at one
time expect that they would be in flower before
August, but the hot weather is speedily bringing
them forward. The flower supports are being now
put to the plants, and when this is done, the ground
will be prepared, and the seedlings raised from seeds
sown in April last will be planted out. These last
are very strong— just such plants as are sure to have
plerlty of blooms next year. We plant them 12 or
15 inches apart, and as the soil is deep and well
manured, they speedily touch each other.

Pinks.
All classes of these are flowering well this year'
but for beautiful useful border flowers, the pure
white varieties with fringed petals are preferable to
any others. No one can deny the exceeding beauty
of the laced Pinks; the sparkling white ground,
enriched with a line of scarlet or reddish- purple
round each petal, and a narrow white margin ; but
they are still not so effective as the best selfs for
bouquets and the other purposes for which Pinks are
used. Now is the right time to put in pipings ;
these should consist of the growths found at the base
of the plants, be cut clean through just below a
joint, and planted under hand-lights or cloches,
which should be kept close until roots form ; when
rooted, the pipings should be aired for a few days,
and then planted out 3 or 4 inches apart in beds of
light soil, to gain strength, and finally planted about
10 inches asunder where they are to flower, before
the end of the month of September. I like to get
mine established early, late-planted Pinks suffering
more from frost. All those plants intended to be
forced in pots should be planted out in rich porous
soil, at 12 inches from plant to plant, lifting in
September, and potting them in 48's or 32's.

Pansies
have made a grand show this year generally, where
the planting was done in deep rich ground. We
have a bed of them, 5 feet in width and 90 feet in
length, in which the plants as they grew were pegged
down, and the earth is completely hidden. It is yet
too soon to take cuttings, the end of July being soon
enough for the first lot, and a month later for the
second. Sometimes those taken early do the better,
and sometimes the later ones. This depends a good
deal upon the weather; for if it be hot after the
cuttings are put in, an aphis of a reddish colour
cripples them. There is no need to put in these
cuttings, or rather slips, under glass ; they do better
in an open border, where the sun will not shine upon
them from 10 a.m. till 4 p m. The Pansy even more
than the Pink or the Carnation, delights in an open
rich soil. J. Douglas.

Colonial Notes.

CANADA.

Royal Society of Canada.— The annual meeting
of the Royal Society of Canada was held this year in
the city of Montreal (by invitation of the citizens)
during the last week of May. In Section IV., a
paper was read by Professor Penhallow on the
" Pleistocene Plants of Canada, with two new species
from the United States. Sir William Dawson and
Professor Penhallow read a paper on " Parka deci-
piens," a fossil found in the shady Lower Devonian
rocks of Perthshire and Forfarshire, and which was
likened by the late Professor Fleming, of Edinburgh,
to a Sparganium, while others regarded it as mollus-
can spawn. The microscopical characters seem to
show it to be a Rhizocarp allied to Pilularia. An
unmistakable drawing of a Prothallus was shown.

Professor Lawson read a paper " On the Present
State of Botany in the Dominion of Canada, with
Suggestions as to promising lines of investigation,
and a Proooaal for united Effort in Systematic

Observation throughout the several Provinces and
Territories." This paper was fully discussed by
Professor Penhallow, Professor Saunders, Professor
Macoun, Sir William Dawson, Mr. Matthews, Mr.
Hay, and others, and, in accordance with its leading
suggestion, the Botanical Members of the Section
resolved to form an organization for the systematic
exploration of the several Provinces and Territories
of the Dominion, such organization to be known
as the Botanical Club of Canada.

The Club is formed altogether distinct from the
Royal Society of Canada, but affiliated with it in the
same manner as the other scientific and literary
societies of the Dominion. The club is started
without any restraining constitution'or bye-laws, but
with a corps of officers which can be increased by
appointment, and who are at liberty to advance the
work in whatever fashion each may find most effec-
tive. The general organisation for this year is as
follows : — President : Professor Lawson, Halifax,
Nova Scotia. Secretary - Treasurer : Principal
MacKay, Halifax.

Secretaries for provinces : — Ontario — Professor
John Macoun, Botanist of the Geological Survey of
Canada, Ottawa. Quebec— Professor D. P. Penhallow,
Montreal. New Brunswick — G. U. Hay, St. John.
Nova Scotia— E. J. Lay, Esq., Amherst. P. E. I.—
F. Bain, Esq , Charlottetown. Newfoundland— Rev.
A. C. Waghorne, St. Johns. Manitoba— Mr. Bur-
man, Winnipeg. Alberta — W. H. Galbraith, Leth-
bridge. British Columbia — Dr. Newcombe, Vic-
toria. The list of provincial and local secretaries is
being largely extended.

The secretaries for the provinces are expected to
stimulate in any manner they may devise, the
botanical exploration of every section of their
territory, by stirring up local botanists ; by setting
collectors at work in every possible locality, and
thus develop new botanists ; by having published in
the local papers the lists of all plants in each section
of the country as the work of exploration goes on ;
by collecting and critically examining and correcting
such Hats ; by forming field clubs ; and by trans-
mitting suggestions and a summary of the work done
in the provinces to the central officers before the end
of 1891.

The work of the Club will be reported annually to
the Royal Society of Canada ; and papers prepared
by its members, of a sufficiently complete character
for permanent record, will be submitted for publica-
tion in the Society's Transactions.

Societies.

MIDLAND COUNTIES PANSY.

The first exhibition of this Society took place in
Birmingham on Wednesday, June 24. The leading
prize-winners in the " open to all " classes were Mr.
John Smellie, Bushy, Glasgow; Mr. A. Bailey, jun.,
Sunderland; Mr. Campbell, Blantyre ; Mr. A.Irvine,
Tigh-na-bruaich, near Rothesay ; and Mr. A. Lister,
Rothesay. Some very fine blooms were exhibited
by them, and Mr. Irvine had, amongst new ones, fine
blooms of John Morris, John Cook, Mrs. A. Irvine,
Nellie Cooke, Minnie Tate, Lizzie Irvine, W. H.
Gabb, and Lizzie Forest, not yet sent out.

In the class for local growers, Messrs. Pope &
Sons, King's Norton Nurseries, were 1st respectively
for twenty-four Fancies and twelve new Fancies, and
the other classes were well filled.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., florists, Rothesay, sent a
large collection of Violas, which included the lead-
ing varieties, and two new ones — Lass o'Gowrie and
Annie King, which received certificates. In this col-
lection, some of the most striking were Duchess of
Fife, Countess of Elgin. Lucy Ashton, Mrs. Bellamy,
Bullion, Evelyn, Gipsy Queen, Mrs. Grant, Ada Adair,
The Mearns, Minnie Baxter, and Goldfinch. The
same firm also contributed a very large display of
fancy Pansies.

Some of the finest of the more recently-introduced
fancy PansieB exhibited were— Miss Duncan, very
fine generally ; George Anderson, grand everywhere ;
Lord Hamilton, Donald Morrison, Tom Travis, a

July 4, 1891-1

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

superb variety ; Teenie Mitchell, Helen Christie,
Maggie A. Scott. Mrs. Hugh Weir, William Cald-
well, William Ross, F. R. McDonald, Mrs. J.
McConnell, James Simkins, John Taylor, Agnes
Mabel, Mrs. Freeland, David Rennie, and Mrs. M. T.
Atkinson.

Mr. James Simkins, King's Norton, won the Gar-
deners' Magazine Silver Medal and a Certificate for
fancy Pansy Baccarat, in the amateur's class ; and
Messrs. Hewitt & Co., Solihull, obtained a Certifi-
cate for a beautiful coloured bedding fancy Viola,
named Peacock.

RICHMOND HORTICULTURAL.

Beyond a passing thunderstorm, there was little
in the weather to interfere with this popular
Society's exhibition, held as usual in that fine expanse,
the Old Deer Park. Had some of the enterprising
show managers from the North or West, charge of the
Richmond show, they would make the gathering into
a brilliant horticultural gala, and bring together tens
of thousands of people. At present the gathering is
a show with very good instrumental music, and does
not attract one-tithe of the people who might be
looked for to attend. On the recent occasion,
the attendance of the Duke and Duchess of Teck,
with the Princess Victoria, materially helped to
draw, as perhaps also did the fine band of the
Grenadier Guards, and the huge band of 120 in-
strumentalists from the Military School of Music,
Kenella Hall, Twickenham. Still the gate-money
was not at all excessive. The plants were chiefly
found in a large tent, which it needs very many and
fine collections to effectively fill. Palms and Ferns
were too apparent, forming a miniature forest of
greenery, almost unrelieved by colour, the flowering
plants being staged at one end, and the foliage
plants at the other, a most unfortunate arrangement.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, had one side
a capital group of foliage and flowering plants,
including numerous good Begonias. Messrs. W.
Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, had a pretty group of
Heaths, Statices, Spiraas, and several of the bottle-
brush plant, Metrosideros floribunda. Mr. Iceton,
of Putney, had a fine group of Palms, interspersed
with variegated Euryas, Acers, Dracaenas, &c. Mr.
Mould, Pewsey, a good group of semi-specimen
Heaths, the best of which were Erica Cavendishii,
ventricosa rosea, and exquisita, with other plants.
Mr. J. Chambers had a collection of his snowflake
Viola, Phlox uniflora, wnite, with red eye, various
wreaths, crosses, bouquets, &c. Several groups
formerly so attractive were this year conspicuously
absent.

Decorative Groups.— The best of these in the larger
class was arranged by Mr. W. Brown, of Richmond,
whose style is so well known and rarely excelled.
Mr. Fordham, of Twickenham, and Mr. W. James,
Lower Norwood, came 2nd and 3rd. Some smaller
groups came from local gardeners, and were of the
customary pattern of which visitors are beginning to
tire. The chief stove and greenhouse plants in
flower came from Wiltshire, Mr. Mould having the
best in three good Ericas, Cavendishiana, ventricosa,
Bothwelliana, and Aristella; a huge and finely
flowered Dracophyllum gracile, Statice floribunda,
and Bougainvillea glabra, the latter two rather
weak. Mr. Currey, gr. to Colonel Pepper, Salisbury,
was 2nd, having some fair Ericas, &c.

Foliage plants, though so numerous, call for no
Bpecial comment, as they attract little attention.

Orchids were, in the competitive class, more
numerous than usual. The best six came from Mr.
^oung, gr. to F. Wigan, Esq., Sheen. The fine
white Phalsenopsis grandiflora was exceptionally
striking; Cattleya Mendeli and Miltonia vexillaria
were excellent. Mr. Ryder, gr. to C. Young, Esq.,
Richmond, was 2nd, having some good Cattleyas
Mendeli and Mossix. In other collections, Epiden-
drum vitellinum majus, Oncidium macranthum, and
Odontoglossum Alexandra, were also excellent.

Begonia. — Mr. H. Little, Twickenham, had the
best twelve, very showy, well-bloomed plants ; most
of the others were too small-flowered, and drooping,
thus failing to give any good effect.

Gloxinias formed a telling feature. The finest
nine, in one class, some really splendid plants, were
from Mr. T. B. Hilditch, Richmond ; and in another
class, the best were from Mr. P. Hanken, Sheen.
Owing to the omission of the names of the gardeners
from the cards, we are unable to furnish them.
Gardeners should see to that at any future show.

Pelargoniums, both Bhow and fancy, from Mr. C.
Turner, of Slough, were as usual good, the best of the
former were Goldmine, Sister of Mercy, Statesman,

and Duke of Norfolk ; and of the latter the Shah,
Fanny Gair, Princess Teck, and Ambassadress.
Mr. Baldwin, of Hillingdon, had some very good
plants also. Mr. Turner, Mr. Baldwin, and Mr.
Clay, of Kingston, had fine groups of the above
varieties in great profusion. Mr. H. Little had
some splendidly- flowered zonal Pelargoniums — J.
Veitch, Mrs. Johnson, Mrs. Gordon, Italica, and
Pearson's Pink, were wonderfully fine. He also had
the best six ivy-leaved plants, all good doubles.

Fuchsias were moderate in quality, a long way
below the earlier Richmond form. Some prettily
dressed baskets of plants came from Mr. Little and
Mr. Furse, Teddington ; and Mr. Cookey, of King-
ston, had a pretty basket of Odontoglossum
Alexandra.

Cut Flowers. — Roses usually form a strong feature,
but this year all the well-known trade exhibitors
of former years and their flowers were conspicuously
absent. The best thirty-six trebles came, curiously
enough, from Yorkshire, Mr. May, of Bedale, being
placed 1st, with what was presumably a meritorious
lot of flowers for the season. Messrs. Prior & Sons,
Colchester, were 1st, with twenty- four trebles. The
former exhibitor had the best twelve Teas, and the
latter the best twelve yellows in good Marechal
Niels. In the amateur's class, an invincible local
grower, Mr. Warwick, gr. to J. T. Kitchen, Esq.,
Hampton, was 1st, with twenty-four capital blooms;
and in a second class, Mr. II. E. West, Reigate,
was 1st. Messrs. Jackman & Sons, Woking, showed
several boxes of fairly good flowers.

Baskets and bouquets of Roses were fresh and
pleasing early in the day, but later drooped mate-
rially. Miss Clarke, Whitton, and Miss Heston,
the Orphanage, Twickenham, had the best baskets.
Bouquets were of a somewhat lumpy order. Very
admirable ordinary bouquets came from Mr. Per-
kins, Coventry, and Mr. Butcher, Clapham, and
were largely composed of Orchids.

Table-stands always form a very attractive
feature here, and some of the styles of setting up
are quaint and not always pleasing; as a rule, the
ladies who do these things overload their arrange-
ments. In the class for three stands, Mr. Butcher
who was 1st, departed from the stereotyped glass-
stand, and built up three small mounds of moss on
trays, one round, two about 16 inches long ; these
mounds were dressed with tiny Palms, Caladiums,
Ferns, &c, and a few fitting flowers, and were very
pretty, they had the merit of presenting no obstruc-
tion to sight and conversation across the table.
Miss Cole, of Feltham, was 2nd, with rather low
stands, dressed chiefly with pink and white Carna-
tions. In the class for two stands, Miss Miuflet, of
Richmond, was 1st, being dressed with Iceland
Poppies, whilst Miss Wigan had her stand filled with
blue and white Irises.

Fruit was moderately good. Mr. C. J. Waite,
Glenhurst. Esher, was 1st, with six dishes; Mr.
Osinan, Ottershaw, being 2nd. The latter had the
best three bunches of Black Hamburgh Grapes ; and
Mr. Ford, gr. to W. H. Ellis, Esq., Hounslow, the
best white, in good Foster's Seedling. Alexander
and Dymond Peaches were very fine, and Lord
Napier Nectarines wonderfully good. Noble was
the chief Strawberry, Mr. Waite having the best.

Vegetables. — As usual, Mr. Waite was an easy 1st
in several classes, taking the premier awards in one
class for twelve, another for nine, and a third for six
dishes, in all twenty-seven dishes, all first-rate. For
the season his Early Forcing Cauliflowers, Perfec-
tion Tomatos. Duke of Albany and Duchess of
Albany Peas, International Potatos, Giant White
Lettuces, Asparagus, &c , were of the highest merit.
Mr. Waite also had the best dish of Tomatos in the
class — a very fine sample. Mr. E. H. Page, Ham
House Gardens, Petersham, was 1st in a second
class for twelve vegetables, a very good lot indeed.
Generally all other vegetables were much behind the
usual Richmond standard, the show being rather too
early, and the season much too late. Cucumbers
were of the old style, rather too large and irregular.

TORQUAY ROSE SHOW.

The Annual Rose Show was held as usual at the
Down Nursery, on June 24 and 25, the flowers being
tabled in a show-house 150 X 25 feet. Valuable prizes
were offered both by the Torquay Horticultural
Society and by Messrs. Curtis, Sandford & Co.
The competition, it was obvious, becomes greater
each year. Owing to rain falling heavily the whole
of the previous day, the Rose-blooms, especially
hybrid perpetuals, were much damaged. Still some

very creditable stands were staged. Visitors were
admitted without payment, but they were requested
to give something on behalf of the local Gardeners'
Relief Fund. About £56 was collected in this way
during the two days of the exhibition. A large
number of the gardeners of the neighbourhood form
the committee, which is presided over bv Dr.
Ramsey, with Captain W. Fane Tucker as* Hon'.
Treasurer ; and Mr. A. Chandler (of the firm of
Curtis, Sandford & Co.), as Hon. Secretary. This
committee meet monthly, and relieve any cases of
distress amongst gardeners or the widows of gar-
deners, provide immediate relief, which in many
cases is most welcome. The Society does much real
good in this way, and the names of many eminent
horticulturists in the neighbourhood and in the
county, who belong to it, form a sufficient guarantee
that it is a bond fide institution, whose endeavours
to relieve deserving cases are appreciated generally,
as was shown by the contents of the collection boxes
there.

Messrs. Curtis, Sandford & Co. exhibited a large
collection of cut Roses, Pajonies, &c, of great excel-
lence. Messrs. Veitch & Son, of Exeter, had a very
attractive stand of herbaceous Pieonies, Irises, single
and double Pyrethrums, Delphiniums, Pansies,
Orchids, &c. Mr. Coombes, fruiterer, staged a large
variety of fruits of Cherries, Grapes, black and white ;
Lemons, Strawberries, Melons, Pine-apples, Tas-
manian Apples, Tomatos, Oranges, &c.

Division A, in which prizes are offered by the
horticultural societies of Torquay.

Thirty-six Roses, distinct, one truss of each. — 1st,
Mr. J. French, gr. to Moreton Sparks, Esq., Rook-
lands, Torquay ; 2nd, Mr. J. Sloman, gr. to Captain
W. Fane Tucker, Braddon Tor, Torquay.

Twelve distinct, three trusses of each. — 2nd, Mr.
J. French ; 3rd, Mr. J. Sloman.

Twenty-four distinct, one truss of each. — 1st, Mr.
Hasler, gr. to Mrs. Reade, Brailsford, Torquay ; 2nd,
Mr. H. Dammerell, gr. to Lady Macgregor.

Twelve distinct, one truss of each. — 1st, Mr. H.
Dammerell ; 2ud, Mr. F. Hodges, gr. to C. Salmon-
son, Esq.

Six distinct varieties, three trusses of each. — 1st,
Mr. Dammerell.

Twelve single trusses of any pink Rose. — 1st, Mr.
J. Sloman, with Madame G. Luizet ; 2nd, Mr. J.
French, with Jules Margottin.

Twelve single trusses, any dark Rose. — 1st, Mr. S.
Hunt, with Eugene Appert.

Twelve single trusses, any yellow or white Rose.
— 1st, Mr. J. French, with Devoniensis ; 2nd, Mr. S.
Abbott.

Twelve Teas and Noisettes, single truss, distinct. —
1st, Mr. Narroway, Oxford ; 2ud, Mr. J. French.

Best hybrid perpetual in the exhibition. — Mr.
Board, with La France. Best Tea Rose, Mr. Baylis,
Chelston, Souvenir d'Elise.

Division B. — In this division, Messrs. Curtis,
Sandford & Co. were the prize-givers. Six Tea,
Roses, six H.P.'s single blooms. — 1st, a Silver Cup,
Mr. J. French ; 2nd, Mr. Board.

Six distinct vars., one truss of each. — 1st, Mr. H.
Dammerell; 2nd, Mr. A.Warren.

Six blooms, one variety.— 1st, Mr. Dammerell,
with Marfohal Niel— very good ; 2nd, Mr. S. Abbott,
with Devoniensis.

Plants and Cut Flowers, Prises offered by the
Torquay Horticultural Society : —

Group of plants arranged for effect on staging
12 feet by 3 feet, Orchids excluded.— 1st, Mr. F.
Ferris, gr. to J. W. Kimber, Esq. ; 2nd, Mr. H.
Dammerell.

Groups in which Orchids were included. — 1st, Mr.
G. Medland ; 2nd, Mr. J. Sloman.

Twelve bunches stove and greenhouse cut flowers.
—1st, Mr. G. Medland ; 2nd, Mr. J. Sloman.

Six tuberous-rooted Begonias.— 1st, Mr. F.Ferris ;
2ad, Mr. S. Abbott.

CROYDON HORTICULTURAL.

Jdly 1. — The twenty-fourth summer show of
Roses, plants, fruits, and vegetables of the above
Society was held in the grounds of Brickwood
House, kindly lent for the occasion by J. W. Prince,
Esq. The morning was rather unfavourable, heavy
rain preventing many gardeners from bringing their
exhibits ; however, about midday the rain ceased,
and the afternoon was unexpectedly fine. The
arrangements for the exhibition were well carried
out, three large tents being provided. The classes
were numerous, amounting to over a hundred,
special prizes being presented by nurserymen to the

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONIGLE.

[July 4, 1891.

extent of £40. On the whole, the show was a
surprise to most people, as it far exceeded expecta-
tions ; but there seemed to be fewer large specimens,
and quality seemed to be the object aimed at, which
was excellent. Several nurserymen had arranged
groups not for competition, which helped con-
siderably to improve the display, notably Messrs. J.
Peed & Sons, John Box, J. Laing & Son, and
J. Cheal & Sons.

Cut Flowers. — This division occupied nearly the
whole of a large tent, the Roses being one of the
chief features of the show, which, thanks to the
comparatively cool moist weather of the last few
days, were of splendid quality.

In the Nurserymen's classes, open, Messrs. W. Paul
& Son, Cheshunt, Herts, were 1st, for forty-eight
distinct varieties, and took the National Rose
Society's Gold Medal ; Mr. B. Cant, Colchester, was
2nd ; and Messrs. D. Prior & Son.Myland Nurseries,
Colchester, 3rd. The first two won in the order
of their names, with twenty-four distinct, three
blooms of each. Mr. G. W. Piper, Uckfield, Sussex,
came 3rd. For twenty-four distinct, Messrs. Cheal
& Sons, Crawley, were 1st ; and Mr. Butcher,
George Street, Croydon, 2nd. For eighteen Tea or
Noisette, distinct, Mr. G. W. Piper, Uckfield, was
he only exhibitor. For twelve Roses, one variety,
1st, Mr. B. Cant, with fine blooms of Mdlle.
Gabrielle Luizet ; and Messrs. D. Prior & Son, 2nd,
with Fisher Holmes. For twelve Tea or Noisette,
one variety, Mr. G. W. Piper, was again the only
exhibitor.

In the Amateurs' and Gardeners' classes, open, a
Challenge Cup was offered, in addition to the prizes
for the best thirty-six Roses, distinct, which was
won by Mr. Bradbury, gr. to Dr. S. P. Budd, Lark-
hall, Bath ; Mr. C. J. Salter, gr. to T. B. Haywood,
Esq., Reigate, coming 2nd. For twenty-four Roses,
distinct, E. M. Bethune, Esq., Denne Park, Horsham,
was 1st, and R. E. West, Esq., Reigate, the 2nd.
For six distinct, three of each, Mr. J. Bradbury was
1st, and A. H. Gray, Esq., 2nd, equal with Mr. J.
Brown, Waterlow, Reigate. For twelve distinct,
1st, Mr. J. Bradbury ; and 2nd, E. Wilkins, Esq.,
Lyndhurst, Sutton. For twelve Roses, one variety,
1st, Mr. J. Bradbury, with a fine box of Marie Bau-
mann ; 2nd, A. H. Gray, Beaulieu, Bath, with
Edith Gifford. For eighteen Tea or Noisette,
E. N. Bethune, Esq., was the only exhibitor. For six
Tea or Noisette of one variety, A. H. Gray, Esq.,
was 1st, also winning the large Silver Flora Medal
offered by the Royal Horticultural Society for the
best Tea or Noisette in the Amateurs' and Gardeners'
classes. For twelve Tea or Noisette, distinct, Mr.
J. Bradbury came 1st, and Mr. J. Brown 2nd.

The National Rose Society's Silver Medal for the
best Rose bloom in the Amateurs' and Gardeners'
classes was won by Mr. J. Bradbury, with a fine
bloom of Horace Vernet.

The competition in the local Rose classes was
rather poor, but still some very good blooms were
staged. C. J. Grahame, Esq., Coomb Lane, Croy-
don, showed the best six distinct blooms, and won the
Challenge Cup for the year, and the National Rose
Society's Silver Medal ; Councillor Dart, Melrose
Villa, Heathfields, came 2nd. For twelve distinct, C.J.
Grahame was 1st; and the Rev. W. Wilks, Shirley
Vicarage, was 2nd. For six Roses, one variety,
Councillor Dart was 1st ; and for six Tea or Noisette,
C. J. Grahame came 1st, and J. De La Mare, Esq.,
2nd. Mr. Grahame also winning the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Silver Flora Medal for the best
Tea or Noisette in the local classes.

The twelve most gracefnl plants for table decora-
tion were shown by Mr. Simmonds, gr. to C. H.
Mayhew, Esq., Norwood Hill ; included among them
were Pandanus Veitchii, Aralia Veitchii, Cocos
Weddelliana, Dracaena superba, Croton angusti-
folius, C. Weismanni, &c. Mr. Lane, gr. to E. H.
Coles, Esq., Burntwood, Upper Caterham, was 2nd.

Fruit. — With the exception of Grapes, there was
very little fruit shown. In the open classes, some
very fine Grapes were staged. Mr. G. Clinging, gr.
to W. Greenwell, Esq., Marden Park, was 1st, for
three bunches of black Grapes, followed by Mr. C.
Blurton, gr. to H. Cosmo Bonsor, Esq., M.P.,
Epsom, both showing Black Hamburgh. For three
bunches of white, Mr. Playford, gr. to J. W. Prince,
Esq., Brickwood House, with Buckland Sweetwater,
was 1st, and Mr. Clinging 2nd. Mr. Clinging also
came 1st for six dishes of fruit. Mr. A. G. Danger-
field, gr. to A. Steer, Esq., showed the best two
bunches of Grapes in the class for single-handed
gardeners.

Plants. — These were arranged in a large marquee
that might have been much better filled, but good

quality reigned here as in every other part of the
show. The quality was really exceptional in the
plants for which Mr. King, gr. to P. Crowley, Esq.,
Waddon, received the Gardeners' Magazine Silver
Medal for cultural skill (gardeners and amateurs
only), in addition to the 1st prize offered for the nine
best ornamental foliage, stove and greenhouse plants ;
among them were splendid plants of Anthurium crys-
talinum and A. Warocqneanum. Mr. H. Hazell, gr.
to R. W. Mitchell, Esq., Fairfield, Bickley Park, came
2nd. Mr. W. King also showed the best nine stove and
greenhouse plants in flower, including a fine plant
of Cymbidium Lowianum with over forty blooms,
and a well-flowered specimen of Dipladenia bolivi-
ensis. For a group of plants staged for effect,
Mr. King was again 1st, followed by Mr. Scott, gr.
to J. Aste, Esq., Ross Road, South Norwood.

The six best stove and greenhouse plants in
flower were shown by Mr. H. Elsley, gr. to Capt.
Wright, St. Peter's Road ; and the six best orna-
mental foliage plants by Mr. Simmonds.

For six exotic Ferns, distinct, Mr. King was 1st
with fine plants of Davallia fijiensis, D. divaricata,
D. Mooreana, Adiantum gracillimum, A. fragran-
tissimum, &c. ; also for six Selaginellas.

The tent set apart for the cottagers' exhibits,
owing to the backwardness of the season, coupled
with the wet morning, was rather poorly filled, but
" very good " was the verdict given by all who saw
them.

©fcttttara?.

SIR GEORGE MACLEAY, K.C.M.G.— We regret
to announce the death of this gentleman on the 24th
ult. Sir George, who passed much of his time on
the continent, had completed his eighty-first year,
and died at the Chalet de Rosiers, at Mentone. He
obtained government recognition for his services to
the colony of New South Wales, and to Australia
generally. Sir George ucame of a stock, various
members of which were devoted to natural history,
and of whom one was secretary to the Linnean
Society many years since. The deceased gentleman
was also an enlightened cultivator of art and science,
and as an horticulturist was well known for the
rarity and interest of the specimens exhibited from
his rich collections at PenJell Court, near Bletch-
ingley. Sir George was one of the early contributors
to this Journal, and numerous plants from his garden
have been published in our columns at various
times.

Markets.

COVEXT GARVEX, July 2.

Good business doing. Supply equal to demand.
Outdoor Strawberries in good supply. James Webber,
U hole&ale Apple Market.

Vegetables,
i.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0

Beana, French, lb. ... 1
Beet, red, per dozen 2
Carrots, per bunch... 0
Cauliflowers, each ... 0
Celery, per bundle... 2
Cucumbers, each ... 0
Endive, per dozen ... 3
Herbs, per bunch ... 0

— Average Retail Prices.
d.s.d. s.d.s.d.

Lettuces, perdozen... 2 0- ...
4-0 6 Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
6-2 0 Mustard and Cress,

0-3 0 punnet 0 4- ...

6- ... Parsley, per bunch... 0 4- ...
6- ... Seakale, per basket .09-10
6-3 6 Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
6-10 Spinach, per bushel... 3 6- ...
0-4 0 Tomatos, per lb. ... 10-16
4- ... Turnips, perbun.uewO 9- ...

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldi, doz. 6
Aspidistra, doz. ...18

— specimen plants,

each 7

Bedding plants, va-
riety, per doz. ... 1
Bouvardia, p. doz. ... 9
Cactus, per doz. ...10
Caladiums, per doz. IS
Calceolaria, p. doz.... 4
Cineraria, per dozen 4
Cyperus, perdozen... 4
Dracaena terminalis,
per dozen 30

— viridis, per doz. 12
Euonymus, in var,,

per dozen

Ericas, various, per

dozen 8

Evergreens, in var.,

per dozen 6

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4

Ficus elastica, each 1

d.s.d.
0-18 0
0-42 0

6-10 6

0-2 0
0-18 0
0-18 0
0-30 0
0-6 0
0-8 0
0-12 0

0-60 0
0-24 0

6 0-18 0

0-24 0

0-18 0
6-7 0

s.d.s.d.
Foliage plants, vari-
ous, each 2 0-10 0

Fuchsias, per doz. ... 4 0-90
Heliotrope, per doz. 4 0-80
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0-18 0

,, paniculata, per

plant ... 2 0-30
Ivy Pelargoniums,

per dozen 4 0-60

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18 0-30 0

Lobelia, perdozen... 4 0-60
Marguerites, doz. ... 6 0-12 0
Mignonette, per doz. 4 0-90
Musk, per doz. ... 2 0- 4 0
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6 0-12 0

Palms in variety,

each 2 6-21 0

Pelargoniums, doz. 9 0-15 0

,. scarlet p. doz. 4 0-90
Roots for bedding, in

boxes, each, from 10-20
Spiraea, per dozen ... 6 0-90

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
f . d. s. d.

Apples. J-sieve ... 3 6-60

- Nova Scotia, brl.15 0-25 0

— Tasmanian, case 12 0-14 0
Cobs, Kent, 100 lb. ...35 0-40 0
Gooseberries, £ sieve 3 0-40
Grapes 16-30

Lemons, per oase ..

Melons

Peaches, per dozen..
Pine-apples, St. Mr

chael. each
Strawberries, per lb

s. d. s. d.

15 0-25 0
16-30
3 0-12 0

2 0-
0 3-

8 0
1 0

Note. — Bananas, Cherries, and Apricots, being at present
foreign importations, differ in price so greatly, according to
quality and quantity on sale, that no trustworthy quotations
can be afforded. Peas also vary in price every hour.
Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d.
Anthuriums, 12blms. 3 0-60
Arum Lilies, 12 blms. 2 0-40
Bouvardia, per bun. 0 6-10
Carnations, 12 bun. .40-60
Cloves, p. doz. blooms 0 6-10
Cornflower, 12 bun. 2 0-30
Delphiniums, 12blms. 3 0-60
Eucharis, per dozen 3 0-60
Gaillardias, 12 bun. .20-40
Gardenia, per doz. ... 16-30
Gladiolus, p. 12 bun. 4 0-12 0
Heliotropes, 12 spr. 0 6-10
Iris (various), 12bun. 4 0-12 0
Lilac, best, p. bunch 4 0-60
LiliumHarrisii, doz. 3 0-40
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerites, 12 bun. 3 0-60
Mignonette, p. bunch 0 4-06
Myosotis, 12 bun. ... 2 0-40
Orchids :—

Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-18 0

Odontoglossum cris-
pum, p. 12 blms. 3 0-90

s. d. s. d.
Pansies, 12 bunches 0 6-10
Paeonies, per dozen

bunches 12 0-15 0

Pelargoniums, scarlet,

per 12 bun. 3 0-60

„ 12 sprays ... 0 6-09
Pinks (various), per

doz. bunches ... 2 0-40
Poppies, various, per

doz. bunches ... 16-40
Primulas, double, 12

sprays 0 6-10

Pyrethrum, 12 bun. 2 0-30
Ranunculus 12 bun. 10-20
Roses, Tea, per doz. 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-
chals), per doz. ... 2 0-60

— red, per dozen... 10-20
Spiraea, per bunch ... 0 4-06
Stocks, "p. doz. bun. 3 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 bun. 3 0-60
SweetSultan,12buu. 3 0-40
Tuberoses, per dozen

blooms 0 6-10

Orchid-bloom in variety.

New Potatos.— Market very firm for all kinds. Jerseys,
10s. to lis.; Cornish, 10s.; French, 9s. to 10s. Few small
parcels of home-grown Kent, 16s.

Old Potato?.— £5 to £6 10s. J. B. Thomas.

The JVlather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; aud this combined result is expressed iu Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contiLued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

TEMPERATURE.

Kainfall.

Bright

Sun.

~ .5

Accumulated.

d
J3

3 J

I i

"Tji

•s

■>*

O-C s

u ■

S ■

°'£
o

■4

Above 42°, differenc

from Mean since Jan

■1, 1891.

Below 42°, differenc

from Mean since Jan

4, 1891.

?.%■

" O

h ■—

°a
+ $

II
a"*
S *>

« d

0
u

'£

"St

■3^

P-tf
O „

sc.9

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

cleg.

deg.

Inch.

lus

6 +

120

+ 92

+ 79

1 —

105

20.i

2 +

108

— 65 4- 101

2 —

8.6

1 +

109

— 94+ 95

4 —

7.7

3 +

137

— 6s' + 128

2 +

8.9

3 +

135

— 39'+ 116

8 +

lO.t

2 +

139

— 66 + 149 5 +

10.3

7 +

H!i

+ 70 + 46 0 aver

13.6

5 +

141

+ 11

+ 37 6 +

9.9

3 +

130

— 21

+ 118

2 +

12.8

6 +

140

+ 10l+ 28

1 —

10.5

5 +

142

+ 29+ 31

3 +

12.5

2 +

130

- 18+ 40

3 —

11.5

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following :—

principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, EDgland, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5, Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Principal Grazing, Sfc, Districts— 7, Scotland, W. ; 8.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N. ;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending June 27, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather remained fine and dry over the
northern and north-western parts of the Kingdom
until nearly the end of the week, but in all other
localities the conditions became changeable and un-
settled soon after the period commenced. Thunder-
storms were experienced from time to time in the
more southern districts, and on the 26th and 27th
in Scotland^

July 4, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

"The temperature has continued above the mean,
the excess having varied between 1° and 3° in most
parts of the country ; in ' England, N.W.,' and
' Ireland, S.,' however, it has been 5° ; in ' Scotland,
N.,' and ' Ireland, N.,' 6° ; and in ' Scotland, W.,' as
much as 7°. The highest of the maxima, which
were recorded on rather irregular dates, ranged from
83° in ' Ireland, N.,' and 80° or 81° in Scotland and
over central and eastern England, to 73° in the
' Channel Islands.' The lowest of the minima were
generally registered either on the 21st or 22nd, and
varied from 41c in the ' Midland Counties ' and
'England, N.W.,' to 49° in 'England, E.,' and 53°
in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been less than the mean in the
east of England, the north and east of Scotland, in
' Ireland, N.,' and the ' Channel Islands,' and has
equalled the normal in ' Scotland, W. ; in all other
districts a rather decided excess is shown. The rain-
fall during the 25th was extremely heavy in some
parts of central England.

" Bright sunshine has exceeded the mean in Ireland
and Scotland, but has not materially differed from it
over England. The percentage of the possible
duration has ranged from 50 in ' Ireland, N.,' and
' Scotland, W.,' and 48 in ' Ireland, S.,' and the
' Channel Islands,' to 33 in ' England, N.E.,' and 27
in the 'Midland Counties.'"

Notices to Correspondents.

Alicante Grapes : J. W. C. — If the Grape-room in
which the bunches were placed was cool, dry,
and dark, with a very equable temperature, Grapes
with thick skins would keep in a fairly good con-
dition for five or six months ; but under the most
favourable conditions they would have lost in
flavour, colour, and weight. But you must show
the bunches cut in January at the forthcoming
Chiswick Conference, on July 8, as they will
doubtless create much interest amongst gardeners
and others.
Books: Fruit Growing in Australia : //. W. For
the more temperate parts of the country, where
Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Quinces, Peaches,
Apricots, and the Vine will succeed under orchard
culture, any good gardening book. Thompson's
Gardener's Assistant, Mackintosh's Book of the
Garden, and Dr. Hogg's Fruit Manual would
answer every purpose. In Queensland, many
fruits tropical and semi-tropical will grow, and
a useful manual to get would be, Cultural In-
dustries of Queensland, by Lewis A. Bernays
(Jas. C. Bell, Government printer, Brisbane) ;
'flic Beports of the Acclimatisation Society of
Queensland , and The Proceedings of the same. — ■
— B. S. 1 hi' Tomato ; its Culture and Uses, by
W. Iggulden (171, Fleet Street, London, Journal
of Horticulture office).
Broccoli : J. M. The white flowers observed were
as usual not properly formed, whilst the yellow
ones were fully developed.
Clematis : W. H. B. Petals are but leaves arrested
in their development, and proportionately modified
in structure. Sometimes the course of events does
not run smoothly, and then we get such inter-
mediate forms as you are good enough to send.
Cucumbers Dying : E. A. H. The loss of the fruits
when 2 inches long may be due to want of warmth
at the root, or too much ventilation, or to eel-
worms being present at the root. We cannot say
which, in the absence of any samples of root or
foliage, or particulars of treatment.
Cutting a Portion of the Shoot with thb
Bunch of Grapes: H.B.P. To do this always
improves the look of the bunch when this is
placed whole on the dessert dish. Of course, if
your housekeeper, in the fulness of her knowledge,
chooses to cut up the bunch into little bits, the
morsel of wood from the Vine becomes a minus
quantity. When a bunch has to be kept for a
time, it is always best to take a piece of the
shoot— say 3 inches long — with it. Doing this
rather benefits the future fruit-buds at its base,
by lessening by one or two buds with each bunch
the calls on the resources of the Vine. Many
good gardeners shorten back all the laterals
which have borne bunches, to a point 6 inches
from the stem on Vines managed on the short
spur method, and shorten back somewhat the
lengthy shoots of Vines grown on the opposite
system.
Fungus on Mushroom Bed :A. M. This fungus was
named by us in the Gardeners' Chronicle, May SO,
p. 685, under the initials " T. N. R.," Sclerotium
of Xylaria vaporaria.

Grapes : H. B. H. The berries are shanking in a
wholesale manner. A state of things arising from
defective root-action, which itself may be due to
the soil having got into a bad state. Over-
cropping v?ill sometimes cause it, as also large
denudation of leaves.
Lettuces for Cutting in the Winter : Old Sub-
scriber. The best for lifting and planting in
frames, when about half-grown, are All-the-Year-
Round and Hammersmith Hardy Green Cabbage
varieties, and Brown Bath, Hicks' Hardy White,
and Paris Green Cos varieties. The idea is to
plant compact-growing Lettuces, which may stand
pretty close together, and which do not possess
much superfluous leafage. Almost any kind of
Lettuce may be sown thinly in winter in a hot-
water-pit, on loamy soil, overlying a bed of tree
leaves and manure, made up but a few inches
below the pit-lights, and will afford a large quan-
tity of tender leaves, which may be eaten as salad
without being blanched.

Names of Plants : B. C. B. Lonicera Ledebourii.
— W. U. 1, Barbarea vulgaris fl.-pl. ; 2, Magnolia
acuminata ; 3, Heuchera, send in flower ; 4,
Euphorbia cyparissias ; 5, Saxifraga longifolia.—
G. W. Veronica Teucrium var. latifolium. — U,
Corder. Gloire Lyonnaise. — A. P. C. Aerides
virens ; Dendrobium secundum. — Weir. 4, Ligus-
trum japonicum. We cannot undertake to name
Privets unless flowers and strong pieces are sent.
E. W. G. Geranium pratense ; Spiram japonica;
Pyrethrum roseum var. — Bellis. 1, Juniperus
Sabina ; 2, Allium Moly ; 3, Dactylis glomerata
var. ; 4, Alchemilla alpina ; 5, Salvia pratensis ; 6,
Lonicera caprifolium. — G. B., Heythrop. 1, Euphor-
bia Lathyris, Caper-spurge ; 2, Cephalotaxus pe-
dunculate var. fastigiata, alias Podocarpus Kora-
ianus ; 3, Leycesteria formosa ; 4, Rhinanthus
Crista - galli ; 5, Pavia flava ; IS, Cephalotaxus
drupacea. — H. W. 1, Kalmia angustifolia ; 2, Rho-
dodendron ferrugineum ; 3, Kalmia latifolia. —
J. W. 1, Olearia Gunniana; 2, next week; 3,
Symphytum caucasicum. — Old Subscriber. 1 to 4,
garden Pinks ; 2, which we cannot name ; .">,
Muscari comosum ; 6, Zephyranthes rosea. —
Gordon. White flower, Ornithogalum arabicum ;
leaf, Cyrtodeira chontalense. — J. Y. Leycesteria
formosa. — P. A. Probably Crataegus tanaceti-
folia; send when in fruit. — lies. 1, Brassia ver-
rucosa ; 2, Anthericum lineare variegata ; 3, Gym-
nogramma ochracea ; 4, Lygodium japonicum; 5,
Trachelyospernium jasminoides. — J. C. H. 1,
Veronica pinquifolia; 2, Sedum hispanicum alias
glaucum ; 3, Dianthus superbus ; 4, Saxifraga
cuneifolia; 5, Potentilla; 6, Myosotis azorica.

Red Ants amongst the Roots of Cattleyas and
Cypripediums : Young Gardener. Can you not
drive the creatures out by soaking the plants in a
cistern of water, leaving them therein for 30
minutes ; or try Pyrethrum powder.

Spruce Gall : F. W. B. The work of Chermes
abietis, frequently figured in our columns, The
fullest account is in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
1874, p. 635 ; see also 1879, p. 248.

Toads in the Fokcing-house : A. B. They are
greedy devourers of many kinds of insects injurious
to plants, and should be made more use of. They
are especially useful in Mushroom-houses and other
places much infested by woodlice.

Tomatos Imported into Great Britain : B. S,
There is no official record of the quantity.

Vines : Inter* ted. Kindly send specimens of leaves,
shoots, and fruits, both healthy and unhealthy.

DIED. — We regret to announce the death, on
the 21st ult., of Mr. Charles Pennell, nurseryman,
of Lincoln. Mr. Pennell, who had, during his
management of the business, greatly extended it,
and added new nurseries to those already existing,
retired some time ago in favour of his sons.

Communications Received.— F. W. B.— E. M.— K. Grisson.
— G. W. Coseus. — H. G.— T. Mawson.— H. Wheatley.—
— W. Crump, too late.— H. F. G. — Ransomes, Sims &
Jefferies.— J. Carter & Co.— Sutton & Sons.— W. G.— J. A.
— W. R.— W. A. C— E. Webb & Sons.— Wild Rose.— C. V. R.
(Report of th>' Entomologist for 1890).— 22nd Annual Report
of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. — H.C., Genera.
— E. Benary, Erfurt.— A. B. M'D— W. R.— E. C.—d. H.—
F. V. D.— A. D. W.— Capt. Oliver.— J. B— J. L.— W. A. C.
— Adolescenex.— R.A. R.— W. G.— G. W. C— 1. J. W.

■^^~ — — ^ — — —— "^ «^—

The People's Fireside Journal this week contains articles on
Deafness and Noises in the Head — Baldness— How to Bring
Gray Hair to its Original Colour— Writers wanted at their
Homes, evenings — Serial Story — List of Fortunes in Chancery
— Electro-Medication, being a new system of curing all dis-
eases at the Patient's Home — Splendid Illustrations — A Happy
Home — Bow to £eta Wife or Husband with a Fortune — An Ex-
change Column Free. All Newsagents and Smith's Stalls, Id.
Post Free, 2d., from 59, Newman Street. London. W.— Advt.

WOOD &

NEW IMPORTATION
SUPERIOR

SON'S

300,000 of every description, in Black

and White.

SPECIAL OFFER, TEN DAYS ONLY!

3 ft., 2s. 9d. ; 4 ft., 3s. ; 5 ft., 7s. ; 6 ft., 8s. ; 7 ft., 9s

8 ft., 14s. psr 100.

In Quantities at a Seduction,

SAVE 20 Per Cent, in Labour by using
WOOD & SON'S

ELECTRIC

WEED DESTROYER.

fdj?^ We Guarantee Extermination

WITH ONE WATERING.

SPECIAL OFFER.

Carriage Paid on 10 Gallons and upwards.

10 gallons to 250 gallons of water 155.

20 gallons to 500 gallons of water 28s. id.

40 gallons to 1000 gallons of water 50s.

W. WOOD & SON, F.R.H.S.

(ESTABLISHED 1850),

WOOD GREEN, LONDON, N.

HORTICULTURAL
GLASS.

A Large Stock
always on Hand.

Special quotations for quantities.

WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS

At lowest possible prices.

NICH0LLS& CLARKE,

6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH,

LONDON, E.

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

SEND FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

2 1, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

CARSON'S PAINT

PatrouiBed by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt., ana Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, &0.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post>free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK. DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891

HILL & SMITH'S

BLACK VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all London Parka, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,
find on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing ; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. Qd. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, 1*. $d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
ft gallons.
ff A TT m T f\ X? Every Cask bears the above

Is Jt U 1 1 U JX . Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HIL L & SMI T H ,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, EC.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

A
£

jjjjL CONWAY Q. WARNE,

~* ^vaiPott*rieB.we3ton-8ui>er-Mara

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON and SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.G.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale. Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Woims, Wood Lice. &c.

^ Dir'D^M fl » THE UNIVERSAL
I^lV/r\Cil\/\i INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887. — "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January!, 1888. "Gentlemen — I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena," a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S.WILLIAMS. M

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. Gd„ 2s. 6d.t and 3s. 6d.; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. 6d. and 205. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemlsta to the Queen,

Edinburgh.

Maybe had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street. Loudon.

SLUGIOIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. Gd. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY. 6, Maryleport Street, Bristol.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD. Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.

The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack j 5 for 47s. id.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6rf.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. Gd.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. 6d.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. Gd. per pack; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions.
For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AM) CO., Farnborough, Hants.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack, Is. Sd. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3$ feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT. Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet ; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack ; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,

Hop Exohange Warehouses, South wark Street, LondOD, S.E.

THREE ABSOLUTELY TRUSTWORTHY

GARDENERS' FRIENDS.

CAMPBELL'S FUMIGATING INSECTICIDE

Big Facta :—

Mr. Williams,
Gardener to Earl
Lisburne : — "I
have given your
New Fumigatiog
Material a tho-
rough trial. No-
thing could be
more simple to
use, nor more
effective in its
work."

Big Facts:—

Mr. Thomson,
Gardener to the
Duke of Buc-
cleuch : — "Oneof
the beat inven-
tions connected
with horticulture
that has been in-
troduced for many
a long day. I will
never use Tobacco
paper again.'"

Mr. Culverwell, Gardener to Sir F. Millbanke. Bart. :—
" The Fumigating Insecticide is very effectual. I have recom-
mended it to several people."

Mr. Geo. Wythes, Gardener to the Duke of Northum-
berland :—" Pleased with Insecticide; answered its purpose
thoroughly; for Orchids a boon."

PRICES :-

For houses with a ( 1000 cubic feet, No. 3 Roll, 1/- each \ Post

capacity of 1 2000 ,, „ „ 4 „ 1/9 „ f Free.

The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to

make up required quantities for larger houses.

LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE.

The Safest and Most Effective Liquid Insecticide
for Dipping or Syringing.

Mr. FLACK, Gardener to the Marquis of Cholmondeley : —
" Your Lemon Oil is most effectual and safe, destroying every
insect it comes in contact with, as well as having such
cleansing properties."

Mr. Milne, Gardener to Lord Delamere : — "Tom Lemon Oil
Insecticide is the best, safest, and most effective I have ever
used."

Prices, post free :— Pints, 1*. 10rf. ; quarts, 3s. 3d. ;
half gallons. 5s. 9d.

A truly valuable remedv. Has saved thousands
of Bulbs.

CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.

Mr. B. Cromwell, Cleveley Gardens, says : " The result of
using your Eucharis Mite Killer is, that our stock of
Eucharis is now furnished with dark-green leathery foliage,
aud pots full of strong fleshy roots."

Prices, post-free :— Half-pints, Is. 9d. ; pints, 2s. 9d. ; quarts,
■Is. Qd. ; half-gallons, 8s.

or from your seedsman.

CLIBRAN'S OLDFIELD NURSERIES, ALTRINCH AM ;

Also 10 and 12, Market Street, MANCHESTER.

One Success has many Imitators.

The Best and Cheapest Preparation for Destroying Weeds, &c,
on Garden Walks and Carriage Drives, is

SMITH'S Celebrated

WEED KILLER

Leaves no stain nor smell; makes the gravel equal to new.
A great saving of labour. 4 Gallons, sufficient to make 100
Gallons when mixed, 7s. Qd., Carriage Paid.

The ORIGINAL and ONLY GENUINE.
Full Particulars and Testimonials of

MARK SMITH, M"S=Ta LOUTH,

LINCOLNSHIRE.

THE STOTT

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR,
PATENT SPRAYER,
PATENT SYRINGE,

KJLLMRIGHT,

BEST Insecticide for Destruction of Caterpillar and
all Insect Pests, and Prevention of Mildew.

Mr. NORMAN, gardener to the Right Hon. the MarquiB

Of Salisbury, writes as follows under date April 20, 1891 :—
Mr. Stott. The Gardens, Hatfield House, Herts.

Sir, — I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention for mixing your Insecticide Killmright
as it passes through the hose, supplied by gravitation.

Your Sprayer is the best I have used. It is very easy to
damp a large house of plants with Insecticide without it
running into the soil to damage the roots. The Sprayer may
be used on either garden engine pipe, or on pipes where the
water is laid on.— I am, yours truly, G. NORMAN.

Retail from Ironmongers, Seedsmen, and Wholesale and Retail
from The Stott Distributor Co. Ltd., Barton House, Manchester.

NOW BEING USED ALL OVER
THE WORLD.

WOOD & SON'S SPECIALTIES
and PRIZE MANURES.

Send for 2nd Edition of the New Year's Descriptive CATA-
LOGUE. Interesting Pamphlet on Fertilising Moss sent
gratis. No Gardener should be without.
W, WOOD aup RON, F.RH.S., Wood Green, N. Estab. 1850

July 4, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords. Galashiels, N.B.

BEESON'S M A N U R E.— The Best and
Cheapest Fertiliser for all purposes. Write for Circular
containing the Leading Gardeners' and Market Growers'
Reports. Sold in Tins, Is., 2s. 6d.. 5s. 6d., and 10s. tod. each,
or 1 cwt. Bags, sealed, 13s. By all Seedsmen, or apply direct to
W. H. BEESON, Carbrook Bone Mills, Sheffield.

Sold in Packets, 6d. and Is. each, and in

Sealed Bags Only.

J lb., 2/6; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 56 1b., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD. LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Guldens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
A<-k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. E.C.

"Nothing Succeeds une success."

IITTPtrtTC SOLUBLE)
XlUuIllLO INSECTICIDE

pm XRH OIL

The most reliable and best of all Insecticides
for destroying Insects and Vermin on Plants
and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ;
and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing
Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of
each Bottle.

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists i . - • . 4/6; K-Eallo»
7/6, i-gal!on 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post (ree on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUCHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Roi.ker & Sons.

GARDEN
REQUISITES.

Two Prize Medals.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE (by Chubb "s special process),
Backs, Is. id. each; lOsacks.lHs. 6d.; 15sacks, tfs.Sd., 20saeks,
205. ; 25 sacks, 24s. ; 30 sacks, 275. ; 40 sacks, 35s. ; 50 sacks,
40s. ; Truck-load, loose, free on rail, 30s. Limited quantities
of G., special quality, granulated in sacks only, 2s. 6d. each.

GENUINE ORCHID PEAT, 8s. Gd, per sack ; 5 sacks, 40s. ;
BEST BROWN HBKOUS FEAT, 5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6d.
BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 4s. 6d. per sack; 5 for 20s.
COARSE SILVER SAND, ls.6rf. per bushel ; 14s. half ton ;
24s. per ton. Yellow Fibrous Loam. Compost, Leaf and Peat
Mould, Is. per bushel. Chrysanthemum Compost, Is. 6d.
per bushel ; 4s. per sack. Tobacco Paper, Is. per lb. ; Tobacco
Cloth, Is. 3d. per lb. Special Manures, Peat-Moss Litter,
Crushed Bones, Cork, &c, &c. All sacks included. Write
for Price LIST. Terms strictly Cask with order.
CHUBB, ROUND & CO.. West Ferry Road, Millwall,

London, E, Bankers — Smith, Payne, ty Smiths.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50 ; 30 ft. by 15 ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

GARDEN SEATS for the People. Rustic pattern, cast-iron
frame, painted any colour, or stained and varnished, enormous
sale, from 15s. Carriage piid. Lists free.

HARDY BRUIN & < 0., Horticultural Workp, Leicester.
F. SILVESTER & CO.,

CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE,
Original Makers of

STEVENS' TRENTHAM RIVETED BOILERS

AND

SILVESTER'S TRENTHAM and other Boilers,

HEATING APPARATUS ERECTED COMPLETE.

Prices and full particulars on application.

STOCK

i\\i

SIZES

. T

u • La

211X15

16x13

tap

30 ■ i.;

IS 12

■jj ■ i.;

20x12

24x16

16x14

20x18

18x14

22x18

20 x 14 .1

L'J IS

21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above si/^s, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' si/en, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.

"HORTICULTURAL PUTTY" Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Leap, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34. St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, F.C.

Stock Libta and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

THOS, W7 ROBINSON,
Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge.

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES.
SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

100 000 yards to select from.

EXTRA STOUT strong-tanned NET, 2 yards
wide, ljd. yard ; 4 yards wide, 3d. yard ; or 2 yards wide.
10s. per 100 ; 4 yards wide, 20s. per 100 yards. NEW TWINE
NETTING, 1 yard wide, 2d. yard ; 2 yards wide. id. yard ;
4 yards wide, 8d. yard ; 12 yards wide, 2s. yard. COTTON NET,
nine meshes to square inch, 1 \ yards wide, Id. yard run.
W. CULLINGFORD. 127. Field Road, Forest Gate, London, E.

THE BEST SILVER SAND and PEAT in
England for Sale, in truck-loads, and less lots, loose or
in bags.— W. SHORT, Horticultural Co., Midhurst, Sussex.

£0

Lines .

. £0 8

. 0 9

. 0 10

. 0 11

. 0 12

. 0 13

*» •

. 0 13

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Gardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines

5 „
8 „

7 „

8 „
8 „

10 „

11 „

12 „

13 „

14 „

AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20s.

If set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s.

Page, £8 ; Half Page, SA 10s. ; Column, £3.

Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by which to identify the sender ; this in all
cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at all.
Advertisers are requested when Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
£6 words, including name and address, Is. (it/.,
and Qd.for every additional line (about nine
words) or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each
insertion.

Position. — Advertisers are specially requested
to note, that under no circumstances what
ever can any particular position be guaranteed
for advertisements occupying less space than
an entire column.

Postal Orders. — To Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others. — It is very important in remit-
ting by Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has been made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any
person into whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N.B. — The best arid safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the
PUBLISHER.

Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months. 15s. ,• (3 months, 7s. dd. ;
3 months, 3s. dd. Foreign (excepting India
and China), including Postage, 17s. 6d. for
12 months; India and China, 19s. 6d. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

Subscribers who experience any difficulty in ob-
taining their Copies regularly, are particu-
larly requested to communicate with the
Publisher (in cases of delay in the delivery
by post, the cover should be forwarded with
complaint).

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

Cheaper Edition now ready.

A BOOK ABOUT ROSES. By the Very
Kevd. S. Reynolds Hole, Dean of Rochester.
Eleventh Edition. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
London: EDWARD ARNOLD, 37, Bedford St., Strand, W.C.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

SUPPLIED FREE FOR SIX WEEKS,
on stating the purpose for which the paper is
required, forwarding Name and Address, and six
halfpenny stamps for postage, addressed, " Mid-
land Counties Herald Office, Birmingham." The
Midland Counties Herald always contains large
numbers of advertisements relating to Farms,
Estates, and Residences for Sale and to be Let.

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

AND

NEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

CONTENTS .—

INTERCOLONIAL and GENERAL NEWS.

SPORTING and the FIELD, in which is incorporated BELL'S
LIFE in SYDNEY.

RECORD of RACES, and NOTES on the TURF.

CRICKET and AQUATICS.

THE FLORA of AUSTRALIA. (Drawn and engraved especi-
ally for this Journal.)

NATURAL HISTORY. (Original Articles.)

AGRICULTURE, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURE.

GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

ORIGINAL and SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.

TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
AUTHORS.

THE FASHIONS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.

THE CHESS PLAYER. THE HOME CIRCLE.

COMMERCIAL NEWS.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

The SYDNEY MAIL has a wide circulation throughout the

Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Polynesia, &c. It contains

a large amount of information on a great variety of subjects.

Subscription in Advance, £1 6s. per Annum.

Single Copies. 6d. ; Stamped, Id.
Publishing Office— Hunter Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

ENGLAND,

The undermentioned Newspaper and Advertising Agents are
authorised to receive ADVERTISEMENTS for the
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL :—

London Messrs. Geo. Street & Co., 30, Cornhill, E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon & Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet Street. E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 1S6, Strand.

BRISTOL James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
MANCHESTER... James and Henry Grace, 73, Market Street.
Edinburgh ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

Glasgow W. Porteous & Co., 15, Royal Exchange

Place.

Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices for the use of Advertisers.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. William Hough, for the last four years
Foreman of the Orchid Department, Wool ton
Wood, near Liverpool, succeeds the late Mr. G.
Beddoes, as Gardener to E. G. Wriuley, Esq.,
Ilowick House, Preston.

Mr. Joseph Lee, late Foreman at Highbury,
Birmingham, as Plead Gardener to Earl Howe,
Gopsal Hall, near Leicester.

Mr. G. Cypher, until recently Gardener to
Mrs. Studd, Bath, as Gardener to Sir J.
Dorington, Bart., M.P., Lypiatt Park, Stroud.

Mr. W. Seabrook, as Gardener to Lord De
Ramsey, Ramsey Abbey, Hunts. He was pre-
viously Foreman for several years in the garden
of Cyril Flower, Esq., M.P., Aston Clinton.

Mr. II. Dowding, formerly Gardener at Little
Gaddesden House, Berkhampstead, as Gardener
to the Bishop of Winchester, Farnham Castle,
Surrey.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCO

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER

WANTED, a WORKING MANAGER, for
a large Market Nursery.— Must be well up in Soft-
wooded Plants, Cut Bloom, and Fruit. Must have the highest
references ; not under 30.— Address. MARGUERITE, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a good HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER.— Can any Lady or Gentleman recommend a
good man as above. Must thoroughly understand Kitchen and
FTower Gardens, and be practical in all branches. Three
houses; one Under Gardener. Wages £1 per week, with
cottage, vegetables, and milk.— Address, Mrs. MANGLES,
Valewood, Haslemere, Surrey.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER.
One who has had experience of the Cultivation of
Flowering Plants for Market, and of Vegetables. State age,
salary expected, &c, to GEORGE COOPER, Seedsman,
Bedford. ■

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, who
understands Inside and Outside Work. Age 24.
Wages, £1 Is. per week.— W. ELLIS, The Gardens, Netnerby,
Wey bridge.

REQUIRED, as UNDER GARDENER, a
strong, active, young Man ; one who is accustomed to
and thoroughly understands the management of Cows pre-
ferred—Apply, stating age, experience, and wages asked, to
R. HUNTER, Meadrield, Haslemere.

Foreman in Market Garden.

WANTED AT ONCE, a WORKING
FOREMAN, to Manage Houses and Superintend
Garden.— Must understand growing Fruit. Flowers, and
Vegetables for Market.— Write, stating age, wages, &c, to
HEWLETT, Heathfield, Sussex.

WANTED, a FOREMAN for Florist's Busi-
ness, in N.W. district of London. Must be well up in
the value of all kinds of Plants and Nursery stuff. Will be
required to act as Buyer and General Superintendent of the
business in all its branches. First-class references for com-
petency and other requirements indispensable. — Address, by
letter only, to C. M., 61, Pall Mall, S.W.

WANTED, a young MAN as CARNATION
GROWER. Good character indispensable.— L. U.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a PROPAGATOR, for Outside
■Stuff, medium-sized Nursery. A good all-round man,
with varied experience. Married.— Apply by letter, in con-
fidence, to A. N. F., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, in a Market Nursery, a young
MAN (single), accustomed to Growing Soft-wooded
Stuff, Tomatos, and Melons. Thoroughly good references
required. State age, anJ wages asked.— MARSHALL BROS.
and CO., Barnham Nursery, Bognor.

WANTED, a strong active YOUTH, having
some experience of Gardening. Must be well recom-
mended. Wages, 12s. per week, bothy, milk, and vegetables.
Premium required. — A. BARKER, Adare Manor, Limerick.

WANTED AT ONCE, a strong active young
MAN, of good experience, as Flower Garden Foreman.
Also TWO young MEN as assistants in Flower Garden.— Apply
by letter, stating age and experience, to JAMES VEITOli am>
SnNS. Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, S.W.

WANTED, an energetic young MAN, to look
after the Flower Garden and Pleasure Grounds. Bothy,
light, and firing provided.— State wages, &c. to E. WHEELER,
The Gardens, Moray Lodge, Campden Hill, Kensington, W.

W~ ANTED, TWO or THREEgood HANDS
at Layering Carnations. — F. GIFFORD, Montague
Nurseries, White Hart Lane, Tottenham, N.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, young MAN
for Soft-wood Deparmeot. as Propagator and Grower,
a gooi Salesman, and an efficient hand at Wreaths, Bouquets,
&C. Wages and particulars to W. B. ROWE & CO. (Limited),
Barbourue Nurseries, Worcester.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY" TWO or
THREE young MEN, used to growing Cucumbers;
wages, 18s. per week ; send references. — 85, Queen !St., Cardiff.

WANTED, young MAN, used to Indoor
and Outdoor ; quick at Potting, and good Spadesman ;
age, about 18.— State wages, &c, to COLLINS and GABRIEL,
Waterloo Nurseries, Hamptou-on-Thames.

WANTED, young MAN for Houses, under
the Foreman. One who has had some experience.
Terms, 125.. per week and bothy.— G. W. EDEN, Henham
Gardens, Wangford.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a young MAN, age
about 18, for the Kitchen Garden and Fruit Trees.
To live in bothy. — Apply, stating references and wages re-
quired, to G. C. MAYNABD, Cole Orton Gardens,
Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

WANTED, a young MAN, in the Houses,
used to London Market. — Apply, stating age and
experience, to G. LANGE, Chambery, Hampton, Middlesex.

WANTED, a young MAN, used to handling
and propagating large quantities of soft- wooded
Plants; must be very quick, willing, and obliging. — Apply,
stating wages, to JOHN GREEN, Norfolk Nurseries, Dereham.

WANTED, a GARDEN LABOURER, one
used to a mowing machine.— H. K. SEAMONS,
Oxley Manor Gardens, Wolverhampton.

WANTED, a good GARDEN LABOURER ;
middle-aged ; wife to manage Dairy and Poultry.
House in Garden ; Children objected to. — Address Mr.
QUINTER READE, Whilton Lodge, Rugby.

\\f ANTED, a strong YOUTH, with some
T » knowledge of Potting and Watering Plants, chiefly
for the Houses.— H. HUNT, Florist, Sutton-on-Trent, Newark,
Notts.

WANTED, a good ESTATE CARPENTER,
age from 30 to 40, who has been accustomed to Re-
pairing Horticultural Buildings, and all kinds of Work on a
Gentleman's Estate, both Inside and Out. Wages, 275. per
week, with good House and Garden.— J. MARTIN, Barcote,
Faringdon, Berks.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, a trustworthy^
capable MAN, with good references as to character
and ability, middle-aged preferred, as Invoice Clerk and to
take charge of Seed Shop (small retail tiade), executing
wholesale orders for choice Seeds, &c, and superintend clean-
ing of same (with youth and boy under him). Must write
well, and understand names of plants and seeds. Hours 6 to
6 in summer, 7 to 7 in winter. First-class Nursery Seed
Establishment in West of England. A good opening for a
trustworthy obliging man requiring a permanency. State
wuges required and all particulars in first letter, to STERLING,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a NURSERY CLERK; a good
Correspondent and accurate in figures ; a good Sales-
man ; able to take eharge during the absence uf Nursery
Manager. — Applicants will kiudly state age, salary expected
with references as to ability and character.— WM. FELL and
CO., The Royal Seed Nursery Establishment, Hexham,
Northumberland.

WANTED, a JUNIOR CLERK.— Apply,
stating wages required and full particulars, to
B. L. COLEMAN, Seed Merchant, Saudwich, Kent.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &e.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DIUKSONS, CHESTER."

RICHARD SMITH and CO.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

rFHOMAS BUTCHER can recommend several

1_ HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of first-rate character
and proved ability. Gentlemen seeking such may have par-
ticulars free.— Apply to THOMAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant
and Nurseryman, Croydon.

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON beg to intimate
• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon
their Register some excellent Men, competent either to fill
the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN,
or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of
the above will please send full particulars, when the best
selections for the different capacities will be made. — Victoria
and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

SCOTCH GARDENERS— I have at present
several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha-
racter and ability will bear the strictest investigation. —
JOHN DOWNIE, Seedsman, 144, Princes Street. Edinburgh.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF. — Twenty years' reference; thoroughly under-
stands Gardening in all its branches; married, no children;
Scotch.— W. GRaY, 35, Richmond Place, Boughton, Chester.

ARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver, can

with the utmost confidence recommend an exceptionally
high-class man, as above; of long experience in Fruit and
Plant growing, and the general management of a large
establishment. The highest references as to both character
and ability. — Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, London, S.W «

July 4, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 41 ; thoroughly
experienced in all branches, including early and late
Forcing and the management of a good establishment. Fifteen
years recommendation from present employer. — E. SAND-
FORD, Dale Park, Arundel.

GARDENER (Head), where three or four are
kept.— Age 28, married when suited.— Mr. A. G. Catt,
Hallow, Worcester, can with confidence recommend a man as
above. Good Orchid Grower and general Gardener. Address
as above.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Age 28,
has had thorough experience in all departments, ana
can be highly recommended by present and previous em-
ployers.—J. CHEAL and SONS, The Nurseries, Crawley.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Age 30, married when suited ;
fifteen years' experience in all branches of the profession,
Good references. —ASH WELL, Woodford House Gardens,
Thrap3ton, Northants.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 36 ;
married. Thoroughly practical in all branches. Seven
years' character from present employer, and seven previous at
Arundel Castle Gardens. Catholic— W. B., The Den, Fognor,
Sussex.

fl ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,

VUT married, one child.— Colonel PffWEEl wishes to recom-
mend his late Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman requiring
a thorough practical man in all branches. Left at own request.
— MINTON, 32, Elgin Terrace. Maida Vale, London, W.

GARDENER (Head Working), or thorough
good Single-handed.— Age 27, married.— First class
character for Grapes, Peaches, &c, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens.— H., Mrs. Bowman,
G-irrat Lane, Tooting, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept — Age 24, married when suited ;
engagement required by the beginning of September ; thorough
knowledge of Early and Late Forcing ; also Fruit, Flower, and
Vegetable Garden. Successful Prizetaker. Life experience.
Five years' first-class character and excellent reference*. —
Letter direct to J. J. A., 22, Percy Circus, King's Cross, W-C.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
other i« kept. — Age 30, single ; thoroughly practical
and reliable with Glass. Flowerjanu Kitchen Gardens. Four
years' references. — F. WALKER, Rose Cottage, Stonegrove,
Edgware.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 42,
married; for the last nine years Head at Burnt Wood
Hall, Barnsley; is at liberty to treat with any Nobleman,
Lady, or "Gentleman as above. — SLEIGHTrlOLM, Prospect
Nurseries, Milford, Yorks.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 31,
married, no family.— A Gentleman can highly recom-
mend the above. Five and a half years' character. — T. W.,
20, Davids Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

GARDENER (Hjsad Working), or
GARDENER and BAILIFF.— Age 49 ; married, one girl,
age 13. Thoroughly competent in all branches. Thirteen
years' excellent character from last employer. Tot ilal-l iitier.
T. H. HILL, 42, Colegrave Road. Stratford New Town, Essex.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 40;
married, no family. Thoroughly experienced in all
branches. Wife can undertake Laundry if required. Good
references.— J. SEAGER, Hare Street, Romford.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; married,
no family. — Advertiser will be pleased to treat with any
Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a good practical
all round man. Six years' excellent character, with references.
— G. EUINTON, 1, Eva Cottage, Camp Road, St. Albans.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; Age 40.—
F. Pay, late Head Gardener to Lord Tennyson, seeks
a situation as above. Thoroughly experienced in all branches.
Married, no family. Wife thorough laundress, if required.—
Efford House, Lymington, Hants.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
Handed). — Age 31; married, no family; experienced
in all branches. — J. DIGBY, Dudbrook, Brentwood, Essex.

G .ARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 30, married ; six years in Duke of Bedford's
gardens, three in present situatiou. Good characters from
both.— W. H. KEEN, 33, Howard Street, Bedford.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed). — Age 36; married, no family. Understands
the general routine of Gardening. Seven years' good character.
— E. CROCKFORD, Conaway's, Ewell, Surrey.

GARDENER (Single-handed.) — Age 28,
married; Abstainer. Twelve years' experience. No
objection to Pony and Trap— GARDENER, £3, Balccme Street,
South Hackney, N.E.

GARDENER (Single-handed). —Age 25,
married when suited ; experienced in Vines, Melons,
Cucumbers, Tomatos, Kitchen Garden, and Pleasure Grounds.
— W., 193, Livingstone Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

G> ARDENER (Single-handed), or other-
W wise. — Age 29; thirteen years' experience. Good
references, G. L., The Hope, Merton Road, Merton.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or where help
is given.)— Age 26, single. Six years' good character.
— A. M., 7, Waverley Terrace, Harrow Road, Paddington, W.JJ

GARDENER (Single-handed), or where
two or more are employed; age 31, married.- A Gen-
tleman wishes to recommend a young Man who has worked
for him in Flower and Kitchen garden and Greenhouse about
seven years, as above.— Apply to J. .TEFFERIS, Esq., 49, Park
Hill Road, Croydon.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or Second) ;
Inside and Out preferred.— Age 25; strictly temperate ;
two-and-a-half years in last situation ; good characters.— J. B.,
The Poplars, Brookfield Lane, Cheshunt.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
Age 2b ; understands Vines, Peaches, Melons, Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, and Kitchen Garden; three years' good
character from present place.— S. LEPPARD, Sanderstead,
near Croydon, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second), in small Establish-
ment, or Single-handed.— Age 2o, single; ooe year
and ten months' good character. Total abstainer.— H. WAY-
LING, 6, Oliver Cottages, Brook Lane, Cheshunt, Herts.

GARDENER (Second), or otherwise.— Age 24,
single.— Inside and Out preferred. Good character.—
T. MILLS, C. Collins, Biuseombe, near Godulmirjg. Surrey.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
Age2.T; experienced in Kitchen Garden, Greenhouses,
and Pleasure-grounds, Good hand with Scythe. Goo 1 refer-
ences.—J., 193, Livingstone Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 2G; twelve
years' experience Inside and Out.— W. O., Gardener,
Cottage, Five Fields. Dulwich. S.E.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
— Age 2d ; nine years' experience. Inside and Out. Good
characters from previous places.— J. TERRY, S3, Waddon Old
Road, West Croydon.

f^ARDENER, FOREMAN, or Second in a

VJT good establishment. — Age 25, single ; twelve years* ex-
perience Inside and Out. Well up in Vines, Melons, Cucumbers,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, also Chrysanthemums. Good
reference from present employer.— H. MASON, The Gardens,
Hampton, near Tonbridge, Kent.

GARDENER.— Age 29; well up in Vines,
Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and Flower and Kitchen
Gardens; Hve years' good reference; left through employer
giving up.— C. MASON, 67, Milton Street. Southend, Essex.

GARDENER (Third, or Under).— Age 20;
four years' experience Inside and Out. Eight years'
good character. State particulars. — A. MOORE, Lynated,
near Sittingbourne.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 20. Houses
preferred. Three years* experience In«ide and Out.
Good character. Abstainer.— A. H., 9, Dulka Road, Batteroea
Rise, London, S.W.

GARDENER (Unhkh), li.si.J,- and Out.
Age 21.— A. HEWITT, 11, Upcerne Road. Chelsea, S.W.

GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.—
Ape 2i); four years in last situation . Excellent charac-
ter.— R. J. SARGENT, 1, Napier Cottage, Hanger Hill, Ealing.

G~ ARDENER (Under), as IMPROVER in
Houses. — Age 20; strong and active. Good Pleasure
and Kitchen Garden experience. No objection to Inside and
Outside.— G. BURN, Amptield, Romsey, Hants.

PALM and FERN GROWER; Furnishing
General Trade.— Aged 2$. Good character and refer-
ences.— T. R., 7, Hornsey Place. Newington Green, N.

GROWER, age 25. — Twelve years' experience
in growing Roses, Ferns, Choice Pot and Cut Stuff,
Grapes. Peaches, &c— T. FRY, Holland Cottage, Cranwortli
Road, Worthing.

Nursery Foreman.

WBERKSIIIRE, for thirteen years
• General Foreman to .7. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill,
and twelve years with the late W. Rollisson3 & Sons, cf
Tooting, is now opsn to an engagement as Nursery Foreman,
or Manager. — Vineyard Nursery. Catford Hill, S.E.

FOREMAN.— Age 27, single, but married if
required ; twelve years' experience in all branches. Four
years as Foreman in last place. Has an excellent character
from last employer.— S. BROOKS, 2, Cromwell Cottages,
Cheshunt, Herts.

FOREMAN, in the Houses, age 24.— Mr.
Potter, St. Clere, Kemsing, Sevenoaks, Kent, will be
pleased to recommend S. Laskey as above ; six years' good
experience ; two years in present place.

FOREMAN. — Age 30 ; fourteen years' experi-
ence in first-class establishment, five years previous.
Character will bear strict investigation.— BETA, 15, Narcissus
Road, West Hampstead.

FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 26; well

JL acquainted with Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Early and
Late Forcing. Ten years' experience under Glass. — W. H. H.,
Chidham, near Emsworth, Hants.

JOURNEYMAN (First), in Houses, in good
Establishment, where Foreman is kept. — Age 24; eight
years' experience in all branches. Good references. Abstainer.
— T. BENNETT, Castlethorpe. Stony Stratford. Bucks.

JOURNEYMAN, in a good establishment. —
Age 19 ; two years and four months in present situation.
Abstainer.— ARTHUR BUNDLE, The Gardens, Cherkley Court,
Leatherhead, Surrey.

JOURNEYMAN (First), in good Establish-

*J meut.— Age 21 ; has had seven years' practical expe-
rience, including Orchids, Furnishing, Decorating, &c. First-
class references and testiruinials.— C. T. WOTTON, 2, Lovor
Winchester Road, Catford, London, S.E.

JOURNEYMAN (First).— Six years' experi-
ence in first-class private establishment ; can be well
recommended; bothy preferred.— A. JEFFERIES, 18, Salisbury
Road, Highgate Hill, N.

"JOURNEYMAN (First), in a good establish-

t> ment. Age 25. Ten years in some of the best gardens.
Can be well recommended.— H. MILLER, Northdowu, Margite.

"JOURNEYMAN, or FOREMAN, under

fJ Working Head. -Age 22; abstainer. Seven years expe-
rience in all branches. Good references from previous situa-
tions. Inside, or Inside and Out. Bothy preferred. Left
through death of employer.— H. J. G., 1, Hestoa Villas,
Broomhall, Sunningdale.

JOURNEYMAN, age 21. — Advertiser is

tJ desirous of re-engagement in Garden ; good all-round
hand ; excellent character.— RICHARD WEST, Church Street,
West Tarring, Worthing.

JMPROVER, in the Houses, under Foreman.
-*- Age 20. Five years' experience Inside and Out. Good
character. State wages. &c— A. WALL, Goodrich Court
Gardens, Ross, Herefordshire.

JMPROVER, a Youth, age ]8, seeks situation

J- as above in a Nursery or Gentleman's Garden. Five
years' good character from last situation.— A. FOWLER.
Brockhurst View, Gosport, Hants.

JMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden.— Age

A 18. Active and willing. Upwards of four years' experi-
ence ; three-and-a-half years under Glass. Good references.—
HEAD GARDENER, Whitfield, near Hereford.

nPO GARDENERS.— IMPROVER, in a

J- Gentleman's Garden, Inside, or Inside and Out. Four
years' experence. Age 18. Bothy preferred.— FRED. HARRIS,
The Langleys, Selly Oak, Birmingham.

TO GARDENERS. Situation wanted for two
Men, aged 22 and 23, in a Gentleman's Garden, for Inside
and Outside Work. Good character. Near London preferred.
— F. BUCK, Goring, Worthing. Sussex.

TO GARDENERS.— Can any Gardener
RECOMMEND a young strong, active, and willing man,
to work on Pleasure-grounds, and till up time in House, &.C.,
with duty. 17*. per week, with sleeping apartment. — W.
PENTON, Rawdon Hill Gardens. Arthington, Leeds.

rr<> HARDENERS. Wanted by a young man,

-L aged 18; a situation under a Gentleman's Head Gar-
dener, or place where he would have to look after pony aud
fill up time in the garden.— 40, Hampstead Road, N.W.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted for a
strong, useful lad, age 16, in a gentleman's garden,
to work uuder Glass.— ED. KING, Pennington Nursery,
Lymington, Hants.

TO GARDENERS.— Lad, age 17, seeks em-
ploy ment in a gentleman's garden ; country preferred. —
R. A., Mr. Lees, 54. Laudseer Road, Upper Holloway, N,

TO GARDENERS, Sec.— Wanted for a young
man, an opportunity of learning Gardening and Horti-
culture in all its branches. — A. B., Mrs. Allen, Lincoln House,
East Southsea.

TO NURSERYMEN.— FOREMAN, PROPA-
GATOR; and Soft wooded GROWER.— Single; has been
used to produce Cut Bloom in large quantities, &c. Fourteen
years' experienco. — W. R., Hillbrook Road, Furnboro', R.S.O,,
Kent.

TO NUESERYME N.— MANAGER, or
FOREMAN and SALESMAN,— Age 3D. Experienced
and trustworthy. Firstclass references. — O. M.. Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TO NURSERYMEN— Situation wanted, by
a young man. Age 22. Used to Growing Ferns and
Soft-wooded Stuff for Market. Good character. Please state
wages to W. K., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C.

T'O NURSERYMEN.— FOREMAN, or

_L SALESMAN in a General Nursery. Fourteen years'
experience in leading Nurseries. Good references. — A. B.,
126, Fernhead Road, bt. Peter's Park, London. N.W.

TO NURSERYMEN, — SECOND, in good
Nursery; age 26; eight years' experience. Plants, Cut
Flowers, Tomatos, Wreaths, &c. Excellent references.— W.,
Florence Villa, Sidcup, Kent.

HOLLO WAY'S PILLS and OINTMENT.—
Dyspepsia, Jaundice. — These complaints are the results
of a disordered liver, which secretes bile in quality or quantity
incapable of digesting food. Digestion requires a free flow of
healthy bile, to ensure which Holloway's Pills and Ointment
have long been famous, for eclipsing every other medicine.
Food, irregularity of living, climates, and other causes are con-
stantly throwing the liver into disorder, but that important
organ can, under all circumstances, soon be regulated and
healthily adjusted by Holloway's Pills and Ointment, which
act directly upon its vital secretion. The Ointment rubbed on
the skin penetrates immediately to the liver, whose blood and
nerves it rectifies. One trial is all that is needed ; a cure will
soon follow.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 4, 1891.

CATERPILLARS ON FRUIT TREES.

THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

SPECIALLY HECOMMEND THE I'!>E OF

HOP-WASHING ENGINES

AS THE BEST MEANS OF CONTENDING
WITH THIS TEST.

THE

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Make a Specialty of Hop- washing Engines,

Syringea, Spray Producers, Improved

Manure Engines, &c,

90 & 92, WHITECROSS STREET,

LONDON, E.C.

Established 1815. Awarded over 40 Prize Medals.

JUBILEE
FIRE CARDEN

Fasytowork. Ad-
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Handle at the tide
for steadying. Spare
rose. Highly finished.
Strongly made— (to< e
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SAVE HALF THE COST.

nAPxIllf \. BEDFORDSHIRE

UHbIUIUL 0 C0ARSE AND FINE

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Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thusjiree half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to
OEO. GARSIDE, Jun.,F.R.H.S., Lelghton Buzzard, Beds.

65,

LIONEL STREET,
BIRMINGHAM.

Established ibis.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW

't -

iwi -
""trm

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Gardi n-
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor;" Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office. 11, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
,, !'?■ .'.tT\. ■ uD?SVW & Co' (Limited>. Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by them at the. Office,
11, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Pauls, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, July 4, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

Established i84i.

No. 237,-Vol.X. {iZZ}

SATUEDAY, JULY 11, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper, i PRICE 3d*
Post-free, tyd.

CONTENTS.

Ada Lehmauni 34

Apiary, the 38

Azilea mollis 48

Books ; —

Book of the Farm ... 47

How to Grow Onions ... 40

Brocklesby Park 38

Ealing Rose Show ... 46
Edinburgh Botanic Gar-
dens 41

Florists' flowers 40

Flower garden, the ... 43

Foxgloves 47

Fruit crop, the 47

Fruit crops in Kent ... 46

Fruits under glass ... 43

Gardeners' Orphan Fund

F6te 46

Gardeners' Koyal Bene-
volent Institution, the 52

Gerbera Jamesoni 35

Growing alpines in sphag-
num 36

Hardy fruit garden, the... 42

Helianthus occidentalis ... 35

Herbaceous border, the ... 35

Kitchen garden, the ... 43

Lettuces 48

Magnolia, a new hardy ... 34
Martin-Smith prizes for

border Carnations ... 46

Moore. Mr. Spencer ... 46
Nymphnea Lotus var. mon-

strosit ... 38

Orchid houses, the ... 42

Orchids at Hazelbourne,
Dorking

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Peas, sowing

Plant notes

portraits

Plants, new or noteworthy 34
,, under glass 43

Potato disease 47

Reward of merit 46

Roses 35

Societies: —

Dublin Horticultural

Summer Show
Evening Ffite at the

Botanic

National Rose, Crystal

Palace

Royal Horticultural 44, 48
Royal Horticultural of
Ireland

Silene armeria

Sphagnum, growing al-
pines in

Stock upon scion, the in-
fluence of

Strawberry crop, the

Strawberries ai. G. Bun-
yard & Co.'s nursery ...

Tomatos, early

Vegetables

Weather and the crops,
the

VJTren (Sir Christopher) as
a gardener

47
47

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Centaureamacrocephala

Cliveden

Fruit-drying apparatus

Grape Vine at Cumberland Lodge
Tait's Auti-i light Distributor ...

" Fusion's Calendar.'" New Edition, u The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations"
Price 3d., post-free, 3±d. 41, Wellington
Street) Strand, London, W.C.

11 The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Building, Neio York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

CHARLES NOBLE'S CLEMATIS for
BEDDING (see Advertisement, July 4, 1891, page 7),
when ordered in Twenty-fives and Upwards, are now charged
at HALF PRICE. Bagshot, July, 1891.

RCHIDS — Clean healthy plants at low

prices. Inspectioninvited. Kindly send for CATALOGUE.
JAMES CYPHER. Exotic Nurseries, Cheltenham.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Mania Vale. London, W.

PLANT NOVELTIES, of every description,
for Sale. Complete Catalogue gratis.
W. KLIEM, Gotha, near Erfurt.

YIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
**a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, Id., Is., and 2s. 6d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
AND CO , Seed Growers and Florists. Rothesay, Scotland.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY. — ODONTO-
GLOSSUM VEXILLARIUM, very fine plants, all with
flower-spikes, 55., 7s. 6cx., and 10s. 6tf, Please write for New
PRICE LIST.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

SU T T O N'S GLOXINIA.

Awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Floral Silver-
gilt Medal at the Great Temple Show, 1890. Price of
seed, mixed colours, 5s. and 2s. <&d, per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S CALCEOLARIA. — The finest
strain in existence. Price of seed, mixed colours, 5s. and
3*. Qd. per packet, post-free.

BUTTON'S CINERARIA. — Unsurpassed by

O any other strain in cultivation. Price of seed, mixed
colours, 6s. and 2s. tid. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Sterling Garden Seeds.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
offer their superb strains of —
CALCEOLARIA, choice mixed, Is. 6<i. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
CARNATION, choice mixed, Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
CINERARIA, choice mixed, Is. &d. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
CYCLAMEN, choice mixed, Is. &d. and 2s. 6a1. per packet.
GLOXINIA, choice mixed. Is. 6d. and 2s. fid. per packet.
PRIMULA, red, white, and mixed, Is. 6d. & 2s. 6t/., per pkt.
All post-free. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

THE ENGLISH NEW ROSES
OF THE YEAR.

BOURBON— Mrs. Paul, Gold Medal, N.R.S.
HYBRID— Bruce Findlay.
Strong Plants in pots (or 12 Buds in July). 10s. fid. each.
PAUL and SON, The " Old " Nurseries, Cheshunt.

PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS.—
Twenty-first year of distribution. Williams' Superb Strain,
Is. 6rf. per dozen, 10s. per 100. CINERARIAS, same price;
also double white PRIMULAS, 6rf. each. Carriage free for
cash with order.— JOHN STEVENS, The Nurseries, Coventry.

Begonias a Specialty.

LAINGS' COLLECTION

of Double and Single varieties is NULLI SECUNDUS,
for pot culture, as bedding plants, or as hanging basket plants.
Inspection invited. Best and most descriptive CATALOGUE
ever published, post-free. Catford Bridge Railway Station.

JOHN LAING and SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

JW. BARN HAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

HENRY SQUELCH, Fruit Salesman and
Commission Agent, is open to receive Consignments
of all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. All Consignments
receive personal attention. Account Sales daily, and cheques
weekly, or as desired. Empties and Labels supplied.
North Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

NEW FERN — PTERIS VICTORLE.
Best Novelty of the Season.
10s. <od. each; three plants (or 21s.
Coloured Illustration, post-free. Is.
WILLIAM BULL, F.L.S., Establishment for New and Rare
Plants, 536. King's Road, Chelsea. London, S.W.

Irish Ivy Plants.

WANTED, about two dozen large plants,
from 12 feet to 15 feet high, in pots. Send price and
particulars to

W., Mr. Thornton, High Street, Beckenham.

WANTED, CUTTINGS of CARNATIONS.
Mrs. Reynolds Hole, Miss Joliffe, Germania, and
Souvenirs, red and pink. State price, &c, to —

A. BATEMAN, Willow Nursery, Merton, Surrey.

WANTED, 50 PINE SUCKERS (Queen's).
Address, with price to
WM. WOOD & SON, Nurseries, Maresfield, Uckfield, Sussex.

WANTED, offers of ASPARAGUS PLU-
MOSUS NANUS. Price and sample to
JAS. BACKHOUSE and SON, The Nurseries, York.

THE BEST CINERARIA. — CARTERS'
BRILLIANT PRIZE MIXED-vide Awards. In sealed
packets, price 25. fid. and 3s. 6rf. per packet, post free.
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

THE BEST CALCEOLARIA.— CARTERS'

J VICTORIA PRIZE MIXED-vide Awards. In Bealed
packets, price 2s. fid. and 3s. 6rf. per packet, post free.
237 and 23S, High Holborn, London, W.C.

Sow now for early flowering in Spring.

ROEMER'S SUPERB PRIZE PANSIES.
15° The finest strain of Pansies in the World. „gl
Introducer and Grower of all the leading Novelties.

CATALOGUE free, on application.
FRED. ROEMER, Seed Grower, Quedlinburg, Germany.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Noble,
Thury, Paxton, President, and others. Sample parcel, Gd.
Descriptive Price LIST free.
W. LOVEL and SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price os., post-free, 5s. 6d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

CLEARANCE SALE OF BULBS
FOR PRESENT PLANTING.
Lemoine's beautiful new GLADIOLI, in mixture, per dozen,
4s. 6<i. ; RANUNCULUS, showy sorts, mixed, 2s. id. per 100 ;
beautiful new large- flowered single POPPY ANEMONES,
mixed, 4s. id. per 100 ; ANEMONE FULGENS, the beautiful
scarlet Windrlowerof the Riviera, 4s. Sd. per 100; per 1000,40s.
Sweet-scented PEARL TUBEROSES, 3s. per doz. ; per 100, 18s.
Carriage Free on receipt of Post Office Order.
BARR and SON, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

pHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.

\J Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.

Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

THE BURGHLEY STRAWBERRY
PLANTS are acknowledged the best— not the largest
collection, but the most select — all the best varieties re-
presented. The forcers include Vicomtesse, La Grosse Sucree,
Auguste Nicaise, and that excellent variety, John Ruskin.
Write for CATALOGUE, free.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crulched Friars. E.C.

N.B.— Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

Trade Offer of Large Eentlas and Cocos.

WICETON begs to offer some extra fine
• BELMORIANA, FOSTERIANA, MOOREANA, and
RUPICOLA. from 8 to 15 feet high ; a few extra-sized Grand
Specimens, from 20 to 25 feet, with 10 to 18 leaves ; large
batch of COCOS FLEXUOSA and PLUMOSA, 9 to 15 feet.
Prices on Application. Inspection invited.

Putney Park Lane, S.W. (near Barnes Station); also 129
and 130, Covent Garden Market.

J WEEKS AND CO., HOBTICULTUBAI.
■ Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and overoarriage
paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road. Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Tuesday Next.

ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRA.
CYPRIPEDIUM ARGUS.

SPEi IAL IMPORTATIONS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.G., on TUESDAY NEXT, Julv 14, at half past 12
o'Clock, 100 lots of ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRA,
guaranteed from the best Pacho district ; many good varieties
being seen in flower. The plants are flue masses in very good
condition and have been collected and brought home by Mr.
Millican. Also about 100 lots of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS,
nearly all undowered, together with 2600 CYPRIPEDIUM
ARGUS, just received direct in splendid condition, for Sale
without reserve. FLOWERING ORCHIDS and a quantity of
CAPE BULBS in variety.

On view morning of Sile, and Catalogues had.

Leyton.

Ten minntas walk from Leyton and Hoc Street stations.
CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, by order of the Proprietor, who is
giving up their cultivation.

Messrs; protheroe and morris wm
SELL by AUCTION, on the premises. La Moie, Vicarage
Road, Leyton. on TUESDAY NEYT, July 14. at 1 o'Clock, the
whole of the STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including
several very tine specimens of MAIDEN - HAfR FERNS.
GLOXINIAS, BEGONIAS, AZ4.LEAS, CAMELLIAS, several
ORCHIDS, twenty-four EUCHARIS, GERINIUMS, and a
large assortment of various plants.

May be viewed day prior and Morning of Sale.
Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., and Leytonstone, E.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms.
67 and 68. Cheapside, E.C., by order of Messrs. F. Sander on
FRIDAY NEXT, July 17, at half-past 12 o'Clock.

AN IMPORTATION IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

CATTLEYA SPECIES, distinct in appearance and comiDg
from a part hitherto strange to the footsteps of collectors.
Closely allied, no doubt, to the IMPERIALIS SECTION; yet
considerable variation appears amongst the plants now offered,
and suggests the possibility of new varieties and developments
of this always beautiful group.

Also a fine importation of CATTLEYA MENDELII, amongst
which forms of exceptional merit will be found. Great dilfi-
culty was experienced by our collector in getting this lot
together, as they came from a tract of country far beyond the
district that has been so diligently searched of late years.
Compact, and well formed plants, and many larg> masses are
offered in the above lot.

CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE, an importation of the debar
variety. Onlv a few plants received.

Also, a NEW WHITE STANHOPEA. quite different from
anything in cultivation. Only a few plants received.

CYPKlPEDIUM VENUSTUM and VARIETIES just arrived
in very good order. Imported plants of this have not been
offered for some time past.

There will also be included importations of DENDROBIUM
NOBILE. Sander's Variety ; DENDROBIUM MARMORATUM,
CYMBIDIUM SPECIES, AERIDE3 LOBBII, ami a few plants
of the rare DENDROBIUM AUREUM ZEYLANICUM, and
DENDROBIUM MoC'AKTHIA, and several plants of a
NEW ANGRiEDUM, with many other valuable and useful
ORCHIDS.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

Special Sale of ORCHIDS in FLOWER and BUD.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUC-
TION, at his Great Rooms. 38, Kiug Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, July 16, at half-past 12
o'Clock precisely, a fine COLLECTION of well-grown ORCHIDS
in FLOWER and BUD. comprising valuable Cypripediums,
grand varieties of ndontoglossum crispum, O.I'escatorei, O.
vexillarium, Oncidiums lu quantity, choice sorts of Den-
drobiums, Cattleyas, Lselias, &c. Also a case of ARAUCARIA
EXCELSA, received direct.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Orchids.— Orchids.

MESSRS. POPE and SONS will SELL by
AUCTION, on THURSDAY, July 16, at 11.30 A.M.,
a fine COLLECTION of OKCHIUS, principally in flower.
Catalogues forwarded on application.

No. 6, Phillip's Street, Birmingham.

WANTED, to PURCHASE or LEASE,
NURSERY GROUNDS, from 2 Acres, with some Glass
erections, not nearer than 12 miles of London, and within
35 miles, with good train service.

C. P. J., Girtleners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

170 K SALE (owing to indifferent health), a
well-known WHOLESALE and RETAIL SEED and
BULB BUSINESS, located in the first Commercial City of the
North of England ; the ground worked is the most populous in
the kingdom, and covers a radius of 80 milea ; business is done
with Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Florists, Market (Jardeners, Far-
mers, Private Families, &c. ; there is also a splendid Ready-
money Coituter Trade ; there are Two Stores, both in com-
manding positions; an efficient staff; comparatively small
stock. A very moderate sum will be accepted for Goodwill,
Fixtures, &c.

The Tradeaad Capitalists will find this an opportunity (which
seldom occurs) of acquiring a really genuine aud bind fide con-
cern. Principals only dealt with.

Address, in first instance. SUCCESS, Messrs. Hurst & Son,
152, Houusditcb, London, E.C.

Banks of the Solent.

LARGE GARDEN, 16 acres, TWO RESI-
DENCES, 20 large GREE N and VINE HOUSES, in good
order. . Rent £200, valuation about £500.

ELDKIDGE, 2, Western Parade, Southsea.

TO BE SOLD, the TWENTY YEARS'

JL LEASE of a small COMPACT NURSERY, situate in the
North of London, S miles from Covent Garden. The Glass
consists of 6 Greenhouses and Vineriesin full profit, the largest
Vinery being 116 by 20 feet. The grounds consist of Ij Acres,
the chief of which is in Orchard, the whole being a good
^oiug concern.

Stock and Crop at valuation
Apply to J. W. WOODHALL, Oakleigh Road, Whet-
stone, N.

Address, SECRETARY. 43. Great Tower Street. E.C.

"GAIR" COLLECTION

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

HAVE JUST PURCHASED

The Large and Fine Collection of

ORCHIDS,

Formed by the late JOHN GAIR, Esq., of
THE KILNS, FALKIRK, N.B.

The Company have removed the Collection to their Nurseries

t Garston by Special Train. The Collection is now on Sale,

and inspection is very earnestly invited. Descriptive and

priced Catalogues will be sent post-free, on. application to the

Company.

THE VINEYARD

& NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

DAHLIAS, Cheap Offer to Clear Out.—
Good Strong Plants, in 60's, 2s. 6d. per dozen, of the
leading varieties.

A. BATEMAN. Willow Nursery, Merton, Surrey.!

UOR SALE, two GYMNOGRAMMA

X? LAUCHEANA, in 18-inch pots. 4 to 5 feet across, price
25s. each. One PANDANUS VE1TCHII, in 18-inch pot, 25s.
All free on rail.

GARDENER, Manor House, Hollingworth, Cheshire.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade"
Adiantums, Pteris, Cyrtomiums, Nephrodiums, Poly-
stichums, and 20 other most Saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100.
Adiantum Cuneatum, in 5-iuch pots, fine tops, to cat at once,
50s. per 100. Large Ferns, in 48"s, 45s. per 100, in 6 useful
sorts; Adiantum macrophyllum, 40s. per 100; A. Mariesii,
40s. per 100; A. decorum, 16s. per 100; Cheilanthus elegans,
30s. per 100. Packed free ; Cash with Order.
J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Lougoboro' Junction, S.W.

Most Beautiful.— Have you not seen them ?

No Flowkr Garden is Complete without
TRISH ANEMONES

X (The Finest Race Extant).

Secure some Bulbs and Seed at once, from

Messrs. RODGER, McCLELLAND AND CO.,

The Newry Nurseries, Newry.

Bulbs, Double and Single. 5s. 6d. per 100. Seed, Single, ls.6d.;

Mixed, 2s. ; Double, 2s. 6d. per packet, post-free.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE OEMS.

CROTONS. 12 sorts, 6s., 9s., 12s., and IPs. per dozen;
DRAC5CNAS, for growing on, 9s. and 12s. per dozen ; CALA-
DIUMS, 12 splendid varieties, to make a show this summer,
12s. and 18s. per dozen; 12 beautiful Stove or Greenhouse
PLANTS, 9s., 12s., or 18s.; 12 beautiful Stove or Greenhouse
CLIMBERS, 21s. to 42s. ; PASSIFLOIIAS, in variety. Is. and
Is. Hd. each, 6 beautiful sorts, 7s. 6rf. See Catalogue, gratis.

WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altriucham;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

Manv Acres of Lilies of the Valley 1

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-yr. old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-yr. old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of Bending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lyan, Norfolk.

"CARNATION-LIZZIE IMOWAN."

The Best Pure White Carnation ever introduced. Flowers
fine and larg*, pure white, and beautifully fimbriated ; the
most free-flowering variety known. Very valuable for Cut
Flower purposes, as the buds do not burst.

Strong small plaut-% now ready. Price, 3s. %d. each; 30s. doz.
Orders executed in striot rotation.

PITCHER & MANDA,

The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent

EXHIBITIONS.

TRENTHAM and HANFORD HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
(In connection with the National Rose Society.)
GREAT FRUIT ami ROSE SHOW will be held in
TRENTHAM GARDENS, on JULY 16. Upwards of £70 given
in PRIZES for CUT ROSES, aud COLLECTIONS of FRUIT.
Nine varieties, 1st, £10; 2nd, £6; 3rd, £3. Six varieties,
1st, £5 ; 2nd, £3 ; 3rd. £2. Four bunches of GRAPES, 1st, £r> ;
2nd, £.3; 3rd, £2. GROUPS of PLANTS, 1st, £25 10s.; 2nd, £14;
3rd, £10 ; 4th, £3. Prizes amounting to £300 will be given.
Entries Close; July 9.
Schedules now ready, post free, on application to —
JOHN TAYLOR, Hon. Sec, Trcntham.

C ALTERHEBBLE and DISTRICT (Halifax)

O ROSE SHOW (N.R.S), THURSDAY, July 23,1891.

Schedules on application to the Secretary,
JNO. E. BROOKS, 4, Savile Park Street. Halifax.

'HE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTHAMPTON.
GREAT SUMMER SHOW, August 1 and 3. £250 in Prizes.

Entries close July 27.

CHRYSANTHEMUM and FRUIT SHOW, October 27 and 2S.

Over £100 in Prizes. Schedules and Entry Forms of

C. S. FUIDGE, Secretary.
Westwood Park, Southampton.

HIGHGATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

32nd ANNUAL EXHIBITION, at
HOLLY' LODGE, HIGHGATE,

On THURSDAY, JULY 16, 1891.
£135 IN PRIZES OFFERED.

D. B. CRANE, Secretary,

^/"ISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are

T cordially invited to visit the Establishment of

L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment, contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

Nurserymen by Appointment to the London School

BOARD.

JOHN PEED and SONS offer CUPRESSUS
LAWSONII, in cane baskets, from 5 to 8 feet high ; grand
plants, suitable for furnishing. ARAUCARIA EXCELSA,
from 3 to 6 feet high, furnished to pot.

Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood Road, S.E. ; also at
Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HEKDT and STRECKEB,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses. Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — STRECKER, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1£ Year).

Phice, 12s. Gd. peh 100.

SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

EARLY WHITE

ROMAN HYACINTHS,

FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA and OTHER

BULBS for EARLY FORCING.

Our First Consignments are now to hand. In excel-
lent condition.

Early Orders respectfully solicited : Delivered Carriage fr.e.
Descriptive Priced LIST (No. 394), free on application.

DICKSONS

(Limited).

Seedsmen and
Nurserymen,

CHESTER.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

The finest, moat varied, choice and interesting collection in
the Trade. 1400 species and varieties of stove, greenhouse, and ■
hardy Ferns. Partially Descriptive Catalogue, including com-
prehensive List Of useful Gardening Hoolif, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, One Shilling and Sixpence, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

Jolt 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

CRYSTAL PALACE,

WEDNESDAY, JULY 15, 1891.

GRAND ROSE FAIR AND FLORAL FETE,

IN AID OF THE GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.

ADMISSION TO THE PALACE, ONE SHILLING.

PROGRAMME:

CRICKET MATCH — THE SEEDSMEN v. THE GARDENERS OF ENGLAND.

TWO ORGAN RECITALS.

TWO CONCERTS BY THE RENOWNED CRYSTAL PALACE ORCHESTRA.

PROMENADE MUSIC BY THE CRYSTAL PALACE MILITARY BAND.

GRAND FOUNTAIN DISPLAY.

TWO PERFORMANCES BY THE WONDERFUL TRAINED WILD ANIMALS.

MONSTER BALLOON ASCENT.

ILLUMINATED GARDEN FETE AND GRAND OPEN-AIR BALLET.

AND

OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS ALL DAY.

Obtain Tickets from your Florist, or direct from the Secretary,

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick.

Combined Railway and Admission Tickets, Is. Qd. ; Children half price. Please state whether
L. C. & D. (High-level), or L. B. & S. C. (Low-level) Rails.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT- WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses. Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c constructed on our improved plan, are the
perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equalled. We only do one class of work,
and that the very best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our (tan,
from the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed
in all cases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THB BEST MATERIALS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

From

THE PUBLISHER,

11, Wellington Street, Strand,

LONDON, W.C.

1891.

Please send me " The Gardeners' Chronicle " for _
commencing tfor which I enclose P.O.O.

Months,

- ~ •

EB° Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for In advanco. ,©

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15j.; 6 Months. 73. 6d. ; 3 Months. 3s. 9d.; Post-free.

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. 6d. for 12 Months. India and China, 19s. 6d.

Receipts for less than sir months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for.

No.

P.O.O. to be made payable at the Post Office,
42, DRTJRY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN,
Cheques should be orossed " DRUMMOND."

G C
July il, 1891.

POR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS

-«- to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE
JACKMANII.

.vThlLflower3 are P-'Per-white, about the same size as those of
the old purple Jackmanii, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is unrivalled for beds, and also for climbing Readv
in August. 7s. 6d. each. '

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6rf. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out
also BEDDING PLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

THE TWO BEST CABBAGES

ARE

DICKSONS FIRST AND BEST, and

DICKSONS PERFECTION.

Per packet. 6d. ; per ounce, Is. Post free.

Mr. A. J. Long, writing on June 1, says:— "I am very
pleased with your " First and Beat " Cabbage, which I sowed
last summer for the first time. We have been cutting for the
past three weeks, and I cannot hear of anyone else cutting s
early. The plants withstood the severe winter remarkabl
well."

For other CABBAGES, LETTUCES, ONIONS, &c„ for
present sowing, see C ATA LOG TIE, sent post free on
application.

DlCKSONSe&sCHESTER

LOVELY TEA ROSES.

Bent sorta, in pots, 18s. p^r dozen; stronger, 2s. tid. and
3s. 6rf. each ; New and Choice Varieties, 2s. 6^., 3s. 6d. and 5s.
each. Set Catalogue, gratis.

WAT. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, healthy Plants, at Low Prices. Thousands
in stock. Please write for LIST.

H. A. TRACY (Late w. Gordon),

Orchid Nursery,
AMY AND PARK ROAD, TWICKENHAM

TENTS ! TENTS ! ! TENTS ! ! !— Suitable for
Gardens, Cricket, or Camping-out Purposes, 40 feet in
circumference, pure linen, with pegs, poles, and lines complete.
These tents are white, and have only been used a little by Her
Majesty's Government, and cost over £6 each. I will send one
complete for 30s. Can be stnt on approval.
HENRY J. GASSON, Government Contractor, Rye, Sussex.

o*'«°

CONWAY O. WARNS,
Royal Potteries, Weston-super-Maro

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

Laxtons New Strawberries.

LAXTON'S "SCARLET QUEEN."

The handsomest, brightest coloured, richest flavoured, and best early Strawberry yet introduced.

A very early seedling from Laxton's " Noble," fertilised by " King of the Earlies," and coming in between
these two fine early sorts. Fruit large, well formed, and of handsome conical shape. Colour a bright
vermilion scarlet, which is retained after packing and transit. Flesh firm, yet juicy, and of a
rich, full, vinous, and Queen-like flavour. Habit strong, with bold bright-green and nearly smooth foliage.
A very prolific and amply vigorous variety, and will become the best early Table and Market Strawberry of
the future.

The Gardeners' Magazine says it " promises to prove a valuable addition, and to be especially useful for affording supplies early
in the season. On June 23, 1891, we received -well ripened examples, that proved to demonstration the earliness of the variety. The
fruit is firm, richly flavoured, and of a bright scarlet colour ; the foliage indicates a vigorous constitution."

The Gardeners' Chronicle. — " Good variety and early."

The Garden.—" A promising variety."

The Journal of Horticu'ture. — " Bright in colour and of good flavour."

Trade Price, 60s. per 100 ; 12s. per dozen ; in small pots, half price extra.

LAXTON'S "WHITE KNIGHT."

Another most distinct and richly- flavoured Strawberry, raised from "Noble," crossed by
" King of the Earlies," but quite a break from its parents. The fruit very large and handsome,
longish-conical in shape; the flavour rich and vinous, with a somewhat brisk " Hautbois " taste ;
the flesh quite white; externally light scarlet on the upper and ivory-white on the under side,
some of the fruits coming quite white. A very robust, hardy, and distinct mid-season variety,
before " Sir J. Paxton."

LAXTON'S "COMPETITOR."

A very large, handsome, and wonderfully vigorous and prolific early variety, of excellent
quality and distinct flavour, coming in with " Noble," but more vigorous. A very satisfactory
Market and Table fruit, introduced last season.

LAXTON'S "CARDINAL."

A very distinct, new, second early variety, with large and well-shaped, broadly conicalfruit,
of exquisite flavour. Flesh firm and creamy-white in colour, scarlet externally. Plants very
i hardy, and fertile and of remarkable vigour.

Prices of the above three varieties, 30s. per 100 ; 6s. per dozen. In small pots, half price extra.

LAXTON'S NOBLE. — Now the most widely known and extensively grown of any early Market Strawberry in Great Britain and on the Continent, 6s.

per 100. Laxton's " Latest of All," " John Ruskin," " Crescent," and *' The Albert" (best Continental variety of recent introduction), each 20s. per 100; is. per dozen. "Commander," the
best flavoured Strawberry ever introduced, 15s. per 100; 3s. per dozen ; small pots half extra. "La Grosse Sucree" and " Augnste Nicaise " (best early forcers), " Waterloo " (fine late),
and a large general collection of all the newest and best sorts also kept.

TERMS — Nett -prompt cash. For cash with order 5 per cent, may be deducted, and packing will not be charged.
Orders executed in strict rotation so far as stocks will permit. Kef erences from unknown correspondents absolutely indispensable.

Descriptive Priced Lists free on application to

THOMAS LAXTON seed grower, BEDFORD.

THREE ABSOLUTELY TRUSTWORTHY

GARDENERS' FRIENDS.

CAMPBELL'S FUMIGATING INSECTICIDE

Big Facts :—

Mr. Williams,
Gardener to Earl
Lisburne : — "I
have given your
New Fumigating
Material ;i tho-
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Big Facts :-

Mr. Thomson,
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Duke of Buc-
cleuch : — "One of
the best inven-
tions connected
with horticulture
that has been in-
troduced for many
a long day. I will
never use Tobacco
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Mr. Culverwell, Gardener to Sir F. Millbanke, Bart. :—
"The Fumigating Insecticide is very effectual. I have recom-
mended it to several people."

Mr. Geo. Wythes, Gardener to the Duke of Northum-
berland :— " Pleased with Insecticide; answered its purpose
thoroughly; for Orchids a boon."

PRICES :-

For houses with a ( 1000 cubic feet. No. 3 Roll, 1/- each \Post

capacity of \ 2000 , 4 „ 1/9 ,, J Free.

The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to
make up required quantities for larger houses.

LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE.

The Safest and Most Effective Liquid Insecticide
for Dipping or Syringing.

Mr. Flack, Gardener to the Marquis of Cholmondeley :—
" Your Lemon Oil is most effectual and safe, destroying every
insect it comes in contact with, as well as having such
cleansing properties."

Mr. Milne, Gardener to Lord Delamere :— " Your Lemon Oil
Insecticide is the best, safest, and most effective I have ever
used."

Prices, post free :— Pints, Is. 10d. ; quarts, 3s. 3d. ;
half gallons, 5s. 9d.

A truly valuable remedy. Has
of Bulbs.

saved thousands

CUBRAN'S EUGHARIS MITE KILLER.

Mr. B. CROMWELL, Cleveley Gardens, says : " The result of
using your Eucharis Mite Killer is, that our stock of
Eucharis is now furnished with dark-green leathery foliage,
and pots full of strong fleshy roots."

PRICES, post-free :— Half-pints, Is. 9d. : pints, 2s. 9d. : quarts,
4s. SW. ; half-gallons, 8s.

OR FROM YOUR SEEDSMAN.

CLIBRAN'S OLDFIELD NURSERIES, ALTRINCHAM ;

Also 10 and 12, Market Street, MANCHESTER.

r^^^^v^^ww^^^^^^^^^»^>y^^<r<r^^^^^^^*> T.T.TT/

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THE " PERFECT "

WEED KILLER

Without which

none >s genuine none is genuine.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Stable
Yards, &c. Recommended by the entire Horticultural Press, including The Field,
The Garden, Gardeners' Chronicle, Gardening Illustrated, Gardeners' Magazine, Journal
of Horticulture, and Gardening World. Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of
Works, and used regularly at Kew Gardens, &o.

Prices :-l gal., 2s. ; 5 gals., la. 9d. per gal. ; 10 gals., Is. 6d. per gal. ; 10 gals, at Is. 4d. per gal.

Carriage Paid on 10 gallons.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

THE HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL COY.,

97, Milton Street, GLASGOW (Originally of Tunbridqe, Kent).
CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC.— Please carefully note our Name, Address, and
Trade Mark, and do not be deceived by imitations and apparently lower
prices of inferior articles.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that by rirtue of an Order of the High Court of
Justice, dated May _ 26, 1891, the use of the name AGRI-HORTICULTURAL
CHEMICAL COY. on Show-Cards, Circulars, Labels, or otherivise howsoever, by
Parties recently trading under that name at Tunbridge, Kent, is ILLEGAL, and
that our Manufactures cannot be obtained genuine in Tunbridge except from our
Agents, Messrs. WlBMERty WARDLEY, Chemists, there.

THE COTTAGER'S CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

Post-free 3^d. ; 25 Copies, 6s. ; 50, 10s. ; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C.

July 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Specimen Palms,

TREE FERNS, &c.

B. S. WILLI AMS & SON

Respectfully invite the Nobility and Gentry
about furnishing their Conservatories and
Winter Gardens to an Inspection of their
Immense Stock of Magnificent Specimen

PALMS, TREE FERNS,

DRACAENAS, CAMELLIAS,

AZALEAS,

RHODODENDRONS,

And all kinds of

FOLIAGE & FLOWERING STOVE &
GREENHOUSE PLANTS,

WHICH is UNEQUALLED in EUROPE.
Sizes and Prices will be quoted upon application.

VICTORIA & PARADISE NURSERIES,

UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

SOW NOW for
SPRING FLOWERING.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA \ Varmt me-Nots

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ALBA }• Forget me I*ots

SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA

SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA ALBA

WALLFLOWER, Cranford Golden Beauty

WALLFLOWER, Graham's Blood Red

WALLFLOWER, choice double German

STOCKS, Bromptoo and East Lothian

PAPA VER N UDICAULE ) The faTourite Ice,and

:: :: minium I p°™»°-

PRIMROSE, choice hybrids
POLYANTHUS, choice mixed and gold-laced
PANSIES, choice show and fancy strains
VIOLAS, in separate colours

Per packet Qd., Is., and Is. 6c/., post-free; or in larger quantities.

By making sowings of above now, beautiful displays may be
obtained next Spring.

For all other FLOWER SEEDS see CATALOGUE,
sent post-free, on application to —

Dicksonsb&Chester

GARDEN.

SWANLEY, KENT.

Trade Offer.

WICETON begs to offer the following
• PALMS :—

Strong ARECA LUTESCENS. in 60's, at 60s. per 100 j
"' „ COCOS WEDDELLIANA, in thumbs, at 32s. and bOs. ;
,, SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in thumbs, 20s. and 30s.;
,, KENTIAS, BELMOREANA and FOSTERIANA. in

thumbs, 40s. and 75s.
,, SEEDLINGS in Stores, at 30s. per 100.
ASPARAGUS, P. NANUS, strong, in thimbles, at 45s. per 100.
JSxtra fine PANDANUS VEITOHII, in all Sizes.
Putn»v Park Lane, 8.W.

WEBBS'

EMPEROR CABBAGE

THE EARLIEST AND BEST.

6d. and Is. per packet,
IS. 6d. per ounce.
From Mr. R. Lye. The Gardens,
Symonton Court, July 23, 18^9:—
" I have grown a good many
varieties of Cabbage, but I con-
sider Webbs' Emperor the best of
them all. I planted out a bed of
850 plants last autumn, and not
one went to seed, but all turned
out splendidly, and were admired
by all who saw them.'"
EARLY NONPAREIL CABBAGE
ENFIELD MARKET
EARLY RAINHAM
RED DUTCH

ONION.

Per oz.
.. 8d.
.. 6d
.. 9d.
.. 9d.

WEBBS' RED GLOBE TRIPOLI
LARGE FLAT RED TRIPOLI

GIANT ROCCA

WHITE LISBON

POST-FREE.

Per pkt.
... 6d.
... 6d.
... 6d.

Is. 6d.

lOd.

Is. Od.

... 8d.

WEBB*S0NSJW0RDSLEY,5T0URBRIDGEi

STRAWBERRIES.

For the Best Flavoured, see

GEORCE BUNYARD & CO. S LIST.

For the Best Forcing Kinds,
For the Largest Fruited, see

C. B. & CO.S DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

For the Hardiest Villa Garden Sorts,
For ample Cultural Notes, see

GEORCE BUNYARD & CO.S

LIST of SUMMER FRUITS, Free by Post.

THE OLD NURSERIES,

MAIDSTONE, KENT,

And buy the Best Sorts and Best Plants from them.

CHOICE PALMS AND FERNS.

Beautiful PALMS well grown and healthy plants for Green-
house and Table Decoration, Is. 6d., 2s., and 2s. Qd. each;
small Plants, for growing on, 6s. and 9s. per doz. Twelve
fine FERNS for Greenhouse. 9s. and 12?. ; MAIDENHAIR
FERN, 65., 95., and 125. per dozen. Small FERNS, in variety,
for fancy pots, indoor rockeries, &c, from 35. per dozen;
several new and rare varieties, Is. 6d. to 3s. 6d. each. SELA-
GINELLAS, in variety, 65. and 9s. per dozen. SELAGINELLA
EMILIANA.a beautiful new Mass Is. 6d. each. See List, gratis.

WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldtield Nurseries, Altrineham;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
BENJAMIN RIMBAUD,

Bulb Grower,
Q,uartier du Temple, Toulon (Var), France

(The largest Bulb Grower in the South of France).
Offers—
EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS GRANDIFLORA and other

NARCISSUS.

LILIUM CANDIDUM. FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA.

And all other Specialties of South of France.

Seeds and Plants of

CARNATIONS MARGARITA and Other CARNATIONS.

PRICE LIST on application to the

London Agents :—

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD & SON,

25, Savage Gardens, Crutched Friars, London. E.C.
LEMATIS JACKMANII ALBA,

THE WHITE JAOKMANNII.

For bedding. 12s. per doreD.

CLEMATIS LANUGINOSA, 12». per dozen.

CHARLES NOBLE, Bagshot.

THE

€m&mm' dftantck

SATURDAY, JULY 11, 1801.

SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN AS A

GARDENER.
/~\NE usually connects the name of Si
" Christopher Wren only with the erection
of City churches, but he deserves at least a
little niche in the memory of those whose chief
concern is with plants, and with the useful or
ornamental disposition of the surface of the
ground. I cannot discover what share he may
have taken in arranging the grounds of the
country homes he built or altered, but we can
fancy that he may have been active in this
direction, for the art of gardening was then s-till
in its strictly formal phase, the immediate sur-
roundings of great country houses were archi-
tectural in design, and clients were wise enough
to know that the same artist who planned the
structure itself should be consulted about its
accessories. Moreover, there is historical wit-
ness to the fact that once, at least, he shared in
the arrangement of a famous garden. About
the year 1690, Queen Mary engaged Wren to
make alterations in Cardinal Wolsey's former
palace of Hampton Court ; and, though I cannot
find any detailed account of what his work on
the gardens was, it is known that they were
included with his purely architectural problems
" Queen Mary," says Wren's latest biographer
Miss Phillimore, "though she amused herself
with planning the gardens and making sug-
gestions, had yet the wisdom to defer to Wren's
better taste and knowledge. Her husband, with
characteristic obstinacy, insisted on his own
ideas, thereby dwarfing the cloisters and marring
much of the architecture. It is, however, fair
to say that King W illiam always owned that the
defects were his, the merits Wren's ; and these
merits were very great, as any one who knows
the fine old palace, with its rich red brick, its
arcades, and the quaint formal gardens, will
readily allow. He built, at about the same
time, the pavilion and the Ranger's house in
Bushey Park."

But it is in Wren's writings that we find
what will be of most interest to our readers.
No man ever worked harder at his own pro-
fession than he, even during the later years
of his long life ; yet he found time to in-
vestigate many other intellectual questions,
and occasionally to write about them. An
article, " On the Surface of the Terrestrial
Globe," is mentioned by biographers, but is no
longer extant. Another, however, " On the
Rising of Sap in Trees," has been preserved. In
full, it exists only, I believe, in a manuscript
inserted in a volume of the Parentalia, a folio
book of family memoirs published by Sir Chris-
topher's grandson, and now itself a rarity. But
some extracts from it are printed by Miss
Phillimore, and are valuable as showing how

THE GABBENEBS' GHBONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

such a subject was approached, just two centuries
ago, by a man who, although he was not a
naturalist, had one of the acutest and most
cultivated intellects of the time.

" It is wonderful," writes the great architect,
" to see the rising of the sap in trees. All will
bleed more or less when they are tapped by
boring a hole through the bark, some very
considerably, as the Birch, which will afford
as muoh liquor every day almost as the milke
of a cow ; in a Vine, when a bough is out
off, it will, if not stopped, bleed to death.
Now, by what mechanism is water raised to such
a height as in Palmitos to 120 foot high ?
A skillfull engineer cannot effect this with-
out great force and a complicated engine, which
Nature does without sensible motion ; it steals
up as freely as the water descends. The reason
of this is obscure as yett to naturalists." Various
theories which Wren then quotes are not ex-
plained by his biographer, but, she tells us, he
shows by a little marginal drawing "that the
onely vicissitudes of heat and cold in ye aire is
sufficient to raise the sap to the height of the
loftiest trees." Mechanical explanations are
then given to refute the idea that there is " a
secret motion in Nature contrary to that by
which plants aspire upwards." And in conclu-
sion, Wren says : — " But though I have shown
how the sap may be mechanically raised from
the root to the top of the loftiest trees, yett how
it comes to be varyed according to the particular
nature of the tree by a fermentation in the
root ; how the raine water entering the root
acquires a spirit that keeps it from freezing, but
also gives it such distinguishing tastes and
qualities, is beyond mechanical philosophy to
describe, and may require a great collection of
phenomena with a large history of plants to
shew how they expand the leaves, and produce
the seed and fruit from the same raine water
so wonderfully diversified and continued since the
first Creation."

Special students of such questions would be
glad to see the explanatory passages omitted
from these quotations, although, of course, we
can understand how they did not find a place in
a general biography of the architect. But it is
certainly interesting to discover that a man so
practical and sensible as Wren, seems to have
anticipated a day when even such secrets as the
transmutation of inert into living matter would
be explained. Unfortunately, our " collection of
phenomena " and our histories of plants, vastly
though they have increased during the past two
centuries, have brought us no nearer to the
reading of riddles of this sort.

When discussing the condition of the churches
of London, and the best way of repairing them
Sir Christopher once wrote : " As to roofs, good
Oak is certainly the best, because it will bear
some negligence. The churchwardens' care may
be defective in speedy mending drips; they
usually whitewash the church, and set up their
names, but neglect to preserve the roof over
their heads. . . . Next to Oak is good yellow
deal, which is a timber of length, and light and
makes excellent work at first, but, if neglected
will speedily perish ; especially if gutters (which
is a general fault with builders) be made to run
upon the principal rafters, the ruin of the
church may be sudden. Our sea-service for Oak
and the wars in the North Sea, make timber at
present of excessive price. I suppose, ere long
we must have recourse to the West Indies
where, most excellent timber may be had for
cutting and fetching."

Wren lived, as I have said, before the time
when naturalistic methods of gardening art were

introduced, and very long before the establish-
ment of great rural cemeteries for the reception
of the dead of cities. In his day it was custo-
mary to bury in churchyards, and actually within
the walls of churches, even in the densest parts of
London. But he was too intelligent a man not
to protest against so dangerous a practice, and, in
one of the many reports on architectural and
urban questions which he wrote, we find what
his conception was with regard to the proper
disposal of the dead. If they are not interred
in or near the city churches, he says, " It will be
inquired, where then shall be the burials ? I
answer, in cemeteries seated in the outskirts of
the town. ... A piece of ground of 2 acres in
the fields will be purchased for much less than
2 roods among the buildings ; this being
enclosed with a strong brick wall, and having a
walk round, the two cross walks decently planted
with Yew trees, the four quarters may serve
four parishes, where the dead need not be dis-
turbed at the pleasure of the sexton, or piled
four or five upon one another, or bones thrown
out to make room. ... It may be con-
sidered further, that if the cemeteries be thus
thrown out into the fields, they will bound the
excessive growth of the city with a graceful
border, which is now encircled with scavengers'
dung-stalls." To-day we should hardly consider
such cemeteries a " graceful border " to a city,
although, it must be confessed, too many in
America are encircled by the more unpleasant
heaps of refuse with which Sir Christopher
desired to do away. His words convey, I ma}'
add, an exact picture of many cemeteries still in
use near European towns ; but, though they are
much larger than the churchyards which pre-
ceded them, the horrible results of overcrowding
cited by Wren as existing in such yards, may
often be witnessed within their wider yet now
insufficient and inelastic walls. I have myself
seen, in German cemeteries in the outskirts of
cities of the first class, even the piling of three
or four bodies one upon another, and this not in
portions devoted to the poor, but in lots owned
by aristocratic families. M. O. Van Rensselaer,
in Garden and Forest.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

ADA LEHMANNI, Iiolfe, n. ip*
Fob many years the well-known Ada aurantiaca,
Lindl., was the only species of the genus, but now a
second one has appeared. My first acquaintance
with it began in September, 1888, when Mr. James
O'Brien, of Harrow-on-the-Hill, sent it to Kew for
determination. In the following July it was sent again,
by Mr. J. E. Bonny, Hextable Nursery, Swanley,
Kent, who presented a living plant to the Kew
collection, where it has since flowered. In January,
1891, Mr. F. W. Moore sent it from Glasnevin, and
now it comes from Mr. H. J. Ross, of Florence.
It was introduced to Europe by Mr. F. C.

* Ada Lehmanni, n. sp.— Habit of A. aurantiaca, L:ndl.,
but more rigid. Leaves arcuate, linear, acute, coriaceous
dark green, more or leas distinctly marbled with grey blotches,
8 to 12 inches long, 6 to 11 lines broad. Scapes erect, rather
shorter than the leaves, racemes with fivs to eight flowers.
Bracts lanceolate, acute, 5 to 8 lines loDg, a little shorter than
the pedicels. Sepalsand petalssubconnivent, subsimilar, linear-
lanceolate, acute, somewhat fleshy, bright cinnabar-orange,
1 inch long. Lip oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with incurved
undulate margins and recurved apex, about three-quarters
as long as the sepals. Colour white, except the very fleshy,
linear, velutinous, thickened callus, which is deep oraDge-
coloured, and extends from base to near the tummit. On
either side of this callus, about a third of the distance from
the base, is a curiously recurved white hook, almost like the
prickles of a Rose-bush in shape, the use of which is not easy
to divine. Column Bhort and stout, dull yellow, with a pair
of large fleshy auricles at base. Native of New Granada.
R. A. Eolfe, Herbarium, Aei/.\

Lehmann, German Consul in the Republic of
Colombia, after whom I have great pleasure in
naming it. It is a very distinct species, easily dis-
tinguished from A. aurantiaca by its more rigid
habit, shorter, broader, and darker green leaves,
which are everywhere marbled with grey, sometimes
very distinctly so, at others more obscurely, and by
its white lip. It is also decidedly a summer-flower-
ing plant, while A. aurantiaca is well known to
flower during the winter, when its brilliant orange-
coloured racemes are very useful. The colour of our
novelty is equally brilliant. It may be added that
the name was circulated, and the description pre-
pared at least two years ago, but for some reason it
never got into print. R. A. Bolfe.

A New Hakdt Magnolia.

In the Botanical Magazine of February last. Sir
Joseph Hooker described a new species of Magnolia
under the name of M. Watsoni (after the Assistant-
Curator of Kew), the plant having been purchased
from a collection of native plants in the Japanese
Court of the Paris Exhibition of 1889, where it was
exhibited as an unnamed species. This plant
flowered last June in the open air at Kew, and a
drawing of it was made for the magazine. A very
fine specimen of this same Magnolia has been sent
to me by Messrs. Veitch, who have lately flowered
it for the first time in their Coonibe Wood nursery,
where they have grown it, fully exposed, for the past
two years, the plants having been received direct from
Japan under the name of M. parviflora. On seeing
the flower, I at once recognised the similarity to the
Botanical Magazine figure, and on showing the
flower to Mr. Hemsley at the Kew Herbarium, he
said at once it was the new M. Watsoni, and he
kindly showed me the native drawings and specimens
of the true M. parviflora and allied species. The true
M. parviflora and this new M. Watsoni are so
obviously distinct from each other, that it is strange
that the two species should have passed under the same
name, as they evidently do in American nurseries ;
and stranger still is the fact that such a conspicuous
and beautiful tree has so long etcaped the botanical
travellers in Japan, and has not been figured by
native artists in the Japanese floras.

Professor Sargent (at p. 739, vol. ix., of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle) is evidently of the opinion that the
true M. parviflora and M. Watsoni are distinct, and
it is satisfactory to read that both flourish and
flower well in the Flushing nurseries.

We have, unquestionably, in this Magnolia a
grand addition to hardy trees— one that promises to
adapt itself to our climate as readily as other
Japanese species do, though probably, as Professor
Sargent observes, the hot and dry summers in
America are more favourable to Japanese plants
than ours.

Those who can refer to the Botanical Magazine,
t. 7157, may see a truthful portrait of this new tree,
though the Coombe Wood specimen was somewhat
larger than the flowers illustrated. To describe it,
one must compare the flower with that of the ever-
green, M. grandiflora, as it is almost as large, and has
similar large and broad ivory-white petals, incurved
and shell-like. The sepals are tinged with a delicate
rose-pink, which at once distinguishes it from other
Magnolias. The conical pistil rises 2 inches, and at its
base are numerous rows of stamens with rich crimson
filaments, and reddish-yellow, or terra-cotta-tinted
anthers — a combination of colour that makes the
flower very striking. The flower sent is 61 inches
across, and has a powerful spicy perfume like that of
its congener, M. glauca. The leaves are about
6 inches long, by about half as broad, like those of
M. Yulan, deep green above, pale beneath. It
appears to be a sparsely branched low tree, the soli-
tary flowers terminating the young branches. The
Coombe specimen is about 4 feet high, and the
specimens at Kew received from America, under
the name of M. parviflora, are of similar size.
The true M. parviflora has much smaller
leaves, broadly ovate, and pointed, while the
flowers seem to be only a third the size of M.

Juiy 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

Watsoni. M. parviflora, is not, I believe, in cultiva-
tion in this country, neither have I seen M. hypo-
leuca, though it may be in the Kew collection.
M. Kobus, which Professor Sargent states as being
the hardiest of all the Magnolias, is at Kew, but is
not, I think, in the nurseries here. From the figures,
it appears to be a handsome species. M. stellata is
becoming tolerably common now, and thrives every-
where, though late frosts are liable to spoil it just
when in flower or bud. W. Goldring.

THE INFLUENCE OF STOCK
UPON SCION.

Aboot a year ago, a large number of experiments
in herbaceous grafting were performed by a student
under the direction of Professor Bailey, and, among
others, a trial was made of grafting a portion of a
half-grown Dwarf Champion Tomato upon a similar
fruit of the Ignotum variety, from which a corre-
sponding piece had been removed. In habit of
growth, as well as in fruit, the Dwarf Champion is
very distinct from the Ignotum ; the former has
thick and short-jointed stems, thick, crumpled, dark
green leaves, and the fruit has a distinctly purple
tinge ; the Ignotum is similar in character to the
common red varieties. The two parts of the graft
united and grew to maturity, after which the seeds
were removed and planted, care being taken to
keep the seeds of the two halves, stock and scion,
separate.

The results obtained from the seeds of the scion
half of the fruit, the Dwarf Champion, were very
striking; so surprising, indeed, that it was decided
to distrust the accuracy of the records of the experi-
ment until it should be confirmed by further trials.
Soon after their appearance above ground, the plants
from these seeds began to show some of the charac-
teristics of the stock. As the plants developed, this
resemblance to the Ignotum increased, until at
maturity both the plants, and the fruit which was
produced, were undistinguishable from the pure
Ignotum variety.

The interesting development of this experiment
led to its repetition during the past winter, the
work beiDg carried on by means of the Tomato
plants growing in the forcing-houses of the Experi-
ment Station. Of the grafts thus made, a part were
Ignotum upon Dwarf Champion as a stock, the
reciprocal of that mentioned above, and from the
seeds of the scion-half young plants are now growing
which again show a very decided influence from the
stock, being plainly intermediate in character of
leaf and in habit between the two. varieties,
thus confirming to that extent the observations
made dnring last year's experiment. The further
developments of the plants and their fruit will be
looked for with great interest, since, among the
many forms of grafting which have been practiced
in the past, few, if any, records are to be found of
such a preponderating influence of the stock. Garden
and Forest.

The Herbaceous Border.

HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALS.

A plant has been sent out for three or four years
from Hale Farm nursery, and exhibited under this
name. It is figured in Mr. Ware's last catalogue of
hardy plants on page 32. It is certainly not II.
occidentalis of Riddell, as described ia Gray's Flora
of North, America. It flowers much earlier, has
larger flowers, and is distinct in many characters.
The true H. occidentalis has been cultivated by
Mr. W. Thompson, of Ipswich, for several years,
and distributed by him. Those who have Mr. Ware's
plant, and will compare it carefully with the descrip-
tion of Helianthella quinquenervis (Gray) in Flora
of North America, vol. i., part 2, p. 284, will, I think,
be satisfied that it is that plant. C. Wolley Hod,
Edge Hall, Malpas.

SlLENE ArMERIA.

A few clumps of this species are very telling in
our herbaceous border at present, and for these we
are indebted to a friend, who gave us some small
self-sown plants early last September. These were
planted at once in clumps of three each, and now
form masses of flower 15 to 18 inches high, and the
same in diameter, of a deep rose colour. Being light
in appearance, and lasting well, it is very useful for
cutting for room decoration, the colour showing well
by artificial light. It is a plant worthy of being
generally cultivated. W. H. Dicers, Keiton Hall
Gardens, Stamford.

Geruera Jamesoni.

It is some lour years since this lovely Composite
was introduced from Barberton, Transvaal, and
therefore it has hardly had sufficient time to get
into general cultivation. Specimens in pots have
flowered at Kew and in these gardens in the open
air ; and one thing in its favour is, that it has with-
stood the cold of the past winter, and is now coming
into flower. They stand amongst the Opuntias at
the foot of a wall looking south at the end of the
stove, somewhat protected on the east by the pro-
jecting Lily-house. Glass lights are placed over the
Opuntias late, to keep them dry, the front and sides
being open, and the dryness thus afforded the
plants helps them to pass the winter unharmed ; for
a plant which was placed in the open border,
although it grew vigorously during the summer,
perished in the winter. It is highly probable
that this Gerbera will figure on rockwork and
other suitable positions when it gets tetter known.
On rockwork it should have a warm position,
and be protected in winter by means of a
piece of glass placed over it, as is done for other
doubtful plants. It is not fastidious as to soil,
good loam and leaf-soil and coarse sand form-
ing a compost, in which it grows freely. I also
notice that when planted in a shaded position,
the plant is attacked by a leaf-mining grub. Our
plants were raised from seeds sent by Mr. II. W.
Adlam of Natal (see Gardeners' Chronicle, June 23,

1888, p. 775), and in his note he mentions that the
flowers last several days without changing colour ;
Mr. Watson of Kew, writing concerning this plant,
says they last in flower a fortnight, while in the open
air at Cambridge they last from a month to six
weeks.

I have scanned several of our leading seedsmen's
catalogues, in order to find out whether or no this
is offered to the public, but have failed to find it,
and seedsmen would do well to procure seeds for
their customers. IF. Harrow, Botanic Garden, Cam-
bridge. [The plant was figured in our columns,

1889, June 22, fig. 122. Ed.]

Roses.

INDOOR CLIMBING ROSES.

Under the above heading (on p. 760, vol.ix.), Mr.
Cook mentions that Rose William Allan Richardson
makes too much growth, and produces few flowers
when planted out under glass. I feel this should
not be let pass without comment, as this Rose, if
properly grown, is far more free-flowering than half
of the varieties grown. The great mistake, made
when growing these strong habited Roses under
glass, is that they are pruned too severely. Mr.
Cook mentions that this variety does better on out-
side walls ; why not treat it the same inside ? Then
the results will be found to be far and away better
than upon plants grown outside, as this plant makes
late growth, which cannot be ripened nearly so
thoroughly outside, as under glass. I have plants
of this variety that bore some 500 to 600 grand
flowers upon each early in May, and that are again
in flower (June 20), and carrying 300 blooms and
buds. These will flower again in August, or early
in September.

In fact, I know of no Rose that is freer flowering
if rationally treated. Too many growers, even now,
prune back the long growths made by many

varieties, with the result that they practically cut
away the flowers, and more long shoots are pro-
duced. If William A. Richardson is planted out, and
treated in the same way as Marechal Niel or Gloire de
Dijon, i.e., all the long and ripened growths left to
flower, this variety will be found far more free than
either, and greater praise could not possibly be given it.

William A. Richardson blooms two or three
times a year, while the Niel will only carry one
really good crop. If people would only let these
strong climbing varieties grow as they choose, and
simply endeavour to assist them all they can by
ripening the growth when completed, we should hear
no complaints on the score of shyness of flowering.
All strong growers will flower upon the long shoots, if
these are matured. The only pruning required with
these varieties being, to cut away the growth as soon
as it has flowered, so as to throw all the strength of
the plant into the young shoots growing on for another
crop of bloom.

If treated in this manner, there are hardly any
strong-growing Roses but what will do well under
glass, provided sufficient room can be given. A. Piper
Sussex.

The Winter of 1890-91.

Pursuing one's course along the western and
south-western counties, we come to such centres of
Rose growing as Bath, Exeter, and Torquay, and
portions of the country from whence we do not
expect to hear tales of disasters from frost and
injury from severe weather, but, as will be found,
that in some cases there is very little difference in
the effect from that experienced in other districts.
Messrs. Cooling & Son's nursery at Bath is situated on
high ground, it being about 350 feet above the sea-
level, and could not therefore be subject to such damage
as might be expected in low- lying land. The soil is a
stiff loam, and the effect of the winter has been that
which we find in most places; the thermometer did
not fall below 10°, or 22° of frost— considerably less
than in many places, yet they inform me that the
effect has been disastrous; the majority of Teas are
killed to the ground, and standard Teas killed out
right; while the H.P.'s, except those of more tender
constitution, are uninjured. The varieties of Teas
which have suffered must are Madame de Watteville,
Countess de Nadaillac, Niphetos, and Madame
Falcot. From Mr. Alex. Hill Gray, whose garden
is one of the most remarkable in England, I have a
different account : he says, his Roses are compara-
tively uuinjured ; and a friend who has seen it, says
it is the only garden he has seen where Teas have
proved strong.

Midway between Bath and Exettr lies the pleasant
county town of Taunton, where horticulture is
enthusiastically carried out by many amateurs ; one,
Mr. W. Herbert Fowler, has of late years cultivated
well and extensively, in a very delightful garden,
both Teas and hybrid perpetuals ; and it will be seen
that in his favoured position he has not suffered 80
much as many others. "I have not lost," he says,
" more than one per cent, of my Teas, though of
course they are cut down to the ground in most
cases. I note that those on the seedling Briars have
suffered less than those on the Manetti (but why
grow arjy Teas on Manetti '.') ; many of the former
have lost no wood at all. None of my standards have
suffered, and the Marechals are breaking grandly.
I have lost more H.P.s than Teas ; the latter were
not protected at all, except by earthing them up
like Potatos." This latter experience reminds me of
the manner in which my late friend, the Rev. W. F.
Radclyffe, used to be sneered at when he first advo-
cated this method of protecting his dwarfs, and yet now
nearly everybody, and amongst them those who used
to ridicule the notion, have adopted it. Although some
of his opinions about Roses, which he really loved,
were eccentric, yet on this point he proved himself
to be before his age. There is no need to say anything
as to the right of Mr. R. G. Baker, of Heavitree,
Exeter, to be considered an authority on all matters
connected with the Rose, and from his favoured
locality we might naturally expect to receive not so
sad a story of the winter's loss as from other places ;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

his garden is a sheltered one in the suburbs of the
old city of Exeter. The soil is light and rich, resting
on red sandstone ; the height above sea-level is 135
feet, and the lowest reading of the thermometer at the
Devon and Exeter Hospital close by was 19° of
frost, considerably lower, it will be seen, than that
of the previous stations, and this is his report : —
" My Roses have, as a whole, wintered well, and I
have lost very few. I notice that newly-planted
Teas have not suffered so much as older plants, the
strong growers more so than the weaker ones.
Madame de Watteville has suffered more than any
other Tea with me, the whole of these having been
cut down to the ground ; the H.P.s have broken
very well, but the cold and frost of this month have
checked them badly. My first bloom of a Tea Rose,
Amazon, opened to-day (May 28) under a wall. In
connection with the cold wave of May 17 — 19, the
thermometer did not go below 32°. " I notice, too,
that he speaks of Madame Be>ard and Marie Van
Houtte, both strong growers, having suffered very
much. This is somewhat remarkable, as they are
both strong and sturdy growers, the former a decided
Dijon, and the latter growing most vigorously ; it
may be that they were fuller of sap, and so felt it
the more.

Descending still further south, we come to the
famed district of Torquay ; not that, were I about to
commence Rose-growing, I should ehoose either
Devon or Cornwall as the scene of my operations.
The climate is mild, but it is also moist, and there is
therefore a great danger of the wood not being pro-
perly ripened, so that if frost should set in, they
would be caught at a great disadvantage, and I know
that in Cornwall it is next to impossible to grow
Rises fit for exhibition purposes. I have received
the following information from Messrs. Curtis, Sand-
ford & Co., of the Devon Rosery, Torquay. The
lowest temperature they noted was 16 8, not quite
16° of frost, which, it will be seen, is lower than any
yet noticed ; the situation is only a few feet above
the sea-level, but then that sea is one which feels
the influence of the Gulf Stream, and they say that
there is no injury done to buds or plants of Teas,
except the autumn growth, which was a little
singed. Hybrid Perpetuals received no damage
whatever, but their opinion that Tea Roses will
not suffer any more than hybrids from severe frost,
provided the wood is ripe, is not borne out by any
other growers— and, of course, up to 16° of frost, it
may be true ; and as that is the lowest temperature
they record, it cannot be adduced as evidence against
the opinion of so many others. I may instance
this by the case of Lemoine's hardy hybrid Gladioli,
which have claimed for themselves the advantage of
being left in the ground, and so saving the trouble
of lifting. I have had them for seven or eight years,
and have only this spring written in their favour ;
but this last winter has been too much for them,
and I have lost every one. Of course, previous to
this winter, I should have told everyone, " Oh, yes,
they are perfectly hardy — as hardy as the common
wild one ; " but if I had only 16° of frost, I should
moat probably have continued to sing their praises,
until some unlucky wight who had been seduced by
my statements had gone in for them, and found they
could not stand the 28° of frost he had experienced.

Each day brings me curious statements with
regard to the condition of Roses ; one of the growers
mentioned in my last paper says, " My Teas are not
what they ought to be ; they ought to show dif-
ferent. I do not think there is the smallest chance
of there being any ready for the 23rd. I do not
mean them only, but others. Why don't you post-
pone the show till the autumn — I mean September.
I may give as an instance of the extraordinary
character of the season, that I have eight varieties
absolutely budless." This is, indeed, a gloomy
picture ; but it will be seen from the reports given
in this paper that it is not altogether so bad, and
1 have no doubt that, as I have told my friend, we
shall have Roses on the 23rd, though probably the
spoils of victory will go to other places. Wild Rose,
June 16. [The results seen at the Rose Shows since
this was written have confirmed our correspondent's
prevision. Ed.]

(To be continued.)

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CATASETUM ATRATUM, Lindl. (<J and ? on

SAME RACEME).

A very interesting example of the production of
male and female flowers on the same raceme has
just occurred in the collection of Mr. William
Brooks, F.R.H.S., Whitecross Nurseries, Weston-
super-Mare, and has been sent to Kew for preser-
vation in the Herbarium. Seven flowers were
developed, of which the third and sixth (counting
from the base) were females, the others being males.
The females expanded several days before the males,
thus furnishing an example of earlier maturity in
this sex, for the lowermost flowers usually expand
first, while here the sixth one opened before the
first. Several buds at the apex were arrested at a
very early stage, doubtless through lack of nourish-
ment. An interesting feature about this species is,
that the segments of the flower are less dissimilar in
the sexes than usual. In both they are light green,
with numerous small blackish-brown spots. The lip
in the female, though shorter and more hooded than
in the male, has a similar thickened whitish reflexed
apex, also numerous lateral teeth, though smaller
than in the male. It is the first Catasetum I have
been able to identify from the female alone on its
first appearance, for I may add that one of the two
female flowers was first sent for determination, while
the males were still unexpanded, and their different
structure unsuspected. The sexual organs present
the usual differences ; the column of the female very
short, stout, and without antenna; or pollinia ; that
of the male longer, more slender, with perfect
pollinia, and a pair of subparallel antennae, in the
same plane, directed into the cavity of the lip, which
organ is superior in both sexes. Rodriguez (Gen, et
Sp. Orch. Nov., II , p. 220) records the female as seen
by him in Brazil, a scape of two flowers, apparently
much like those now produced in this country, but
it is not stated whether males were also produced on
the same plant. There are several other Catasetums
in cultivation in which the females are not known,
and, on the other hand, one or two females which
cannot be determined for want of the male flowers,
so that any instance of the appearance of both sexes
is specially interesting, if. A. Bolfe.

Orchids at Hazelbodrne, Dorking.

The pretty residence, and its delightfully situated
gardens, of Welbore Ellis, Esq., situate on the
south-west side of Boxhill, has for some time been
making a choice collection of Orchids, and for which
a proper provision was made at the start. Odontc-
glossum crispum was always the favourite at Hazel-
bourne, and fine forms were continually being
acquired, but not sufficiently fast to satisfy the
wishes of the proprietor. In gratifying a taste of
any description, a rich man, like Mr. Ellis, has
always the facilities if he will but make use of them.
That in this case he wisely did, and sent out
Mr. Mellican as collector. He had previously done
work in a similar capacity, and has recently returned
to this country with some 6000 grand pieces, specially
collected for Mr. Ellis. The Orchid establishment
is as yet of moderate pretensions, but this latest
addition sufficiently indicates that it is being in-
creased in no half-hearted manner ; and, in securing
the services of Mr. Gostling as his gardener, he has a
good guarantee of success.

In the first house, Calanthes were growing luxuri-
antly, and without any indications of " spot " on
their leaves. Dendrobium nobile and D. n. nobilius
were making fine growth ; and the more difficult
D. Dearei was growing very freely. Plants of
Cattleya aurea have flower-sheaths, and two nice
plants of the new Cattleya Rex, a marvellously fine
thing, were observed. Cypripedium bellatulum,
C. Godefroyas, and C. niveum grow finely in this
house, which is kept very warm and moist.

In the next house to this one, the general collec-
tion of Cattleyas were found ; one fine specimen of
C. g'gas was noficed, having five blooms on one spike,

Several varieties of C. Mendeli were in bloom, one
a very richly-colonred variety with a well-fringed
lip. The C. Mossise are nearly over, but enough
remained to show the excellence of the strain.
Other noticeable plants consisted of Laelia Boothiana
(Cattleya lobata), L. elegans, L. purpurata ; and
with them the Cymbidiums, Thunias, and Dendro-
biums were growing vigorously.

In the next house, an intermediate one, the
Lycastes, Dendrobium Jamesianum, Odontoglossum
grande, Oncidium praitextum, O. Krameri were
growing freely, some of them being furnished with
strong flower-spikes ; and in the cool-house, the
Odontoglossum crispum, O. triumphans, 0. Corradinei,
O. Pescatorei, Oncidium macranthum, Epidendrum
vitellinum, &c, made a fair display.

GROWING ALPINES
SPHAGNUM.

From all sides I receive letters and enquiries
concerning this new method of cultivation, and I
propose to reply through the Gardeners' Chronicle that
all may hear about it, and that I may make known
the results of my experiments. On March 20, I
set up on a wall exposed to the full sunshine, three
large pans pierced with numerous holes which were
originally intended to hold epiphytic Orchids. I
filled these pans with sphagnum eight years old,
which at first sight appeared quite worthless, but I
had no other handy, as at Geneva sphagnum is dear
and rare.

I planted in the sphagnum — 1, a poor unfortunate
plant of Arnica montana, L., which had begun to
turn yellow and withered, and which was the only
one left out of a collection of plants sent from our
alpine botanic garden at Bourg St. Pierre, where
the plant is wild, abundant, and sturdy ; 2, a plant
of Astrantia minor, L., raised from seed in the garden
here, and in good condition ; 3, Gnaphalium
Leontopodium, Scop., a seedling a year old, fairly
healthy, but showing no signs o( bloom ; 4, Chrys-
anthemum alpinum, L , brought in good condition
from the Linncea last October, but which now
appeared dying; 5, Androsace helvetica, Gaud, a
young plant brought from the Alps last September ;
6, Parnassia mysorensis, Heyn., received last year
from England, but which had suffered much and
seemed nearly dead ; 7, Saxifraga aizoides, L ,
brought last autumn from Simbrancher (Valais) to
our Geneva garden ; 8, Saxifraga carpathica, Reich.,
raised from seed in the garden, but which had
suffered much from the droughts of last summer;
9, Saxifraga stellaris, L., brought from the Alps last
September; 10, lastly, a plant of Soldanella alpina,
L., brought from the Jura, and too sickly to bloom ; it
had not even any buds, and seemed likely to die.

These plants are some of the most difficult to
preserve, to keep healthy, and to bloom in the
dry climate of Geneva. Many, such as Arnica
montana, Saxifraga aizjides, Parnassia mysorensis,
and Chrysanthemum alpinum, it is impossible to
cultivate here, and I have quite given up attempting
to acclimatise them ; I content myself with raising
them in Valais, and bring them down here when
I want them. As to Edelweiss, we raise it easily
by growing it on calcareous soil in a sunny place,
but its appearance is different, and it lacks its
silvery-white colour. A connoisseur glancing down
our list of plants will at once see that these belong
to soils which, chemically speaking, are very varied,
some (Edelweiss and Androsace helvetica), belong to
the calcareous flora, while others (Arnica, Chrysan-
themum alpinum, and Saxifraga stellaris), grow
usually on an essentially silicious soil. Again, some
(Astrantia, Saxifrages, and Soldanellas), are typical
of the vegetation of marshes and the borders of
streams ; others (Arnica, Androsace, and Gnapha-
lium), grow wild on dry slopes. Therefore, it is to be
supposed that, considering their usual conditions of
existence and their different habitats, the ten plants
which I placed in sphagnum, and for the roots of
which I allowed but little earth, in some cases
not at o.U, being submitted to the same treat*

Joly 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ment, would bear it differently according to their
affinities. This was my idea. Now, the facts —
nothing is so convincing as fact — showed me
that I was wrong. Soon — that is to say at the
end of two days' exposure to the full sun — we were
then favoured with some sunshine, the pans being
watered every morning, the Soldanella seemed to
regain life, and I saw some new leaves coming up in
the centre. In the Arnica, which had had such
yellow leaves, there was quite a transformation at
the end of eight days, for it turned a beautiful
green ; then, at the end of three weeks, I saw the
heart of my plant swelling, and soon a bud appeared
which grew so well that on June 7, 1 was able to
show at the meeting of the Geneva Horticultural
Society the first Arnica montana which has flowered
at Plainpalais. Our local papers considered this such
a piece of news, that they devoted some lines of faits
divers to it. My plant was strong and vigorous, as
it is usually only seen on the Alps, with stem erect,
and flower perfect in form and colour. Impossible
to imagine it in better condition. At the same
meeting I showed my Edelweiss with two handsome
flowers, the usual size or even larger, of excellent
form, and above all of a pure white colour,
such as is seen on the high Alps. The three
Saxifrages were, and are still, in full flower as if
growing wild, only still more crowded, and with more
defined characteristics. Chrysanthemum alpinum,
which I had never been able to bloom at Geneva,
is now quite covered with fine and properly-sized
flowers, and shows many buds which I hope will soon
open. The other plants, although sturdy, have not
yet bloomed. The Astrantia seems to me about to
flower, in spite of the youth of the specimen. As to
Androsace helvetica, it is stationary, but seems in
good condition. Such are the facts. To me the
question seems settled, and that in spite of the
amendment which Dr. Briosi, the Director of the
Pavia Botanic Garden, was kind enough to address to
me when my first article on this subject appeared in
the Gardeners' Chronicle. M. Briosi, who has control
of the horticultural work done at Pavia, and who,
indeed, first instigated it, told me that I was mis-
taken in my idea that the alpines which I had seen
in his garden were grown in sphagnum moss only, for
that they were in a mixture of equal parts of Chest-
nut charcoal, terre de bruyere (heath mould), and
sphagnum. The Professor did not think it likely that
plants would grow in sphagnum only. In spite of his
opinion, I continued my experiments, and they have
succeeded. Do I imagine that the system advocated
by the Italian savant is worthless ? No, for I have my-
self tried it, and puf it to the test. But I maintain
that grown in sphagnum only, in full sunshine, the
most delicate alpine plants succeed admirably.
" Feet in the water, crown in the fire," this just
reverses the requirements of the human body. It
must be added that damp sphagnum gives off all day
a considerable and beneficial amount of moisture,
which wraps the plants in a damp cloud, as is the
case with them on the Alps. Later on, I will refer
to an experiment on a large scale, which I am going
to try when I have sufficient sphsgnum. H. Correvon,
Director of the Alpine Garden, Geneva.

Plant Notes.

PERENNIAL CANDYTUFTS.

Amongst the earlier summer flowering hardy plants,
the neat evergreen species oflberis are in all respects
the most accommodating and showy of hardy border
plants. The prevailing colour of their flowers is
white, but as they bloom at a time when bright-
coloured subjects are well represented by Aubrietias,
Alyssums, Phloxes, &c, their effect is rather com-
plementary than otherwise. There are a great many
forms of the hardy perennial Iberis, some being
much hardier than others, and perhaps no species is
hardier or more accommodating than the old I.
sempervirens, and it is not particular as to soil or
situation, provided it be not overshadowed by other

plants, or encroached on by rampant-growing sub-
jects, and being a sub-shrubby species, rarely growing
more than 1 foot high, and evergreen. Like the
rest of the perennial sorts, it is specially valu-
able in giving rockeries and small herbaceous borders
a partly-furnished appearance during the winter
months. There are several varieties, one named I.
s. superba, having larger and denser heads of flowers ;
another is I. s. Garrexiana — and where variety is a
consideration it might be included. But variety is
better attained by growing distinct species, such as
I. corifolia, a plant somewhat similar to I. semper-
virens, but scarcely half as large as that species. I.
correaafolia, is abundantly distinct and readily known
by its large entire leaves and large corymbose heads
of flowers, with individually largi flowers — the plant
is a robust grower. In I. Priuti — we have an ex-
ceedingly neat and floriferous plant, growing only a
few inches high, with large white corymbs of flowers
of a pinkish tint, owing to that colour being present
in the sepals of the unexpanded flowers. Very similar
to this species, is I. Tenoreana — but I have not found
it quite so hardy, indeed, it is almost a biennial,
although it may come in the same position for years
from self-sown seeds. I. gibraltarica and I. g.
hybrida — are large and desirable Iberises, but apt to
go oft" during winter. F. if.

Styrax japonica.

Of the many hardy Japanese trees and shrubs we
have now in our gardens, I do not know one that
combines such elegance of growth and chaste flower
beauty as this Styrax, which now is, or was quite
recently, one of the chief attractions of the Coombe
Wood nursery, and of which I have before me a
great flowering branch hung with numerous pendent
snow-white blossoms, which, for the sake of descrip-
tion, may be compared with the flowers of the well-
known Solanum jasminoides, though they are larger,
and of more substance, and, moreover, fragrant. It
is a deciduous shrub, growing from 6 to 12 feet high,
according to soil and locality, and being very
twiggy, makes a dense bush, the branches arranging
themselves in broad flat tiers. The flowers are
borne on slender stalks about an inch long, in
twos and threes, from the leaf axils of every tiny
twig, so that a small bush bears thousands of
flowers expanded at once. It is quite a hardy shrub,
beyond a doubt, as Messrs. Veitch, who introduced
it, have had it growing for years in their Coombe
Wood nursery, fully exposed, and there one sees it
every year in profuse bloom. But though it is hardy
enough, I think it is one of those shrubs that during
the earlier stages requires some sort of protection
until it becomes thoroughly established. It should
be planted in a nook exposed to full sun, but shel-
tered from northerly and easterly winds, and if
with a background of evergreen growth, its effect at
flowering time will be heightened. It is certainly
the most valuable of all the Styraxes for the garden,
and I should always include it among the choicest
selection of shrubs. Its value is becoming known,
as I observe that other nurserymen are takiDg it in
hand besides Messrs. Veitch. W. Goldring. (It was
figured in Garieners' Chronicle, 1885, p. 745, fig. 166.)

Cereus peruvianus, Haw.
Many people dislike the Cactus family, consider-
ing them not worthy of notice on account of the
stiff and formal habit usually present in most of the
species. Could those who hold this opinion see the
largest specimen growing in this garden, covered with
hundreds of large white flowers, which expand during
the night and remain open until the sun closes
them about midday, their notion would probably
be somewhat changed after witnessing such a grand
floral exhibition. It is only during the early
morning the flowers are seen to perfection. As
soon as the sun shines fully upon them, they
gradually close and wither entirely. To - day
(May 15) no smaller a number than 319 were counted
fully expanded. And a similar number have been
open for several mornings past, sometimes not quite
so many opening at the same time. The columnar
stems are slightly ?p:ny, 6-angled, the taller being

about 35 feet high. This specimen can be seen
growing at a spot partly surrounded with luxuriant
vegetation. The larger stems, a few feet from the
ground, measure 24 inches in circumference. The
size of the flowers across their greatest diameter is
about 8 inches, length from base 8 inches. Some of
the flowers appear to be fertilised, so that good seeds
may be looked for at no distant date. It bears a fruit
about 2.} inches in diameter, and about 3 inches in
length, of a rosy colour, with dark and numerous seeds
embedded in a pulpy interior. The juice of the fruit
is used as a colouring matter by local confectioners,
especially by sugar-boilers for candy. W. E. Broad-
way, Trinidad.

Arneeia echioides.
This Boragewort, popularly known as the
" Prophet Flower," is without doubt one of the best
of hardy border plants, continuing for a long time in
bloom when grown under favourable conditions. la
a well-prepared border of moderately rich soil, it
continues to throw up fresh growths, which, in
their turn, end by branching into several one-sided
racemes of bright primrose-yellow flowers, from
6 inches and upwards in length. The individual
flowers are usually about half an inch over on the
corolla lobes, at the base of the sinuses of which
there is the characteristic purplish-brown spot, but
which gradually fades out as the flower ages. The
plant has thick fleshy roots, from which a crown of
Plantain-like leaves are given off, generally about a
foot long, stalkless and alternate, with their edges
as well as the stems ciliated. Propagation is easily
effected by division and root cuttings in the
autumn, as well as by seeds, when they can be
obtained, but it does not seem to ripen many seeds
in this country ; however, they are frequently to be
had from continental sources. F. R.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Alnos maritima, an American Alder, flowering in
autumn on the wood formed in the spring. In the
autumn, when covered with its large bright golden-
coloured catkins, it has considerable beauty. Garden
and Forest, June 10.

Apple Calville Victor Hage, Bulletin d'Arhori-
culture, June. A seedling from Court pendu plat,
but in appearance more like a Calville. It is prolific,
and haB obtained the suffrages of the pomologi6ts of
Ghent.

jEranthus beachycentron, Regel, in Gartenjlora.
June 15, p. 324.

Begonia Badmanni, tuberous, with orbicular leaves,
erect flower stalks, panicled flowers, each trans-
versely oblong. Gartenjlora, t. 1348.

Bertolonia guttata var. Baron Adolphe
Rothschild, Illustration Horticole, t. 130. — Leaves
rosy-lilac, with deeper blotches of the same colour,
speckled with pale circular spots.

Bertolonia guttata var. Madame Leon Say, Illus-
tration Horticole, t. 129. — A seedling of M. Bleu.
The leaves have a cream-coloured ground flushed
with rose, and symmetrically marked with transverse
bands of narrow gyrate green markings.

Bilbergia Wittmackiana X , a cross between
amceua and vittata, Gartenjlora, p. 329.

Cattleya tbian.e, vars., Le Jardin, June 5.

Cypeipedium Stonei, Lindenia, June, t. 281. —
Borneo. According to the results of a recent popular
vote, this is the most highly esteemed of the genus.

Cypripedium villosum. Garden, June 20.

Hamamelis abbobea, Garden, June 13.

Hamajielis japonica. — Garden and Forest, June 3.

Jasminum polyanthum, Revue Horticole. p. 270.

L.elia pobpurata, Lindenia, June, t. 282. — South
Brazil. Introduced by M. F. Devos, in 1846

L-Elia purpurata var. alba, Lindenia, t. 283. — A
variety with the segments white, while the lip is also
mostly white, but traversed by a radiating purple
line.

Nectarine Precoce de Croncels. " The largest
earliest, and best Nectarine," according to the verdict
of several of the leading French societies. A seed-
ling from Amsden Peach, raised by M. Ernest
Baltet. Revue Horticole, June 16.

Revenala Hildebrandti, Garden and Forest,
June 3.

Tillandsia Lokentziana. Gartenjlora. t. 1349.

Zygot'f.tai.um Gadtibri, Lindenia, t. 281.— Br./. 1.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[July 11, 1891.

NYMPHjEA lotus vae.
monsteosa.

The peculiarity of this variety, which was brought
from Lake Nyassa by Sir John Kirk in 1886, lies in
its production of tubers in place of flowers. During
the season the plant produces a large number of
buds, outwardly resembling those of an ordinary
Nymphasa, but which never expand, and upon closer
inspection they are found to be changed into tubers,
which, upon maturity, become detached from the
parent plant, and sink to the bottom of the tank,
growing into plants with the character and habit of
that of the parent.

Occasionally, and, I might add, rarely, does it
produce normal flowers; in fact, it has only flowered
four times, to my knowledge, since its introduction
to this country — once at Kew, in the Lily-house, iu
1887, and three times in the Lily-tank in these
gardens, where the plants have been grown for Mr.
Barber, who has studied and described the pecu-
liarities of this species in the Annals of Botany,
vol. iv., No. xiii., November, 1889 ; and readers
who may desire more information respecting this
plant, I would refer to this instructive paper.
When in flower at Kew, it was determined by Pro-
fessor Oliver to be a variety of N. Lotus; and which
he distinguished from the other numerous varieties
of that species by the name of flore albo ; [of course
Professor Oliver never intended these words to be
used as a name ! Ed.] ; but it has been thought more
fitting to adopt the name suggested by Mr. Watson,
on account of the above-described peculiarity. It has
some distant affinity with another well-known variety
of N. lotus, called dentata, the leaves having the same
dentate margins as the above ; the flowers are also
white, and the chocolate markings upon the upper
surface of the leaf are also present, but not in so
marked a degree as the plant in question ; when out
of flower, the plant may be readily distinguished from
the rest of the Nymphaias by these markings.

The flowers are of a beautiful creamy-white upon
first opening, between 4 to 4.} inches in diameter,
while those of N. Lotus dentata are almost twice
this measurement; the backs of the sepals have the
longitudinal white striations interspersed with
broader bands of green, which are peculiar to other
varieties of this species ; and from the general
appearance of the p'ant, there can be little doubt as
to its being a variety of N. Lotus. At the time of
writing, the plant is in flower ; it opens in the
evening, at various times between 7.30 and 8 o'clock,
and closes during the morning of next day, the
flowers lasting about three days. IV. Harrow, Botanic
Garden, Cambridge, June 15.

The Apiary.

TAKING OFF SECTIONS.
Tins pleasurable occupation now demands atten-
tion, as after the fine weather we have been getting,
storing has been general. Care must be exercised,
or the result will be cappings torn open by the bees,
and sections totally spoilt in appearance. The use
of a super clearer, as previously described in this
column, simplifies the operation considerably; but
there is an objection to this contrivance, as if
section-racks are of different sizes, it necessitates
one for each, making it an expensive luxury. Fail-
ing the latter, a good smoker must be depended on,
well alight. Remove the quilt, and quickly smoke
the bees down from each row of sections. The rack
should then be covered with the carbolic cloth, and
carried some distance from the hive, and the sections
there taken out, brushing any remaining bees off
each as removed with a feather. A hive-roof turned
upside down can be used for brushing the bees into,
so that any young ones (grey bees), unable to fly can
be taken back to the alighting-board. The evening
is a good time for the operation, as although some
prefer to do it in the day, when many bees are out in
the fields, it ia a very warm job working in the sun

with a veil on. A piece of old sacking used for fuel
for the smoker will keep alight longer than anything.
Self-Hh'crs. — The writer is now able to relate his
experience with a self-hiver. Mr. Alley, an Ameri-
can beekeeper introduced the idea, and his system
was to stand an empty hive by the side of the full
one, the two entrances being connected by a tunnel
or passage made of queen excluding zinc. A Mr.
Bennett thought that an improvement on this plan
would consist in placing the empty hive facing, with
the tunnel leading straight from one entrance to the
other, as he thought the queen would be more likely
to go straight forward when the swarm poured forth
than to take a turn at right angles. The writer
adopted the latter idea, and on June 21 a swarm
issued and settled on a tree close by. Finding that
the queen did not join them they went back, but not
into the receptacle placed ready for them. This was
considered a failure, and an alteration decided on,
which consisted in so arranging the latter that the
bees had to pass through it to get in and out from
their home, the queen excluder being placed over
the outer entrance. The bees swarmed out again on
the 24tb, and returned and were afterwards found
safely clustered in the desired place. Apparently,
then, the best way would be to have a board with a
groove 6 inches wide and h inch deep running
through the centre on which to stand the empty
skep. One end would then be placed at the entrance
of the hive expected to swarm, and the other — which
would be the new entrance — would be covered with
the queen-excluding zinc. It might be advisable to
use a skep with a feed-hole covered with ordinary
perforated zinc, as the light might, perhaps, better
cause the queen to ascend it, in the way of a drone-
trap. Expert.

EROCKLESBY PARK.

Lincolnshire has not even yet quite lived down
the evil reputation it unjustly gained. Many still
think of it as a county of damp melancholy fens,
with long lines of slimy ditches and still ponds of
black water, and only relieved by scattered clumps
of stunted trees. People who thus regard it, declare
that land lighthouses are necessary to guide wayfarers
through the sloughs of the trackless waste, probably
founding their assertion on the supposed use Dunston
Pillar was put to in the very old days. That all
such statements are libellous, anyone, who knows
Lincolnshire, will stoutly maintain. The county is
now perfectly drained, and no more luxuriant
pasture or corn land exists anywhere in the kingdom.
Neither is it bereft of hills, for the Long line of the
wolds forms a purple background to nearly every
prospect in the Lindsey division of the county.
Despite the dykes, the air is dry and bracing, and a
glance at a hydrographical map will show it to be
one of the least rainy regions. Lincolnshire men,
too, tillers of the soil though they mostly be, are yet
among the best in the land. Was not the modern
" Hub of the world," Boston in Massachusetts,
settled from Lincolnshire? And were not Sir Isaac
Newton, John Wesley, and Lord Tennyson all born
and bred in the county ? If anyone still doubts that
Lincolnshire has natural beauty, let him hie to
Brocklesby, Lord Yarborough's home, and see the
grand woodland scenery there.

The Pelhanis have been domiciled in their house
in Lincolnshire ever since the days of the Planta-
genets, and have always exemplified Wyclil's transla-
tion of a passage in Job, " the lyfe of man is knyght-
hode upon earthe." For the last two hundred years
they have been known as country gentlemen of the
best type. On. few estates have the same cordial
relations existed for long generations between tenant
and landlord. The magnificent castellated lodge
was built by the tenants as a mark of gratitude, and
a monument in the pleasure grounds is erected to a
tenant "who in grateful respect bequeathed a legacy
to his landlord.'' Members of the family, too, have
played important parts in history. One, the Hon.
George Pelham, is on the roll of the bishops of
Lincoln. And what a famous roll it is ! AnioDg

the bishops of thi3 see is Hugh, the sixth in order.
He was one of the most saintly men that ever lived,
and King John of England and William the Lion of
Scotland helped to bear his bier. After him, came
Robert Grostote, the most learned man of his day,
and a supporter of Simon de Montfort. Cardinal
Beaufort and Wolsey held the bishopric for awhile,
but both seem to have regarded it is a source of
emolument rather than a cure of souls. Another
well-known name is John Longland, who aided
Henry VIII. so much in his divorce proceedings
with Catharine of Arragon, that Storer even hints
that the glory of the diocese was eclipsed under the
Puritan and Calvinistic bishops that followed as a
judgment from Heaven.

The first thought that strikes the visitor on enter-
ing Brocklesby Park through the aforesaid lodge, is
" What a fine sporting estate." The surface is un-
dulating, supporting rich pasture land, and stretching
away to high Beech-woods on the one side, and on
the other to belts and spinneys of younger trees.
Scotch Firs, crowning the knolls, have a very pretty
effect, and the Highland cattle, grazing round them,
seem to love the shade which is kindly to them in
summer and winter alike. A large sheet of water,
with an island in the middle of it, overgrown with
Willows, which in early spring were huDg with
golden catkins, gave an additional beauty to the •
peaceful scene. The park contains over 1000 acres,
and the Beech-woods are so extensive, that one can
drive for 12 miles without getting out of their shade.
Finer Beech-woods, indeed, do not exist anywhere.
Most of your readers have heard of the planting
Duke of Athole. One of the Earls of Yarborough was
no mean rival : for a tower in the woods, called
Pelham's Tower, was erected when the then peer
had planted V2k millions of trees. The highest
ground in the park, once the site of an ancient
British tumulus, has been crowned with an elaborate
building like a Greek temple, which is used as the
family mausoleum. Forming a semicircle round this
are some magnificent Cedars of Lebanon planted in
1794, when the mausoleum was built. They are
among the finest specimens in the country, and are
still in their heyday without any signs of old age.
The prospect from the colonnade with the high
Beech-woods of the park intersected with green
glades in the foreground, and in the distance the
Dumber rolling seaward with majestic course is very
lovely.

The grounds around the mansion are very taste-
fully laid out, and quite in keeping with the huge
block of buildings. On the south side is a terrace-
walk, 22 yards wide and fully 200 yards long, which
has a very imposing appearance. Up to this broad
walk spreads a far-reaching stretch of well-kept
lawn, with magnificent forest-trees on either side,
and here and there on its surface a clump of Rhodo-
dendrons or Laurels. Such a magnificent expanse
of greensward is only to be seen in England. In
fact, what strikes one most about the place is that it
is so essentially English. The whole length of the
walk is a line of standard Laurels, and under the
high trees to the left are some masses of Dog-
wood, the crimson - tinted stems of which give
a welcome glow of colour. It is curious
that Dogwood is not more used for ornamental
planting, nothing is so full of colour in the winter.
On the west side of the house the trees come up
closer to the fabric, and in front of a museum
situated on this side are some tall gaunt old Cedars
of Lebanon, and a magnificent Pinus excelsa
14.J feet in girth ; and not far off is a picturesque
Yew, spreading its lower branches, which have, in
many cases, rooted again, over the lawn. A trim
gravel path proceeds straight from the house, leading
to some large copper Beeches, which also trail their
lower branches on the ground ; and an old-fashioned
Rosery, where the Roses are trained in festoons and
arches over iron wire-work. Opposite this are some
prettily designed flower-beds. On the other two
sides, trees with a dense growth of Laurels under-
neath, through which shady secluded walks wind
girt the house. The hunting stables, for Brocklesby'

Jult 11, 1891.]

THE GAfiDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

like Badminton, is one of the beet known hunting
centres, lie to the north, hidden by the high trees.

The visitor who has seen the pleasure grounds
should on no account miss seeing the nursery. The
path thither is by a grass walk, which is full of
interest to the tree lover. At the beginning of it
is a fine line of thriving Wellingtonias. Having
walked by these, one emerges into a more open

planted out on the estate. Near the pretty cottage
of the forester is an extensive pinetum. Cryptomeria
japonica here makes a splendid specimen tree, as
also do Picea orientalis and Abies Lowii. Pinus
insignis and P. excelsa both thrive well ; some of
the trees of the latter apparently suffered some
injury when young, and have grown up again from
several stools. The effect is peculiar, but not

state of cultivation. The Vines are nearly one
hundred years old, but still continue to produce
Grapes of deep blue-black colour and luscious
flavour ; some enormous bunches of Muscat Ham-
burgh being grown from the old Vines. The trees
in the Peach-houses are being renewed, Humboldt
Nectarine seems a great favourite with the energetic
young gardener, Mr. Hobday — a good gardening

Fig. 4.— centaurea maceocephala, hardy perennial: flower-heads tellow. (see p. 49, col. c.) .

space, where are some fine specimen Conifers, pro-
minent being a tall Himalayan Spruce, and a wide-
spreading Pinus ponderosa. Abies pinsapo and the
Araucarias also find the soil to their liking. Next,
the path leads through a dense mass of Laurels,
which could not grow more luxuriantly in any place
than they do here, and from which several huge
Silver Firs tower up. The nursery itself contains a
well-grown collection of young trees, destined to be

unpleasant to the sight. A great feature is the
number of examples of Juniperus fragrans. No tree
has such lovely Fern-like frondescence as this. It
is a great pity it is not more frequently met with.
Picea pungens and Abies Hookeri are two graceful
trees, which bid fair to become valuable trees for
planting. The soil, however, does not seem to Buit
the Douglas Firs.

There are 3 acres of kitchen garden under a high

name everybody will say. Asparagus is forced in
large quantities by means of portable wooden frames.
As in most gardens, there was a great slaughter
of winter vegetables, Veitch's Model Broccoli being
the only one that has showed any ability to resist
the severe frosts. A very pretty part of this garden
is the Rosery in front of "the gardener's cottage. In
the background is Brocklesby Church ; planted near
which are some notable trees, particularly

fine

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

Cryptomeria, and a Holly, which has grown up to a
great height, with the habit of a Wellingtonia. The
glory of the' garden, however, is a grand Salisburia
adiantifolia, which is without dispute almost without
a rival in the country ; it is nearly 00 feet high, and
girths 6 feet at 3 feet up. I do not know if it has
ever been figured, but it richly deserves to be 80.
C, A. M. Carmichael.

STRAWBERRIES.

One of our correspondents — a first-rate fruit-
grower and judge of fruits— who, at our request,
visited the Strawberry grounds of Messrs. Bunyard
& Co., The Old Nurseries, Maidstone, a propos of
the Strawberry Conference at Chiswick, sends us the
following remarks for publication : —

A few days since, I had the pleasure of inspect-
ing the collection of Strawberries here, consisting
of something like ninety-two varieties.

"Surply you do not have a demand for all that
number," I remarked, on hearing of the number
grown. " Oh, no ! " was the reply. " This plot
which you see— about H acre— is devoted entirely
to trials, where all varieties, from whatever source
they may come, are grown side by side, so that a
comparison can be made, and their several merits
or demerits, as the case may be, determined." An
excellent idea whereby one was enabled, at a glance,
to see the habit and vigour of growth whether
strong or weak ; not that all the short growers were
to be despised, for upon closer examination several
of those which, viewed from a short distance, appear
very weakly, proved upon closer examination to be
really good in size of berry and flavour.

" There is a good strong grower," said my guide,
and upon coming to the one pointed at, it proved to
be Kitley's Goliath, and certainly it did not belie its
name, as it was carrying a prodigious crop of fruit
which was of excellent flavour.

Then almost side by side in competition were to
be seen British Queen and Dr. Hogg, and in this
particular instance the Dr. certainly was superior,
but these being two such well-known and excellent
sorts, growers would do well to plant them side by
side, and decide for themselves which of the two
suits their soil the better. Whichever is grown, it
will need plenty of manure, and frequent renewals of
the beds.

Harris's A 1 is a vigorous plant, and a good
cropper, but it was not in condition at the time.
Waterloo is a really good late variety, large, and of
splendid colour. Then we come to the much-
talked-of Noble, and if cropping qualities stand
for much, then certainly it ought to be very much
grown, although the flavour is about as poor as
possible.

Commander is like a long President ; it is of good
flavour.

Trollope's Victoria is a pale-coloured, globular
fruit. The plant is said to do well in smoky
districts.

Augusts Nicaise is a strong grower, with large
fruit, early, of good appearance, and good for pot-
work.

Jubilee is likely to be a very valuable variety, it
being one of the latest in bearing.

Countess has a short, sturdy growth ; the flavour
of the wedge-shaped fruits is good.

Newton Seedling is an excellent variety for
preserving ; it is an immense cropper.

Helen Gloede is very large, and excellent in
flavour.

Carolina, as I saw it, is the greatest cropper of
all; good for preserving. [Is this Carolina Superb,
once thought so much of? Ed ]

Aromatic is an excellent dessert fruit.
Alice Maude — wedge-shaped — resembles Keen's
Seedling in flavour.

Aberdeen Favourite has sturdy growth, and is late
and very distinct.

John Ruskin is said to be good for early forcing.
It is a medium - s'zed, well - coloured, handsome

fruit. La Grosse Sucree, in my opinion is one of
the best all-round varieties for very early forcing. I
have gathered fruits of it on Feb. 14 for several
years past, and that without very hard forcing. It
makes but few leaves, and consequently can be
stood closer together than most others.

As a matter of course, Sir Charles Napier, Presi-
dent, and Sir J. Paxton were to be seen in large
quantities; but being so well known it is superfluous
to say more than — where they do well there are none
to beat them as all-round varieties.

Many American Strawberries are being grown,
but as they are, one and all, so poor in flavour, it is
needless for me to say more, as that alone is suffi-
cient to condemn them.

I might go on and describe many others, but the
foregoing appeared to me to be the best. The firm
will show a large quantity of sorts at the forthcoming
Conference to be held at Chiswick. Several of the
best alpines were carrying good crops ; these plants
are raised principally from seed.

I might add that there are several varieties which
are supposed to be improvements upon Sir J. Paxton
and President, but I was quite unable to detect any
advance, but, on the other hand, they appeared
not to be so good.

I think the thanks of the private gardeners will
be due to Mr. Bunyard if eventually (which I know is
his intention) he will bring his now very large collec-
tion down to something like eighteen or twenty-
four varieties, and I think that number would cover
all that are really worth growing.

Book Notice.

How to Grow Onions. By Mr. J. A. Taplin.
(London : Houlston & Sons, 7, Paternoster
Buildings.)

The above is the title of a pamphlet of twelve
page9, designed to teach the art of growing exhibi-
tion Onions — those colossal bulbs so often seen at
metropolitan and provincial shows. Why the author,
who, by the way, is a good gardener, should say that
his little work is written to show how " the true
white Spanish Onion shou'd be grown," we fail to
understand, seeing that the treatment required by
one variety is the same as one would apply to all
others.

The directions are plainly given, and the most
inexperienced person, if he follow them, ought to
succeed as well as the best gardener. We must
take exception to the extravagant use of cow-dung ;
a layer of this 6 inches thick laid over the already
trenched land, and dug in to a depth of .3 inches,
is " a little too thick," and amounts to a great many
tons per acre ; but as our author is merely writing
about small Onion beds, it is not a very large
quantity that would be employed.

Evidently Mr. Taplin is unaccustomed to editing,
or we should have noted fewer errors in the small
amount of letterpress comprised in the pamphlet.

Florists' Flowers.

PAGE'S CHAMPION GREEN-EDGED
AURICULA.
In looking over some recent numbers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle, I found a short note by my
friend " R. D." upon this old variety, which was
evidently considered a flower of considerable merit
many years ago. It would, perhaps, ill become me
to discourse upon the Auricula generally, but upon
this variety in particular, a few moments, leisure
afford me the pleasure of giving some references
concerning it to " R. D." and others equally
interested in it. To say when it was raised is not,
so far as I am able, possible ; but the date may
certainly be put long previous to 1835, when it was
figured in Smith's Florists' Magazine. This con-
clusion is arrived at by reference to that scarce

work, Emmerton's Treatise on the Culture and
Management of the Auricula, $o., for in the cata-
logue of varieties at the end of that book is an entry
" Solomon Page's Champion." The edition quoted
from is the 2nd, published in 1819, the 1st edition I
have not, but it appeared four years previously. In
Hogg's Treatiseon Florists' Flowers (4th edition, 1823),
Page's Champion also finds a place ; and it may be
found again as a coloured frontispiece to the pamphlet
on the Auricula issued in 1843, as one of the separate
numbers of Tyas's Popular Flowers. The Florists'
Journal for 1843 also contains a mention of Page's
Champion in the list of best green-edged Auriculas.
C. Harnian Payne.

Booth's Freedom, Leigh's Colonel Taylor, and
Page's Champion Auriculas.

It is interesting to Auricula growers to read the
history of the best of the old Auriculas ; the three
best of the old green-edged varieties are, the one
named at the head of this paper (and alluded to at
p. 615, vol. ix.), Booth's Freedom, and Leigh's Colonel
Taylor ; the last-named is the best of the trio, and
is still exhibited in good condition at uncertain
intervals. The best truss of it seen recently was
exhibited by me at the Royal Aquarium Exhibition
last year, but I never knew a plant of it give a good
truss a second time. I have before me a copy of the
Ftorieultural Cabinet for the year 1833, in which it is
stated, that this fine variety was exhibited some
years previously by a Mr. Bailey, of the Clapton
Nursery, "and in as fine flower as ever was exhibited
perhaps, in England, and which he sold the same
day to Mr. Brooks, of Ball's Pond Nursery, for the
sum of five guineas ; " but we are told the plant
declined, and did not live to flower again.

Booth's Freedom I would place next to it, although
it has angular paste, it possesses a beautiful green
edge. This was placed at the head of the list of
green-edged varieties sixty years ago, but it is now
in a state of decadence, no grower being able to
flower it in a presentable state. Mr. Simonite grows
it better in smoky Sheffield than Mr. Horner can
grow it in the pure air at Lowfields, or I can in Essex.
We have both had plants more than once from Mr.
Simonite, but can do nothing with it.

As for Page's Champion, 1 question whether
anybody has it now. About fifteen years ago I had
it from Mr. Horner, who grew and flowered it at
that time ; but except that it had a decided green
edge, it had scarcely another quality to recommend
it. The ground colour was a dull red, the edge very
narrow, and the pips small. I had plants of it three
or four times, but could not get it to grow under all
the methods of culture I could think of.

Amongst the named Auriculas cultivated sixty
years ago, was one grown under the name of Davey's
Champion ; it is shortly described as " black with a
white edge." In the same paragraph in which this
variety is described, there is also mention made of
" a large sweet-scented double yellow Auricula,"
probably the same variety now in existence, and
cultivated under the name of Yellow Prince. The
green-edged class of Auriculas wants improving, but
the work of raising new varieties in this class is very
disappointing. I have now some hundreds of seed-
lings from the best green-edged varieties, and have
flowered hundreds ; but the only fair offer we have is
the one certificated at mo9t of the exhibitions under
the^name of Abbe Lizst. Mr. Simonite has produced
a good green in Rev. F. D. Horner ; and a seedling of
Mr. Barlow's, grown and exhibited by Mr. Henwood
under the name of Mrs. Henwood, promises well ;
but the truss had only three pips upon it, which is
not enough to certificate a plant upon. ./. Douqlas.

Vegetables.

LETTUCES.

Generally, gardeners sow Lettuces in beds, and
transplant the seedlings, which answers very well
early in the season, but not so at this time of year,

July 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

unless by chance the weather happens to be favour-
able for rapid establishment of the plants, and even
then they never do so well as when sown where
they are to grow and turn in. The why and where-
fore of this is easy of explanation ; plants that are
pulled up must of necessity have their tap roots
injured, and however carefully they may be moved,
they are sure to receive some kind of check to
growth, and this not only prevents them attaining
to full size and hearting properly, but in the
majority of cases, it causes them to bolt. To
prevent this and to save labour, shallow drills or
drills according to the number of Lettuce required
should be drawn, and afforded a sprinkling of water,
and after that has soaked in, the seed should be sown
and covered about a quarter inch deep with fine dry
soil. Managed in this way, evaporation of moisture,
and the cracking of the soil is prevented, and the
seeds germinate very quickly. As soon as the

nowned gardens. Situated, as they are, on the road
to Trinity, there was nothing inviting in their
external gateways even to a young aspirant for hor-
ticultural knowledge in those days, and there has
been little, if any, alteration. The private door to the
Curator's house, and the larger doors of entrance
and exit, appear precisely the same. For at least a
hundred yards along the roadway, this portion of
Edinburgh, in so far as the houses are concerned,
has not been touched. The Araucarias and the
Deodars in the limited frontages show a departure
from the bloom and vigour of youth, in their bare
boles and struggling-for-life branches ; but if we
had been, so to speak, dropped from the clouds, we
should have little difficulty in declaring our where-
abouts, even after an intervening period of forty
years. In the interior there have been considerable
alterations. The deciduous and evergreen trees,
which the late James McNab took so great a delight

the domestic chimneys, and the prodigal waste of
power in coal combustion, which act against the
purity of such an atmosphere as this portion of Mid-
lothian ought to present. Even some of the deci-
duous trees are affected, and their lives crippled, with
this smoke demon. Still, the garden was beautiful,
even after a March wind, which was eating into the
very vitals of everything tender in the way of growth.
How grandly the hybrid Rhododendrons do, and how
beautiful are the Aucuba leaves ! The very Golden
Queen Holly, although a little begrimed, showed what
it would be on the return of growth. However, I am
not concerned at this time in going into all the
interesting arboricultural subjects which such a gar-
den as Edinburgh presents. My object is more to
have a running commentary on the " tit-bits " that
struck my fancy.

The extent of the gardens now, including the
Experimental Garden, which was a separate concern

F G 0.- GREAT GRAPE VINE AT CUMBERLAND I 0D11E. (SEE F. ."o I

plants are up they should be thinned out, leaving
the best and strongest at about 12 inches apart. A
very good placa for Lettuce at this season is on the
ridges between the rows of Celery, where there is a
great depth of soil ; and they also do well on a north
or half-shady border, as the full force of the sun is
not favourable to growth in the Lettuce. For
summer and autumn use the Cos kinds are the best,
and the Paris White is as good as any, as it grows
large, hearts in close, and is crisp, tender, and of
good flavour. For sowing about the middle of
August to stand the winter, none are equal to Hicks'
Hardy Green and the White Seeded Bath Cos, which
are first-class in spring. J. S.

Scotland.

THE EDINBURGH BOTANIC GARDENS.
It is now quite forty years, all told, since the
writer first entered the portals of these world-re-

in, and which he handled and turned over at all
seasons of the year, like a master of the art, have
grown, some of them, to goodly size; others are
going down the hill. The pruned-in Deodars, which
were a great hobby of his, still indicate where the
knife has been at work; but the hand of Time has
corrected the formality of severe pruning in some
instances, and the plantations of them in the rising
grounds assume as natural and as beautiful a feature
as the Douglas Firs on the slopes of the embank-
ment, where the railway runs through between Perth
and Dankeld, in the Scone estate of Lord Mansfield.
After all, severe amputation upon any arboreal
subject, whether deciduous or evergreen, is not at all
necessary. Correction is good, on the principle of
traini ng a tree up in the way it should go ; more than
that is questionable forestry practice.

Even Edinburgh Botanic Garden subjects have
their troubles. You cannot draw your hand across the
leaves of an Aucuba, a Holly, a Laurel, or a Rhodo-
dendron, without getting it blackened. The public
works are not so numerous, but there are always

in the days I speak of, and the new ground that has
been taken in on th? east side for arboretum and other
purposes, cover an area of about 53 acres. The
botanical collection of plants has been removed to a
bowling green-like paddock, and arranged in oBlong
strips set upon a grassy groundwork. There is a
good deal of the cemetery appearance about this
arrangement, but the advantages of it are obvious as
a sort of object botanical text-book, class following
class with precise regularity. There are in this
paddock 2500 species all distinctly named, the diffi-
culty seems to be to get a composition label that will
stand all weathers and remain legible — nothing
appears to equal the old wood label written upon in
ink. The alpine arrangement has always been an
interesting one, and these stone pockets which Mr.
McNab had put down many years ago are now
beginning to lose much of their formality. There
are 2506 species in that undulating arrangement of
pure alpines, and if we add the species of Ferns to
this, the bulk will total something like 3000 species.
These different collections give the 2000 students

THE GAED ENEES' CUE ONI CLE.

[Jolt 11, 1891.

that more or less dip into them with the eye of a
botanist, a grand exploring field, second indeed to
none anywhere I know. Of course all such impor-
tant collections require a reserve paddock to draw
from, as one tenderling goes after another, and the
wonder is how the many different species can be
perpetuated. Tha houses themselves are old, too old
indeed for a national garden of this kind. The bulk
of them I went through forty years ago, and although
there is variety of feature and general cultivation on
a scale corresponding with the times, some of the
subjects merit better house room.

No. 1 house is a tropical Orchid house, in which
some Nepenthes are suspended from the roof, and form
capital fellow plants to all our East Indian Den-
drobia and Cypripediums and Cymbidiums and such
like. Some recent importations of Dendrobium nobile
are very grand forms, large, brilliant, and in every
way eclipsing the older types. The colouring is
vivid, and the variations of labellum are so marked,
as to point almost to the infusion of foreign blood.
It is one of the most beautiful, as it certainly is one
of the most lasting and useful of the whole Dendrobe
race.

No. 2 house is filled with officinal plants, one
superb plant of the Sugar Cane, with stems quite 20
feet long, had been found out by the rats, and these
rodent pests having a taste for the saccharine matter
within, bored into the canes and would have soon
destroyed the ornamental appearance of the plant,
but for the protection of a couple of cats which these
vermin did not care to face, though they doubled past
all sorts of poison baits. Stangeria paradoxa is a very
distinct Cycadaceous plant, with fine glaucous-green
pinnate leaves, and surmounted at the time of our
visit with a male inflorescence, which is not unlike a
cone of some of our larger Piceas with equally pro-
minent scales.

No. 3 house had a distinguished example of the
downy Sea-side Grape, Coccoloba pubescens, a plant
in every way worthy of a second look but for the
smell of Turkey Rhubarb about it. Another striking
plant in this house, in every way suited for our warm
stoves, was the scarlet-cymed Brodirca coccinea.

No. 4 house is fitted with a collection of succu-
lents; in which the larger Encephalartos and Aloes,
and sundry other plants, fill up the lofty space
around the back. Some of the plants are of great
age, notably Dacrydium cupressinum, which, with its
long drooping multiple branches, with the finest of
leaflets, makes it a striking object in any botanical
collection. The Dammara australis is also notable
from its close fastigiate habit, going up quite 50
feet towards the glass. The Wax Palm, Ceroxylon
andicola, lightens up the greenery of the group with
its fine silvery-corded raehis.

No. 5 and 6 houses are full of miscellaneous plants,
and such things as New Holland plants. Acacia
Riceana, trained up the rafters, looks particularly
well, and the inflorescence is just one mass, encouraged
all the more by being shorn of a portion of its
spraying like branches. Edwardsia grandiflora is
another striking object— indeed we note that it
was figured in the Botanical Magazine in 1820
under the name of Edwardsia Macnabiana.

No. 7 is a house in which are a number of the
useful hybrid sweet-scented Rhododendrons— some
interesting crosses of the dwarf ciliare and Edgworthii,
and in front are some of the rarer alpines, such as
choice Primulas, aud some Saxifrages as Boydei,
Burseriana, and such-like gems. In an odd corner are
some choice bits of filmy Perns, nothing cooler or more
sparkling with the water-drops attending its leaves
than Trichomanes reniforme. In No. 8 house, at the
end, is a good general assortment of Gleichenias ;
and among the flowering plants none more dis-
tinguished than Bauera rubioides.

The great Palm-house stands alone. What a
glorious assortment of the Palm family there is here,
and in giant growth, too ! The great Seaforthias, in
tubs 9 by 5 feet, are a wonder in themselves. It
makes one almost dizzy looking to their summits.
Straight as a gun-barrel, up they go, as clean as the
finest Malacca walking-cane that ever came from the
Indies. The tiers of leaves have left their mark

every foot or so, but what a grand thing it is to see
an endogenous tree of this kind of so gigantic a
stature. Some couple have been spared, and sent to
Kew, and we do not envy either the packers or the
carriers of plants of such Titanic proportions as
these. What renders them intensely interesting to
naturalists is the immense bunches of fruit which
they carry. The Grapes of Eschol were as nothing
to these ; and the 26-pounder that was shown at
Edinburgh in 1865 was but a baby in appearance to
these congregated clusters. Livistonia chinensis is
equally distinguished — great stems, straight as a
gun-barrel, and bearing beautiful leaves towards the
extremity. Sabal umbraculifera, as a contrasting
Palm to these named, is grand ; its finely-cut palmate
leaves, much divided with the yellowish sheen in the
raehis, also loaded with fruit, is a sight worth going
miles to see. These are but the giants in a house
filled with selected subjects of the Palm family.
Oue thing we noted, quantities of Imantophyllum
(Cliveia) growing in pots set in the floor quite
80 feet from the light above, and shaded with dense
frondage, all flowering as freely as if the plants had
been rubbing leaves with the glass. Mr. Lindsay
says, that this is the only plant that will flower in
the Palm-house, and a full set of them is kept there
throughout the year.

In the miscellaneous low houses there is much to
engage and rivet the attention. The Nepenthes-house
itself, although small, is full of the best of that race
of plants ; they are never permitted to raise their
heads high ; indeed, they seemed pruned to the
quick, like an Apple espalier tree. In this way the
pitchers keep their form distinct to themselves, as they
ought to do, and they appear to get plenty of light.
The N. Dicksoniana is now well known ; it takes rank
with the best of its compeers, and is clearly superior
to that well-known and much-appreciated Raf-
flesiaua ; pity that Rajah is so bad to do. Mr.
Lindsay's manipulation among this breed is well
known, and he seems to be a most accomplished
cross-breeder. It is a good thing that the pollen of
any of this species carries well, and can be utilised
after a few days' journey. In this way we may be
able to get at the blood of some of the rarer ones
that have been left in their East Indian Island's
homes.

One thing is worth noting here, and that is how
well Ouvirandra fenestralis grows. The secret of
its growth is this : it is battened down into its water
hold in total darkness. In this way the conferva
cannot enjoy themselves as they apparently do in
light.

There is a fine collection of insectivorous plants
here. Foremost among them, because of its rarity,
is the South African Drosera roridula dentata. This
is the giant of a pigmy race, reaching quite thirty
iuches, in pyramidal-branched style, from the
surface of the pot. Its rosette-looking leaves,
in formal clusters up the stem, as glutinous as
possible, command attention. This species has
evidently been lost to the country, in others places
the only two living plants being in the Edin-
burgh Botanic gardens. It is by far the best fly-
catcher Mr. Lindsay has on the premises, and when
it does catch them, there is no chance of their
escape. Among other sorts is Drosera auriculata,
which is the lowest of growers, with alternate leaves
on a needle-looking stem ; then there are dicho-
toma, capensis, and others, making up a striking
looking group, in point of variety, stature, aud
feature.

It is quite a treat having an hour or two with an
enthusiast among such a varied lot of plants as is
under Mr. Lindsay's charge. Some we admire, and
peer into ; others we look at, and pass by. Truly,
there are plants and flowers for all mankind, no
matter whether they be clad in " hodden-grey " or
" West of England broadcloth.'' J. A,

The Weatheb in thb North of Scotland.
The trite sayiDg that " Winter lingering chills
the lap of spring," was well verified in the north
this season. The cold, ungenial weather which pre-

vailed during March and April kept vegetation in
complete check, and at the present time the growth
is much later this year than last. Before the rain
came the appearance of the country was extremely
bleak, but a vast change is now to be noticed. The
grass made marvellous progress, and the fields are
clothed with a vivid green. A'.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

DENDROBIUMS.— These plants are in full growth,
and any inattention in regard to heat and moisture will
cause the new growth to finish up prematurely, and
a new growth to break away at the base of the first,
a matter always to be regretted, especially when the
species is deciduous. Again, if sudden checks from
any cause whatever are given the plants at this
period, insects are very apt to follow them. The
outside temperature here still remains low, the glass
showing a minimum of 45° on three nights during
the past week, which makes the use of fireheat for
all divisions, with the exception of the cool house, a
necessity.

CCELOGYNE MAS8ANGEANA.— This is a beautiful
Orchid for midsummer flowering. If the plants are
large, they may be broken up, as a much better
effect is afforded when several plants are hung here
aud there, rather than having one or two large speci-
mens only, and one-half of the flowers are hidden
from view. The plant is a good grower, so that no
fear need be felt in thus dividing it. It does well in
a compost consisting of two parts fibrous peat,
one of good turf loam, and one of sphagnum moss,
crocks, with some silver-sand. Baskets of Teak-
wood, or earthenware pans, should be used, as the
spikes of flowers lose their beauty in a great degree
unless they are above the eye, the spike then showing
all its flowers.

I grow the plants of Cattleya Dowiana and C. aurea
with the Dendrobiums, these requiring the same
degree of heat and moisture when growing ; they
should also be grown in baskets or pans, the latter
being preferred, as the plants can readily be put into
larger pans when necessary, and there are no ribs of
wood to coil round, as in a basket.

Watering of the plants in every department should
now have careful attention, and but few plants will
need be kept dry at this part of the season; any
plants that may come to hand, unless they come from
very good sources, should be examined at the root,
aud unless the compost is clean and sweet, they
should be turned out and repotted. I have known
numbers of Orchids surface dressed for sale, and
which the buyers lost, owing to the belief that no
repotting was needed. Thrips are often introduced
into houses by new purchases. It is good practice
with a new plant to place it in the potting shed, and
fumigate and sponge it to ensure cleanliness before
putting it with the others.

ODONTOQLOSSUM ROEZLI is a plant that suffers
severely if thrips be allowed to infest it, and as a
remedy I practice dipping the plants in a solution of
soft-soap and Pir-tree oil and water — about three-
parts of the first to one of the second — once a
fortnight ; this keeps them away effectually. Should
cool nights continue, the temperatures should be
kept up by fire-heat. The minimum for the East
India-house being 70° ; Cattleya-house, 65° ; Inter-
mediate-house, 60° ; and cool-house, 50°. — A. Q.
Call, Par/cfield Gardens, Hallow, Worcester,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

VINES ON OPEN WALLS.— Train the young wood
thinly, so that the sun may reach it. Fruit-bearing
lateral - shoots should be stopped at one or two
joints beyond the bunch, sub-laterals and tendrils
stopped as fast as they appear, and all useless shoots
removed. When a sufficient crop of fruit is set,
reduce the number of bunches, and thin the berries,
when of the size of Peas ; leaders may be allowed
to extend, but not much beyond the length
to which it is intended to prune them back
to in the autumn ; but pinch out the tips when
that point is reached. If the Vines are in a shallow
well-made border, supply them with plenty of water,
and occasionally sprinkle the soil with guano, or
Thomson's Vine Manure. Elevated borders are

July 11, 1801.]

THE GARDENEllS' CHRONICLE,

best for the Vines, and they should not be thickly-
coated with dung, as this shuts out sunheat, of which
they cannot have too much. Should mildew appear,
dust affected parts with flowers-of-sulphur, and occa-
sionally syringe the foliage with clean soft water up
to the time when colouring shows in the fruit.

FIGS. — Thin out useless wood, and stop some of
the shoots with fruits, others being laid in at full
length, stopping being regulated according to growth.
Wherever practicable, the Fig should not be much
restricted, but allowed plenty of space to develop, the
tree then being more fruitful. I may here mention,
that the finest and heaviest crop of fruit which ever
came under my notice was on trees which had at one
time been trained to the wall, but afterwards left
uncared for ; this was at Fairlawn, Tonbridge.
Should the roots be contined in narrow borders, do
not let the trees suffer from want of water; and
while heavily mulching of the roots is by some con-
sidered harmful, frequent doses of rich liquid may
always be applied during growth, affording enough
to moisten the soil throughout.

STRAWBERRIES. — These should be gathered
daily when the berries are dry, the largest and
finest with stalks for dessert, and the rest without,
for preserving. Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury is a
good preserving variety, for it is a sure and heavy
cropper, and the colour of the fruits better than that
of some others. The present is a good time for
buyers of Strawberry plants to pay a visit to the
nurseiies, and take notes of the best varieties.
H. Markham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

doing, strong well-established plants are ohtained
before winter. Plants which are weak at the com-
mencement of winter, remain weak so long as they
live. Be careful not to sow the seeds thickly, as
crowding in the seed-pans renders the plants liable
to grow weakly from the first. Rich loam, leaf-
mould, and silver-sand, passed through a fine sieve,
makes a good compost in which to sow. It. Milner,
Penrice Castle, Swansea.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE GREENHOUSE. —The early-flowering species
and varieties of Epacris, which have been har-
dened off, after completing their growth, may be
placed out-of-doors, on a bed of fine coal-ashes,
care being taken to shade the pots from the
sun's rays, and there should be some means of
protecting the plants from heavy rains ; an oiled
canvas cover, stretched on a light frame of wood,
answers well. The later flowering varieties, which
have not finished their growth, should be kept
indoors for a few weeks longer, that is, until growth
is finished. Dracophyllum gracile, plants of which
have been in flower for some time, and are now
getting past their best, should have all the old
flowers removed, and be encouraged to make fresh
growth ; the same holds good of Aphelexis
macrantha and its varieties. Great care is always
necessary in affording water to these plants.
Tlants of Polygalas may now be cut back, and after
they have commenced to break, they should be re-
potted into pots one or two sizes larger, keeping
them close for a few weeks till fresh roots are formed.
Care must be taken not to over-water these plants
alter repotting, until they have taken well to the
fresh material, therefore they are best when placed
under cover.

HEATHS. — Many species and varieties which have
been flowering for some time should now have all
de:ul flowers and seed-vessels cut off', and those which
bloomed early in the season and have started well
into growth, and which may stand in need of re-
potting, may now be attended to. In potting
Heaths, make use of hard fibrous peat of the best
quality, coarse and clean silver - sand, or broken
sandstone and fine charcoal, and use clean pots,
making the drainage perfect. Reduce slightly the
o':d ball by picking away the outside with a sharp
pointed stick, and if the old crocks are firmly em-
bedded, leave them alone. The material should he
rammed firmly round the old ball, so that the water
cannot pass through it too freely, but well moisten
the old ball in its passage through the mass. Keep
the neck of the plant slightly elevated above the
general level ; do not cover the old ball with more
than half an inch of new material, and leave ample
space for water. Pot no plant when in a dry state.
Newly-potted plants should be placed in a cold pit,
and kept somewhat close for a few weeks, after-
wards affording air freely. Water must be carefully
afforded Heaths after repotting, and rain, or river
water not running over chalk should be used, well
water being often injurious. A sharp watch must be
kept on the plants, ana should mildew be detected,
dust the affected parts with flowers-of-sulphur.
Autumn-flowering varieties of Heaths, if placed out-
of-doors, must not be allowed to suffer for want of
water at the roots, or, on the contrary, from too much
rain.

HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The present is
a suitable time to sow seeds of this plant, as by so

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

STRAWBERRIES. — I gave some directions in a
previous Calendar as to the manner of dealing with
these plants so as to secure early runners, and now
the work of layering should be proceeded with. The
recent showers have been favourable to growth, and
there should be no difficulty in carrying out the
work, beginning, first of all, with the earlier varie-
ties, La Grosse Sucree, Vicomtesse Hericart dj
Thury, and others. I like the last-named Straw-
berry which, although small, is prolific, very early,
and of rich flavour, besides throwing its flower-
spikes up above the foliage early in the year. The
runners of these varieties may be layered direct into
fruiting pots, small 32's or 60's, if for late fruiting,
repotting them in this month ; and I prefer the
latter method, as I find they do best for late
and mid-season forcing. As late forcers, Keen's
Seedling, President, Sir J. Paxton, and Sir C.
Napier, are not easily beaten, although if large fruits
are looked for, James Veitch and Auguste Nicaise
should be included. For late work in pots, British
Queen, where it succeeds, is the best Strawberry
grown; Waterloo, which I have grown this year,
takes a long time to ripen, but is good for grow-
ing outside on a north border, and as it is the latest,
it prolongs the Strawberry season considerably. To
have well-matured crowns, it is necessary to pot
the runners this month, and even the latest lot
should not be left beyond the first week in August, so
that the preparation of runners is an important
matter when large fruits, and plenty of them, are
desired.

MELONS. — Succession plants must have the
lateral growth stopped, and be earthed up. Fruits
will now be plentiful if seeds were sown at intervals
of two or three weeks. Melons at this season bear
fruit and ripen without much heat of an artificial
kind, and those with scanty means at their com-
mand can obtain well- flavoured fruits from garden
frames and other structures, the only drawback
being damp. To avoid this, the plants should ba
planted on mounds brought up near the glass,
and composed of good loam, mortar rubble, but no
manure, the last-named being supplied in the form
of liquid, or by top-dressing. In a close garden
frame much rotted manure tends to cause canker,
thus preventing tire finishing of the fruits. To lessen
the chances of having canker, air the frames freely
early in the day, and employ the above compost. It
is a good old plan to make a trellis of Hazel sticks
or iron rods to support the bine, and bring the fruits
close up to the light, besides keeping it clean and
less liable to injury from slugs. The flavour of
Melons grown in this way is better than when they
are allowed to lay on the ground. Seeds may be
sown up to the first week in August, but the plants
will require to be grown in heated pits or houses.
Some advise later sowings, but I do not, as fruits of
poor flavour are of but little value. G. Wythes, St/on
House, Brentford.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CARROTS.— A sowing of Early Nantes or other
Short Horn variety may be made for drawing whilst
young, and thus form a supply which will help to
economise the main crops. A warm border, facing
south or south-west, is a suitable place for this
sowing, and where the beds may be protected from
frost with lights or mats ; if frames can be spared,
these are better still, the lights not being wanted
before cold weather has set in. The wireworm and
the Carrot maggot are, iu some soils, great foes to
the Carrot ; but these summer sowings are not so
liable to their attacks as the earlier ones. As a pre-
ventive, the ground should be well dressed with soot
and wood ashes, which should be well mixed with the
soil or sown in the drills before the seed is sown.

PARSLEY. — Where a constant supply is required,
a sowing sbould at once be made on a warm border,
and in such a manner that it may be protected in
winter with glass lights or mats stretched on hoops.
To grow it really well with finely-curled leaves,

a deeply tilled rich moist soil is required. Parsley
in some gardens is much injured by wireworms, and
where this is the case, the ground should be well
dressed with soot, and the plants watered occasionally
at the roots with soapy water. When the plants
are large enough they should be thinned to 6
or 8 inches apart in the rows, and kept free
of weeds and encouraged to make rapid growth
so that by the end of the summer a good yield
of fine leaves may be secured, that will la>t
until the spring, which it will do if properly protected
in the cold weather. Plants Bpring sown may also
be lifted at a later date, and planted on a waim
border 8 to 10 inches apart, where protection may
be given them during severe weather, but I give
prefereuce to sowings made now.

SPINACH. — A good breadth may now be sown
for autumn use in drills 1G inches apart in well-tilled
rich soil. Before sowing make the ground mode-
rately firm, and rake it level before drawing the
drills. When the plants are up, thin them to 3 inches
apart at first, and afterwards to 6 inches. They may
be a little crowded, but this is an advantage rather
than otherwise, as frost and the black grub will now
and then destroy some of them. Should this insect
prove very troublesome, it is a good plan to make
shallow furrows very near to the plants, taking
care not to injure them, and pick up the grubs thus
unearthed, depositing them safely in a jar for de-
struction. Birds will observe the disturbance of the
soil, and search for the grubs.

CELERY. — The earliest planted-out Celery should
have all suckers removed, and be kept well supplied
with diluted manure water. If the Celery maggot
has appeared, carefully pick off and burn all affected
leaves, and frequently dress the plants with soot on
dewy mornings. Keep the leaves upright by loosely
tying them together with matting.

Finish the planting of Kales, Chou de Burghley,
Walcheren, and Autumn Giant Cauliflower. C. J.
Waite, Glcnhurst Gardens, Esher.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

SUBTROPICAL BEDDERS. — These, consisting
for the most part of seedling plants and of rapid
growers, require to be kept uniformly moist at the
roots, and they have made great progress during the
last fortnight. Tall-growing plants which are liable
to injury from wind, should be carefully tied from
time to time to stout stakes, doing this in such a
way as not to spoil the natural habits of the plants,
bearing in mind that stakes and ties are used in the
garden owing to necessity and not as ornaments,
and therefore they should be kept as much as possible
out of sight. A portion of such plants as Abutilon,
Acacia lophantha, Cannabis gigantea (giant Hemp),
Grevillea robusta, Gunnera scabra, and Eucalyptus
citriodora should have the points of the leading
shoots pinched off with a view to develop compact-
ness of growth and diversity of form.

GENERAL WORK. — This will consist in mowing ar.d
sweeping lawns, weeding and rolling the gravel walks,
and hoeing them where they are made of shell or sea-
sand; clipping grass verges, making secure the yourg
shoots of climbers of every description on walls,
rustic poles, Rose temples, and such-like structures,
removing where opportunity permits of its being
done old shoots to make room for young ones,
and tying-in the shoots in such a manner as will
avoid formality ai much as possible, simply tying
them in to cover space or prevent them being in-
jured by the wind. The shoots where likely to
get crowded should be thinned out. and not stopped.
To the stopping of the shoots of climbers gene-
rally is due many, if not all> of the failures to
flower these plants which are recorded from time
to time ; when the young shoots are stopped, lateral
growths in plenty instead of flowers are produced.
In tying plants, especially those that are fast
growers, leave sufficient room in the ties for
the shoots to grow without being restricted.
Knowing from experience that this Bimple
though necessary provision for the welfare of the
plants is sometimes over-looked to the injury of
the plants, I mention it here as a warning note.
The picking off of blooms of carpet and bedding
plants generally, the pinching and pegging out of
Bh lots and the removal of weeds, and on Roses of
over-blown blossoms, require daily attention. Plants
in the reserve garden for taking the place of the
summer-bedders in October must not be forgotten
in the anxiety to produce a good summer effect
in this department, and they must be kept free from
weeds. H. W. Ward, Longford Castle.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[July 11, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Purlication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the xceek as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the i ignature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

LOCAL News.— Correspondents will greatly obVge by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Plants, &c, to be Named.— Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

Illustrations.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
/lowers, trees, $c., are solicited.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should le
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MONDAY.

TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY.

SATURDAY,

FRIDAY,

MEETING.

July- 13— Eastbourne Horticultural Society,

SHOWS.

Titt-v y±i Wolverhampton and National Pink
•i vl.y i» -j Society (three days).

!.Tuly 15— Ealing.

(Hereford.
National Rose.
Trentham.
JULY lb< Helensburgh

I High gate.

' Ikufu.d and Bedfordshire.

JULY 18— Manchester Royal Botanic Rose.
SALES.

/Orchids, at Protheroe & Morris'
-, , . ) Rooms.

JULi n< g,ove and Greenhouse p]a„t«, at

(. Leyton, by Protheroe & Morris.

Orchids, at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms.

July 18 1

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-63°.4.

The Royal Hor" TnE flni of this year's Con"
ticultural ferences in connection with exhi-
Society. bitions under the auspices of this

Society, were held during the past week at
Chiswick. On Tuesday the subjects treated of
were " Hardy Summer Perennial Plants ; " and on
Wednesday, " Strawberries, Gooseberries, Rasp-
berries, Currants, and other Small Fruits." On
Tuesday the attendance would have been
much larger, but for the unpropitious weather,
rain falling in torrents the whole of the after-
noon. There was a good show of hardy peren-
nials, and a fair collection of Strawberries, but
on the whole, it must be admitted, that this
has been the least successful of the Chiswick
conferences, and excited less interest among the
raternity. One very interesting exhibit consisted
in the fruit-drying apparatus of Messrs. May-
parth & Co., which was shown at work, and
afforded an excellent illustration of a cheap and
speedy method of dealing with surplus fruit, and of
preserving it for future use. Every fruit farmer
should see this simple apparatus for himself.
See also p. 53.

Steps should be taken to ensure a more interest-
ing programme and a larger attendance at these
conferences in future. The Conifer Congress in
October offers a fine field, and, being at once of
high practical, aesthetic and scientific importance,
should be one of foremost interest. We trust
our anticipations may be realised.

The Chairman (Mr. W. Marshall) in open-
ing the proceedings on Tuesday, said the Council
had arranged that the subject of that Conference
should be " Hardy Summer Perennial Plants," a
class of flowers which he thought had been, as a
rule, overlooked by gardeners, and which had
not reoeived that attention to which they were
justly entitled. He should be the last to decry
any class of plants, but he thought it would be
admitted that such plants as Orchids were
luxuries for those who had a large balance at
their banker's ; in fact, they were the plants
of the few. On the other hand, the flowers
they had met that day to discuss were
the flowers of the many, and for a reason-
able outlay, a large collection could be got
together, sufficient, if judiciously chosen, to last
nearly the whole year round. They were, more-
over, very good-tempered plants, and would put
up with a great deal of ill-treatment. He was
quite 3ure that if those who attended that meet-
ing, and others which were to follow, could at the
end honestly say they had learnt something, the
Council would be more than repaid for the
trouble they had been put to in connection with
those Conferences.

Wild Gardening in Meadow Grass.

Mr. W. Robinson contributed a paper (which
was read by the Rev. W. Wilks) on the sub-
ject of " Wild Gardening in Meadow Grass," in
which the writer advooated what would prac-
tically be the conversion of our meadows into
the semblance of those seen in Switzerland in
early summer. This is to be effected by the
wholesale planting of bulbs and other plants
whose foliage dies down before the grass is ready
to be cut.

Miss Browning Hall (Algiers), asked whether
wire-worms would not eat the bulbs which were
left in the ground year after year.

The chairman replied that there could be no
doubt that they would do so ; and Mr. Charles
Pearson said the best remedy for these pests
was to spread broken Rapecake at the roots,
which the wireworms would eat in preference to
the plants.

The Rev. H. Ewbank then read a paper on
the subject of the " Summer Flowers in lny
Garden," in which he sounded the praises of
stately summer flowers like Eremurus, Ferula,
Romneya, Lilies, &c. Alluding to the Onco-
cyclus group of Irises, which are particularly
difficult to grow, the writer advocated the
avoidance of manure, the thorough drying of
the roots in July and August, and protecting
them under a plate of glass. Clianthus Dam-
pieri might be grown by grafting it on C. puni-
ceus. The hardiness of suckers, recently men-
tioned in our columns, was adverted to, and many
hints given as the culture of " refractory " sub-
jects, such as Mr. Ewbank delights in, and which
he subdues by making himself acquainted with
their manners and customs, and managing them
accordingly. Mr. Ewbank's paper, containing
the experience of a persevering enthusiast was
full of valuable matter, but those who would
succeed must be prepared to make the sacrifice
of time, and use the patience and intelligence that
he does.

Picturesque Hardy Summer Perennial
Plants.

Miss Jekyll (Munstead) contributed a paper,
in which she dealt with hardy summer plants
from the picturesque point of view. The paper
was read by the Rev. W. Wilks ; but before
doing so, the Rev. W. Wilks said he would like
to publicly express his own deep regret at the
loss they had sustained in their friend, the Rev.
A. Rawson, and he was sure there were many
present who joined with him in that deep regre' .
Mr. Rawson was a most diligent student, and a
most painstaking observer — points greatly to 1 e
desired in a horticulturist. They could alwai s
believe in any report he might send in aboi t
any peculiar growth or extraordinary find, ana
it never came into one's mind, in reference to
him, as it would in the case of many others, to
say, " Oh, he has probably made a mistake. "
They knew that Mr. Rawson was such a wonder-
fully keen observer, that anything that came from
him was the actual fact.

Labels.

In the discussion which followed Miss Jekyll's
paper, the Rev. W. Wilks, referring to that
lady's statement that labels must be absolutely
abolished from the pleasure-garden, remarked
that Miss Jkkytll must have a most wonderful
head to remember all the varieties in her garden
when a visitor happened to say to her, " Oh,
what is that ? it is pretty ! " He knew every
flower in his own garden, but he oould not
name them at the moment, and if he were to
abolish labels he was afraid he should soon
get into an inextricable contusion. Speaking
entirely for himself, his experience was thtt
gardeners, as a rule, were not educated in the
best grammar schools, and would, without the
assistance of labels, give the most extraordinar}-
names to flowers to any visitors who might call
during the absence of the family. He strongly
deprecated the removal of labels, which spol e
for themselves, and prevented the lover of flowers
from getting a little bit mixed.

Dr. Masters said he should like to know tbe
method pursued by Mr. II. Ewbank in the great
label question. For his own part he had no
difficulty at all in following Miss Jekyll's
injunctions, as the labels abolished themselves in
the most surprising manner.

The Eev. H. Ewbank said he could not at all
agree with Miss Jekyll in this matter. He
looked upon gardening with a totally different
object to that of Miss Jekyll, who regarded it
from the resthetical point of view. In his own
garden he used zinc labels and indelible ink, and
he had found this the best method.

Miss Browning Hall (Algiers), spoke of a
method of labelling in which a piece of zinc, U
inches long and half an inch broad, was em-
ployed ; this was bent into a circle, and the
name of the flower was written on the inside.

Mr. George Paul moved a hearty vote of
thanks to the writers. He said he knew both
Miss Jekyll and Mr. Ewbank and their
gardens, and he was quite sure that they
carried their precepts into practice. All the
writers were ardent cultivators of hardy plant?,
and enjoyed immensely the difficult task of
making a plant grow when nobody else could.
The climate of the Isle of Wight was un-
doubtedly in Mr. Ewbank's favour, as when'
the same flowers were put into gardens nearer
London, they disappeared, and Mr. Ewbank
had to be asked for a fresh supply. With refer-
ence to labels, it was a fact that many people

July 11, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

FlP. 6. — CL1VBDEN, NFAR MAIDENHEAD, A SEAT OF THE DUKE OF WESTMINSTER. (SEE P. 46).

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JULY 11, 1891

disliked them, as in numerous cases the labels
were more conspicuous than the flowers.

Mr. Pearson (Chilwell) seconded the motion,
which was carried unanimously, and the first
day's Conference terminated.

Royal Horticultural Society.

The second day's Conference on Strawberries,
Raspberries, Currants, &c., was held under the
presidency of Mr. G. Bunyard. The attendance
was about the same as on the previous day.

The Chairman, in opening the proceedings, ex-
pressed the hope that the Conference would be
the means of spreading a large amount of in-
formation about what were technically called
" small fruits." The importance of the Con-
ference was perhaps greater than appeared on
the surface, because the whole of the subjects
to be discussed required only ordinary treat-
ment, and needed no very great horticultural
skill, and the fruit supplied a vast amount of
jam, in which form it reached homes where it
would not be procurable in any other way.

Steawbebbies in the Pbivate Gabden
from June to October.

Mr. Allen's paper on this subject was read by
Mr. A. H. Pearson.

Gooseberries fob Private Gardens.
Mr. D. Thomson (Drumlanrig, N.B.), contri-
buted a paper on " Gooseberries for Private
Gardens," which was read by Mr. Weathers,
the Secretary.

Raspberries.
Mr. "Wythes read his paper on " Raspberries."
Mr. Norman was not present to read his
paper, which the Chairman said would duly
appear in the Journal ; and Mr. Charles
Leicesteb was unable, through illness, to read
his paper on " Gooseberries for Exhibition."

The Chairman invited questions and dis-
cussion, and said it appeared that the papers
were so excellent as to leave no loophole. He
would, however, like to make a few remarks.
He thought they ought to get more upright
Gooseberries, as many of the best Gooseberries
crept on the ground in a most unfortunate
way, so that every showei spoilt them just
at the time they were most wanted. Then,
again, large Gooseberries were deficient in
flavour, and were like Melons, which had to
be cut at a particular time, in order to get
the flavour at its highest point. They ought
to have more late ones, and more early ones ;
and to show the value of getting an early Goose-
berry, even if the quality was not much, for
market purposes, a grower in Kent had found a
Gooseberry (which might possibly be identified
at some future time), which produced at from
ten days to a fortnight before any other. The
consequence was, that he got £120 an acre for
them as green ones. As far as flavour went, he
thought he might mention Cheshire Lass, Green
Gascoyne, White and Red Champion, Ironmonger,
Warrington — these represent the very best
flavours. Then as to size, there were the Bobby,
Antagonist, among the reds; the Ringer and
Drill, among the yellows; and the Stockwell
and Telegraph, among the greens. That was a
series of Gooseberries of which anybody could
make a great deal. Then there was not sufficient
enterprise in getting Gooseberries in early
positions on walls. In that case the berries came
just a little before any others, and in gardening
that was a very great point. He had had
a Gooseberry-house made, which had been much
admired. It consisted of wire archways, covered
with wire netting, and was found to be most

useful in keeping off birds. He would also com-
mend the culture of the Gooseberry in the form
of cordons. In that form the two branches
would take up very little room, and then
would produce same splendid fruit. With regard
to manuring, he had found that the most
successful plan to be, to manure in the autumn,
and prune through the winter. After that, the
manure was dug-in in the spring as soon as the
first crop was taken off ; the trees were then
thinned out and heavily manured again. This
brought on a second crop, and enabled the plant to
bear year by year without losing its vitality. He
thought there was a field for white Raspberries
and that it was possible, in the course of time to
get a white Raspberry of a very much larger size,
and of a different race, to that which they obtained
at the present moment. Autumn Raspberries
were well worth growing. The yellow one was at
present the best flavoured. As to Currants
they should strive for longer bunches and larger
berries, and to get longer bunches, the present
sorts might be crossed by the Reine Victoria ;
but in the way of Currants they seemed to have
reached almost the utmost limit — it was only a
matter of cultivation. In black Currants, a very
important thing was to get early leafage to
protect the fruit, as on Whit Sunday last the
frost was so severe as to almost annihilate the crop.
They still wanted late Strawberries of the British
Queen flavour, and he entirely agreed with Mr.
Allan that for the early ones they ought to be
cultivated on the one year's system which might
save at least a week or ten days. The Waterloo
was a very good fruit, but it lacked flavour, and
if it could be got with the Queen-flavour it
would be very much appreciated. They all
should have strong foliage. Dr. Hogg was the
best fruit of all, and the President was the next
best for general purposes, and in them they had
very good parents with which to work. Of
course, it would not be done in a minute. These
things had been brought to such a pitch that
they could only expect to go on step by step till
they got what they desired.

There were many other fruits which could be
discussed, such as the Cranberry, the Mulberry
and the Bilberry, which would make a welcome
change, but these could be dealt with on another
occasion.

Mr. Laxton did not agree with the Chair-
man that the upright growth was any protection
from frost, and he advocated the curved growth.

Mr. Pearson supported the Chairman's views,
and said that nineteen times out of twenty he
had a full crop from upright Champions. He
was glad the Chairman had referred to the
pruning of Gooseberries. He was afraid that a
great many amateurs, and, he might say, some
professionals, looked upon pruning as hardly
worth their attention. On the other hand, some
people went to the other extreme, and he had
seen a gardener clipping a Gooseberry tree with
a pair of shears, so as to get a nice shape !

Mr. Laxton said that many years ago he
knew of some Gooseberry trees which were then
seventy years old. They had never been pruned,
but they always bore a crop of fruit. If a crop
of fruit was wanted, very little pruning should be
done.

This closed the discussion, and on the motion
of Mr. P. Crowley, seconded by Mr. Pearson,
a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the
writers of the papers.

CLIVEDEN. — A more charming honeymoon-
retreat than that placed at the disposal of Prince
Aeibeet or Anhalt and his bride, or a more
characteristic bit of English scenery to be seen of our

German guests, can hardly be imagined than Clive-
den. Situated on the chalk, its wooded cliffs over-
look the windings of the Thames (fig. 6), and gnarled
trees, contorted roots, dense many-hued foliage, and
spacious swards, lend their charms to a scene that
for quiet beauty can scarcely be equalled.

The Gardeners' Orphan Fund and the
Fete at the Crystal Palace — Mr. G. W.

Cummins, The Grange, Carshalton, sends us the
following: — "At the last meeting of the Croydon
Gardeners' and Amateurs' Mutual Improvement
Society, the members decided to have an " outing," and
they have determined to visit the Crystal Palace on
Wednesday the 15th inst.,on the occasion of the fete
in aid of the Gardeners' Orphan Fund. It is
expected that the members will render all the
support they possibly can ; and as Mr. Stanley
Baxter, the honorary secretary, does not believe in
doing things by halves, and as the society has under-
taken the matter, he will see that the affair is well
carried out. The following gentlemen have been
elected to assist him in the disposal of tickets : Mr.
T. Butcher, South Norwood and Croydon ; Mr. J.
R. Box, West Croydon; Mr. G. W. Cummins, The
Grange, Carshalton ; Mr. W. Carr, Croydon Lodge;
Mr. G. H. Cooper, 148, Sydenham Road, Croydon ;
Mr. F. C. Frost, Vale Cottage, Old Town, Croydon ;
Mr. J. Newbury, 183, Whitehorse Road ; Mr. A. C
Roffey, Church Road. Mr. Baxter's address is 40,
Woodside Road, Woodside, S.E. It is hoped that
other societies will assist in making the Rose Fete
and Floral Fete a success.

The Royal Western Horticultural So-
ciety's Show, says the Western Mercury, promises
to be highly successful. The exhibition will take
place in the Guildhall on July 21 and 22. Entries
close on July 14.

The Fruit Crops in Kent.— The annual

sales of Cherries in Kent demonstrate more than
anything else the scarcity of soft fruit this season. At
a large sale near Sittingbourne recently, an
orchard containing 100 acres of Cherries failed
to secure a single bid, whereas in former seasons the
fruit on the same plantation has been known to
realise £1200.

The Martin Smith Prizes for Border

CARNATIONS. — Mr. Martin Smith has, on the sug-
gestion of Mr. Harry Turner, authorised the publi-
cation of the following: — "Each stem to carry not
less than three blooms or buds." It is felt that it is
impossible to prevent disbudding, especially as the
act of removal cannot be detected, even supposing
the practice to be disallowed. There is nothing in
the regulations governing the competition for these
prizes which prohibits disbudding. The prizes^vill
be competed for at the Drill Hall, James Street,
Westminster, on July 21.

National Chrysanthemum Society's An-
nual PICNIC — The annual picnic will, by the kind
permission of Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., one of
the Vice-Presidents of the Society, take the form
of a visit, on Monday, July 20, to his seat, Ascott
Park, Leighton Buzzard. The gardens and grounds
will be open to inspection, together with the
breeding-stables and kennels. In addition, Mr. L.
de Rothschild has promised to provide tea for the
visitors. The cost, inclusive of railway fare from
Euston, Kensington, Addison Road, Camden Town,
and Willesden, dinner at Leighton Buzzard, and
conveyances from Leighton Station to Ascott and
back, will be 7«. 6Y2. each. Ladies are specially
invited. Those who intend to be of the party,
should communicate with Mr. R. Dean, Ranelagh
Road, Ealing.

Ealing Rose Show.— Mr. R. Dean writes to

us as follows: — "The exhibition of the Ealing Hor-
ticultural Society takes place on Wednesday July 15,
To avoid misunderstanding, I may mention that the
classes for Roses, formerly open to all comers, no
longer find a place in the schedule of prizes ; and
prizes for Roses can be competed for only by resi-

July 11, 1891.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

dents in the parish of Ealing. Because the Ealing
Horticultural Society is affiliated to the National
Rose Society, their fixture finds a place in the list
issued by the National Rose Society, though open
classes no longer exist in the schedule."

The Royal Horticultural Society's
Summer Show.— This show was held on the
afternoon of July 2, in Lord Iveaoh's grounds, at
the rear of his Stephen's Green residence. So far as
the programme was concerned, there were elements
of success. Mr. Hamilton Drummond's Cup, for
the best stand of cut blooms, was won by Mrs.
Tedcastle, of Marlay, Rathfarnham. There was
rather a poor show of fruit, generally speaking, but
the Grapes were good. The Society's Silver Medal,
for a stand of six bunches of Grapes, was won by
Mr. J. G. Nuttinu.

Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institu-
tion.— At a meeting of the council of the above in-
stitution on the 7th inst., a cheque for £421 10.s. 3d.
was received from Mr. Garrett Taylor, of Nor-
wich, being the proceeds up to date of the fund
raised to perpetuate the name of the late Mr. Robert
Leeds in connection with an institution, of which he
was for many years an active and zealous supporter.

Preston and Fulwood Floral and Hor-
ticultural SOCIETY.— The annual meeting of
the members was held on Saturday, the 4th inst., at
the Legs of Man Hotel, Mr. Samuel H. Stott, of
Fulwood, presiding. The annual report and balance-
sheet, submitted by Mr. Jno. Atiierton, the Secre-

The Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell
Vicarage, Ashford, Kent, is the Secretary.

Mr. Spencer Moore.— We learn from the

Journal of Botany that this gentleman has been
appointed Botanist to the Matto Grosso Gold Expe-
dition, whose head- quarters are at Cayaba. We trust
so good a botanist will find the opportunity to greatly
develop our knowledge of the Flora of this district.

Reward of Merit. — At a Court of the
Fruiterers' Company, held on June 25, Mr. Samuel
Barlow, J. P., Stakehill House, Manchester, was, in
consideration of important services rendered to the
cultivation of hardy fruits in this country, elected a
member of the Guild.

POTATO DISEASE.

In our last issue we alluded to the influence of
sulphate of copper, lime, and sulphur in controlling
this disease. We have repeatedly given formulas
and directions for the preparation of the Bordeaux
mixture and similar compounds, but as their pre-
paration is somewhat troublesome to the gardener,
he will find it useful to employ such a mixture aa
Tail's Anti-Blight, which is a fine dry powder, by
means of a pair of bellows, as in fig. 7, or of an
indiarubber distributor. It is both unscientific and
unpractical to recommend remedies of unknown
composition ; indeed, this is a piece of quackery
which no respectable journal would sanction in its
editorial columns, but in this case the composition

Fig. 7.— the maliseck bellows distributor.

tary, were adopted as satisfactory, and the officers
and members of course were re-elected. A discus-
sion took place in reference to an insect which had
made its appearance locally and destroyed a number
ot Roses, and it was decided to submit specimens to
well known scientists. A few persons sent exhibits.

The Evening Fete at the Botanic— In

spite of more than doubtful weather, and many other
distractions and attractions, this function passed off
successfully last Wednesday night, when the grounds
and tents were decorated as prettily as usual by Messrs.
Z. D. Berry & Son and Messrs. Benetfink. Visitors
were mere numerous than one would have expected.
Table decorations formed the principal feature of the
show, and the principal awards went to Messrs.
Benetfink, Osler, and Chard.

Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor,

VICTORIA STREET, S.W.— It has been arranged to
have an excursion (to which ladies are invited), on
Wednesday, July 20, of which the following is the
programme : — Members and their friends will
assemble at the London Bridge Terminus (First-
class Waiting Room) of the L. B. & S. C. Railway
at 9 15 a.m., thence proceed in special carriage to
Three Bridges, where brakes will meet them. A
short visit will be paid to Messrs. Cheal & Sons
Nursery, at Lowfield, then a drive will be taken to
North Park (Mrs. Montefiore's) from thence through
Tilgate Forest to Handcross Park (Mr. Warren's),
returning through St. Leonard's Forest to Crawley,
dining at the George Hotel, at 7 o'clock, returning
to at London 9.22 p.m., reaching London Bridge at
1033p.m. The price of the ticket: Railway fare,
carriages, lunch, dinner and wine, will be 18s. 6t?.

has been made known to us, and we have, there-
fore, no hesitation in saying that it is well suited
for its purpose. Unfortunately, there seems too
much reason to fear that there will be ample oppor-
tunity for testing its virtues. In the meantime,
we refer to the figure at p. 437 of our last
volume to show what copper sulphate will do in
preventing the ravages of the disease. We are glad
that the Irish Land Commission have issued a
coloured sheet for hanging up in schools and farms,
showing the appearance of the disease in various
stages, and containing hints for growers which ought
to do some good in preventing them from pro-
pagating the disease, as they now do. These hints
are neither so imperative nor so explicit as they
might be, and the use of copper sulphate is spoken
of too much in the potential mood. It is so difficult
to get anybody to do anything at all, that mild
exhortations are worthless. Nevertheless, agricul-
turists owe their thanks to Mr. Carruthers, under
whose superintendence the diagrams and the direc-
tions have been drawn up.

Home Correspondence.

THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS.— In my last
remarks on the weather and fruit crop, I promised
to give more particulars later on. Now I may state
the frost has thinned the fruit crop to a great
extent. Gooseberries are still dropping from the
effects of the borer; in some places there is a fair crop,
others calculate on getting about half a crop. Black
and red Currants about the same, but the bunches
are very much thinned. Apples and Pears will
be a light crop ; of some kinds, the ground is strewn

with the fallen fruits. Plums are a very heavy crop
as regards some kinds ; and Damsons show for a full
crop, the branches are already bending with the
weight of the fruit. I hear of some who have formed
contracts thus early, at a low price. Cherries are
very thin; Nuts promising and clean; Apricots,
Peaches, and Nectarines a heavy crop. Fig trees
were nearly killed by frost, but they are just break-
ing into leaf; but there cannot be much fruit.
Raspberries and Strawberries are not injured. We
began to gather the latter on June 16. Potatos
that were cut have grown well. We have been lift-
ing from south borders for about a fortnight. Peas
that were in full bloom were not hurt — began pick-
ing on June 10. Last week we had to water Straw-
berries and Peas again, the thermometer, standing
in the shade, marked 70°, and 72° on June 17, 18,
19, and 20. Several hours' nice rain fell on June 22
and 23, and it was much wanted. It was again a
very warm day on June 24, the thermometer, in the
shade, standing at 72°, and on June 25, 74°. Tem-
perature very regular for some days past, with fine
growing weather, everything progressing. Straw-
berries coming in fast, and of fine size. W. Divers,
Weirton, Maidstone, June 29.

FOXGLOVES. — You truly observed in your Answers
to Correspondents last week, that "the UDion of
several flowers is a common occurrence in Digitalis."
When at Reading a few days ago, I saw in Messrs.
Sutton & Sons' seed-shop what seemed to be a very
unusual development. A spike of a rosy-coloured
Foxglove, having a number of small spots on the
throat, had produced one flower in which the corolla
had become considerably enlarged, and taken the
form of the Canterbury Bell, and it looked as if a
flower of Campanula Medium had been fastened on
to the spike. The colour and spotting remained the
same ; but the transformation was singular in the
extreme, as, with the exception of the colour, all the
usual form of the Foxglove had disappeared, and
given place to a distinctly formed and exact Canter-
bury Bell. R. D.

THE FRUIT CROP.— It i3 very disappointing and
lamentable, after all the promise, to see how
seriously the fruit crop has been thinned, as, except-
ing here and there, Apples that appeared set and
swelling have ceased to progress, and are fast falling
from the trees, the leaves of which look anything
but healthy and well. Pears seem to have held their
own better, but though they have not shed their
fruit in the way Apples have, much of it is frost-
bitten, and, as a consequence, pinched and deformed,
the result of which will show itself later on, when
the Pears will become gouty and hard in the flesh.
Cherries are almost a failure, as, instead of swelling
and ripening, very few will reach that stage, they
having turned yellow and shrivelled. Strawberries,
too, are very unsatisfactory, as the fruit looks baked,
the cold and aridity of the air having been more
than it can bear, followed, as the ungenial weather
has been, with hot gleams of sun. There will be a
few Plums on walls, but hardly any on bushes and
standards, except where the trees are very sheltered,
and had a good set. Gooseberries and Currants are
plentiful, and so are aphis, for, as is usual in bad
seasons when growth is slow, these insects have
every chance of establishing themselves, as they
cause the leaves to curl, and so cripple the shoots.
The damage they do does not end in the mischief
wrought this season, but extends to the next, and
therefore every effort should be made to rid the
trees of them, one of the safest remedies being
Quassia steeped in hot water, and 2 oz. of soft soap
added to every gallon of liquid. This syringed on
and followed by a heavy washing from the garden
engine, will dislodge the aphis and set the trees
free. J. S., Ipswich.

THE STRAWBERRY CROP.— The general report
in my district concerning the present crop of Straw-
berries is, that whilst fruits are very abundant they
are not so fine as in some previous years. This
result has been attributed to many assumed causes :
the intense severity of the winter weather, which
seemed to destroy every leaf on the breadths ; the
long cold, dull, spring ; and the comparative dryness
of the soil. If it be admitted that all these things
conjoined have tended to make Strawberry fruits
smaller than usual, probably the suggestions will not
be far wrong. I am rather disposed, however, to
place most emphasis upon the latter cause, because
the soil is still, in spite of some recent excellent
rains, very dry some few inches down. To tell the
truth, we have had a wonderfully dry winter and

TEE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[Jolt 11, 1891.

spring, and that almost luxuriant moistening the
plants had last summer has been greatly wanting
this year. Strawberry plants are, on the whole,
rather gross feeders, and need plenty of moisture. If
plants were now dug up, very great would be the
surprise at the comparative dryness of the soil
beneath, and yet we had the best rains only since
the fruits began to form, so that they came too late
to furnish that force and stamina necessary to the
formation of fine blooms and fruits. Then again,
the exceeding abundance of the fruits set militates
somewhat against the production of size. Could
outside plants be subjected to the same thinning
piocess accorded to pot-plants under glass, the evil
might be somewhat remedied, but that is out of the
question. Plants in pots under good culture almost
invariably produce fine fruits, because they can have
plenty of warmth, moisture, and if need be feeding;
and also have the fruits duly thinned. What
failures occur in Strawberry forcing, and after all they
are many, are chiefly due to imperfect cultivation.
No doubt many Strawberry growers plead that it is
impossible to secure good sets when the skies are
leaden, the atmosphere thick with smoky vapour, and
light is wanting ; these are, however, defects more local
than general, and the wonderful success of some
growers, notably those of Mr. Norman at Hatfield
with Sir Charles Napier, shows that, after all, the
production of fine fruits of Strawberries under glass
depends more upon skill and knowledge than to any
other cause. It was recently remarked by a non-
professional visitor to the Kentish Strawberry fields,
that many of the fruits were of very irregular form,
and it was concluded that imperfect fertilisation of
the blooms was the cause. The blame was laid upon
the poor bees as usual, but nothing is easier than to
argue from false premises, because plenty of fruits
of the finest form are found on forced plants,
to which no bees or insects of any fertilising force
gain access. Imperfect form in Strawberries is more
often due to defects of cultivation, or of surround-
ings, such as coldness, absence of light, want of mois-
ture at the roots, &c, than to lack of insect agency.
It would be idle to assume that one tithe of the
Strawberry blooms of the country are insect-ferti-
lised. Nature has for certain furnished plants with
the needful fertilising powers, and whilst insects for
the preservation of their fugitive lives have been
plucking the sweets, we have been only too ready to
build up illusive theories, crediting them with labours
by no means correctly. A piece of Turnip which
has seeded wonderfully well, was, when in bloom,
devoid of all insects, so far as I could detect on
frequent observation, and generally I have nevtr
known bees to be more scarce than this year. It is
clear that to what new causes may be due fine fruits
or small fruits, handsome ones or imperfect ones,
we must look to excellence or errors in cultivation,
rather than to other causes. A. D.

AZALEA MOLLIS.— This variety of Anlea is
fast rising in public favour, and no wonder, as its
flowers are much larger than the old Ghent kinds,
and the colours more varied. It is also remarkably
free-blooming, plants of quite small size setting
flower-buds at the end of almost every shoot, which
with but little forcing, open freely, and make a grand
show in the greenhouse in winter and spring. Un-
fortunately the flowers have no scent, but that will,
most likely, be remedied in the new varieties raised,
an, no doubt, they will cross with the Ghent sorts,
and partake of their perfume, those of a yellow
colour being deliciously sweet and fragrant, in which
respect they almost rival the Honeysuckle. Not
only is the Azalea mollis valuable for pots to grow
or pot up for forcing, to afford cut bloom or embel-
lish the conservatory, but it is of great use to form
groups, either by themselves, or to plant in the
front of Rhododendrons, with which thev associate
will. As to soil, that need be no bar to their
culture, for peat is not essential or required, as they
do just as well in sandy loam, and may be planted
almost anywhere with every chance of success. The
way to increase them is to plant low, and then they
root all around the stems or crown, and may be
divided, and they seed freely; but as they can be
bought so cheaply, of fair size, few will care to go
to much trouble to raise them. J. Sheppard.

LETTUCES.— We have had a trying season for
Lettuces and other salad plants, nearly all winter
varieties being killed by frost ; and the spring with
its cold weather was very unfavourable for the young
plants, spring sown or planted out. I have grown
them in a variety of ways, and managed to keep the
Bupply equal to the demand. The varieties which

were chiefly planted were Veitch's Selected Brown
and Paris Market, Cos, All the Year Round and
Neapolitan Cabbage varieties. Last autumn I put
out about 2000 plants at the foot of the garden
wall, where, in an ordinary winter, they are quite
safe ; but this season all were lost but about 300, and
these against the wall facing south, and upou higher
ground than the rest, and produced good heads.
From a sowing made in September, a dozen frame
lights were filled, putting the plants close together.
These were gently forced by means of a lining of
dung and leaves put round the pit which afforded
sufficient warmth to keep them moving, and from
them a good supply was obtained from February
onwards. A late batch of Endive was treated in a
similar way, and with good results, as it lasted till the
middle of the month of May. Seed was sown in a box
about once a fortnight from January 1, and put into
a forcing-house, and as soon as the plants were large
enough the vacant spaces in the pit were filled up with
them, which afforded us plenty of nice young stuff.
I also sowed Lettuce seeds along the back border of
the vineries when the Vines were started, and from
these sowings a number of useful plants were got.
From All the Year Round, Neapolitan, Golden
Queen (Veitch), raised in heat, and nursed in
shallow boxes, and planted outside in the first week
of April, some excellent heads have been cut.
Daniels' Continuity appears to be a hardy variety,
but its colour is against it ; but that is a secondary
consideration, if it will stand the inclemencies of
our winters. Of Cos varieties, and their name is
legion, Sutton's Mammoth White, White Heart,
Paris White, Veitch's Selected Bath Cos, Hicks'
Hardy Cos, and Ivery's Nonsuch are all good. If
seed be sown once a fortnight in rows, thinly, and if
too many appear, pricking them out into beds, those
which remain will be fit for use for a longer period
than transplanted ones. W. A. Cook, ComptonBassett.

SOWING PEAS. — Pisum, writing in last week's
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 18, beaded " The Seed
Trade," says that the old practice of sowing Peas in
the open during the month of November is now
largely abandoned. Well, we often hear of failures,
and I remember reading in these pages something in
the same strain, a few months back, by Mr. J.
Douglas, but my experience is this : In January,
1868, I went to Somersetshire as foreman in a neat
well-kept garden, the head gardener taking charge
the same day as I went down, and I well remember
that his greatest trouble was that no Peas had been
sown — and he lost no time in getting some Peas in.
From this sowing he gathered Peas, fit for table, on
June 2 He sowed the first week of the following
December, and gathered on May 18, and he sows, I
think, to this day about that date. I remained there
three and a half years, and have been a head gardener
ever since I left it, residing in three different
counties, and I always sow my earliest Peas, if
possible, in the first week in December, and I have
sometimes gathered Peas, fit for table, as early as
May 16. I sow Dilstone's Early or Sutton's Ring-
leader, sometimes both ; William 1. does not do so
well. A. Douglas.

EARLY TOMATOS — It must be puzzling among
the multitude of varieties for an amateur to know
which to select, as all are good though some better
than others. I have this season grown more varieties
than usual, so as to get to know which is the earliest
Tomato. This I have proved to be that prolific
variety " Orangefield," which conies into use just one
week earlier than Nesbitt's Victoria, a small cluster
Tomato, of rich flavour. Neither of these is the
best variety for every purpose, but when earliness is
the chief object of the garden, they are worth growing.
Ham Green, Hackwood Park, Sutton's and Veitch's
Perfection come in about together; and Dedham
Favourite, Golden Perfection, Maincrop, Vick's
Criterion bring up the rear, which, I consider are
first-class varieties for small establishments. I have
cultivated all of them this season in a lean-to house
facing south, in 8 and 9-inch pots, and it is astonish-
ing what fine fruit can be gathered from the plants,
and the weight of fruit per pot ranges fnm 2 lb. to
3 lb. These plants are now put out against the
kitchen-garden walls with fruit still upon them, and
where I hope they will continue to grow and fruit
for some time to come ; of course, these have been
well fed. In an ordinary season this is the best
plan by which to obtain Tomatos from outside
plants, and being strong plants, they have but little
growth to make before fruiting, and simply perfect
the fruit that was already set. W. A. Cook, Compton
Basset, Calne.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Jolt 7 and 8. — This meeting and Conference,
lasting for two days, took place in the gardens of the
Society, the exhibits being disposed in two large
tents. There was a fair display of hardy flowers,
Strawberries, and Gooseberries, contributed by a few
nurserymen, gentlemen's gardeners, and amateurs.
It is late in the season to find Strawberries
in any numbers growing in pots ; still, the nur-
serymen must be credited with showing a great
number of varieties in this manner, in some
instances heavily laden with fruits — but the best of
these looked more like plants which had been
recently lifted from the open ground and potted ;
anyhow, they served to illustrate habit, kind of
foliage, length of fruit-stalk, and strength of plant,
and in that way served a useful purpose. We fail to
see what useful end is served by inviting exhibits of
green Gooseberries ; and although these were plen-
tiful enough, the berries were much too large for
tarts or bottling. Of Raspberries — one of the fruits
of which samples were invited, we saw none.

The greater part of the floral display was to be
found in a large tent specially set apart for it, and
was interesting as a gay show of hardy flowers of the
season. Novelties in species or varieties were few.
It was pleasant to observe an absence of the usual
jumble, there being plenty of space between the
individual exhibits.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. H. Herbst, J. O'Brien, W. C. Leach, R. B.
Lowe, L. Castle, C. Jeffries, G. Gordon, H. B. Mav,
W. Goldring, B. Wynne, R. Dean, G. Paul, H.
Cannell, G. Nicholson, H. Turner, and Dr. Masters.

A pretty group was set up by Messrs. J. Veitch &
Sons, Chelsea, which was awarded a Silver Banksian
Medal. It consisted of hardy biennials, perennials,
and small shrubs. Taking the last first, we observed
various Escallonias, var. Philippiana, small white
flowers ; Exoniensis, pale rose-coloured flowers, and
pterocladon, white. The beautiful Andromeda speciosa
pulverulenta and A. p. cassinifolia were shown in
well-flowered examples, the former with long racemes
of white campanulate flowers, larger than those of
the latter species. Berberis aristata was shown, as
long flowering shoots, well set with yellow blossoms.

The pretty small-growing Philadelphus micro-
phyllus was observed, well set with its white blos-
soms. The giant campanulaceous plant, Oatrowskia
magnifica was shown, one fine large bloom; also
Gerbera Jamesoni, a showy composite of scarlet-
orange colour set on a scape 2 feet high. In the
rest of the collection were to be seen Wallflower-
leaved Stocks, Gaillardia hybrida, many varieties of
Canterbury Bells, single and double - flowered ;
Dianthus Napoleon III., a bright crimson ; a double
form of Lychnis dioica; the white-flowered Gen-
tiana Kaufmannii; Campanula latifolia, and a
collection of brilliant coloured Potentillas.

A Pink of pleasing marking, i.e., a purple band
round each of its white petals, and named The
Rector, was shown by Mr. C. Turner, Royal
Nurseries, Slough. Other Pinks, with more or less
similar marking, and named Princess Louise, Boiard
Minerva, as well as some seedlings. Delphiniums,
&c, were likewise shown by him. An Award of
Merit was made.

A novelty in Godetia White Pearl was shown by
Messrs. J. Carter and Co, High Holbon. It has
smaller flowers than G. Duchess of Albany, which
was shown alongside, and which is one of the whitest
Godetia hitherto known. The height of the novelty
would be about 18 inches.

Mr. R. Dean, Florist, Bedfont, exhibited his
handsome Ten-week Stocks, Mauve Beauty and
Princess Alice, white-flowered ; Chrysanthemum
Sibthorpii, a pale yellow variety, probably a form of
C. segetum ; some Canterbury Bells, in variety, and
Sweet Williams of much merit.

The useful late-flowering, hardy Azaleas, hybrids,
probably of several allied species, were shown by
Mr. A. Waterer, Nurseries, Knap Hill, Woking.
The colours varied from white to pink of different
hues.

A few Orchids were noted ; amongst them, from
Mr. Prewett, Swiss Nursery, Hammersmith, a fine-
looking Aerides maculosum, Prewett's var., about
which some interest is sure to centre. It may be
found at length to be from the same region as

July 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

A. Sohroderi, there being a good deal of resemblance
to that species. The same exhibitor had Odontoglos-
sum cordatum, Angrsecum caudatum, &c.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, llextable, Swanley,
showed a very handsome Cypripedium Browni — C.
magnificumX C. leucorrhodum. The lip is large
pale pinkish-brown, with a trace of green in it, the
petals 5 inches long, slightly inclining downwards,
straight and twiBted, pink for half their length, the
rest white ; sepals white suffused faintly with pink
near their bases.

Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, nurseries. Lordship Lane,
Dulwich, had various forms of Cattleya Gaskelliana,
mostly handsome ones. Cattleya Mossias formosa,
a flower mostly rosy-purple in colour ; Lselia Xan-
thina, and a partially-flowered spike of Gramruato-
phyllum Seegerianum, which had been produced on
the journey from the Moluccas. From what we
could observe the flowers will, when properly deve-
loped, be not unhandsome.

A quantity of the native Orchis maculata was
shown by Mr. Harden, gr. to the Dowager Mar-
chioness of Huntley, Cole Orton Hall. They had
been grown, and well-grown too, on a north border
in the kitchen garden at that place.

Some beautiful bunches of Alstromeria aurantiaca,
A. pelegrina, &c, were shown by Mr. Leach, gr. at
Albury Park, Surrey, he receiving a vote of thanks
for the exhibit.

Miss Falkner was a magnificent double-flowered
tuberous- rooted Begonia — shown by Messrs. H.
Cannell & Sons, Home of Flowers, Swanley.

Messrs. B. Debenham, St. Peter's, St. Albans, had
a small lot of hardy subjects, and Mr. T. Laxton,
Bedford, showed Pink Mrs. Sinkins, and several
other good white Pinks, but none that equalled the
first-named. Pink Lady R. Churchill is a pretty
flower marked with a purple ring around the central
part.

A dwarf Centaurea cyanus, measuring not more
than 6 inches in height, and with correspondingly
small flowers, of a deep blue colour, came from Mr.
H. Herbst, Kew Road, Richmond.

Pinks and single Roses were shown together by
Mr. B. Ladham, Shirley Nursery, a pretty com-
bination of forms and colours.

Competing Classes.

These were few ; one for eighteen varieties of
hardy-flowering perennials, in which W. Marshall,
Esq., Auchinrath, Bexley (gr., Mr. Pratt), took the
1st prize and the Silver Flora Medal. We noted in
this group Campanula urticifolia florepleno, Thalic-
trum glumaceum, Delphinium Ilorus, Campauula
Van Houttei, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, and the
bright rosy-crimson - flowered Epilobium angusti-
folium ; E. M. Nelson, Esq., Hanger Hill, Ealing,
was 2nd.

In another class, for the same number of peren-
nials, O. T. Hodgson, Esq., Lachine, Chislehurst,
was 1st ; in this lot were Astrantia Biebersteinii, a
better plant than A. majus; Sidalcea Oregana Can-
dida, and Lathyrus Drummondi, &c. ; 2nd, Mr.
G. H. Sage, Ham House, Richmond.

For Messrs. Kelway & Son's special prizes, Mr.
T. H. Crasp, gr., Canford Manor, Dorset, showed
Gaillardia hybrida in six varieties.

Fruit Committee.

Present : P. Crowley, Esq., in the chair ; and
Messrs. P. C. M. Veitch, \V. Denning, W. Bates,
G. Reynolds, G. Wythes, J. Hudson, A. Dean,
H. Balderson, and J. Cheal.

A large collection of Strawberries, in pots and in
punnets, came from Messrs. Paul & Son, The Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt — it consisted of the principal
varieties in cultivation in this country ; but as
regards some fine varieties, the Society's collection
was the more complete one. We mention the fol-
lowing:—Lucas, Dr. Hogg, a variety to grow where
British Queen will not grow well, as it has the flavour
— a little less marked, certainly, of that variety ; Sir
J. Paxton, Noble, fine to the eye ; Vicomtesse H.
de Thury, small, but of good flavour, and a great
bearer ; The Captain, King of the Earlies, Noble, all
three of Mr. T. Laxton's raising, and filling a place
in the market grower's list of varieties ; Com-
mander, Marie Nicaise, President, A. F. Barron,
a very handsome berry ; Pauline, Marguerite,
Crescent Seedling, an American variety of some
repute, but not so good here. It is bright in colour,
and a good bearer, well Buited for preserving whole,
or as jam ; Oxonian ; Augtiste Boisselot, a fine
prolific, bright in colour, and bearing a long time ;
Belle de Meaux, an alpine variety, of dark crimson
colour ; Auguste Nicaise, late in coming into

bearing, conical in form, prolific, with strong
foliage ; Marie Nicaise, large, globular, slightly
conical, light crimson, seeds embedded in the
flesh ; Comtesse TrellakofF, an alpine or Hautbois,
of conical shape, Bmall, and dark crimson in colour;
Premier, with sparse foliage and large fruits ; and
La Grosse Sucree.

Messrs. Paul & Son showed also a number of
varieties of Gooseberries in the green state, men-
tioning the names of which will serve no useful
purpose.

Mr. J. Watkins, Pomona Farm, Withington,
Herefordshire, showed a number of Strawberries in
small dishes. Of rather unusual varieties, we may
name Kerr's Prolific, Pollissimer, and Sharpless, all
of North American origin, and the last-named con-
sidered by the Americans their best Strawberry ;
All Round, Marshal MacMahon, Amateur, Won-
derful, a berry which does not ripen at the point;
Barnes' Prolific, Comte de Paris, &c. Fifteen
dishes of Apples of 1890, in good condition, were
observed. These consisted of Whiting Pippin, a
fruit that often comes with two or three eyes ;
Winter Greening. Farmers' Seedling, Moss' Incom-
parable, Court Pendu Plat, Downton Nonpareil,
Broad Tail, Herefordshire Pearmain, Winter
Queening, and Golden Russet.

Ripe fruits of Ogden black Currants were shown
by Mr. Watkins, in proof of earliness.

Mr. Leach, Albury Park, showed some thirty-five
varieties of Strawberries, but without names. They
were fine fruits, well ripened.

Mr. R. Gilbert, gr., Burghley House, Stamford,
showed his new Strawberry, Chief Secretary, alleged
to be earlier than John Ruskin, King of the Earlies,
and Noble ; it is a good doer, and very fruitful.
The fruit is wedge-shaped, and in colour dark
crimson.

Mr. W. Taylor, Hampton, had Grove End Scarlet,
an old variety, excellent for jams, &c. ; British
Queen, a good sample of this variety, and Sir C.
Napier.

About sixty dishes of Strawberries was the
Society's contribution to the show, and this collec-
tion, besides containing all the popular varieties,
had others, which deserve all commendation. We
mention a few : — John Ruskin, Old Pine, Helena
Gloede, Countess, Trollope's Victoria, Bothwell
Park, Sabreur, Jewel, Filbert Pine, Crown Prince,
Bidwell Seedling, The Pilot, Premier, and Harris's
Al.

Some very large fruits of Jas. Veitch and Latest
of All Strawberries — which, by the way, rather
belies its name by fruiting at all at this season — ■
came from E. Amies, Esq., Ashford Road, Maidstone.

A rather numerous collection of Strawberries in
pots and in punnets were exhibited by Messrs. G.
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, and consisted of most of
the favourite varieties grown in gardens.

Other than these, mention may be made of Mons.
Fournier, resembling Dr. Hogg ; Brown's Wonder,
La Boule d'Or, J. Ruskin, a pretty fruit, but rather
flat in flavour ; Frogmore Pine, Royal Hautbois,
Alpine Triomphe d'Orleans, President de la Cour,
Unser Fritz, Competitor, and several of North
American origin.

Several very fine seedlings were brought by Mr.
W. Allan, Gunton Park, Suffolk ; all were showy
well-shaped fruits, some of which the judges thought
were improvements on existing varieties. .

A large collection was shown by Mr. T. Laxton,
Bedford, and contained many new names, as well as
good-looking fruits. Mr. Laxton is doing much
work in this field, and amongst the mttny.that he
has raised and is raising, some novelties of merit are
from time to time getting into commerce.

Competing Classes.

Mr. W. Palmer, Surrey, was 1st, for six dishes
of Gooseberries ; 2nd, Mr. J. Gilbert, Rectory,
Merrow, Guildford. These were large for the time
of year. E. M. Nelson, Esq., Ealing, was 1st
for four dishes of Strawberries, showing British
Queen, Vicomtesse H. de Thury, Sir J. Paxton, and
Noble. Mr. Nelson was 1st for one dish, namely,
Sir J. Paxton ; and 1st in Messrs. Sharp & Co.'s
prizes for three dishes of Peas, showing their Queen,
Triumph, and Sir F. A. Millbank; the first two
have short, dark green pods, well filled with very
dark green-coloured seeds. Mr. W. Palmer was 1st
for two dishes of green Gooseberries, and 2nd for two
of ripe kinds.

Miscellaneous.

Some immense sticks of a seedling Rhubarb were
shown by Mr. Davis, High Road, Chiswick.

Messrs. R. Veitch & Sons, 54, High Street, Exeter,
showed Pea Exonian, a first Early Wrinkled Marrow,
having a well-filled small pod, with Peas of a rich
green colour.

Mr. G. H. Pontin, Stanley Vineries, Woking,
showed some very large, hpavy Melons, named Sut-
ton's Triumph, Golden Triumph, Conqueror, and
Golden Perfection— this last-named kind weighed
10 lb. 12 oz.

Mr. W. Leach showed Peaches, and Mr. J. W.
Church, The Vineyard, Braconaah, Black Alicante
Grapes, cut on January 6, 1891, in a good condition,
considering the length of time that has elapsed since
they ripened.

A large bunch of a small-fruited good-flavoured
Banana was Bhown by Mr. Fitt, gr. to Earl Cowper,
Panshanger. The bunch was 2 feet in length, and
was well set with fruit from end to end.

Eight grand Queen Pine-apples were shown in the
cut state by Mr. T. Coomber, gr., The Hendre,
Monmouth. A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded
Mr. Coomber.

The tent in which the bulk of the hardy flowers
were arranged furnished a charming display of hardy
summer blossoms. On the south side, Messrs.
Kelway & Son, of Langport, staged 200 spikes of
Delphiniums — a collection of such varied hues and
fine varieties as could not perhaps be furnished by
any other nursery in the kingdom. In the matter
of novelty of colour, Messrs. Kelway & Son have
taken a decided lead. A selection of the finest
varieties would include Premier and Rivoli, both
with massive spikes of flowers, deep blue edged with
cerise ; The Vicar, Beatrice Kelway, Lady Rowena,
Robin Adair, a large bright blue single variety
(Award of Merit) ; Hereward, Gilbert Kelway, Her-
mione, Britannia, deep blue with white centre ;
Beauty of England, Sequence, Monument, very deli-
cate and soft lilac — a very distinct shade ; Sophia,
Modele, General Earle, Donovan, Brennus, Lord
Balfour, and Edgar Wild. These, staged against the
white background of the tent, made a rare display.
In addition, Messrs. Kelway & Son had a large col-
lection of Gaillardias, including Glenavon, a fine
and very showy variety ; and Helicon, large yellow ;
Iris Ktempferi in variety, Crinum McOwanii, and
bunches of hardy flowers, such as Campanula tra-
chelium, fl.-pl. ; C. persicifolia* alba, Cephalaria
lutea, Spinea aruncus, S. palmata elegans, Verbas-
cum Choisii, &c.

On the opposite side, Messrs. J. Laing & Sons,
Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, S.E., had an
exceedingly bright, varied, and well-arranged col-
lection, which included Heuchera sanguinea, Doro-
nicum plantaginum excelsum, Chrysanthemum
latifolium, Campanula turbinata, Brodisa coccinea,
Salvia Tenori, Armeria cephalotes rubra, Helianthus
multiflorus plenus, Alstromerias, in variety ; Dian-
thus Emilie Pare, a charming flesh-pink variety ;
Amaryllis longifolius albus, Centaurea Cyanus,
Spiraea aruncus, Richardia hastata, with its pale
Primrose blossoms ; Spiraea palmata, Lilium aura-
tum, Carnation Madame A. Warocque ; Lilium
speciosum, Pyrethrums, Rosa rugosa, Amberboa
moschata, with its golden-yellow blossoms, an excel-
lent subject for cutting from ; Saxifraga pyramidalia,
Canterbury Bells in variety ; Gladiolus Colvilli, and
G. ramosus ; bunches of Violas, Pansies and Car
nations, Papaver orientale, &c.

Following this, on the same side, came a smaller
but very interesting collection, from Mr. T. S. Ware,
Hall Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, which included a
number of Lilies, such as Elegans, Fulgens, Han-
soni, Washingtonianum, an American species, in
which the flowers open pale coloured, and change to
a pale rosy-purple. Maritimum , a very distinct small
flowered species, awarded a Botanical Certificate ;
Canadense, Parryii, pulchellum, a very bright and
effective species ; pardalinum, colchicum, Martagon
album, and pomponicum verum ; also Geum cocci-
neum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Centaurea montana, in
variety; Campanula persicifolia alba, Delphinium
cashmerianum, and varieties of D. formosum and
others ; Armeria plantaginia rosea. Pink Her
Majesty, Heuchera sanguinea, Lychnis Haageana, a
very bright single form ; Veronica spicata. Campa-
nula carpatica, Triteleia Murrayana, Mertensia
sibirica, and Linum flavum.

On the central stage, Messrs. Paul & Son, Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt, had a large and valuable
collection staged with commendable taste, which
included Veronica anomala, a white-flowered dwarf
hardy shrub (Award of Merit) ; PrunelJa Webbi-
ana, bright rose (Award of Merit) ; Canna Jules
Chreoien, rich crimson ; C. Comte H. de Choisml.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

vivid scarlet ; and C. Admiral Courbet, deep
orange ; Pseonies, among these a beautiful delicate
blush variety named Emile Galle (Award of Merit) ;
Centaurea macrocephala (see fig. 4, p. 39), with its
large golden heads, Chrysanthemum latifolium, Phlox
ovata, Polemonium Kichardsoni, Epilobium angus-
tifolium, and its white variety ; Brodiea congesta,
Carduus heterophylla, Salvia dealbata, with its large
leaves and huge spikes of pale lavender flowers;
Potentilla, double, Wm. Rollisson, rich orange ;
Mars, and Belzebath, Cephalaria alpina, Achillea
serrata plena, earlier to bloom than the others, and
very free ; Geranium Endressi, Campanula Hosti,
and its white variety ; Ruta patavina, yellow, said to
be a little difficult to grow, but very charming in a
mass ; Orchis foliosa, Clematis integrifolia major,
and C. erecta, with dense clusters of small white
flowers ; Lilium rubescens.L. columbarium, Gaillardia
grandiflora, Campanula persicifolia alba plena, Al-
etrce.meria aurantiaca, Pentstemon pubescens, Pyre-
thrum cinerarirefolium, small, well formed pure white
flowers, and Distamnus fraxinella.

Next came a select collection of extremely
interesting subjects from the Royal Gardens, Kew.
This included Sphceralcea rivularis, with pretty pink
blossoms closely allied to Malva ; Gentiana lutea
Lahia lanata, Dianthus viscidus, Phlomis tuberosa,
Erigeron salsuginosus, Pentstemon barbatum, Lathy-
rus grandiflorus, Campanula rhomboidalis, Erysimum
Wahlenbergii, pale yellow ; Cosmos bipinnatus, a
handsome annual, with bright reddish-purple flowers ;
Pyrethrum cinerarifolium, with white flowers— small
and single ; Eremostachys laciniata, Dianthus
Grievesii, and Campanula excelsa, a small but
interesting species.

Mr. G. Fennell, gr., Eairlawn, Tunbridge, Kent,
showed a peculiar novelty in fruits of Nectarine
Violet Hative in three stages of growth, quite small
and green, half-grown and beginning to colour, and
lastly, ripe fruits. These had been taken from dif-
ferent parts of one tree, and all similar fruits will
ripen, as in several years past, in a satisfactory
manner.

NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY,
CRYSTAL PALACE.

July 4. — The National Flower was not seen to the
best advantage at the Crystal Palace on Saturday, but
not from any fault of the Rosarian. lie had planted,
watered, and budded his Rose trees with a devotion
worthy of all praise ; but Nature proved in an
unkindly mood, and withheld that assistance she
usually renders. Roses were held back by an un-
usually late spring, and when summer weather broke
it was fitful — days were hot and dry, the nights cold,
and then when at last the flowers opened tardily and
imperfectly, storms came and disfigured them to the
great grief of the exhibitor. It was from no defect
in the " blazing arch of lucid glass " overhead which
made the flowers look dull, they were dull generally —
though here and there, but rarely so, blooms were
fresh, bright, clean, and winsome. A large number
of blooms were staged, the tea-scented varieties
shown by amateurs were very good for the season ;
those staged by the trade about as bad as they could
be in the present era of Rose culture. The crimson
and scarlet hybrid perpetuals were brilliant in some
instances, old General Jacqueminot, after nearly forty
years' culture, shone out with astonishing brilliancy,
and was actually selected from the flowers shown
in the amateurs' classes, as the best hybrid perpetual,
and awarded the Silver Medal of the Society ! Brave
old General — so useful in many ways, that the next
Rose-loving Dean of Rochester may perchance see
it in the Horticultural Hall of the future in another
forty years.

As is usual, the flowers were staged on tables
placed along the eastern portion of the nave. Roses
are not seen to the best advantage staged in green
boxes placed on naked dull green tables, that show
an abundance of boxes beneath ; but it is the best
system the wisdom of the National Rose Society has
been able to devise, and we must not grumble ;
but somehow the thing is not as one would like
to see it. Rose-cups and wire supports have
improved the floral effect, but a sense of incongruity
remains.

Nurserymen's Classes. — In the leading class for
seventy-two varieties, distinct, there were three
exhibitors, and Mr. B. R. Cant, nurseryman, Col-
chester, won the 1st prize and the Challenge Trophv,
held by his nephew during the last two years. It
was not a standard seventy-two, but it was good
n such a trying season, and the Tea-scented

varieties greatly added to its value. We give
the names of the Roses, many of which were
repeated in other collections. Of H.P.'s, Mr.
Cant had A. K. Williams, Abel Carriere,
Mons. E. Y. Teas, Mrs. J. Laing, Ulrich
Brunner, Victor Verdier, Duke of Edinburgh,
Madame Gabriel Luizet, General Jacqueminot,
Baroness Rothschild, La France, Annie Laxton,
Jean Liabaud, Madame Victor Verdier, Xavier
Olibo, Exposition de Brie, Paul Neyron, Victor
Verdier, Prince Camille de Rohan, Marie Baumann,
Victor Hugo, Alfred Colomb, Countess of Rose-
bery, and Alphonse Soupert. Tea-scented: — Sou-
venir de Paul Neyron, Marechal Niel, Caroline Kuster,
Comtesse de Nadaillac, Cleopatra, Catherine Mer-
met, Princess of Wales, Madame Hippolyte Jamain,
Madame Lambard, Jean Ducher, La Boule d'Or,
Madame Bravy, Madame de Watteville, Madame
Hoste, Madame Willermoz, Souvenir d'Elise Vardon,
Francisca Kruger, and Innocente Pirola. 2nd,
Messrs. Paul & Sous, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, in
whose collection the H.P.'s were the strongest, and
some of them brilliantly coloured. There was not
very much to choose between these two stands.
Messrs. Prior & Son, Myland Nurseries, Colchester,
were 3rd.

In the class for forty-eight varieties, three trusses
of each, there were but two exhibitors, and Mr. B. R,
Cant was again 1st.

In the class for forty-eight distinct, single trusses,
there were seven competitors, and Mr. Charles
Turner, Royal Nursery, Slough, attained 1st honours ;
2nd, Messrs. G. & W. Burch, nurserymen, Peter-
borough ; 3rd, Mr. George Prince, nurseryman,
Oxford.

There were four collections in the class for twenty-
four varieties, single blooms, and here Mr. George
Mount, nurseryman, Canterbury, was 1st, with a
very bright and clean lot of flowers ; 2nd, Mr. J.
Mattock, nurseryman. New Headington, Oxford ;
3rd, Mr. E. F. Such, Maidenhead.

There were eight exhibitors of twenty-four varie-
ties, three trusses of each, and Mr. Geo. Prince took
the 1st prize ; 2nd, Mr. G. Mount ; 3rd, Mr. C.
Turner.

Garden Soses (Nurseri/meti). — The 1st prize for the
best thirty-six bunches of garden Roses, distinct
varieties, was won by Messrs. Paul & Son, Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt. These Roses attracted con-
siderable attention, and it would be hard to find any
flowers much prettier. The following are a few of
the most striking varieties : — Miss Blanche Moreau,
Reine Olga de Wurtemberg, L 'Ideal, Reine Marie
Henriette, Polyantha var. Simplex, P. Perle d'Or,
P. Mignonette, P. grandiflora, Madame Plantier,
Macrantha, Crested Moss, and Little Gem. Messrs.
G. Cooling & Son, Bath, was 2nd ; and Mr. E. F.
Such, Maidenhead, 3rd.

Amateurs' Classes. — The principal class was for
forty-eight varieties, single trusses, and there were
five competitors ; an additional interest was lent to
this particular class, because the Challenge Trophy
won last year by Mr. E. B. Lindsell, of Hitchin, who
captured it again on this occasion with some very
good blooms indeed, the season considered. He had
of H.P.'s Heinrich Schultheiss, Mons. E. Y. Teas,
Grand Mogul, Maurice Bernardin, Duke of Albany,
Mrs. J. Laing, Marquis de Castellane, Duke of Teck,
Duke of Edinburgh. Rosieriste Jacobs, A. K.
Williams, Victor Verdier, Comtesse d'Oxford,
Dupuy Jamain, Marie Verdier. Comte Raimbaud,
Prince Arthur, Abel Carriere, Xavier Olibo, Charles
Lefebvre, Pride of Waltham, Dr. Sewell and Lady
Mary Fifzwilliam. Tea Scented, Cornelia Koch,
Boule d'Or, Catherine Mermet, Innocente Pirola,
Comtesse de Nadaillac, Marie van Houtte, Souvenir
d'Elise, Anna Olivier, and Etoile de Lyon. 2nd,
Dr. S. G. Budd, Bath, who ran Mr. Lindsell very
close indeed for 1st place. 3rd, the Rev, J. II.
Pemberton, Havering Atte, Romford.

In the next class for eighteen distinct varieties,
three trusses of each, Dr. Budd was 1st with
Marie Baumann, Abel Carriere, Marquise de
Castellane, Mons. E. Y. Teas, Louis van Houtte,
Mrs. J. Laing, Duchesse de Vallombrosa, Prince
Arthur, A. K. Williams, Francois Michelon, Alfred
Colomb, La France, Etienne Levet, Her Majesty,
Madame Gabriel Luizet ; and Tea-scented — The
Bride. 2nd, Mr. E. B. Lindsell. 3rd, the Rev.
H. A. Berners, Harkstead Rectory, Ipswich.

In the class for thirty-six varieties, single trusses
a piece of plate, value 5 guineas, being given bv
R. G. N. Baker, Esq., in addition to the 1st prize,
Mr. C. J. Salter, gr. to T. B. Haywood, Esq., Wood-

hatch, Reigate, was 1st, having good blooms of
Countess of Rosebery, Charles Lefebvre, Auguste
Rigotard, Marie Baumann, Madame Victor Ver-
dier, Duchess of Bedford, Duke of Teck, Comtesse
de Serenye, Madame Gabriel le Luizet, Duchesse de
Vallombrosa, Mrs. John Laing, Exposition de Brie,
Marie Verdier, Dupuy Jamain, Dr. Andry, Mrs.
Laxton, Comtesse d'Oxford, Mrs. Baker, Bride of
Reigate, the striped form of Countess of Oxford,
very well shown on this occasion ; A. K. Williams,
Francois Michelon, Etienne Levet, Madame Therese
Levet, Her Majesty; and Tea-scented Alba Rosea
and Viscountess Folkestone. 2nd, Colonel J. H.
Pitt, Turkey Court, Maidstone. 3rd. the Rev.
W. H. Jackson, Stagsden Vicarage, Bedford.

For twelve triplets, T. B. Haywood, Esq , Wood-
hatch Lodge, Reigate (gr., G. J. Salter), was 1st,
with blooms of Captain Christy, Marquise de Castel-
lane, A. K. Williams, Madame Gabriel Luizet, La
France, Duke of Teck, Mrs. J. Laing, Auguste
Rigotard, Violette Bouyer, Etienne Levet, E. Y.
Teas. Col. J. H. Pitt, Turkey Court, Maidstone,
2nd ; and the Rev. J. W. Jackson, Stagsden
Vicarage, Bedford, 3rd. For twenty-four distinct,
single, Mr. A. Tait, Downside, Leatherhead, was
1st ; also winning the Silver Medal of the Gardeners'
Magazine. Among the blooms in this box, were
fine specimens of Marie Baumann, Duchess of Bed-
ford, Xavier Olibo, La Rosiore, and Eugene Verdier.
Mr. J. Brown, gr. to Mrs. Waterlow, Great Doods,
Reigate, was 2nd ; and Mr. Ed. Mawley, Rose Bauk,
Berkhamsted, 3rd.

For eight triplets, Mr. R. E. West, Reigate, was
1st ; Mr. A. Tait, 2nd ; and Mr. J. Brown, 3rd. For
eighteen distinct single trusses, Mr. T. Budgen, gr.
to Mrs. F. P. Baker, Hoimfels, Reigate, was 1st ;
Mr. Romaine, Old Windsor, 2nd ; and Mr. W.
Narroway, Haddington Quarry, Oxford, 3rd. For
twelve distinct single trusses, Mr. R. L. Knight,
Bobbing, Sittingbourne, was 1st; Captain Christy,
Hill Green House, Stockbury, Kent, 2nd ; and Mr.
C. J. Grahame, Coombe Road, Croydon, 3rd. For
nine distinct single trusses, The Rev. F. S. Taylor,
Littleton Vicarage, Evesham, was 1st ; Mr. E.
Williams, Lyndhurst, Sutton, 2nd; and the Rev.
H. B. Biron, Lymphe Vicarage, Hythe, 3rd. For six
distinct, Mr. E. Home, Park House, Reigate, was
1st; M. Hodson, Esq., Shirley Cottage, Croydon,
2nd ; and Mr. S. E. Crofts, gr. to W. D. Freshfield,
Esq , Reigate, 3rd. For six triplets, Mr. O. P. Orpen,
Colchester, was 1st, with a box containing nice
blooms of Camille Bernardin, Climbing Capt. Christy,
Niphetos, and others. Mr. E. Wilkins, Suttou,
2nd ; and Mr. P. G. C. Burnand, Reigate, 3rd.

For six, distinct, Mr. G. Rutter, Shepperton-on-
Thames, was awarded 1st prize.

For twenty-four distinct single trusses, Mr. A.
Tait, Leatherhead, was awarded the National Rose
Society's Silver Cup, for a very fine lot; among
them were Duchess of Albany, Catherine Mermet,
Mrs. J. Laing, Innocente Pirola, Violette Bouyer,
Her Majesty, Madame Eugene Verdier, A. K.
Williams, La Rosiere, Madame Cusin.

Tea and Noisette Roses; Amateurs.— In class 3D,
for six distinct varieties, single trusses, the Rev. F. S.
Taylor, Littleton Vicarage, Evesham, was 1st, with
Marie van Houtte, Marechal Niel, The Bride,
Anna Olivier, Hon. Edith Gifford, and Niphetos ;
2nd, Mr. E. Mawley, Rosemount, Berkhampsted ;
3rd, the Rev. II. B. Biron, Lymphe Vicarage,
Hythe.

Class 31 was for twelve Teas and Noisettes, three
trusses of each. In addition to the 1st prize was a
piece of plate, value five guineas, given in memory
of the late Hon. and Kev. J. T. Boscawen. This
was won by A. H. Gray, Esq., Newbridge Hill, Bath,
with some admirable flowers; 3rd, the Rev. W. H.
Jackson.

The best six distinct varieties, three trusses of
each, came from the Rev. A. H. Foster Melliar,
Sprouston Rectory, Ipswich, who had Princess of
Wales, Etoile de Lyon, Francisca Kruger, Madame
de Watteville, Marie van Houtte, and Madame
Hoste ; 2nd, Mr. E. B. Lindsell ; 3rd, Col. J. H.
Pitt.

The best six trusses of any Tea or Noisette came
from Mr. A. H. Gray, who had finely-coloured Mare-
chal Niel ; Mr. C. J. Graham, Coombe Road, Croydon,
was 2nd ; and the Rev. H. A. Berners 3rd, with
Comtesse de Nadaillac.

In the amateur classes, the varieties shown were,
with a few exceptions, the same as those shown
in the nurseryman's classes. A. H. Gray, Esq ,
New Bridge Hill, Bath, won the 1st prize for
eighteen distinct Tea or Noisette, which included

July 11, 1801.1

it.
Jl .

IE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

the holding of the Challenge Trophy for one year.
The Rev. II. Berners, Harkstead Rectory, Ipswich,
came 2nd ; and the Rev. A. Foster Melliar,
Sprouaton Rectory, Ipswich, 3rd.

For twelve distinct single trusses, Mr. E. B.
Lindsell, Bearton, Hitchin, was ls> in a good com-
petition, and was awarded the GSrdeners' Magazine
Silver Medal for excellent culture. Mr. A. II. Gray,
Bath, 2nd; and Mr. T. B. Haywood, Woodhatch
Lodge, Reigate, 3rd.

Mr. F. G. Orpen, Hillside, West Birgholt, Col-
chester, was 1st for nine distinct trusses ; Mr. G. A.
Tait, 2nd ; and Mr. S. Crofts, The Wilderness,
Reigate, 3rd.

In the Tea and Noisette division, some very fine
blooms were staged, and good competition showed
itself throughout. In the nurserymen's classes, Mr.
G. Prince, Market Street, Oxford, was the only ex-
hibitor, twenty-four, distinct, with a splendid box,
including the following varieties. Souvenir d'un Ami,
Souvenir de S. A. Prince, Belle-Fleur dAjou,
Marechal Niel, Madame Cusin, The Bride, Comtesse
d'Nadaillac, Innocente Pirola, Mrs, J. Wilson, Jules
Finger, Marquise de Sanina, Alba Rosea, Princess of
Wales, Catherine Merniet, Etoile de Lyon, Madame
de Watteville, Rubens, Hon. Edith Gifford, Jean
Ducher, Marie van Houtte, Cornelia Koch, Niphetos,
Marie Armand, Madame C. Kuster.

For eighteen, distinct, Mr. J. Mattock, New
Headington, Oxford, was 1st; Messrs. J. Burrell &
Co., Howe House Nurseries, Cambridge, were 2nd ;
and Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, 3rd.

Mr. B. R. Cant, Colchester, was 1st for twelve
single trusses of any Tea or Noisette, with a line box
of Madame de Watteville ; Mr. G. Prince, 2nd. with
The Bride ; and Mr. J. Mattock, Oxford, 3rd, with
Hon. Edith Gifford.

For six triplets, Mr. G. Prince was 1st ; Mr. J.
Mattock, New Headington, Oxford, 2nd; and Mr. G.
W. Piper, Uckfield, Sussex, 3rd.

Garden Roses (Amateurs). — In this class, the 1st
prize was awarded to Mr. Charles E. Cuthell, Chapel
Croft, Dorking, for an excellent collection, nicely
arranged in bunches, of the following : — Austrian
Yellow, Macrantha, Red Damask, Polyantha Pasque-
rette, Perle d'Or, Austrian Copper, Miss Blanche
Moreau, Gloire de Polyantha, L'Ideelle, CEillet
Flamand, Rugosa, Madame Georges Bruant (double
white), HP. Bardon Job (large single crimson),
Moscata alba, and Lucida plena, as the leading
flowers ; 2nd, the Kev. J. II. Pemberton, with the
red and striped Provence, Rugosa rubra, common
Moss, Aimee Vibert, China Maiden's Blush, White
Rugosa. Damask, &c. ; 3rd, Mr. Alfred Tate,
Leatherhead.

Open Classes. — The be3t twelve trusses of any
yellow Rose, except Maio^hal Niel, came trom Mr.
George Prince, Oxford, who had Comtesse de
Nadaillac, with that rich Apricot glow Mr. Prince
imparts to it. He was the only exhibitor staging,
in addition, a box of Marie van Houtte.

There were ten exhibitors in the class for any
white Rose, except Niphetos, and Mr. George Dick-
son, nurseryman, Newtownards, co. Down, Ireland,
staged a dozen exquisite specimens of Margaret
Dickson, which was awarded the Gold Medal of the
National Rose Society last year. It had something
of the build of La France, and it is nearly white,
having a slight tint of blush in the centre. It pro-
mises to be a very fine addition to our white hybrid
perpetuals. Mr. A. H. Gray was 2nd, with Alba
Rosea, &c. ; and Mr. B. R. Cant, with the same.

The best twelve blooms of any crimson Rose, other
than Marie Baumann and A. K. Williams, came
from Mr. B. R. Cant, who had Duke of Edinburgh ;
Messrs. Paul & Son were 2nd, with Prince Arthur ;
and Mr. J. Parker, Old Headington, Oxford, 3rd, with
Duke of Teck.

The best twelve blooms of any dark crimson Rose
were those of Prince Camille de Rohan, shown by
Messrs. II. Low & Co., Beech Hill Nursery, Enfield ;
Mr. Geo. Mount was 2nd, with Fisher Holmes ; and
Mr. Geo. Prince, 3rd, with Prince Arthur.

Mr. A. H. Gray had the best twelve blooms of
Marechal Niel, which were finely coloured ; Mr. B. R.
Cant was 2nd ; and Mr. George Prince, 3rd.

Dr. S. P. Budd, Gay street, Bath, was 1st for
twelve blooms of Marie Baumann, a well-chosen,
even lot of blooms, without a weak one ; 2nd, Mr.
C. Turner, Slough, with good but smaller blooms.
Four competed in the above class.

Dr. Budd was also 1st for twelve Mrs. John Laing,
showing a good box of this fine, bright, pink-
coloured novelty, showing the good points of
the flower; Mr. C. Turner was 2nd here likewise,
Messrs. G. Cooling & Son being considered equal

with him. The flower was shown excellently in.
every instance. Competitors, six.

Twelve blooms of Miss A. K. Williams. — 1st,
Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseries, Walthara ; 2nd,
Messrs. H. Low & Co., Clapton, and Bush Hill,
Enfield, with perfect, if somewhat smaller blooms.
Some beholders preferred this stand to Messrs.
Paul's. Five competed.

Twelve blooms of Niphetos. — Here Mr. B. R.
Cant, Colchester, was 1st, with blooms caught at the
nick of time. Between these and Mr. G. W. Pipers',
who was 2nd, was a wide difference, the latter's,
being quite smalt buds by comparison.

Any H.P. Rose, twelve blooms. — In this class
Mr. 0. Turner took the highest honours with La
France, very nice medium-sized blooms ; 2ad, Dr.
Budd, with the same variety ; 3rd, Messrs. A. Dick-
son & Son, Newtownards, with their Marchioness of
Dufferin. In this class the competition was very
strong, but the competing varieties were few, viz.,
Lady Fitzwilliam, Heinrich Schultheiss, Madame
Gabrielle Luizette, and La France.

New Hoses. — The 1st place was taken by the Rev.

F. R. Burnside with Souvenir de Sarah A. Prince,
a perfect bloom of this novelty not always easy to
show in good condition. 2nd, Messrs. Paul & Son,
Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, with Mrs. Paul (Bourbon),
a blush Rose with full centre ; White Lady was also
shown by them, but the warmth of the building had
caused the not too numerous petals to expand fully.
In the nurserymen's division of the class for new
Roses, Messrs. A. Dickson took the 1st prize for
Margaret Dickson, a lovely Tea of filbert-shape, the
central cluster of petals showing blush, although
single they appear white. Most of these were
disappointing; though including those offered for
the first time in English nurserymen's list in the
spring of 1890. Messrs. Paul & Son were awarded
the 1st prize, the varieties being H.P.'s Comtesse de
Blacas, soft deep pink, of globular shape; Marie
Magat, bright rosy-carmine, very like Alfred
Colomb ; Madame Chabal, bright pale rosy-scarlet ;
Marchioness of Lome, deep rose ; Bruce Findlay,
very bright crimson ; J. D. Pawle, shaded crimson ;
Auguste Guinoisseau, an almost white sport from
La France ; Bourbon Mr. Paul, and Tea-scented
Ernest Metz and Souvenir de S. A. Prince. Messrs.

G. Cooling & Son also exhibited.

There was no competition in the class for nine
blooms of any new Tea or Noisette Rose, though
a piece of plate was offered as a priz». The Society's
Gold Medal was offered for three blooms of any new
seedling Rose or distinct sport not yet in commerce,
and, though several were staged, no Medal was
awarded. Lord Penzance, Easing Park, Godalming,
had H.P. Rob Roy, a seedling from General Jacque-
minot crossed with Village Maid ; in the bud like
a large pale pink Her Majesty and Roger Wild-
rake, from La Ville de Burgundy and Richard
Laxton, of the shape and colour of Paul
Neyron, but somewhat coarse. Messrs. Paul &
Son had H.P. Charles Gater, bright scarlet,
but small in size. Messrs. William Paul & Son had
H.P. Spencer, a beautiful soft pink flower, of the
type of Baroness Rothschild ; Tea Corinna, a
variety that will yet win its way in the public esti-
mation ; Zenobia (Moss), pink, flushed with rose,
and shaded with purple; and Mungo Park (Moss),
pale pinkish-rose, large and full. Mr. George
Dickson, Newtownards, had Marchioness of Dufferin
(H.P.), soft pink, flushed with a deeper tint — very
pleasing in colour, large and full.

Premier Hoses. — Four of the Society's Silver
Medals were awarded for the best HP., Tea-scented,
exhibited by amateurs and also by nurserymen. In
the amateurs' division, the Premier H.P. was General
Jacqueminot, exhibited by Mr. R. L. Knight ; and
the premier Tea a richly coloured Madame Cusin,
shown by Mr. A.Tate. In the nurserymens' division,
H.P. Gustave Pigareau, new, of 1889-90, a large
and showy carmine- red variety, shown by Messrs.
Paul & Son ; and Tea Souvenir de S. A. Prince,
shown by Messrs. Prior & Son, Colchester.

Miscellaneous. — Under this heading come the
varied and interesting collection of hardy flowers
shown by Mr. T. Ware, Hale Farm, Tottenham.
Of novelties of merit in this group may be men-
tioned two yellow-coloured Carnations, Pride of
Great Britain and Miss Saunders; and Carnation,
Scarlet Duke, a fine thing, and one in which it is
alleged the calyx seldom splits ; a Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum, named Semi-duplex ; and Spiraea
japonica compacta. Iris susiana William I. is a
soft yellow-coloured flower, very telling in the mass ;

white Pink Her Majesty, Achillea serrata flore-pleno>
a pretty white flower, were also observed.

Messrs. P. Barr, King Street, Covent Garden, had
a stand rich in herbaceous Pieonies, in variety.
Nimrod, a rich purple ; Lord Salisbury, crimson ';
Comte de Paris, with thread-like and guard petals-
white ; Couronne d'Or, white ; and Helen Leslie,
double, also white ; were amongst the more pleasing
flowers. Chrysanthemum maximum was observed
in good condition. A large plant of Senecio micro-
phyllum, a plant with thick, fleshy, much-branched
stems, bearing small yellow flowers of no great
beauty.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, S.E., put
up a large pyramidal group of Begonias, of the
tuberous-rooted section, including amongt the com-
ponent plants some of their finest novelties. To
cap the whole, was a large plant of B. alba rosea, a
first-rate basket plant with good blooms. New were
Alice Mann, yellow, a good hanging plant, equalling

B. t. pendula ; Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain, very large,
white ; Avalanche, white ; L»viathan, an immense
flower, dark rose ; Viscount Wolseley, salmon rose,
double ; Mrs. F. Nettlefold, a very fine blush ; Lady
Cloncurry, bronze yellow, a single-flowered variety ;
and Baron Schroder, double, an orange scarlet.

Messrs. Carter & Co., High Holborn, showed a
number of Cactus, Mammillaria, Euphorbia, Cereus,
and other quaint-looking succulents, a taste for
growing which, they say, is springing up. A very
lovely display of all sorts of Roses in profusion was
setup by Messrs. W. Paul & Son, not in competition,
in front of the grand organ. Here were flowers old
and new, garden favourites of fifty or more years
ago, jostled by the novelties of the day. It was
noted that varieties of Moss Roses and the lovely
Souvenir de la Malmaison are in good condition
this year, and particularly so on this stand.

WINCHESTER.

June 30. — The Guildhall was, as usual, the site
chosen for the annual summer exhibition in this old
city, and which partook more of the character of a
Rose show than aught else, as this flower was in the
ascendant. A few other classes were provided.
The Roses on the whole, for such an early date,
were of fair size, very fresh and rich in colour.

The principal class was that for forty-eight blooms,
distinct varieties. Mr. B. R. Cant, Colchester, was
a good 1st, the blooms possessing much merit. Mr.

C. Turner, Slough, 2nd. For twenty-four trebles,
distinct, Mr. B. Caut was again the winner, having
a capital lot; Mr. C. Turner 2nd.

Dr. S. P. Budd, Bath, was the most successful
with twenty-four blooms, distinct sorts, with perhaps
the best flowers in the show ; Messrs. Keynes,
Williams & Co., Salisbury, 2nd. Dr. Budd followed
up his success by taking 1st honours for twelve
trebles, distinct sorts ; Messrs. Keynes 2nd.

Some capital blooms were staged in the classes
for twelve of one colour. Dr. Budd had the best
H.P. dark variety, showing Marie Baumann, ex-
tremely neat, and rich in colour. Mr. C. Turner,
with La France, won for any light variety. Mr.
B. Cant, with Niphetos, occupied premier position
for twelve Tea or Noisette.

The following classes were not open to nursery-
men :— With a clean even lot, Dr. Budd was the
most successful for twenty-four varieties, single
trusses ; the Kev. J. Pemberton, Havering, Romford,
2ad. In the class for twelve varieties, trebles, Mr.
Neville, gr. to F. W. Flight, Esq., Twyford, Win-
chester, was given 1st honours for a neat lot ; Rev.
J. Pemberton 2nd.

For six Teas or Noisettes, Dr. Budd was again 1st.

The Rev. J. Pemberton won for twelve Teas or
Noisettes with a good lot, Dr. Budd a close 2nd.

Stands of flowers arranged for table decoration are
always a feature at Winchester. For the best
dressed stand, Miss Flight was an easy 1st ; Mr. J.
L. Trask a good 2nd.

Mr. Thomas Sowns, gr.- to F. C. Birch, Esq.,
Clovelly, Winchester, had the best group of miscel-
laneous plants among three exhibitors, and also the
best Ferns.

Mr. J. Gosney, gr. to Captain Mitchell, Win-
chester, won the 1st of Messrs. Suttons' prizes for a
collection of vegetables with good produce.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF IRELAND.

The above Society held their summer exhibition
on the 2nd inst., in the beautiful grounds belonging
to Lord Iveagh, near St. Stephen's Green. Notwith-

THE GABDENEBS' GHB0N1CLE.

[Jdly 11, 1891.

standing the backwardness of the season, and the
late unfavourable weather, there was no lack of
exhibits in every department. The Roses, espe-
cially those from Alexander Dickson & Sons, New-
townards and Belfast, were the chief centre of
attraction. This well-known firm carried off all
the leading prizes in the nurserymen's class, the
judges awarding them the Society's Cup for the best
forty- eight Roses, dissimilar; 1st prize for the best
forty-eight Roses in twelve varieties ; 1st prize for
the best twelve Tea Roses ; special 1st prize for a
collection of a hundred Roses ; 1st prize for the best
thirty-six trusses of Pelargoniums. The Society's
Cup for tbirty-six Roses went to Lord Ashtown.
Fruit was not well shown.

THE GARDENERS' ROYAL
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTION.

[From our Special Reporter.]

The 52nd Anniversary Festival of this Institution
took place at the Hotel Metropole on Wednesday
evening under the presidency of the Right Hon.
Joseph Chamberlain, M.P. A large number of
gentlemen sat down to dinner, among them being
Lord Stanley of Alderley, Sir John T. Dillwyn
Llewelyn, Bart., Mr. Harry J. Veitch (Treasurer),
Mr. N. Sherwood, Mr. Herbert J. Adams, and the
Rev. W. Wilks.

The Chairman, who on rising to propose the toast
of the evening, was loudly cheered, said : — My Lord
and Gentlemen, I have now the pleasure of propos-
ing "Continued success and prosperity to the Gar-
deners' Royal Benevolent Institution," now in its
52nd year, coupled with the name of Harry J. Veitch,
Treasurer. Three years ago I was honoured with an
invitation to be present at a similar gathering, but to
my very great regret and at the last moment I was
prevented by indisposition from putting in an appear-
ance, and I confess I am thankful to the Committee
for having given me another opportunity of perform-
ing what I regard as at once a privilege and a duty.
I suppose that we may differ greatly upon many
qiestions, but I think, at least I may assume, that
wa are all united in our interest and our love of
h >rticulture, and under these circumstances I do not
n?ed to make any defence of our favourite pursuit.
It has provided rest and brought happiness to
many of the greatest and wisest in the land.
Statesmen have found recreation in it ; philosophers
have commended it ; doctors have prescribed it ;
lawyers have advocated it ; and poets have sung its
praises. The great Lord Bacon, who devoted
one of his essays to the subject, said that the cul-
tivation of flowers was the purest of human pleasures
and the greatest refreshment to the spirit of man,
and he did not think it at all beneath his dignity to
l»ave behind most careful instructions as to the
formation and planting of a perfect garden.
But I venture to say that one of the greatest recom-
mendations of our hobby in this democratic age, is
that it is capable of affording delight to rich and
poor alike, and that it can with the greatest ease be
accommodated to the income of the millionaire or
to the scanty pittance of the humblest labourer.

Another statesman — Sir William Temple — has
written very truly that gardening is at once the
pleasure of the greatest and the care of the meanest,
and the cottage garden is capable of affording
as much delight to its owner as the finest conserva-
tory attached to the lordliest mansion. A new
variety of Auricula, reared by the careful skill and
the tender care of the village amateur is to him
probably a source of as much pride and self-glorifi-
cation as could be to another the most costly exotic
or scarce orchid that ever was imported.

I claim, then, that the cultivation of flowers
satisfies our love of natural beauty which is
inherent in almost every human breast ; that it
cultivates intelligence and the powers of ob-
servation, and at the same time that it provides
variety and excitement by the constant novelty
which results from our attention. And while it does
all these good things it is, I believe, the most
unselfish of pleasures, for it is enjoyed most in
the largest company, and unlike some other amuse-
ments to which the human race is prone, ours
inspires no evil passions, inflicts no pain, and causes
injury to no man, either in his health or in his
estate.

Under these circumstances it seems to me a matter
for congratulation to all of us that gardening in all
its branches is daily increasing in popular favour and

attention. Never, I should think, before has the use
of flowers as decorations been so lavishly and
extensively employed. They may be said to accom-
pany us from the cradle to the grave. They adorn
our houses, they grace our banquets — and I may be
allowed in passing to thank those who have provided
so generously for the delectation of our eyes and for
the gratification of our palates in the fruits and
flowers which have been shown upon these tables. I
say they adorn our houses, they grace our tables,
they add a new charm to female loveliness, and they
do something to relieve the repulsive ugliness of
masculine apparel.

The interest which is felt in this pursuit is shown
by the crowds which attend our great horticultural
shows, and we see that thereby our principal growers
are stimulated to new efforts ; each favourite flower
in turn is taken in hand, improved and perfected,
while the uttermost corners of the globe are
ransacked to find new beauties and new varieties.
And in connection with all this enterprise there is
a romantic side to horticulture which perhaps has
hardly received the attention which it deserves.

Last year you all remember how the whole world
felt a common interest in the recital of the difficul-
ties which had been undergone and of the adven-
turous progress of the little band which penetrated
through the darkest parts of Africa in search and in
relief of Emin Pacha ; but I venture to say that there
are scores of modest explorers whose names are only
known to the few, who undergo difficulties as great
and encounter dangers as serious as those which were
overcome by Stanley and his explorers, animated
only by a love of science and a spirit of enterprise.
The history of many flowers is a record of persistent
and courageous achievement, carried out in face of
extraordinary difficulty and labour. Unfortunately,
this record has been made memorable by great sacri-
fices, by loss of health, and in some cases by loss of
life. Horticulture has its heroes and its victims as
well as war, and it behoves us to bear their names
in respectful and admiring remembrance. But it is
not only these adventurers who are always seeking
fresh fields and pastures new who are deserving of
our sympathy and gratitude. I have already quoted
Sir William Temple. In another place he says,
very truly, that in the growth of flowers success
is almost wholly with the gardener, and I think
it will be admitted that, without the constant care,
intelligence, and industry of those who are primarily
responsible, the most lavish expenditure and most
perfect apparatus would be of little avail to secure
satisfactory results.

How then shall we repay our debt to those who
have in this respect, ministered to the pleasure and the
interest of our lives? The profession of the gardener is
a very interesting one, but at the same time I think
we must allow that it is not too highly paid. The
prizes are few, and the conditions of life are such that
it is hardly possible even for those who are most
thrifty and most industrious in the profession to make
adequate provision for all the eventualities of life.
I have thought that perhaps the most pathetic posi-
tion in which a man could be placed was when one
who has spent a long life in honest industry finds
himself, as age approaches, with diminished capacities
and with ever-declining resources, face to face with a
future which has no bright spot, and to a future which
offers to him only the prospect of the poor-house as
a refuge for his old age. Recent enquiries have con-
vinced me that this, unfortunately, is the condition
of a much too large proportion of our working class
population, and i have thought that the time has
come when it is urgent that the State should intervene
to remove what I think to be a blot and a scandal
upon our civilisation. But in the meantime the
worn-out veterans of our industrial warfare have
their only hope in the operations of such societies
as that for which I plead to-night. I commend
to your generous support the principles of this
Institution. Its object is the relief of the aged
and the distressed. The subject of its bounty
must have passed the age of sixty years,
and must have spent twenty years of their
life at least in a responsible position. Preference is
given, as it ought to be, to those who have endea-
voured to help themselves, to those who have been
for a considerable time contributors to this insti-
tution, and relief is given in the best form
in which it can be offered. The funds of the
institution are not wasted in buildings and costly
administration, but the whole of them are paid
away, and the recipients are enabled, without
breaking up their homes, to pass the remaining years
of their life in comparative comfort amongst their

own relatives and friends. The institution has now
lasted for more than half a century, and has had a
career of continued and increasing usefulness and
prosperity. At the present time, I learn, there are
on the books 156 pensioners, male and female, and
they are receiving the bounty of the society
at a cost of something like £3000 a year. It only
remains for me to appeal to you, and to appeal to
all who have derived profit or pleasure from the gar-
dener's skill, to assist this institution to meet the
claims that may be made upon it, so that no
deserving applicant shall be turned away, and so
that all shall find relief in their time of need ;
and I feel sure that we shall all take a greater
delight in our pursuit if we know that those who
have grown grey in its service will not suffer want or
dishonour in their declining years. My Lord and
gentlemen, I propose this toast, and I couple with it
the name of Mr. Harry Veitch — a name which, as
well for his own merits, as for the services which
have been rendered by members of his family through
a long course of years, will ever be honoured in
horticulture.

Mr. Harry Veitch, in response to the toast, at the
outset, thanked the chairman for the admirable
way in which he had advocated the interests of
the institution, and remarked that what they heard
would find, not only an echo, but a resting place in
the hearts of every one present. He did not,
he went on to say, propose to go into figures that even-
ing, but he would like to say that since their last
meeting their oldest pensioner had passed away at the
age of 103 years. That pensioner had subscribed to the
funds 15 guineas, and since the time he became a
pensioner he had received from the Institution no
less than £520. That, he thought, would show the
advantage of any gardener becoming a subscriber to
the Institution, and if, in God's providence, he never
needed such assistance, he would always feel glad
that he had been able to help others who had been
less successful than himself.

Mr. Veitch next touchingly alluded to the losses
they had sustained in the death of Mr. B. S. Williams,
one of the best supporters of the Institution ; Mr.
Shirley Hibberd, who was always ready to do all he
could in the good cause ; Mr. Richards, who was a
member of the committee ; Mr. Deal, Mr. Backhouse,
of York, and many others ; and he paid a high
tribute to the memory of Mr. Roger Cutler, who had
been their Secretary for fifty years, and who had
worked so long and nobly for the Institution.

Mr. N. Sherwood proposed " The President and
the Vice Presidents," to which Mr. Herbert J.
Adams responded.

Sir John T. Dillwyn Llewelyn, Bart , proposed
" The Royal Horticultural and Botanic Societies of
London and the United Kingdom." He said he
trusted that the effect of that gathering would do a
great deal in the interest of thrift, and bring
together all classes of gardeners throughout the
kingdom, because their old servants were men whom
whom they ought never to overlook. He held that
all should join the Society — both employed and em-
ployers—for the geueral good.

The Rev. W. Wilks, in responding, after alluding
to the eloquent speech from Mr. Chamberlain went on
to allude to the change that had come over the society
during the past few years. He said, up to 1887 the
society was certainly drifting in a direction of which
they, as horticulturists, did not exactly approve
It was drifting into the direction of a mere pleasure
garden for the inhabitants of South Kensington and
its neighbourhood, and that was not a direction
which a great scientific society like theirs ought to
occupy. Since that time a great change had come
over the Society, principally through the action of the
Fellows of the Society itself. The Council felt that the
Society's work was not being done in a proper way, and
they wished for a reform — and a reform was brought
about in the year he had mentioned. The Society
had to struggle with considerable difficulties — with
debt which was left upon them, with the burden of
obsolete but still binding laws and rules. They had
to struggle with a still greater burden — and
here he did not want to be misunderstood —
they had to struggle on with a burden, finan-
cially speaking, and only financially speaking,
because burdens in many cases were great pleasures
— but expensive pleasures. They had to bear the
burden, a very pleasureable one, but a very costly
one, of a number of life fellows subscribing nothing
to the funds of the society. They were gentlemen
whom the society welcomed most heartily, most
cordially, but yet they entailed upon the society
a very considerable expense, as with the

July 11, 1801.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

exception of a few generous members the Society
received absolutely no subscriptions whatever from
them since South Kensington was given up. For
his own part he did not in the least mind any
comparison being made between the state of the
Society in 1887 and 1891. He could not say much
about the Royal Botanic Society as he was one of
those who minded their own business. He was glad
the kindred Societies were doing good work in the
towns and villages of England, and that many of
them were becoming affiliated to the Royal Horticul-
tural Society.

Lord Stanley, of Alderley, proposed the health of
the Chairman.

The Chairman in reply said : — "It has been, as I
said in my former remarks, a pleasure and a duty to
be present amongst you. I claim to be one of you,
became 1 have taken great interest in gardening now
for thirty years, and during that time I have grown
— or I have attempted to grow — everything, from
Dandelions to Orchids, and 1 chiefly pride myself
upon Dandelions. But I can assure you that in my
devotion to this pursuit I have had my reward. I
believe that it is impossible for anyone to find more
healthful, delightful recreation or a greater change
from care and anxiety than is to be found in the
pursuit of gardening. During all this time— or at
least during my later years — my business has been
the business of the politician and my pleasure has
been the pleasure of the gardener. I sometimes think
that a parallel and an analogy might be drawn
between the two pursuits. The progress of idea,
and the growth of flowers, have something in
common — they both require ventilation. I do not
think the parallel ends there, for it is certain that
they very often succeed best in heat. Then, as you
know, we gardeners are troubled greatly by destruc-
tive proceedings on the part of obnoxious insects,
that we know by the names of thrip, red-spider,
mealy-bug, and orchid-devil. Well, gentlemen,
if you have read your newspapers, you must be
aware that we politicians are also troubled by insects,
although I should be sorry to mention their names, I
don't doubt that you will be able to supply them.
Well, gentlemen, you will readily understand that,
hiving derived so much advantage and pleasure from
tnis pursuit, I am delighted to have an opportunity,
however humble, of providing in some measure for
those who are also engaged in it, but under less
fortunate circumstances. I thank you very much
for the compliment you have paid me.

During the evening the Secretary (Mr. Ingram)
announced subscriptions to the amount of £1,450,
including 50 gs. from the Chairman and lOgs. from
Mrs. Chamberlain ; 10 gs. from Lord Stanley of
Alderley ; £20 from the Duke of Westminster ;
£100 from Messrs. Rothschild & Son ; £50 from
Mr. W. H. Salt ; £30 from Baron Schroder, and
£20 from Messrs. Veitch & Sons. The music was
under the direction of Mr. Herbert Schartau, who
was assisted by Miss Ethel Bevans, and the Meister
Glee Singers, Mr. W. Sexton, Mr. Gregory Hast,
Mr. W. G. Forington, and Mr. Webster Norcross.

Trade Notice.

Ma, J. Bailey, for the past five years gardener to
Sir John E. Dorington, Bart., M.P., Lypiatt Park,
Stroud, will resign the charge of these gardens on
August 8, he having taken over a florist business at
Brighton on his own account.

AME KICAN FEUI T
EVAPORATOR.

The growing and storing of fruit in a convenient
form has advanced in America, and on the continent,
to a stage beyond the jams, jellies, and syrups of our
own country ; and various fruits are tinned, or dried
for future use, which we, in our old wasteful style,
dispose of at ruinously low prices, owing to a glutted
market, or allow to go to waste. Fig. 8 shows an
apparatus that will dry for future use, sliced Apples,
good windfalls, or slightly unsound fruit ; Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, &c. There is an iron stove, lined
with fireclay, and resting on this is a long (10 feet)
box, divided longitudinally into an upper and a
lower story.

The fruit to be dried is placed in a single layer,
on wire trays with a, wooden frame, about 2 feet

square. These trays are placed in the drying boxes,
and in the lower division first ; and after a tray has
remained, just within the opening, so long as it
would take to get another tray of fruit ready, it is
pushed further on by inserting a tray in front of it.
and so on, and by the time the tray has reached the

Fig. 8.— fruit-evaporator.

upper end, the fruit in it is sufficiently dried for
removal. If it is not done enough, it is put in at
the lower end again, this time in the upper division,
and pushed on as before. It is a very simple affair,
and requires only a little practice to enable anyone
to turn out perfectly good dried fruit that will keep
for years in an ordinary room.

The apparatus was to be seen at the recent Straw-
berry Conference, at Chiswick, at work, under the
direction of Mr. E. Badger, and a competent
practical operator.

THE STRAWBERRY LEAF-
DISEASE.

In some gardens the Strawberry leaves are
annually infested more or less by a fungus Sphaerella
Fragaria;, a kind of leaf-blight. This blight first
appears on the leaves about the time of the setting
of the fruit ; and if the weather be dry and warm,
it makes rapid progress.

Fig. 9.— disease of strawberry leaves.

A full description of the fungus, and its mode of
existence will be found in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
p. 798, June 28, 1890.

The remedy for this fungus is twofold, (1) to use
in summer 3 oz. carbonate of copper dissolved in
1 quart of water, which should be diluted to 20
gallons ; and (2), the destruction of the old leaves
by burning in spring.

Gardeners' Orphan Fund Rose Fete.—

Messrs. James Carter & Co. are granting a half-
holiday to all members of their staff who take tickets
on Wednesday next, and no doubt other London
houses will not be slow to imitate their example.

The Large Vine at Cumberland Lodge.
— Cumberland Lodge, which has formed so large a
feature in the ceremonials of the past week, is, hor-
ticulturally considered, of most interest on account
of the large Vine, of which we give an illustration at
fig. 5, p. 41, and concerning the history of which
interesting details will be found in our volume for
1874 (Windsor Supplement), p. 688.

PORTSMOUTH HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

July 1.— One of the best shows yet held by the
Portsmouth Society was that of the above date, in
Victoria Park. The competition in most of the
classes was exceedingly keen.

Plants formed the most important part of the
show, good prizes being offered. The principal class
was that for twelve stove or greenhouse, not less
than six to be in flower ; Mr. Cypher, Cheltenham,
gained the leading prize by the superior quality of
his flowering plants; Mr. Offer, gr. to J. Warren,
Esq., Handcros8 Park, Crawley, Sussex, was a good
2nd.

In a corresponding class for four plants, no less
than seven competed, Mr. Cypher again led, Mr. F.
Mould, Pewsey, Wilts, 2nd.

Specimen Palms were well shown by Mr. Offer,
who took premier award for three, and for one, with
healthy plants of choice kinds. Mr. Offer was the
most successful with Exotic Ferns.

In the class for one specimen flowering plant, Mr.
Mould won, staging a very fine Erica retorta major.
Mr. Cypher had Dracophllum gracile, in good con-
dition, for 2nd prize. Mr. Offer, with Croton inter-
ruptum, in superb condition, easily won 1st for
specimen foliage plants ; Mr. Currey, gr. to Colonel
Pepper, Milford Hall, Salisbury, 2nd, showing a
healthy Cycas revoluta.

The best dinner-table plants were sent by Mr.
Wills, florist, Shirley. Such plants as Begonias,
Fuchsias, Coleus, Geraniums, &c, were staged in
large numbers, the principal prizotakers being Mr.
Hatch, Superintendent, Victoria Park, Portsmouth ;
Mr. Burridge, North End Nursery, Portsmouth ;
and Mr. Penford, gr. to Sir F. Fitzwygram, Bart.,
Leigh Park, Havant.

Groups arranged for effect were extremely good,
showing much taste. The 1st prize went to Mr.
Wills, for a very pretty arrangement, showing none
of the overcrowding so often seen ; Mr. Currey, 2nd.
In a smaller class there was even stronger com-
petition, Mr. Burridge and Mr. Hatch taking the
awards in the order here given.

Cut flowers were extensively staged. Mr. Penford
had the best stove and greenhouse kinds, Mr.
Ladhams the best hardy varieties — both good,
were contributed by the Rev. W. Shirley, Southwick
Parsonage, of good quality. Messrs. Perkins & Son,
Coventry, were the prizetakers for bouquets.

Fruit, although not extensively exhibited, was good
in quality. For six dishes. Pines excluded, Mr.
Inglefield, gr. to Sir J. Kelk, Bart., Ledworth,
Marlborough, was an easy 1st, he having really good
Black Hamburgh Grapes, Royal George Peaches,
Seedling Melon, and very fine Sir J. Paxton Straw-
berries. For three bunches black Grapes, Mr.
Tavener, gr. to Sir A. K. Macdonald, Liphook,
easilv secured leading honours with Black Hamburgh,
Mr. Penford won easily in the white class, staging
Golden Hamburgh, better than it is generally seen —
in fact, seldom is this variety found in such a bright
condition.

Mr. Penford won in both Melon classes, showing
good fruits. Peaches were best staged by Mr. Ingle-
field, Nectarines by Mr. Penford, and Strawberries—
a fine dish of Sir J. Paxton— by Mr. T. Hall, gr.
to S. Montagu, Esq., M.P., South Stoneham House,
Southampton.

Vegetables were well shown. For nine varieties,
Mr. T. Wilkins, gr. to Lady Theodora Guest,
Inwood House, Henstridge, easily won, with produce
good in every respect. Mr. G. B. Woodward, Lip-
hook, Hants, had the best Cucumbers and Tomatos
in the classes set apart for them.

Mr. Ladhams staged a fine lot of herbaceous cut
flowers, not for competition ; as also did Mr. M.
Prichard.Southbourne Nursery, Christchurch, which,
along with the Roses sent by Messrs. Keynes, WiU
liams & Co., Salisbury, and Messrs. Ewing, Havant,
conoiderably attracted tho general public.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

©fcrtuarg.

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

H. J. BUCHAN, ESQ., J. P.— By the death of
this esteemed horticulturist, which took place at
Southampton on July 1, the south of England has
teen deprived of one of its best garden patrons. Whilst
devoted to gardening generally, the deceased gentle-
man was an enthusiastic orchidist, and his collection
of Orchids before its dispersal had become, under
the care of his late gardener, Mr. Osborne, one of the
best in the district. Perhaps it is not saying very
much, after all, because it unfortunately happens
that Orchids do not form a very prominent element
in horticulture in the neighbourhood of Southampton.
Mr. Buchan had, perhaps, the best, and its dispersal
recently was an undoubted loss to the local horticul-
tural exhibitions. The late Dr. Ward, of Southampton,
also had a collection which long since went the usual
way ; and perhaps just now the best collection is to
be found at Moor Hill, Bitterne, under the care
of an enthusiastic orchidist, Mr. N. Blandford. Mr.
Buchan was in life a warm and active supporter of
the Southampton Horticultural Society, was also a
Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, and very
frequently came to London on purpose to see its
shows, and look up the various Orchid collec-
tions about the metropolis. He was a justice
of the peace for the town, had often held
high office, including that of mayor in 1872,
also in the corporation, and was in every sense
an estimable gentleman. Braving popular prejudice,
he ordered that his body should be cremated, which
was duly performed at Woking on Tuesday last, after
which the urn enclosing the ashes was taken back to
Southampton, where the following day it was
deposited in the family tomb in the cemetery with
full funeral honours.

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, July 9.

[We caunot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It must be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of Ihe samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Good business doing. Supply equal to demand.
Outdoor Strawberries in heavy supply. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
s. d. s.d.

per case

Apples, £-sieve ... 3 6-60

— Nova Scotia, brl.15 0-25 0

— Tasmanian, casel2 0-14 0

Cherries, § sieve 4 6-96

Cobs, Kent, 100 lb. 5 0-40 0
Gooseberries, ^-sieve 2 6-36
Grapes 16-30

Note.— Bananas and Apricots differ in price so greatly,
according to quality and quantity on sale, that no trustworthy
quotations can be afforded. Peas also vary in price every hour.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Pbices.

Lemons,
Melons

Peaches, per dozen...
Pine-apples. St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80
Strawberries, per lb. 0 2-08

s.d. s.d.
15 0- 25 0
16-30
3 0-12 0

s.d. s. d.
Anthuriums,12blms. 3 0-60
Arum Lilies, 12 blms. 2 0-40
Bouvardia, perbunch 0 6-10
Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Cloves, per doz. blms. 0 6-10
Cornflower, 12 buns. 16-30
Delphiniums, 12buns. 3 0-60
Eucharis. per dozen 3 0-60
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Glidiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotropes, 12 spra. 0 6-10
Iris, various. 12 buns. 4 0-12 0
Lilium Harrisii, doz. 3 0-40
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ...4 0-9 0

Marguerite?, 12 buns. 3 0-60
Mignonette. doz. bun. 16-30
Myosotis, 12 bunches 2 0-40
Orchids: —

Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0

Odonto gl ossu m
crispum,I3blms. 3 0-60

s.d. s.d.
Pansies. 12 bunches 0 6-10
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 3 0-60

— 12 spays 0 6-09

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0- 4 0
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 10-90
Primulas, double, 12

sprays 0 6-10

Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Ranunculus, 12 bun. 10-20
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 2 0-60
Spiraea, per bunch ... 0 4-06
Stocks, perdoz. buns. 3 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 2 0-40
SweetSultan,12bun. 3 0-40
Tuberoses, per dozen

blooms 0 6-10

Orchid-bloom in variety.

New Potatos.— The supply of home grown has increased
during the last few days, which has a tendency to lower prices
allrouud Jersey Kidne\s, 8s. Gd. to 9s. ; Flukes 9s toQs Gd •
French, 8s. to 8s. Gd. ; Kent. 12s. to 13s. Market weak

Old Potatos.— Firm at last week's prices. J.B. Thomas.

Artichokes
each

Globe

s. d. s. d.

each 0 4 0 6

Beans, French, lb. ... 1 6 2 0

lieans, trench, lb. ... 1 b
Beet, red, per dozen 2O-30
Carrots, per bum/h. f
Cauliflowers, each .
Celery, per bundle .
Cucumbers, each .
Endive, per dozen .
Herb*, per bunch .

0 6- ..
0 6- ...

2 6-36
0 6-10

3 0-40
0 4- ...

S.d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 2 0-
Mushroom*, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4-
Seakale, per basket . 0 9-
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 1 0-
Tumips.perbun. new 0 9-

Plaxts in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.

Aralia Sieboldi, per

doz 6

Aspidistra, per doz. 18

— specimen plants,

each .:. ... 7
Bedding plants, va-
riety, per dozen ... 1
Bouvardia, per dozen 9
Cactus, per dozen ...10
Caladiums, per doz. 18
Calceolaria, per doz. 4
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dractena terminalis,
per dozen 30

— viridis, perdozenl2
Euonymus. in var.,

per dozen 6

Ericas, various, per

dozen 8

Evergreens, in var.,

per dozen 6

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4

Ficui elastica, each 1

0-18 0
0-42 0

6-10 6

0-2 0
0-18 0
0-18 0
0-3' i 0
0-6 0
0-12 0

0 60 0
0-21 0

0-18 0

0-24 0

0-18 0
6-7 0

Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2
Fuchsias, per dozen 4
Heliotrope, per doz. 4
Hydrangea, perdoz. 9

— paniculata, per

plant 2

Ivy Pelargoniums,

per do*en 4

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3
Marguerites, per doz. 6
Mignonette, per doz. 4
Musk, per dozen ... 2
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6

Palms in variety,

each 2

Pelargoniums, doz. 9

— scarlet, per doz. 4
Root-* for bedding, in

boxes, each, from 1
Spira;a, per dozen ... 6

0-10 0
0-9 0
0-8 0
0 18 O

0-3 0

0-6 0

0-30 0
0-6 0
0-12 0
0-9 0
0-4 0

0-12 0

6-21 0
0-15 0
0-9 0

0-20
0- 9 n

SEEDS.

London, July 9. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., write that
to-day's market thinly attended, and presented no feature
of interest or importance. Quotations, consequently, in the
absence alike of either any speculative or consumptive demand,
exhibited no alteration. Clover seeds are altogether neglected.
Full prices are asked for both Mustard and Rapeseed. Fur
bird seeds the sale is slow at former rates. Large blue Peas
are exhausted. Feeding Linseed keeps steady.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : July 7. — Quotations: — New Zealand
Apples, 5s. to 7s. Gd. per box ; English Tomatos, 6s. to 8s. per
12 lb. ; foreign do., Is. 3d. to Is. Gd. per box ; natural Rhubarb,
Is. to 2s. per doz. bundles ; Gooseberries, 3s. to 3s. Gd. per half-
sieve ; white Cherries, 7s. Gd. to 9s. do. ; Strawberries, Is. Gd.
to 2s. Hd. per peck ; Seakale, Is. to Is. Gd. per punnet; Cab-
bages, Is. Gd. to 3s. Gd. per tally ; Greens, Is. 2d. to Is. Gd. per
dozen bunches; Spinach, Gd. to Is. Gd. per bushel; Turnips,
3s. to 4s. Gd. per dozen bunches; Cauliflowers, 3s. Gd. to
os. per dozen ; Peas, 3s. to 3s. 9d. per bushel ; do. , in sacks, 3s.
to 5s. Gd. per sack ; Carrots, 2s. to 3s. Gd. per dozen bunches ;
Endive, Is. to 2s. Gd. per bundle ; Cos Lettuce, 8d. to Is. 2d.
per score; Cabbage do., Gd. to 9d. per dozen; Onions, 3s.
to is. Gd per dozen bunches; Egyptian do., 7s. 9d. to 8s. per
cwt.; Parsley, Is. to Is. Sid. per dozen bunches ; Horseradish,
Is. to Is. 2d. per bundle ; frame Cucumbers, 2s. to 3s. per
dozen; natural do., Is. to Is. Gd. do.; Mint, 2s. to 2s. Gd.
dozen bundles.

Stratford : July 7.— There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
aud a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned prices :—
Cabbages, Is. to 3s. per tally ; Greens, Gd. to Hd. per b-ig ; do.,
Gd. to.ls. per dozen bunches; Carrots, household, 2s. Gd. to 3s. 6/.
per dozen bunches; Mangels, 30s. to 35s. per ton; Onions,
Egyptians, 120s. to 150s. do. ; Green Peas, 3s. 9a!. to 5s. Gd. per
bag ; Strawberries, English, 2s. 3d. to 2s. 9d. per peck.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending
July 4, aud for the corresponding period last year: — 1891,
Wheat, 38s. 9d. ; Barley, 26s. 9d. ; Oats, 21s. Id. 1890 :
Wheat, 32s. Sd.; Barley, 22s. id. ; Oats, 19s. lod. Difference.
Wheat, +6s. Id. ; Barley, +4s. 3d. ; Oats, +ls. Sd.

POTATOS.

Spitalfields : July 7.— Quotations :— New Jersey rounds,
7s. 6d. to 8s. per cwt. ; do. kidneys, 9s. to 10s. ; do. nukes, 9s.
to 10s. 6d. ; Cherbourg rounds, 7s. to 7s. 6rf. ; do. kidneys,
8s. 6d. to 9s. ; do. flukes, 9s. to 9s. Hd. j St. Malo rounds,
6s. 6d. to 7s. ; do. kidneys, 8s. to 8s. 6d. per cwt. Old : Mag-
nums, 100s. to 110s. ; Imperators, 100s. to 110s,; Bruce Mag-
nums, 100s. to 110s. per ton.

Bokough : July 7.— Quotations :— New : Jerseys, 10s. to
lis. ; Cherbourg flukes, 9s. to 10s. ; do. rounds, 7s. to 8s. ; St.
Malo rounds, 7s. to 9s. per cwt. Old : Magnums, 100s. to 140s.
per ton.

Stbatford : July 8.— Quotations :— Old : Magnums, 110s.
to 130s. per ton. New : Jersey flukes, 9s. 6d. to 10s. 6(2. ;
Cherbourg, 8s. 6d. to 9s. 6<*. ; do., rounds, 8s. to 8s. 6rf. ; Bor-
deaux, 7s. 3d. to 7s. 9d. ; St. Malo flukes, 8s. 6d. to 9s. ; do.
rounds, 7s. 6d. to 8s. per cwt.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices at
the various metropolitan markets during the past week : —
Clover, prime, 80s. to 102s. 6d. ; inferior do., 40s. to 75s. j
hay, best, 60s. to 87s. ; do., inferior, 26s. to 50s. ; and straw,
29s. to 32s. per load.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contiiued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Tempehat

I'KE.

Kai.nfall.

Bright
Sux.

-fl tsc

Accumulated.

**^S

T-*

'fl

o
3

+ Q

0 .

O
.fl
«J

h
0 .

j« fl 1 0 fl
' fl fl , a a

^ fl fc A

S fl — i9 ° _;
— E 5- "c 1 -

0-o2o-2"

Sa |a

J3 O 1 a) O

°fl
+ s

$ s

n «

d
55

□

B
"5

7,M

" ^

a) o

si-
fl fl
-.2

5 -^
u

s p"

a a

o ©

fcc.9

03 '•

l.g

V
04

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

drg.

dcg.

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

1 +

+ 106 + 79

i +

21.3

2 +

111

— 48 + 101

3 +

9.5

3 +

125

- 79+ 95

1 —

8.1

2 +

135

- 60 + 128

1 —

9.3

J aver

120

— 44'+ 116

1 —

11.1

1 +

132

— 65 + 149

1 —

10.7

) aver

103

+ 68!+ 46

2 —

14.2

) aver

116

+ 18,+ 37

0 aver

10.5

1 —

110

— 31 + 118

6 +

14.1

1 +

112

+ 27 + 28

■1 +

11.5

1 1 0 aver

112

+ 26+ 31

6 +

13.8

2 +

135

aver 0+40

3 +

12.:-',

The districts indicated by number in the first column
the following : —

Frincipal Wlieat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland,

2, Scotland, E. ; 3. Eugland, N.E. ; 4, England,

5, Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Principal Gracing, <.yc, Districts— 7. Scotland, W. ; 8

England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N

11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

N. ;
E. :

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending July 4, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather ha s been in an unsettled condition
very generally, with frequent falls of rain and
cccasional thunderstorms. In most parts of the
kingdom, however, and especially over the east and
south of England, there were considerable intervals
of fine bright weather.

" The temperature has continued a little above
the mean over the greater part of England and
Scotland, as well as in ' Ireland, N.,' and the
' Channel Islands.' In the ' Midland Counties,'
'England, N.W.,' 'Scotland, W.,' and 'Ireland, S.,'
it has just equalled the normal, while in 'Eng-
land, S.W.,' it has been 1° below. The highest of
the maxima, which were recorded either on June 28
or 29, ranged from 77° in ' England, S.' (in
London), and 76° in ' England, E.,' and the
' Channel Islands,' to 68° in ' Scotland, N.' The
lowest of the minima were generally registered on
July 4, and ranged from 40° in ' Scotland, N.,' and
42° in ' Scotland, W.,' and 'Ireland, S.,' to 47° in
' England, N.W.,' and to 54° in the ' Channel
Islands.'

" The rainfall has been more than the mean over
Ireland, the south-west of England, the ' Channel
Islands,' and the north and east of Scotland, and
equal to the mean in ' England, N.W.' In all other
districts, however, there has been a slight deficit,
although at some isol&ted stations the fall has been
rather large.

July 11, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

" The bright $unshine shows a considerable decrease,
and has been below the mean in the north and west
of Scotland, as well as in the south-we9t of England
and the greater part of Iieland. In most of the
English districts it has exceeded the mean. The
percentage of the possible amount of duration ranged
from 55 in the ' Channel Islands,' and 50 in
' England, S.' to 27 in ' Scotland, W.,' and to 13 in
' Scotland, N.' "

Notices to Correspondents.

— • —

Beech and Lime : S, The leaves are swarming
with insects allied to the greenfly and to the
American blight — Psylla fagi. The Limes are
attacked by the larval of the Brindled Beauty
Moth. See Gardeners' Chronicle, August 2, 1890,
p. 143.

Books : W. P. Composition, Price, and Mode of Appli-
cation of various Manures. Published by the Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Association, Ld., 3,' Agar
Street, Strand, and Creek Road, Deptford. — Vomit/
Beginner. The Kitchen and. Market Garden.
(London, Macmillan & Co.) — The Forcing Garden,
by Samuel Wood. (London, Crosby Lockwood &
Co.) — J. W. C. Select Ferns and Lycopods, by
B. S. Williams, published and sold by his son,
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway,
London, N. — Wildflower. British Flora. Bentham
and Hooker. (L. Reeve & Co., Henrietta Street,
W.C.) Handy Book of the Flomcr Garden. D.
Thomson. (Blackwood & Sons.) — A. G. Bower
& Vine's Practical Botany (Macmillan). — Olinr
Lessons. Masters' Botany for Beginners. (Brad-
bury, & Agnew Co.),

Bouquet-holder : K. 0. B. Any horticultural
sundriesman. They do not cost much, price
varying according to size, materials, and work-
manship.

Cinerama : J. F. L. Injured by a leaf-miner.
Search for the burrowed leaves, squeeze or prick
the grub, if the injury has only just commenced ;
but cut off and burn them if they are much
traversed by the grub.

Cucumbers Dying off : W. G. The plants are
doubtless suffering from eel-worms at the roots.
Kindly send specimens.

Cucumbers : S. W. L. Eel-worms probably — there
is no known cure. Rout them out and the soil as
well, and commence with plants and soil from a
clean source. We shall probably illustrate the
eel-worm disease next week.

Fungus on L.>elia : W. White. Urido Lynchii, B.,
figured in Gardeners' Chronicle, May 30, 1885.

Fungus in Mushroom-Bed : E. C. H. An imma-
ture state of a fungus called Xylaria vaporaria,
often described in the Chronicle.

Moss: K. 0. B. If you mean Selaginella denticn-
lata or S. apoda, peg down little bits on a thin
layer of manure, loam, and sand, and keep close
for ten days. Common moss may be taken up in
thick layers, soil and all ; but it must not be kept
as a tender plant.

Names of Plants: Adolescenex. 1, Sidalcea malvi-
flora ; 2, Lychnis viscaria ; 3, Helenium grandi-
ftorum ; 4, Pentstemon ovatus ; 5, Verbascum
phceniceum ; 6, Aquilegia vulgaris, form of; 7,
Iris— cannot name without flowers.— Homestead.
Aristolochia Sipho. — if. H. B. 1, Ceanothus
azureus ; 2, Chenopodium album ; 3, Veronica
Buxbaumii. — if. H. S. One of the many varieties
of evergreen Oak, Quercus Ilex. — J. W. C. 1,
Indeterminable — too young ; 2 and 3, Lastrea filix-
mas ; 4, Aspidium spinulosum, probably, but too
young ; 5,^Aspidium spinulosum : 0. Polypodium

vulgare var. ; 7, probably spinulosum, but specimen
too young. — L. S. Aralia (Dimorphanthus) spi-
nosa. This plant is sometimes killed in very
severe winters, if the root be not protected with
bracken, leaf-mould, or the like. — G. H. P.
Alchemilla alpina. — G. S. Bupleurum rotundi-
folium, an Umbellifer not an Euphorbiad. — /. S.
1, Staphylea pinnata ; 2, Alchemilla vulgaris ; 3,
Spirasa filipendula, double ; 4, Polygonum persi-
caria ; 5, Valeriana sp. ; (i, Digitalis lutea ; 7,
Thalictrum flavum ; 8, Carex ; 9, Crataegus Crus-
galli ; 10, Centranthus ruber. — W. T. Galeopsis
versicolor.— C. K. 67.— 1, Allium Moly ; 2, Epi-
lobium angustifolium ; 3, not found ; 4, Trades-
cantia virginica ; 5, Hibiscus syriacus (Althsea
frutex) ; 6, Spirosa aruncus. — A. C. H. 1, Vibur-
num opulus ; 7, Staphylea pinnata (Bladder-nut).
— G. W. 1, Ballota nigra; 2, Vicia sylvatica; 3,
Funkiaovata. — O. W.G. Rose MarechalNiel, appa-
rently.— W. X. Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora.
1, Cassia occidentalis ; 2, Brassia verrucosa ; 3'
Gongora galeata. — Miss F. Cestrum aurantiacum.
X, Y. Z. 1, Polemonium cteruleum ; 3, Sedum
Fosterianum ; 4, Dianthus deltoides ; 5, D. glau-
cus; 6, Sedum oppositifolium ; 7, Gypsophila
prostrata ; 8, Lomaria alpina. — E. It". Saxifraga
hypnoides. — H. P. F. Adiantum fragrans ; Cyrto-
tium Fortunei, probably. — T. B. 1, Geranium lan-
castriense ; 2, Geranium sanguineum ; 3, Lamium
maculatum; 4,Hieracium aurantiacum; o.Asperula
odorata. — N. J. H. 1, Sci rpus silvatica; 2>
Bromus mollis; 3, Festuca ovina; 4 and 5,
varieties of Agrostis vulgaris.
Pansies : K. O. B. Grow the plants on a north
border. It should be well manured and deeply
dug. They may be seedlings or cutting-raised
plants. August is rather late to have good blooms.
For exhibition, the following maybe employed: —
Abdul, Blue Stocking, Boreas, Bon, Catulus,
Hebe, Hyperbolus, Janus, Juno, Mars, Orpheus,
Proteus.

Poppy : J. H. Withered when we received it ; but
apparently it is a seedling from the common field
Poppy, Papaver Rheas. It would be worth fixing,
if you could have patience to do so.

Strawberries : -V. There is a great difference
between the composition of wild and cultivated
Strawberries. The amount of water is about the
same in both, say about 87 per cent, of water, but
while in the wild form there is 3 to 4 per cent, of
sugar, in the cultivated varieties the sugar runs up
to 7 '5 per cent. The free acid is about the same
in both, 1 per cent., or a little over. The nitro-
genous substances are greater in proportion in the
wild than in the cultivated forms. Hence, looked
at as food, Strawberries take very low rank.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Van Velsen Freres, Haarlem, Holland — Plantes,
Bulbeuses et Tuberculeuses.

J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, E.C.— General Plant,
including Novelties, Begonias, Cliveias, &c.

T. Laxton, Seed-grower, Bedford — List of Straw-
berries for 1891—2.

W. & J. Hulme, Moor Nook Farm, Sale, Cheshire
— Socket-pipes and Open Trough Pipes.

Ernest Riemschneider — Altona, Hamburgh —
Special Trade Offer of Berlin Lily of the
Valley.

Communications Received. — G. Cannon.— C. A. M. C—
A. W., BockiDj; Place.— Captain Oliver, R.N.— H. W. W.—
E. M.— W. A. O.— F. B.— C. J. W— W. B. H.— A. D. W.—
W. J. S— G. W.— W. G.— J. J. W.— R. D.— A. G. C.— H. E.
— W. D — J. S.— J. Wasley (kindly send photograph for our
inspection).— E. E.— J. Douglas.— J. O'B.— A. G.— R. A. R.
—J. C— T. W. L.— A. W— H. A. B.— A. B— T. H— W. S.
— W. H. D.— P. C. A.— J. B.— W. B.— W. H. P.— R. M.—
P. M. &Co.— J. W.— E. C— W.White.- R. C. H.-W. J.F.
—J. F.— J. D. B.— Constant Reader.— E. H.— L. F.—
Graminea. — Want of space forbids our answering the last
fire in this week's ssue.— A. Beck. — Hauery, Vienna.

BOULTON & PAUL.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

NORWICH.

WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Style

GARDEN FRAMES ^VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by B It.

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 | IB ft. by 6 ft.

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices,
Carriage Paid.

12 ft. by 6 ft.
16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME."

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £3

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 3

No. 77—Smaller size Frames, j £ » ll t ft' £ I *? 6
similar to No. 75. haft! by 4 ft! I o o

All Frames made of Selecte ] Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

143. each.
6s. 6(1. each.

GLA2ED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet
UNGLAZED LIGHTS „

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always in Stock.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including Horti-
cultural Buildings. Frames, Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling,
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 45. each ; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
Jfec. Put ob rail iu London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s. ; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 31 feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet ; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack ; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AMD Co..

Hop Exchange Warehouses, South wark Street, London, S.E.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture. Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, 8tc.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET. WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK. DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 11, 1891.

Bon&
Fide

BENTLEY'S

Bond.
Fide

WEED DESTROYER.

Mr. J. Hudson, Gunnersbury House Gardens, writes : — "I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

Mr. A. Ward, Stoke Edith Park Gardens, writes : — '* I am
pleased to tell you that I am exceedingly gratified with the
results of your Weed Destroyer, as it des'roy.s both Weeds and
Moss on the walks most effectually, and gives the gravel a
bright appearance."

In the following sizes, carriage paid: —

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 193. Od.

6 „ .. 10s. Od. | 18 .. .. 27s. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 50s.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARBOW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

One Success has many Imitators.

The Best and Cheapest Preparation for Destroying Weeds, &c,
on Garden Walks and Carriage Drives, is

SMITH'S Celebrated

WEED KILLER

Leaves no stain nor smell; makes the gravel equal to new.
A great saviog of labour. 4 Gallons, sufficient to make 100
Gallons when mixed, 7s. 6rf., Carriage Paid.

The ORIGINAL and ONLY GENUINE.
Full Particulars and Testimonials of

MARK SMITH, Mu=ra8 LOUTH,

LINCOLNSHIRE.

THE STOTT

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR,

PATENT SPRAYER,

PATENT SYRINGE.

KILLMRIGHT,

BEST Insecticide for Destruction of Caterpillar and
all Insect Pests, and Prevention of Mildew.

Crosswood Park, Aberystwith, S. Wales.
Sirs, July 7, 1890.

Thanks to your " Stott " Distributor, our Wall trees and
Roses were never cleaner than at the present time. We have
a long border of Roses, about 150 yards long, and one filling
of the Distributor with "Killmnght" will cleanse them
thoroughly. I have been asked by many how the Roses are
so clean, and I at ouce tell them to get one of the "Stott"
Insecticide Distributors, and join to their hose, and they will
soou find the benefit. I have used it all round the walls, and
it has cleansed everything. I think it a very useful invention,
and shall recommend it to all my friends. — I remain, yours
truly, R. C. WILLIAMS.

Gardener to The Earl of Listmrne.

Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen • Wholesale and Retail
from the Stott Distrioutor Co. Lid., Barton Bouse, Manchester.

EPPS'S-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or tmckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL.C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Utter.

The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per
sack ; 6 for 47s. &d.

SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.
per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,
5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6d.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, 4c., 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.

GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack •
5 for 12s. 6rf.

PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each
2s. 6d. per sack ; S for 10s.

PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.

All SackB included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.

Special Terms to the Trade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions

For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,

JOYDEH WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

TRADE

FOR PLANTS.

QUICK. LASTING. ECONOMICAL.

The Gardens, Seacox Heath, Haukhurst, Kent, March 11, 1891.
Dear Sir. — Having used your "Clay's Invigorator"for some
time, I am exceedingly pleased with the results obtained from
it. As an Exhibitor I have used it upon most sorts of Vege-
tables with great advantage; also upon many sorts of Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Pot
Strawberries, Chrysanthemums. &c. For Lawns it has a quick
and beneficial effect. For Amateurs and those with small
gardens, where there is a difficulty in obtaining stable or farm-
yard manure, your " Invigorator" ought to be of special value,
as it is clean in use, easy of application, and reasonable in
price. — Yours respectfully, J. GILMOUR, Gardener to the
Right Hon. G. J. GOSCHEN, M.P.

Sold by Seedsmen, Florists, and Nurserymen, or direct from the
Works, in 6d. and Is. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:—
7 lbs. 14 lbs. 28 lbs. 56 lbs. 112 lbs.

2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s.

The above Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag,
and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth
of each Bag.

A Sample Packet will be sent post-free on receipt of
One Shilling by the MANUFACTURER—

S. C. CLAY,

Marsh Island, Stratford New Town, London, E.
NO CONNECTION with ANY OTHER FIRM

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

BEESON'S MANUR E.— The Best and
Cheapest Fertiliser for all purposes. Write for Circular
containing the Leading Gardeners' and Market Growers*
Reports. Sold in Tins, Is., 2s. 6rf., 5s. 6d., and 10s. Qd. each,
or 1 cwt. Bags, sealed, 13s. By all Seedsmen, or apply direct to
W. H. BEESON, Carbrook Bone Mills, Sheffield .

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6rf. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. 6d. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6. Maryleport Street, Bristol.

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AND SCULL. 90. Lower Thames Street. London . E.C.

cj PONKEY POTTERIES,RUABON. .

RICHARDSON'S

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Many
Prize Medals.

WARMING and

VENTILATION of

Churches and Public KuUdin
(as well as Greenhouses).

Conservatories, Greenhouses.

V'ineries, Peach Houses,

Stove and Orchid

Houses, &c. Also

■^ ^N^ Boilers, Pipes,

RICHARDSON & CO.,
DARLINGTON.

21-OZ. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.

" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY " Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FAKMILOE & SONS,

Leap, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.C.

Stock Li*ts and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

100.000 yards to select from.

EXTRA STOUT strong-tanned NET, 2 yards
wide, l$d. yard ; 4 yards wide, 3d. yard ; or 2 yards wide.
10s. per 100 ; 4 yards wide, 20s. per 100 yards. NEW TWINE
NETTING, 1 yard wide, id. yard ; 2 yards -wide. id. yard ;
4 yards wide, id, yard ; 12 yards wide, 2s. yard. COTTON NET,
nine meshes to square inch, l1 yards wide, Id. yard run.

I' W. OULLINQTORD, 13f, Fifld Rotid Forwt Gate. London, K,

• •!':■.- .. P..1, . . j . .. 1 /•*

July 11, 1891.]

THE GARDE NEB 8' CHR ONI CLE.

"ADIES" LAWN EDGER
AUTOMATIC SHEARS,

PATENTED.

Awarded (after trial) banksian Medal and Certificate of
Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society.

THIS INVENTION consists of a pair of Shears,
-i ijEriv attached to a small roller,
which work automati-
cally, and will cut the
grass edges as fast as
it is possible to push
the machine along.

Of all Ironmongers, Florists * Seedsmen.

Price, complete, 21/-,

Or will be sent carefully packed on receipt of P. O.O. 22/*

to 13, Chaktekhov.se Street, London, EX.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S
VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to dry railway station, lx. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
0 gallons.
sv A tt m r/k XT Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 (Jjy* Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.O.

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See ILLUSTRATED LISTS of 20 Varieties,

OUR OWN INVENTIONS, Post Free.

No. 105.-J-SPAN GARDEN FRAME.

Made of best Red wood Deal ; malleable iron hinges.

PAINTED three coats of best oil colour.

GLAZED with 21-oz. English glass, ready for use.
2 Light Frame. 5 ft. X 5 ft. ... .CASH Prices.^ £2 15
4 ,, „ 10 ft. X 5 ft. ... Notice our

4 ,, ,, 8 ft. X 6 ft. ...J useful sizes.

6 „ „ 12 ft. x« ft. ... 1 Packed Free

6 „ ,. IS ft. x 5 ft. ... and

8 ,, „ 16 ft. x 6 ft. ... \Carriage Paid.'

FRAME or PIT LIGHTS.

6 ft. X 4 ft., painted and glazed, 14s. ; unglazed, 5s. 6d. each.

7 ft. 6 in. X 4ft. ., ., 17s.; ,, 7s. Od. „

Orders of 40s. Value Carriage Paid to stations in

EM! UN II mil M \ LIS. many n S a iTI. INI) and IRELAND

CARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NTJT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
4us. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5«. 6i. per sack; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 6«. per sack, 5 sacks, 22». ; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel; 15«. per half
ton ; 26s. per ton, in 2-buahel bags. id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. id. per sack.

MANURES. GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drurj
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard). W.C.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Store and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON mil AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO., Faruborough, Hants.

^X CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for is. Stamp size. 21 for
Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London.

REVUE de 1'HORTICULTURE BELGE
et ETRANGERE (Belgian and Foreign Horticultural
Review) — 14th year. — Among the principal Contributors are : —
A. Allard, E. Andre, C. Baltet, F. Burvenich, F. Crepin,
O. de Kerchove de Denterghem, P. E. de Puydt, A. M. C.
Jongkindt Coninck, J. Kickx, T. Moore. C. Naudin, B. Oliveira,
H. Ortgies, E. Pynaert. E. Rodigas, O. Thomas, A. van Geert
Son, H. J. van Hulle. J. van Volxem, H. J. Veitch, A. West
mael, and P. Wolkenstein.

This illustrated Journal appears on the 1st of every month,
in parts of 24 pages, 8vo, with two coloured Plates and numerous
Engravings.

Terms of Subscription for the United Kingdom:— One year,
14s. payable in advance.

Publishing Office : 134, Rue de Bruxelles, Ghent, Belgium.

Post-office Orders to be made payable to M. E. PYNAERT
Ghent.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

THE CABDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Oardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines

« „

8 „

7 „

8 „

9 „

10 „

11 „

12 „

13 „

14 ..

£0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0

15 Lines

18 „

17 „

18 „

19 „

20 „

21 „

22 „

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24 „

25 ,.

£0
0
0
0
0
0
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0

8
9
9

10
10

11
11

12
0 12
0 13
0 13

AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERT ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20s

It set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s

Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column. £3.

Notice to Advertisers.— In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by which to identify the sender ; this in all
cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at all.
Advertisers are requested when Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
16 words, including name and address, ls.Gd.,
and Gd.for every additional line (about nine
words) or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations ,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each
insertion.

Position. — Advertisers are specially requested
to note, that under no circumstances what-
ever can any particular position be guaranteed
for advertisements occupying less space than
an entire column.

Postal Orders.— 7o Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others.— Lt is very important in remit-
ting by Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has been made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any
person into whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N.B. — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months. 35s ,• 6 months, 7s. 6d.;
8 months, 3s. Qrfm Foreign (excepting India
and China), including Postage, 17s. Qd. for
12 months; India and China, 19s. 6d. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

THE GARDENERS' CERONIGLE.

[July 11, 1891.

ESTATE SALES.

The Best County Medium for Advertising Sales of Estates is

THE "WORCESTER HERALD,"

ESTABLISHED 1794.
The Leading County Paper. Extensive circulation among the
upper and middle classes in Worcestershire and adjoining
counties. Advertisers would do well to forward for reference
and distribution plans and particulars of Estates, Catalogues
of Machinery, Furniture, Books, and other Property advertised
in the Columns of the " HERALD."

Sales of Stock and Agricultural Effects.

The "WORCESTER HERALD " is the most effective organ
for giving publicity to announcements of this class. It is the
leading Agricultural Piper in the County, and Circulates
most extensively among Agriculturists in and around
Worcestershire.

Farms to Let.

Land Agents, Estate Managers, and all having Farms to Let
would do well to advertise in the " WORCESTER HERALD,"
the Leading County Paper. Specially adapted for bringing
such notices before Tenant Farmers. Large circulation.
Moderate charge.

Situations Vacant and Wanted.

For producing results the " WORCESTER HERALD " is
recognised as a specially good medium. Cheap Rates.
Apply for terms.
SPECIMEN FREE. Price 2d.
Published Friday for Saturday.

OFFICES : — 72. HIGH STREET, WORCESTER.

Cheaper Edition now ready.

A BOOK ABOUT ROSES. By the Very
Revd. S. Reynolds Hole. Dean of Rochester.
Eleventh Edition. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
London: EDWARD ARNOLD, 37, Bedford St., Strand, W.C.

Belgian.

BULLETIN d'ARBORICULTURE,
de FLORICULTURE, et de CULTURE MARAI-
CHERE. A monthly horticultural work, with superb Coloured
Plates and Illustrations. Published since 1865, by F. Burve-
NICH, F. PAYNAERT, E. RODIGAS. and H. J. VAN HULLE,
Professors at the Horticultural School of the Belgian Govern-
ment at Ghent. Post-paid, 10s. per annum.

H. J. VAN HULLE. Botanical Gardens. Ghent, Belgium.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. E. Francis, as Head Gardener to J. L.
Newall, Esq., Forest Hall, Ongar, Essex.

Mr. Henry Page, until lately Foreman under
Mr. McIi/svrick, for eight years at New Lodge,
Windsor Forest, as Head Gardener to Howard
Vise, Esq., Stoke Place, Slough, Bucks.

Mr. A.French, formerly Foreman for nine and
a half years at Halton Gardens, Tring, Herts,
has been appointed Gardener to B. V. Mel-
ville, Esq., Ford Manor, Lingtield, Surrey.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a really good
and competent all-round Man as WORKING PROPA-
GATOR. GROWER, and HEAD GARDENER in a Private
Place, where the produce is sold. Must be well up in Growing
and packing for Sale, and able to produce a good quantity of
Cut Blooms, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, &c. Private
Gardeners need not apply uuless they have previously held
similar appointments. Preference given to a married man
without encumbrance. Applicant must be a good discipli-
narian with undermen, aDd character to bear the strictest
investigation as to industry, honesty, sobriety, and regularity.
Wages 30s. per week, and house. — Apply, by letter only, to
HORTICULTURE, Gardeners' Chronicle office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a HEAD-WORKING
GARDENER, a good practical all-round man. Inside
and Out.— Middle-aged; married; no family preferred. Must
have good testimonials. Two others kept. There is a good
lodg-i.— Send full particulars, wages expected, &c, to R. M. T.,
ElQj«neld, Hertford, Herts.

YXJ ANTED, about August 1, a GARDENER.

* * —Young, unmarried, well trained. Must be able to
Milk, and atlend to Cows, &c. ; handy, and willing to be
generally useful. Wages from 21s.— Write fully to RECTOR,
Tendring. Colchester.

WANTED, a HEAD GARDENER.— Age
40 to 45, married, no family. Strong in all branches
of Gardening. Three men under him. Cottage, partially
furnished. Address, stating full particulars. A. B. C., Lang-
ham Hotel, London. If in person, before 11 a.m.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER, for Kitchen Garden, Stove-house, &c— No
Vines. Also to look after pony.— Write stating wages, to A.,
Larchwood, Horley, Surrey. __

WANTED, a steady GARDENER, must
thoroughly understand Kitchen Garden routine and
Pleasure Grounds. Wages 17s. Good House and Garden. —
Colonel BENYON, Stukeley Hall, Huntingdon.

WANTED, for a Gentleman's small place,
10 miles from London, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER, not under 30 ; married.— One who is accustomed to
grow Tomatos. Strawberries, and Cutr-blooms for market ; all
Surplus Stock to be sold with commission. A good character
from last place indispensable.— Apply, C. S. C, Queenswood,
Black Fen, near Eltham, Kent.

WANTED, a GARDENER and his WIFE,
without family. Gardener must be a good, all-round
man; wife to take entire charge of Dairy and Poultry. Will
be required to take charge of House in absence of family. —
Address, stating experience and wages required, to R., Mrs.
Wade, 93, High Street, Kensington, London, W.

WANTED, MAN and WIFE without en-
cumbrance, as GARDENER and COOK for Gentleman's
Country Cottage in Surrey. Man must thoroughly understand
Kitchen and Flower Gardens, and have some knowledge of
Orchids. — Write stating ages, wages, and full particulars to
VEVEY. 40, Seething Lane, London, E.C.

Gardener and Baker.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, for a
Reformatory Farm School near Warrington. 3
married MAN, without family, to act as GARDENER and
BAKER; Wife to act as LAUNDRESS. Wages, 305. per
week, with house and other allowances. A total abstainer,
with good references, essential. — Address GARDENER, Messrs.
Lee & Nightingale, Advertising Agents, Liverpool.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a thorough all round
GARDENER, who understands Fruit, Peaches, Vege-
tables, and Vines. One accustomed to a Market Garden pre-
ferred. A little mowing required. Cottage on premises. —
Apply, by letter, stating wages, and giving references, to
J. K., The Pollards. Albiou Hill. Loughlou, Essex.

WANTED, a WORKING FOREMAN to
Grow Flowers for Market, State wages and re-
ferences.—Apply, EDWARD CARR, Lily Nursery, Aughton
Road, Birkdale, Southport.

WANTED, an active WORKING FORE-
MAN. with a thorough knowledge of Growing Soft
wooded Stuff for Market. Must also be accustomed to Vines.
W^ges, 2is. per week. — Apply, Viue Nursery, Downs Road,
Clapton, London, N.

ANTED, for a good North of England

Nursery, a BUDDER, GRAFTER, and GENERAL
KNIFESMAN. A hue opening for a young man with ability
to look after Stock. &c. Also a YOUTH, as ASSISTANT for
Seed Warehouse and Shop. — State full particulars and wages
to C, Girdeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a young MAN, accustomed to
Grow Ferns for Market. Quick at Potting. Wages,
18s. per week.— J. WALTON, Floris', Lee, S.E.

WANTED, a PROPAGATOR and GROWER
of C ematis, Roses, and other Sofc-wooded Plants,
under Glass. A permanent place for an energetic man of
good character.— JOHN PEED and SONS, Mitcham Road,
Streatham, S.W.

WANTED, a PROPAGATOR of Hardy
Plants under Glass. Must have had experience in
R}ses, Clematis, and Conifers. The propagation of tender
plants will be in another depirtment.— W. PAUL and SON.
Waltham Cross.

WANTED, an industrious young MAN, well
up in Budding, Grafting, Training, an! general Out-
door Nursery Work. — Apply by letter, stating ref< rences,
where last employed, age, and wages expected, D. S.
THOMSON and SONS, Nurseries, Wimbledon.

WANTED, a hard-working GLASS FORE-
MAN. — Married. State wages, and with hou^e and
garden, to E. BENNETT, Harefield Gardens, near Uxbridge.
Also GRAPE THINNERS, to MANAGER, The Vineyard,
Potter's Bar.

WANTED, a young MAN, who has had ex-
perience in LAYERING and other KNIFE-WORK.
Also LABOURERS accustomed to Nursery Work. State full
particulars and wages expected. — WM. CLIBRAN AND SON,
Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham.

WANTED, a young MAN, used to General
Nursery Work, to act as Second to Outdoor Foreman.
Must be a good Budder and Grafter. — Apply, stating age,
references, and salary, to W. BALCHIN and SONS, Hassock's
Nursery, Hassocks.

ANTED, for the Fruit Department of a

large Nursery, a young MAN, of good experience and
character, to work under the Foreman, in Budding. Grafting,
Pruning, and Superintending the Lifting of Orders. — State
experience and salary expected to S., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TA^ANTED, AT ONCE, a HANDY MAN,

T V for Layering Carnations. — Must be used to the job.—
Fountain Nursery, Angel Road, Edmonton.

ANTED, an active willing young MAN,

about 20, for the Houses. — Apply, stating age, expe-
rience, and wages required, to T. FLETCHER, the Gardeus,
Kiddington Hall, Woodstock, Oxon.

WANTED, a YOUTH, 17 years old, with
some experience, desirous of learning In and Outside
Work. Must be steady and diligent. No bothy.— State wages
and particulars, to HEAD GARDENER, Mount Harry, With-
dean, Brighton.

WANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN,

T T accustomed to the Seed, Bulb, and Cut Flower Trade,
and with a knowledge of Nursery Stock. — Apply, stating
references, where last employed, age, and wages expected,
W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a Young LADY, as INDOOR
APPRENTICE, in a Florist's Shop, where a very large
Wreath, Bouquet, and Cut Flower trade is done. Premium
required. — MIDLANDS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &o.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) . are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, CHESTER."

THOMAS BUTCHER can recommend several
HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of first-rate character
and proved ability. Geutlemen seeking such may have par-
ticulars free.— Apply to THOMAS BUTCHER. Seed Merchant
and Nurseryman, Croydon.

ANDERS, St, Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENEKS.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,
STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
geveral of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter.
Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF.— Mr. Osman, the Gardener at Otter-diaw
Park, Chertsey, will be pleased to recommend to any Lady,
Nobleman, or Gentleman a thoroughly practical, industrious,
energetic man as above. A h'gh-class Fruit grower and excel-
lent Plantsman, Flower and Kitchen gardener, and one fully
competent of managing a large establishment.

GARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver, can
with the utmost confidence recommend an exceptionally
high-class man, as above; of long experience in Fruit and
Plant growing, and the general management of a large
establishment. The highest references as to both character
and ability. — Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, London, S.W.

GARDENER (Head), where three or four are
kept. — Age 28, married when suited. — Mr. A. G. CATT,
Hallow, Worcester, can with confidence recommend a man as
above. Good Orchid Growi-r and general Gardener. Address
as above.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 45, married ;
Protestant. Understands the Cultivation of all kinds
of Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables, Early and Late Forcing.
First class testimonials. Sixteen years in last place. — M.,
Miss Gibbs, Upper John Street, Kilkenny.

GARDENER (Head), to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring the services of a good all-round Man.
— Age 40, married, two children; twenty-three years' expe-
rience in all branches. Can be well recommended as a
thoroughly hard-working, energetic, and trustworthy man. —
WOOD, Holmethorpe, Redhill.

GARDENER (Head).— A Lady can highly
recommend a competent and conscientious man for the
routine of a good establishment. Most excellent Fruit, Orchid,
and Exotic. Plant grower. Has served her over ten years;
unimpeachable testimonials and prizes may be seen. — M.,
20, Pelham Terrace, New Eltham.

GARDENER (Head), where others are kept.
— Age 30, married when suited. Sauth preferred. Fif-
teen years' good experience in all branches of the profession.
Good references.— GARDENER, Woodford House, Thrapston,
North Hants.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 38 ; thoroughly
experienced in all branches, including early and late
Forcing. Well up in Floral Decorations. Twenty years* re-
commendation from present employer.— G. GILLAM, 8, West-
bourne Terrace, Aldrington, West Brighton, Sussex.

July 11, 1891.]

THE QARDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

GARDENER (Head), or PLANTSMAN, in
a good Eitablishment.— Age 27, unmarried ; twelve
years' experience. First-class testimonials and references. —
•T. A., 27, George Street, Altrincliam, Cheshire.

G^ARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-handed). — Age 27, married ; first-class cha-
racter for Grapes, Peaches, &c. Stove and Greenhouse Plants,
Flower and Kitchen Gardens. — H., Mrs. Bowman, Garratt
Lane, Tooting, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 26,
single; tbirteeD years' experience in Vines, Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Kitchen
Garden, and Pleasure Grounds. Good character from present
and previous places. Abstaiuer.— C. HOWELL, West Hill
House, Gravesend.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29,
married, no family. Two years as above. Cm be
highly recommended. Thoroughly understands the general
profession, herbaceous and alpine plants. Sixteen years'
excellent character.— A. NIGHTINGALE, liiguor Park, Pul-
borough, Sussex. ^ ,

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept — Age 24, married when suited ;
engagement required by the beginning of .September ; thorough
knowledge of Early and Late Forcing ; also Fruit, Flower, and
Vegetable Garden. Successful Prizetaker. Life experience.
Five years' first-class character and excellent references —
Letter direct to J. J. A., 22, Percy Circus, King's Cross, W-C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
single at present; sixteen years' good practical expe-
rience in all branches. Good references.— HARDING, 17, Hall
Place, Paddington, W.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 31,
married, no family.— A GENTLEMAN can highly recom-
mend the above. Five and a half years' character.— T. W.,
20, David's Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working), with four to
six men. — Age 36; no family. Nine years' good cha-
racter. Wages required £70 per annum. — G. S , Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
Handtcd).— Age 31 ; married, no family ; experienced
in all branches. — J. DIG BY, Duibrook, Brentwood, Essex.

GARDENER (Head Working, where one

or more are kept.)— Age 36, no family. Wife Dairy or

Poultry, if required. Good references. — G. S., Billiugton
Manor, near Leighton, Beds.

/VARDENEK (Head Working), where three

VJX or more are kept. — Thoroughly experienced in all
branches. Wife thorough Laundress, if required. No family.
Near London preferred.— R. HARMAN, 13, Dagmar Road,
Camberwell, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 42,
married, no family. — A Gentleman wishes to recom-
mend his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman,
Thoroughly understands Early and Late Forcing. Orchids,
Exotics, and the Management of a good Garden. Fifteen years'
excellent character from present and previous situations. —
W. H„ The Gardens, Ford Manor, Lingtield, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept. — Age 35. married, no family.
Henby Gilliam, Gardener to Captain Vansittart, North Cray
Place, Foots Cray, can recommend his Foreman to auy Lady or
Gentleman requiring a good all-round man. — Please apply as
above.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 34,
married; understands the routine of Gardening. Nine
years' character. No objection to Cows. — W. L., Pearefield
Avenue, David's Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working.)— Age 35,
married, one child. Scotch. Thoroughly experienced
in all branches of his profession. Good references. —
GARDENER, Church Farm, Backford, near Chester.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed).— Age 27, married when suited. Thorough
experience in all branches. — A., 41, Bruce Road, High Burnet,
Herts.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed).— Age 40; married, one child, eight years.
Twenty-five years' experience ; good references.— GARDENER,
6, Conduit Vale, Greenwich.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed). — Age 30, married, one child ; thoroughly
experienced in all branches. Gooi reference. — GALLOWAY,
2, Northfolk Villas, Saunders Road, Plumstead, S E.

GARDENER ; middle-aged, married. — A
Gentleman wishes to recommend his late Gardener to
any Lady or Gentleman who may require the services of a
first-class all-round man, with great experience in the pro-
fession.—W. W., 22, Harrison's Rise, Croydon, Surrey.^

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 28,
married ; abstainer. Twelve years* experience. No
objection to Pony and Trap.— GARDENER, 23, Balcorne
Street. South Hackney, N.E.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or where
help is given. — Married, no family. Understands Fruit,
Flowers, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and Kitchen Garden. No
objection to Horse and Cows. Two and n half years' good
character — G. E.. 9. Chatham Road. Wandsworth.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 23 ;
fifteen months' iu present situation. Eight years'
previous good character.— G. L., Stake's Hill, Cosham, Hants.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or otherwise.
— Age 31, married; good experience in Vines, Flowers,
and General Garden Work. Six years' good character. — GAR-
DENER. Bsllfields, Market Harborough.

GARDENER (Working).— Age 43, married,
one child; understands Flower and Kitchen Garden,
Vines, Cucumbers, &c. One year and eleven months' good cha-
racter. Seven years previous. Twenty-six years' experience.
—THE GARDENER, Percy Cross Home, Fulham, S.W.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
— Age 26 ; nine years' experience, Inside and Out.
Three years iu last situation. Good character.— J. TERRY,
32, Waddon Old Road, West Croydon.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
— Age 22 ; two years and three months' good character,
three years previous. — N. .)., 85, St. George's Road, Brighton.

GARDENER (Second) ; age 26, married, no
family. — Seeks situation in good Garden, in Pleasure
Ground and assist in Kitchen Garden, &c. Good hand with
Scythe, or Machine. Wife no objection to attend to Lodge
Gate.— B. G., Mr. Batters, The Gardens, Gillingham Hall,
near Beccles, Norfolk.

ARDENER.— Gentleman wishes to highly

recommend a Gardener, nineteen years in family.
Leaving through death, and disposal of property. — J, J.
ANDERSON, Esq , The Ferns, Frognal, Hampstead.

GARDENER, Inside or Out. — Age 20.
Leaving for no fault. Good character from previous
employers. — For character refer to Mr. McMATH, Holm View,
Lowestoft.

p ARDENER, FOREMAN, or Second in a

V.T good establishment.— Age 25, single ; twelve years' ex-
perience Inside and Out. Well up in Vines, Melons, Cucumbers,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, also Chrysanthemums. Good
reference from present employer. — H. MASON, The Gardens,
Hampton, near Tonbridge, Kent.

GARDENER (Second, Third, or Single-
handed). — Age 27, single. Nine years' excellent
character.— A. F., 4, Grove Terrace, Church End, Finchley, N.

GARDENER (Second), where three or more
are kept. — Age 23 ; experienced. Nine years in present
situation.— T. WAKEFORD. Chclham Park, Henfield, Sussex.

ARDENER (Third), in a large establish-

ment. — Three and a half years in last place. Age 21.
Good character. — H. A., Lanes End, Gastard, Corsham, Wilts.

GARDENER (Under), Inside, or Inside and
Out, in good private establishment. — Age 22 ; good
character. Abstainer.— W. N., The Cottage, Hertford Lodge,
Church End, Finchley, N.

GARDENER (Under, or good Single-
handed.)— Age 25, single; well experienced Inside and
Out. Good character.— W. D., 12, Coleston Road, Southfields,
Wandsworth, S.W.

GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.—
Age 22; four years in last situation. Good character.
—WILLIAM BONSEY, Willow Cottage, Effingham, Leather-
head, Surrey.

FOREMAN or GROWER.— Age 23, married;
nine years' experience; can be well recommended in
Orchids, Ferns, Palms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants; also
Softwooded Plants. — State wages given, to V. T., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

FOREMAN; age 26.— Mr. Nichols, Nune-
ham Park, Abingdon, can with every confidence recom-
mend his present Foreman, Walter Richardson, as a pains-
taking and persevering man.

FOREMAN, in Nursery.— Age 29, married;
thoroughly experienced. Abstainer. Twelve months
in present situation. Owner giving up, cause of leaving.
Excellent character from present and former employers.— H.,
Mr. Newman, 35, Plumstead Road, Plumstead.

FOREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 26. Well
up in Plants, Cut Flowers. Wreaths, &c. Excellent
references. — G. R., 7, Nursery Cottages, Sidcup, Kent.

UOREMAN and PROPAGATOR. — Roses,

JO Clematis, Conifers, Rhododendrons, and general Nursery
stuff. Twenty years' experience. — A. B., 55, Natal Boad,
Streatham S.W. '

To Nurserymen.

PALM and FERN GROWER, Furnishing
Trade; also Grower of Soft-wooded, &c. — Age 28;
fourteen years' experience. — W. R , Wellbrook Road, Farn-
borough, B.S.O., Kent.

To Fruit Growers and Florists.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Well up
in the general routine inside. — FLORA. Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Stieet, Strand. W.C.

OURNEYMAN, age 21. — Advertiser is

desirous of re-engagement in Garden ; good all-round
hand; excellent character.— RICHARD WEST, Church Street,
West Tarring, Worthing.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, in a Private Esta-
blishmeut. — Age 21 ; seven years' experience. Good
references. — WM. CHARMAN, 7, Station Road, Swanley
Junction, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses in a private
establishment.— A Gentleman wishes to retommend a
young man, age 22, five years' experience, as above — A. IRE
LAND, The Gardens, Haretield Grove, utar Uxbridge.

JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses, where
a Foreman is kept. — Age 24 ; eight years' experience in
all branches. Gooa References. Abstainer.— T. BENNETT,
Castlethorpe, Stony Stratford, Bucks.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
Establishment. — Age 22 ; five and a half years' good
character.— J. CROFTS, The Gardens, Norwood Hall, Sheffield.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, in a good establish-
ment. — Age 19 ; two years and four mouths' reference.
Abstainer.— ARTHUR BUNDLE, Church Green, Walton-on-
Hill, near Epsom.

JOURNEYMAN, age 22 ; thoroughly experi-
enced. Excellent references. — Seeks situation as Seeon d
in a good establishment. —H., 14, Shoreham R<1,, Wortley, Leeds

GENERAL NU1I8ERY HAND. — Expe-
rienced in Houses and Outdoors. Knows value of
plans, and general work. Also Retail Seed Trade.— Y. R.,
52, Ifield Road, Fulham Road, London, S.W.

TMPROVER, or UNDER GARDENER.—

J- Age 21. Has had experience in plain gardening. — E. H ,
Tudor Vi.la. Vaughan Street. Rhyl.

TMPROVER, or JOURNEYMAN, in garden,

-*- principally Inside. — Strong healthy la^. nearly 18. Four
years' experience. Well recommended. Excellent character,
— H. REED. Gardens, Downside, Woking.

IMPROVER, Inside and Out, in a Gentleman's
Garden. — Age 19; excellent character. Abstainer,
Churchman.— JAMES RICHARDSON, Slate Cottages, Bore-
ham, Chelmsford, Essex.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted for a
strong, useful lad, age 16, in a gentleman's garden,
to work under Glass. — ED. KING, Pennington Nursery,
Lymington, Hants.

rPO GENTLEMEN.— Situation wanted by

■X. young man. — Age IB ; strong, and well recommended
for four and a half years. Abstainer. Anxious to get on in
Gardening. Does not object to little House work. Slight know-
ledge of Gardening.— VINCENT WITT, Bickton, Fording-
briuge, Hants.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in a
Market Nursery; age 20; well up in the routine of
Nursery-work.— W. CHAPMAN, Halliford Road, Sunbury.

rFO NURSERYMEN. — SECOND in the

A Ro^e Houses; age 21. Four years' good character from
present employer. — W. A., Mr. Carver, Providence Cottage,
Groombridge, Sussex.

rpO NURSERYMEN, and others.— Situation

A wanted by a young married man ; age 2(5. Has a good
knowledge of Tomatos, Cucumbers, Ferns, and Solt-wooded
stuff, tive years' character. — W. G. M., 10, Boundary Street,
Winchester.

rrO NURSERYMEN and GARDENERS.— A

A young man, age 22 ; seren years' good reference-* and
experience in Houses and Florists' Work. — H. BLUMFIELD,
151, Grosvenor Road, Pimlico, S.W.

rrO FLORISTS.— A handy young Man (age 29,

J- single), wishes re-engagement for Outdoor Work. Well
up in all the higher branches of Gardening, particularly Knife
Work. Eleven years' experience. Good references. — Applv,
stating terms, to ARTHUR RULTON, 4, Gloucester Cottages,
Harold Road, Waltham Cross.

lYfANAGER or TRAVELLER, many years'

1VL practical knowledge in leading Nurseries, thorough
knowledge of trade both In and Out-doors. Value of Stock.
Knows England. Scotland, and Ireland well. — Apply in first
instance, to QUIRCUS, 7, Brook Lane, Chester.

TRAVELLER, PROPAGATOR, FUR-
NISHER, or LANDSCAPE FOREMAN. — Small con-
nection ; thoroughly experienced and well educated. —
K. WELFIELD, Builtb.

SHOPMAN, with thorough knowledge of
Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Sundries. Fourteen years' in lead-
ing Firms.— NARCISSUS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

"I EDGER CLERK and CASHIER.— Age 22 ;

-Li engagement wanted as above. Six years' experience in
large London House. Good references. Salary, 30s. — E. R. F.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41, Wellington Street, Strand.

NURSERY CLERK.— Age 32; thoroughly
competent. Proficient Book-keeper, Correspondent. &c.
Long experience. Highest refjrences. — DELTA, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

STOKER, or General Work in Nursery. —
Age 22. married. Good character. — A. CANFIELD,
16, Abbey Road, Bexley Heath, Kent.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS and OINTMENT.—
The mo it effectual Cure for Gout and Rheumatism — A
frequent cause of these complaints is the inflammatory state of
the blood, attended with bad digestion, lassitude, and great
debility, showing the want of a proper circulation of the fluid,
and that impurity of the blood greatly aggravates these
disorders. Holloway's Pills are of so purfying a nature that a
few doses takeu in time are an effectual preventive azainst
gout and rheumatism, but any one that has an attack of either
should use Holloway's Ointment also, the powerful properties
of which, combined with the effectof the Pills, ensure a certain
cure. The Ointment should be thoroughly rubbed into the
parts affected at least twice a day, after they have been suffi-
ciently fomented wirh warm water to open the pores to facili-
tate the introduction of the Ointment to the glands.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Joly 11, 1891.

ORCHID HOUSES— AS THEY SHOULD BE.

J, V\AEEK.S BL COi give their special attention to the proper construction of Houses,
in which to produce these beautiful flowers, and use only the latest improvements in Ventilation, Heating, and
Forms of Stages. The drip of condensation from the roof-bars is successfully provided against.

PLANS AND ESTIMATES FREE ON APPLICATION, also latest edition of ceneral book of desicns.
J. WEEKS & CO., F.R.H.S.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, WARMING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS,

CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

GARDEN and MANURE PUMPS.

CALIFORNIA PUMP

AS FIRE ENGINE.

DIAPHRAGM
COCKS,
FOR HIGH PRESSURE.

HYDRANTS,
BRANCH PIPES,
GARDEN HOSE,
HOSE REELS, &c.

HAYWARD TYLER & CO., WHITECROSS STREET, LONDON, EC.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

The-e Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide\

6 feet
12 feet

6 feet
12 feet
12 feet

4 feet

5 feet

6 feet

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sires at proportionate prices.

HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Z.o;irfon^ycnt,Mr.H.SKELTON,Seedsman,&c.,2,HolIowayRd.,N.

For Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Roads, Stable Yards, &c., alBO for Killing Plantain

on Lawns. Saves more than twice Its cost In Labour. No Smell. Does not stain tbe Gravel.
One application will keep the Walks clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen months.

Recommended by Mr. W. G. Head, Superintendent, Crystal Palace Gardens; Mr. J. Bell, the Duke of Wellington's
Gardener ; Mr. E. S. McLaurin, the Empress Eugenie's Gardener ; Mr. R. Irwin LYNCH, Curator, Botanic Garden, Cambridge ;
and many other eminent Gardeners. Thg mhAim is appUed wi(k m ordiimry watering can_

Prices, in 1 and 2-gaI. Tina. 23- per gal. (Tins included); in 5-gal. Drums. Is. 6d. per gal. 10 and 15-gal. Drums, Is. 4d.

per gal. Special quotations for larger quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

Used in the proportion of one gallon to tweity-five ga'lons of water.

ANTI-FUNGI POWDER, THE ONLY EFFECTUAL REMEDY FOR TOMATO DISEASE,

MOULD AND MILDEW ON ROSES, VINES, &c.

It can be applied with an ordinary Powder Distributor, has no smell, and is harmless to the plants or fruit.
Recommended by Mr. W. Hills, Gardener to Viscount Gort, East Cowes Castle ; Mr, W. Child, Gardener to the Rev. W.
WiLKS, Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society ; Mr. Chas. Ross, Welford Park Gardens, Newbury, and others.

Prices : 1 lb. la.t 3 lb. 2s. 9d., 7 lb. 63. 6d., U lb. 10s„ 28 lb. 18S., 56 lb. 35s. Carriage paid on 28 lb. and upwards.

THE

Please Note Change of Name :—
ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY, Tunbridge, Kent;
And CARLTON STREET, BOLTON, LANCASHIRE.

N.B.— We have made no Change in the Manufacture or Composition of any of our Goods.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the '

__ ' Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed by Messrs. Bradbury, Aqnetv, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by them at the Office,
41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, July 11, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood. 4

%,■&> 4^

Established

No. 238.— Vol.

T7- f THIKD 1

-a- 1 Series.;

SATUKDAY, JULY 18, 1891.

Regt. as a Newspaper. f PRICE 3d.
WITH SUPPLEMENT.! POST-FREE, 3Jd.

CONTENTS.

Antwerp International
Exhibition

Bmnboo, hardiness of Ja-
panese

Books : —

Art of Perfumery,

Bai lion's Historie des

Plantes

Book of the Farm
Making of Flowers, the
Silva of North America

Cabbage?, bolting

Carnation, disease of

Cherries, price of, in Kent

Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii .

Colonial notes

Conifers at Hatton Park...

Cucumber disease

Cycnoches chlorochilon ...

Dean, Mr. A.

Dulwich Park

Eel-worms and Carnation
disease

Flower-beds on the Em-
bankment

Forestry in July

Foxgloves, campanulate...

Fruit culture

Gardeners' Orphan Fund

Gooseberries, pruning of

Hayuald, Cardinal

Hemerocallis fulva

Kniphofia North ire

Lilies at Tracy's nursery

Lilium longiflorum var.
chloraster

Madeira garden, a

Malmaison Carnations ...

Manures for the garden ...

Obituary: —

Frank Miles

Onions, keeping

Orchid notes and gleanings

" Preum-besjes " ...
Punch, jubilee of ...
Rnbus Oeliciosus ...

63
75

Societies ;—

Aylesbury Horticultural 80
Birmingham Botanical

and Horticultural ... 78

Boston Horticultural ... 78

British Fruit Growers' . 75

Brockham Rose 78

Bruges Horticultural ... 75
Chertsey, Walton, and

Weybridge 78

Chiswick 79

Dalston and De Beauvoir

Town 75

Dutch Horticultural ... 75

Ealing 81

Edinburgh Botanical ... 79

Enfield Horticultural ... 79

Fruiterers' Company ... 80
National Carnation and

Picotee (S. Section) ... 76

Reading Gardeners' ... 75
Royal Horticultural, 75, 77
United Horticultural

Benefit and Provident 75
Woodbridge Horticul-
tural 77

Shirley Poppies

Strawberry Jas. Veitch,
extraordinary

Tea and coffee substitutes

Trees and shrubs

Violas and Pansies, Chis-
wick

Waddon House

Winter Garden, Mr.
Bull's

Winter, the past, near
Aberystwith

Wood pigeons in Lonlon

Work for the week 72 ami 73

1LLU8TRATION8.

Currant-bud mite (Phytoptus ribis) 82

Digitalis, malformed flower of ' 09

Eel-worm disease of Carnations ... 71

Madeira garden, a. (Supplement).

Winter Garden, Mr. W. Bull's. (Supplement).

Now Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle" Vol, IX., Third Series, January
to Jane, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Writefor List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

VIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
"a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, Id., Is., and 2s. 6d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
and CO , Seed Growers and Florists. Rothesay, Scotland.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted ruuuers of Noble,
Thury, Paxtou, President, and others. Sample parcel, §d.
Descriptive Price LIST free.
W. LOVEL AN'D SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

STEPHANOTIS.— A splendid healthy, free-
flowering Plant, covering 10 feet by 4. Price 2 guineas.
Also smaller plant, for 15s.- G. KNIGHTS, 162, Trinity Road,
Upper Tooting, S.W.

THE BEST CINERARIA. — CARTERS'
BRILLIANT PRIZE MIXED— vide Awards. In sealed
packets, price 2s. 6rf. and 3s. Sd. per packet, post free.
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

BEST CALCEOLARIA.— CARTERS'

THE

1 VII

packets, price 2s. 6rf. and 3s. 6d per packet, post free.
237 and 238. High Holborn, London. W.C.

LAXTON'S NEW STRAWBERRIES.— List,
including Laxton's " Scarlet Queen," (Certificate
R.H.S. Fruit Conference, July, 1891). the finest flavoured,
brightest coloured, and best early variety; Noble, the king of
Strawberries ; Competitor, White Knight (Certificate Fruit
Conference), Cardinal, Latest of All, Commander, The Albert,
Crescent, John Ruskin, A. Nicaise, La Grosse Sucree,
Waterloo, and the best New and Old Sorts, from

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

Amorpnophallus oampanulatus.

MR. WILLIAM BULL can now supply firje
strong tubers of this remarkable Aroid.
E-t;ililishment for New and Rare Plants, 53G, King's Real,
Chelsea, London, S.W.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S IMPROVED
• MUSHROOM SPAWN for Outdoor and Indoor
Culture. Per bushel, 5s.; per oake, 6rf. Per cake, free by
Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
We grow nothing else.
Please write for New Illustrated PRICE LIST of cheap,
healthy, well-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

Sow now for early flowering In Spring.

ROEMER'S SUPERB PRIZE PANSIES.
rj§= The finest strain of Pansies in the World, JjEJ
Introducer and Grower of all the leading Novelties.

CATALOGUE free, on application.
FRED. ROEMER, Seed Grower, Quedlinburg, Germany.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

PALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM
SEEDS and SEEDLINGS, all the leading kinds, write to
H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will Bower the best. Write for Trade Price of strong
Forcing Pips to

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing!

Hand F. SHARPE'S Special Priced LIST
• of Choice VEGETABLE SEEDS for Autumn Sowing,
is now ready, and may be had on application. It comprises
Selected Stocks of Cabbage. Onion, Lettuce, Turnip, &c.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS. — Methven's
Choice Strain, in five varieties— Crimson, Purple. White,
Scarlet, and White Wall-leaved— in Packets, Is., 2s. 6d., and
5s. each colour.

THOMAS METHVEN and SONS, by Royal Warrant,
Nurserymen and Seedsmen to the Queen, Edinburgh.

ANTED, extra sized plants of DIPLA-

DENIA BOLIVIENSIS, D. BREARLEYANA. IXORA
WILLIAMSir, I. FRASERII, PIMELIA SPECTABILIS, P.
NEYPERGIANA. P. HENDERSONII. PHcKNOCOMA PRO-
LIFERA BARNESII, ALLAMANDA VIOLAlEA, IXORA
MORSEII, and CROTON MORTII. State siz;s, prices, and
full particulars to —
WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham.

U T T O N'S GLOXINIA.

Awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Floral Silver-
gilt Medal at the Great Temple Show, 1890. Price of
seed, mixed colours, 5s. and 2s. Gd. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S CALCEOLARIA. — The finest
strain in existence. Price of seed, mixed colours, 5s. and
3*. 6d. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S CINERARIA. — Unsurpassed by
any other strain in cultivation. Price of seed, mixed
colours, 5s. and 2s. §d. per packet, post-free.

SUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Exhibition Lawn Grass.
ICKSON and ROBINSON

offer their Superb Mixture of

DWARF EVERGREEN LAWN GRASS SEED,

Of the same quality as that supplied by them for the Grounds
of the Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester.

Per lb., Is., post-free, Is. 3d. ; per cwt., 100s. Carriage Paid.

Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6rf.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERUEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B.— Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

Trade Offer of Large Eentias and Cocos.

WICETON begs to offer some extra fine
• BELMORIANA, FOSTERIANA, MOOREANA, and
RUPICOLA, from 8 to 15 feet high ; a few extra-sized Grand
Specimens, from 20 to 25 feet, with 10 to 18 leaves ; large
batch of COCOS FLEXUOSA and PLUMOSA, 9 to 15 feet.
Prices on Application. Inspection invited.

Putney Park Lane, S.W. (near Barnes Station); also 129
and 130, Covent Garden Market.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !|

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHCENIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

CLEARANCE SALE OF BULBS
FOR PRESENT PLANTING.
Lemoine's beautiful new GLADIOLI, in mixture, per dozen,
4s. M. ; RANUNCULUS, showy sorts, mixed, 2s. 6d. per 100 ;
beautiful new large-flowered single POPPY ANEMONES,
mixed, 4s. 6<f. per 1U0 ; ANEMONE FULGENS, the beautiful
scarlet Windflowerof the Riviera, 4s. 6d. per 100; per 1000, 40s.
Sweet-scented PEARL TUBEROSES, 3s. per doz. ; per 100, 18s.
Carriage Free on receipt of Post Office Order.
BARR AND SON, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

■\riSITORS TO THE CONTINENT are

V cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jult 18, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Friday Next.

CATTLEYA AUREA.
LiELIA PR/ESTANS.

MESSRS. PRUTHEROE and MORRIS have
received instructions from Messrs. Charlesworth,
Shuttlewoith & Co.. Heaton, Bradford, and 213. Park Road,
Clapham, S.W., to SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale
Rooms, b7 andbS, Cheapside, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, July 24,
at half-past 12 o'clock, a remarkable good lot of Cattleya aurea,
brought home personally by the collector ; the^piants were
collected in the same locality, whence came the plants we had
the two previous years, and which turned out such an exceed-
ingly fine lot, amongst which flowered C. aurea marmorata, C.
Massaiana, C. Hardyana, and other magnificent varieties.
Many good things may be expected out of this importation.
We can assure intending buyers the plants are well-leaved,
and without doubt the fiuest ever offered.

Also a very healthy lot of L/ELIA PRJESTANS, CATTLEYA
WALKERIANA, C. SCHOFIELDIANA, ODONTOGLOSSUM
POLYXANTHUM, well-grown plants, in spike; out of the
some batch we have flowered some of the most beautiful
varieties ever seeu. ODONTOGLOSSUM RAMOSISSIMUM.
a pretty winter-blooming Orchid ; these are a grand lot.
ONCIDIUM ROGERSI, fine plants, in unusually good condi-
tion; CATTLEYA LODDIGESI, newly imported, just
received in first-class condition. HOULLETIA Species, new,
iu bud, discovered recently by one of our collectors, and said
to be of great beauty, the erect spike carrying eight to twelve
large well-coloured flowers. ZYGOPETALUM GRAMINIFO-
LIUM, a pretty dwarf species, growing on stem of a Lomaria,
flowers deep green, with chestnut and white ; figured in the
Botanical. Magazine, t. 504b. COLAX JUGOSUS, well-grown
plants; CATTLEYA LOCATA, ONCIDIUM WEL'i'ONI,
established plants; ODONTOGLOSSUM HARRYANUM, iu
bud; CATTLEYA LEOPOLDI, in bud or flower; MASDE-
VALLIA POLYSTICTA, in flower; ONCIDIUM PHYMATO-
CHILUM, 0. MICROPOGON, ODONTOGLOSSUM ROEZLI,
O. VEXILLARIUM, &c.

On view morning of Sale, aud Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

BRASSAVOLA DIGBYANA.

CHYSIS BRACTESCENS.

A Grand Lot. By order of Messrs. F. Horsman & Co.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
iuclude the above in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT,
July 24.

On view Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tuesday, July 28.

4M0 phal.enopsis grandiflora.

Best Java variety.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms,
t>7, Cheapside, London, E.C., on TUESDAY, July 28, at half-
past \£ o'Clock, an importation of 400 Plants of the best Java
variety of PHALiE.NOPSIS GRANDIFLORA, just received in
excellent condition.

On view the morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tuesday, July 28— Orchids in Flower.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
beg to announce that their next SPECIAL SALE of
ORCHIDS in FLOWER will take place as above, and they
will be glad to RECEIVE NOTICE of ENTRIES as EARLY
AS POSSIBLE.

20j0 EASTER BERMUDA LILIES.
LILIUM HARlilSII. in magnificent Bulbs.
Just to hand from Bermuda.

]\t ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1»1L SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67
and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C., on TUESDAY, July 28, at
half-past 12 o'clock, a special importation of splendid Bulbs of
the true EASTER LILY of BERMUDA. To those .desirous of
having this beautiful Lily in flower early in the season, this
importation is of special importance, the bulbs being the finest
ever imported ; all very heavy aud plump, and sure to bloom
maguihcently. Also ldtlO Bulbs of the bright SCARLET LILY,
LILIUM POMPONIUM.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday, July 31.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 61
and 68, Cheapside. E.C., on FRIDAY, July 31, at half-past
12 o'clock, by order of Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, a large
selection of well-established, clean, and healthy ORCHIDS,
embracing

FIVE NEW ORCHIDS.

EIGHTEEN EXTREMELY RARE ORCHIDS,

and a great number of other

CHOICE SELECTED ORCHIDS.

Also

An Importation of BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS, ex s.-s. " La

Plata," just arrived iu superb condition ; together with other

Importations of EAST INDIAN ORCHIDS of value, the

whole of which will be offered, with few exceptions,

WITHOUT THE LEAST RESERVE.

On view moruing of Sale, aud Catalogues had.

WANTED, a small establishment for a
FLORIST'S BUSINESS, where a good business can be
done. — State Lease, Goodwill, and number of Houses, to the
HEAD GARDENER, Henwick Grange, Worcester.

WANTED, to RENT, on LEASE, an ACRE
or TWO of LAND, with Glass ; also good DWELLING-
HOUSE.

Address, FIELDEN, Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, to RENT or PURCHASE, a
small FLORIST and JOBBING BUSINESS, N. or
N.W.— T., 6, Stamford Terrace, Stamford Hill, N.

FOR DISPOSA L.— A FLORIST'S and
FRUITERER'S BUSINESS. High-class trade iu large
town, near London, with good Wreath Trade.

Address, PALMS, Gardeners' Ckron\cleOS.cn, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

T^RUITERERS and GREENGROCERS.—

JL Well-established busy Market-place ; taking £30 to £40
weekly, cash trade. Closed Sundays. Long lease. Low rent.
Good Horse, and covered Van. Price£l50, includes everything.
ALPHA, 89, Falcon Road, Battersea, 3.W.

To G ircisncrs

TO BE DISPOSED OF IMMEDIATELY,
a good JOBBING and FLORIST BUSINESS, with Stall
in public Market.

Apply, Mr. J. ASTONS, Newsagent, Chester.

To Florists, Gardeners, &c.

TO BE DISPOSED OF (in consequence of
death of proprietor), the flourishing BUSINESS of a
FLORIST, &c, in one of the principal streets in Tenbury.
Consisting of Greenhouse, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c.

Apply to MRS. ROBERTS, Cross Street, Tenbury.

rVO BE LET, or SOLD, on sixteen years'

X Lease, a small COMPACT NURSERY, with six Green-
houses, Pits and Frames of 20 Lights, the Houses are heated
with Hot- water, and 3-Saddle Boilers to drive the same; all
being in good repair, the whole standing on about half an
Acre of Laud, 8 miles from London, and ten minutes walk
from station Great Eastern Railway.

Apply to W. COPE, Ann's Villa, Stanley Road, South
Woodford, Essex.

rpO BE DISPOSED OF, a NUKSERY,

JL SEED, and FLORIST'S BUSINESS.— About 3 Acres of
Land, with 4200 feet of Glass, including large Vinery, Green-
house, Fernery, Cucumber, Tomato, and Propagating Houses.
A large dweliing-house, with a tine Shop, close to the General
Post Office. Also a good MILK BUSINESS, and PUBLIC
LAWN TENNIS GROUNDS (the profits of which pay the
rents of the whole business). This, being in the hands of
present occupier over Twenty Years, may be relied upon as a
Genuine Business, and satisfactory reasons for disposing of it
will be given. Incoming, including Furniture, Fixtures,
Stock-in-Trade, and Goodwill, about £100.

Apply first to JUSTITIA, Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

Loudon.— In a Populous and Busy Suburb.

FOR SALE, on exceptionally favourable terras.
The LEASE and GOODWILL of a well-established SEED
and FLORIST BUSINESS. Excellent Shop in Main Road,
near two Stations. Turn over £l2X) to £1300 a year. Splendid
chance for a beginner. Lease 24 years. Rent £90. Also
SMALL NURSERY close to shop, with 6 Houses. Rent
£3. Fine opening for Jobbing and Trade. Price all at £500,
or offer. Apply to Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside, E.G.

MIDDLESEX (7197).— A capital NURSERY,
close to two Stations, and comprising 6£ acres of land,
with twenty-three greenhouses, two cottages, stables, and
coach house. Rent £160 per annum. Price for glass £1,200 ;
stock optional.
Apply, PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67 and 68. Cheapside. S.E.

rVO GARDENERS and OTHERS. — One

-L Large CONSERVATORY, about 5S feet by 24 feet, with
Fancy Tile Paving and Hot-water Pipes, to be SOLD— a
BARGAIN.

Apply to FOREMAN, Rurntwood House, Wandsworth
Common, or to T. BLACKMORE, 1, Royal Road, Clapham.

rPO LET, on Lease, or otherwise, a SMALL

JL NURSERY*, in good neighbourhood, 10 miles from
London. South-Eastern Loop Line.

Apply, C. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street,"strand, W.C.

Address, SECRETARY. 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

JWEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Horticul-
tural Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyton-
stone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had on application.

To Road Contractors, Gardeners, and Other?.

THE METROPOLITAN ASYLUMS
BOARD are prepared to receive TENDERS from persons
willintr to CONTRACT for the FORMATION of PATHS,
LEVELLING of GROUND, &c, at the SOUTH EASTERN
FEVER HOSPITAL, Hatfield Street, New Cross. S.E., in
accordance with Plans and Specification prepared by Messrs.
H. JARVIS and SON, Architects 29, Trinity Square. South-
wark, S.E. Printed Forms of Tender, with Specification and
Conditions of Contract, may be obtained at the Offices of the
Architects, at the aforesaid address, upon payment of a deposit
of Two Guineas, which will be returned to persons sending in
a bona fide Tender, where also the Plans may be inspected.
Sealed Tenders, endorsed " Tender for Paths, and other works,
South Eastern Hospital," are to be delivered not later than
12 o'Clock noon, on Thursday, July 23, 1891, at the Chief Offices
of the Board, Norfolk House, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C.
The Board do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any
Tender. By Order,

T. DUNCOMBE MANN, Clerk to the Board.
Norfolk House, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C, July 10, 1891.

EXHIBITIONS.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF SOUTHAMPTON.
GREAT SUMMER SHOW, August 1 and 3. £250 in Prizes.

Entries close .July 27.

CHRYSANTHEMUM and FRUIT SHOW, October 27 and 23.

Over £luu in Prizes. Schedules and Entry Forms of

C. S. EU1LGE, Secretary.
Westwood Park, Southampton.

T IVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

*-^ ASSOCIATION.

The TWELFTH ANNUAL SUMMER EXHIBITION of
PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUIT, and VEGETABLES will be
held in SEFTON PARK, on SATURDAY and MONDAY,
August 1 and 3, 1891. And the GREAT CHRYSANTHEMUM
and FRUIT SHOW, in St. George's Hall, on TUESDAY and
WEDNESDAY, November 17 and 18. SPECIAL PRIZES and
CUPS for Forty-eight and Thirty-six CUT BLOOMS.

Schedules on application to the Secretary,

EDWARD BRIDGE.

Tarbock Road, Huyton, Liverpool.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE HORTICULTU-
RAL SOCIETY'S GREAT SUMMER SHOW, Delapre
Park, Northampton, August 3 and 4.

TWO HUNDRED and FIFTY POUNDS in PRIZES.

For Best Twelve Plants £15, £10, £i, £2 10s.

Central Group for Conservatory Decoration ... £9, £6. £:t 10s.

Collection of Fruit (8 distinct varieties) ... £\ £3. £1 10s.

Collection of Vegetables (12 varieties, selected) £3, £2, £1.

Entries close on July 24.

Schedules and full particulars from

Northampton. W. B. TROUP, Secretary.

CARDIFF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President: THE MAYOR OF CARDIFF (the Most

Hon. The Marquess of Bute, K.T. ).

ANNUAL SHOW, August 12 and 13 next.

THREE HUNDRED POUNDS IN PRIZES.

Entries close on August 5.

Schedules Ready. Apply —

SECRETARIES, 54. Woodville Road, Cardiff.

Circle Horticole Van Houtte, Ledeberg, Ghent.

GREAT GENERAL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION, under the patronage of the Government
and the Provincial and Town Councils. From SUNDAY,
August 23, to SUNDAY, August 30, 1891. For Programmes
and Schedules, address —

ERNEST DELARUYE, Secretaire du Cercle V. H., Chaussee
de Bruxelles. Ledeberg, Gand.

Rare and Valuable Orchids.

MR. RICHARD PFAU has entrusted me
with the sale of the following rare and valuable
nRCHIDS, collected by him in Costa Kica, all of which are
now offered in perfectly established plants, viz. : —
1SARKERIA ELEGANS, nice plants, 55. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM KRAMERI. — According to Collector,

this very distinct and beautiful species will always remain

scarce, being very rare in its native country. Nice plants,

of flowering size, 30s. each; tine strong plants, 10ns. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM OERSTEDI MAJUS.— This rery distinct

and fine variety has larger flowers, and several flowers

on each spike, much superior to type. Fine plant*. 6s.

and 7s. 6d, each ; 42s. per dozen.
TRICHOPILIA COCCINEA ATRORUBENS.— The entire lip

of a deep blood-red colour, very fine variety, 7s. Gd. and

10s. 6d. each.
TRICHOPILIA TURIALB/E, Rchb. f.— Very rare and mo.-t

distinct species, with citron-yellow flowers ; only one

single plant found by Collector, 25s.
TRICHOCENTRUM PFAUII, Rchb. f. — A pretty winter

flowerer; flowers of long duration. Small established

plants, 7s. 6rf. each.
The stock being very limited, early orders respectfully

solicited.
Orders will be executed in strict rotation, and forwarded
Post and package free to any part of Great Britain or Continent.
Terms, payment within 30 days after receipt of plants,
either by Post-office Order or crossed Cheque, made payable to
EDWARD ORTGIES, Inspector of Botanic Gardens, Zurich,
Switzerland.

LILIES of the VALLEY !

First-class Berlin Crowns,

from sandy soil ; the beat for early forcing ; finest large flower* ,

any quantity.

Prices and terms on application.

NONNE & HOEPKER,

LILY OF THE VALLEY GROWERS and NURSERYMEN.
AHRENSBURG, near HAMBURG, GERMANY.

Orders should be booked now.

LOVELY TEA ROSES.

Best sorts, in pots, 18s. per dozen; stronger, 2s. t\d. and
'3s. $d. each; New and Choice Varieties, 2s. 6d., 3s. Gd. and 5s.
each. See Catalogue, gratis.

WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

To the Trade.

SURPLUS STOCK,
MAIDENHAIR FERNS.
Very fine plants of above, ready for Market, in 4£ inch pots at
40s. per 100.
Package free. Cash with order.
TAYLOR and CO., Timperley, Cheshire.

July 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

Many Acres of Lillea of the Valley 1

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

"CARNATION-LIZZIE McCOWAN."

StroDg small plants, now ready. Price, 3*. 6rf. each ; 30s. do/..
Orders executed in strict rotation.

PITCHER & MANDA,

The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent

Trade Offer.

WICETON begs to offer the following
• PALMS :—

Strong ARECA LUTESCENS. in 60's, at 60s. per 100;

„ COCOS WEDDELLIANA, in thumbs, at 32s. and 50s. j
„ SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in thumbs. 20s. and 30s.;
,, KENTIAS, BELMOREANA and FOSTERIANA, in

thumbs, 40s. and 75s.
„ SEEDLINGS in Stores, at 30s. per 100.
ASPARAGUS, P. NANUS, strong, in thimbles, at 45s. per 100.
Extra fine PANDANUS VEITCHII, in all Sizes.
Putney Park Lane, S.W.

Begonias a Specialty.

LAINGS' COLLECTION

JOHN LAING AMD SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

NEW FERN — PTERIS VICTORLE.
Best Novelty of the Season.
10s. Qd. each; three plants for 21s.
Coloured Illustration, post-free. Is.
WILLIAM BULL, F.L.S.. Establishment for New and Rare
Plants, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

rriIE BURGHLEY STRAWBERRY

-A. PLANTS are acknowledged the best— not the largest
collection, but the most select — all the best varieties re-
presented. The forcers include Vicomtesse, La Grosse Sucree,
Augu*te Nicaise, and that excellent variety, John Ruskin.
Write for CATALOGUE, free.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

SOUTH of IRELAND GROWN DAFFO-
DILS. — Bulbs never finer than this season.
E1P See Article in Garden, June 6. CATALOGUES ready
end of July. Bulbs now ready. Please write for Catalogues,
and insist on August delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S.. Seedsman, 24, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantum cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, EOs. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pota, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Cosh with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

GARDEN.

SWANLEY, KENT.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

Fresh Palm Seeds.

JW. SILVER offers the above, which have
• just arrived in splendid condition, and from the most
trustworthy sources, of—

KENTIA FOSTERIANA,
BELMORIANA,
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS.
In large or small quantities.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, London, S.W.

SOW NOW for
SPRING FLOWERING.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ) v„™t m« v„f,

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ALBA ( *°rgei-me-i\ow
SILENE PENDULA COMFACTA
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA ALKA
WALLFLOWER, Cranford Golden Beauty
WALLFLOWER, Graham's Blood Red
WALLFLOWER, choice double German
STOCKS. Brompton and East Lothian

PAPAVEALRrMCAULE ^he favourite Iceland

;; ;; mimatum j poppies.

PRIMROSE, choice hybrids
POLYANTHUS, choice mixed and gold-laced
PANSIES, choice show and fancy strains
VIOLAS, in separate colours

Per packet §d.. Is., and Is.Gd., post-free; or in larger quantities.

By making Bowings of above now, beautiful displays may be
obtained next Spring.

For all other FLOWER SEEDS see CATALOGUE,
sent post-free, on application to —

DlCKSONSfiSs:CHESTER

STRAWBERRIES.

For the Best Flavoured, see

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO. S LIST.

For the Best Forcing Kinds,
For the Largest Fruited, see

C. B. & CO.'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

For the Hardiest Villa Garden Sorts,
For ample Cultural Notes, see

GEORCE BUNYARD & CO.'S

LIST of SUM MEM FRUITS, Free by Post.

THE OLD NURSERIES,

MAIDSTONE, KENT,

And buy the Best Sorts and Best Plants from them.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
BENJAMIN RIMBAUD,

Bulb Grower,
ftuartier du Temple, Toulon (Var), France

{The largest Bulb Grower in the South of France).
Offers—
EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS GRANDIFLORA and other

NARCISSUS.
LILIUM CANDIDUM. FREESTA REFRACTA ALBA.
And all other Specialties of South of France.

Seeds and Plant3 of

CARNATIONS MARGARITA and other CARNATIONS.

PRICE LIST on application to the

London Agents : —

Messrs. R. SIKBERRAD & SON,

25, Savage Gardens, Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE GEMS.

CROTONS. 12 sorts, 6s., 9s., 12s.. and lSs. per dozen;
DRACJENAS, for growing on, 9s. and 12s. per dozen ; CALA-
DIUMS, 12 splendid varieties, to make a show this summer,
\'2s. and 18s. per dozen; 12 beautiful Stove or Greenhouse
PLANTS. 9s., 12s., or 18s.; 12 beautiful Stove or Greenhouse
CLIMBERS. 21s. to 42s. ; PASSIFLORAS, in variety. Is. and
Is. 6d. each. 6 beautiful sorts, 7s. 6d. See Catalogue, gratis.

WM. CLLBRAN and SOX, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;
also 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

MRare and Valuable Orchids.
R. F. C. LEHMANN, German Consul at
Popayan, United States of Columbia, has entrusted me
with the sale of the following Rare and Valuable Orchids, all
of which, Pescatorei Dayana excepted, are now offered in
perfectly established plants, viz. :—

CATTLEYA DOWIANA AUREA, 10s. 6d. and 15s. each.
,, TRIANiE, Popayan varieties, 5s. each ; fine, strong,
10s. 6d. each.
OD0NT0GLOSSUM CRISPUM LEHMANNI, 3s. U. and 5s.
each.
,, EDWARDI, most distinct and beautiful species, very
slow and difficult to establish. Small, but perfectly
established plants, 10s. §d. each.
„ HALLII LEUCOGLOSSUM.fine plants, 15s. and 21s. each.
„ ,. XANTHOGLOSSUM, fine plants, 10s. $d. and 15s. each.
ONCIDIUM KRAMERI, quite distinct and superior to O. Pap-
ilio, several plants on each block, 5s. and 7s. tid. per
block.
„ PYRAMIDALE, rare and very pretty, with dense upright
panicles of golden-yellow flowers, with coDsp;cuons
clear-white centre, 7s. Vd. and 10s. 6rf. each.
„ UNDULATUM, most beautiful species, belonging to the
Macranthum section, 15s. and 21s. each.
PESCATOREI DAYANA, very rare and beautiful, figured in
Sot. Mag., t. 6214. Recently-imported plants, showing
new growth, 7s. 6<f. and 10s. each ; 00s. per doz.
TRICHOPILIA FRAGRANS ALBA (PILUMNA NOBILIS?),
all segments clear white, with orange-yellow eye ; very
sweet scented. 3s. 6d,, 5s., and 7s. Bd. each.
Orders will be executed in strict rotation, and forwarded,
Post and package free, to any part of Great Britain or Con-
tinent. The Stock, being very limited, early Orders respect-
fully solicited. Terms, payment within thirty days after
receipt of Plants, either by Post Office Order or Crossed
Cheque, made payable to —

EDWARD ORTGIES, Inspector of Botanic Gardens, Zurich,
Switzerland.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITHS SNOW-WHITE
JACKMANII.

The flowers are pa per- white, about the same size as those of
the old purple Jackmanii, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is unri\ ailed for beds, and also for climbing. Ready
in August. 7s. Qd. each.

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6d. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out,
also BEDDING PLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,

WORCESTER.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, healthy Plants, at Low Prices. Thousands
in stock. Please write for LIST.

H. A. TRACY (Late W. Gordon),

Orchid Nursery,
AMY AND PARK ROAD, TWICKENHAM

STOCK

Inches.
14x12
16x12
18x12
«i 20x12

18x14
20x14

21-0Z. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil, and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

TENTS ! TENTS ! ! TENTS ! ! !— Suitable for
Gardens, Cricket, or Camping-out Purposes, 40 feet in
circumference, pure linen, with pegs, poles, and lines complete.
These tents are white, and have only been used a little by Her
Majesty's Government, and cost over £6 each. I will tend one
complete for 30s. Can be sent on approval.
HENRY J. GASSON, Government Contractor, Kye, Susses.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891.

CHOICE PALMS AND FERNS.

Beautiful PALM i, well grown and healthy plants for Green-
house and Table Decoration, Is. 6d., 2s., and 2s. id. each ;
small Hunts, for growing on, 6s. and 9s. VVjUa.lMn
fine FERNS for Greenhouse, 9s. and 12s. ; MAIDEN H All.
FERN (is «« and 12s. per dozen. Small FERNS, in variety,
for fancy 'pots, ... cor rockeries, &c . from 3s. per dozen;
several new an 1 hi* varieties, Is. U. to 3s. b<i. each. SELA-
GINELLAS, in van. I v. 6-". and 9s. per dozen SELA&INELLA
EMILIANA.ab'aiit till new Moss, Is. M. each. See List, gratis.

WM. CLIRRAV ASP SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altnncham;
also 10 and 12, M . 1 et Street, Manchester.

EARLY WHITE

ROMAN HYACINTHS,

FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA and OTHER

BULBS for EARLY FORCING.
Our First Consignments are now to hand, in excel-
lent condition.
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JtTLT 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

HANDSOME, LABGE

DECORATIVE PLANTS

FOB

CONSERVATORIES

AND

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Mr. WILLIAM BQLL'S

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FERNS a SPECIALITY.

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THE

dforilattH? dftonktc.

SATURDAY, JULY 18, 1891.

DULWICH PARK.

r I ^IIIS acquisition, opened by Lord Piose-
-*- bery a year ago, has rapidly become
attractive and popular. It will be remembered
that the 72 acres which formed the site of the
Park were the property of the Governors of
Dulwich College, and were handed over by
them to the Metropolitan Board of Works, and
that it was laid out and is kept up at the expense
o ' the successors of that body, the London County
Council. An advantage of the site was, that it
lay in meadows well planted with great Oaks,
which seem indigenous to the stiff strong soil,
and which now impart to this new site a noble
aspect, such as only old parks, as a rule, can
boast of. Another feature is, that the loafing
population which lolls upon the grass in St.
James's Park, thick as windfalls in an orchard,
is here conspicuous by its absence. Dulwich
Park, though open to all, is specially frequented
by a superior class of visitors from the imme-
diate neighbourhood, and their conduct, it is
stated, has always been, in the words of my
informant, " first-rate."

In shape and outline, this new park bears some
resemblance to the old one I have just men-
tioned, and it shares with it the ornament of
water which sparkles in the bosom of some
well-devised shrubberies, with winding walks,
seats, and a bridge amongst them. The
area of the lakelet would hardly admit of
boating for a pastime, but it quite suf-
fices for the dignity of several swans which
ride proudly upon its surface, and during last
winter hundreds of skaters found room for daily
amusement on the ice for weeks together.
Summer has come, and the lake is still the centre
of attraction to hundreds who sit, or saunter, on
its margin in the soft hours of evening. Most
persons will allow, whether they have seen
Niagara, or not, that there is something exceed-
ingly attractive in a waterfall, and I must not
omit to mention that the water quits this lake,
as the St. Lawrence does Lake Erie, by a fall,
below which the little stream winds through a
well-kept lawn to its exit from the Park. The
margins of the lake and stream are neatly set
with large flints/and they will presently be made
even more ornamental than they are already, by
the planting, close to the water, of appropriate
subjects such as Bamboos, Arundo Donax,
Pampas grass, Acorus calamus, and perhaps, if it
be not too big, that noble plant, denizen of Dove-
side and many a mountain stream, the great
Water Dock, Rumex hydrolapathum.

To give the exact position of the Park, it fills
the shallow valley whioh stretches from Dulwich
village towards Lordship Lane station. In shape
the grounds are four times longer than their
breadth, a fortunate disposition of the surface
which adds considerably to its picturesque
appearanoe. Standing by the handsome gateway

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891.

and the ornamental house of the superintendent,
which forms alodge at the entrance, hard by the old
church in the village street, and near the picture
gallery, the graceful spire of Lordship Lane
church is seen as a pleasing boundary mark, a
little distance beyond the long stretch of park.
The Crystal Palace is within sight, a mile dis-
tant; Dulwich College is nearer at hand, and
great houses, occupied by successful magnates
in every branch of industry, are plentiful in the
neighbourhood ; and all around are handsome
streets and "roads," innocent of shops, with
hundreds, nay, thousands of big houses standing in
their own well-kept grounds. Of all the suburbs of
London this seems to me by far the pleasantest,
by virtue of its position on the southern side
of the Metropolis, its uneven contour, so supe-
rior to a dead level, its meadows well planted
with timber, and its beautiful gardens and shrub-
beries, where song birds are allowed to build
their nests, and never cease to show their grati-
tude by making delightful music. There is
hardly a day in the year when the thrush does
not sing, either from some sheltered nook near
the door of the friend who feeds him in hard
weather, or from the tree tops. To resume my
special theme, the finishing touch was given to
this pleasing spot by the Park, which provided
for the public exactly what was wanted — wide
lawns, old Oaks, cricket grounds, ample spaces
for lawn tennis and football, a delightful smooth
road for cyclists, and a lounge with seats for young
couples who have negotiations to carry on.

I must now endeavour to describe the excel-
lent gardening, for which this new park enjoys
a fast-growing fame. As to the landscape
gardening, not even St. James's Park was more
skilfully laid out by J. C. Loudon than was this
one under the supervision of Mr. Sexby. Flower
borders, shrubberies and grass, water, and winding
walks are all nicely intermixed, so as to secure the
utmost variety that the space can afford, and by-
and-by, when the freshly-planted clumps of shrubs
and trees are further advanced in growth, the con-
cealment of boundaries and the other arts of
landscape gardening will greatly add to the
apparent size of the enclosure, lihododendrons
were largely planted here last February, and
although dreadful weather followed, some gor-
geous masses of blossom were displayed even
in the first season. A second brilliant display
has been secured by a great variety of Poppies
sown among the shrubs, and by masses of flowers,
including many of those herbaceous plants which
all who attended] the Rose show at the Crystal
Palace on July 4 must have very much admired
— Pinks, Pyrethrums, especially P. roseum, a
flower which has been wonderfully transformed
by florists within the last few years ; Gaillardias,
and other perennials now very much in fashion.
I should like to mention Eryngium giganteum,
one of the Sea Hollies, growing here 6 feet and
8 feet high, and rejoicing in the deep strong soil ;
it is an emperor among plants, elegant in spite
of its rigid aspect, and too noble to be passed with-
outexcitingadmiration. Amongother notablespe-
cimens in their season are the Peacock Anemone,
A. stellata fulgens, with dazzling flowers; Acan-
thus candelabrum (?), with pink flowers, one of a
stately group remarkable for beautiful foliage and
numerous spikes of flowers ; and many kinds of
Campanula, including C. latifolia macrantha, a
pyramidal bush 4 feet high, bearing large blue
flowers, and well suited to back places in her-
baceous borders. Mr. Melville is the presiding
genius here, and he is backed by a good staff of
intelligent men, who all share the general regret
that the excellent superintendent is about to leave,
having been'promoted tojthe management of

Finsbury Park. Mr. Melville, a born gardener, as
was his father before him, has enjoyed a wide ex-
perience in gardening. I found him, however, a
most unassuming man, possessed of the character-
istic modesty whioh belongs to merit. He is fond
of assembling together several species of some of
the more striking groups of plants, so that their
contrasts and character may be displayed side by
side.

There are several examples of rockwork, planted
with alpines in the Park, bat the most extensive
gardening of this kind is on either side by the
carriage-road after passing through the Snakes'
Lane entrance. The arrangement here was well
conceived. The broad strip on each side of the
road was laid out in the semi-wild style of gar-
dening. In the background, under the fences on
either side, might have been seen, two years ago,
a bare rootery — if such a word may be used —
consisting of snags and scrags of roots, butts
of trees, and many a contorted piece of
timber, with rockwork in front. All these
uneven surfaces are now covered with Ivies
and other creepers such as gardeners employ
to render ruins and rockwork ornamental —
Honeysuckles, Clematis, climbing Roses, which
delight in the soil, and blossom profusely ; Vir-
ginia Creepers, Hops, Brambles, of the new and
handsome species; and several other plants.
Here and there, among the rocks, are Labur-
nums, Acacias, Pyruses, and Maples, trees or
bushes, which are also sprinkled over the whole
park in great variety, from the common and
corky British Maple with small leaves, to some
of the large-leafed foreign sorts. The home of
the alpines here is of course among the rocks.
The Saxifrages are largely represented, and the
common London Pride, which was at first freely
used to cover an extensive space with economy,
is now giving way to more valuable varieties.
The alpines are a ceaseless source of interest, and
I therefore noted down a few names, familiar
enough, no doubt, but still pleasing to the lovers of
these plants, as are the names of friends whose
virtues we like to hear of. Saxifraga pyramida-
lis, one of the most remarkable of the flowering
type, has rosettes of leaves 6 inches in diameter,
and from these spring pyramidal plumes of
white flowers to a height of 18 inches to
24 inches, forming a beautiful object not to be
forgotten. S. Wallacei is a fine large-flowered
variety. S. longifolia is another tall one, having
long silvery leaves ; and contrasting with these
are S. ctesia and S. squarrosa, which form lichen-
like tufts, scarcely rising above the soil. I must
not omit that gem of the alpine world, S. oppo-
sitifolia, producing sheets of showy rose-coloured
flowers in spring ; nor that fine, good, old-fashioned
sort, S. cordifolia. There are others of the several
sections, kidney-leaved or mossy, the latter
covering their border, or rock, with wide cushions
of lovely green, summer and winter. There are
Sedums, Stonecrops, to which are allotted the
driest and sunniest places, and Sempervivums,
House-leeks, in several forms. A little like
Sempervivum arachnoideum, Cobweb House-
leek, is Androsace sarmentosa, from the Hima-
layas, which prefers that its downy foliage should
be kept dry by resting on stones. Its larger,
bright rose flowers, with white centre, are pro-
duced in umbels. It is propagated by runners
like the Strawberry, and Mr. Melville, like other
growers, has found it liable to damp-off in
winter, as described in a recent correspondence
in the Gardeners' Chronicle. It does best here
in the recesses and orevices of the rockwork
where it receives partial protection from the
weather. Epimedium (Barren AVort) is a beau-
tiful genus of dwarf-growing plants, well described

in Mr. Ware's excellent catalogue of hardy peren-
nials, grown by him at Tottenham, as " forming
neat clumps about a foot high, of long-stalked
leathery leaves, and graceful panicles of lovely
flowers — white, yellow, lilac, crimson, purple,
and lavender." The foliage is tender and deli-
cate in appearance, though tough ; the leaves
are heart-shaped, and green in colour, tinged
with coppery-bronze. I must be content with
merely naming such lovely but well-known
things as Thrift, Heaths, Iberis oorifolia, an
evergreen Candytuft, Thymes, such as T. coc-
cinea and T. montana ; Erodium, several species;
and scarlet, pink, white and yellow Cistuses — ■
true alpines, much at home here in the rockery.
Geum montanum is another capital rock or
border perennial, with compact tufts of foliage,
and showy golden-yellow flowers on stems a foot
high or less. The Drabas, little spring flower-
ing plants, with compact cushions of foliage
covered with white and yellow flowers, are much
admired here. So, of course, are the Hepaticas,
common as air and water, but not the less excel-
lent and ornamental on that account. Among
the Aubrietias, which are usually blue or purple,
the only pink one, A. Leichtlinii, attracts great
attention here. The gardening world owes it, I
believe, to the art which has conferred upon us
so many novelties, the raiser having selected and
perpetuated plants bearing flowers nearest to
pink in their hue, till he succeeded in producing
a pure pink strain. A. Campbelli is another im-
provement, famous for a vigorous constitution,
and for large flowers ol deep violet-blue colour.
There are some fine varieties of Funkias putting
up their broad Palm-like leaves, of sub-tropical
aspect — though they are as hardy as common
Plantains. Stachys lanata is here, that common
white-leaved plant ; and the Mimulus, another
good old sort not yet surpassed for beauty, seems
to revel in the damp soil. Gaultheria procum-
bens, with white flowers and red berries, is a
cheerful little thing, easily detected in the cre-
vices of the rocks.

The strips of border in the foreground of the
rockeries, right and left of the entrance in
Snakes' Lane, was bright with Daisies, the Poly-
anthus, Crocus and Snowdrop in spring, and are
now fitted with the plants that follow in succes-
sion, such as Pansies, Phlox Drummondi, Dian-
thus chinensis, and the beautiful Spanish Iris,
with specimens of a narcotic " weed " much
cultivated in America, and known by the
name of Nicotiana tabacum, a plant with
fragrant flowers, and, as most people seem
to think, with still more fragrant leaves. Last
among the plants that must be named are the
Campanulas, which are here in great force, in
numerous varieties, from C. macrantha, one of
the largest, to the small Hairbells growing
in crevices like C. pumila alba, or C. nitida
alba, a pure white Hairbell, about 13 inches
high. The rest must be omitted. They
were in great perfection at the Crystal
Palace Rose show, as were Delphiniums, also
well represented in Dulwich Park. I may add
that the Pyrethrums, so much admired this
summer, were all seedlings sown at the end of
March last year. It should be mentioned, too,
that houses for propagating and for wintering
bedding plants, have just been erected. H. E.

New or Noteworthy Plants-

•

LILIUM LONGIFLOKUM vah. CHLORASTER,

Baker.

The Lilium longiflorum, of which bulbs were

brought by Dr. Henry along with Lilium Henryi

from Western China, has now flowered at Kew for

July 18, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

the first time, and proves to be a well-marked
variety. The stem is about 3 feet long, and very
glaucous. The leaves are bright green, lanceo-
late, usually three-nerved, rarely five-nerved. The
connivent funnel of the perianth is more open than
in typical longiflorum, resembling that of L. Brownii,
measuring about 4 inches in length by 2 inches in
diameter at the throat before the segments begin to
reflex, and down the back of each segment there
runs a distinct green keel. The anthers are shorter
than in typical longiflorum, linear-oblong, not more
than a third to half an inch long, and the pollen
(here again as in Brownii) is red-brown. J. G.
Baker, Herbarium, Keio.

Kniphofia Norths, Baker.

This has just been flowered for the first time in
this country, so far as I am aware, by Mr. W. E.
Gumbleton, at his seat in county Cork, where he
finds it to be perfectly hardy. It is nearly allied to
K. caulescens, and was first introduced into notice
by the late Miss North, from whose painting in the
Cape ante-room in her gallery at Kew it has become
well known, and who brought home a living plant
and presented it to the Kew collection. I am
informed by Mr. Tidmarsh, of the Botanic Garden
at Grahamstown, that it was originally discovered in
a wild state in that part of the colony by Mr. W.
Dugmore. We, however, knew nothing about it in
Europe till Miss North painted it, and introduced it.
The following description is made mainly from the
living plant, which Mr. Gumbleton has just kindly
forwarded. It was originally named and described
in Britten's Journal of Botany, 1889, p. 43.

Stem shortly produced, 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
Leaves thirty to forty, in a dense rosette, lanceolate
acuminate, glaucous, broadly channelled down the
face, not acutely keeled on the back, 4 to 5 feet long,
5 to 6 inches broad low down, tapering gradually to
a long point, the margin distinctly serrulate, the
inner leaves of the rosette growing gradually narrower
and shorter. Peduncle shorter than the leaves, an
inch in diameter at the base. Raceme very dense,
£ to 1 foot long, 3 inches in diameter ; pedicels very
short ; bracts ovate, brown, membranous, ^ inch
long; upper flowers tinged with bright red; lower
entirely yellow. Perianth cylindrical, an inch long ;
lobes small, ovate. Stamens and style finally half as
long again as the perianth. J. G. Baker, Herbarium,
Kew.

WADDON HOUSE, CROYDON.

PHinr Crowley, Esq., the Treasurer of the Royal
Horticultural Society, is well known to most plant
lovers, and his priceless collection of butterflies and
bird's eggs renders him equally well-known to ento-
mologists and ornithologists. His pretty residence
has on the one side, gardens, of which the main fea-
ture is an immense bed of subtropical plants, and
on the other side, the house is furnished with a
verandah and pillars, over which the summer
climbers twine. Facing this side of the mansion is
a pretty lawn-tennis ground, the corners brightened
with Pelargoniums and the flower beds, and
enclosed with a broad bank of herbaceous peren-
nials in which Lilies, Campanulas, &c, make a
fine show, and in which an occasional plant of the
Edelweiss proves the situation not too warm or dry.
Continuing the walk from the flower gardens, some
rockeries planted with hardy Ferns are reached, in
which, despite the rigours of the past winter, the
plants are in fine health. Here, the many forms of
Lastraa, Polysticum and Athyrium exhibit much
beauty, and the large patches of Onoclea sensibilis,
Adiantum pedatum, Polypodium Dryopteris, and P.
Phegopteris bespeak great age. Here, too, were
noted several specimens which may be deemed of
more than average — indeed, of historical — interest ;
the one is a large tuft of Cystopteris montana, which
was brought from southern Europe by Mrs. Crowley's
father some forty-five years ago, and which has in-
creased in bulk despite the many offsets which it has
furnished from time to time. In these rockeries the

Adder's Tongue Fern and other reputedly difficult
species luxuriate, and among them the tall sprays
of Campanula persicifolia alba make a pleasing effect,
and so also the graceful Foxgloves.

From the Fern Dell a noble walk runs beneath
lofty Beeches, and in a sheltered angle the kitchen
garden is placed, well cropped and tended by Mr.
W. King. In the kitchen gardens, and in the newly-
extended fruit gardens, there was a more than
average crop of fruit. About 350 trees have been
planted in recent years, and with very satisfac-
tory results. The fashion of planting many sorts,
fallen into by many persons, was avoided here, and
judging by present appearances, Mr. Crowley would
be entitled to give valuable advice to intending
planters.

Everywhere in the Waddon gardens advantage is
taken of sheltering corners, kitchen garden walks,
and nooks, to sow quantities of showy annuals.

The Plant -houses.

Mr. Walter King, who has for many years been
gardener at Waddon, has enhanced his reputation
by the excellence of his plants, which are to be found
at most of the important exhibitions. The secret of
success may with perfect fairness be told, for it is an
open one, viz., the knowledge of the exact time when
the feeding a plant, be it a specimen Allamanda,
Bougainvillea, a Caladium, or Anthurium, or a
Cherry, Plum, or Peach, may be begun ; and what is
of equal importance, a keen perception of the proper
time to discontinue the feeding, and arrange for the
ripening of the wood. These may at a glance seem
but simple matters, but in reality they are those on
which success in plant or fruit culture depends.

Starting from the mansion, the conservatory is the
first structure, with its fine but not too crowded
furnishing of Palms, Ferns, and flowering plants.
Among these the many examples of Spinca palmata
alba were very effective, and the various species of
Gladiolus showy. In the next house was an
effective Fern rockery, with Begonias planted
among the Maidenhair and other species of Ferns,
and all looking very natural and very effective, in
that the floor and the sides of the house consist of
natural rock.

The Orchids.

These plants command fair attention, and many
extraordinary specimens were observed, viz., a noble
specimen of Dendrobium moschatum, which is
trained over the roof of one of the houses, and which
carried annually from eighty to a hundred spikes. The
show house contained a brilliant display of Cattleyas,
Lajlias, Odontoglossums, two varieties of Ltelia
purpurata, one with pure white flower and violet
lip, and the other with almost wholly crimson flowers
being especially effective. Here, too, were Odonto-
glossum citrosmum armeniacum, a beautiful species
with apricot-sepals and petals ; also 0. c. album, the
pure white variety, and many of the ordinary form.
0. crispum here is well represented by a score or
so of plants of more than average merit, the O. c.
lilacinum being very near to the O. c. " Purple
Emperor," of Burford Lodge. In this show-house
were observed many very good plants of Cattleya
Mossioe, C. Mendeli, some grand Miltonia vexillaria,
the noble old Maxillaria tenuifolia ; a Sophronitis
grandiflora which had borne over forty flowers ; and
some good masses of Epidendrum vitellinum,
Lycaste aromatica, and showy Masdevallias.

In another house set apart for plants were noted
grand specimen Clerodendrons, Allamandas, Ixoras,
Anthuriums, Alocasias, and many others ; the speci-
mens of Davallia fijiensis, D. f. plumosa, D. Moorei,
D. hirta cristata, Killarney Fern (Trichomanes
radicans), and others, more than 5 feet across, were
very fine. In some of the houses Bougainvilleas,
Stephanotis, and the old but rare Hoya imperialis,
were rich with bloom. In one house the roof was
entirely covered with Citron, with a profusion of
large fruits and flowers. In another, Aristolochia
elegans had hundreds of flowers and flower buds, and
the Dieffenbachias, Crotons, and Dractenas are of

marvellous size and colour. In the greenhouses were
noble specimens of Dracophyllum gracile, Azaleas,
Boronias, and the specimen of Lomatia propinqua,
which recently produced their flowers, and caused
thereby so much interest. The fruit-houses have
fine crops of Grapes, Plums, Peaches, &c.

MANURES FOR THE GARDEN.

In continuation of this subject, we may mention
that it was stated by a Grape-grower, that he applied
a heavy dressing of dried blood, or other animal
manure, to some Isabella Grapes, and they grew as
large as Black Hamburghs, but none of them ripened.
The reason for this is obvious. The organic nitro-
gen of the manure was not converted into available
plant-food till the soil was warm and the season
advanced, and this conversion was continued all
through the summer and autumn. It was precisely
as though nitrate of soda had been sown every day
on the vineyard, and thus kept the Vines growing
with excessive vigour without any chance to mature
either the wood or the fruit.

What Vines want is a dressing of superphosphate
or bone-meal in the autumn or early spring, dug or
cultivated into the soil, so as to get the manure
down to the roots, and then as early in the spring as
the soil will admit, a dressing of from 200 to 300 lb.
of nitrate of soda to each acre of ground, or we
believe that Wood & Sons' Le Fruitier, applied at the
rate of 1 ounce to each square yard of ground, would
be equally efficacious.

In the form of these concentrated manures, nitro-
gen is immediately available, and will be promptly
taken up by the roots, and furnish a sap rich in
nitrogenous matters and phosphoric acid, and thus
force a healthy, vigorous growth early in the season ;
and, in a few weeks, there will be no nitrate left in
the soil to produce an excessive growth of wood, or
to retard the ripening of the Grapes.

Nurserymen, as a rule, do not believe in com-
mercial fertilisers, but they have great faith in
stable-manure. This is not surprising. Ordinary
fertilisers are often disappointing, and not what
they want. They do not contain enough nitrogen.
Professor Snyder, of Cornell University, has
analysed a two-year-old Apple tree. Assuming that
a block of Apple trees in the nursery would produce
a growth each year of five tons of dry wood and
leaves, they remove from the soil, according to the
investigations of Professor Snyder, 12 lb. of phos-
phoric acid, 44 lb. of potash, and 89 lb. of nitrogen.
The trees are thus shown to contain over seven
times as much nitrogen as they do of phosphoric
acid.

There is an old saying, " Letting land lie in grass
impoverishes the father but enriches the son."
When an old meadow or pasture is broken up, the
old grass, roots and sod all decompose, and furnish
a considerable quantity of nitrates and other plant
food, and double or treble the amount of produce
from succeeding crops is obtained than if it had
remained in grass ; but, of course, this is obtained
at the expense of previous accumulations of organic
matter in the sod and soil. The son thus gets the
benefit of his father's saving.

Nurserymen generally understand this matter, and
when they rent land they prefer that which has been
in grass for some years. Nurserymen cultivate their
land very thoroughly between rows, and this constant
stirring of the soil facilitates the decomposition of
the sod and other nitrogenous organic matter. But
after it has been cultivated for some years the
accumulated fertility is gone, and recourse must be
had to manure from external sources.

Mr. Harris does not say that a nurseryman, after
he has grown a crop of Apple trees on pasture-land
for four or five years can, by the use of plenty of
nitrates and other plant food, continue to grow
luxuriant blocks of nursery trees, but he does not
see why it should not be done. All the indications
warrant us in assuming that the mineral elements
of plant food, such as phosphoric acid and potash,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jolt 18, 1891.

accumulate in the soil while it is occupied by nursery
trees, but there is unquestionably a considerable
loss of nitrogen. Messrs. Lawes & Gilbert's summer
fallow experiments at Rothamsted clearly show
this to be the case. The loss has been so great that
it can be detected by analysis as well as by the
decreasing crops.

Improved horticulture will not enable nurserymen
to grow cheaper products — but better. The judicious
use of fertilisers will not enable growers to sell
Apples at one shilling a bushel, but they will, com-
bined with careful selection of varieties and good
management, enable them to raise Apples better
worth four shillings per bushel, than the fruit from
a starved and neglected orchard is worth one shilling.

Great advances have been made in the introduc-
tion of improved varieties of fruits and vegetables,
and this necessitates cleaner and richer land. Thirty
or forty years ago, it was thought that Tomatos must
have poor soil or they would run all to bines. Now
our improved varieties will stand a liberal dressing
of superphosphate and nitrate of soda, and it is not
easy to determine who exhibits the greatest folly,
the man who fertilises his land and then plants poor
varieties, or the man who plants the best and most
improved sorts and then neglects to furnish them
with a liberal supply of appropriate and available
plant food.

Professor Bailey of Cornell University, has shown,
not only that an improved variety of Tomato will
stand heavy manuring, but that it doubled the crop
of fruit, and gave Tomatos that were smoother.
He put 66 tons of good stable manure per acre,
containing probably not less than (300 lb. of nitrogen.
On an adjoining plot, on poorer land, he applied
200 lb. of nitrate of soda alone per acre, con-
taining 32 lb. of nitrogen, and it increased the
crop of fruit from 0J lb. per Vine on the unmanured
plot to over 9 lb. per Vine. On the plot receiving
this small dressing of nitrogen, the Vines had very
dark foliage, which shows that they would have been
all the better for a dressing of superphosphate with
the nitrate of soda.

Soils vary in respect to the plant-food they
supply in available forms. Phosphoric acid and
nitrogen are most often deficient ; next comes
potash; then lime and sulphuric acid, and rarely
magnesia.

But the infertility of soils is due to other causes,
perhaps nearly as often as to the lack of plant-food.
Soils often do not possess the proper texture — they
are too compact, or too loose ; or they are too
shallow ; or they lack absorptive powers — they
cmnot retain the plant-food until plants use it, but
suffer it to be washed away by drainage-water ; or
the moisture supply is bad — they are too wet or too
dry. These defects are as fatal as lack of plant-
food. Many soils need amendments first and then
manure. J. J. Willis, Harpenden.

Trees and Shrubs.

DIMENSIONS OF CONIFERS, &c , AT
HATTON PARK.

This was a famous house at Feltham, Middlesex, in
days gone by, when it was the residence of the late
Chief Baron Pollock, a great lover of trees. It has
numerous fine Conifers dotted about its grounds. The
estate is still in the possession of the family. The
genera Abies and Picea are well represented ; an
example of A. grandis has attained a height of 52 feet,
with a circumference of bole of 5£ feet at a height of
2 feet from the ground ; A. Pinsapo and A. nobilis
each 58 feet, and a circumference of 5 feet. There
are two fine specimens of Cedar of Lebanon on the
south-east side of the mansion, each measuring
48 feet in height; one with a girth of 10 feet 2
inches, and the other 9J feet at 2 feet from the
ground.

Araucaria imbricata, of very symmetrical growth
and in fine health, measures 38 feet in height and
41 feet in girth of stem. Cupressus Lawsoniana,
a really grand example, is 29 feet high ; and Crypto-
meria japonica, 45 feet. Taxus adpressa has a

spread of branches of 28 feet, and a height of 4 feet ;
T. a. aurea, spread of branches, 36 feet ; height,
8 feet. Thuia gigantea is 30 feet high, a noble well-
shaped tree ; Thuiopsis dolabrata variegata, 10 feet ;
Juniperus virginiana, 16 feet ; and Pinus maritima,
45 feet high. Biota aurea, 18 feet in circumference
of the branches.

The place does not lay claim to attractions
under glass, but the well-kept old-fashioned conser-
vatory contained a wonderfully well-bloomed plant
of Rhododendron Countess of Haddington ; a fine
and vigorous example of Cereus sp. covers one of the
greenhouse walls ; this must be an object of great
beauty when in bloom. Black Hamburgh Grape
vines are healthy and vigorous, and they will, doubt-
less, give a good account of themselves in the
fruiting season. Mr. W. Brittain is the gardener in
charge. B.

Citisus scoparius Andeeanos.

This seedling from the common yellow Broom, is
likely to prove useful as a forced plant — that is, if it
be afforded greenhouse treatment during the winter,
flowering from March onwards. It is, moreover, a
pretty border or shrubbery plant. It is propagafed
with great ease by grafting on stocks of the common
Broom, and the best method to adopt is wedge-
grafting, the union obtained being more satisfactory
than side-grafting affords,|and which is best when
performed in the spring, the grafted plants being
plunged in cocoa-nut fibre or tan, in cases where the
temperature' ranges from 50° to 60°, and in three
weeks' or a month's time they can be taken out of the
cases and stood on the side stages of the house, and in
a few weeks time they will be fit for planting in the
open air.

Plants that were treated as described above (with
the exception of not being planted out) were kept
growing in pots all last summer fully exposed to the
sun, liberally supplied with water, and placed in
cold frames in the autumn, and about Christmas
time were put in an ordinary greenhouse, and on
March 2 they commenced to open their flowers. It
will be very interesting to know whether it will re-
produce itself from seeds, or run back to the original
form. Last year it produced seeds very freely, which
were sown in light sandy soil, and the pots placed in
a temperature of 55° ; some germinated in three
weeks' time, while others took three months to come
up. These are now being grown on for the purpose
of proving whether they will come true or not, but I
am inclined to think that this mode of propagation
will not be a success. H.

The Irish Yew.

The original Irish Yew, which was first discovered
a century or so ago at Florence Court, near Fer-
managh, was a female plant. Its history is given in
the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1873, p. 1336. Being
propagated mostly by cuttings, it has preserved its
character, though Messrs. Veitch say that seedlings
from it nearly always revert to the common type,
which may be the result of its flowers being ferti-
lised by the pollen of the common Yew.

To Mr. Tillett, of Sprowston, near Norwich,
we were lately indebted for the receipt of sprays of
the Irish Yew, bearing unequivocal male flowers.
We trust Mr. Tillett may succeed in fertilising the
berry-bearing plants of the Irish Yew with the
pollen. It is very possible that under such circum-
stances the seedlings would "come true." It must
be borne in mind that it is a frequent occurrence for
dioecious trees to become monrecious. The Yew
occasionally does so. We would also point out that
the upright form and the arrangement of the leaves
on all sides of the branches — peculiarities which
characterise the " fastigiate " form — are really the
juvenile characters, which, contrary to custom, have
become persistent. The adult arrangement, from
some cause or another not known, has not been
assumed, so that the plant is, so to speak, an over-
grown baby. Examination of seedling plants, and
of strong-growing leading shoots, will illustrate the
truth of these statements. A dwarf form, known as
Taxus empetriformis, has its leaves similarly arranged
M . T. M.

Colonial Notes.

"PREUM-BESJES."
(See Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 408, vol. ix.)
Owing to the Cape Colony being a biggish place,
with very varied and very localised vegetative forms,
one name does duty for several different trees,
shrubs, or berries, that have some sort of rough
resemblance, but grow in far distant divisions ; so that
it is not always easy to give an accurate name for a
vernacular one. But since Mrs. Church, in her
chronicles of an ostrich farm, is describing a very
well-known Karoo property, one can get at the solu-
tion of your correspondent's difficulty pretty cer-
tainly. "Preum-besjes," as the word ought to be
written, i.e., Plum-berries, are the fruit of Pappea
capensis, E. & Z. (Sipindus Pappea, Lond. in Fl.
Cap. i., 24.) They are about the size of the top of
one's little finger, at first capsular, the thin papery
shell cracking evenly, and exposing the little
cherry-red fruit, which is not very much unlike a
red Currant in flavour. The tree is never large,
seldom reaching 20 feet, and grows mostly on the
randts or ridges of low trap hills that intersect the
Karoo. The seed is brown, smooth, and very oily.
The Boers, who have a medicine of their own when
the huisapotheck, or drug-box fails, boil the crushed
seeds, and collect the oil that rises to the sur-
face of the water as a substitute for castor-oil,
if little Coos, or Sannie, has eaten too many green
mealies, and begins to complain. It is mildly
effective, and from this use the seeds get the name of
" Olie-pitten." Elsewhere the children call the fruit
of Colpoon compressum, Berg., preum-besjes. This
low bush, the Osyris compressa, DC, bears a pyriform
red drupe, ultimately becoming deep purple. It is
just eateable, a sort of African Unedo — at least, I
never eat two at a time. The whole shrub, stems,
twigs, and leaves, is cut up or pulled up in large
quantities for the use of the tanners, who value it
greatly as a substitute for Sumach. I suppose they
would use the bark only, were the stems large
enough for that process, and this they signify by
calling the plant by a vagary of naming, " Pruim-
bast, %.»., Plum-bark. Then there is " Kafir- Preume,''
the red acid Plum of Harpephyllum caffrum, a
most beautiful forest tree of the eastern districts.
None but school boys, whose dura ilia can stand
anything that bears the name of fruit, could eat it.
The skin is tough, the pulp scanty, and the stone
disproportionately large. But your correspondent
must not hope to naturalise the Pappea. It would
take a weary long while to grow to bearing age, and
a pint of Red Currants would be worth the whole
crop of a tree 10 feet high. P. MacOwan.

Singapore.
Coffee Leaf Fungus. — The Agricultural Bulletin
of the Malay Peninsula, the first number of which is
before us, contains a condensed abstract of Dr.
Burck's articles on the treatment of the Coffee leaf
disease (Hemileia) in Java. Dr. Burck finds that
the spores germinate in darkness only, full light
being very prejudicial to them. Water and air, and
more or less complete darkness, are the requisites for
germination [facts which suggest the possible use of
the electric light in the future. Ed.]. Forthecureof
the disease, Dr. Burck employs sulphuric acid (vitriol).
A drop of this caustic fluid is placed on the diseased
spots on the leaf by means of a bamboo needle, and
causes the destruction of the fungus. Another plan
is to cut out with scissors the diseased patches,
which are then destroyed. It would seem that
neither of these practises, however good in theory,
could possibly be adopted on a large scale, but we
are told of two planters who have tried them on
220,000 and on 170,000 trees respectively, and who
were well pleased with the results. Various pre-
ventive remedies were also tried, but tobacco water,
used in the form of spray to the under-surface of the
leaves, is most efficacious, killing the fungus without
injuring the Coffee leaf. Hedges are recommended
to break up the plantations, and check the progress
of the spores.

Joly 18, 1891

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Abori, Gold Coast.
At the botanical station here, preparation for the
■culture of Liberian Coffee, Cacao, Egyptian Cotton,
and other economic products have made satisfactory
progress under the direction of Mr. Crowther. Ex-
cessive heat with little range and a saturated atmo-
sphere for a large part of the year, are not very
wholesome conditions for Europeans, though many
plants thrive under such circumstances. Dr. Easmon
contributes to the Report before us an interesting
note on the use of Newbouldia Itevis, a Bignoniaceoas
plant, in the treatment of dysentery.

" The Agricultural Gazette of New
South Wales."
This is a Government publication, issued for the
purpose of disseminating cultural information to
farmers and fruit growers. Thus, in the number
before us, we find notes on various economic plants,
illustrated articles on the grasses of New South
Wales, by Mr. Turner; notes on the diseases of
plants and their treatment, and so large a number
of useful hints that one envies the colonial farmers.

course they did, assisted by manurial aids of one
kind and another.

The transplanting of Onions has, here, the prefer-
ence over sowing in the open, and very fine they
were, standing at about 10 inches apart, in long lines.
For early fruiting, Glenhurst Favourite Tomato is
grown, and a very fine lot of plants were found in
fruit in a span-house. It is a variety that sets its
blossoms in the bad weather better than others, and
is not injured in the least if it stand under partial
shade. The red-coloured fruit is globular, and not
ribbed, and has been grown up to 18 oz. in weight.
Mr. Waite fruits some of his Tomatos in boxes 15
inches by 7 inches by 24 inches, two or three plants in
a box. These are stood out-of-doors all the summer
after setting a crop of fruits, and may be taken to
any dry warm glass-houses in September, if the
weather be then not favourable to growth. Peaches,
Nectarines, Vines, &c, are also well-grown and
fruited.

Vegetables.

At Glenhurst, Esher, the gardens of which are
under Mr. C. J. Waite's charge, many of the best
varieties of vegetables are grown as well as anywhere
in the country.

CAMPANULATE FOXGLOVES.

Every season we receive numerous speci-
mens similar to that illustrated at fig. 10, and this
year the examples sent to us have been more
numerous than ever, whence we infer that the con-
dition is specially frequent. The explanation is,
that several flowers have, as it were, run into one.
producing an erect, apparently simple but really
composite, bloom at the top of the stem. In the

FlG. 10. — MALFORMED FLOWER OF DIGITALIS.

The gardener is a successful exhibitor at metro-
politan and other shows, but he does not grow any-
thing especially for exhibition, all being treated
alike. We may say that he is a firm believer in deep
cultivation of the land, perfect cleanliness amongst
his crops, and in the abundant use of liquid manure,
of which he never lets a drop run to waste.

It was interesting to note the earliness of the
Cauliflowers sown on January 27, and planted out
March 22, in an open spot away from all protection.
These were almost cleared off, whilst the autumn-
sown ones were still being cut, and not very good
either, the winter having punished them to a cer-
tain extent, and the heads were small. The first
head from the winter-sown lot was cut on June 1.
Another Cauliflower of considerable earliness is
Sutton's First Crop, a variety with no visible stem,
few leaves, and broad flattish head. Owing to want
of leaves to shelter the latter from the sun, it is not
good in colour, but the variety is a decided acquisi-
tion. It should be sown in January for early cutting.

Finer Lettuces could be found nowhere than
here. The varieties principally grown are Webb's
Monstrous White Cos, and Sutton's All Heart.
These Lettuces had been planted at 1 foot apart in
the lines, which stood in the wide spaces between
rows of Peas and Runner Beans ; and, when large
enough for use, each alternate plant was cut, and the
remainder left to grow to a very large size, which of

very young condition the little tubercles that are to
form the flowers are close together. Some arrest of
growth takes place, the flowers that should be sepa-
rate, not only remain in approximation but actually
unite. Disorder has begun, and when growth is
renewed — as it soon is — the disorder becomes
intensified in various ways. The mystery at present
is, as to what is the initial cause of the disturbance.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CIRRHOPETALUM THOUARSII, Lindl.
This elegant little species, the type of the genus
Cirrhopetalum, was first made known to science in
1822, when it was figured by Thouars {Orch. Isles
Afr., t. 98) as Bulbophyllum longiflorum, with the
statement that it was a native of Mauritius and
Madagascar. Upon this figure Lindley based his
genus Cirrhopetalum, calling the species C. Thou-
arsii {Bot. Reg., 1824, sub t. 832). Unlike most
others, this species soon got the character of being
very widely diffused. In 1838, Lindley observed :—
" This very curious plant is one of the most exten-
sively diffused of all epiphytal Orchidacea;. I have
specimens gathered in the Society Islands by
Mr. Matthews ; Reinwardt found it in Java ;
Thouars, in the Isles of France and Madagascar ;

and Mr. Cuming has lately sent it from Manilla
to Messrs. Loddiges, with whom it flowered
last July " {Bot. Reg., 1838, t. 11). The Philippine
plant thus introduced to cultivation was afterwards
figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 4237, and is still
cultivated under this name. It is a matter of great
interest to know that after the lapse of nearly
seventy years a genuine Mauritian specimen has
been introduced, and is now flowering in the Orchid-
house at Kew. It was sent by C. W. Bewsher, Esq ,
of the Oriental Bank, Mauritius, together with other
native Orchids collected by him. I am inclined to
think Lindley has confused two or three closely-allied
species, for the one now flowering at Kew seems suffi-
ciently distinct from that so long known in gardens
under the name. Its flowers are light yellow, without
spots. A second specimen from the same source is
said to have red flowers. There are no dried speci-
mens at Kew of the Mascarene plant ; but the plant
now flowering agrees well with the figure given by
Thouars. Its appearance in cultivation is very
interesting. R. A. Rolfe.

Lycaste Skinneri, Pitt's Variety.

This very curious Lycaste comes from Horace
Pitt, E9q., of Stamford Hill, and by some persons it
might be regarded as being a distinct species ; its
sepals are narrower and longer than those of the
ordinary form, and of a peculiar greenish-white tint,
merging into buff. The petals are also narrower,
and not so closely folded over the column as in the
type; they are white, tinged with rose at the base.
The lip is also narrow, whitish with rose spots. It
is a very peculiar and distinct form. J. O'B.

Cycnoches Chloeochilon, Klot:sch, $ and $ .

There are probably few orchidists to whom the
quaint and fragrant flowers of Cycnoches chloro-
chilon are not familiar, as the species has been in
cultivation for a long period, and is now pretty
common. The appearance of the second sex. how-
ever, has either not hitherto been recorded, or I have
failed to find it, and therefore I have great pleasure
in calling attention to the following incident, which
fills a blank in our knowledge of this singularly
dimorphic genus. M. Houzeau de Lehaie, Member
of the Chamber of Representatives, Hyon, near
Mons, Belgium, has sent to Kew a flower of each
sex, which appeared in his collection on distinct
plants, received from Caracas, the native home of
this species. The male is the form so long known in
gardens, with slender column and pollinia normally
developed ; while the female, which had been ex-
panded for six weeks when forwarded, and still in
good condition, presents the following characters : —
The flower is distinctly larger and more fleshy than
the male, and with broader sepals and petals ; the
lip a little larger, with broader much more obtuse
crest ; the ovary more than twice as thick, and more
strongly grooved, and the column scarcely half as
long, at least four times as thick ; no pollinia, but a
well- developed stigma, with a pair of large fleshy
incurved wings on either side. The colour is
identical in the two sexes. To those who are
familiar with the great diversity between the sexes
in C. ventricosum ( <J described as C. Egertonia-
num), C. Warscewiczii, C. pentadactylon, or C.
Rossianum, the close resemblance in the species now
under notice will appear very remarkable, if not
inexplicable. To me it is specially interesting,
because it clears up what I have long been
unable to understand. C. ventricosum is well
known to be the female sex of a species, but the
C. chlorochilon so long known in gardens, and which
bears so close a resemblance to it, had the pollen
alone perfect, and appeared to be a male. Had it
appeared to be a female, one would have looked out
for a male somewhat like C. Egertonianum, but not
being so I was completely baffled. Could it be
hermaphrodite? Well, I tried to fertilise it, taking
the pollen from another flower, but all in vain.
And yet all goes on calmly in Nature — and now we
have the key of the situation in the present example.
It is clear that we have in Cycnoches two very dis-

THE GARDE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1801.

tinct groups, one in which the two sexes are very
dissimilar in the perianth, and especially in the lip,
the other in which these differences are compara-
tively slight. Of the former we have C. ventrico-
surn, C. Warscewiczii, C. pentadactylon, C. Rossi-
anum (of which both sexes are known), C. aureum,
C. maculatum, and a few imperfectly known ones (of
which the males only have hitherto appeared). Of
the latter group we have C. chlorochilon and C.
Loddigesii (of which both sexes have appeared), C.
Haagei and C. versicolor (of which the females have
yet to be discovered). Our knowledge of the genus
is still very imperfect, but the materials are gradually
accumulating, thanks to those who have kindly sent
materials : of whom Messrs. Gotto, of Hampstead ;
Ross, of Florence ; Rand, of Para, Brazil ; and
Houzeau, of Belgium, must be mentioned, because
each have forwarded the two sexes of a species.
Others have assisted, but the lucky moment has not
yet arrived when they have been able to dispatch a
box containing both sexes. Several of the species
mention above are, I fear, not in cultivation at
present, but we may hope they will reappear in time.
Respecting C. Loddigesii, Lindley's very interest-
ing note will bear repeating. " In August, 1836,"
he remarks (Bot. Reg., sub t. 1051*), " Mr. Wilmer,
of Oldfield, near Birmingham, sent me a specimen
of a Cycnoches, which had broad petals, a short
column, hooded and dilated at the apex, and a broad
rounded lip, gibbous at the base, and with its stalk
much shorter than the column. It was, however,
destitute of scent, while C. Loddigesii has, as is well
known, a delicious odour of vanilla. I had no
doubt of its being a distinct species, and called it
C. cucullata. But in the autumn of 1836, in the
garden of the Horticultural Society, a plant of
Cycnoches produced from opposite sides of the same
stem two racemes, those of one raceme were the well-
known fragrant flowers of C. Loddigesii, and of the
other the scentless flowers of the new C. cucullata."
It may be added that C. cucullata does not appear
to have been described ; probably the second
example appeared in time for Lindley to suppress it.
It is a parallel case to the one now recorded. The
flowers are a little more dissimilar than in C. chloro-
chilon, but, like it, the shape of the lip is very
similar in each sex, not totally different as in the
other group. H. A. Bolfe, Herbarium, Kew.

supposed, and it is found in the case of the Blood
Red Italian Tripoli Onion, which is at times brilliant
in colour, that it is as mild as the White Italian
Tripoli. But it is an opinion held by many that the
strongest flavoured Onions are the best keepers.
E.D.

or better still, if it can get a position in front of a
wall. It throws up suckers, by which it may be
increased, as well as by cuttings, both green and
ripened. F. H.

THE SEED TRADE.

Keeping Onions. — When the Onions were harvested
on the seed trial grounds of Messrs. Hurst & Son, at
Chelmsford, last autumn, a number of bulbs of each
variety were laid out upon shelves in a barn to test
their keeping qualities. At the middle of May the best
keeper was found to be the Red Wethersfield, an
American variety of the Blood Red, and larger in size
than the ordinary stock of the latter, and quite of the
shape of Danver's Yellow. Scarcely one of these
had started into growth ; the bulbs were still sound
and plump. Next in point of keeping quality came
the Globe types. James' Long Keeping, an old and
popular variety, and Bedfordshire Champion, together
with the Giant Zittau, an Onion of the Nuneham
Park type, with a shape midway between the globe
and the flat, and, being of a pale salmon-brown
colour, may be said to form a connecting link
between the yellow-skinned and the pale red-
skinned Onions. It will be remembered that a trial
was made of this Onion a few years ago by Mr.
Barron at Chiswick, and strongly recommended by
him as a keeper.

As there is something akin to a prejudice against
the Blood Red Onions in the London markets,
owing both to colour and to the fact that they are sup-
posed to possess a particularly strong flavour, it may
be remarked that both conceptions are not alto-
gether true in fact. The red colour of the Blood
Red Onion is largely superficial, and if a bulb be
severed in two it will be found that one or two of
the outer coatings of flesh are highly coloured,
while it pales considerably towards the centre. The
flavour, too, is mild — much milder than is generally

Plant Notes.

LA.GERSTRCEMIA REGIME, lioxb.
In colour the flowers of this Asiatic tree are
similar to the bracts of Bougainvillea glabra. During
May many dozens of these trees are to be seen flower-
ing in various parts of Port of Spain, the capital of
the colony. One of the two growing in the Botanic
Garden is especially deserving of notice, both for its
large size and symmetrical outline ; and it is made
the more conspicuous, as it occupies a very
prominent position on a lawn facing the east
side of the Palace, the residence of the Queen's
representative here, the Governor of the island.
At the time of flowering, the trees become covered
with panicles of light purple flowers. For planting
up to form avenues, and such-like purposes, in the
tropics, there is no tree more suitable than this ; in
habit and density of appearance it very much re-
sembles the Horse Chestnut (jEsculus Hippocas-
tanum). Being deciduous, there are times when it
becomes completely bare, but the contrary is the
case after the large leathery leaves are developed.
The centre of the flower is yellow, due to the pre-
sence of numerous yellow anthers poised on the tips
of slender filaments. The tree appears to seldom or
never mature good seeds here. During the past three
years, we have been unable to prove it fertile, though
we have made numerous sowings of fresh seeds.
W, E. Broadway, Triiiidad,

NoRANTEA GUIANENSIS, Aubl.

The habit of this plant, as growing in the flower-
garden, is that of a shrubby, pendulous character,
where it is exposed to the sun throughout the day.
That it is quite at home in this position, is proved
by its strong growth and constant flowering. From
a horticultural point of view, the small dull violet-
coloured flowers are not worth noticing, but the
saccate-scarlet bracts growing singly from the base
of each flower constitute the chief beauty of this
plant. These grow at right-angles to the erect-
growing flowers, and in shape may be compared to
a powder-flask, the opening situated at the narrowed
base. The flowers stand three or four deep on the
upper side, and the bracts also three and four deep,
but on either side of the raceme. The numerous
bracts and flowers are crowded together over a
length of 1 or 2 feet. The species is a native of
Trinidad and the mainland of South America,
where it is quite a common plant in the woodland
districts, climbing to the tops of trees 50 to CO feet
in height. At a superficial glance, the red-hot-
poker Kniphofia aloides of English gardens suggests
itself. W. E. Broadway, Trinidad.

RUBUS DELICIOSUS.

With the exception of the Raspberry, which, on
account of its fruits, is to be found in almost every
garden, comparatively few members of this genus
find a place in gardens, notwithstanding that
several are really distinctly ornamental plants — such
as the rampant-growing R. biflorus, with its white-
washed-like stems ; R. chamiemorus, the cloud-
berry, only growing a few inches high, with large
white flowers, which are followed by reddish-orange
fruits, of large size, when compared with the plant.
Even some double-flowered forms of R. fruticosus, the
common Bramble, are not without merit when
planted in appropriate positions. In the species we
are noting, R. deliciosus, we have an ornamental
deciduous shrubby plant, producing annually, in
May, a profusion of its large white flowers, from the
ripened wood of the previous year, just after the
manner of the ordinary Raspberry. It succeeds best
if planted towards the front of a mass of shrubs —

THE HARDINESS OF JAPANESE
BAMBOOS.

The Bamboos, the noblest of all the Grasses,
have not only the merit of utility, but the growth of
many varieties is characterized by such grace and
distinction that they are among the handsomest
ornaments of gardens and plantations. Lately much
attention has been given to some of the Japanese
varieties, among which may be found widely distinct
habits, ranging in height from 3 to 40 feet, and with
foliage varying both in breadth and colour. In a
small state many of these varieties are useful, grown
in jars for in-door decoration — a use to which they
are much put by the Japanese. Florists will find
these useful additions to their stock of decorative
plants, as they are not only light and graceful in
effect, but they will help to break the monotony of
the Palms. But their beauty is better shown when
grown in large masses in the open air ; where rightly
placed, they have capabilities of striking effects in
the landscape. Bambusa Metake has been long
known in gardens, and is of undoubted hardiness ; but
there are numerous Japanese varieties which are
now obtainable, and many of them will be of great
value if they prove entirely hardy. Most of these
are said to come from the warmer parts of Japan,
but I have been much encouraged, in testing a small
selection of varieties last winter, to believe that,
many of them are hardy in this latitude, and
require scarcely any protection. The varieties
tested were planted early last spring, and, while
apparently well established, they made no great
vertical growth. They were in rather stiff loam,
where no stagnant water could remain at the roots.
They remained during the winter without any pro-
tection to the stems, and with no mulch over the-
roots. Six of the seven varieties exposed passed
the ordeal safely, and are now making vigorous
growth. There was, however, an apparent difference
in their resistance to severe weather, but this may
have been due to less-matured growths. The past
winter was not extremely cold, the thermometer
only once droppiug to zero, but was a fairly average
one as to temperature and moisture. They having
lived through this without the slightest protection,
there seems no reason to think that they will not
pass safely through an exceptionally severe winter if
the roots are well protected by mulching. It might
also be well to provide wind-breaks, though the
foliage of most of the varieties could not probably
be preserved during an ordinary winter under any
protection in this climate. Such varieties as B.
llagamowski may be an exception in this regard,
since they have hard, firm leaves which would be
retained if protected from scorching. B. Simoni
also has persistent foliage. In detail, the varieties
tested are given in the order of apparent hardiness.

B. Simoni, leaves quite persistent, and plant un-
touched. B. viridi-glaucescens and B. aurea lost
their leaves, but the stems were untouched. B. Raga-
mowski had its leaves scorched. B. (Arundinaria)
quilioi lost its leaves, and its stems were slightly
touched. B. (Phyllostachys) nigra (Korochiko of
Japan), top killed, but now pushing from the roots.
This black-stemmed variety is said to attain a height
of 30 feet, which would indicate more vigour than it
has shown with me.

B. angulata (variety with knotty joints) was
entirely broken up, root and branch, by the frost.
B. Castilloni (Kimmeichiku of the Japanese) was
grown in the house, but is apparently as vigorous as
the hardiest ones. Bamboos do not often show their
distinct characteristics before the second year, and
should be planted in permanent quarters. They
form thickets by pushing out horizontal short-
jointed stems in every direction. These emit roots,
and break at every joint, so that a well-established
plant soon becomes the centre of a large clump.

July 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Of course, as these plants grow'tall, conditions may
arise which would prevent their being hardy in this
latitude. For instance, an exceptional winter might
cut the top growth severelyMf not matured, but the
root- action is so strong that there seems little doubt
that the damage would be confined to the tops even in
the worst seasons. /''. N. Gerard, in Garden and Forest.

Florists* Flowers.

•

CARNATION DISEASE.
We have received several* specimens this week of
Carnations completely dying off from below upwards.

and attention bestowed upon them, by the pleasure
to be derived from a daily survey of a rich harvest of
imposing blossoms, which not only please the eye by
their massive size and delicate colours, but have
also that necessary addition which flowers require to
make them perfect, viz., a delightful perfume. It is
not often that a flower which becomes the rage of
the season, and lays such hold upon the popular
fancy, has the drawback of being so difficult to manage
successfully, as do the various varieties of Malmaison
Carnations ; this fact alone seems likely to prevent
the possibility of their becoming too common, for
some time at least, till their cultural requirements
are more generally understood. I trust, therefore,

Fig. 11. — disease of caenations, caused by eel-worms.

On examination, we found the stems and leaves
swarming with eel-worms (see fig. 11). As these
creatures find entrance by the soil, we can only
counsel burning the plants, and turning out the
mould. There is no application that we know of
that will cure the disease, or kill the animals with-
out also killing the plant. High manuring might
enable the plants to withstand the attacks better,
but of this we are very doubtful.

Malmaison Caenation.
Those who have been fortunate enough to secure
a good stock of Malmaison Carnations will, during
the next few weeks, be amply repaid for the care

that a few cultural details, gathered from a highly
successful grower of these popular flowers, will prove
useful to the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

Mr. J. Kitley, whose houses are near the grounds
of the Castle gardens at Warwick, cultivates 2000
plants, and devotes three large span-roofed houses
to their culture ; one is filled with large plants in
7 and 8-inch pots, which were potted on last season,
while the other two are occupied by splendid young
plants in 6-inch pots, which were layered in July
and August last, and are now carrying wonderfully
fine blooms. The plants themselves are strong aud
sturdy, and the picture of health and cleanliness,
just the type of plants which all Carnation growers

strive to obtain, but unfortunately do not always suc-
ceed in doing. The two-year-old plants carry from six
to eight flower-stems, surmounted by one large bloom
with four or five smaller side-blooms. Standing on
an elevated position near the large house in which
these plants stand, a fine view is obtained of the
huge pink flowers and opening buds, which present
to the enthusiast a sight to be envied as well as
admired.

As soon as the flowering period is over, the large
plants are placed in the open air in the soil, which
is naturally light and in good working order ; here
the plants are layered in the usual way, by first
" wringing" the young shoots, and pegging them to
the ground, taking care to place a little leaf-soil
and sand around the layers to enable them to root
quickly. This operation is performed at various
times, from the end of July to the end of August,
as the plants go out of flower. Some of the young
plants are potted into 8-inch pots, and prove the
most profitable the second year. When well rooted,
which is generally about the beginning of October,
the strongest layers are potted into their blooming
pots, which varies from 5 to 6 inches in diameter, the
weaker plants being placed in large GO's, and repotted
in the spring. As the plants are potted up from
the open air they are placed in their winter
quarters, in light span-roofed houses, where they
remain till the flowering period is over.

At all stages of their growth, Mr. Kitley considers
careful watering has much to do with success, and he
allows his plants to get much drier at the roots than
many people would think beneficial, but that the
practice suits the plants is clearly demonstrated by
their robust health and their splendid blooms, a
cultural achievement of which any cultivator may
well be proud. Should anyone interested in the
culture of these beautiful flowers happen to visit the
neighbourhood of Warwick, during the next few
weeks, I have no doubt Mr. Kitley will willingly
show them his treasures, with his usual courtesy,
and, having once seen, I am certain they will retain
a vivid impression of so fine a show, an impression
that will linger in the memory long after the flowers
have faded. H. Dunkin.

Forestry.

SEASONABLE WORK FOR JULY.

I have just been inspecting a number of planta-
tions formed at different times within the past thirty
years on marsh ground and Irish peat bog, and such
is their progress that I am warranted in recommend-
ing this class of ground to be planted as a source of
profit and utility to the owners. Keeping in view
the vast tracts of waste land of this class to be found
in Great Britain and Ireland, this forms a subject of
no mean importance to all who have the welfare of
the country at heart. We shall, however, not dwell
upon that in the meantime ; my object being rather
to point out that this is the best season of the year
for draining bog and marsh land, as the work can be
executed in a superior manner and at a cheaper rate
during the heat of summer than at any other time
during the year. The size and quantity of drains
required must always be settled on the spot, and in
accordance as the circumstances of the case may
direct, but as a general rule it is best to have the
work done by contract. The larger size of leader
drains should be cut as near the margins of the
plantations as the circumstances of the case will
admit, and in many cases they can be utilised as the
boundary fence. When large drains are cut in the
interior of bog plantations, they prove a source of
annoyance at the time of removing timber, and in
many cases bridges require to be built to facilitate
the operation, and as the erection and maintenance
of such are expensive, the fewer the better. These
hints should all be kept in view by the planter at the
time of the formation.

This is likewise a proper time to fence, drain, and
otherwise prepare hilly ground for planting, and in

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891

all cases where stones and turf can be had con-
venient, they should be utilised for the erection of
dykes around the margins, as they not only protect
the plants from the inroads of deer, sheep, and cattle,
but likewise afford considerable shelter to the plants
at the start, and until they become inured to the
climate of the locality. Wire fenci.ig has been used
of late for this purpose in many parts of the country,
but practical experience and observa'.ion forbid us
to recommend its use, as it affords no shelter, and is
a source of danger to deer and game. In places
where the soil is of a hard impervious nature, the
spots where the plants are to be placed should be
loosened or broken up with a tramp-pick to admit
air, rainwater, and heat, by which means the cold
dormant particles of the soil will be converted into
an active fertile condition as food for the roots.

In the formation of mixed plantations, capacious
pits had better be dug for the hardwood trees, and
the stuff excavated left on the edge of the pit, ex-
posed to the influence of the weather till planting
time. In the formation of ornamental plantations,
the ground had better be trenched at once ; of course
this will entail a little extra expense at the outset,
but the superior growth of the trees in after years
will amply compensate for this. It is best to have
this sort of work done by contract; the average cost
of trenching ground 20 inches deep is from £3 to £10
per acre. The price, of course, varies a little accord-
ing to the state of the labour market, and the tex-
ture of the soil. Prepare ground for planting that
has already produced a crop of timber, and in cases
where the ground is not to be trenched, pits should
be dug for the reception of the plants ; these should
be of such a size that the roots of the trees to be
p'anted can be spread out to their full length with-
out crossing each other ; and as the work proceeds,
pick out all chips, roots, and fragments of wood that
may be in the soil, as a means of preventing the
growth of fungus, which is inimical to the healthy
growth of the trees, and sometimes causes their
premature death.

If not already done, the stumps of Pine trees left
in the ground that had been felled during winter and
spring should be examined, and in cases where the
Pine beetle and Pine weevil are found to be using
them for breeding purposes, the bark Bhould be
removed at once, as it is always between the bark
and wood that these pests deposit their eggs.
Gather the bark, chips, and fragments of roots into
heaps here and there, and burn them ; spread the
ashes over the surface of the ground, as it is very
valuable as a manure. J. B. WJister.

The Herbaceous Border.

SHIRLEY POPPIES.

To enjoy the full beauty of these flowers, seed
should be sown in the autumn for early flowering,
and in succession at intervals during the spring and
early summer ; they are perfectly hardy if not sown
too early in the autumn. We find the second and
third weeks in September the best time for this
locality, as those sown before this period get too
large and succulent, and are killed by the first hard
frost. It is best to sow them where they are to
flower, as they are rather impatient of removal, and
never do well after. A row we have here, in full
flower at the present time, is much admired ; the
seed was sown on September 27, and the plants are
now nearly 4 feet high, the same in diameter, the
row being 25 yards long, and full of flowers of
various beautiful shades of colour. We find short
branching sticks on each side necessary to support
them ; and if they are sown in large square patches,
they are not much trouble in this way, but the
flowers are then not so easily gathered. It is best to
cut the flowers early in the morning, before they are
fully open, and they will then last several days
for room decoration. The most effective way of
putting them up, is to mix some unopened buds and
foliage with the expanded flowers, and some grasses
with good foliage, such as the wild Oat, Couch grass

in flower, Wheat, Barley, or some similar kind ; they
should be cut at different lengths, and must on no
account be crowded, or the effect will be spoiled;
neither is it well to mix any other flowers with
them. The flowers look, when in the bed, better
than P. somniferum and P. orientale, and last in
beauty longer, as the plants give a succession of
flowers. W. H. Divers, Kctlon Hall Gardens,
Stamford.

Nursery notes

LILIES AT TWICKENHAM.

A glance into the nurseries of Mr. H. A. Tracy,
at Amyand Park Road, proves that the specialties
of Orchids and Liliums have not suffered by his
taking over the establishment. The large conser-
vatory and an adjoining house contain a very fine
show of Lilium auratum rubro-vittatum ; the varieties
of Lilium speciosnm, among which L. s. Melpomene
seems better than L. s. cruentum, which is also a
good variety. Among the white forms, L. s. album
novum, which is grown in quantity, proves a better
flower than L. s. Knitzeri ; and, in addition, the
light yellow anthers of the former look better with
the pure white flower than the chocolate ones of
Kratzeri.

Lilium longiflorum and L. 1. Wilsoni, true, are
here for comparison, the latter having larger flowers
than the common L. longiflorum, and often eight or
ten on a stem.

Outdoors, are large beds of L. Leichtlinii, L.
Batemanni, L. Zovitzianum, L. auratum rubro-vit-
tatum, L. a. virginale ; the various forms of L.
speciosum, and most of the other showy Lilies.

Among the Orchids in bloom are some fine Cypri-
pediums, Cattleya Gaskelliana, C. Mendeli, and C.
gigas of great merit ; and various Odontoglossums,
Aerides, Masdevallias, Saccolabium cceleste, &c.

Scotland.

CALCEOLARIAS AND CINERARIAS AT
BEECHHILL NURSERY, EDINBURGH.

The strains ol Calceolarias and Cinerarias so care-
fully selected and improved by Mr. John Downie
year after year, have been exceedingly fine this
season. For brilliancy and purity of colours, the
uniform compactness of their habit, the size and
perfect form of their flowers, and the abundance of
their inflorescence, they leave nothing to be desired.
They average from 18 to 24 inches high, including
inflorescence, with ample leaves, in 7-inch pots, the
plants in many cases being as wide as they are high.
Such perfect strains can only result from the most
careful selection of the seed-bearing plants. W. S.

TEA AND COFFEE SUBSTI-
TUTES.

{Concluded from vol. ix., p. 768.)

CoMFOSITEjE.

82. Silybum //iarianum,Ga.eTt. — In theKewMuseum
is a sample of these seeds, or rather fruits, from Asia
Minor, where they are known under the name of
Kenguel, or Dine Kikeni. The plant is said to
grow in all parts of Asia Minor, and the so-called
seeds are roasted and used as coffee. A medicinal
value is also imputed to them by the Turks.

Ubticace.'e.

83. Hamulus lupulus, L. — The application of the
Hop for the production of a non-intoxicating
beverage is a novelty that has attracted some
attention of late. It is stated that an Assam
tea planter, at the close of the last Hop season,
settled down on the Medway, near Maidstone,
and with drying-machines and tea-rollers, as used
in Assam, succeeded in making a kind of tea, which,
though it cost twice the price of excellent Indian
or Chinese tea, is likely to become an important

article for mixing with the better-known beverage
of that name. The infusion is said to contain all the
tonic, soothing, and nutritive properties of the Hop,
and when mixed with tea proper, counteracts its-
astringent and tanning properties. A company has
been formed in London for the sale of this tea, and
it is now to be obtained from any grocer. A sample
is shown in the Kew Museum. John E. Jackson..
Museum, Kew.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

BEDDING PLANTS. — These have generally made-
satisfactory progress, and from this date, the plants-
from which we have hitherto kept the blooms picked
off will be allowed to flower. The only after-
attention necessary, until the time for taking cut-
tings arrives, is to remove all faded flowers and
leaves, and weeds, and affording water at the roots,-
when this is considered to be necessary. Pinch the
points out of extra strong growths, and peg down
the shoots of trailing plants as occasion may arise,
so as to promote and maintain a symmetrical surface-
in the floral display made by beds filled with Pelar-
goniums, Calceolarias, Ageratums, Verbenas, Helio-
tropes, &c. In the matter of mixed beds, in which
standard, bushy, and trailing plants are used in
variety, care must be taken not to allow the stronger
growers to smother the weaker ones, but let each-
have ample space to develop and appear to advan-
tage. Large beds of mixed plants of irregular
heights, with the colours somewhat regularly distri-
buted, are certainly very effective, and contrast well
when viewed in proximity to masses of scarlet,,
pink, yellow, mauve, blue, white, &c. Geometrical
or carpet-pattern beds must have the dividing lines
of the design, and the filling of the panels strictly
confined each to its proper space, otherwise the-
effect as a whole will not be good.

BUDDING ROSES— The bark of Briars and Roses
is now in capital condition for operating on. The-
process of budding is well understood by gardeners
and amateurs generally, but, nevertheless, there are
many among the numerous readers of the Gardeners'
Chronicle who would be glad to be initiated into the
way of doing it, so I will briefly detail it. Select
shoots containing plump buds of the desired varieties
of the Rose to be budded, cut off the leaves and half
the leaf-stalk, label and stand them on their butt-ends-
in a can containing water, so that they may be kept
fresh until used. Then make a transverse incision
about li inch from the main stem, on the upper side
of a stout shoot, and from the middle of this a longi-
tudinal one extending to about 1 inch in the direction-
of the stem. Next remove a bud from one of the shoots
referred to by taking it in the left hand, and insert-
ing the knife about half an inch below the bud, and,
with a clean sloping cut, pass the knife inwards
well under the bud, and then slope outwards 80 that
the eye shall be in the centre of the shield thus
removed. In doing this, the knife will necessarily
cut off a thin slice of wood with the bud ; this-
should be removed by turning the cut surface up-
wards, holding the piece between the forefinger and
the thumb of the left hand ; enter the point of the
knife between the inner bark and upper extremity
of the wood, which raise a little to enable it to be-
laid hold of between the point of the knife and the
nail of the thumb, and then, with a sort of twitch,
remove the wood, being careful not to remove or
injure the base of the bud. This done, with the
thin handle of the budding-knife raise the bark
on each side of the incision, commencing at the
corners immediately below the cross cut. In raising
the bark sufficiently to admit of the bud (held by
the petiole) being gently pushed into position, be
careful not to injure the cambium with the handle of
the knife. Should the bark on either side of the bud
be longer than the incision in the stock, cut a piece off
the top end, so that the bark and cambium of bud1
and stock may fit closely together; binding the budy
in position with bands of soft matting or worsted, in
such a manner as to exclude air, and keep the bud
on the alburnum, beginning at the end of the inci-
sion, and binding round and round to the top, allowing

Jult 18, 1891.1

THE GA RDENER S' CHR ONI GL E.

the bud ample room between the turns and passing
the end of the tying material under the last turn
so as to secure it. An expert budder would pass a
large quantity through his hands in one day. H. W.
Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.
ONIONS. — In late districts and cold soils, it is
advisable to sow the Tripoli varieties for standing
the winter about this date ; but in warm soils and
aspects, the second week in August is soon enough
to sow. To make sure of a good crop, it is wise to
sow twice where conditions are not favourable.
These sowings usually prove very useful ones, the
bulbs ripening in the height of summer. The
seed bed should be deeply dug, and, if it be
poor, a good dressing of well - rotted manure
afforded. Avoid the use of very rich stimulating
manures, which would result in a crop of bulbs
with thick necks, difficult to get ripened. Fowls'
dung, pigeons' dung, or night-soil, may be used— fail-
ing well - rotted farmyard manure. These should
have been mixed with fresh soil, and thrown into a
heap for some few weeks before being dug in. Do
not use this compost in excessive quantities. There
are two substances which I find of especial value for
Onions, preventing the ravages of maggots and
canker — these are soot and salt, which I sow on the
land when it is being prepared for sowing, in quantity
only just sufficient to colour the ground. Tread the
soil moderately firm, and rake it to a fine tilth. The
drills should be drawn very shallow, at 0 to 12 inches
apart, and the seed sown evenly and thinly if it be
new seed, or the plants will soon become drawn.
The following are the varieties to sow at this season,
viz , Mammoth, Silver King, White Elephant, White
Leviathan, all of which grow to a large size, and
are of mild flavour, but not long keepers. Daniels'
Golden Kocca is the best hardy keeping Onion that I
have grown, which will, when well grown, reach
2J lb. in weight, and keep sound till January.

TOMATOS. — Keep the leading shoots secured to
stout sticks, or to the wall, pinching off all side-
shoots not required — the plants being neatly
trained from the first, and allow the leading
shoots to extend until fruits in numbers likely to
get ripe during the season have formed. When this
point is reached, stop the shoots, and mulch the
ground with mild manure or leaf-mould. Tomato
plants in pots put at the foot of south walls or other
warm spots should be supplied with sufficient water,
and occasionally with diluted liquid manure. Give
them a mulch, if sufficient space can be found for it.

LETTUCES. — Seed may be sown in drills, if
possible, in a part of the garden shaded by other
taller-growing crops. Sow very thinly, and thin out
the seedlings early to 9 or 12 inches apart, accord-
ing to the size of the variety. Supply Lettuce with
water in abundance in dry weather, and occasionally
with manure water.

Take up Shallots and Garlic as soon as the tops
turn yellow, and properly dry the bulbs before storing
them. Bend down the tops of winter-sown Onions
to induce size in the bulbs. ft J. li'aite, Glenhurst
'Gardens, Esher.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.— The crop gene-
Tally speaking is a good one, but it will be later
than usual. Leave no more fruit than one to every
9 inches square, or if the tree has borne heavily
before, or is weak from any cause, one to a square
foot will be advisable ; and the same may be
remarked of Sea Eagle, Bellegarde [This
variety rarely sets too many. Ed.], Stirling Castle,
&c. Growers must be guided in a great measure
more by the strength, vigour, and size of the trees ;
and all thinning of the fruits should be done forth-
with. Continue to lay in the shoots intended to
carry fruit next year; and to keep the trees well
furnished with shoots of this kind, repeatedly
pinch the small laterals; and trim off part of or
remove leaves where they shade the fruits, thereby
assisting them in acquiring good colour and fine
flavour. Although of late much rain has fallen in
this part, the borders where coopings are used will
get dry near the wall, and should have attention in
the matter of watering, especially if the soil is well
drained and light ; manure-water is of great assist-
ance to trees bearing well, and this should be
applied in moist weather before the borders become
dry and hard. Keep the engine in frequent use —
every day, if there is time. Should mildew appear,
■dust the affected parts with flowers-of-sulphur, and

syringe the trees over every part thoroughly in a
week afterwards.

NUTS. — If the summer prove favourable, the crop
of Nuts will be a very heavy one in most parts of
Kent. The work amongst the bushes for the present
will consist of the removal of suckers, and keeping
weeds in check by hoeing in sunny weather.

With regard to suckers from Nut bushes, I would
remark that while the bushes should, as a general
rule, be kept clear of them, many growers of Nuts
reserve a good quantity for the rods for fastening
down of fruit-baskets when sent to market, a purpose
for which they are very useful.

STRAWBERRIES. — As soon as the fruits have
been gathered from the early varieties, trim off
some of the lower leaves of the plants, and clear
out the weeds and strawy mulching; and if the soil
be poor, another and richer mulching maybe applied.
Keep the beds moist and the runners in check, giving
each plant the best opportunity to make fine crowns
by the autumn. Oxonian and other late sorts should
he secured from the blackbirds, &c, and the fruit
exposed on a mulch of clean straw. Remove every
alternate plant, whatever the variety, where they
have been planted thickly for the first year, so soon
as the fruits have been picked. H. MarJcham, Mere-
worth Castle, Maidstone.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE GREENHOUSE. — Cinerarias raised from seed
sown this spring, and pricked off as previously
directed, will now be ready for potting in 60's. It
is of great importance that the plants should gain
the requisite strength and sturdiness before the short
days set in ; and should they not possess both, it is
useless to expect fine flowers, or to have these
plants in flower by the beginning of the year — there-
fore all necessary attention should be given them.
A compost that will grow the Cineraria well may
consist of two parts loam, one of leaf-soil, and one
of decayed manure, with plenty of silver-sand mixed
with these other ingredients. After potting, place
the plants in a cold frame, so far filled with sifted
coal-ashes that the plants are brought up nearly
close to the glass. After the roots have taken to
the fresh soil, tilt the lights at the back during the
day-time, and shade with some light material in bright
weather; but at night the lights maybe taken off
altogether, the plants being much benefited by the
dew. Another small sowing of Cineraria seed may
now be made, the plants from which will bloom in
the spring.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— These, now growing fast,
will require regular attention in regard to watering,
the tying in of the young growth, so as to prevent their
being broken by high winds, and syringing over-head
every evening when the weather is bright ; and
should any of the young shoots be infested with
aphis, dust them forthwith with tobacco-powder.

COLEUS, FUCHSIAS, BALSAM8, ETC. — If
another batch of Coleus cuttings be now put in, the
plants will be found very useful for decorative pur-
poses during the autumn. Fuchsias, &c, which have
filled their pots with roots may be assisted about
twice each week with applications of weak and clear
manure-water.

STOVE PLANTS, SPRING STRUCK. — Young
plants of Dracama, Pandanus Veitchii, Crotons,
Ixora, Bougainvillea, &c, if not already done,
should be potted at once, so as to give them time
to make as much growth as possible before the end
of the season. These plants make good progress in
a very short time, if proper treatment be afforded
them — that is, not stinting them of pot-room, but re-
potting those whose roots have reached the outside
of the ball, thus avoiding any chance of a check.
Nothing is worse than allowing them to remain
long in the cutting-pots after they are rooted, as they
soon become stunted and weakly. Oue great point
in the successful cultivation of plants is, to give to
each kind the soil it is known to succeed best in.
Those who will study the requirements of the dif-
ferent kinds of plants in the matter of soils, will find
that the progress of the plants will be much more
satisfactory than if the potting be done in a haphazard
manner, if. Milner, Penrice Castle, Sioamea.

should not be allowed to remain for a long period of
time on the plants, or the latter will surely suffer.
The plants succeed when grown either on a raft
covered with living sphagnum moss, or in baskets
hung up to the root ; for although it is a plant that
suffers if it be not shaded during the hottest part of
the day, yet it seems to enjoy a considerable amount
of light and air; and during the warm weather the
plant should have overhead syringings two or three
times a day, which helps to keep the growths firm.

VANDASANDERIANA is now sending up spikes of
flowers. It is a plant which likes strong heat
always, and I question if it be good practice to
remove it when once a position is found to suit it.
In such a position the roots will ramble apace and
become attached to stages, walls, or any hard sub-
stances. It is supposed to be one of those plants
which will always remain dear, and I would advise
every amateur who can afford to buy it, to do so. Its
varieties are variable, and out of about a dozen and a
half of them, we have scarcely two that are quite alike ia
flower. I grow the plants in pots filled with crocks and
sphagnum moss, and some coarse silver sand. I have
grown the plant very well in a basket, but in water-
ing it, many of the young roots got broken when im-
mersing it. While the plant is growing it likes
plenty of atmospheric moisture ; our plants are stood
in a group together, and roots and pots are syringed
three or four times a day.

CALANTHE VEITCHII AND C. REGNIERI.— These
plants, which are very strong growers, should now be
stood wide apart, otherwise the growths will be-
come spindly, and the foliage go yellow from want of
air. From the present time, soot and guano water
may be afforded them occasionally if previous calen-
darial notes have been followed, but it will not be ad-
visable to give stimulants often if the plants have not
been gradually brought to it. The syringing of these
plants should be very carefully done, and only in the
morning ; on dull mornings it is better to thoroughly
damp the pots and stages only, for if water run
down in the hearts of the young growth at this part
of the season, they may go off quickly. The maxi-
mum night temperatures may remain unaltered.
A. G. Catt, Parifield, Hallow, Worcester.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— Of all the Saccola-
biums there is none that surpasses S. coileste when
seen in its best form. I have had plants with as
many as eleven spikes of flowers ; but it should bt
borne in mind that the flower-spikes, if numerous,

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

PINE-APPLES. — The Queens, now ripening in
quantity, will need less water, and no manurial aids.
The bottom-heat should be kept up till the fruits are
finished, for if checked in any way, the flavour will
suffer deterioration, and the fruits have a shrivelled
appearance ; and as I advised in a previous Calendar,
much may be done to prolong the fruiting period by
admitting air rather freely, which will greatly in-
crease flavour. This may be more easily done by
transferring the plants at this stage to another
house, where a less moist air is maintained, but where
the bottom-heat is kept at a suitable pitch. The
plants will not suffer in any way by this course
of treatment. The night temperature for fruit-
ing plants, at this stage, may stand at 70° to 75°.
By removing fruiters, space is afforded the strong
succession plants requiring it. Many of the earliest
fruit will have been cut, and no delay should take
place in potting up the'strong suckers taken off for
stock, putting them in 7-inch pots, or a size smaller
for medium-sized suckers. Strong suckers are best
obtained by pulling off all the small ones from the
stools early — a proceeding that strengthens those
which are left. Pot firmly in sound loam, and let
the pots be well drained. Plunge in bottom-heat of
90°, using a pit or frame, and keeping a moist, grow-
ing atmosphere till rooted. I like frames if a good
bottom-heat is obtainable to root suckers in at this
season, as a short sturdy growth is made in them.
The frame must be shaded at first, and water afforded
with care, giving a good watering when potted, and
again when the roots show at the sides of the ball.
Lightly syringe the suckers on bright days, air
freelv, and shut up early in the afternoon. Any
suckers potted early will now need a shift, which
must be according to strength ; in any case, do not
cramp the roots in small pots. A check given to
suckers at this date often causes small or badly-
shaped Pines. In some gardens the strong suckers
are planted out, but much will depend on the time at
which fruit is wanted, pots being best if the plants
are to fruit in a short space of time. Pines whilst
growing should have liquid manure made from guano
and soot, and this, if given in a weak state, is quite a
safe stimulant. Late fruiters should be kept rather
quiet for a time, so as to give them a rest. Geo.
Wijthes, Syon House, Brentford.

THE GABDEXEBS' CHBONICLE.

[Jdly 18, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters fob Publication. — All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be wiutten on one side only of the
pater, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Illustrations.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of lemarkzble plants,
flowers, trees, «$<:., are solicited.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MEETING.

i Royal Horticultural CommiUees: A
JULY 21 -J Paper on Early Peaches, by T. F.
( Rivers.

SHOWS.

/National Oarr>ation and Picotee So-

T v9lJ ciety (Southern Section); aUo

1 1 Fruits and Vegetables, at the

(. Drill Hall, JamesSt. Westminster

July <3— Worksop.

TUESDAY,

THURSDAY,

SALE

1 Sale of Orchids,
' "( Morris' Rooms.

Protheroe &

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 63°.4.

The extension of hardy fruit cul-

c lture ture 'n *k's country should cer-

tainly receive a stimulus from the
meeting held at the Mansion House on Tuesday
last. The meeting was large — it was influential
— the speeches were void of exaggeration, and
generally to the point. There will not be much
difference of opinion as to the merits of Bram-
ley's Seedling, recommended in a letter from the
Dean of Rochester, as most people will endorse
the commendation, but the Dean's statement that
a cottager had paid his rent from the produce of
two Apricot trees, suggests the question, " How
often ? " Those who peruse our yearly fruit
reports, and those of our contemporaries, will
have a vivid sense of the precarious nature of
the fruit crop, and of the wisdom of the Minister
of Agriculture in describing it as an adjunct to,
rather than as a substitute for, other crops.

Mr. Chaplin, whose speech we report in full
in another column, had evidently greater hopes
from butter and eggs than from fruit ; neverthe-
less, he quoted some astonishing figures, which
certainly show that very much more might be
done in this country than hitherto has been
done in the matter of supplying the tables of
the lower classes with wholesome fruit. Lord
Egeeton of Tatton, who followed, pointed out
the necessity for careful selection and packing,
and adverted to the great extension of fruit-
culture under glass round Manchester, the
fruits grown being the Cucumber and the
Tomato, both botanically fruits, but hardly so
in a market sense.

Sir James Whitehead, who has done so
much in this matter, alluded to the rejuve-
nescence of the Fruiterers' Company, and to the
necessity for justifying its continued existence.
He recalled the splendid show inaugurated under
its auspices at the Guildhall last year, and advo-
cated the restoration of neglected orchards, and
the extension of fruit - culture in cottage
gardens. How all this was to be done was
detailed at length, but no new idea was
thrown out, nor any proposal made that
has not again and again been made public.
The Baroness Burdett Coutts made a true

womanly speech, full of sympathy for the labour-
ing classes in the agricultural districts. She
deplored the dulness of their lives, and the
monotony and wanVof interest in their surround-
ings, as contrasted with the energy and variety
manifest in town life. Anything that could
brighten the home-life, and contribute to the
welfare of the cottagers, was, in her opinion, a
most desirable thing to encourage. In a low
but clear voice, and with well-chosen words,
the Baroness pressed her points home, and
when she sat down those who heard her
must have felt that, whatever difficulties and
doubts there may be in the matter when looked
at from a strictly commercial point of view,
there could be no doubt as to the soundness and
applicability of the views put forth by the
Baroness from a " homely " aspect.

Mr. H. R. Williams, in proposing a vote of
thanks to the Lord Mayor, alluded to the large
consumption of jam in this country, and to its
use as an ingredient in the penny dinners sup-
plied at some of the Board schools. He, too,
had his statistics, and though he could not tell his
audience exactly how much sugar was used in
the preparation of jam, it was certain that a large
proportion of the imports was devoted to that
purpose, the total quantity of sugar imported
last year amounting to 1,247,977 tons! The
extension of fruit culture, and the fabrication of
jam, must therefore be a benefit at once to the
home producer and to the Colonial cultivator.

The Medals and Certificates awarded at the
Guildhall Show were then distributed, our
correspondent, Mr. Woodward, obtaining the
premier prize of a gold medal.

So far well, we are all agreed as to the
desirability of extending fruit culture. Speaking
generally, we know what to do and how to do it.
There is substantia'ly no conflict of opinion as
to the methods to be followed. We know what
the broth should be, and how to make it and
cook it. But we may ask if there is not some
risk of the broth being spoiled by a multi-
plicity of cooks ? This most laudable effort of
the Fruiterers' Company is a new thing for it,
and from anything that was said at the meeting
on Tuesday, it might be assumed that it was
new to other people as well, that the Royal
Horticultural Society did not exist, that it had
not organised conferences, or instituted trials
and grown the best sorts for many a long year ;
that it had not published the most valuable
reports in existence on the very subjects under
discussion. Again, who would have guessed of
the existence of the British Fruit Growers'
Association, inaugurated for the very purposes
and pursuing identically the same methods as
those which the Fruiterers' Company proposes
to adopt ? Who would have thought that the
Society of Arts had taken part in the promotion
of fruit culture? Who would have thought
that the gardening press devoted many columns
to the subject, and collected and published
extended reports on the subject annually for
many years past ? Who would have thought,
when the formidable list of lords, ladies, and
gentlemen proposed to constitute the com-
mittee were mentioned, that there were, even
at that meeting, not a few whose knowledge
on the subject might be a little more exten-
sive, and somewhat more trustworthy than
that possessed by the distinguished individuals
selected as representatives of the movement ?
The word " experts " was, indeed, casually
mentioned, but no expert, so far as we noticed
was invited to contribute his experience. This
however, in itself, is not a matter of much
moment. The Fruiterers' Company is worthy of

all commendation for the part it has taken. We
can only recommend it not to ignore what has
been done by others, but to combine its energies
with those of some of the other societies, so that
we may not have the waste of power engendered
by half-a dozen agencies simultaneously doing
what one or two could do with greater effect.

Mr. Bull's Winter Garden.— Visitors to Mr.
Bull's annual exhibition of Orchids can hardly fail
to note the winter garden, which forms the entrance
to the brilliant show of Orchid treasures. To insti-
tute a comparison would be superfluous and irrele-
vant ; suffice it to say, that the noble and stately
Cycads and Palms, and the graceful tree Ferns give
as much delight to the lovers of plants as the more
highly-coloured Orchids. So majestic at all seasons
are they, that it is a matter of wonder that public
taste does not run more strongly in that direction.
Of course, space is needed, but where that is forth-
coming, no plants can be more imposing than these.
Beyond strict attention to cleanliness, there is no
special difficulty in the cultivation of these plants,
which are far more in vogue on the continent than
here. Mr. Bull's collections are very rich in interest-
ing species, many of which have been figured from
time to time in our columns, and we are glad to have
the opportunity of giving a general view in our sup-
plementary sheet, which may serve to suggest to those
who scan it the stately grandeur of the plants.
Intermixed as they were, when last we saw them,
with Bermuda Lilies and Spiraea astilboides (one of
Mr. Bull's specialties) the effect was particularly fine.

A MADEIRA GARDEN.— The Supplementary Il-
lustration, taken from a photograph executed by one of
our correspondents, Mr. Hahcouet Powell, shows the
entrance to the garden of a Madeira Quinta. The
tall, erect Cypresses, and the singular Dracaenas,
give a characteristic feature, which tells of a widely
different climate from our own. To give anything
like a complete list of the trees and flowering plants
that adorn the gardens of Madeira would be a work
of considerable labour. Let it suffice if we point
out a few of the more conspicuous, such as the
Camphor tree (Laurus camphora), the India-rubber
tree (Ficus elastica), another Ficus (F. comosa),
that grows to a large size, and puts forth handsome
tressy foliage ; the blue-flowered Jacaranda mimo-
siefolia, the Tassel tree (Astraptea Wallichii), and a
second Astrapa:a (A. viscosa), the spiny-stemmed
Silk Cotton tree (Bombax Ceiba), the uncouth
Bella Sombra CPircunia dioica), common in Portugal ;
the so-called Pepper tree (SchinusMolle).with ever-
green weeping foliage ; the Coral tree (Coralloden-
dron Crista-galli), and other species of the genus ;
two or three species of Schotia, many species of
Acacia, the Papaw (Carica papaya), the Trumpet
wood (Cecropia peltata), and the Screw Pine (Pan-
danus odoratissimus), the three last being strongly
marked with a tropical aspect. The Papaw bears
a Pear-shaped green fruit, of which no use is
made. The juice has the property of making tough
meat tender, and the same effect is produced
by the leaves if the meat be wrapped in them.
The Palms include the smooth- stemmed Cabbage
Palm (Areca oleracea), the Date Palm, and two Fan
Palms, the Latania borbonica and the Chamserops
humilis of Portugal. The dwarf Cycas revoluta,
though frequently called the Sago Palm, is not one
of the true Palms. At the top of the stem, sur-
rounded by a circle of leaves, there is often to be
seen a number of red unfertilised fruit. Amongst
the Coniferous trees will be seen the Norfolk Island
Pine (Araucaria excelsa), the Brazilian Pine (A.
brasiliensis), and two or three other species of the
same genus, the graceful Canary Pine (Pinus canad-
ensis), the gray Aleppo Pine (P. halepensis), and
two New Zealand trees, the Podocarpus nereifolia
and Dacrydium cupressinum. Amongst the Proteads
are Grevillea robusta, with yellow flowers, Banksia
serrata, and Leucodendron argenteum, with silvery
leaves. The Myrtaceous trees include Eucalyptus
robusta, and several other species of the genus, the

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A£.

RE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

Gum trees and Stringy-bark trees of Australia ; the
Allspice (I'inienta communis) and the Rose Apple
tree (Jambosa vulgaris), which bears an insipid fruit.

Royal Horticultural Society.— On Tues-
day next, the National Carnation and Picotee
Society will hold its annual show in the Drill Hall
of the Royal Horticultural Society, Westminster.

The British Fruit Growers' Association

— Fruit PROSPECTS.— At a meeting of the above
Association, held in the Horticultural Club, Hotel
Windsor, on Thursday, July 9, at 0 p.m , the ordinary
routine business was transacted, and further arrange-
ments were made for the various Conferences. It
was announced that at Cardiff, on August 12, Mr. A.
Pett.orew would read a paper on "Hardy Fruit
Culture in South Wales ; " also that several other
valuable papers had been promised. Two Vice-Pre-
sidents were added to the already long list of in-
fluential gentlemen — namely, Cyuil Flowek, Esq.,
M.P., Aston Clinton, and H. L. Stephens, Esq.,
Finchley, both of whom are especially interested in
horticulture. It was also stated that at the Bedding-
ton Park Conference, on August 3, Sir James White-
head, Bart , would preside, and deliver the opening
address, to be followed by short papers on different
aspects of fruit culture. Reports on the condition
and prospects of fruit culture had been received
Irom numbers of members, some of which were read.

Professor Plowright. — Dr. Plowright,
whose lectures on parasitic fungi at the Royal
College of Surgeons we reported early in the year,
has been reappointed Professor of Comparative
Anatomy and Physiology at the College. His next
course of lectures will be devoted to the diseases of
the reproductive organs of plants caused by fungi.

JUBILEE OF " PUNCH."— Our Jubilee brother
has followed our example, in giving a brief history
of the men of light and leading who were among
the earlier contributors to the renowned journal.
Punch has deservedly won the suffrages of the
community — long may it retain them.

FLOWERS IN SEASON.— We have received from
Mr. G. Smith, of 01, Penrose Street, Walworth, some
flowers of a kind of Pink, with a perpetual flowering
habit, and of bright, pleasing colours. The flowers
(single) differ from Dianthus diadematus, or fim-
briatus, in having a flattish, saucer-like form, and
dentate instead of fringed edges to the petals; a
dark eye adds to the attractiveness of the bloom.

Extraordinary Strawberries. — At the

Crystal Palace National Rose Show on Saturday, the
4th inst., E. Amies, Esq., of Ashford Road, Maid-
stone, exhibited a dish of twenty Strawberries,
weighing collectively 2 lb. 1 oz., and varying in size
from 7] to 8j inches in circumference — very credit-
able for anamateur. The variety was James Veitch.

Violas and Pansies at Chiswick.— a series

of beds of these, planted with good varieties, contri-
buted by Messrs. Dobbie & Co , Rothesay, are just
now charming features in the gardens of the Royal
Horticultural Society. It is believed, by some
persons, that these flowers do not succeed as bedding
plants down south, but an inspection of these beds
would demonstrate the fallacy of this notion.

BAILLON'S " HlSTOIRE DES PLANTES ."— The
last issued part of this valuable publication contains
tne author's revision of the Labiatie, Verbenace;c,
Ericaceoe, and Ilicaceie. Avicennias find a place in
Verbenacea;, while under Ericacete Empetrum is
included as well as Epacridacere and Diapensiacese.
Cyrillas are grouped with Ilicacete. These ex-
amples show that M. Baillon holds original views
which are not likely to command universal
assent. This, however, is a matter of little conse-
quence compared to the clear descriptions, useful
bibliographical references and excellent illustrations
with which the book abounds.

DALSTON AND DE BEAUVOIR TOWN CHRY-
SANTHEMUM SOCIETY. — At a recent meting,

called for the purpose of electing a President as
successor to the late Mr. W. Holmes, Mr. C. Gibson,
Morden Park Gardens, Mitcham, and Mr. J. Udale,
Caterham, were invited to lecture upon the present
requirements of the Chrysanthemum. Excellent
practical addresses were delivered by both culti-
vators ; and numerous pertinent questions were
asked and answered. Unanimous votes of thanks
were accorded to the lecturers, and general satis-
faction was expressed with a most agreeable and
profitable evening. The credit of the success is due
to the admirable arrangements made by Mr. A Hill,
Chairman ; Mr. W. Butler, Hon. Sec. ; and Mr. R.
Ballantine, Chairman of the National Chrysan-
themum Society.

The 'Early Rivers'' Cherry.— Of this

variety, Mr. T. F. Rivers said lately : — " I venture to
predict that this Cherry will some day be as popular
as the Early Rivers Plum. I have now tested it for
some years as a standard in the open air ; for the
last three or four years it has borne abundantly. It
is now fully ripe enough for the market, and there-
fore some days earlier than the main orchard crops,
which will not be ready for some days. This pre-
cocity will enable growers to compete with foreign
Cherries, than which it is infinitely better in quality.
It succeeds both on the Mahaleb and on the Cherry
stock, and may be grown in rows 12 feet apart as
semi-standards, which is probably the most profit-
able manner of growing fruit."

Cardinal Haynald. — It is only a short time
since we had occasion to speak of this eminent and
erudite prelate, since deceased. He was an enthu-
siastic botanist and a man who won respect in
all relations of life. He took part in the
Botanical Congress at Florence in 1874, and one
of the memorable incidents of that gathering
was the meeting of Victor Emmanuel and the
Cardinal in the Pitti Palace. The Cardinal's ten-
dencies were more botanical than horticultural, but
many Orchid growers will recall his name by the
Cypripedium which the late Professor Reichenbach
named in his honour.

Horticultural Exhibition at Bruges.—

This is the second exhibition which the provincial
Horticultural Society of Bruges has organised this
year with complete success. T.R.H. the King,
Queen, and Princess Clementine honoured the exhi-
bition with a visit. After this, MM. Coppretees
and Wai.lant (the Vice-President of the Society,
and G. Vincke-Dcjardin (a horticulturist), obtained
the Cross of a Chevalier of the Order ol Leopold.
M. G. Vincke Dcjardin showed about COO tropical
Orchids :— 1, A group of great beauty, composed of
about 400 specimens ; 2. a fine group of Odontoglos-
sum Alexandra ; 3, fifteen Odontoglossums ; 4,
twelve Cattleyas ; 5, fifteen Cypripediums ; 6, Catt-
leya Mendeli, with fi fteen flowers, shown as an example
of good cultivation ; 7, Vanda tricolor Vinckeana,
as a novelty. Very noteworthy were the tall Palms
from M. Dcmon de Menteri, Cocos Yatai, Jubasa
Bpectabilisi of unusual size), KentiaMooreana.Corypba
australis, and Rhapis flabelliformis. Very fine also
were the Palms sent by M. Gust. Baeht, and the
hybrids of Anthurium Andreanum, from M. G.
Vincke-Dcjardin. The floral decorations of Mdlle.
Vincke, of Ostend ; and M. J. Verhaeghe-Rys, of
Bruges, were above the average.

The Exhibition of the " Cercle Horti-
cole Louis Van Houtte, of Ledeberg,"
which will be opened on August 23, promises well,
and will be one of the events of the horticultural
year.

The Antwerp International Exhibition
(August 9 to September 23), promises to be a
complete success. Very interesting and curious
collections of vegetable products will be there
shown, and also microscopical exhibits. The per-
manent horticultural show (Japanese, Chinese, Cali-
fornian, Australian, and Cape flowers) bids fair to
be excellent. The date for the opening of the tem-
porary horticultural exhibition is fixed for Sep-

tember 13. Programmes of both exhibitions can be
obtained from M. Ch. de Bosschere, Lierre,
Belgium.

The Dutch Horticultural and Botanical

SOCIETY. — At a meeting held on June 13, the Floral
Committee awarded the following First-class Cer-
tificates for new plants : — To Messrs. De Graaff
Brothers, Leiden, for Brodissa Hendersonii, Iris
Gatesii, and I. Boissieri ; to Messrs. E. H. Krelage
& Son, Haarlem, for Iris Boissieri (new plant),
and Allium Kesselringii ; to Mr. G. C. Van
Meeuwen, Haarlem, for Dodecatheon elegans var.
albidum, D. e. var. Gladstone, D. e. var. Novelty, and

D. Jeffrayanum var. Celinda; to Messrs. Ant. Roozen
& Son, Overveen, for Pasithea ccerulea (insufficiently-
known plant), Pyrethrum roseum var. Camelot (new
plant), and P. r. var. Carl Vogel (new plant) ; to the
Botanical Garden, Leiden, for Vriesia insignis (Vrie-
sia Barilleti X Vriesia splendens ; to Mr. C. G. Van
Tubergen, jun., Haarlem, for Crinum Moorei album.
Second Class Certificates were awarded to Messrs.

E. H. Krelage & Son, Haarlem, for Paeonia Moutan,
Linn., var. Loudonia Burdin (insufficiently-known
plant) ; and Botanical Certificates to Messrs. E. H.
Krelage & Son, Haarlem, for Allium Kansuense,
Rgl. (new plant) ; A. schoenoprasoides, Rgl. (new
plant) ; Ranunculus asiaticus, L., var. La Singuliere,
Hort. (insufficiently - known plant) ; Tristagma
nivalis, Popp & Endl. (insufficiently-known plant).
Awards of Merit were made to Messrs. De Graaff,
Bros., Leiden, for Allium acuminatum, A. orio-
phyllum, A. Ostrowskianum, and Lachenalia quadri-
color.

United Horticultural Benefit and
Provident Society. — The quarterly meeting of
this Society was held on Monday evening last, at
the Caledonian Hotel, Adelphi, Mr. E. Berrt in
the chair. The principal business was the election
of new members, no fewer than tw elve being elected
and another nominated. The list of those who have
been in receipt of sick-pay is rather a heavy one,
but at the present date there are but two members
on the fund. It may not be generally known to new
members that a convalescent fund was established
last year for the purpose of assisting members to get
a change of air after illness. Ten shillings per week
would be allowed for three weeks. The subscrip-
tions are not less than one shilling per year, payable
in July. The fund is voluntary.

HEMEROCALLIS FULVA. — Professor Hartog
writes, " I shall be grateful to any of your readers
who will write and let me know their experience as
to the variability of seedlings of Hemerocallis fulva, or
who will raise it from seed in fair quantity, and kindly
communicate to me their results, which shall be duly
acknowledged. My reason is the following : there is
in the formation of the pollen of this plant a pecu-
liarity which, according to Weismann's views, should
lead to exceptional variability in the seedlings ; but
so far as I know, we have no evidence on the subject.
Marcus M. Hartog, Royal University, Dublin,
July 9, 1891."

Reading Gardeners' Society.— On Friday

last a large party, representing the above Society,
about sixty in number, visited the seed trial grounds
of Messrs. Sutton & Sons, adjacent to the Great
Western Railway at Reading. They inspected the
large collection of Peas, and witnessed the opera-
tion of "rogueing" Peas in order to secure purity
of stock ; also a trial of Lettuces. They then par-
took of a tea at Messrs. Sutton & Sons, afterwards
inspecting a large plantation of Potatos ; and a col-
lection of annuals and perennials now in full bloom.
The members of the Society seemed much interested
by what they saw, and before leaving pasBed a hearty
vote of thanks to Messrs. Sutton & Sons.

CUCUMBER DISEASE— Several subscribers have
this week sent young Cucumbers arrested in their
growth, distorted, and exuding gum. Some of them
also send roots with the nodules showing the source
of the m ischief. Unfortunately, although the malady
is very ommon, we can indicate no sufficient cure.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891.

New Books.— A fifth edition of Piesse's Art of
Perfumery has been published at 2, New Bond Street.
Under the title of the Making of Flowers the Rev.
Professor George Henslow has published a clear
account of the conformation of flowers, and has
advanced a theoretical " reason why," to which we
must allude at further length on another occasion.
The new edition of the Book of the Farm has been
completed by the issue of the sixth division.
(William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh.)

The Silva of North America.— It is not
long since we had occasion to announce the publica-
tion of the first volume of this highly important
publication. The second volume has now been
published, and we shall take an early opportunity of
bringing its contents under the notice of our readers.

Tree Struck by Lightning at the Royal
Botanic Society's Garden.— For the first time
in its history, the Royal Botanic Society has had a
tree struck by lightning. A Poplar was on the
'J[,h ult , at 4.30 p.m., during the thunderstorm,
stripped in places of large pieces of its bark and
timber. Some workmen, who were busy preparing
for the file, were close to the tree, but, sheltered
beneath the wet cauvas of the adjacent tents, they
suffered no hurt.

National Carnation and Picotee So-
ciety (Southern Section).— The Exhibition of
the above will be held in the Drill Hall, James
Street, Westminster, on Tuesday, July 21. A lun-
cheon, at which Martin R. Smith, Esq , Vice-Pre-
sident of the Society, has kindly consented to pre-
side, will be given at the Hotel Windsor, Victoria
Street, at 1.30 p.m., for members and their friends.

Marschall von Bieberstein.— Among the
suite of the German Emperor lately in this country, is
the Foreign Minister of that name. How familiar it
sounds to the botanical ear. The Flora Taurico-
Caucasica, indeed, will be consulted long after the
present Minister's despatches are forgotten !

Flower-Beds on the Embankment.— Among
the flower-beds to be seen in this garden is one bed
of a different character which is very beautiful and
noteworthy. It is composed of Verbenas of various
shades of colour, intermingled among which are dwarf
plants of white Phlox Drummondi and double Stocks.
Similar beds under the shade of trees are not suc-
cessful. Another bed of a long oval shape is planted
with the dwarf-growing Zinnia Haageana in variety,
with double flowers ; purple and scarlet flowered
Verbenas, and Convolvulus tricolor, with an effect
truly kaleidoscopic. The result is very beautiful,
us seen ia the beds in the full sun, and in marked
contrast to the atrocious carpet beds. There are
people who admire these triumphs of misplaced
ingenuity, and, to a certain extent, it is right that
their fancies should be catered for, but the County
Council has done well to show a more excellent
way, and thus gradually to improve the taste of the
community.

Pelargonium Gloire de Ponthevin — The
beauties of this large variety as a winter, or almost
perpetual bloomer, are well exemplified in the green-
nous? of P. G. Walter, Esq., Byron Villa, Harrow.
Taking the best truss, enumeration proves that it
has already given seventy-eight flowers, nearly 2
inches across, of a soft shade of scarlet ; and yet there
are plenty to come. The pretty pink Pelargonium
Betiute de Ponthevin has also proved a very 9howy
plant, and a profuse bloomer.

MR. A. DEAN.—" Would you kindly allow me,"
says our old correspondent, Mr. A. Dean, " to make

' 'u to my numerous gardening friends, through

the medium of these columns, that, after nearly
twenty-one years' residence at Bedfont, I am leaving
on July 25, and shall be residing in the Richmond
Road, Kingston. I am naturally somewhat loth to
leave active gardening, as practised in seed-growing,
&C , but my health demands that I should rest from
onerous work, as well as from the grave anxieties
which attach to seed-growing. I hope none the

less to have many more opportunities than I have
here to become familiar with gardening in other
branches."

PEAS. — Mr. Cannell sends us a sample of his
"English Wonder" Pea, an improvement on
American Wonder, and one of the best early Peas.
It was sown a month later than " Lightning," but
comes into use at the same time.

MONSTROUS NYMPH/EA. — From Cherkley
Court we receive flowers of this curious variety of
N. Lotus, in which the petals are replaced by leaves,
the stamens are abortive, and the place of the fruit,
or seed vessel, occupied by a fleshy tuber.

Baron Schroder.— Among the German re-
sidents selected for honourable distinction by the
German Emperor, is this renowned horticulturist.
Those who have the pleasure of knowing him, will
rejoice in the conferment of honours fairly won.

Glasgow Fair Holidays and Royal Bo-
tanic GARDENS.— We learn from the North British
Daily Mail that the Finance Committee of the Cor-
poration have decided to open the gardens to the
public, free of charge, during two weeks beginning
on Monday first.

STRAWBERRIES.— On Friday week, 33,000 pecks
of Strawberries left Swanley for the north of
England, and 5000 for London on the same day.

Tibetan Plants.— The last number of Le
Jardin contains an account of the plants collected
by M. Bonvalot and Prince Henri, of Orleans,
from Tibet. Among them, a species of Meconopsis,
one M. Henrici, with purple flowers, like those of
M. simplicifolia ; Thermopsis barbata, with racemes
of purple flowers, figured in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 4868, but almost, if not quite, lost to cultivation.
Leontopodium alpinum, and L. himalayense, are not
likely soon to be exterminated in Tibet. Among
the Lilies is a Fritillary — F. lophophora — with
yellow flowers speckled with brown ; and many
other interesting plants.

Cherries. — A Sittingbourne correspondent
writes, that " So great was the havoc wrought by
the frost about May 17 last, that many trees will be
years before they can recover ; and to give an idea
of the loss to growers, I may mention some noted
orchards, the produce of which, this year, only
realised £475, whereas I have known as much as
£1200 obtained ; and last year, 1890, £959 was paid.
The prices returned to us on Tuesday last for
Cherries sold at Covent Garden were — Blacks, 5s. ;
Ambers, finest, 8s. per half sieve, or at the rate of
2.W. and id. per lb. Out of this, the grower has to
pay Ghd. per half sieve for expenses."

Home Correspondence.

CABBAGES " BOLTING."— Both " W. G. H." and

"A. D." appear to have missed the drift of my note
on this subject in your issue of the 13th ult., p. 740.
If they care to look over that note again, they will, I
think, find I was anxious rather to elicit information
than to dogmatise over local conclusions as to the
causes of " bolting " of Cabbages this season in Scot-
land or elsewhere. The several causes stated by me
were distinctly given as those assigned by individual
sufferers by the disaster, and my own comments
thereon were intended to evoke discussion on a
point ol deep interest to market gardeners and to the
public. There is considerable diversity of opinion
among practical men as to the cause of "bolting"
of spring Cabbages ; and it would be desirable to
have the fullest possible expression of opinion upon
the subject. " Bolting "is not an annual occurrence,
fortunately ; it does not occur every spring. It
hardly ever happens, I venture to say, to any serious
extent in ordinary seasons, except from too
early sowing and the selection of unsuitable
varieties for autumn planting. I think, however,
that there is little reason to doubt but that a
severe winter has something to do with the
evil, "A. D.'s" opinion to the contrary notwith-

standing. If accounts which reached us of the
weather experienced in the south last winter are to
be trusted, we in the Lothians escaped lightly both in
respect of actual frost and snow ; but if we had less
cold and snow — indeed, of the latter, we had un-
usually little — the winter was prolonged, and
extremely trying to green stuffs in a peculiar way.
I stated in my former note that we had a severe
winter up till February, when we experienced four
weeks of genial growing weather, followed by asecond
winter, which continued to the end of May. It would
be interesting to know if your correspondents' experi-
ence was similar to ours in February in their
several localities. It would, then, at least be
possible to arrive at a conclusion regarding the
value of my contention that much, if not all
of the "bolting" which occurred in the Lothians
was due to the interregnum of the Ice King's
reign in February, followed as it was by extreme
severity of cold in March, April, and May. The
general "bolting "that took place in this district last
spring is not to be satisfactorily accounted for by
" A. D.'s " assumption that the "stock was at fault."
The growers, as a rule, can rely on the stocks they
sow being right ; the seed is, indeed, in many cases
saved by the growers themselves. I must correct
" A. D." in the conclusion he draws from my remarks
respecting the relative hardiness of Scotch stocks
and English stocks of Cabbage. I did not " claim "
for the former that they were hardier than the latter,
but stated for what it was worth, that such an
opinion was entertained by practical men in these
parts. The only point requiring to be noticed in
" W. G. H.'s " contribution to the discussion is, that
Etampes is a variety that succeeds with him, though
further north than the Lothians. It is interesting to
know this, but it does not alter the fact that the
variety is not approved of by the Lothian growers,
who have tested it, and found that it is not so
reliable as the McEwan. In my former note I said,
while speaking of this variety, that it was later than
Pringle's Imperial and Worcester Early. This is an
error ; it is somewhat earlier. W. 8.

WOOD-PIGEONS IN LONDON.— On June 11, I
noticed to you the fact of having seen a wood-pigeon
in St. James's Park, opposite Marlborough House.
I was not aware till a few days ago, when 1 saw it in
an evening paper, that there is a colony of them in
the park. This morning, at 5 a.m., I was awakened
by the cooing of a wood-pigeon, which was on a tree
close to my window, and as there is good shelter for
them in the large Plane trees in the garden, I sup-
pose we may have them settle here in the garden
between Clarendon and Lansdowne Roads, Netting
Hill. Thrushes and blackbirds we have, and very
welcome is their song in its season, except to one
frequenter of the garden, whom I overheard com-
plaining, " that it would be very nice living out here,
but for a beastly bird which began singing so early
in the morning." J. A. C.

THE PAST WINTER NEAR ABERYSTWITH —

I am now able to send you a few of the results of
the late severe winter on plants which are not com-
monly grown, on account of the doubts which exist
as to their hardiness and power of surviving such a
winter as the one we have just experienced. I ought
first to state that this garden lies on the slope of a
steepish hill, facing south-west, and is about a mile
and a half from the sea. The lowest tempera-
ture was 17° (15° of frost) at 4 feet from the ground.
I will begin by enumerating the very few plants
which have been killed outright: — Cordyline aus-
tralis, all killed ; Phccnix dactylifera, a very large
plant of Eryngium pandaniefolium, Cytiaus race-
mosus, all the shrubby Veronicas, with the excep-
tion of V. Traversi, which was unharmed ; and all
the Pentstemons, which had stood out for some
years. Those that were injured comprise the
Myrtles, which were cut a good deal, but are rapidly
being covered with new foliage, right to the tops ;
Aloysia citriodora, cut down to the ground ; the
largest plant, twelve years old, is now breaking at
the side next the wall, where the stem, which is
more than 2 inches in diameter, has a slight
coating of bark left; a younger plant is breaking
well; Phormium tenax had the centre leaf in each
crown a little browned, but otherwise is unharmed ;
Aralia Sieboldii was a little blackened, but is now
nearly covered with new foliage ; Ceanotbus rigidus
was cut a good deal, but has now recovered; the
scarlet and yellow Pomegranates were cut to the
ground, but are now breaking well. At one time I
was afraid that a fine plant of Passifiora Constance
Elliott, which last year bad hundreds of blooms,
would not recover, but it is now nearly covered with

July IS, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

healthy Miage ; and us it is planted in a rather ex-
posed spot, it may be considered quite hardy. Among
those that have been quite unharmed, I would first note
the Bamboos, which actually seem to have enjoyed
the cold ; CharaiCTOps Fortunei, Ceanothus Gloire de
Versailles, which is now coming into bloom ; Boc-
conia cordata, which grows 10 feet high here ; Sola-
num jasminoides, Cistus ladaniferus, Buddleia
globosa, now covered with golden balls ; Olearia
Haastii, Escallonia macrantha, Euonynius of sorts,
Prunus Pissardi, Garrya elliptica. Azalea amecna,
Eulalia zebrina, Deutzia gracilis, Zauschneria cali-
fornica.the Indigo plant, Physalis Alkekengi, Alstrce-
meria chilensis and braziliensis, Liliuin specioaum
and L. elegans. and a clump of Echeveria glauca, on a
rockery. Of Ferns, I see Onoclea sensibilis coming
up very strong ; but, before finishing. I must mention
a plant of Ficus minima repens, which four years ago
was turned out of an Orchid-house, on account of
small slugs harbouring under the leaves, and planted
under a wall. I enclose a shoot of it, to show what
an effect the change of residence has had upon the
foliage, as when grown indoors the leaves were three
times as large. In conclusion I would mention that
none of the plants alluded to have had protec-
tion of any kind. (f. W. Cosens, Bronpadarn,
Aberystwith.

MOLES. — It is my experience this year that slugs
were never before so few, and moles so abundant. I
should imagine that of the latter pests there must be
ten where before there had been only one. The
ground seems to be literally honeycombed by the
creatures, and as we walk over it the surface sinks
in deeply beneath the tread. Why there should be
such a number of moles this year, it is indeed
difficult to understand. It is certain that hard
weather had no terrors for them ; but then, in
spite of a long period of unusually hard frost last
winter, because the ground was so long covered with
snow, the frost did not penetrate so deeply as is
often the case when winters are less severe. It was
generally expected that the long hard winter would
have destroyed both slugs and snails, and I antici-
pate in my district such was the case. Still, we
may learn that others have not been so fortunate,
and are terribly pestered with these creeping plagues.
Perhaps the comparatively dry weather has some-
thing to do also with the scarcity of slugs, but at
least I have never found them, even in the dryest
weather, at this time of the year, to be so scarce as
now. As to the moles, they run so near the surface,
especially in grouud which has been recently moved,
that it is almost impossible to trap them. Still
further, when one is surrounded by extensive market
gardens, now full of Peas, Beans, Potatos, Cabbages,
and similar crops, amongst which hundreds of moles
run riot and undisturbed, it is obvious that any one's
prospects of keeping down the moles is very poor
indeed. We could do well with a good heavy rain,
to assist in settling the soil, but when it is literally
one vast mole burrow, there is needed some greater
pressure to solidify it than the heaviest of rains can
well give. A. D.

CAMPHOR AS AN INSECTICIDE— To kill green-
fly on Lilium Harrisii, I found a means worth trying
in an old German gardening paper. The correspondent
took a small piece of camphor, and put it between
the top leaves of the affected plant, and in a short
time none of the insects were to be seen. As the
camphor evaporates, it has to be renewed when
necessary. A. B., Be.vley Heath.

EARLY TOMATOS. — With me Horsford's Prelude
is by far the best Tomato that I have tried for early
forcing; it is a remarkable free setter, of excellent
flavour, and of medium size, and globular. Were I
confined to three varieties, I should choose Prelude,
Perfection, and Hackwood Park. W. K., Blackmoor.

PRUNING GOOSEBERRIES.— It is scarcely the
time of year to speak about Gooseberry pruning, but
I think Mr. Laxton's remarks at the Fruit Con-
ference last week were not far wrong. How often
may one notice in a cottager's garden, Gooseberry
bushes loaded with fruit, whereas in the neighbour-
ing highly-kept gardens at the mansion, where the
trees are annually pruned in a scientific manner,
hardly a Gooseberry is to be seen I I have these
last few years simply thinned out the shoots a little
where too crowded, and by scaring the bullfinches, &c,
with the gun, and syringing the trees twice with
unslacked lime-water, I have always secured good
crops. No doubt the non-pruning system would not
do for growing show fruit ; but good fruit in quantity
is grown on this plan. The washing with lime-water

kills moss and insects, and thus helps to keep the
trees in a healthy state. A coating of rotten
manure should annually be given, which will main-
tain bushes in vigour for a surprising number of
years. W. K., Blackmoor.

THE WEATHER IN KENT.— Since July 7, much
rain, and showers of rain and hail together, accom-
panied by thunder, have occurred. A storm which
came up suddenly on the 8th, and lasted for an hour
and a half, flooded the gardens, and it was followed
by a hail-storm, the hail laying for more than an
hour. Some of the hailstones measured three-quar-
ters of an inch in diameter, but not being so icy as is
usually the case. No glass was broken, but the crops
were much riddled, and the flower-beds wrecked for
several days ; but these last are now fast recovering
their beauty. The thermometer, which fell 4° on
that occasion, has not been so high since. The beds
of Noble and other varieties of Strawberries, covered
with hexagon netting, afforded a curious contrast of
large red fruits against the covering of hail which
lay on the ground all around. W. Divers, Weirton
House. Maiditone.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Strawberry Conference, Joly 8.
Silver Banlcsian Medals.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, for Collection of Straw-
berries.

To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., for Collection of
Strawberries.

Certificates of Merit.

To Mr. T. Laxton, for Strawberry White Knight
and Scarlet Queen.

To Mr. W. Allan, for Strawberry No. 2, No. 3,
No. 4, Sir J. Paxton, President, and The Countess.

To Mr. Edwin Amies, for Strawberry Laxton s
Latest of All.

To Messrs. Paul & Son. for Strawberry Vicom-
tesse Hericart de Thury, Sir J. Paxton, Pauline,
Auguste Nicaise, President, and King of the Earlies.

To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., for Strawberry
Oxonian, Countess, Lucas, Latest of All, Elton Pine,
Auguste Nicaise, British Queen, and Dr. Hogg.

To Mr. J. Watkins, for Strawberry Vicomtesse
Hericart de Thury and Sir J. Paxton.

List of Awards.
Floral Committee.

Awards of Merit.

To Centaurea cyanus nanus compacta. Mr. Ilerbst.

To Godetia White Pearl, Messrs. J. Carter.

To P:cony Mdme. Emile Galle, Messrs. Paul &
Sons.

To Veronica anomala, Messrs. Paul & Sons.

To Prunella Webbiana, Messrs. Paul & Sous.

To Rose Heine Blanche, Mr. B. Lad hams.

To Pink The Rector, Mr. E. Turner.

To Mimulus cupreus Prince Bismarck, Messrs.
J. Laing & Sons.

To Escallonia lomensis, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons.

To Delphinium Robin Adair, Messrs. Kelvyay &
Sons.

To Double Begonia Mrs. Falkner, Messrs. H.
Cannell & Sons.

Botanical Certificates.

To Lilium maritimum, Mr. T. S. Ware.
Commended.

To Gaillardias strain, Messrs. Kelway & Sons.
Medals.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, for Collection of
Hardy Flowers, Silver Gilt Flora.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, for Collection of Hardy
Flowers. Silver Flora.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, for Collection of Hardy
Flowers. Silver Flora.

To Messrs. Kelway & Sons, for Collection of
Hardy Flowers, Silver Flora.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Collection of
Hardy Flowers, Silver Flora.

To Messrs. Barr & Sons, for Collection of Hardy
Flowers, Silver P.inksian.

Fruit Committee.

To Mr. T. Coomber, for Queen P.nes, Silver
Medal.

To Mr. J. Watkins, for Apples, Bronze Medal.

To Mr. J. Fitt, for Banana Ladies Finger, First-
class Certificate.

Scientific Committee.

June 23 — Present: Mr. D Morris, in the chair;
Mr. McLachlan, Dr. Muller, Rev. W. Wilks, Sir J. D.
Llewellyn, Rev. (J. ILnslow, Hon. Sec; Mr. C. A.
Barber, and Mr. R A. Rolfe, visitors.

Excrescences on Willows. — With reference to the
specimens brought by Mr. Blandford to the last
meeting, and referred to Professor H. Marshall
Ward for an examination of the tissues, he reported
that there was no evidence of any fungus growth,
and Mr. McLachlan added that there was also none
of insects having ever been present. Hence the
true cause of the hypertrophy could not be
ascertained.

Papaoer pilosum (?). — This plant having been
referred to Kew, was ascertained by Mr. Baker to be
Papaver rupifragum var. atlanticum, and is figured
in the Bot. Mag., t. 7107. It is a native of Morocco,
P. rupifragum being a native of Andalusia. Mr.
Wilks observed upon the fact that there are a great
number of Poppies now in cultivation which require
a careful systematic treatment.

Ira, Petals Variegated. — Mr. McLachlan exhibited
three petals, half white and half purple, which
appeared on a single plant of Iris florentina. The
question was raised whether the plant was a white
variety of Iris germanica revetted. It was ieferred
to Kew for further consideration.

Scotch Fir and Larch attacked, by Chermes. — Mr.
R, Maker, of Yattendale Court, Newbury, forwarded
specimen branches of these trees infested with
species of chermes. The only remedy is the free
use of paraffin spray. At Kew, Mr. Morris observed,
they were obliged to cut down some trees growing in
the midst of others ; as from their height and
crowded condition the spray could not be used
effectually, and the only alternative is to destroy the
infected trees.

Ash Wood Diseased.— lie also sent specimens of
branches having the common cankerous-like hollow
places on them. They were from an old tree 18
inches in diameter and a foot from the ground.
The trunk and all the branches presented a similar
appearance. They were referred to Professor H.
Marshall Ward for further investigation. Mr.
McLachlan observed that the Weevil Hylesinus
Fraxini, or else the larva of a moth Myelyos pinguis,
which feeds beneath the bark, might possibly have
been the primary cause of the injury.

Cycnoches chlorochiton (Klotzsch).— Mr. Rolfe exhi-
bited what is apparently the male flower, as the column
is very slender, and the pollen normally developed.
This is a well-known garden plant. In addition
he showed another form, being a larger flower with
a short stout column, which is believed to be hitherto
unrecorded, and is supposed to be the female flower
of the same species. These two flowers appeared
upon separate individuals imported from Caracas as
C. chlorochilon. They flowered in the collection
of M. A. Houjean de Lehaie, Membre de la Chambre
des Representants, Hyon (Mons), Belgium. The
special interest attached to the present examples is
the great similarity between the two sexes, a cha-
racter also observed in C. Loddigesi. while in C.
ventricosum, C. pentadactylon, and C. Rossianum,
the male and female flowers are very dissimilar. C.
Egertonianum, the male of C. ventricosum, is a
familiar example.

Elm, with Coloured Wood.— A branching specimen
in full' leaf was exhibited by Mr. Morris. It was
received many years ago at Kew from Van Houtte,
under the name of Ulmus sp. libero-rubro. This is
believed to be only a form of the Scotch or Wych
Elm, Ulmns montana. The peculiarity possesssd by
the specimen consists in its having the wood imme-
diately beneath the bark of a bright pink colour,
which easily distinguishes it from the type. The
exact nature of the colouring substance in this
instance does not appear to have been investigated.

WOODBRIDGE FLOWER SHOW.
The fortieth annual flower show in connection
with the Woodbridge Horticultural Society was
held, in fine weather, on Thursday 9th inst., in
the 'beautiful Abbey Grounds, which were again
placed at the disposal of the Committee by
Captain J. R. Carthew. In the open classes
there were five collections of forty-eight distinct
varieties, and the 1st prize was awarded to Mr. F.
Cant, the 2nd to Mr. B. R. Cint, the 3rd to the
Rev. 11. Foster-Melliar, of Sproughton. The last-
named "entleman beat both these strong competitors
in the next class for twelve Tea-scented and Noisette
Roses, and the three prizes for six varieties only were

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891.

taken respectively by Mr. 0. G. Open, of West
Bergholt; Rev. H. A. Burners, and Mr. John Woods,
Woodbridge. The National Rose Society's Silver
Medal, for the best Rose in the open classes, was
won by Mr. F. Cant, with a well-grown bloom of
"Victor Hugo.

Seven classes were reserved for amateurs, and in
the first of these, for eighteen distinct varieties, the
Rev. A. Foster-Melliar gained the 1st award from
the Rev. H. A. Berners and Mr. J. Gurney Fowler,
The Glebelands, Woodford, who were 2nd and 3rd
respectively. The honours for twelves and sixes
were about equally divided between the same gentle-
men, with a 3rd prize going to Mr. Orpen ; and in Mr.
Gurney Fowler's dozen was found the Rose, for
which was given another Silver Medal offered by the
Rose Society. This was an absolutely perfect bloom,
the best in the tent, of the variety Duchesse de
Morney, of a delicate rose colour, with the reverse of
the petals silvery. A Bronze Medal for the best
H.P.'s grown by an amateur was awarded to Miss
Penrice, Whitton House. Norwich, for specimens of
Prince Arthur and Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Pot Plants.— Specimen stove or greenhouse plant.
1st, Mnjor Howey. Orchids, four, 1st, Lord Rendle-
sham; 2nd, Mr. C. Whitfield King. Ipswich. Speci-
men Orchid, Lord Rendlesham. Exotic Ferns (tree
Ferns excluded), 1st, Duke of Hamilton (gr., Mr. J.
Best). Specimen Fern, Mr. J. E. Burness, Melton.
Hardy Ferns, six, 1st, Mrs. T. W. Grimwood. Group
of stove, greenhouse, or other plants, 1st, Mr. J. A.
Burness ; 3rd, Major Howey.

Among the fruit, Grapes and Strawberries made
the best display, and from the prize list we cull the
following:— Collection for dessert, eight varieties,
1st, Hon. W. Lowther, M.P. Peaches, 1st. Mr.
A. E. Studd. Nectarines, 1st, Mr. A. E. Studd.
Grapes, two black and two white, 1st, Mr. C. Whit-
field King; three black, 1st, MissWalford; ditto,
white, 1st, Mr. J. A. Burness. Heaviest two
bunches, Lady North. Melons, 1st, Mr. W. Whit-
more, Wiekham Market (gr., W. Spall). Best
Westley Hall Melon, Mr. R. Burrell. Strawberries,
eight varieties, 1st, Mr. F. Garrett ; 2nd, Hon. W.
Lowther, M.P. Strawberries, thirty-six, one variety,
for weight, 1st, Mr. R. Steel, Woodbridge. Straw-
berries, thirty-six, one variety, for flavour, 1st, Mr.
James Rose, Woodbridge. The Cottagers' exhibits
were numerous and good.

BOSTON HORTICULTURAL.

Jone 30.— This was the twentieth anniversary of
a Society that caters for the people in a purely agri-
cultural district, by providing an exhibition which,
in addition to horticultural produce, includes also
horses, dogs, poultry, and, indeed, domestic pets of
all kinds; it is not, therefore, to be wondered at that
the attendance was large.

Cut Roses are always a leading feature, but owing
to the lateness of the season, they were sparingly
produced. Messrs. G. & W. Burch, nurserjmen,
Peterborough, had the best twenty- four varieties,
single blooms, staging tine fresh blooms in their
usual excellent style ; they were also 1st with twelve
varieties. The best six Roses, the competition
confined to amateurs, came from Dr. Clegg, of Boston.

The best stand of twelve varieties of stove and
greenhouse cut flowers— a very good lot— came from
Mr. Dolby, Boston; and he was also 1st with a
stand of twelve varieties of hardy flowers. The
collections in both these classes were highly credit-
able to the exhibitors; in the latter class, Mr.
Nugold was a close 2ad. The best stand of wild
flowers for table decoration came from Mr. T.
Allen. It was charmingly arranged. Mr. T. Martin
well deserved the 2nd prize. Baskets of wild flowers
were very attractive, and some very fine fancy
Pansies were shown in the class for collections of
twelve blooms. Excellent double Pyrethrums in
bunches of three blooms were shown by Messrs.
Greenfield and Dolby, who were 1st and 2nd.

Specimen plants are not grown to a large size
about Boston, but what were shown were in good
condition. The best six came from Mr. G. Butler,
gr. to T. C. Garfit, Esq., Boston; and Mr. T. B.
Uolby, nurseryman, Boston, was 2nd. One specimen
was an admirably grown example of the old Tra-
chelium cceruleum, not so much grown as it well
deserves to be. Mr. J. Oldred had the best six
* uchsias, Mr. Dolby was 2od ; and the same exhi-
bitors were also 1st and 2nd with tuberous-rooted
Begonias. Mr. Dolby had the best six zonal Pelar-
gon.ums, and Mr. Nightscales, Sleaford. was 2nd.
Mr. Dolby was 1st with six large-flowering Pelar-
goniums, well grown and bloomed. Mr Dolby

was 1st in both classes for six Gloxinias and four
Petunias ; and Mr. T. B. Dolby, with three Lilies in
po's, having L. auratum.

Foliaged Plants. — Mr. Butler had the best six
specimens of Ferns ; and Mr. J. Oldred was 2nd.
The best Coleus came from Mr. Dolby, and the 2nd
prize went to Mr. Nightscales. Lycopods were a
capital feature ; Mr. Oldred was 1st, and Mr. Butler
was 2nd ; unfortunately, an excellent piece of Btir-
seriana aurea, shown by the latter, was somewhat
damaged, or he would have been placed 1st.

Fruit, owing to the season, was somewhat sparingly
shown ; and the prizes being small, do not attract
leading growers.

Vegetables are remarkably well-grown about Boston,
Mr. J. Jarnell had the best collection of six varie-
ties, a very good lot indeed ; and Mr. Dolby was
2nd ; and in the classes for different sorts of'vege-
tables there was a very good competition.

BIRMINGHAM BOTANICAL SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of the Birmingham Botanical
and Horticultural Society was held on Tuesday,
June 30, at the Botanical Gardens, Edgbaston.
The Mayor (Alderman Clayton) presided. — The
fifty-ninth annual report stated that the number
of members last year was 922, as compared with
919 in 1889, 931 in 1888, and 1,065 in 1887.
The committee regretted that the number of share-
holders and subscribers shows practically no increase
over that of 18S9; a substantial increase in this
number was still necessary before a repetition of a
credit balance on the year's accounts could be con-
fidently anticipated. The general accounts showed
an excess of income over expenditure of £8 9s 2d.

The Mayor, in moving the adoption of the repoit,
said that the number of admissions seemed to show
that those beautiful gardens were appreciated not
only by the members, but by the general public.
The gardens were in excellent condition, and the
new corridor was an addition on which he sincerely
congratulated the committee. It had added greatly to
the attractions of the place, by furnishing an entrance
from the road to the conservatories that was dry in
all weathers. The Rose show certainly was mag-
nificent, and the fact that it resulted in a gain
instead of a loss was another subject for congratu-
lation. As to the Sunday question, he thought that
the committee had rightly interpreted the general
feeling of the subscribers against the proposal.

Mr. A. H. Griffiths seconded the motion, which
was carried unanimously.

The officers and committee were re-elected, and
votes of thanks having been passed to them and to
subscribers and donors, the proceedings closed with a
vote of thanks to the Mayor.

ROSE SHOW AT BURFORD LODGE.

By tin kindness of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Birt.i
M.P., the annual show of the Brockham Rose Asso-
ciation was held in the grounds of Burford Lodge,
on Wednesday, July 1, a fine band and vaiious
accessories conducive to enjoyment being thought-
fully provided by the host.

For twenty-four Roses of any kind, 1st, A. Tate,
Esq., Downside, Leatherhead, who won the Gold
Medal of the National Rose Society with splendid
blooms of Madame Gabriel Luizet, A. K. Williams,
Countess of Oxford, Duchess of Bedford, &c. C. E.
Cuthell, Esq., of Box Hill, was a good 2nd, with
good blooms of Ulrich Brunner, A. K. Williams,
Marquise de Castellane. Lady Lawrence, Burford,
Dorking, highly commended for a bright and fresh-
looking collection.

Twelve Teas or Noisettes, single trusses. — Mr.
Tate was again 1st with a very fine even lot of blooms ;
Rev. A. Cheales, Brockham, was a good 2nd; Mr.
Cuthell, who was close behind, was highly commended.

Six any kind, triplets. — Mr. Tate was 1st, with
some fine blooms ; Rev. A. Cheales, 2nd. Mr. Cut-
hell and R. H. M. Praed, Esq., were the other ex-
hibitors.

Twelve, any kind, single trusses. — Mrs. Perkins,
Holmwood, was 1st, with very fine and even blooms,
and was awarded the other Gold Medal of the N.R.S.

E. Home, Esq., Reigate, was 2nd, Hon. Dudley
Ryder 3rd, amongst whose lot was chosen the Com-
tesse de Nadaillac as the finest Rose in the show.
Other exhibitors in this class were R. H. M. Praed
Esq., Mickleham ; F. T. Wollaston, Esq., Reigate ;
and Mrs. Leopold Seymour, Brockham.

Teas or Noisettes, single. — Mrs. Perkins, 1st ■

F. T. Wollaston, Esq., 2nd.

Four, any kind, triplets.— F. T. Wollaston, Esq.,
1st; Mrs. Perkins, 2nd.

Six, any kind, single trusses. — Mrs. Hatch was 1st,
with all splendid blooms. Miss Dorothy Nestheld
and Mrs. Poland were placed equal 2nd, with some
very fine blooms.

Four Teas or Noisettes, single trusses. — Mrs.
Poland, 1st.

Six one kind, Teas or Noisettes (single). —
E. Cuthell, Esq., with Marie Van Houtte, 1st ;
W. Thompson, with Souvenir d'un Ami, 2nd.

Six same kind, not Teas or Noisettes (single). —
Mr. Tate 1st with Madame Gabriel Luizet, very fine ;
Mr. Cuthell, 2ad, with Charles Lefebvre.

Collections of not less than eighteen and nine, in
bunches of three trusses. — Rev. A. Cheales for
eighteen, and Mrs. Seymour for nine.

Dinner-table decoration, anv flowers. — Miss
Dorothy Nestfield, 1st; Mrs. Benecke, Box Hill,
2nd; Miss Tate, highly commended.

Baskets of Roses, with Ferns and Foliage. — Miss
Blake. 1st; Miss Tate, 2nd ; Miss Cladys de Cetto,
Miss Dorothy Nestfield, Miss Lawrence.

Button-holes. — Miss Dorothy Nestfield, 1st; Miss
De Cetto, 2nd.

Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,
showed the new Bouibon Rose, Mrs. Paul, and was
much admired ; and some good blooms of Bruce
Findlay, John D. Pawle, Souvenir de S. A. Prince,
Comtesse B. de Blacas, Viscountess Folkestone,
Madame Renabury, Marchioness of Lome, and the
new hybrid Tea, Progress.

Mr. Aopleby, Dorking, showed a box of good
blooms II. P., a very fresh lot ; and twenty- four Tea
Roses, also very good. He also sent a very good
seedling Rose, unnamed, bright red, very near to
General Jacqueminot. Mr. Appleby also supplied
the decorative plants for the show, including which
were some finely-grown Caladiums.

CHERTSEY, WALTON, AND WEY-
BRIDGE.

July 2. — The best show yet held by these com-
bined Societies was that which took place on July 2
in Ashley Park, Walton-on-Thames. The principal
feature was the plants. For eight stove or green-
house specimens, Mr. J. Reeves, gr. to Mrs. Vachell,
Oitlands Park, was an easy 1st; Mr. J. W. Reed,
gr. to E Petitt, Esq, Broadwater, Oatlands Park,
2nd. The Gardeners' Magazine gave a Silver Medal
in addition to the 1st prize in this class, for cultural
skill.

For six flowering plants, Mr. J. W. Reed was the
only exhibitor, but well deserved the award given
him of first honours ; and he Was also 1st for speci-
men flowering plants.

Mr. Cook, gr. to J. S. Sassoon, Esq., Ashley Park,
Walton, was the winner in the class for six foliage
plants. Mr. Reeves staged the best exotic Ferns
and Caladiums. Mr. Millican, gr. to H. Cobbett,
Esq., Walton-on-Tbames, the best hardy Ferns.
Tuberous Begonias were superbly shown by Mr. W.
Stedman, gr. to Miss Verity, Weybridge. Fuchsias
equally so by Mr. R^ed, while all other kinds of
plants were represented in the best condition.

Ample provision was made for groups arranged
for effect. Mr. R;eves arranged the best group,
Mr. Reed followed close. In the smaller class, Mr.
Millican secured leading prize with one which com-
mended itself to all iovers of choice arrangement.

Roses made a good show, so numerously were
they staged. For twenty-four varieties, single
trusses. Mr. J. Sparrow, gr. to the Ruv. A. Brarn-
well, Barrow Hill, Chertsey, led with an even lot
of blooms, fresh, and of good colour. Mr. A. Hunt,
gr. to W. L. Cohen, Esq., Englefield Green, Egham,
2nd. Ten competed in the class for twelve blooms
in as many varieties. Mr. R-ed had the premier
stand, Mr. Sparrow 2nd. Stove and creenhouse cut
flowers, herbaceous varieties as well as Geraniums,
were well shown.

Fruit, though not large in numbers, was good in
quality. For six dishes. Mr. T. Osman, gr. to L. J.
Baker, Esq , Ottershaw Park, Chertsey, was premier
winner with an even lot, as also was he for two
bunches of black Grapes. Mr. Hunt took a similar
position for white Grapes in two bunches, with a
splendid Foster's Seedling. Mr. Reed followed with
Muscat of Alexandria. Mr. Sparrow had the best
Melons, both scarlet and green flesh.

Vegetables were a very good lot. Mr. Sparrow, 1st,
for eight varieties, staging choice produce. Mr.
Reed had the best Tomatos — Perfection. Non-compe-
titive exhibits added considerably to the exhibition.

July 18. 1891 J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Groups of plants of a miscellaneous character were
sent by Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Paradise
Nurseries, London ; Messrs. J. Laing & Son, Forest
Hill; and Messrs. Reed & Sons, Norwood Nursery,
K'ises in large numbers came fioao. Mr. J. Jackman,
Woking.

CHISWICK HORTICULTURAL.

The eleventh summer show took place on the 2nd
inst. in the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens,
autl may be regarded as a success in every way.

Much interest centri-d in the introduction of a
new class in this year's sche 'ule, viz , for a group of
Gloxinias, arranged with Palms and Ferns, occupying
a semi-circular space on grass, not exceeding 100
sc[uare feet. This class proved to be one of the
great features of the show, constituting, as it
did, a most effective and pretty display. There
were four competitors, and the post of honour
was worthily accorded to Mr. A. Meulon, gr.
to .1. 15. Hilditcb, Esq., Argyll House, Richmond,
for a really beautiful arrangement, the Gloxinias
comprising some grand, freely- flowered examples.
He was very closely followed by Mr. Thomas Bones,
gr. to J. Donaldson, Esq., Tower House, Chiswick,
who had flowers of extremely fine quality, the fol-
lowing seedlings of his own raising being very con-
spicuous, Eclipse, Robusta, Miss A. Donaldson,
and Mrs. S. A. Lee ; 3rd, Mr. A. Wright, gr. to E.
II. Watts, Esq., Devonhurst, Chiswick, a well
arranged lot — highly commended.

Messrs. W. Fromow & Sons, Sutton Court Nur-
sery, Chiswick. This firm took 1st prize in the
open class for a most effectively-arranged group of
miscellaneous plants ; whilst a similar distinction
was bestowed upon Mr. A. Wright, for a beautiful
arrangement in the gardeners' class.

Stove and greenhouse plants were also successfully
shown by Mr. Wright, he having, amongst other
good examples, a particularly well- flowered specimen
of Clerodendron Balfourianum.

First honours were secured by Mr. C. J. Waite,
gr. to Colonel W. P. Talbot, Glenhurst, Esher, for
dinner-table plants. Gloxinias were shown in capital
form bv Mr. A. Jones, gr. to E. Hyde, Esq., Castle
Bar Hill, Ealing.

Pelargoniums were well shown by Henry Little,
Esq., Baronshalt, Twickenham ; as also by Mr. J.
Wiggins, manager to Mr. D. Baldwin, Hillingdon
Heath, the latter collection being edged with some
plants of a beautiful new golden tricolor, named
Harbour Lights, a decided beat on Mr. H. Cox.

Cut Flowers. — The handsome Silver Challenge Cup,
value 25 guineas, for seventy-two Roses, was won
by Mr. B. R. Cant, St. John's Street Nursery,
Colchester, with a superb lot of blooms; 2nd, Mr.
Charles Turner, Slough ; ;Jrd, Messrs. Paul & Son,
Cheshunt.

Three Stands or Vases of Flowers and Foliage suit-
able for Dinner Table Decoration. — Mr. J. R. Chard,
Stoke Newington, won the premier position with
extremely beautiful exhibits.

In bouquets and other cut flower arrangements,
Mr. E. Chadwick, gr. to E. M. Nelson. Esq., Ealing;
Miss L. Hudson. Gunnersbury, Miss Prewitt, Ham-
mersmith, and Messrs. Perkins & Sons, Coventry,
successfully competed.

Fruit. — Fruit was not abundant, but it was well
shown by Mr. G. Clinging, gr. to W. Greenwell, Esq.,
Caterham Valley ; Mr. T. Osman, gr. to L. J. Baker,
Esq., Ottershaw Park. Chertsey, Mr. C. J. Waite,
Mr. W. Ford, gr. to W. H. Ellis, Esq., Hounslow,
Mr. E. Chadwick, and others.

Mr. W. Palmer, Surrey, staged a fine pair of
Sutton's Triumph Melon, not for competition.

In Vegetables. Mr. C. J. Waite was, as usual, well
to the front. He staged a really grand dish of the
Duchess of Albany Peas, with pods nearly 6 inches in
length. Mr. D. White, gr. to Mrs. F. Watson, Red-
lees, Is'eworth, also showed successfully in this
department. The cottagers made a good display of
flowers, fruit, and vegetables.

Miscellaneoits. — Amongst these exhibits, not for
competition, specially deserving of mention are : — A
tine group of hardy ornamental plants and cut Roses,
from Messrs. Lee& Son, Hammersmith; herbaceous
plants and cut flowers, from Messrs. W. Cutbush &
Son, Highgate ; a most interesting group of Cacti,
from Messrs. James Carter & Co. ; and attractive
groups of foliage and flowering plants, from Mr.
M. T. May, gr. to the Marquis of Bute, Chiswick
House, and from Mr. Reynolds, gr. to the Messrs. de
Rothschild, Gunnertbury Paris, Acton.

GLOUCESTER ROSE SHOW.

The fourth annual exhibition of the Gloucester-
shire Rose Society was held on Tuesday, 7th inst.,
in the Corn Exchange, and considering the recent
wet weather, the quality of the blooms staged was
better than anything that might have been expected.
There were entries from all the principal Rose
growers in the country, and the thirty-two classes
were well filled. In the nurserymen's division, the
principal prize winners were B. R. Cant, Colchester ;
G. and W. H. Burch, Peterborough ; Jefferies &
Son, Cirencester ; G. Prince, Oxford ; and J. Mattock,
Oxford.

In the open classes for amateurs, Dr. S. P. Budd,
of Bath, took three lsts and the Silver Medal ol the
National Rose Society for the best Tea or Noisette.
The Rev. J. II. Pemberton, of Havering, Essex, took
a 1st, a 2nd, and the Silver Medal for the best Hybrid
Perpetual. Other winners were T. Hobbs, Bristol,
2nd and ."rd ; and W. Drew, Ledbury, 1st.

In the classes for Gloucestershire amateurs, W.
Conway Jones, T. Thorpe, and T. A. Washbourn, of
Gloucester, and T. Hobbs, of Bristol, were most suc-
cessful ; Mr. Washbourn also securing the two Silver
Medals for the best Roses in the section.

la the open classes, the 1st were taken by G.
Prince, B. R. Cant, Dr. Budd, and Cranstons Limited,
Hereford.

T. Burcher, of Barnwood. Gloucester, took the
Silver Medal for the best Rose in the cottagers'
division.

In the class for gentlemen's gardeners of the
county, J. Sowray, gardener at llighnam Court,
Gloucester, was 1st.

For arrangement of Roses for table decorations,
J. Mattock, of Oxford, was 1st in the open class ;
and W. M. Baker, Hasfield Court, Gloucester, 1st in
the amateur's class.

ENFIELD HORTICULTURAL.

July 8. — This society was re-formed a few years
ago, and this was the fourth exhibition, and it was
held in the grounds of Chase Side House, a some-
what old-fashioned but admirably-kept place, rich in
old Roses trained over aichways, and other features.

Miscellaneous contributions proved very attrac-
tive. Messrs. R. and G. Cuthbert, nurserymen,
Southgate, staged a collection of plants of a highly
creditable character, and Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son,
nurserymen, Highgate. the same ; while Mr. William
Rumsey, nurserymen, Waltham Cross, had ten boxes
of excellent cut Roses, and Messrs. Paul & Sou,
Cheshunt, a box of twelve blooms of their new
Bourbon Rose Mrs. Paul, and some plants of a new-
Carnation of the Malmaison type, named Triomphe
de Paris, bright carmine, very distinct in colour, to
both of which Certificates of Merit were awarded.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The best six came
from Mr. May, gr. to H. J. Adams, Esq., Roseneath,
Enfield, who had Stephanotis floribunda, Allamanda
Hendersoni, Ixora Williamsii, and Bougainvillea
glabra. Mr. E. Ayling, gr. to A. J. Hollington,
Esq., Enfield, was 2nd, his chief specimen was a good
one of Clerodendron Balfourianum. The best speci-
men plant in flower was a good piece of S'.ephanotis
floribunda from Mr. H. J. Adams ; Mr. Hopkins, gr.
to H. C. B. Bowles, Esq., Enfield, was 2nd, with
Plumbago capensis. The best specimen Orchid was
a capital piece of Cattleya Mendeli from Mr. Ayling ;
Mr. II. J. Adams was 2nd, with a capital piece of
Cypripedium Lawrenceanum.

One of the leading features of the show was the
splendid specimens of Achimenes, perhaps as good
as any to be found in the country. Mr. Ayling was
1st, and Mr. H. J. Adams 2nd, both with admirably
grown and bloomed plants. Mr. J. T. Wall, Winch-
more Hill, had the best six tuberous-rooted Begonias,
well grown and bloomed ; Cockscombs were very
fine also. Mr. T. King, gr. to George Spicer, Esq.,
was 1st ; and Mr. Ayling 2nd. Fuchsias and zonal
Pelargoniums, shown in sixes and threes, greatly
helped the display, and so did double Petunias, some
capital plants being staged.

Groups of plants arranged for effect made a good
feature along the sides of one of the tents. Mr.
Ayling had the best group, including Orchids, Catt-
leyas, Oncidium macranthum, Miltonia vexillaria,
and other things being remarkably good. Mr. H. J.
Adams had the best group, from which Orchids were
excluded.

Mr. Ayling had the best six foliaged plants— a
very good lot ; Mr. Hopkins was 2nd. Foliaged
Begonias, Coleus, Caladiums. and Lvcopodiums were
all shown in good form. The best specimen was

a fine piece of Pandanus Veitchii, from Mr. Hopkins
Mr. Ayling coming 2nd, with Corypha australis.
The best six stove and greenhouse F'erns came from
Mr. Ayling— a very good lot; Mr. Pulling, gr. to
Mr. Twells, was 2nd. Plants for table decoration
were numerous, and very good.

Cut flowers included Roses. Cut flowers in twelve
bunches, Mr. Ayling taking the 1st prize, with some
superb Orchids ; Mr. H. J. Adams was a capital 2nd.
Bunches of zonal Pelargoniums, double and single,
and hardy herbaceous flowers, shown in collections
of twelve bunches, were capital.

Fruit was limited in quantity, and included Grapes,
Cherries, Peaches, Melons, &c. Some good Straw-
berries were shown.

Vegetables, in the open class, as well as those shown
by amateurs and cottagers, were numerous ; and
there was a fair competition for the special prizes
offered by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, James Carter &
Co., and C. Sharpe & Co.

Among the special prizes offered, was one for the
best short essay on the structural and other pecu-
liarities of any plant, a living specimen of the subject
selected to accompany the paper. That from Mr.
May, gr. to H. J. Adams, Esq., received the 1st
prize, the subject being Sarracenia purpurea, a short
crisp essay accompanying it. Mr. Hopkins was
awarded the 2nd prize, taking the Date Palm, Phicnix
dactylifera, as his subject.

EDINBURGH BOTANICAL.

The last meeting of the session was held at the
Royal Botanic Garden, on July 0, Mr. Lindsay, Pre-
sident, in the chair.

W. B. Boyd, Esq., of Faldonside, Melrose, sent a
large quantity of cut flowers of alpine and herbaceous
plants, including fine examples of Cypripedium
spectabile, Delphinium grandiflorum, Heuchera
sanguinea (dark var.), Lithospermum gramiuifolium,
Paeonies, Irises, &c.

G. Potts, Esq., Fettes Mount, Lasswade, exhibited
the following: — Saxifraga cotyledon (dwarf variety
found by him in Norway) ; large leaf of Rodgersia
podophylla, &c. Amongst many plants in pots from
the garden may be mentioned: — Aquilegia pyrenaica,
Aceras anthropophora, Campanula G. F. Wilson,
Loasa lateritia, Silene quadrifida, Sibthorpia europa;a
variegata, Veronica diosmcefolia, Saxiliaga mutata,
Inula Hookerii, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
(three distinct vars ), Geum strictum,&c. Mr. Alex-
ander H. Gibson contributed a paper on the Phane-
rogamic Flora of St. Kilda. and exhibited specimens
of 140 species he had collected during a stay of five
weeks on the island. In some cases, e.g., Honey-
suckle, only a single plant existed. The absence of
fruit on some plants was noted and attributed to
the absence of insects, viz., wasps, bees, and butter-
flies. Mr. Thomas Berwick, St. Andrews, gave a
paper on the cotyledonary glands of Rubiaceie. In
over thirty species, representing eight genera, he had
found glands at the bases of the cotyledons before
germination. The genera studied were — Asperula,
Borreria, Callipeltis, Crucianella, Galium, Tbyllis,
Spermacoce, and Vaillantia.

Dr. John H. Wilson reported the occurrence of
Geum strictum, Ait., from the woods at Blair-Adam,
where it had become naturalised in abundance. Dr.
Wilson also drew attention to a remarkable instance
of prolongation of the flowering period of Tritonia
(Montbrelia) Wilsoni, Baker, flowers having con-
tinued to be borne on one inflorescence for seven and
a half months.

Report on Tempebature, &c, Royal Botanic
Garden. By Mb. Lindsay.

Duiing the month of June, the principal feature
of the weather was its excessive dryness ; and, as
the absence of rain followed a long drought, last-
ing throughout the whole of the past spring, the
marvel is that its effects have not been more
serious on vegetation. A good fall of rain took
place on the 26th, alter which all danger from
drought was at an end. Rain fell on seven days
during the month. No frost occurred ; the lowest
night reading of the thermometer was 37° on the
10th, and the highest 56° on the 18i.h ; the lowest
dav reading was 51° on the 1st, and the highest
Sl° on the 2'Jih of the month. The foliage of all
forest and oruamental trees is now complete, except
several North American trees, such as Tulip tree,
Liquidambar, Catalpa, and deciduous Cypress, which
are still far behind. Conifers are developing fine
clean growths, Piceas and Abies particularly so.
'Ihe different species of Pinus are flowering most
profusely this season. The golden- coloured varieties

THE GAR DENE US1 CHRONICLE.

[Joly 18, 1891.

of Yew are very bright, and extremely well-
coloured. Herbaceous plants, though late in flower-
ing, are still very fine. The early spring-flowering
bulbs, &c, have ripened a fair supply of good seeds.

The rock garden was most attractive during June ;
359 species and varieties of plants came into flower,
besides a large proportion of those which commenced
to flower in May, and continued to flower in June.
A few of the more interesting plants were:—
Aciphylla squarrosa, Allium M'Leanii, Androsace
foliosa, Anthyllis erinacea, Arum palasstinum, Cam-
panula abietina, Cynoglossum nervosum, Cypri-
pedium parviflorum, Dianthus " Michael Foster,"
Enkianthus himalaicus, Erigeron aurantiacus, Edri-
anthus pumiliorum, E. serpjllifolius, Geranium
anemomefolium, G. armenum, Haberlea robusta,
Heuchera sanguinea, Iris Ceugialtii, Linum acumi-
natum, Melonopsis aculeata, Mimulus Bernettii,
Nardostachys Jatamansi, Olearia furfuracea, 0. ma-
crodonta, Orchis foliosa, 0. maculata superba,
Pentstemon humile, P. Menziesii, Polemonium
flavum. Primula reticulata, Kamondia pyrenaica
alba, Rhododendron ferrugineum album, Saponaria
ocymoides Loderii, Saxifraga valdensis, Trifolium
uniflorum, Verbascum olympicum, Veronica am-
plexicaulis, V. Bidwellii, B. anomala, B. linifolia, &c.

Report for June, by Mr. Bollen, Botanic

Garden, Glasgow.
This was an unusually dry month, but nothing
like summer weather was experienced until the 9th,
when the temperature began to increase. Although
we had a considerable duration of sunshine, the
mean temperature for the month was low, owing to
tbe continued breezy north-east winds. June 9 is
recorded here as being the first day of summer, but no
really hot summer weather was experienced until
the 19th. From that date to and including the 25th,
the sun thermometer registered from 93° to 98°,
and that in the shade from 70° to 76°. No rain
worthy of mention fell until the 2ti!.h, when such
plants as had not been forced into premature bloom
grew away vigorously. The latter days of the month
were cloudy, and mostly cold. Outdoor plants are a
fortnight behind their usual blooming season.

The special prizes for thirty-six varieties of Roses
fell to Messrs. Mattock and Walker, who were severally
1st and 2nd. Mr. Walker also had the best collec-
lection of six bunches of florists' flowers.

Vegetables were a good feature, for the district is
famous for its fine growth of these. Special prizes
were offered by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, E. Webb &
Sons, Daniels Bros., and James Carter & Co., all of
which brought a good competition.

In the cottagers' department there was a large and
generally good display of vegetables.

AYLESBURY HORTICULTURAL.

Jcly 9. — Aylesbury can fairly claim to have one
of the oldest horticultural Societies in the kingdom,
for it was established in 1822, and it is said to have
held an annual exhibition ever since. The one for
the present year was held in the Corn Exchange,
and scarcely fell behind any preceding one in point
of quality.

The members of the family of Rothschild, a num-
ber of whom reside within short distances of Ayles-
bury, offered special prizes. Mr. Leopold de Roths-
child for best collection of twelve dishes of fruit: the
only exhibitor was Mr. Robins, gr. to Colonel E. D.
Lee, Hartwell House — who had a very good lot in-
deed—Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines, Strawberries, &c.
Lord Rothschild, for three bunches of black Grapes :
Mr. Shrimpton, gr. to Lady A. de Rothschild , 1st,
and Mr. W. Deacon, gr. to H. R. Lambton, Esq.,
2nd, both with Black Hamburgh ; and also for three
bunches of white, and here Mr. Deacon was 1st with
superb Duke of Buccleuch, Mr. Robins being 2nd
with the same.

Mr. Alfred de Rothschild's special prize for the
best collection of plants, arranged for effect, brought
a good competition; and so did his lordship's special
prizes for the best collection of plants, fruit, and
flowers arranged upon a table.

The President of the Society, the Hon. Walter
Rothschild, gave prizes for six double zonal Pelar-
goniums, which was won by Mr. John Walker, nur-
seryman, Thame, with some admirable specimens;
and with six single-flowered varieties, Mr. Walker
was also 1st. Mr. John Mattock, nurseryman, Head-
ington, Oxford, was 1st, with six tricolor zonal
Pelargoniums, staging some large, well-grown, and
finely-coloured specimens, Mrs. H. Cox and Dolly
Varden being grandlv grown and coloured. The
President's prize for six stove and greenhouse plants
was won by Mr. Blake, gr. to H. Cazenove, Esq.,
who had all foliaged plants. In addition, Lord
Rothschild and his son offered special prizes for the
best collection of stove and greenhouse plants, Mr.
J. Sbrimpton taking the 1st, and Mr. Smith, gr. to
Earl Temple, the 2nd prizes. Special prizes for
various subjects were also given by Baron Ferdinand
de Rothschild, M.P., Mr. H. Cazenove, and others.
Achimenes in sixes were well shown by Mr. Gulliver,
Aylesbury, and Mr. Robins ; and Mr. Robins had
the best six Gloxinias.

THE FRUITERERS' COMPANY.

The Lord Mayor presided on Monday, 13th inst.,
at the Mansion House over a meeting in connec-
tion with the Fruiterers' Company, for considering
what further steps should be taken '" For the promo-
tion of Fruit Culture in our homesteads and cottage
gardens." There was a large attendance, among
those on the platform being the Baroness Burdett-
Coutts, Mr. Chaplin, M.P., Lord Egerton of Tatton,
Alderman Sir J. Whitehead (Master of the Fruiterers'
Company), and Lady Whitehead, and Colonel Sir
Nigel Kingscote.

Alderman Sir J. Whitehead read letters from the
Duke of Norfolk, the Duke of Westminster, Lord
Derby, Lord Stanhope, Lord Ravensworth, the Dean
of Rochester, Sir Trevor Lawrence (President of the
Royal Horticultural Society), Sir James Paget, Mr.
Charles Howard, Mr. De Laune, Lord Brougham,
and Lord Coventry, all of whom wrote regretting
their inability to attend the meeting, and expressing
warm sympathy with its object.

The Chairman stated that the meeting was the
first fruit of the movement set on foot during the
renowned mayoralty of his predecessor, Sir James
Whitehead — the first fruit of his energy and deter-
mination that fruit-growing in England should
receive that attention which it deserved.

Mr. Chaplin, in the course of his remarks in
moving the first resolution, said : We live in times
when one of the great interests of this country in
particular — I refer to the agricultural interest — has
of late years been most sorely tried. I hope, and
I believe, that at all events we have passed through
the worst, and that there are happier and brighter
times in store for us in the future ; but this time
of trial through which we have passed, I am bound
to say, will not have been altogether without some
compensating results, if it should have had the
effect — as I think it will have, and as, indeed, I
think it has had — of sharply directing our attention
to the agricultural system which we have pursued in
this country for so many years, and to the possibility
of developing and, perhaps, to some extent diverting
it into new and other channels for the future. The
great staple of our agricultural industry in this
country in the past has been the production — to
describe it very roughly — of bread and meat, but
the producers of bread and meat during the last
ten or fifteen years have fallen, more or less,
on evil times. They have been subjected to a
sharpness of foreign competition unknown in former
years, and which to the men of that generation
would have been entirely unexpected ; and it
behoves us to consider, with all the care we can,
whether there are not other means by which this
great industry may be supplemented in the future.
I cannot help thinking that in more than one direc-
tion, and more particularly within the domain of
what is known as la, petite culture, there are very
considerable openings in which we may find, not
substitutes, for that is far from my mind at the
present moment, but useful adjuncts to the agricul-
tural system of this country. Take the subject of
dairy farming, there is much that still remains to be ac-
complished. Last year we imported dairy produce to
the value of no less than £18 500,000, or more than
the whole of the value of our Wheat crop, which used
to be the great staple of our industry ; I believe it
is no exaggeration to say, that by far the greater part
of these imports might be produced perfectly well in
our own country. We import into this country every
year eggs to the value of no less than £3,400,000 ;
surely, it would not be a very great thing if we were
to make an effort in the future which should enable
us to produce this £3,400,000 worth of eggs in-
stead of importing them. Then I turn to that
branch of industry in which all of you in this
hall are specially interested ; and here I own
that I speak with somewhat less of confidence
than I have spoken up to now, because I am
reminded of how greatly the success of fruit cul-
tivation in this country depends upon climate, and
climate appears to be the one thing of all others

upon which it is impossible to depend in England.
Still, there remains the fact that we do import very
large quantities of fruit annually from abroad, and
much of it comes from countries like Canada, where,
at all events, their climate is no better than our own,
The total value of our imports of fruit last year was
no less than £4 349,000, and that showed an increase
of nearly £500,000 upon the amount which was im-
ported in the previous year ; but a very consider-
able part of this increase was made up of fruits
which are not produced, and which are not
capable of production in this country. Our imports
of fruit maybe classed generally speaking, under four
heads. We import of Apples £800,000, of Nuts
£600 000, of Oranges and Lemons no less than
£1,800,000, and then we import a further £1,SOO,000
worth of other fruits which are classed in the returns
under the name of unenumerated fruits. Of these un-
enumerated fruits, probably one-fourth in value con-
sists of fruits grown in England. The others are fruits
which we could not produce in this country. Adding
this one-fourth to the amount for Apples, I shall pro-
bably be within the mark in saving that we import
foreign fruits to the value of £1,200, 000 annually which
we could produce, if we chose to produce them, in this
country. It is very gratifying to find already that
a considerable move has taken place throughout
the country in this respect, for I see from the
latest return which we possess at the Board of Agri-
culture that in the year 1890 as against the year 1889
there has been an increase of 2408 acres in the
country which are devoted to orchards and the
growing of Apples and Pears. Again, I find with
respect to small fruits that in 1890, compared with
1889, we have an increase of 4301 acres devoted to the
growth of small fruits. Strawberry farming, also, is
undoubtedly on the increase, and is becoming rapidly
one of the important industries of the country. A
great deal has to be done in the matter of agricul-
tural education. The development of agricultural
education requires very considerable funds, and very
large funds have been recently devoted to that
purpose. They have, however, been given to the
County Councils of the country, and not to the
Board of Agriculture ; and what I want to point
out is this — that it is rather to the County
Councils than to the Department over which
I have the honour to preside, that we must look
for that development of agricultural education
in the future. 1 am informed, though I speak
with great deference in the presence of ex-
perts like my friend on this subject, that
the selection of soil is a matter of the greatest
importance; that the selection of plants is even
of more importance ; and, as I have pointed out
already, climate has a great deal to do with it.
Then, I am told that, with respect to orchards and
the cultivation of Apples and Pears, careful attention
to pruning is a matter of the very first importance.
There is another point to be considered, the ravages
of insects, and upon that subject I do think that we
have been successful in the Agricultural Depart-
ment— I hope it is the case — of conveying during
the last year or two, a great deal of in-
formation to the general public which was not
always forthcoming before. Part of the movement,
which it has been my pleasure to chronicle to you
this afternoon — part of the increase in the orchards
and in fruit growing in this country — has been due
to the initiation of the Fruiterers' Company. As an
adjunct to the agricultural interest, I cannot doubt
that it will be most useful and beneficial. It will
add something also, I hope and believe, not only
to the pursuits, but also to tbe happiness and
comfort of the homes of our cottagers and working-
classes. In that direction I hope it will be pressed,
and that every means will be adopted of bringing
home to them the information that will be useful,
and which will enable them to cultivate their small
gardens and allotments. This is a question which is
becoming every day more and more important, because
in the last two or three years there has been an
enormous increase, which I hope is progressing, in
small allotments of land placed at the disposal of
the labouring classes. As far as I am concerned, I
wish this movement God speed. I hope it will go
on and prosper, as I cannot doubt that it will do,
under the auspices with which it has been begun ;
and I venture to say this — that among all the great,
useful, and beneficent works which, without number,
have from time to time been inaugurated under the
chief magistrate of the greatest city of the world,
there are few, if any, I believe, more entirely deserv-
ing of our support than that which we are met
to promote this afternoon. I now propose the fol-
lowing resolution: — "That in the opinion of this

July 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

meeting, vigorous efforts should be made to restore
the orchards and to promote the extension of hardy-
fruit cultivation in our homesteads and cottage gar-
dens, and that the Lord Mayor be invited to open a
subscription list with the object of maintaining the
necessary funds to enable the company to carry out
their purpose."

Lord Egerton of Tatton seconded the motion. As
an economical question, he regarded the subject as of
importance in these days.

GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.

The Rose Fair and Floral Fete, in aid of the
Gardeners' Orphan Fund, which was held at the
Crystal Palace on Wednesday last, instead of the
show formerly held in the Flower Market was, we
are pleased to learn, very satisfactory in all re-
spects. The attendance was large, and the Floral
display extensive, groups of plants and cut
flowers &c, being arranged by many of the lead-
ing nurserymen, while Hoses in profusion were offered
for sale. A rectangular bank of many thousands
of cut blooms surrounding a group of Palms, &c,
was arranged in the centre transept, the flowers
being the gift of the following growers : — Messrs.
J. Carter & Co., Forest Hill ; II. Cannell & Sons,
Swanley ; F. Cant, Colchester ; H. B. May, Edmon-
on ; Win. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross ; J. Cheal
& Sons, Crawley ; J. Laing & Sons, Forest |Hill ;
W. Fromow & Sons, Chiswick ; Dickson & Sons,
Belfast; E. F. Such, Maidenhead; G. Prince, Ox-
ford ; VV. B. Smale, Torquay ; Maurice Young, God-
aiming ; C. Turner, Slough ; W. Kumsey, Waltham
Cross ; Dicksons, Limited, Chester ; G. W. Piper &
Sons, Maresfield ; Keynes, Williams & Co., Salis-
bury ; J. Peed & Sons, Norwood ; Jefferies & Sons,
Cirencester ; Messrs. J. Smith, Mentmore Gar-
dens, Leighton Buzzard ; W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall
Garden, Stamford; Rose, Lockiuge Park Gardens;
Cummins, Carshalton, and G. Wythes, of Sion Gai-
dens, Brentford, were also contributors in this section,
and it must be a source of gratification to these
gentlemen to know that their Rosi'S found a ready
sale in the evening, and that the Fund will benefit
accordingly.

There were, moreover, other stalls and stands where
plants, fruit, and flowers were on exhibition or sale.
Mr. H. B. May sent an extensive colled ion of Fern?,
which made a very pleasing relief to the colours of
the Roses. Messrs. J. Peed & Sons had arranged
an effectual collection of finely grown foliage plants ;
while Caladiums, &c, came from Mr. J. R. Box, of
Croydon. Messrs. B. S. Williams & Sons, Hol-
loway, sent a large lot of miscellaneous plants. A
collection of Cacti and finely flowered Petunias
from Messrs. Carter attracted notice.

Messrs. Barr & Sons sent a large lot of cut
herbaceous flowers, as did also Messrs. J. Chta' &
Sons, and Messrs. Veitch, of Chelsea, who also had
fine show blooms of Roses. Mr. Chard, Stoke New-
ington, arranged effective table decorations, using h s
arches which were covered with Roses chiefly. Messrs.
J. Laing & Sons had a brilliant display of Begonia?,
and from Messrs. Reid & Bornemann, Sydenham,
came a stall of fruit and flowers for sale, some deco-
rative arrangements of Roses being very fine ; goods
for sale were also sent by Mr. Williams, of Lewisham,
while Strawberries were the gift of Messrs. H. Cannell
& Sons, G. Bunyard & Co., and others.

The receipts for cut flowers amounted to about
fifty pounds.

Among the special attractions of the day, one of
the most popular was the cricket match — The
Seedsmen v. Gardeners of England (playing four-
teen on each sidi-)— which resulted in a victory for
the latter after some close play. The game was
commenced at 10 o'clock by the S-edsmen, under
Mr. C. H. Sharman ; the gardeners being captained
by Mr. E. Mohneux. The scores were as follow : —

Gardeners.
Battell. c. Simpson, b. E Pollard, 11; C.ipps. c. F. Pol-
lard, b. Hurst. 2 ; Hathaway, 1. b. w., b. Hurst 3 ; Cover, run
out, 0 : Do', b. Hugh, 14 ; Agate. 1. b. w., b. Ellis, 2 ; Record,
b. Pugh, 5 ; Bowbottom, c. H. Young, b. Samptoo, 11 ; Floyd,
C. Cannell, b. F. Pollard. 20; Allman, c. Sampson, b. F. Pol-
lard, 28 ; Rose, c. Sampson, b. C. H. Sharman, 1 ; Fassum, not
Out, 9; Dines, b. F. Bollard, 0; Molyiuux, b. F. Pollard, 11 ;
extras, 13. Total 130.

Seedsmen.

1st Innings :— Pugh, D. (Carter & Co.), b. Agate. 0; Pol-
lard, E. (F. Slocock), b. Agate, 17; Sampson, S. N. (Hurst &
Sou), b. Floyd, 16; Cannell, E. (Cannell &Son). c. Rowb >Uom,
b Agate, 10; Hurst, C. E. (of Burbige), b. Agate, 3; Young,
A. S. (Milford Nurseries), st. Rose, b. Agate, 19; Ainswortli,
S. (Carter & Co.), b. Floyd, 0; Pollard, F. (Carter & Co.), b.
Floyd, 15; Ellis (Cheal & Son), b. Agite, 1 ; Sharman, O. H.,
Jun. (Carter & Co.), b. Floyd, 1; Young, H. (Milford Nur-
series), b. Floyd, 0; Parr (Cooper, Taber & Co., Limited), c.
Agate, b. Floyd, 0; Pearson, C. (Carter & Co.) b. Floyd, 2;
Sharman, C. H. (Carter & Co.), not out, 3. Extras 5 ; total, 92.

In the second innings of the Seedsmen, D. Pugh scored 2o,
E. Pollard 12. while S. N. Sampson and E. Cannell were 23
and 5, respectively, not out. Extras, 3 ; total 68.

©tutuara?.

FRANK MILES. — We regret to have to record the
death, on July 15, of Mr. Frank Miles. The deceased
gentleman was a clever artist, who was best known
to the horticultural world by his many pretty
sketches and drawings of garden scenes and plants,
&c. He had for some years suffered from a mental
disorder, and died at an early age. His father, the
Rector of Bingham, is celebrated for his collection
of hardy perennial plants.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42Q Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a " Day-degree " signifying 1° cumimed fur
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours j

Temperatube.

Rainfall.

Bhiuht
Sun.

- a

Accumulated.

5 3

a ,2;

■v

I**

s
-a

o .

n' «
"'^

«
>
O

o .

-.*

Above 42°, differenc
from Mean since Jan

4, 1891.
Below 42°, different'
from Mean since Jan

4, 1891.

+ *

-a

01
O

a
a

a
o

1'?
U

tir'

s.s

"Z **
£ o
o «

8,1

3. CD

£.9

Day-

Day. Day-

nulls

dfg.

deg.

cleg, d.g.

Inch.

Ins

l —

+ lie + ;s

5 +

115

2!.4

i aver

100

— 53 + 101

2 +

10.3

1 —

103

— 94 + 95

0 aver

2 —

111

— 78 + 128

2 +

10.1

106

— 61 + 116

3 +

12.0

2 —

116

— 81 + 149

I +

11.3

;

2 —

+ 54 + 46

2 —

14.8

3 —

aver 0+35

2 +

11.4

3 —

— 53 + US

1 —

14.7

3 —

+ 3+28

1 —

12.1

3 -

+ 8+31

4 —

14.1

3 —

112

— 15 + 40

3 —

1 2 :■

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

frincipal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland,
\i. Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England,
5, -Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Principal Grazing, i\c., Districti—7. Scotland, W.
England, N.W. ; 9. England, S.W.; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

N. ;
E. ;

N.i

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending July 11, is furnished from
tbe Meteorological Office: —

"The weather was unsettled and showery during
the early part of the week, with thunderstorms and
heavy falls of rain in many places. Towards the
close of the period, however, the weather improved
considerably, and was mostly fair and dry.

"The temperature was a little below the mean in
alt districts, excepting ' Scotland, E.,' the deficit
ranging from 1° in ' Scotland, N.' and 'England,
N.E.,' to 3° in most other parts of the Kingdom.
The highest readings were observed mostly on the
10th, but at some of the extreme western and
northern stations they occurred earlier in the week.
With the exception of ' England, N.E.' and 'Eng-
land, S.,' there was no district in which the ther-
mometer reached 75c, and in the majority of

' grazing ' districts, with the addition of ' Scotland
N.,' the readings were in all cases below 70°. The
lowest readings were observed on varying dates, the
thermometer falling below 45° in most parts of the
country, and reaching a minimum of 40° in ' Scot-
land. E.' (at Ochtertyre).

" The rainfall amounted to a little more than the
mean in most of the Wheat-producing districts, and
to a little less than the normal in most of the
'grazing' districts. In 'England, N.W.,' however,
there was a slight excess, while in ' England, N.E.'
the average amount was just reached.

"The bright simshinc was very deficient, the per-
centage of the possible amount ranging from only 12
in ' Ireland, N.,' 13 in ' Scotland, N.,' and 18 in
' Ireland, S.,' to 35 in ' England, S.,' and 44 in the
' Channel Islands.' "

ARKETS.

CO VENT GARDEN, July 16.
Out- door fruit in fair supply, with trade dull and
prices lower. James Webhcr, Wholesale Apple Market,

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
t. d. s. d.

Apples, i-sieve ... 3 6-60

— Nova Scotia, brl.15 0-25 0

— Tasmaniin, case 12 0 14 0

Cherries. £ sieve 4 6-80

Cobs, Keiit, 100 lb. 4 0- ...
Gooseberries, £-sieve 2 0-36
Grapes 16-30

Note. — Bananas and Apricots differ iu price so greatly,
according to quality aod quantity on sale, that no trustworthy
quotations can be afforded. Peas also vary in price every hour.
Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Lemons, per case

Melons

Peaches, per dozen...
Pine-apples. St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80
Strawberries, per lb. 0 2-08

s. d. s. d.
15 0-25 0
16-30
3 0-12 0

s.d. s.d.
Arum Lilies, 12 blms. 2 0-40
Asters, French,
12 buochea 12 0-18 0

— English, per
dozen blooms ... 0 4-06

Bouvardia, per bunch 0 6-10
Carnat o i.-, 12 buns 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. u 9- 1 6
Cloves, per doz. blms. 0 6-10
Corolluvver, 12 buus. 1 6- 3 0
Delphiniums. 12buns. 3 0- b 0
Eucharis, per dozen 3 0-60
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0 4 0
Gl diolu^.l J bunclies 4 0-12 0
Heliotropes, 12 spra. 0 3-06
Iris, various. 12 buns. 4 0 12 0
Lilium cuididum,

12 bunches ... 9 0-18 0

— 12 blms. ... 0 4 0 9

— various, 12 bun. 6 0 12 0
Lilium Harrisii. doz. 3 u- 4 U
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerite?, 12 buns. 3 0-6"
Miguonette.do/.buD. 16-30
Myo>otis, 12 bunches 2 0-40

Orchid-bloom in variety.

New Potatos. — Home grown supply fairly heavy. Price
from 6s. to 9s for Kidneys ; and is. $d. to 5s. 6d. for Beauties.

JERSEYS, tis to 6s. 6rf. ; French. 4s. to 6s.

Old HoTiTOS.— Close this week, at £7 ; supply exhausted.

New Zealand. — Consignment of 50 tous ot Blues this week,
although the condition is fair, the venture is a failure.— J. B.
Thomas.

s. d. s. d.
Orchids : —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
O.ionto gl ossn m
crispum, 12 blms. 3 0-60
Pansies, 12 bunches 0 t- 1 6
Pelargoniums, M\tr-

let. per 12 bun. 3 0-60

— \£ spays 0 6-09

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0- 4 0
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 10-90
Primulas, djuble, 12

sprays 0 6-10

Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 U- 3 0
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 10-60
Spirrea, per bunch ... 0 4- (' 6
>tock-,perdoz.b'ins. 3 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buus. 2 u- 4 0
SweetSultjn,12bun. 2 0-40
Tuberoses, per dozen

blooms 0 3-06

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

Artichokes, Globe,

each 0

Beans, French, lb. ... 1
Beet, red, per dozen 2
Carrots, per bunrh..,
Cauliflowers, each ..
Celery, per bundle ..
Cucumbers, each ...
Kndive, per dozen ..,
Herb«, per bunch ...
Plants in Pots.

s.d. s. d.

4 0 6
6 2 0
0-3 0
6- ...

s.d.

Lettuces, per doz. ... 2 0
Mushroom's punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4
Seakale, per basket . U 9-
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6
Spinach, per bushel 3 ii-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 1 0
Turnips, per bun. new 0 9-

— Average Wholesale Prices.

.d.

1 0

i 6

s. rf. s.

Aralia Sieboldi, per

doz.... 6

A-pidistra, ter doz. 18

— specimen plants,

each 7

Bedding plants, va-
riety, per dozen ... 1
Bouvardia, per dozen 9
Calaliums, per doz. 12
Calceolaria, per doz. 4
Cyperus, p^r dozen 4
Dracaena terminalis,
per dozen 30

— viridis, per dozenl2
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen ... ... 6

Ericas, various, per

dozen 8

Evergreens, in var.,

per do/eu 6

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4

Ficus elastica, each 1

0-12 0
0-42 0

6-10 6

0-2 0
0-1S 0
0-18 0
0-6 0
0-12 0

0 60 0
0-21 0

0 18 0
6-7 0

s. d. s. d.
Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2 0-10 0
Fuchsias, per dozen 4 0-90
Heliotrope, per doz. 4 0- 8 n
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0 18 0

— paniculata, per

plant 16 2 0

Ivy Pelargoniums,

perdo^en 4 0-60

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18 0-31 0

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3 0 6 0
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Mignonette, per doz. 4 0-60
Muak, per dozen ... 2 0-40
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6 0 12 0

Palms in variety,

each 2 6-21 0

Pelargoniums, doz. 8 0-12 0

— scarlet, per doz. 3 0-60
Spiraea, per dozen ... 6 0 9 0

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891

Notices to Correspondents.

Acacia : C. T. <$• Co. Probably an Acacia, but it is
not possible to say which one.

Carnation Disease: Nismus, S. W. L., and other
correspondents. Your plants are suffering from
an attack of eel-worms. See fig. 11/and para-
graph in p. 71.

Cattletas: E. B. Excellent samples, giving
evidence of good cultivation.

Coleworts : Miss F. It is now too late to sow
Cabbage seed for producing small open-hearted
Cabbages — Coleworts — in late autumn and early
winter. The proper time for your district would
be early in May. You may sow seed of any good
hardy variety between July 25 and August 10, and
plant the seedlings, when large enough, at
15 inches apart, on well-manured land. Every
alternate row and alternate plant in the rows
left, should be drawn, not cut, for winter and
spring use, and those that remain will form the
principal crop of the summer season. The
plants drawn early in the year would be what
are generally understood by Coleworts. If the
Rosette Colewort be chosen for sowing in May,
and the plants put out at 1 foot apart, nice hard
little Cabbages form in autumn and early winter.

Fig. 12.— currant bud mite magnified.

Cdcomber: G. S. Your Cucumber roots are badly
affected with eel- worms, often figured and de-
scribed in these columns. Destroy the plants,
turn out the soil, and start afresh.

Currant Shoots Dying : Chas. Kershaw, Oakwood,
and others. The injury is caused by the Currant-
bud mite, Phytoptus ribis. Cut off and burn all
affected shoots, dress the soil with quick-lime or
gas-lime, stirring the surface, and use such washes
as are usually employed against red-spider (see
fig. 12).

Diseased Vines : Francforto. It is hardly possible
to get out the fungus from the tomentum of the
dried leaf, as the latter is so brittle, but from
the spores seen, we believe it to be the American
Peronospora viticola, a most destructive pest. All
affected leaves should be burnt at once, and every
precaution taken to slay the pest by spraying with
Bordeaux Mixture.

Double-flowered Begonia : Austin, Glasgow. A
very beautiful and large rose-pink coloured blossom.
A variety that is certainly worthy of being per-
petuated.

Fruit Growing under Glass: A. B. Handy Book
of Fruit Culture under Glass, by David Thomson
(Blackwood & Sons). Price, probably, 5s.

Fungus: A.J. Next week. The larger Saxifrage
appears to be Wallacei, the smaller a form of
hypnoides, but the specimens are insufficient.

Grapes: J. D. B. See our answer to "Peaches:
Constant Reader." In any case, many of the
Grapes will be spoiled, as you have allowed the
mildew to develop so much before seeking advice.

Steps should be taken to arrest the spread of the
pest on the very slightest appearance of it on leaf
or berry.

Insect : Woolfey. A weevil ; most destructive. Trap
them with slices of Carrot at night, and destroy
them.

Melon Leaves Diseased : L. F. The plants are
attacked by a species of mildew, probably Sphae-
rotheca castagnei. Apply flowers-of-sulphur in
fine powder, by means of a boite a houppe or a sprayer.
It was well to send full particulars of soil, manage-
ment, &c. ; but these moulds or mildtws baffle the
best modes of culture at times.

Names of Plants : R. W. H. 1, Polemonium cce-
ruleum; 2, Sedum rupestre; 3. Dianthus Armeria;
4, Dianthus, not known ; 5, Sedum spurium ; 6,
Looks like Blechnum boreale, but very small. —
Geo. E. 1, Oxalis corniculata ; 2 and 3, species of
Oxalis, which are not recognisable as sent. The
plant that passes for Shamrock is Trifolium repens
(white Clover), or sometimes Oxalis acetosella. —
G. B. Heythrop. 1, Galium verum ; 2, Ajuga
reptans ; 3, Polygonum Persicaria ; 4, Ononis
arvensis; 5, Geum urbanum. — T.T.$S. 1, Agros-
temma coronaria; 2, Hippophae rhamnoides ; 3,
Heuchera Richardsoni ; 4, Rosa polyantha. —
H. J. Boss. Orchis ustulata (not a variety of O.
incarnata), Gymnadenia conopsea, Nigritella
angustifolia, Nigritella suaveolens (yes, a natural
hybrid between the two latter).— F. B., Campanula.
You send a flower only, which we take to be a
variety of C. persicifolia. The coloration of the
calyx is not unusual in these plants. — A. J. A. B.
Begonia, one of the hybrids from metallica. —
H. M. M. 1, Davallia canadensis ; 2, Asplenium
fragrans ; 3, Lastrea filix-mas; 4, Athyrium filix-
fcemina; 5, Blechnum occidentale ; 6, Polypodium
cambricum. — Bellis. 1, Fuchsia Riccartoni; 2,
Campanula Trachelium ; 3, Cistus sp. ; 4, Thalic-
trum majus; 5, Spiraea palmata; 6, Veronica
longifolia, probably ; 7, Phalaris arundinacea
variegata ; 8, Agrostemma coronaria. — C. B. 1,
Helianthemum sp. ; 2, Lychnis chalcedonica ; 3,
Potentilla grandifiora, garden form ; 5, Adiantum
capillus veneris ; 6, Polypodium plumosum. — J. H.
1, Aloe verucosa; 2, Oenothera macrocarpa ; 3,
Davallia pyxidata; 4, Asplenium prsemorsum.

Pansy : ./. M. A curiosity, interesting to botanists,
but which would not find favour with the florists.
The eepals of the calyx are unusually large and
leaf-like, and the petals undulate.

Peaches : Constant Beader. The fruits are badly
mildewed. You must dress the trees with some
of the recognised mildew remedies ; but, we fear
these will scarcely save the fruit this season. Use
a little warmth in the pipes night and day, and
avoid a close cool atmosphere. You might smear
the pipes with sulphur in whitewash, and put pans
of the same about the house.

Rhododendrons Not Opening their Bods : C. Mans-
field. The results of the severe winter. It is very
common this year.

Rose Grub: W. M. Next week.

Strawberries : Crollmus. The strongest runners
should be layered in pots, all others being cut off.
Lose no time in getting the job done. — W.B.
Entirely smashed on arrival.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Osman & Co., Horticultural Sundriesmen, Com-
mercial Street, London, E. — Cross Cases.

T. Methven & Sons, 15, Princes Street, Edinburgh
— Dutch Flower Roots, &c.

Pitcher & Manda, The United States Nurseries,
Short Hills, New Jersey, U.S.A., and Hextable,
Swanley, Kent — General Plant Catalogue.

Roozen Brothers, Overveen, Haarlem, Holland —
Dutch and Cape Bulbs, and Plants.

Communications Received.— Joseph Shaw. — J. W.— J. S.
—V. C— W. S. (many thanks).— H. C. & Sons. -Sir T. L.—
Messrs. Sander.— J. R. J.— C. de B., Antwerp.— J. H.— J. P.
& Sons.— L. C.— H. G., Haarlem.— A. W.—3. E.— G. B.—
Cav. E. O.Fenzi, Florence.— S. P. O.— W. G. S.— M. H.—
A. P.— R. ,D. F.- T. Hare.— J. B.— R. Ruffett.— W. D.—
A. P.— W. K. W.—3. Kobson & Son.— W. Clark.— J. G.
Baker.— W. A. C— C. H.— T. S.— E. C.—W. G— C. DeB.—
R. D.

DIED.— On July 13, at Cbilwell House, Notts,
Elizabeth, widow of the late John Royston Pear-
son, and daughter of the late Henry Hetley, of
Orton, Longueville, Hunts. No cards.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50 ; SO ft. by 15 ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

GARDEN SEATS for the People. Rustic pattern, cast-iron
frame, painted any colour, or stained and varnished, enormous
sale, from 15s. Carriage piid. Lists free.

HARDY BRUIN & CO., Horticultural Works, Leicester.

BOULTON & PAUL,

H0ESS3K?B" NORWICH.
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

CARDEN FRAMES ^VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
GARDEN FRAME

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

MELON AND
CUCUMBER FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £3 0 0 112 ft. by 6 ft. ... £4 3 0

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 3 0 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. ...5 6 0

No. 77.-Smaller size Frames,] SJMZiiJ"^1! I
similar to No. 75. fJ&gJS; I \ %

All Frames made of Selected Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 14s. each.
UNGLAZED LIGHTS „ „ ... 5s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always in Stock.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufacturer, including Horti-
cultural BuildiDgs, Frames, Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling,
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to aU Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, ho.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Postrfree.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WA^K, Dl'M-IN.— Discount for Cash.

July 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

J^, JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges, Cottages,

Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &c.

Hot-water Apparatus

for warming Churches,

Schools, Public Buildings,

Mansions, Harness Rooms,

Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and

Buildings of every Description.

Illustrated Circulars

Post-free.

m-m*

THREE ABSOLUTELY TRUSTWORTHY

GARDENERS' FRIENDS.

CAMPBELL'S FUMIGATING INSECTICIDE

Big Facts :—

Mr. Williams,
Gardener to Earl
Lisburne : — "I
have given your
New Fumigatiog
Material a tho-
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thing could be
more simple to
use, nor more
effective in its
work."

Big Facts : -

Mr. Thomson,
Gardener to the
Duke of Buc-
cleuch : — "One of
the best inven-
tions connected
with horticulture
that has been in-
troduced for many
a long day. I will
never use Tobacco
paper again.

Mr. Culverwell, Gardener to Sir F. Millbanke, Bart. .
" The Fumigating Insecticide is very effectual. I have recom-
mended it to several people."

Mr. Geo. Wythes, Gardener to the Duke of Northum-
berland : — "Pleased with Insecticide; answered its purpose
thoroughly; for Orchids a boon."

PRICES :-

For houses with a ( 1000 cubic feet, No. 3 Roll, 1/- each ) Post

capacity of \ 2000 ,, ,, „ 4 ,. 1/9 ,, j" Free.

The Rolls may be cut for nouses of a smaller capaci t y, or to

make up required quantities for larger houses.

LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE.

The Safest and Most Effective Liquid Insecticide
for Dipping or Syringing.
Mr. Flack, Gardener to the Marquis of Cholmondeley :—
" Your Lemon Oil is most effectual and safe, destroying every
insect it comes in contact with, as well as having such
cleansing properties."

Mr. Milne, Gardener to Lord Delamere ■ — "Your Lemon Oil
Insecticide is the best, safest, and most effective I have ever
used."

Prices, post free :— Pints, Is. lOd. ; quarts, 3s. 3d. ;
half gallons, 5.*!. 9d.

A truly valuable remedy. Has saved thousands
of Bulbs.

CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.

Mr. B. Cromwell, Clevelay Gardens, says : " The result of
using your Eucharis Mite Killer is, that our stock of
Buoharia is now furnished with dark-green leathery foliage,
and pots full of strong fleshy roots."

Prices, post-free:— Half-pints, ls.9d. ; pints, 2s. $d. ; quarts,
4s. $d. ; half-gallons, 8s.

OR FROM TOUR SEEDSMAN.

CLIBRAN'S OLDFIELD NURSERIES, ALTRINCHAM;

Also 10 and 12, Market Street, MANCHESTER.

WOOD & SON'S

NEW IMPORTATION of
SUPERIOR

300,000 of every description, in Black

and White.

SPECIAL OFFER. TEN DAYS ONLY!

3 ft., 23. 9d. ; 4 ft., 3s. ; 5 ft., 7s. ; 6 ft., 83. ; 7 f t , 9s.

8 ft., 14s. psr 100.

In Quantities at a Reduction.

SAVE 20 Per Cent, in Labour by using
WOOD & SON'S

ELECTRIC

WEED DESTROYER.

We Guarantee Extermination

WITH ONE WATERING.

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(' uriage Paid on 10 Gallons and upwards.

10 gallons to 2oO gallons of water 15s.

20 gallons to 5oO gallons of water 28s. id.

40 gallons to 1000 gallons of water 50s,

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(ESTABLISHED 1850),

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One Success has many Imitators.

The Best and Cheapest Preparation for Destroying Weeds, &c,
on Garden Walks and Carriage Drives, is

SMITH'S Celebrated

WEED KILLER

Leaves no stain nor smell , makes the gravel equal to new.
A great saving of labour. 4 Gallons, sufficient to make 100
Gallons when mixed, 7s. 6d., Carriage Paid.

The ORIGINAL and ONLY GENUINE.
Full Particulars and Testimonials of

MARK SMITH, MlJS='

LINCOLNSHIRE

LOUTH,

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. $d. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6, Maryleport Street, Bristol.

Sold in Packets, 6d. and Is. each, and in
Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb., 2/o; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 561b., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD. LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
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A^k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COUKT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

BEESON'S M A N U R E.— The Best and
Cheapest Fertiliser for all purposes. Write for Circular
containing the Leading Gardeners' and Market Growers'
Reports. Sold in Tins, Is., 2s. 6d.t 5s. 6d., and 10s. Qd. each,
or 1 cwt. Bags, sealed. 135. By all Seedsmen, or apply direct to
W. H. BEESON, Carbrook Bone Mills, Sheffield.

C^ISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
X for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
super-ede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. <od.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Gd. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack, Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 205., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES, 3£ feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS.
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,
Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southward Street, London, S.E.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY,

Undertake the oomplete ereotion of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the
largest stook of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to seleot from, and invite inspection of same.

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc. ; VENTILATING CEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent. Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address— "HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Joly 18. 1891

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

H O T r* O C M A " THE UNIVERSAL
IT 1 \J t\ Ci IM /\j INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh. July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, aud bo far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test ot efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or spray. — I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January!, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Hold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. 6d., 2s. 6d., and 3s. Gd.; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. 6rf. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKH ART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,

Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Hollowav, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS' and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street, London.

THE STOTT

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR,

PATENT SPRAYER,

PATENT SYRINGE.
KILLMRIGHT,

BEST Insecticide for Destruction of Caterpillar and
all Insect Pests, and Prevention of Mildew.

Mr. J. For«yth, Gardener to the Right Hon. W. E.
Gladstone, M.P., writes as foi.ows :—

Hawar.len Castle, The Gardens, Nov 28, 1889.
Sir, — I have tried your Simplex Manure and Insecticide
Distributor, and find them to answer very well, but especially
the Insecticide Machine. I charged it with " Killmright,"
and found it very effective on insect life.

Extract from D., Deal, •• Rjse Notes." in the Journal of

Horticulture, of June 18.

" If growers begin to complain of ' flv.' syringing must be

resorted to. And here let me say that there can be nothing sn

effectual as Stott's Distributor and their powder, Killmright."

Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen ; Wholesale and Retail

from the Stotc Distributor Co.. Ltd . Barton Howe. Manchester.

THE CHEAPEST & BEST OF ALL.

FIR TREE OIL

INSECTICIDE (soluble)

FOR PLANTS.- To make a solution for washing or
cleansing purposes — Half-a-Pint of Fir-Tree Oil lo ten
gallons of water.

For Green and Black Fly, Thrip, American Blight, Woolly
Aphis, &c. — Half-a-Pint of the Fir-Tree Oil to two or four
gallons of water, or two or three tablespoonfuls to the pint.

For Red Spider and Caterpillar — Half-a-Pint of the
Fir-Tree Oil to two gallons of water, or three tablespoonfuls
to the pint.

For Mealy Bug, Brown or White Scale— Half-a-Pint of
the Fir-Tree Oil to four or six quarts of water, four to eight
tablespoonfuls to the pint.

For Mildew and Blight on Fruit or Foliage— Half-a-Pint
of the Fir-Tree Oil to a gallon of water, or six tablespoonfuls
to the pint.

For Ants, Grubs, Worms, Wood Lice, &c, in the Soil —
Half-a-Pint of the Fir-Tree Oil to two gallons of water.

The most efficacious way lo use Fir-Tree Oil in small
quantities is to apply it with one of Hughes' Afhicides.

When applied to the roots of delicate plants the soil should
be drenched with clean water immediately afterwards, in all
other cases washing is not necessary. Used with Warm
Water it is quicker in its action than when cold is used.

Soft or rain water is necessary, and Applied in Wood, Tin,
or Pot Vessels. — Galvanised Iron Vessels must not be used.

FOR NITS IN CHILDREN'S HAIR -Mix one part of
Fir-lree Oil with three parts of Warm Water and apply
with a Comb or Brush, the Hair can be washed shortly after.

t FOR WASHING FUNNELS & UNDERCLOTHINC-

Tut a wine-glass full in ten gallons of water for steeping ;
the same may be put into the boiler. Common Soap may
be used but no other preparations.
Sold in Bottles, half-pints, j/b ; finis, sib ; quarts 4I6 ;
luilf-gallons yjb ; gallons I2\b each.
Drttms, 5 and 10 gallons each, at 1 1 1- per gallon,
A Treatise on FIR TREE OIL as an insecticide,
its application to Plants and Animals, sent post free
on application to the Manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st, Manchester.
Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YQRK-A. R0L::Er. & Sons.

CLIMAX

CONCENTRATED

CLIMAX

MEED

Ts Double the strength of any other.
Destroys all weeds on Garden Walks, &c, &c.
Improves the colour of the Gravel-has no smell.
Saves many times its cost In labour alone. One
application will keep the walks clear of weeds for a
whole season at least. Can be applied with an
ordinary watering-can.

Note the strength, & compare the price with others.
1 Gallon makes 51 Gallons for use.

PBICE in Tins :— 1 gallon, 3s. ; 5 gallons, 2s. id. per gallon ;
10 gillons. 2s. 3d. per gallon ; 40 gallon casks, 2s. per gallon.
Tins and Casks free.

Is Guaranteed to effectually Destroy all Moss on
Lawns, &c. while at the same time it will stimulate
and increase the Growth of the Grass.

1 Gallon as sold will make 15 Gallons for use, and
is sufficient to do 110 Bquare yards. Can be applied
with an ordinary watering-can. Saves many times
its cost, and insures a perfect Sward.

Price in Tins :— 1 gallon, 3s. ; 5 gillons, 2s. 9d. per gallon ;
10 gallons, 2s. 6d. per gallon ; 40 gtllon casks, 2s. 3d. per gal.
Drums and Casks free.

Carriage paid ou all orders of 10 gallons and upwards. Sample gallons sent Carriage paid on receipt of Postal Order.

Prepared solely by the BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., Luton Street, Liverpool.

Can be had through all Seedsmen, or direct. Ask for the " CLIMAX," and take no other.

CROMPTON
& FAWKES,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

CHELMSFORD.

BOOK of Photo-Lithographed
Sketches of Winter Gardens, Ranges
of Hothouses, Vineries, Architectu-
ral Conservatories, &c, of various
Designs and Sizes, recently con-
structed, erected, fitted, and heated
complete by us in different parts of
the country ; with particulars of the
most successful Hotwater Heating
Apparatus of the century.

Post-free on application.

For Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Roads, Stable Yards, fro., also for Killing Plantain

on Lawns. Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No Smell. Does not stain the Gravel.
One application will keep the Walks clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen months.

Recommended by Mr. W. G. Head, Superintendent, Crystal Palace Gardens; Mr. J. Bell, the Duke of Wellington's
Gardener ; Mr. E. S. McLAURIN, the Empress Eugenie's Gardener ; Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator, Botanic Garden, Cambridge ;
and many other eminent Gardeners. ^ SQluti(m is appHed with an ordinary watering can.

Prices, in 1 and 2-gal. Tins, 2s. per gal. (Tins included); in 5-gal. Drums, Is. 6d. per gal. 10 and 15-gal. Drums, la. 4d.

per gal. Special quotations for larger quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty- five galons of water.

ANTI-FUNCI POWDER, THE ONLY EFFECTUAL REMEDY FOR TOMATO DISEASE,

MOULD AND MILDEW ON ROSES, VINES, &c.

It can be applied with an ordinary Powder Distributor, has no smell, and is harmless to the plants or fruit.
Recommended by Mr. W. HlLLS, Gardener to Viscount Gort, East Cowes Ca-tle ; Mr, W. CHILD, Gardener to the Rev. W.
Wilks, Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society ; Mr. Chas. Ross, Welford Park Gardens, Newbury, and others.

Prices : 1 lb. Is., 3 lb. 23. 9d., 7 lb. 5S. 6d., 14 lb. 10s.. 23 lb. 18s., 5t> lb. 35S. Carriage paid on 28 lb. and upwards.

Please Note Change of Name :—

THE M ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY, Tunbridge, Kent;

And CARLTON STREET, BOLTON, LANCASHIRE.
N.B.— We have made no Change in the Manufacture or Composition of any of our Goods.

THE COTTAGERS CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

Post-free 3|d. ; 25 Copies, 53. ; 50, 10s. ; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C.

July 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENER S' CHR ONI CLE.

EPPS'S-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRF. REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM. PatenlMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat Moss Litter.

The Original Peat Depot RINGWOOD HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; 5 for 47s. 6d.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. no*.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. $d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEV-

DRON-<, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack ;

5 for 12s. dd.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. 6d. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All S icks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
SpecialTermstotheTrade. GARDES STICKSof all descriptions
For Price List, aud Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Pncea of
WALKER AND CO., Famborough, Hants.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
Loudon. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber diffident to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put or. rail iu Loudon. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.

Co -£

J**-

*'*^

a5o

CONWAY O. WARNE,
Rovai Pott»n.s. Wngton-Huper-Mar*

J. H. HEATHMAN & CO.,

2, Endell Street, London, W C

GRAND BARROW PUMP.

3-inch, £4 10s.
Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6
50 feet Delivery Hose, 25/-

Pbice Lists FhEE.

To Nurserymen and Seed Merchants.

J BLACKBURN and SONS have now re-
. cored the First Parcel of New ARCHANGEL MATS.
and will give lowest quotations on application.
4 aud 5, Wormwood Street, E.C.

100.000 yards to select from.

EXTRA STOUT strong-tanned NET, 2 yards
■wide, \$d. yard ; 4 yards wide, 3d. yard ; or 2 yards wide.
10s. per 100 ; 4 yards wide, 205. per 100 yards. NEW TWINE
NETTING. 1 yard wide, 2d. yard; 2 yards wide. Ad. yard;
4 yards wide, %d. yard ; 12 yards wide, 2s. yard. COTTON NET,
nine meshes to square inch, 1£ yards wide, Id. yard run.
W. CULLINGFORD, 127, Field Road, Forest Gate, London, E.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames art- made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £

light,

4 ft.

6 ft.

8 ft.

6 ft.

12 ft.

6 ft.

16 ft

6 ft.

20 ft.

6 ft.

)»

24 ft

6 ft.

| CASH
I PRICES,
[ CARRIAGE
) PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS.

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

LondnnAg nt, Mr. H. SkfLTON, Seedsman, &c.,2,HoIlowayRd ,N.

$£=-l**m- --. '

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

SEND FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

"ADIES" LAWN EDGER
AUTOMATIC SHEARS,

PATENTED.

Awarded (after trial) banksian Medal and Certificate of
Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society.

fTHIS IN VKNTION consists of a pair of Shears,
— *Jta attached to a small roller,
which work automati-
cally, and will cut the
grass edges as last as

it is possible to push
the machine along,

Of all Ironmongers, Florists a. Seedsmen.

Price, complete, 21/-,

Or will be sent carefully packed on receipt of P.O.O. 22/-

to 13, Charterhouse Street, London, E.C.

HILL
BLACK

& SMITH'S
VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone,

(Registered Trade Mark.)

Ad excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.
Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, 1*. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
sv a tt m -r r\ it Every Cask btars the above

(J A U 11 U iV. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

nf cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

47 Dawson Street, Dublin.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 18, 1891.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON itrn SCULL, 90. Lower Thames Street. London. E.C.

UIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; sir for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6.S. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. 6(2. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London.

Cheaper Edition now ready.

A BOOK ABOUT ROSES. By the Very
Revd. S. Reynolds Hole. Dean of Rochester.
Eleventh Edition. Cloth, 2s. Hd.
London; EDWARD ARNOLD, 37, Bedford St.. Strand, W.C.

THE "WORCESTER HERALD,"

Sales of Stock and Agricultural Effects.

The "WORCESTER HERALD " is the most effective organ
for giving publicity to announcements of this class. It is the
leading Agricultural Paper in the County, and Circulates
most extensively among Agriculturists in and around
Worcestershire.

Farms to Let.

Land Agents. Estate Managers, and all having Farms to Let
would do well to advertise in the " WORCESTER HERALD,"
the Leading County Paper. Specially adapted for bringing
such notices before Tenant Farmers. Large circulation.
Moderate charge.

Situations Vacant and Wanted.

For producing results the " WORCESTER HERALD " is

recognised as a specially good medium. Cheap Rates.

Applv for terms.

SPEC/MEN' FREE. Price 2d.

Published Friday for Saturday.

Offices :

-72, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mn. Thomas Wilson, for the past three and
a half years Foreman in the Gardens, Glamis
Castle, Forfarshire, as Gardener to the Duke of
Grafton, Wakefield Lodge, Stony Stratford.

Mr. J. Franklin, late of Caldecote Hall, Nun-
eaton, as Head Gardener to Mrs. Stopford
Sackville, Drayton House, Thrapstone, North-
amptonshire.

Manager..

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a really good
and competent MAN, as Working Propagator. Grower,
and Foreman, to take entire chargeof a large Market Nursery
near "London. — Must be well up in Grapes, Tomatos, and able
to produce a good quantity of Pot Stuff, such as Chrysanthe-
mums, Primulas, Cinerarias, Geraniums, Pelargoniums,
Fuchsias, Mignonette, Marguerites, &c. Good wages given.
None but efficient man need apply. — Address, staling refer-
ences, age, &c, to NEPETA. Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, an ORCHID GROWER.— Must
be married. Wages, 21s. per week and free house —
Apply, with all particulars, to SANDER and CO., St. Albans,
Herts.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a good CHRYSAN-
THEMUM GROWER, one used to growing ^show
blooms. — Apply, stating wages required, and where previously
employed, to M. A., Gardeners' Ghronile Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, London, W.C.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a good GROWER
of Ferns, Plants, and Cut Flowers, in quantity, for
market. Must have good experience in all kinds of Plants
under glass; good references required. — J. M., Victoria Nursery,
New Humberstone, Leicester.

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER.— Apply to Mrs. MARTIN, Rempstone Hall,
Loughborough.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER for Kitchen Garden, Conservatory, &c; no
Vines. Also to look after Pony. Write, stating wages, to A.,
Larchwooil, Horley, Surrey,

WANTED, a GARDENER, competent to
take Charge of General Collection of Orchids and
other Plants. Five Houses. Lad kept. Wages, 30s. per
week.— Apply " D.," Hugh Low & Co., Clapton Nursery, N.E.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER.—
Married man without family preferred, to reside in
and take charge of small Country Residence, Garden, Stables,
&c. ; other assistance kept. Wife must be a good Cook, and
able to manage a small Dairy and Poultry. Family in resi-
dence about six months during the year. — Address, Mr. S. B.
GARRARD, The Limes, Hacheston, Wickham Market, Suffolk.

WANTED, TWO or THREE capable and
energetic GARDENERS, to superintend the Preparing,
Planting, and Cultivation of Vineyards in California. Wages,
35s. to 40s, per week, and house. Climate good. Average
cost of food not more than at home. State full particulars as
to present and previous situations. Application to be made
to the LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL COMPANY (John
Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garston, near
Liverpool.

WANTED, a GARDENER.— Must be quick,
and good all-round in Flowers and Fei\:s, also Tomatos
and Cucumbers. Steady man from Market Nursery pre-
ferred. State age, and wages required, with references. —
M. CHARLTON, North Grange Nursery, Sunderland.

WANTED, a FOREMAN, for the Orchid
Department, age about 30. Must be thoroughly trust-
worthy, and able to Pot and Water well, and to make up
Flowers with taste. State references, experience, and wages
expected. Letter only.— W. S. ELLIS, Esq., Hazelbourne,
Dorking, Surrey.

WANTED, as FOREMAN over a Depart-
ment, a man who has been accustomed to growing
plants for Covent Garden Market. Apply, giving references,
and stating salary expected, to the LIVERPOOL HORTI-
CULTURAL COMPANY (John Cowan), Limited, the Vine-
yard, Garston.

WANTED, a good practical man, as FORE-
MAN in the Houses, having had good experience in
the Culture of Fruits and Plants. Must have first-class refer-
ences as to character and ability. Wages, £1 per week,
Bothy, and Vegetables.— J. VERT. Audley End, Saffron
Walden.

Wf ANTED, a reliable MAN for the Houses.—

W A good Grower and Propagator of Bedding and
General Soft-wooded Stuff, Ferns. Chrysanthemums. &c. Un-
exceptional references as to ability, character, &c , required. —
State wages (moderate), and full particulars to W. C., Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, an OUTDOOR HAND.— Must
be a successful Budder and Grafter. A permancy. and
good wages, to a suitable man.— YARDE & Co., Northampton.

WANTED, an active young MAN for the
Glass Department, age not under 20. and to lodge out.
—Apply, stating wages, HEAD GARDENER, 1, Richmond
Cottages. Cardiff.

WANTED, a young MAN, about 21, for the
Flower and Kitchen Gardens, and to assist Inside ;
also to take charge of a Cow and Calf. Wages, lSs.—
G. ROBINS, The Gardens, Clock Towers, Upper Halliford,
Shepperton.

WANTED, an IMPROVER, in the Houses,
under Foreman, also one for Outside. State wages
and particulars to RALPH CROSSLING, Penarth Nurseries,
South Wales.

WANTED, a young Lad, to help Pot and
Tie.- Apply to Mr. ORPWOOD, Florist, Marling
Park, Hampton, Middlesex.

WANTED AT ONCE, a YOUTH (age 17),
to Work in Kitchen Garden, and make himself gene-
rally useful. Bothy, milk, gas, and vegetables.— State wages
and particulars to THOS. HOBDAY.'Brocklesby Park, Ulceby.

WA N T E D , a T R A V E L L E R for the
Provinces to represent a manufacturer of immortelle
wreaths.— Apply, stating qualifications, to GOLD, Gardentrs'
Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street. Strand. W.C.

WANTED, a SHOPMAN, for a wholesale
London House. Wages 30s.— Apply, stating age and
experience, to A. G.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

Seed and Florist Trade.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a JUNIOR SHOP-
MAN and SALESMAN.— Knowledge of Wreath-making,
and good character indispensable. Apply, stating salary.—
MIDLANDS. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

WANTED, for a good retail establishment, a
SHOPMAN of good address. — Well up in Vegetable
seeds and Bulbs; also a JUNIOR.— State experience and salary
required, to M. R. C. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

ANTED, a young LADY, to work up a

Bouquet, Buttonhole, and General Cut Flower Trade,
in a large Seed Establishment.— Reply, stating age, salary
required, and particulars of experience to S. H-, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Floriats.

WANTED, for the holidays, a young LADY,
for a suburban Florist's shop. Mu-t be good at
Wreaths, &c— Address, WEIGHTMAN AND CO., Florists, 2,
Church Lane, Leytonstone.

WANT PLACES.

THOMAS BUTCHER can recommend several
HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of first-rate character
and proved ability. Gentlemen seeking such may have par-
ticulars free.— Apply to THOMAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant
and Nurseryman, Croydon.

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—'* DIUKSONS, CHESTER."

ORCHID GROWER and GARDENER
(Head); age 37, married, four children. — B. Randle.
for the past eleven years in the nrm of F. Sander & Co., is now
open for an engagement to any Nobleman or Gentleman re-
quiring his services as above. Reference to the Firm, also
characters of the highest order. — Address full particulars to
B. RANDLE, 2, Buckingham Terrace, Oswald Road, St.
Albans, Herts.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
HANDED). — Age 27, married when suited Thorough
experience iu all branches.— A., 41, Bruce Road, High Barnet,
Herts.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three are
kept. — Fifteen years' experience. Can have eood
character and recommendation from present employer. Wife
would look after Poultry. — C. B., The Gardens, Beedingwood,
Horsham, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three are
kept. — A Gentleman desires to recommend his
Gardener. Good practical man in all branches.— WM. NUNN,
20, Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester,

GARDENER (Head) ; middle-age, married,
no family, — A Gentleman wishes to highly recommend
his Head Gardener, who has lived with him nine years.
Thoroughly understands all branches of his profession. —
J. WHITE, Beny Steade. South Ascot.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 30; thirteen
years' experience in growing Fruit, Flowers, and Vege-
tables. Can be well recommended by present and previous
employers. The last twelve months as General Foreman to
Lord Castletown. —G. HARDING, Grauston Manor, Abbeyleix,
Queen's Co.

GARDENER (Head), where two or more are
kept ; age 28. — Fourteen years' experience in all
branches; good testimonials from several first-class establish-
ments.—GARDENER, Postford, Chihvorth, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 34, married.
Thoroughly experienced in all brandies, including early
and late Forcing and the management of a good establishment.
Seven years in present situation, as above. G. W. SCALES,
The Gardens, Cave Castle Brough, East Yorks.

G1 ARDENER (Head) ; age .36.— Robert
r Nelson. Hwith House, Raven^tonedale, is de.-urons of a
sijuatiou as above. Could leave by giving one month's notice.
Excellent testimonials.

GARDENER (Head), where one or more are
kept, or FOREMAN in the Houses— Age 26. single ;
abstainer. Good character.— W. H., 70, Selsdon Road, South
Croydon.

_i>1 EL will be paid to anyone furnishing the

c^ A»_J Advertiser with information of any Gardening
changes that will lead to obtaining an engagemejt as
HEAD GARDENER in a good establishment. Highest
references from previous employers, — HORTUS, Messrs.
Brown, Gould & Co.. 54, New Oxford Street, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
married; abstainer. ToanyLadyor Gentleman requiring
the above. Seventeen years' good and varied experience. —
J. R., Albert Road North, Reigate, Surrey.

pi ARDENER (Head Working, or Single-

vX handed). — Age 25. Thoroughly experienced in all its
branches. Good references.— A. DREW, Highbridge, Wyke-
ham Park, Farnboro, Hants.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38,
married; thorough in all branches— Orchids, &c. Laud
and Stock if required. Highly recommended.— J. PULLIN-
GER, Cavendish Road, St. Albans.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-handed). — Married. First-class characters for
Grapes Peaches, etc., Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower
and Kitchen Garden.— F. HEADING, Wilton Villa, Earlsfield
Road, Wandsworth.

July 18, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
several are kept. — Married, no family. Advertiser will
be pleased to treat with any Lady or Gentleman requiring the
services of a good practical all-iound man. Ssx years' excellent
character, with references. — G. EUINTON, Eva Cottage, Camp
Road, St. Albans.

GARDENER (Head Working), where four
arc kept; age 28. — Mr. Hall, Shiplake Court, Henley-
on-Tiiames, can strongly recommend a thoroughly experienced
man as above.

GARDENER (Head Working), or good
Singl.e-ha.ndkd.— Age 37, married; thoroughly com-
petent. Twelve years in same family.— AROLD, Mr. Myatt,
Weston Heath, Newport, Salop.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept. —Age 24, married when suited;
engagement required by the beginning of September ; thorough
knowledge of Early and Late Forcing ; also Fruit, Flower, and
Vegetable Garden. Successful Prizetaker. Life experience.
Five years' first-class character and excellent reference-i. —
Letter direct to J. J. A., 22, Percy Circus, King's Cross, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39,
married. Situation wanted by a man thoroughly expe-
rienced and conversant with all departments of a good Gar-
dening establishment. Well qualified in the Control and
Management of Labour, and in keeping down Weeds. Would
prefer where there are good or extensive Kitchen Gardens,
and scope for Fruit Culture; also understands Management of
Plantations, and Forestry generally. Strong and energetic;
abstainer.— EDWARD BURfON, Ben Rhydding, Leeds.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 88j
thoroughly experienced in all branches, including Early
and Late Forcing. Well up in Floral Decorations. Twenty
years' recommendation from present employer.— G. GILL AM,
8, Westbourne Terrace, Aldriugton, West Brighton.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-handed).— Age 31, married, one child; seven-
teen years' practical experience in the general routine of
Gardening. Seven years' excellent character.— E. DEAN,
21, Warren Road, Addiscombe. Croydon.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29
single; good experience under Glass, Pleasure and
Kitchen Garden. Can be well recommended from present and
previous employers. Leaves through breaking up of the
Establishment. Abstainer.— A. B., 69, Single well Road,
Gravesend.

GARDENER (Head AVorking), where four
or live are kept. — Age 48 ; an excellent all-round
Gardener, of long experience in well-kept large establish-
ments. Six years in last situation, with a good character.
Land and Stock if required.— E. R. W., The Gardens,
Henwtck Grange, Worcester.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-handed;.— Married, two children, one from
home. Thirteen years in present situation. Highly recom-
mended l>y present employer.— GARDENER, Toilerton Hall
Gardens, Notts.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed).- Age 40, married, one child (eight years);
twenty-live years' experience. Good references.— GARDENEK,
(J, Conduit Vale, Greenwich,

GARDENER (Head, or go^d SINGLE-
HANDED).— Age 29, married, one child. Understands
Stove, Greenhouse, Vines, Cucumbers, Flower and Kitchen
Garden. Could grow large surplus for sale, if required.
Good character.-GARDEN, 17, Grafton Kd., Finsbury Park.

GARDENER (Single-handf.d), or good
Second. — Age 28 ; twelve years' experience, both
Insile and Out. Good references from late employer. — H.,
8, Eaton Street, Chelsea.'

G_ARDENER (Single-handed), or where
help is given. — Age 26, single ; well experienced in
Orchids. Kerns, Fruit, Vegetables, Poultry, Birds. &c. Four
years present and live years previous good characters. —
BRIGbS, 27S, Liverpool Road, HoPoway Road, London, N.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 28,
married ; abstainer. Twelve years' experience. No
objection to Pony and Trap.— GARDENER, 23, Balcorne
Street, South Hackney, N.E.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 23~;
fifteen months in present situation, eight years pre-
viously. Good character. — G. L., Stake's Hill, Cosham,
Hants.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or other^
wise).— Age 32, married; experienced in all branches.
Well-up in Indoor and Outdoor work, and well-kept Lawn. -
Q. P.. The Gardens, Henwick Road. Worcester.

ARDENER (Single-handed). —Age 25,

single; can give good references. One year and ten
months in last place. Total abstainer. H. WAYLING,
6, Oliver Cottages, Brook Lane, Cheshunt, Herts.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).
—Age 27 ; would not object to Nur-ery or Jobbing ; can
do Carpentering, Painting, Glazing, &c— A. Z , F. Ho.'k.-s,
Markets Heath. Brenchley, Kent.

ARDENER.— Middle-age, married, one boy.

A good Grape, Melon, Cucumber, Tomato, Stove, and
Greenhouse Plautsnian ; also Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Six
years' reference. State wages. &c, to C. RAYNER, Miller
Cottage, Brook, near Ashford. Kent.

GJ.ARDENER, where help is given.— Age 43,
* married ; thorough in all branches. Three years' cha-
racter. Kent or Surrey.— M. H., 1, Bridgen Cottages, Enfield,
Middlesex.

GARDENER (Second, where three are kept,
or Single-handed).— Age 23 ; eight years' experience.
Inside and Out. Good character.— T. GRIFFITHS, Guilsfield,
Welshpool.

GARDENER (Second or Third).— Age 27,
single. Nine years' excellent character. Understands
Vines, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos. Stove Plant9, Flower and
Kitchen Gardens.— A. FREEMAN, 1, Grove Terrace, Church
End, Finchley, N.

GARDENER (Second), where several are
kept.— Age 20 ; six years' experience, both luside and
Out. Good character.— F. RABBirT, The Gardens, The
Hasells, Sandy, Beds.

GARDENER (Second, or UNDER^Age 20 ;
good knowledge of Work, Inside and Out. One year ten
months' good character.— A. CHALLIS, 2 J, Vine Street,
Uxbridge.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 22. Three
years iu last situation. Good character.— E. WAKE-
FORD, Chidham, near Emsworth, Hants.

GARDENER (Under). — Age 20. Four
years' experience Inside and Out, under a gardener.
Eight years' good character from present employer. State
particulars.— A. MOORE, Lynsted, Sittiugbourne.

GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.—
Age 19; five years' good character. — S. NORTH,
Iiillington, near Leightou, Beds.

GARDENER (Under); age 20; Inside and
Out. —Four years in last situation ; excellent character.
— R. J. SARGENT, 1. Napier Cottages. Hanger Hill, Ealing.

GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out,
where two or three are kept; age 21.— A. HEWITT,
11, Upcerne Road, Chelsea, S.W.

( _J. ARDENER" (Under).— A Clergyman re-

"J commends a young man (age 2J), trustworthy, steady,
and strong. Understands Kitchen Garden, and wishes to
Improve in Flower and Vine Culture.— Rev. J. D.HAWKSLEY,
Arlsey, Hitchin.

GARDENER (Under), in Gentleman's Gar-
den or Nurseries.— Age 22. Will give a Premium;
short experience Inside and Out.— G. GRANGER, 71, Upper
Berkeley Street. Portman Square, London. W.

GARDENER (Under.), or small Single-
handed.— Age 20; good character, and Abstainer.—
DOLMAR, Myrtle Cottage, Bullnnipton, Bath.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed). —
Age 23. Three years' good character. H. G., 40,
Station Road. Lodge lane, North Finchley, N.

Nurserymen or Market Gardeners.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER. —Twenty
years' experience in Ferns, Palms, Roses, Cut Flowers,
and Forcing of Bulbs. Abstainer. Excellent character.
England andabroad.— H. F.,41,WellingtonStreet,Strand,W.C.

t|\)REMAN, age 27 ; in a good establishment.
—Twelve years' exper ence. Excellent testimonials for
ability and sobriety. — A. 8., 5, Philip Street, Chester.

FOREMAN, Inside; age 26.— Experienced in
all branches; three years in last situation, as above.
Well recommended. — W. DALTON, Northridge Lodge,
Boxmoor.

FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Mr. Husbands,
Woodthorpe Grange Gardens. Sherwood, Notts, can with
confidence recommend his Foreman, Joseph Pybus, as above.
Employer giving up establishment. Eleven years' experience
iu first-class establishments.

FOREMAN. —Age 30; fifteen years' expe-
rience in first-class establishment. Good Fruit and Plant
Grower. Character will bear strictest investigation.— BETA,
15, Narcissus Road, West Hampstead, N.W.

FOREMAN or GROWER.— Age 26; Market
Nursery, Soft-wcoded Cut Flowers, Ferns, Fruit, &c.
Good references.— G. STUART, Mrs. Judge, New Street,
Hampton, Middlesex.

FOREMAN, or PROPAGATOR.— Age 26.
Plants. Cut Flowers, Ferns, Vines, Tomatos, &c. — H.,
Gardeners Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, and GROWER,
in a General Nursery. Exceptional references as to
ability, &c, from preseut employer. Thirteen years' expe-
rience in the Trade.— F. G., Mrs. Read, Ashly Cottages,
Cavendish Road, Aylestow Park. Leicester.

OREMAN, in good establishment.— Age 28 ;

good experience in Fruit, Stove, and Greenhouse Work.
Good reference as Foreman.— CLARKE, 35, Stamford Road,
Fulham, London, S.W.

FOREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 26; well
up in Plants. Cut Flowers, Wreaths, &c Excellent
references. -G. R.. 7, Nur>e y Cottages Sidcup. Kent.

F "OREMAN or SECOND, where five or more
are kept.— For particulars, Mr. ANDERSON, Bedford
Nursery, Haverstock Hill, N.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
establishment ; age 24.- W. JONES, 30, Milner Street,
Acomb, Yorks.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Age 20;

tJ six years' experience; good reference.— W. SMITH,
126, High Street, Sydenham, S.E.

JOURNEYMAN in the Houses; age 22.—

*-J A Gentleman wishes to recommend a young man as
above. Five years' experience. Private establishment and
bothy preferred.— A. IRELAND, The Gardens, Stanfield Grove,
near Uxbridge.

"JOURNEYMAN, Inside, in private Estab-

" lishment.— Age 22 ; seven years' experience. Good
references.- W.CHARMAN, 7, Station Road.Swanley Junction,
Kent.

JOURNEYMAN, or IMPROVER (Inside, or

£J Inside and Out) ; under a Foreman preferred.— Age 20 ;
hve years in last place. — S. G. SMALLRIDGE, Crawley
Down. Crawley, Sussex.

^JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a Gentle-

V man's Establishment.— Age U2; two years in last place.
Can be well recommended.— C. HEAD, London Hill, Harrow.

TOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.- Age 20;

<~J good character. Bothy preferred.— F. S.. The Gardens'
Milton Abbey, Blandford, Dorset.

JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses, where

*J a Foreman is kept.— Age 24 ; eight years' experience iu
all branches. Goo! References. Abstainer.— T. BENNETT,
Castlethorpe, Stony Stratford, Bucks.

7 OURNEYMAN, Inside, in a good Establish^

rj ment.— Two years' and four months' reference. Ab-
stainer.-ARTHUR BUNDLE, Church Green, Walton-on-Hill,
near Epsom.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out (Inside"

ZJ preferred), in good establishment.— Age 22. Eight
years' experience in all branches. Good references.— F. BIDE
Alma Nurseries, Farnham, Surrey.

JMPROVER, in Garden, principally Inside.—

X Nearly 20; seve i years' experience. Excellent character.

V ell recommended. Wages, 17s.— A. W. B., J. Carter, George
Street, Berkhamstead.

JMPKOVER. — Age 22 ; good experience under

J- Glass, and good knowledge of Flower and Kitchen Harden.
Eight years' recommendation. — HAWKE, Werringtou
Launceston.

JMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden.— Age

X 18. Active and willing. Upwards of four years' experi-
ence ; three-and-a-half years under Glass. Good references.—
HEAD GARDENER, Whitfield, near Hereford.

JMPROVER, for Houses, or Inside and OutT

X —Strong and active. Good character. — G. BURN
Ampfield, Roimey Hants.

TO GENTLEMEN, &c— A man wants a

X situation to look after a few cows on a Gentleman's
Estate. Wife a good Butter-maker. Two in family ; youngest
4 years old.-H. SANGER, Mount Clare Farm, Roehamptoo
Surrey.

TO GARDENERS.— A youth, age 17, seeks

X employment in private garden or nursery (Glass pre-
ferred). Fifteen months in last place. Good references —
STONE. Knights, Florist, Trinity Road, Upper Tooting.

TO GARDENERS.— A Christian Youth, age
17, seeks a situation iu a small Gentleman's Garden.
Three and a half years' exoerience Inside and Out. Good
character and references.— F. RENDALL, Hawkwell Place
Pembury, Kent.

TO GARDENERS. — Situation wanted by a
X strong, active, young man, Inside and Out. Eleven
years' experience. Good character.— E., The Gardens, Alder-
shot Park, Aldershot.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a
X yoimg man (age 23), single. Thorough experience in
General Nursery work. Good references.— EUREKA, 1, Mort-
lake Road, Richmond, Surrey.

TO FLORISTS and FRUITERERS. — A

X Young Lady, thoroughly experienced, seeks re-engage
ment. Loudon experience. Five years in one situation.
Highest references. —Miss GEORGE, Warwick Cottage,
Marchwnod. Southampton.

SHOPMAN, with fourteen years experience in
the Plant, Seed and Bulb Trade, seeks re-engagement —
BUCHAREST. 14, St. MartinVStreet, Five- Ways, Birmingham.

SHOPMAN, or good SECOND.— Age 30;
thorough knowledge of all Departments o f the Trade —
T. S., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street
Strand, W.C. ' 6

CHOPMAN or WAREHOUSEMAN.—

O Wanted, immediate engagement, in a good establish-
ment, by a young man, age !j5, having a general knowledge of
the Seed Trade. Over ten years' experience. Good references
R. E., Messrs. Hogg & Wood, Seed Merchants, Coldstream,

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Cure for Indiges-
tion.—indigestion, with torpidity of the liver, is the
curse of thousands, who spend each day with accumulated
sufferings, all of which may be avoided by taking Holloway's
Pills according to their accompanying directions. They
strengthen and invigorate every organ subservient to diges-
tion. Their action is purifying, healing, and strengthening.
They may be safely taken without interfering with ordinary
pursuits, or requiring much restriction in diet. They quickly
remove noise and giddiness in the head, and dispel low spirits
and nervous fears. These balsamic Pills work the cure with-
out debilitating or exhausting the system ; on the contrary,
they conserve and support the vital principle by substituting
pure for impure blood.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jul? 18, 1891.

GARDEN APPLIANCES.

No. 1.—

Wateu-

Way

Closed.

TWIN'

(Licinid) 367.

The
' WATER DIRECTOR.

This very useful Water Director
can be used with garden hose, or
with any description of garden
engine, hydropult, &c. '1 he
change is effected by one hand.

TRICE-

For ^-inch,
5s.

and f-inch Hose,
6s.

No. 0360.

THE "HANDY" DOUBLE- ACTION LIFT

AND FORCE PUMP.

HAYWARD TYLER & CO. 90, WHITECROSS STREET, LONDON, E.O.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

OAQQIEIE^Q BEDFORDSHIRE

uHnOIUL u c°arse and fine

Is admitted by the Q|| llf/D 0 A f\ I

t ftneBesr Ollf Lit OANU

Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus save half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed- urith the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag senton application to
GEO. GARSIDE, Jun.,F.R.H.S.. Lelghton Buzzard, Beds.

Established 1818.

55,

LIONEL STREET,
BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, &. Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, July 18, 1691. Agfcut for Manchester— John Heywood.

No. 239.— Vol. X.

f Third
[ Series.

SATUEDAY, JULY 25, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper.

/Price 3d

Post-free, Qd.

CONTENTS.

Abutilons for winter

flowering 102

Apiary, the 96

Bamboo, seeding of ... 93

Beetle on Orchids ... 108

Berlin Botanic Garden ... 9d
Books :—

Botanical Magazine ... 1ii7

Icones Plantarura ... 107

Landscape Gardening Hi8

Botanical illustrations... 107

Callicarpa purpurea ... 1U3

Carnations, border ... 103

Cattleya gigas 107

,, Brymeriana ... 10(J

Celery 103

Chrysanthemum frutes-

cens 103 \

Cypripedium ins>gne ... 94 i
Education, agricultural . 106 ,
Eel-worms iu Strawber-
ries 107 ;

Euchnris aroazonica ... 103 i

Eunalcus albo-<*nrtatus... 108 \

Florists' wire tidy ... 106

Flower gardeo, the ... 103

Fore^tr^ 101

Fruit crops, report on ... 97

,, girden, hardy ... 103

,, report, our 104

Fruits under glass ... 102
Fruiterers' Compiuy and

fruit culture 106

Gro-*eberry bushes, prun-
ing 109

Grapes, cracking and

scalding 101

Rjney, extracting ... 96

Hor-tr Chestnut. (.widen . 107

Hybrids, character of ... 109 i

Juniper, the Bermuda ... in;

Kitchen garden ... ... ln;i

Leguut and his plants ... 9o

Lily, new hybrid, Liiiutn

Marts gon X Hausoni . 91

T,iparis monacha 107

Macadamia termfolia ... 107

Melom Kij

Men/.ie^ia 101

Notes, cultural 102

Orchid-houses

Orchids, the Woodhatch

Palm, Indian "Toddy"
(Phcenix sylvestris) ...

Pea, English Wonder ...

Peaches at Ketton Hall .

Peaches, early

Flints, new and note-
worthy

Plants under glass

Potatos, in the Channel
Mauds

Raspberries

Roruneva Cjulteri

Rose, \V. A. Richardson

Societies: —

B shop'sStortfoid Hor-
ticultural

Ealing Horticultural
Exhibition

Ghent, July horticul-
tural meeeting at ...

Hammersmi th Horti-
cultural

Helensburgh

Highgtte Horticultural

Midland Counties tar-
nation and Picotee...

Midland Pink

Mutual Improvement

National Chrysanthe-
mum

Ongdr

Presi-ot Horticultural .

Reading and District
Gardener^'

Royal Counties' Agri-
cultural

Royal Western Horti-
cultural

StavelOy Works

Woodford Horticul-
tural

Stock-taking: June

Tomatos

T ees and shrubs

Trop»Mjluni, bedding

Turnips

Weed-killers

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cillicarpa purpurea
Einalius a bo-cortatus ...
Phoenix syKestris, an Indian '

Toddy " Palm

102

104
109
10H
103

91
103

107
lot
102
109

108

112

106

107
107
112

107
111

108
108
113

107

112
103

lOrj
102
101
U>7
103

ion

101
109
luo

UTTON'S EARLY ROMAN HYACINTHS.

PALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM
SEEDS and SEEDLINGS, all the leading kinds, write to
H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS.—
Twenty-first year of distribution. Williams' Superb St rain,
Is. M. per dozen, 10s. per 100. CINERARIAS, same price;
al90 double white PRIMULAS, 6d. each. Carriage free for
cash with order.— JOHN STEVENS, The Nurseries, Coventry.

VEW FERN — PTERIS VICTORLE.

-1-1 Best Novelty of the Season.

10s. &d. each ; three plants for 21s.
Coloured Illustration, post-free. Is.
WILLIAM BULL, F.LS., Establishment for New and Rare
Plants, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

THE ENGLISH NEW ROSES
OF THE YEAR.
BOURBON— Mrs. Paul, Gold Medal, N.R.S.
HYBRID— Bruce Findlay.
Strong Plants in pots (or 12 Buds in July), 10s. 6rf. each.
PAUL and SON, The " Old " Nurseries, Cheshunt.

DOUBLE WHITE PRIMULAS.— Good
stuff, in 3-inch pots, ready for 48's, 5s. per dozen; 35*.
per 100.— G. BENNETT, Brent Hill Nursery, Han well.

ADIANTUM CUNEATUM.— Several thou-
sand for Sale. Suitable for breaking up.
G. MAY, The Nurseries, Upper Teddington.

NOW READY for IMMEDIATE
DELIVERY.

Customers are respectfully reminded that owiug to the
yearly increasing demand, Orders should be sent early, to
prevent disappointment.

SUTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Quees's Seedsmen,
READING.

Sterling Garden Seeds.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
offer their superb strains of —
CALCEOLARIA, choice mixed, Is. 6i. and 2s, Qd. per pucket.
CAPvN'ATION, choice mixed, Is. 6rf. and 2s. 6<i. per packet.
CINERARIA, choice mixed, Is. 6d, and 2s. 6d. per packet.
CYCLAMEN, choice mixed, Is. frf. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
GLOXINIA, choice mixed, Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
PRIMULA, red, white, and mixed. Is. 6<*. & 2s. Gd., per pkt.
All post-free. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Militate, Manchester.

POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA & DOUBLE
WHITE PRIMULA, in 60's. for potting on. 20s. per 100.
G. LANGE, Chambery, Hampton, Middlesex.

TREE FERN (very fine), for Sale, 7 feet
high, 12 feet spread. Apply to —
THE GARDENER, Rose Mount. Eastbourne.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, (ovent Garden. W.C.

OR C HTlD~S AT SPECIALTY.—
We grow nothing else.
Please write for New Illustrated PRICE LIST of cheap,
healthy, well-grown plants.

W. L LEWIS anij CO., F.R.H.S , Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Noble,
Thury, Paxtou, President, and others. Sample parcel, $d.
Descriptive Price LIST free.
W. LOVEL and SOX, Strawberry Growers, Driffield.

ED. PYNAERT VAN CiEERT,
Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium.
AZALEAS CAMELLIAS, RHODODENDRONS, CLIVEIAS,
PALMS, FERNS, ORCHIDS, and all other best stuff for the
Trade. Apply for the SPECIAL PRICE LIST.

EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS. — Methvens
Choice Strain, iu five varieties— Crimson, Purple, White,
Scarlet, and White Wall-leaved— in Packets, Is., 2s. &d., and
I 5s. each colour.

THOMAS METHVEN and SONS, by Royal Warrant,
, Nurserymen and Seedsmen to the Queen, Edinburgh.

"VTIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble

V "a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, Id., Is., and 2s. Qd. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUB,
The London Nursery. 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

JW. BARNHA.M Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS. and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

THE BEST CINERARIA. — CARTERS'
BRILLIANT PRIZE MIXED— vide Awards. In sealed
packets, price 2s. Gd. and 3s. 6rf. per packet, post free.
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

rFHE BEST CALCEOLARIA.— CARTERS'

-I VICTORIA PRIZE MIXED— vide Awards. In sealed
packets, price 2s. 6a*. and 3s. 6d. per packet, post free.
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

CROTONS.— To be Sold, Private. Seven large,
one suitalle for Exhibition, and several small ones.
Canbesefn. Apply,

32, New Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

Hand F. SHAKPE'S Special Priced LIST
• of Choice VEGETABLE SEEDS for Autumn Sowing,
is now ready, and may be had on application. It comprises
Selected Stocks of Cabbage, Onion, Lettuce, Turnip, &c.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

To the Trade.

SURPLUS STOCK,
MAIDENHAIR FERVS.
Very fine plants of above, ready for Market, in 4£ inch pots at
40s. per 100.
Package free. Cash with order.
TAYLOR AND CO., Timperley, Cheshire.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CO. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON. 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Mauy new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

TW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA. SEAFORTHIA.
COCOS, PHCENIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

SOUTH of IRELAND GROWN DAFFO-
DILS. — Bulbs never finer than this season.
|^f» See Article in Garden, June 6. CATALOGUES ready
end of July. Bulbs now ready. Please write for Catalogues,
and INSIST on August delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

Trade Offer of Large Kentias and Cocos.

WICETON begs to offer some extra fine
• BELMORIANA, FOSTERIANA, MOOREANA, and
RUPICOLA. from 8 to 15 feet high ; a few extra-sized Grand
Specimens, from 20 to 25 feet, with 10 to 18 leaves ; large
batch of COCOS FLEXUOSA and PLUMOSA, 9 to 15 feet.
Prices on Application. Inspection invited.

Putney Park Lane. S.W. (near Barnes Station); also 129
and 130, Covent Garden Market.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s. , post-free, 5s. &d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswicb.

T AXTON'S NEW STRAWBERRIES.— List,

X^i including Laxton's "Scarlet Queen," (Certificate
R.H S. Fruit Conference, July, 1891). the finest flavoured,
brightest coloured, and best early variety ; Noble, the king of
Strawberries; Competitor, White Knight (Certificate Fruit
Conference), Cardinal. Latest of All, Commander. The Albert,
Crescent, John Ruskin, A. Nicaise, La Grosse Sucree,
Waterloo, and the best New and OH Sorts, from

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

JW E E K S and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Thursday Next.

2100 fine plants of CYPRIPEDIUM HOOKERiE, and 550

C. LOWI, just received.
A fine lot of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, chiefly in FLOWER

and BUD, including many fine varieties.

9000 splendid Bulbs of LILIUM HARRISII, just to baud

from America, and especially adapted for early forcing.

\/TR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above

ItX by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, July 30, at half-
past 12 o'clock precisely.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tuesday Next, July 28.

400 PHAL.BNOPSIS GRANDIFLORA.
Best Java variety.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms,

67, Cheapside, London, E.C., on TUESDAY NEXT, July 28,
at half- past \i o'clock, an importation of 400 Plants of the
best Java variety of PHAL.=ENOPSIS GRANDIFLORA, just
received in excellent condition.

On view the morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tuesday Next.

2000 EASTER BERMUDA LILIES.
LILIUM HARRISII, in magnificent Bulbs. . .

Just to hand from Bermuda.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and

68, Cheapside, London, E.C., on TUESDAY NEXT, July 28, at
half-past 12 o'clock, a Bpecial importation of splendid Bulbs of
the true EASTER LILY of BERMUDA. To those desirous of
having this beautiful Lily in flower early in tht' season, this
importation is of special importance, the bulbs being the finest
ever imported ; all very heavy and plump, and sure to bloom
magnificently. Also 1000 Bulbs of the bright SCARLET LILY,
LILIUM POMPONIUM.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

SALE of a well-known highly-productive MARKET GARDEN,
occupying an important position fronting Croft's End
Road, Plummer's Hill, and Rose Green Road, St. George,

Gloucestershire, now ripe for immediate Building purposes.

"R. EDWARD T. PARKER has received

- instructions from Mr. George Tyler, who is retiring
from business in cousequence of continued ill-health, to SELL
by AUCTION, at the White Hart Hotel, Old Market Street,
Bristol, on TUESDAY*, August 11, 1891, at 7 o'clock in the
evening precisely, the above valuable MARKET GARDEN or
valuable BUILDING ESTATE, containing about 8 acres,
together with the GOODWILL of the Business, which has
been established over 50 years.

For full particulars, plans, and Conditions of Sale, apply to
EDWARD T. PARKER, Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer,
39, Broad Street, Bristol ; or to Mr. J. W. S DIX, Solicitor,
Bristol.

Tuesday Next.

ORCHIDS IN FLOWER.
ONCIDIUMS. &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE on TUESDAY NEXT, July 28.
ORCHIDS IN FLOWER, from various owners; also an impor-
tation of ONCIDIUM CMSPUM. O. ROGERSII VAKICO-
SUM, CATTLEYA CRISPA, AMORPHOPHALLUS CAM-
PANULATUS, Bee.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next, July 31.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67
and 68, Cheapside, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, July 31, at half-
past 12 o'clock, by order of Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, a large
selection of well-established, clean, and healthy ORCHIDS,
embracing

FIVE NEW ORCHIDS.

EIGHTEEN EXTREMELY RARE ORCHIDS,

and a great number of other

CHOICE SELECTED ORCHIDS.

Also

An Importation of BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS, ex s.-s. " La

Plata," just arrived in superb condition ; logether with other

Importations of EAST INDIAN ORCHIDS of value, the

whole of which will be offered, with few exceptions,

WITHOUT THE LEAST RESERVE.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

ANGR.ECUM ARCUATUM.— Grand fresh imported masses of
this handsome white fragrant Angitecum. with flower-
spikes pushing. Also a few good masses of the curious
orange-coloured ANGRJECUM BICAUDATUM, some fine
clumps of an elegant white POLYSTACHYA, a few rare
LISSOCHILUS, and other TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS,
and some probably new and handsome species of BULBO-
PHYLLUM, from highlands in India.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT,
July 31.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tottenham, N., close to White Hatt Lane Station.
ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the GLASS
ERECTIONS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, by
order of Mr. John Maller, whose Lease expires at
Michaelmas Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Brunswick
Nursery, Tottenham, N., on THURSDAY, August 13, at
12 o'clock, without reserie, the ERECTIONS of 10 GREEN-
HOUSES, with the Hot- water Piping (mostly 4 inch). Boilers,
and Brickwork ; 150 movable Lights in various sizes, Gal-
vanised Iron Tank to hold 2600 gallons. Pumps aud Pony Gear,
Pony Cart, Set of Harness; also a large quantity of USEFUL
STOCK, consisting of Bouvardias, Geraniums, best sorts ; Ficus,
Palms, Tree Carnations, and others, including Mrs. Moore, Duke
of Fife, Duke of Clarence, Germania, &c, Kuphorbias. Ferns,
Stove Climbers, Clematis Jackmanii, Ampelopsis, Veitclni,
Chrysanthemums in variety, including 200 Louis Boehmer,
the new pink Ostrich Plume, in 48 and 32-pots, and other
Stock.

May be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues can
be obtained on the Premises, also of Mr. JOHN MALLER, at
the Brimsdown Nursery, Enfield Highway; and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

N.B.— The Annual Sale of Winter Flowering HEATHS and
other STOCK will take place as usual at the Brimsdown
Nursery on THURSDAY, September 17.

WANTED, a SMALL NURSERY, in a
provincial town, with a good Trade in Cut Flowers
and Plants.— PTERIS, Gardemrs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

W 'ANTED, to RENT, 1 or 2 Acres of LAND,
with a few GLASS ERECTIONS on same. Must be
in good repair, near station, and good soil.

Write, with full particulars, to R. CHEESMAN, Prinsted,
Emsworth.

WANTED to LEASE, 3 to 4 Acres of good
LAND, with GLASS and DWELLING-HOUSES
thereon, for Nursery and Florist's Work, within 9 miles of
Covent Garden, close to a Station on the Great Eastern or
Great Northern Railway.
Full particulars to T. V. W„ 234, Liverpool Road, Islington.

Fforlst, Seedsman, and Jobbing Business.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL,
THROUGH EXCEPTIONAL REASONS.
IN A HIGH - CLASS BUSY LONDON SUBURB.
Large handsome SHOP with DWELLING-HOUSE in a main
road, with a small NURSERY near. Long lease with Seven or
fourteen years termination at TENANT'S OPTION ; at a low
Rent. Doirg a good Plant and Jobbing trade CAPABLE OF
GREAT EXTENSION. Price includes Stock in Shop and in
Greenhouses, Tools, Rollers, Mower, Horse-van, Truck, Barrows,
six Greenhouses (well heated), in fact, everything —

£400, OR NEAR OFFER;

Part Purchase-Money can remain at interest if required.

Every Investigation courted, and Particulars given.

Suitable for a Branch Shop of a firm. Apply—

BONA-FIDES, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington

Street, Strand, W.C.

Kent.-To Fruit and Market Growers.

A SPLENDID and COMPACT FREEHOLD
NURSERY, doing a good Market and local Trade in
Fruit, Tomato?, Cucumbers, Cut Flowers, &c. ; 12 modern
Greenhouses, all heated, and ranging from 80 to 230 feet
long, and planted with Fruit Trees, all in fruit. An 8-roomed
Bungalow Dwelling-house. Price, Freehold in an entirety,
£3000 ; part may remain at 5 per Cent.
Apply, PROTHEROE ANIi MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

MIDDLESEX (7197).— A capital NURSERY,
comprising 6J acres of land, with twenty-three green-
houses, two cottages, stables, and coach house. Rent £100
per annum. Price for glass £1,200 ; stock optional.
Apply, PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside. E.C.

London.-In a Populous and Busy Suburb.

FOR SALE, on exceptionally favourable terms.
The LEASE and GOODWILL of awell-estub'i-bed SEED
and FLORIST BUSINESS. Excellent Shop in Main Road,
near two Stations. Turn over £1200 to £1300 a year. Splendid
chance for a beginner. Lease 24 years. Rent £90. Also
SMALL NURSERY close to shop, with 6 Houses. Rent
£8. Fine opening for Jobbing and Trade. Price all at £500,
or offer. Apply to Messrs. PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

FOR SALE.— GLASSHOUSES, in GUERN-
SEY. About 1200 feet heated with Hot-water Pipes, in
thorough working order ; water laid on ; packing-shed, store,
and every convenience. One of the most compact properties
on the island. Situated in the centre of the fruit-growing
district. 1£ miles from the town. Satisfactory reasons for
disposal. Full investigation courted. Apply—

A. Z., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, a NURSERY,
SEED, and FLORIST'S BUSINESS.-About 3 Acres of
Land, with 4200 feet of Glass, including large Vinery, Green-
house, Fernery, Cucumber, Tomato, and Propagating Houses.
A large dwelling-house, with a fine Shop, close to the General
Post Office. Also a gjod MILK BUSINESS, and PUBLIC
LAWN TENNIS GROUNDS (the profits of which pay the
rents of the whole business). This, being in the hands of
present occupier over Twenty Years, may be relied upon as a
Genuine Business, and satisfactory reasons for disposing of it
will be given. Incoming, including Furniture, Fixtures,
Stock-in-Trade, and Goodwill, about £400.

Apply first to JUSTITIA. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

FLORIST'S BUSINESS for SALE, near
Portman Square. A capital old' established concern,
showing excellent returns, and profits. R:nt of house £150
per annum.
Apply, MORANT 5c Co., Agents, 91, New Bond Street, W.

TO BE LET, GRASS LAND (1 to 10 acres),
suitable for Nurserymen and Others, on Lease, for 7, 14,
or 21 years. Rent, from £S to £10 per acre, with the option of
Purchasing the Freehold within the first 7 years; no tithe;
near the main road, Enfield Highway, about 9 miles from
London. Apply to

H. MOORE, 59, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.

TO NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS. —
TO LET, on LEASE, an old-fashioned House, Garden,
Yard, Sheds, Stabling, and 8 acres Grass Land, near Finsbury
Park, i miles from London.

B., 3a, Market Street, Paddington, W.

TO LET, on Lease, or otherwise, a SMALL
NURSERY, in good neighbourhood, 10 miles from
London. South-Eastern Loop Line.

Apply, C. B., Gtwdtners Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

Address, SECRETARY. 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

HUMEA ELEGANS — A few dozen strong
healthy young plants to be disposed of, cheap.
Apply to B. S. WILLIAMS and SON, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Fresh Palm Seeds.

JW. SILVER offers the above, which have
• just arrived in splendid condition, and from the mo&t
trustworthy sources, of—

KENTIA FOSTERIANA,
,, BELMORIANA,

SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS.
In large or small quantities.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, London, S.W.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will rlower the best. Write for Trade Price of st:ong
Forcing Pips to

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

VISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are
cordially invited to visit the Establishment of " •

Begonias a Specialty.

LAINGS' COLLECTION

JOHN LAING and SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lyon, Norfolk.

T ILY CROWNS.— I offer very best LILY

-Li OF THE VALLEY CROWNS, 3-yr. old (true Berlin),
own harvest, from 3£ acres, sandy soil. Wholesale price aud
terms of payment on application.

F W. KRAUSE, Lily Grower, Neu^alz, Silesia, Germany.
Established 1870.

BOUVARDIA PURITY (New White.)— Un-
doubtedly the finest White Bouvardia yet obtained, and
quite distinct from any other variety in commerce. The Gar-
deners' Chronicle says:—" This may be regarded as the perfec-
tion of a White Bouvardia, and a perfect flower for florists'
purposes." Certificate of Me* it from Royal Horticultural
So iety, October 14, 1890. The above will be exhibited again
at the next meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society. Pi ice
55. each, may be obtained through all the principal Nursery-
men, or direct from the introducer,

H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane >urseries, Upper Edmonton.
N.B. — Trade terms on application.

Rare and Valuable OrcMds.

MR. RICHARD PFAU has entrusted me
with the sale of the following rare and valuable
ORCHIDS, collected by him in Costa Rica, all of which are
now offered in perfectly established plants, viz. :—
B.VRKERIA ELEGANS, nice plants, 5s. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM KRAMERI. — According to Collector,

this very distinct and beautiful species will always remain

scarce, being very rare in its native country. Nice plants,

of flowering size, 305. each ; fine strong plants, 105s. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM OERSTEDI MAJUS.— This very distinct

and fine variety has larger flowers, and several flowers

on each spike, much superior to type. Fine plants, 5s.

and 7s. 6</. each ; 42s. per dozen.
TRICHOPILIA COCCINEA ATRORUBENS.— The entire lip

of a deep blood-red colour, very fine variety, 75. 6d. and

105. 6rf. each.
TRICHOPILIA TURIALV.K, Rchb. f.— Very rare and most

distinct species, with citron-yellow flowers; only one

single plant found by Collector, %5s.
TRICHOCENTRUM FFAUII, Rchb. f. — A pretty winter

fiowerer ; flowers of long duration. Small established

plants, 7*. 6d. each.
The stock being very limited, early orders respectfully

solicited.
Orders will be executed in strict rotation, and forwarded
Post and package free to anypartof Great Britain orContiuent,
Terms, payment within 30 days after receipt of p'ants,
either by Post-office Order or crossed Cheque, made payable to
EDWARD ORTG1ES, Inspector of Botanic Gardens, Zurich,
Switzerland.

July 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

EXHIBITIONS.

T IVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
Lj association.

The TWELFTH ANNUAL SUMMER EXHIBITION of
PUNTS. FLOWERS, FRUIT, and VEGETABLES will be
held in SEFTON PARK, on SATURDAY and MONDAY,
August 1 and 3, 1891. And the GREAT CHRYSANTHEMUM
and FRUIT SHOW, in St. George's Hall, on TUESDAY and
WEDNESDAY, November 17 and 18. SPECIAL PRIZES and
CUPS for Forty-eight and Thirty-six CUT BLOOMS.

Schedules on application to the Secretary,

EDWARD BRIDGE.

Tjrbock Roid, Huyton, Liverpool.

ABBEY PARK,

T FirVSTFR
The SIXTH ANNUAL FLOWER SHOW will be held on
TUESDAY. August 4, 1891. Schedules are now ready, and
may be had by applying to Mr J0HN BURN| gecretary
Entries close August 1.

WILTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S
SHOW, at SALISBURY, on AUGUST 12.
PRIZES to the VALUE of £150 are OFFERED.
Schedules and all information may be obtained of

W. H. WILLIAMS, Hon. Secretary.
The Nurseries, Salisbury.

MAIDENHEAD HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
ANNUAL SHOW at Curtisfield, Maidenhead, on THURS-
DAY', August 13, 1891. Entries close August 6. Schedules
and particulars from —

O. KING, Hon. Sec, Ray Park Cottage.

CARDIFF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President : THE MAYOR OF CARDIFF (the Most

Hon. The Marquess of Bute, K.T.).

ANNUAL SHOW, August 12 and 13 next.

THREE HUNDRED POUNDS IN PRIZES.

Entries close on August 5.

Schedules Ready. Apply —

SECRETARIES. 54. Woodville Road, Cardiff.

SIXTH NATIONAL
CO-OPERATIVE FLOWER
SHOW, Crystal Palace, AUGUST 15,
1891.

Schedules now ready of over
810 Prizes, comprising Gold. Silver,
and Bronze Medals, and £:tio in
cash ; Special Prizes of Goods,
Certificates, Sic. J post-free on appli-
cation to

EDWARD OWEN GREENING,

Hon. Secretary.

At thi* Show, the Agricultural and Horticultural Association

(Ld), offer £150 for Best Produce Grown from their Reliable

"One and All Seeds "—3, Agar Street, Strand, W.C.and Creek

Road, Deptford, S.E.

THE TWENTY -SEVENTH ANNUAL
EXHIBITION of the CALNE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY will be held on TUESDAY, August 18, 1891, in
Bowood Park.

ONE HUNDRED and TWENTY POUNDS offered in
PRIZES, and a FIVE-POUND CUP for 36 varieties of ROSES.
Schedule and particulars of

FRED. C. HENLY, Hon. Sec.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTQN, near LIVERPOOL.

CLEARANCE SALE OF BULBS
FOR PRESENT PLANTING.
Lemoine's beautiful new GLADIOLI, in mixture, per dozen,
45. rki. ; RANUNCULUS, showy sorts, mixed. 2s. M. per 100;
beautiful new large flowered single POPPY ANEMONES,
mixed, 4s. 6d. per 100; ANEMONE FULGENS, the beautiful
scarlet Windflowerof the Riviera, 4s. 6(2. per 100; per 1000,40s.
Sweet-scented PEARL TUBEROSES, 3s. per doz. ; per 100, 18s.
Carriage Free on receipt of Post Office Order.
BARR AND SON, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12$. per 100. Large
Adiantum cuneatum, fme tops, in 5-inch pots, 10s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per loO.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH, The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

ICETON

Trade Offer.
begs to offer

PALMS :

the following

Strong ARECA LUTESCENS. in 60's, at 60s. per 100;

„ COCOS WEDDELLIANA, in thumbs, at 32s. and 60s. ;
„ SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in thumbs, 20s. and 30s.;
„ KENTIAS, BELMOREANA and FOSTERIANA, in

thumbs, 40s. and 75s.
„ SEEDLINGS in Stores, at 30s. per 100.
ASPARAGUS, P. NANUS, strong, in thimbles, at 45s. per 100.
Extra fine PANDANUS VEITCHII, in all Sizes.
Putney Park Lane. S.W.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HEBDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lezSchooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — STRECKER, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1J Yeah).

Pbice, 12s. 6d. pee 100.

SAMPLES FREE OX APPLICATION.

SOW NOW for
SPRING FLOWERING.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA I Fonret me Vols

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ALBA f *°rSet "™« »"a
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA ALBA
WALLFLOWER, Cranford Golden Beauty
WALLFLOWER, Graham's Blood Red
WALLFLOWER, choice double Geraan
STOCKS. Brompton and East Lothian
PAPAVER NUDICAULE ) _. , ., r , ,

ALBUM f The favourite Iceland

" I! MINIATUM j Poppies.

PRIMROSE, choice hybrids
POLYANTHUS, choice mixed and gold-laced
PANSIES, choice show and fancy strains
VIOLAS, in separate colours

Per packet 6tf., Is., and Is. Gd., post-free; or in larger quantities.

By making sowings of above now, beautiful displays may be
obtained next Spring.

For all other FLOWER SEEDS see CATALOGUE,
sent post-free, on application to —

DlCKSONSsfeCfiESTER

"CARNATION-LIZZIE McCOWAN."

The Best Pure White Carnation ever introduced. Flowers
fine and large, pure white, and beautifully fimbriated ; the
most free-flowering variety known. Very valuable for Cut
Flower purposes, as the buds do not burst.

Strong small plants, now ready. Price, 3s. 6d. each; 30s. doz.
Orders executed in strict rotation.

PITCHER & MANDA,

The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent

"JOHN RUSKIN" STRAWBERRY.

The earliest Strawberry of the Century. Trials in North and
South prove it extraordinary for EarJiness, Productiveness
Flavour, Size, and worthy to be classed with " Sir Joseph
Paxton," " Garibaldi," " President," Ac.

Order now. Extra Strong Runners, 4*. per doz., 20'. per 10,
delivered in August. True, direct from raisers.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment,

CARLISLE.

LILIES of the VALLEY !

Firat-class Berlin Crowns,

from sandy soil ; the best for early forcing ; finest large 1'owers,

any quantity.

Prices and terms on application.

NONNE & HOEPKER,

LILY OF THE VALLEY GROWERS and NUBSERYMEN,
AHRENSBTJRQ, near HAMBURG, GERMANY.

Orders should be booked now.

21-OZ. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above sines, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil, and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.C.

Stock Li&ts and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all Lonc'on Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, cr carriage paid
to any railway station, li. 8d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
n A rr m r r\ *? Every Cask btars the above

UA U 11 U iV. Registered Trade Mark. Btware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4*. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber tnfficientto build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

THOS. W. ROBINSON,
Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge.

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,

SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List o?i application, fret.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices ot
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

G"aTr DEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AMD SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.G.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[.Idly 25. 1891.

WEBBS'

EMPEROR CABBAGE

THE EARLIEST AND BEST.

6d. and IS. per packet,
IS. €d. per ounce.
From Mr. R. Lye. The Gardens,
Symonton Court, July 23, 18 .9 :—
" I have ftrovm a good many
varieties of Cabbage, but I con-
sider Webbs' Emperor the best of
them all. I planted out a bed of
850 plaDts last autumn, and not
ODe went to seed, but all turned
out splendidly, and were admired
by all who saw them." per QZ

EARLY NONPAREIL CABBAGE

... 8d.

ENFIELD MARKET

... 6d

EARLY RAINHAM

... 9d.

RED DUTCH

... 9d.

ONION.

Per pkt.

WEBBS' RED GLOBE TRIPOLI

... 6d.

Is. 6d.

LARGE FLAT RED TRIPOLI

.. 6d.

lOd.

GIANT ROCCA

... 6d.

is. Od.

WHITE LISBON

... 8d.

POST-FREE.

WEBB&SONSyiORDSlEY.STOURBRIDCE1

Rare and Valuable Orchids.

MR. F. C. LEHMANN, German Consul at
Popayan, United States of Columbia, has entrusted me
with the sale of the following Rare and Valuable Orchids, all
of which, Pescatorei Dayana excepted, are now offered in
perfectly established plants, viz. : —

OATTLEYA D0W1ANA AUREA, 105. Qd. and 15*. each.
„ TRIANJE, Popayan varieties, 55. each ; fine, strong,
105. 6d, each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM LEHMANNI, 3s. 6d. and 5s.
each.
„ EDWARDI, most distinct and beautiful species, very
slow and difficult to establish. Small, but perfectly
established plants, 10s. 6d. each.
„ HALLIILEUCOGLOSSUM.fine plant?, 15s. and 2ls. each.
„ ,. XANTUOGLOSSUM, tine plants, 10s. 6d. and 15s. each.
ONCIDIUM KRAMERI, quite distinct and superior to O. Pap-
ilio, several plants on each block, 5s. and 7s. &d. per
block.
„ PYRAMIDALE, rare and very pretty, with dense upright
panicles of golden-yellow flowers, with conspicuuus
clear- white centre, 7s. fcrf. and 10s. 6d. each.
,, UNDULATUM, most beautiful species, belonging to the
Macranthum section, 15s. and 21s. each.
PESCATOREI DAYANA, very rare and beautiful, figured in
Hot. Mag., t. 6214. Recently- imported plants, showing
new growth, 7s. &d. and 10s. each ; 60s. per doz.
TRICHOPILIA FRAGRANS ALBA (PILUMNA NOBILIS?),
all segments clear white, with orange-yellow eye ; very
sweet scented. 3s. 6d., 5s., and 7s. Qd. each.
Orders will be executed in strict rotation, and forwarded,
Post and Package free, to any part of Great Britain or Con-
tinent. The Stock, being very limited, early Orders respect-
fully solicited. Terms, payment within thirty days after
receipt of Plants, either by Post Office Order or Crossed
Cheque, made payable to—

EDWARD ORTGIES, Inspector of Botanic Gardens, Zurich,
Switzerland.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
BENJAMIN RIMBAUD,

Bulb Grower,
Quartier du Temple, Toulon (Var), France

{The largest Bulb Grower in the South of France).
Offers—
EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS GRANDIFLORA and other

NARCISSUS.
LILIUM CANDIDUM. FREESIA KEFRACTA ALBA.
And all other Specialties of South of France.

Seeds and Plants of

CARNATIONS MAKGARlTiE and other CARNATIONS.

PRICE LIST on application to the

London Agents: —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD & SON,

26, Savage Gardens, Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

The finest, most varied, choice and interesting collection in
the Trade. 14U0 species and varieties of stove, greenhouse, and
hardy Ferns. Partially Descriptive Catalogue, including com-
prehensive List of useful Gardening Books, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, One Shilling and Sixpence, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses.
Mlustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames ; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot^ water Pipes, and all appliances for
heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years* experience. Price 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country, an inspection of .
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
us enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

London Office :— 163, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses. Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c, constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, ana durability cannot be equa'led. We only do one class of work,
and that the vert best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed arch i tee turally correct without the assistance of any one out of our firm,
from the smallest to the largest. Hot- water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed
in all cases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim ia and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORE. THE BEST MATERIALS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

From

THE

PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Strand,

LONDON, W.C.
1891.

Please send me " The Gardeners' Chronicle " for _
commencing ,for which I enclose P.O.O.

Months,

®° Please Note tnat all Copies sent Direct from tnls Office must be paid for In advance. JB

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15s.; 6 Months, It. 6d. ; 3 Months, 3s. 9rf. ; Post-free.

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. id. for 12 Months. India and China, 19«. W:

Receipts for less than six months' subscripticn will not be sent unless specially asked for.

No.

P.O.O. to be made payable at the Post Office,
42, DRTJRT LA.NE, London, to A. G. MARTIN.
Cheques should be orossed " DRUMMOND."

G C
July 25, "1891.

July 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE TWO BEST CABBACES

DICKSONS FIRST AND BEST, and

DICKSONS PERFECTION.

Per packet, Gd. ; per ounce, Is. Post free.

Mr. A. J. Long, writing on June 1, says: — "I am very
pleased with your " First aDrt Best " Cabbage, which I sowed
last summer for the first time. We have been cutting for the
past three weeks, and I canDot hear of anyone else cutting so
early. The plants withstood the severe winter remarkable
well."

For other CABBAGES, LETTUCES, ONIONS, &c, for
present sowing, see CATALOGUE, sent post free on
application.

Dicksons.™Chester

(limited)

STRAWBERRIES.

For the Best Flavoured, see

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO. S LIST.

For the Best Forcing Kinds,
For the Largest Fruited, see

C. B. & CO.'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

For the Hardiest Villa Garden Sorts,
For ample Cultural Notes, see

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO.'S

LIST of SUMMER FRUITS, Free by Post.

THE OLD NURSERIES,

MAIDSTONE, KENT,

And buy the Best Sorts and Best Plants from them.
TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE
JACKMANII.

The flowers are paper-white, about the same size as those of
the old purple Jackmanii, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is udti* ailed for beds, and also for climbing. Ready
in August. Is. <6d. each.

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6d. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out,
also BEDDING PLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merohants,
WORCESTER.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, healthy Plants, at Low Prioes. Thousands
in stock. Please write for LIST.

H. A. TRACY (Late W. Gordon),

Orchid Nursery,
AMYAND PARK ROAD, TWICKENHAM

GARDEN.

SWANLEY, KENT.

18 9 1.

GOLD MEDAL 1 GASH PRIZES
For ONIONS.

(OPENtomUNITED KINGDOM)

FIFTEEN POUNDS

"Will be awarded, at Banbury, Sept. 3.

Entries close August 26.
Particulars on application.

The object in giving these Premiums is to
Promote the Cultivation of Pedigree Stocks of
Onions, and the Inspection of the same will only
be open to Exhibitors, Gardeners, the Trade,
Seed Growers, and Gentlemen interested in
Horticulture.

GREAT INTERNATIONALSHOW

EDINBURGH, Sept. 9, 10, and 11.

IN ADDITION to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Prizes, in Class X, 242, offered by H. Deverill,
for the Best Twelve Onions, of any variety,
H. D. has arranged, with the permission of the
Council, to present a GOLD MEDAL to
the Winner of the 1st Prize.

H. DEVERILL,

Seed Grower and Merchant,

Royal Seed Establishment,

ba nbu ry.

Orchids. Orchids.

Williams' for cheap Orchids
Williams' „xew& Rare Orchids
Williams' „ specimen Orchids
Williams' „ cooi Orchids
Williams' „ warm Orchids
Williams' „ imported Orchids
Williams' „ Books on Orchids
Williams' „ Growers of Orchids
Williams' ,. Houses for Orchids

AN INSPECTION OF OUR STOCK INVITED.

We received the Highest Award (SILVER CUP
and SILVER FLORA MEDAL) for our groups
of Orchids and other Plants exhibited at the Temple
Show of the R.H.S. held on the 28th and 29th of May.

B.S. WILLIAMS & SON

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries,

UPPER HOLLOWAY,

LONDON, N.

THE GERMAN EMPRESS.
In our Next Issue,

We shall Present to our Readers an Illustration

OF THE

LARGE ORCHID TROPHY,

Presented to the German Empress,

Messrs. SANDER if CO.

THE

(Sartors' ^tomclt

SATURDAY, JULY 25, 1891.

SEEDING OF THE BAMBOO.

T^HE hardier species of Bamboo are beooming
-*- deservedly more popular year by year for
the adornment of English pleasure-grounds. One
thing, however, seems not unlikely to be lost sight
of by many, viz., the fact that the culms of the
Bamboo flower but once, the plant perishing
immediately after the ripening of the seed. The
usefulness of the many speoies of Bamboo now
introduced into England in the embellishment
of our gardens cannot be questioned, at the
same time there is yet to be considered the
eventuality of the flowering, seeding, and con-
sequent death of the plants — which no art of the
gardener can stay — after they have reached the
climax of their grace and beauty. It would be,
I imagine, almost impossible to determine the
age at which these hardy Bamboos will produce
flowers when grown in this country ; most
probably the term of years will differ with the
various species.

With regard to the great Bamboo of tropioal
India, Bambusa arundinacea, it is a well ascer-
tained fact, that the coming to maturity of this
gigantic grass only occurs after a growth of some
fifty years' duration ; and as the phenomenon of
its flowering, seeding, and subsequent death in
India and other climes — where it covers with its
huge and picturesque clumps many square miles
of country — can have been seen but by few
Englishmen of the present generation, some
account of the extraordinary spectacle by an
eye-witness may prove of some little interest to
the readers of this journal.

It is unnecessary, of course, to give any
lengthy description of the plant; suffice it to
say, that in the locality in India where I had
the rare fortune of witnessing the flowering and
seeding of this gigantio member of the grass
family on a large scale, the culms frequently
attain a height of from 60 to 70 feet, and a
diameter at their thickest part of from 8 to
10 inches. These culms are furnished with
lateral branches, throughout their whole length
adorned with a profusion of light green leaves.
The plant is deciduous, shedding its leaves
in India during the dry season, which are
again renewed on the approach of the spring
showers. The clumps present the appearance of
colossal plumes of feathers, and when seen in
full leaf are beautiful beyond description.

The soil of the tracts of country the Bamboo
affects in South India is mostly of a shallow
nature, with a gritty, ferruginous subsoil, and it
is not found where the rainfall is excessive.
When the clumps are in full vigour, the culms
are produced of the above dimensions with
amazing rapidity.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

It was during the years 1863— 64,T while
engaged in Coffee planting in the district of
Wynaad, in the province of Malabar, that I
witnessed the phenomenon of the seeding of
Bambusa arnndinacea. The plantation I had
charge of at the time was situated in the midst
of an extensive Bamboo jungle within but a short
distance of the frontier of Mysore, and on the
main road from the Malabar coast to Seringa-
patam and Bangalore. At the time of my
arrival in the district, the magnificent Bamboo
forest, interspersed with such deciduous hard-
wooded trees as Teak, Kino, Rose, and Sandal
woods, and others of an equally valuable descrip-
tion, was, although unknown to me at the time,
upon the eve of a sudden and wonderful trans-
formation. Hundreds of square miles thickly
covered with the exquisitely graceful clumps of
the Bamboo, giving to the landscape as far as the
eye could reach a beauty difficult to describe,
were to be changed in the brief period of a little
over a year by fire into a charred and blackened
wilderness, the myriads of nodding plumes that
for half a century had graced the woodlands
were, at the call of Nature to blossom, yield
their seed, and disappear from the face of the
earth as by the breath of a destroying angel.

The south-west monsoon rains of 1863 had
ceased about the middle of September, leaving
the jungle tracts of Malabar in the very hey-
day of their glorious greenery, the Bamboo
plumes waving to and fro by the gentle
breezes still prevailing from the westward,
glistening in the light of a tropical sun,
and, as yet, showing no trace of the change
they were so soon to undergo. As the season
advanced, hot parching winds from the east
began to take the place of the more kindly
breezes from the west, and by Christmas, the
leaves of the Bamboo thickly covered the ground.
Simultaneously with the disappearance of the
leaves from the laterals, the inflorescence began
to appear, and the aspect of the country in every
direction changed as if by magic. No one was
prepared for such an eventuality, and the English
planters in the district were struck with some-
thing akin to alarm when the fact dawned upon
them that, in the course of a very brief period, not
a living Bamboo would be left in the forest. A few
there were who refused to believe that the culms
would perish after ripening their seeds, and were
only persuaded by the actual realisation of the
fact. As nearly as I can remember, the seed was
matured by the middle of May, the panicles of
grain weighing down the culms to a third of
their length, and giving them withal a graceful
as well as fruitful appearance. When the seed,
which was about the size and had much the
appearance of small Oats, had fully matured, it
fell to the ground in showers by every passing
breeze, and then came a happy season for both
man and bird. Sea-fowl, spur-fowl, partridge,
jungle-fowl, and quail, with which the jungles
abounded, revelled in, and got fat upon, the
plentiful supply of good food so suddenly
bestowed upon them by the hand of Nature, and
man himself was not slow to take advantage of
the offering. The coolies from Mysore em-
ployed on the Coffee plantations could with
difficulty be induced to remain steadily at work
during this Bamboo harvest, and the jungle
tribes could not be persuaded to work at all, but
subsisted solely on the fallen grain of the
Bambo >, so long as any could be gathered from
the ground. This seed they appeared to highly
value, and, judging from appearances, it seemed
to be very nutritious. The grain was ground
into meal by the aid of small hand-mills, and two
modes were employed in its cooking -the one by

baking in the form of cakes, and the other in
boiling it into a kind of thick porridge. I myself
ate the cakes on several occasions, and found them
fairly palatable. These jungle tribes, although
perfectly aware of the value of the vast granary
thus laid at their feet, were, notwithstanding,
improvident to a degree. They ate abundantly
of the fruit whilst it lay on the ground, but
made no provision against the approaching
destruction of the whole by jungle fires. So,
after these had licked the ground, they had,
perforce, to return to work on the Coffee plan-
tations. At the height of the dry season, and
when the earth was thickly covered with a coat-
ing of Bamboo leaves and seed, these fires began
to do their work, and, apparently, so completely
that it was hard to believe that a single Bam-
boo seed could have escaped destruction, and
that in the course of a decade or so, another
such magnificent Bamboo forest could be
produced ; but Nature, in some mysterious
way, was equal to the occasion, and before
I left India in 1877, the Bamboo zone of
Malabar and Mysore was clothed with another
jungle, consisting of clumps approaching in size
and grandeur those that perished in 1863.

From the date of the seeding of the Bamboo,
the clumps stood throughout the following
monsoon leafless and dead, but intact ; and it
was not till nearly a year after that their com-
plete destruction by fire began. When the dead
and sapless clumps caught light, the whole
country was filled with flame and smoke for
weeks together ; loud reports were heard night
and day without intermission, resulting from
the pent-up gases within the hollow culms, and
the whole Bamboo zone so picturesque and
beautiful but a twelvemonth before was quickly
reduced to a scene of desolation. The total
destruction of the clumps, however, was not
accomplished in one season, many escaping the
fires till the second, and some till the third.

The young seedlings soon began to appear, but
made but slow progress for several years. As
time went on, the annual growth of culms waxed
stouter and stouter, till at last a thick under-
growth of low Bamboo tufts covered the ground,
which, in the fullness of time began to send up
gigantic canes, till the forest was restored to its
former strength and beauty.

With reference to the period of time required
for the maturation of Bambusa arundiuacea, I
was at some little trouble, while in India, to
ascertain from the native tribes inhabiting the
jungles of the district the approximate duration
of its existence, and was told by several men,
apparently about sixty years of age, living widely
apart, that they remembered a similar pheno-
menon of the seeding of the whole of the
Bamboos of the district when they were boys.
From this I concluded that about fifty years was
the limit to the life of this giant species of
Bambusa.

About three months before the flowering of
the Bamboo, I had occasion to clear some 30 or
40 aores of land for the purpose of Coffee plant-
ing, the culms of the Bamboo being cut close to
the ground. I waited patiently, curious to know
the result of such an operation. When the
monsoon rains began, the huge stools left in the
ground began at once to send up numerous small
oulms of from 8 to 10 feet in height, and fur-
nished with laterals. On the cessation of the
rains these immediately flowered and seeded,
after which the old stools perished absolutely, so
that the act of cutting down the original culms
had only the effeot of delaying, not frustrating,
Nature in her efforts at reproduction. J. Lovrie.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE.*

This is a native of Nepal, so it was surprising to
me to obtain from a native collector a Jarge quan-
tity of a species closely resembling it from so far
south as Siam. It is very distinct as a variety,
both in form and colouring. The leaves are shorter
and more crowded ; the scape shorter, the flower
rather smaller than that of the typical form. The
general colouring is similar to that of the Nepal
plant, but the white margin of the standard is
broader, and runs right down to the base ; the
purple spots are crowded into the middle of the
bright apple-green centre. The petals and lip
resemble much those of the Indian forms, but the
lip is more yellow. The shield is different in shape :
instead of being cordate, with a notch in the apex,
it is almost ovate, with, at the most, a depression at
the top.

It is decidedly a charming plant, of very neat
habit, and appears to be very floriferous. It will, I
think, be welcomed by the lovers of Cypripedia. A
considerable quantity was brought into Singapore,
and a number of plants have ere this found their
way to England. H. Eidley, Singapore.

A New Hybrid Lily, Lilium MahtagonX
Hansoni.

Hybrid Lilies are so rare, that to get a new one
is a matter of much interest. The only clear and
undoubted instance known at present is Lilium
testaceum, the Nankeen Lily, which is evidently a
cross between candidum and chalcedonicum. I
believe that some of the forms of the bulbiferum
series (specially umbellatum and fulgens), will prove
to be garden crosses, and very likely some of the
forms between speciosum and auratum. The plant
I am writing about at present has been raised by
Mr. C. G. van Tubergen, of Haarlem, by fertilising
Lilium Martagon album with the pollen of L.
Hansom. The cross was made in 1886, and the
plants have just flowered for the first time. The
flower is so manifestly intermediate between the two
dissimilar original types, that I cannot doubt that a
real cross has been effected. Mr. van Tubergen
has only a small stock of plants at present, but is
multiplying them for distribution. The following
description is made from his notes and the specimens
of the leaf and flower he has kindly forwarded :—

Bulb like that of L. Hansoni, white, not yellow,
like that of L. Martagon, globose, 2 inches in
diameter. Stem 4 feet high, dark green, smooth.
Leaves in whorls, two or four according to the
strength of the plant, eight or twelve leaves in a
whorl, oblong, acute, thin, bright green, 5 or 6
inches long. Flowers at present 5 to 8 on a plant ;
pedicels very cernuous. Perianth-segments spread-
ing from the base, oblong, acute, H inch long, f inch
broad at the middle, dull yellow in the lower half,
with copious small brown spots, passing in the upper
half iDto unspotted claret-brown, flushed a little
with dull yellow, dull claret-brown on the outside.
Stamens equally recurved, an inch long ; filaments
yellow • anthers linear, brownish, i inch long. Ovary
cylindrical, green, i inch long ; style curved, green,

» Cypripidium msigne var. exul., Ridley nov. ™r -Herba
csespitosa, folia linearia atroviridia rigida pauca, 5-b ; 9 pol-
ices lonea. pollicem latavelpaullo minora, carina distincta
aoice minute biloba, mucronulata. Scapus breviscirciter 8-8
unci*, longus, purpureus pubescens vel viridis, P^exrtu,
uurourea. Bractea 2 uncias longa, lanceolata viridis glabra,
dvarium triqnetmm rostratum pubescens. Sepalum post.cum
dorsopnbescenacblongum ovatum 1| pollicem longum, feime
1 nollicem latum ; basi et centro lfete viridi maculis. purpurea
margine et apice late albo. Sepala Uteralia connata herbaceo
»ir dia dor=o pubescente oblonga ovata cymb.formia. Petala
U pollicem lata, 1} uncia longa, lorata tubobtusa flavo-
virentia linea mediaoa brunne.-cente ad basin, macul.a pauc»
pnrpureis margine ciliato. Labellum lj pollicem longum
ilavLens venosum marginibus involute extus pohtum intus
pubescene, pubescentia purpurea. Columna i pollic.s louga,
eubterea pubescens; dypeu, ovatus pohtus ad basin pubescens,
, mbone medio ocreo paullo elevato, subtus cannatus omnmo
pubescens. Capsula purpurea pubescens rostrata, rostro
curvulo 1$ uncias longa.— Siam, Tonia.

July 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

as loDg as the ovary. The claret-red of the flower
is like that of L. Martagon var. dalmaticum. J, G.
Baker, Herbarium, Kent.

FRANCOIS LEGUAT AND HIS

PLANTS.

(Continued from p. 641, Vol. ix.1
Continuing the Abbe Pingr<5's observations on the
flora of Rodriguez, as illustrating and commenting
on Leguat's former description, his hitherto un-
published notes proceed as follow : —

Its cabbage is also said to be very delicate, but
they take care of this useful tree, lest the extraction
of its wine should weaken it, and lest the extirpa-
tion of the cabbage might cause its death. It is
permissible to reckon the species of Palms, of
which I have made mention previously, among the
number of fruit trees. It is not altogether the same
with the Vacoua. Francois Leguat, not knowing
its name, gave it that of Pavilion* or Pavilion tree.
I have not observed either young Palm trees or
Latanias sprouting, but I have seen plenty of young
Vacoua (Pandanus) plants springing from the ground,
which leads me to believe that this Palm-like plant,
the most useless of all, is at the same time the most
prolific. Meantime, I confess that amongst all the
Palm-allies the Vacoua merits the prize for beauty. It
is not entirely useless ; its thick canopy of branches
has often sheltered me from the heat of the
sun, and from the violence of the rain. The
Vacoua, when young, might be taken for a species
of Aloe ; its leaves are then 3 or 4 feet
high, or, I should say, long, and are armed
with sharp points, whose pricks I have several
times experienced when trying to get through
the obstacle which these young plants put in my
way. The tree then shows neither trunk, branches,
nor roots. One and all of these appear by degrees
as the tree grows higher. When the tree is formed,
at about 1J foot from the ground ; the trunk,
descending from it, is divided into some twenty
smaller trunks, which form a regular cone, reaching
the ground, and there is divided, probably, into many
other stems. At 10, 12, or 15 feet from the ground
according to the size and age of the tree, the trunk
divides still into many more trees and branches,
which subdivide into yet smaller ones, and all this
with a symmetry so constant as always to form a
hemisphere whose convexity is turned towards the
sky. The extremity of each small branch bears a
sort of tuft of leaves ; these tufts again resemble
those of the Aloe, but less than when the plant was
still young. The leaves are smaller, and the blunted
points have not the same force. In the middle of
each tuft sprouts a sort of cluster (grappe), which
contains the fruit of the tree ; it resembles some-
what that of the Pine-apple ; the grains which com-
pose it are extremely close. On opening it, one is
struck by an odour which is precisely that of a very
ripe Quince, but the taste is not the same. The
fruit of the Vacoua is acrid, and absolutely worth
nothing.

Besides these trees, which can be regarded as fruit
trees, excepting the Vacoua, the Isle of Rodriguez
also produces an infinity of others of different
species. The following are the principal ones:—
Bois d'OHve.t has nothing in common with our
Olive trees, it only bears a fruit which has something
of the shape of our Olives, but nothing of its uses,
nor indeed in size even, for it is very much smaller.
The Bois d'Olive grows very high, and forms a fine
tree— it is good for carpentry ; the planking of our
boat, of which I shall speak presently, was made of
this wood. The trunk generally resembles a number
of trunks bound together under the same bark ; but

on sawing the timber, it is perceived that it is really
but one trunk, not cylindrical. The leaves of this
tree present a singular phenomenon : when the tree
is young, its leaves are very long and very narrow ;
as it grows up its leaves become Bhort and broad.
The difference was so striking, that I have hardly
been able to persuade myself that these young trees
and the old ones were of the same species. I at last
met with one of these trees which had just put
forth a branch or new shoot (branche gourmande).
The leaves of the shoot were 4, 5, or even 6 inches
long, and six lines or more in breadth ; those of
the old branches were 2 or 3 inches long, their
breadth was from eighteen lines to 2 inches. The
leaf of the old Bois d'Olive is not unlike that of the
Bay Cherry (Laurier-cerise) not so long perhaps,
less thick, and not so rounded at the point.

I have also seen a very singular Bois d'Olive. It
might be said that its trunk was 30 feet thick, in one
Bense. The fact is, that these trees have their roots
at the level of the ground, and that from these roots
sometimes spring young Olive trees, in the same way
that young suckers spring from the trunk of our
European trees ; thus, where three of these trees
have so interlaced their roots, the horizontal trunk
of these roots appears one, or the trunk of the
primitive tree, when springing from the ground, is
obliged by some strange cause to extend itself hori-
zontally along a distance of 30 feet, and produces at
last three branches, which grow as three distinct
trees. Be that as it may, if one can imagine a trunk
of a tree, 30 feet long, lying horizontally, from
beneath having an infinity of roots, and above three
trees lifting themselves perpendicularly from the two
extremities, and from the middle of the prostrate
trunk, one will have an idea of the tree, or of these
three trees, of which I speak, for I leave to others to
decide if this tree should be regarded as one or as
three.

The Benjoin,* according to M. l'Abbe de la Caille
(Journal Historigue, p. 227), is a fine tree, which has
no relation with the Benjoin of the Indies ; it is thus
called in place of " Bien-joint," because it is the most
pliant wood of the country — it never breaks ; it is
excellent for wheelwrights. I am strongly inclined
to think the same. Nevertheless M. Preodet, officer
of the Company's troops, who is studying the botany
of Bourbon, and who appears to do so with taste and
intelligence, is persuaded that the Benjoin of Bour-
bon is the veritable Benjoin, although of a species
different to the Benjoin of the Moluccas. The
Benjoin of Rodriguez, which is certainly the same as
that of Bourbon, exudes a gum which has no rela-
tion with that of the Benjoin of India.

The Ebony t is not rare at Rodriguez, I have only
seen the black, I do not doubt that there is also the
white and the veined. The young Ebonies have
only soft sap-wood ; the Ebony which is the heart of
the tree, does not appear until several years have
elapsed.

The Bois Puant \ is a fine full-sized timber tree ;
its wood is handsome, arm, well veined, excellent
for carpentry, and for the construction of ships ; it
has one inconvenience, to which it owes its name ;
when newly cut it gives forth a foul odour, to which
it is difficult to accustom oneself.

The Corallodendrum § is thus called because its
wood nearly resembles branches of coral, by the sort
of articulations from which the branches spring. It
has this peculiarity, that it loses its leaves in a
country where the other trees are always green.
When I have seen it, on August 10, it had not any

, No. 226.

* See Gardeners' Chronicle, April 25, 1891. vol.
p. 520.

t Bois d'Olive ■ Elosodendron orientale. Pingre's observa-
tions are confirmed by Professor Balfour, -who states that the
leaves are heteromorphic. "The young ones are linear and
acute • . . from this we trace a succession of forms to the
most mature, whi hare obof ate . . ." (PMti. Trans., Botany
ofXddrtfaer.xi.Xte)

* Terminalia Benzoin, commonly called " Bois Charron "
(Balf., 310). The Abbe de la Caille visited Mauritius in 1753,
and Bourbon in 1751.

t Diospyros diversifolia. Professor Balfour says : — " One
seldom meets wish a large tree. In all the large ones I met with ,
the dark heart-wood was quite decayed, leaving a shell of
newer wood outside. I was told by inhabitants that this
rotting of the centre always takes place in this species after it
attain a certain height." (1. e.. p. 355.)

I Bois Puant.— Feetidia mauritiana, or Clerodendron lancia-
tum— perhaps, more probably, the latter, now named Bois
Cabri.

« Corallodendron.— Erylhrina indica? Schotia sp. ?

leaves ; it was laden with flowers and fruit. This
tree is nearly the size of a large Apple tree,
although with less spread of branches ; the branches
are bristling with thorns. The flower is produced
in a cluster or bouquet, like the Lilac, excepting
that the clusters are not divided into small bunches,
all the blossoms springing direct from the same
stalk. Each stalk bears from 100 to even 200
blossoms ; the flower is about 2 inches long by 8
or 10 lines broad. It is of the genus of the Pea-
blossom, the Balsams, the Gucule-de-loup ; its colour
is a fine flame-coloured red ; its pistil is surrounded
with ten stamens. The blossoms are in such great
numbers, and so compact, that they crowd one
another. Those nearest the branches were old and
faded, the next were in full bloom ; the last, at the
extremity of the bunch, were awaiting apparently
their turn to open. I could not find a single one
whose fruit was ripe ; without doubt the last ones
alone become so. The fruit is enclosed within a
pod which, besides the exterior membrane, is com-
posed of three other rather tough membranes. This
fruit is something like our Beans, it is more round,
and of a rather deep red colour. The Coralloden-
dron is easily multiplied by cuttings. The Pignon
d'Inde * equally sheds its leaves when it is about to
blossom. This tree is rather small. The tallest
which I have seen at Rodriguez does not attain
more than 9 feet, including its branches. The
blossom of the Pignon d'Inde is small ; it is sustained
like the Rose, on five leaves, round, and disposed in
the form of a star. It is composed of five petals of
light yellow, verging on green ; within it there are
six small leaves, which I have recognised by a mag-
nifying glass to be the stamens of the flower. I have
searched in vain for a pistil, until having dis-
sected one of the flowers, I discovered that
the foot of the petals is surrounded by five
small globules of a very bright orange colour,
and of rather soft consistence. I looked upon
these globules as taking the place of the pistil.
(In that I was deceived ; according to M. Adanaon,
the flowers are some male and others female, and
these last are situated below the first.) The fruit
of the Pignon d'Inde is enclosed in a capsule of an
ellipsoidal figure. All the capsules which I have
opened were divided into three cells ; each cell had
its seed of a similar ellipsoidal form, covered with a
dark grey skin, but with a white flesh, and of an
agreeable taste ; but it is necessary to beware of it.
This fruit purges violently ; it is composed of two
lobes, separated by a skin or white membrane, which
one might easily mistake for a flower. This pelli-
cule appears to be the germ, and it is in this germ
alone, they say, that the purgative quality of this
nut belongs. By removing this skin, the nut can
be eaten without risk. I went up to a tree,
which I regarded as living, notwithstanding its
colour, which appeared different to that of the other
trees; when beneath the tree, I thought it was dead.
This tree is the Gayac ; its leaves from beneath are
absolutely the colour of dead leaves ; above they are
green. The Gayact forms a very lofty and fine tree.
I have seen other trees which have several trunks
from their branches ; they throw down to the ground
their fibres or filaments ; these fibres having reached
the ground, there take root, and form new trunks of
which the branches multiply in the same way, so
that one alone of these trees can at last form a
forest. One of the officers who was with me at
Rodriguez, gave to this tree the name of Bauge.J
Francois Leguat confounds it with the Paretuvier
or Paletuvier, of Rochefort, to which he gives also
the name of Mangle, or Manglier — Mangrove. I
believe that it is one of the species of Indian Figs
or Malabar Figs, of which John Ray gives a descrip-
tion in the 2nd vol. of his History of Plants, Liv. 27,
Chap. III., p. 1436. I have remarked also a Creeper,
or Liane (Liane § is a name generical to express

* Pignon d'Inde, or Physio-nut— Jatropha curcas.
t Gayac? Dombeya ferruginea or Bois pipe ?
I Bauge. Ficussp.

5 Liane sans fin. Cassytha filiformis, or Liane cate - Sar-
costemma vimin'ale.

THE GAR DENE US1 CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

every plant which binds itself to another — like the
Vine, Pea, Nasturtium, &c), which grows generally
in some holes or cracks of the trunks of trees, and
thence sends down filaments which having touched
the earth, becoming trunks, envelop with their
branches and sometimes entirely cover the trunk
of the tree where this Creeper was produced.
S. P. Oliver.

(To be continued.)

BERLIN BOTANIC GARDEN.

We referred at p. 368, vol. ix., to the great trans-
formations in the Berlin Botanic Garden on the
basis of plant distribution, and we now propose
reproducing the principal facts concerning the plan-
tations, illustrating the vegetation of various parts
of Europe, as given by Dr. Pax in the Gartenflora.
He begins by saying that probably no other garden
possesses plantations exemplifying the flora of
Europe to the extent and exactitude that the Berlin
garden does. Emerging from the eastern North
American plantation, one enters the mixed forest
of the plains, much as it is developed in central
Germany. Tall-stemmed Elms, Oaks, and Horn-
beams, interspersed with black Poplars, wild Pear
and Apple trees, and common Maple, form a shelter-
ing roof, under the shade of which flourish such
plants as Convallaria majalis, Circrea lutetiana,
Stachys sylvatica, Scrophularia nodosa, Paris quadri-
folia, Campanula latifolia, Melica nutans, and
Epipactis latifolia ; whilst in the more open spots
Anemone, Corydalis, Galanthus nivalis, Lathyrus
vernus, Myosotis sylvatica, Viola sylvatica, Listera
ovata, and many other pretty spring flowers carpet
the ground. The border of this mixed forest con-
sists of shrubby Elms and Maples, Prunus padus,
P. spinosa, Salix cinerea, Viburnum opulus, Roses
and Kbamnus, with a few scattered herbaceous
plants.

In striking contrast to the mixed forest is the
contiguous Beech wood, consisting entirely of Beech
trees, with an undergrowth of Daphne Mezereum,
Ribes rubrum, R. nigrum, Euonymus verrucosus, and
Lonicera xylosteum ; and amongst the herbaceous
plants almost constantly found in Beech woods
planted here are Trientalis europaja, Vicia dume-
torum, V. cassubica, Vinca minor, Asperula odorata,
Hepatica triloba, Rauunculus lanuginosus, Rubus
saxatilis, Astrantia major, Lilium Martagon, Carex
digitata, C. montana, Thalictrum aquilegifolium,
Corydalis cava, Lamium Galeobdolon, Milium effusum,
Asarum europium, Hypericum montanum, Pheg-
opteris, Dryopteris, and Euphorbia dulcis.

The Pine and Birch woods to the right of the
Beech wood stand out conspicuously on account of
their greater uniformity of composition. Few her-
baceous plants grow under either Pines or Birches.
Characteristic among plants that flourish under the
former are : Viola arenaria, Potentilla rubens, Scor-
zonera humilis, Anthericum raraosum, Gypsophila
fastigiata, Dianthus cassius, Astragalus arenarius, and
Luzula pilosa. The Pine forest passes gradually into
the open heath, where Pines and Birches, and
Juniper bushes are scattered singly over the Heather
the herbaceous element, including patches of glaucous
grasses, such as Festuca, Aira, and Molinia, inter-
spersed with Anemone Pulsatilla, Arnoseris minima,
Helichrysum arenarium, Antennaria dioica, Jasione
montana, Dianthu3 deltoides, and the Artemisia
campestris.

A small area close by is utilised to exhibit the
characteristic features of the vegetation of a boggy
moor, with such woody inhabitants as Pinus uligi-
nosa, Betula nana, Oxycoccus, Vaccinium, Andro-
meda, and Ledum ; and Rhynchospora alba, Sedum
villosum, Viola palustris, Lysimachia thyrsiflora,
Drosera, Pedicularis, and Potentilla palustris, are
among the herbaceous plants.

Passing from the geographical formations de-
scribed—from the mixed forest, the Beech forest,
the Pine and Birch forest, the heath, and the moor,
by a narrow and winding walk, which several times
crosses an artificial brook, we ascend to the'moun-

tain plantations. ■ These are on a large scale, rising
from 5 to 6 yards above the general level of the
garden, and covering a considerable area. Thus,
the part representing the alpine flora is nearly
45 yards long, and consists of three chains ; the
central one of granite, and the lateral ones of chalk.
This rock garden, with steep declivities and variously
coloured rocks, sheltering in their fissures the
characteristic flowers, is a great attraction to
visitora.

Before reaching the alpine quarter, the path lead-
ing from the plain leads through moist meadows,
and then the vegetation of the lower hills, which
gradually passes into that of the higher hills. First
of all one crosses a meadow of the lower hills with
its characteristic representatives, Trollius, Geranium
sylvaticum, Myrrhis odorata, Valeriana dioica,
Cirsium rivulare, C. heterophyllum, Crepis priemorsa,
Hieracium pratense, Colchicum, Orchis, Gymnadenia
conopsea, Polygonum Bistorta, Senecio crispatus, and
Veratrum ; and in drier places, Arnica, Centaurea,
Phrygia, Arabis Halleri, Primula elatior, and many
other species. The forest of the lower hills consists of
Silver Fir, Spruce Fir, and Beech. The charac-
teristic shrubs, which form part of the underwood in
the tall forests, comprises Lonicera nigra, Ribes
Grossularia, and others ; whilst Staphylea pinnata,
Euonymus verrucosa, Pyrus terminalis, P. aucuparia,
Acer pseudo-platanus, Sambucus racemosa prefer,
or are exclusively confined to the Beech forests.
Characteristic herbaceous plants include Saxifraga
decipiens, Lamium maculatum, L. galeobdolon var.
montanum, Dentaria bulbifera, Digitalis ambigua,
D. purpurea, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Luzula
angustifolia, Carex pendula, C. digitata, &c. Here,
too, is evident the greater richness of the Beech
forest as against the coniferous forest, the former
sheltering such plants as Cypripedium calceolus,
Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Aconitum variegatum,
Salvia glutinosa, Euphorbia amygdaloides, E. dulcis,
Asperula odorata, and Blechnum, which are not
found in the latter. Above the forests of the lower
hills succeeds a shrubbery of sub-alpine Willows
(Salix cajsia, S. arbuscula, and others), and Rhodo-
dendron hirsutum, mostly near the streamlet. Here
and there bushes of Rosa alpina appear, and in the
shelter of the shrubs, or along the stream, grow
Aconitum Napellus, Rumex alpinus, R. arifolius,
Epilobium trigonum, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Hera-
cleum flavescens, Senecio crispatus, Streptopus,
Mulgedium alpinum ; and among smaller plants,
Viola biflora, species of Androsace, and many
others. Clumps of the dwarf Pinus montana are
likewise characteristic of this region.

At the foot of the alpine chain, and above the
shrubby vegetation of the subalpine zone, are alpine
meadows, in the short grass of which appear the
beautiful flowers of various species of Pedicularis,
Gentiana, Viola lutea, Pulsatilla alpina, Geum mon-
tanum, Bartsia, Euphrasia Salisburyensis, Meum
mutellina, and Polygonum viviparum.

The real alpine flora of the European Alps is
arranged on three parallel ranges of rocks, whereof
the central granitic range represents the Central Alps
and its peculiar flora, and the range, rising from the
alpine meadows, consisting of chalk, contains the flora
of the Northern Alps ; whilst the range on the other
side of the Central Alps, formed of limestone,
supports the vegetation of the Southern Alps.

It would occupy too much of our space to enter
into full particulars of the plants of these three
ranges ; but the differences in the floras of the
granitic and limestone mountains are specially
interesting. There are further subdivisions, too,
illustrating the peculiarities of the vegetation of
more restricted districts.

The principal other mountain chains of Europe
are reproduced in relation to the Alps as near as
possible in accordance with their actual positions.
At one end are the Pyrenees, and at the other]
abutting on the eastern Alps, are the Balkan and
Carpathian mountains ; beyond which rises the
mountains of Asia, beginning with the Bithynian
Olympus, succeeded by the West andJEast Caucasus,

the Pontic and Armenian Mountains, the Lebanon
and Taurus.

The question now arises, how far such a scheme of
illustrating the geographical distribution of plants
can be successfully carried out in so small an area as
the Berlin Botanical Garden, of which, of course,
the geographical plantations only occupy a portion,
though a tolerably large portion. Our own idea is,
that accurate as the scientific arrangement may be,
and attractive as the grouping may be, in the early
years of its existence, while the trees are still small,
it would be impossible for them to become grown-up
forests, or fully developed pictures of the vegetation
of the various regions. Therefore the aim at
instruction fails to a very great extent, and
the plants and their labels are not so accessible to
the public as they would be in mixed plantations
and beds. Even in grounds so extensive as Kew
Gardens, we should be sorry to see any strictly
geographical arrangement adopted, because we think
the necessarily artificial aspect of it would destroy
the charm of the place. As it is, there are many
beautiful and adequately representative groups of
plants at Kew ; and although the rock garden is
doubtless susceptible of improvement, it is admirably
adapted for a large number of persons being able to
see a large number of plants without discomfort.
In the Berlin plantations, we understand that the
paths are, many of them, so narrow that the public
is shut out from them altogether, and the plants are so
far off that their beauties are not easily perceptible,
and the labels so distant as to be illegible. H.

The Apiary.

EXTRACTING HONEY.
As soon as frames in hives arranged for extracting
are full of honey and capped, they should be taken
out, passed through the extractor and returned to
the bees to be refilled. A greater yield is the result.
It is important to wait till sealing has taken place, as
honey extracted from uncapped combs is thin and
not properly ripened. It also has not the full
aroma, and is liable to fermentation. Some
amount of preparation is required before com-
mencing extracting, and it should be done some
distance from the apiary, preferably in an outhouse
or other building containing a window, so that any
bees brought in on the combs can escape, and at the
same time robbers be prevented from gaining an
entrance. It is necessary to have two uncapping
knives, so that one can be getting hot while the
other is being used. A lamp with boiler attached
in which to place the knives, is sold for this purpose,
but it is easy to improvise something of the kind
that will answer the purpose almost equally well.
The knives should be very sharp, and a cloth must
be in readiness to wipe them on when taken out of the
water. It is also advisable to wear an apron to
protect the clothes, as honey is as bad, or worse,
than grease to get rid of. A tray or large dish is
required to stand the frame on whilst uncapping,
and it is almost as well to make a wooden tray
for the purpose, on which two pieces of wood can
be tacked to form the shape of the letter L, against
which the lug of the frame cau be held, and so
prevented from slipping. As the cappings are taken
off, they should be put at once into a strainer, aa a lot
of honey drains from them. Whilst cutting, the
frame should be inclined towards the hand holding
the knife, and it is possible after a little practice
to slice off nearly all the cappings on one
side at one operation, if the surface is fairly
even. When the extracting is finished, the
honey must be strained, and the beet thing for
the purpose is a properly constructed honey-strainer
and ripener. If this is not on hand, the next best
thing is to tie a piece of coarse flannel over the
mouth of a large earthenware vessel, into which
slowly run the honey from the extractor. When the
latter has emptied itself, it should be cleaned and
the cage taken out, and the strained honey put back,
and it is well to let it remain for some days before
commencing to bottle it. Expert.

July 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS.

[FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS, JULY, 1891.]

The words " average" " over" or " under" as the case may be, indicate the amount of the crop ; and "good" " very good" or " bad" indicate the quality,

*** Fuller details will be given in the following number. See also Leading Article ou page 104.

COUNTY.

APPLES.

SCOTLAND.
ABERDEEN

Under

average; good
Average

ARGYLL Much under

AYR

CLACKMANNAN-
DUMBARTON ...
EAST LOTHIAN

TEARS.

PLUMS. CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL

FRUITS.

Uoder

Average ; good

Average

Good crop

Under

Under average

Under;
good
FIFE Average

Under

FORFAR Average; good

Average

Under

Bad

Under

Under; good

INVERNESS ....

KINCARDINE .
KINROSS

MIDLOTHIAN ,
MORAYSHIRE ,

NAIRN ... .
ORKNEY ..
PEEBLES..
PERTH

RENFREW .

ROXBURGH
STIRLING ...

SUTHERLAND.
WIGTON

ENGLAND-
NORTHERN
COUNTIES.

NORTHUMBERLAND...

WESTMORELAND
DURHAM

Average ; very

good

Average

good

Under

Under average

Abundant ,
good
UDder

Under average

Average ; good

Good

Over ; very

good
Very good

Over average

Average ;

good

Average ; over

Under

Average

Under

Over: very
good

Over ; good
Average

Under ; bad

Under

Average

Average; good

Very good

Under

Under Aver-
age; bad
Under

Under ; good

Average

Average ;

good
Average

Under

Under ; bad

Average

Under

Average

Under ; good

Average ; very

good

Average ;

very good

Under

Utder

Under average

Average; good Under

average ; good
Good Bad

Average ; good

Under

Not grown
outdoors

Under

Average ; gjod

Average

Under; gooi

Over ; good

Average

Average ;

good

Over average

Average

Average ; bad

Average

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Average ; very

good

Average ;

good

Over

Under

Not grown
outside
Under

Average ; gjod

Average
Over ; good
Average ; goad

Average Under averag<

Not much

grown here

None outside.

good in house:

Under ; good

Not grown

Very gx>d

Under

Average

Under
Over

Average ; full Average on

average on

walls

Average

Good

Average ; good

Good

Average

Under

Average

Under

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Average ; good Under; good

Bad Bad

Under Average

walls, none on

standards

Under

Very good

Average ; good

Bad

Under

Average

Average ;

under
Average

Under

Average ;
good

Over ; very

good

Average

Under ; bad

Under

Under
Under ; good

Bad
Under ; bad

Average;

good
Average

Average; very

good
Avemge ; bad

Under

Average ; good

Bad

Over

Average ; very

good
Average : very

good
Under aver-
age; bad
Under

Under
Average ; goad

Under
Average
Average

Average
Good

Over; very

good
Good

Average
Under

Average

Under

Average

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Very good

Morel los good

Under

Average

Average ; good

Bad

Average

Average ;

good
Ave/ age

Average; good

Under ; good

Under ; very

good

Average

Lender

Over average

Very good
Over ; good

Not much

grown here

Not grown

here

Under ; good

Under averag-

Under ; good

Below
average
Under

Over; very
good

Average ; very

good
Average; very

good

Over

Under

Under
Averag s

Average ;
under
Under

Under glass,

over average ;

very good

Average

Good

Average ; very
good

Over ; good
Good

Uuder
Under ; bad

Not grown

outdoors

Under ; bad

Much under Cver Avera

STRAW-
BERRIES.

Average ;

under
Average

Under

Average

average ; good
Very goud

Average ; good

Under

Average ; good

Average

Over ; good

Average

Over average

Average ;

good
Very good

Average ;

very good

Average ; good

Over ; very

good

Average

Avera ga

Average

Under ; good

Over; very
good
Over

Average; good

Average ; good

Under average

Poor crop

Good ; average

Average ;

Gooseberries

under

Average ; good

Very good

Over ; good

Raspberries

good ;

Currants

average

Average ;

Average;

good
Average

Over average

Good

Under

Over; very
good

Over ;

Average
good |

Under ; good , Over

good
Under

good
ery

Under

Under
Under ; bad

Under ; very Average ; good
good

Bad Bad, except

red Currants
Under Average

Bge;
very good
Average

Average ; good

Under

Average ; good

Average

Over ; good

Average

Average ;

good

Below

average

Over; very

good

Average ; verj

good

Over ; very

good

Average ; good

Average

Over ; very

good
Heavy crop ;

very good
Average ; good

Over; good

Average ;good

Average

Over ; good
Average
Average

Average ; late ;
very good
Very good

Over ; good

Very good

Average ;
very good
Average;
very good
Average;
very good
Average

Average

Very good

Average

Over; very
good

Over ; good

Average ;

very good

Average ; good

Average

Over ; very

good
Over ; very

good
Very good

Average

Not grown

NAME

AND

ADDRESS.

''nner averrg*-

Average; good

Average

Ui.der

John Forrest, Haddo House,

Aberdeen
Simon Campbell, The Gardens,

Fyvie Castle, Aberdeen
G. Taylor, Castle Gardens.

Iuverary
N. McKinnon, Dumfries House

Gardens, Cumuock
William Priest, Eglinton Gar-
dens, Irvine
Thomas Ormiston, Alloa House

Gardens, Alloa
Tames Mitchell, Camis Estean,

Helensburgh
Tames Morrison, Archertield

Gardens, Drem
L. Dow, Newbyth Gardens,

Prestonkirk
R. P. Brotherstou, Tyniug-

hame
RobertGossip, Crawford Prior;-,

Cupar
George Ramsay, Fordell Gar-
dens. Inverkeithing
Jas. Whitton, Glamis Castle

Gardens, Forfarshire
lames Mitchell, Panmure Gar-
dens, Carnoustie
William McDowall. Brechin

Castle Gardens, Brechin
Tames Manson, Kilravock, Fort

George Station
J. M. Gairns, Arbuthnott Gar-
dens, Fourdoun
John Fortune, Blair Adam,

Kinross
Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeith Palace

Gardens, Dalkeith
Chas. Webster, Gordon Castle,

Fochabers
Donald Cunningham, Darna-

way Castle Gardens, Forres
James Maitland, Cawdt r

Castle
rhas. MacDonald, Balfour

Castle Gardens, Kirkwall
Malcolm Mclutyre, The Glen,

Innerleithen
T. King, The Gardens, Blair

Drummond
George Croucher, The Gardens,

Ochtertyre, Crieff

John Robb. Drummond Castle
Gardens, Crieff

P. W. Fairgrieve, Dunkeld
Gardens, Dunkeld

G. Goodfellow, The Gardens,
Kiufaun's Castle

Henry Maxwell, Ralston Gar-
dens, Paisley

\ndrew Rae, Eastwood Park

Gardens, Giffnock
Thomas Lunt. The Gardenp,

Ardgowan, Greenock
John Methven, Blythswood.

R. G. Milne, The Gardens,
Minto, Hawick

M. Temple, Carron House, Fal-
kirk

M. Fitzgerald, Dunmore Park,

Stirling
D. Melville, Dunrobin Castle

Gardens
W. Cruden, Castle Kennedy

George Harris, The Castle
Gardens, Alnwick

David Inglis, Howiek Hall,
Lesburv

W. A. Miller, Uuderley Gar-
dens, Kirkby Lonsdale

R. Draper. Seaham Hall, Sea-
ham Harbour

Jas. Larkin, Ca>tle Garden0,
Bishop Auckland

John Short, Hummersknot,
Darlington

R. Westcott, Raby Castle, Dar-
lington

Bailey Wadds, near Birdsall,
York

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Joly 25, 1891.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS— (Continued).

COUNTY.

NORTHERN
COUNTIES.

YORK..

LAKC/S IIBE

TAS'ERN
COUNTIES.
LINCOLN

CAMBRIDGE
NOPFOLK ..,

SUFFOLK ..,

es ;ex

MIDLAND
COUNTIES.
DERBY

N I1TINGHAM3HIRE..

LEICESTERSHIRE .

WARWICK.

APPLES.

Under ; good

Under
Average

Under

Average

Average ; good

Average
Under; gocd

Under; good
Under

Underaverage

Under

Good

Under

lverage; earl)

sorts overj^,

average *

Under ; bad

Under

Over; *-ery
good

Average ; Over ; good

good

Over ; good
Over average
Average
Under
Under
Average
Under

Under

Average

Under.

Average ; good

lverage ; gooc
Average ; good
lverage ; good

Over
lverage ; good

lverage; gutd

Average

Average;

very guod

Over ; good

Under ; good

Average

Under

Under; good

Avera ge ; good

Under

Over; very

good

Averaga

lverage; good

Bad

Average

Under

Average

Over ; good

Average

Under

lverage ; good

Under

Over average

Over

Under

Average

Over

Average; good

Under ; good

lverage ; gocd

lverage ; good

Over
Average ; good

Under
average; good

Average

Average ; good

Oxer; very

good

Under ; good

Under

Under ; bad

Av< rage ; goor

Over; gocd

Over ; very
good
Under

Average ; good

Lad

Over ; good

Good

Over

Good

Under

Under
Under average
Under
Average
Under

Bad

Average ; good
Under
Under

Over ; good
Under ; bid
Average
Under
Over
Under
Over
Over

Under

Average

Over

Under

Over; good

Under ; bad

lverage; good

Over ; bad

Over ; very

good
Over ; very

good

Jver average ;
good

Average

Over ; good

Average ; verj
good
Under

Average; gooo

Average

Under

Under ; bid

Over ; good

Over; good

Average ; gocd

Average ; good

Under

Over; good

Very good

Average

Good

Over; very
good

CHERRIES.

PEACHES-
AND NEC42
TARINES.

Under; bad
Under

Under

Bad
Average

Morellos aver-
age

Under ; bad

Morellos good

Average

Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Average

Under
Under
Under

Under

Under ; bad

Avera ge ; bad

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Average

i her ; very
;ood ; Morel'o?

over ; good
lverage ; good

Average; good

Average
Under ; bad

Average
Under ; good

Average

Under ; bad

lverage ; good
Morellos over
Over ; good

lverage ; goor

Average ; good

Under; bad

Under

Average ; good

Very good

Average

Under; good

Under
Average

Under

Average ; good

Under

Average ;

good

Not grown

out doors

Average

Average
Average

Under

Average

Under

Average : very

good
Average ; good

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Average

Over ; good

Avernge; good

Under ; good
Average

lverage ; good

Average

lverage; verj
good
Under

lverage ; gooci

Average

Under
Um'er
Over

APRICOTS.

Under ; good

Under

Average

Under

Bad
Under

SMW.L
FRUITS.

Average ;

good

Over average

good

Under

Under
Over

Very gcod
Average

Over

Average

Averag? ; good

Under ; good

Average; very

good
Average ; very

good

Over

Under; good
Average ; good

Average
Under ; bad

Under ; good

Under

Under ; go:d

Avtrage

Under; good

Over ; very
good
Under

lverage ; good

Under

Over ; very

g->od

Average

Under

Under ; good

Average

Under average

Under

Good

Under, except

Raspberries

above average

Bad

Average ; very

good

Average

Over; very
good

Over ; good

Under

Under average

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Average

Average, ex-
cept Goose-
terries
Under

Average

Under

Over

Over; very

good

lverage ; good

Average ; very

good
Average ; good

Over

Under; good

Average ; good

Average ;

black Currants

over

Under

Average ; good

Average

Average; very
good
Under

Under

Under ; good

Average

Under

Average

U ruler

Undtr

Average

Very good

Average

Average; good Over; very
gnod

STRAW-
BERRIES.

Average ; good

Over

Under average

Average

Good
Average

Average

lverage ; very
good
Good

Over; very
good

Over; good

Under

Average ;

good
Average

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over average

good

Average

Average ; but

small

Average

Over; very

good
Under ; good

Over; very

good
Over ; good

Average

lverage; ver)
good

Over average ;
good

Average ; good

Under
Average ; good

Average
Average ; very

g.JOd

Average

Over ; good

Over

Over; very

good

Average

Over ; goo 1

Under

Average ; gooo

Average

Good

Under

Over ; good

NUTS.

Under

Bad
Under

Bad

Under
Under
Under

Under
Average

Under
Unier

Under

lverage ; good

Average

lverage ; good
Under
Under

Under

Under
Average ; good
Under
Under; bad
Under
Under

Under
Under

Average
Under
Under ; good
Under
Under

Average

NAME

AND

ADDRESS.

Average

Thomas Jones, Ribston Hall
Gardens, Wetherby

Robert C. Kingston, Branting-
hamthorpe

Robert Cock, Edenthorpe, Dcn-
caster

Wm. Chuck, Brodsworth Hall,
Doncaster

William Culverwell, The Gar-
dens, Thorpe Perrow, Bedale

Thos. Lambert, Burton Con-
stable, Hull

William Barber Upjohn, Wor-
sley Hall, Wore!ey, Man-
chester

IV. P. Roberts, The Garden?,
Cuerdon Hall. Preston

3. MeMaster, Gawthorpe Hall,
Burnley

f. Hathaway, The Gardenr,
Lathom House, Orm^kirk.

fame* Seth, Florist, Ihurlby,

Bourne.
David Lumsden, Bloxholm Hall

lohn Rowlands, Bardney Mnuor-

Gardena
Thomas Vinden, HarlaxU n

Manor, Grantham
, Casewick, Stamford

Indrew Grant, The Vineries,

Willingham
H. Batchelor, Catton Park,

Norwich
I. Reeves, Shotesham Park,

Norwich

F. Lee, Lynford Hall, Mund-
ford

John Wallis, Orwell Park,
Ipswich

D. T. Fish, Hardwicke, Bury
St, Edmunds

I. Sheppard, Woolver&kne
Park, Ipswich

ft. Rogers, Rendle-ham Gar-
dens, Woodbridge

Jeo. Eden, Henham Gard -ns,
Wang ford

Arthur Ocock, Havering Park
Gardens, Romford

fames Douglas, Great Gearies,
1 1 ford

William Earlev, Double Howe,
llford

fames Vert, Audley End Gar-
dens, Saffron Walden

Chas. Butler, Parndon Hall
Gardens, Harlow

Thos. Keetley. The Gardens,
Darley Abbey

f. F. Goodacre, Elv.iston
Castle Gardens

EJ. F. Je&l, Wilbrs'ev,
Cromford

John Horton, Welbeck Gar-
dens. Worksop, Notts

Amos Parr, Holme Pierrepout,
Nottingham

*. A. Woods, Osberton Gar-
dons, Worksop

A. Henderson, Thoresby, Oiler-
ton

A. Young, Annesley Park,
Nottingham

Alfred liamshere, Be.iumanor
Gardens, Loughborough

William iDgram, Belvoir
Gardens, Grantham

\V. H. Divers, Ketton Hall
Gardens, Stamford

Henry Mason, Bi--brook Hall
Gardens, Uppingham

W. Doidge, Barle>thorpe Gar-
dens, Oakham

William Miller, Combe Abbey,
near Coventry

fames Rodger, The Gardens,
Charlecote Park

Jjhn Bower, Cildecote Gar-
dens, Nuneaton

T. Rnddard, Stoi,eleigh Abbey,
KenUworth

■Tanifs Campbell, Biddulpli
Grange Gardens, Congleton

Henry G. Wilks. Sandou Hall,

Joly 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

COUNTY.

MIDLAND
COUNTIES.

STAfFORD

NORTHAMPTON

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE

HERTFORD

WESTERN
COUNTIES.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE .

MONMOUTH .
HEREFORD ..

WORCESTER

SHROPSHIRE
CHESHIRE

SOUTHERN
COUNTIES.
MIDDLESEX

SURREY

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS— (Continued).

Under; g)od

Average

Unier

Under

Average

Average ; good

Under; good

Average

Average ;

under

Average; g]od

Under
Average
Average

Under

Under
Over average

Under

Uuder

Under ; good

Over ; good.

Average

PEARS.

Under; good

Under

Average

Over

Average; good

Average

Averag}

Under

CHERRIES.

Average

Average ; good

Over

Avenge

Average

Average ; good

Under

Under ; good

Under ; very

good

A veruge

Over ; good

Average; gx>d

Iverage ; good

Average

Over

Irerage ; good

Over

Under

Average ; ver>

good

Under

Over averag'

Over

Average

Over; good

Over ; good

Good

Under ; good

Under

Average

Uider

Ur.der

Over ; good

Average

Over ; good

Averag)

Over

Ave -age; good

Under
Average; good

Under

Average; good

Under; very
good
Unaer

Average; very

good

Over ; very

gjad
Under ; bad

Average

Under; good

Over

Average

Under
Over

Under

Averag: ; good

Over ; good

Average

Under

Over

Over ; good

Very good

Average

Average ; gooi

Over

Over; very

good
Over; good

Over; good

Average

Average ; good

Average

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Averag* ; good

Morel 1 03
under
Under

Under

PEACHES

AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

Under; good Average; good Average; good

Under

Over
Over ; good
Over ; good

Average
Average ; good

Good
Over average

Over

Under
Average ; good
Average ; good
Average ; good

Good

Average; giod
Average ; good

Under ; good

Average ;

gooi
Average

Average ; good

Over; good

Under

Over ; gDod

Average

Ave rag j

Average ; good

Under

Over ; good

Over

Over ; good

Average ; good

Over ; good

Under

Under; good

Over
Over ; good

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over; good

Over; good

Under ; bad

Under

Under
Average
Average

Under

Over ; very
good
Under

Under; bad

Under ; good

Uuder ; g)od

Averag' ; good

Average; giod

Under ; b id

Under

Averag?

Average

Under

Over; gx>d

Average
Average
Under
Under

Over ; very

good

Average

Over average

Average ; good
Average ; good

Over

Under
Under

Average ; good

Over; good

Average

Average ; very

good
Average; good

Bid

Over ; very

good
Over; good

Average

' >ver average

0\er ; g k> i

Over; good
Average

Average ; good

Over ; good

Average

Average ; good

Average ;
very gooi

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Under

Very good

Over; good Average; good

Under ; g xvi

Average

Average ; good

Over; good

Average

Under

Averag- ; gfoii

Under ; bad

Average

Under ; bad
Average

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Average

Average ; good

Average ; very
good

Under

Average ; good

Average

Over ; very

good

Average ; good

Average

Average ; good

Under

Under; bad

Average

Over

Average ; good

Average; good

Average ; good

Under ; good

Under

Over; very

good

Average ; good

1 nder

Under

Average

Average ; good

Good

Average ;

except black

Currants

Over; gjod

Average

Over; good

Over ; good

Over ; very

good
R tt-pberriea

and red
Currants,
average ;
black, under;
good

Average

Under

Over

Average

Average ; good

Avenge
Average ; gx>d

Over
Average ; good
Average ; good
Average ; good

Over; very

good

Average; gxid

Average; gx)d

Over ; very
good

Under ; good

Average

Over ; good

Over

Under

Over; go:d

Average

Average; good

Very good

Average

Over ; good

Average ; good

Average

Under; good

Over; very

good

Average ; good

Average

Average ; good

Average

Over

Average; good

Average

Average ; good

Over

Over ; very

good

Average ; good

Bad

Average
Uuder

Average ; good

Under ; good

Under

Over

Under

Average; g>cd

Under

Average

Under averap*-

Under

NAME

AND

ADDRESS.

J. Wallis, Keele Garden?, New-

castle-under-Lyne
T. H. Ribone. Alton Tower*,

Cheadle. Stoke on-Treut
William Ward, Little Aston

Garden?, Sutton Col'tfield
J. Trigger, Milton Garden?,

Peterborough
W. S. Miller, Whittlebury,

Towcester
H. Turner, Fin^hade Abbey

Gardens, Stamford
George Ford, Wre*t Park,

Amplhill
Alexander McKay, Wobum

Charles Turner. Craufield
Court. Newport Pagnell

L Smith. Mentmore. Leighton
Buzzard

W. Shrimpton, Aston

Under

Over ; good

Over

Go:d

Under
Average
Under
Under
Under
Under

Over ; very
good

Average; gjod Over average
bad

Under ; bad
Under

Over ; very
good

Average ;

gooi
Average

Over ; good

Over ; very
good

Average

Under

Over

Over; very
good
Under

Average

Under

Average

O ver ; good

Average ; i
except black
Currants ,
Average; !

good
Average

Over ; good

Average

Over ; very

good

Average

Average ; good

Average ;
good

Under

Average ; good

Average

Uuder

Under
Average

Clinton, Tiing

. Bluxham, Biickbill Manor,

Rletehley

Tames Thomas, Shardeloes
Gardens, Amersham

Ohas. Herrin, Dropmore, Maid-
enhead

IV. Waters, Bulstrode Gardens,
Gtrrard's Cros*. Slou»h

Geo. Tho-t. Miles, Wvcomhe
Abbey Gardens, High Wy-
combe

-Joseph Fitf, Panshanger Gar-
dens, Hertford

Tho$. Hedley. The Gardens,
Putteridtre Park, Luton

James C. Mnndell, Moor Park
Gardens, Rickmansworth

Joseph Thompson, Gorhambury
Gardens, St. Alb.ns

L Kipling, Koebwortli House,
Stevenage

3. E. Martin, The Hoo Gar-
dens, Wehvyn

Nash, Bidminton

Average ; good Averag? ; good

Over ; very
good

Average;

good

Over ; very

good

William

Gardens
Alexander Scott, Sherborne

Gardens, Northleafh
W. Greenaway. Dodington,

Chipping Sodbury
John Sowray, Highnam Court

Gardens
Irthur Chapman, Weston Birt

Gardens, Tetbury
Thomas Coomber, The Hendre

Gardens, Monmouth
A. Ward, Stoke Edith Gar-
dens, Hereford
Kenneth McKenzie, Allensmore

Court, Hereford
W. Crump, Madresfield Court

Malvern
John Austen, WiUey Court,

Stourport
James Aston , Cotheridge Court,

near Worcester
Walter Child, Croorae Court,

Severn Stoke
V. S. Kemp, Haughton Gar-
dens. Shifnal
Veil Sinclair, Tlie Gardens,

Park Hal', Oswestry
fames Lou Jen, The Quinta,

Chirk
Robert Mackellar, Abney Hall,

Che idle
Jno. V. Smith, Arley Hall

Garden?. Northwich
Wm. Whitaker, Crewe Hall,

Crewe
James Dale, Rode Hall Gar-
dens, Scholar Greeu

George Wythes, Syon House
Garden?, Brentford

Over ; very
go:d
Average; very Over; good
good

John W. Odell, The Grove,

Stanmore
William Bates, Poulett Lodge,
Twickenham
0*-er A. Evans, Lythe Hill, Hasle-

j mere
Over; good Average; good J. Tanner, The Gardens, Tan-
I dridge Court, God&tone
Over; good James Gold, High Aihurst,
J Dorking

100

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jolt 25, 1891.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS— (Continued)]

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME

AND

ADDRESS.

SOUTHERN

COUNTIES.

KENT

0\e- ; very
gcod

Over ; good

Average ; good

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Over ; gocd

Under ; bad

Over ; bad

F. Moore, Tie Gardens. Blen-

(■See Leader Pogc.)

don Hall, Bexley

Aveiage ; good

Over ; very
good

Over ; very
gcol

Average ; good

Over ; very
good

Average

Over ; very
good

Average

Wm. Craik. Hothfield Place
Gardens, Ashford

Average; gocd

Average ; good

Over; gaod

Under ; good

Over ; good

Average ; good

G. A. Don, Bedgebury Park,
Hawkhurst

SUsSEX

Over ; good

0 er ; good

Over ; good

Average

Under

Over

Over ; good

Average

T. Rust. Eridge Castle, Tun-

bndjze Wells

Average ; ver}

Verv good ;

Under

Average

Under

Average ; good

Average ; gocd Alex. Reid, jtin.,Cros-„-in-Hand,

good

over

Hawkhurst

Average ; g X>d

Average ; goou

Average ; gcod

Averfge

Average ; good

Over ; good

Under

Under ; good

Under

Fredk. Gee-on, Cowdray Pari,
Midhu-st

I'nder

Average

Over average

Average

Over average

Average; very
good

Under average

Frederick Rutland, Goodwood,
Chichester

HANTS

Over ; good

Over ; very
gooi

Average ; good

Over; gocd

Over ; very
gcod

Over; very

good

Average

Aveiage

A. Maxim, Heckfield PUce,
\* inchfield

Avenge ; good

Over ; very
good

Over ; \ ery
good

Over ; very
good

Over; very
good

Over; good

Average ; good

Average

E. Molyneux. Swaomore Park
girdens, Bishop's Waltharu

A\eragf ; gcod

Average; good

Average; gcod

Under

Average ; good

Average ;
under

Over; good

Over ; good

William Smythe. The Gardens,
Bating Park, Alton

I'nder

Under

Average

Over ; very
good

Under

Average; ver;
good

Average; ver)
good

George Rea. Heron Court ,
Christchurch

BERKS

A \ erage

Over ; gcod

Over; good

Average

Average; gocd

Under

Avtrage

Over

I'nder

.Tames Tegg. Bearwood, Wo-
kingham

Ate'tfge; bad

Over; g)od

Over; good

Average ; gocd

Average

Over ; very
good

Undtr

Under

J. Rose, Lockinge Gardens,
Wantage

Gxd

Average

Over

Average

Vverage ; very
good

Averagp ; verj
good

Ave- age

Average ; not
large

Under

Robert Fenn, Sulhamstead,
near Reading

Under

Over ; very
good

Over; very
good

Over : very
good

Average ; gocd

Over ; good

Over ; very

good

Average ; good

Under

George Stanton. Park Plare
Gardens, Henlev-on-Thames

Over

Average

Over

Ave rag 3

Average

Under

Average

Average ; very
good

I n.ler

inn a Stracfaan, Rosehill Hou-.e
Gardens, Henley-on-Thames

WILTS

Aveiage

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Thomas King, The Castle
Gardens, Devize?

Under ; good

Under; good

Average ; gocd

Average ; good

Over ; good

Average; good

Over; good

Over ; good

Average

H. W. Ward, Longford Castle,
Salisbury

SOUTH WESTERN

COUNTIES.

SOMERSETSHIRE

Under

Average

Under

Average

Under

W. Hallett, Cossington House
Farm, Bridgwater

DORSETSHIRE

Average

Over ; very
good

Average ; gocd

Average ; good

Over; very
good

Over ; good

Average

T. H. Crasp, Canford Manor
Gardens, Wimborue

Average

Average ; over

Average ; good

Average

Average ; over

Avernge ; good

Aveiage

William P. Leach, Bryanston
Gardens, Blandford

D2VON

Ove r average

Average

Over average

Average ; very
good

Average

Exeter

Under ; good

Average ; good

Over; good

Average ; good

Over

Over ; good

G. J. Barnes. The Gardens,
Stoodleigh Court, Tiverton

Under average

Average

Under average

Good

Average

Very good

Under

Bad

Geo. Baker, Membland, Ply-
mouth
.Tames Murton, Pencalenick,

Under ; bad

Average ; good

Over; good

Under

Average; good

Over ; good

Under ; good

Over

ITnder

Under

Lender

Average

Under

Over

Truro
A. Mitch.dl, Tehidy Park,
Camborne

Under

Average

Under

Over

Under

George Knox, Port Eliot, St.
Germans

Und<?r ; bad

Average

Under

Average ; good

Average; good

Average

Chas. Lee. The Gardens, Bo-
connoc, Lostwithiel

WALES.

ANGLESEY

Under

Average
Under

Under

Average

Viu\>>T

Over ; average

Average

John Owen, Henllys, Beau-

CARMARTHEN

lrnder

Average

Under

Avert1 ge

Ave age

Average

Under

mans
Lewis Bowen, Edwinsford,

Llandilo
Allan Calder, Vaynol Park

CARNARVON

Under

ITnder

Under

Very good

Over ; very
gooi

Gardens, Bangor

DENBIGH

Average; good

Average ; good

Under; good

Under ; good

Average; good

Average ; good

Under ; good

Average

P. Middleton, The Gardens,

Wynnstay. Ruabon

Under

Average

MoreHos very
good

Very bad

Under

Average

Very bad

Walter Weir, The Gardens,
Acton Park, Wrexham

FLINTSHIRE

Average ; good

Average

Average ; good

J. Williams, The Gardens,

Bodelwyddan, Rhuddlan

GLAMORGAN

Average ; good

Over ; very
g od

Over ; very
good

Over; very
good

Over ; very
good

Average ; good

good

Gardens, near Swansea

Under

Average

Over

Average

Over

Average

T. Muir, Margam Park, Tort
Talbot

MERIONETH

Average

Under

Average
Average

Average
Average ; good

Average

T:is. Bennett, Rhug, Corwen

PEMBROKE

Under ; bad

Bad

Average

Haverfordwest

IRELAND.

ANTRIM

Average ; very
good

Average ; good

Average; very
good

Average ; very
good

Average; good

Cinder average

Under average Under average

Average

Under average

Thomas Sheasby, Castle Dillon

Under ; very
bad

Under

Average

Tas. Taylor. Mountstewart,
Newtownards

WESTMEATH

Bad

Very good

Good

Under

Very good

Good

Average

John Igoe, Garden Vale,
Athlone

KILKENNY

Under

Average

Average ; good

Average

Under

William Gray, Woodstock,
Inistioge

CHANNEL

ISLANDS.

JERSEY

Under ; good

Under; good

Over ; good

Over; good

Under; good

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Charles B. Saunders, St
Saviour's

GUERNSEY

Over

Average

Over

Average

Chas. Smith & Son, Caledonia.
Nursery

good

ISLES OF SCILLY

Average

las. Jenkin, Tresco Abbey Gar-
dens

July

1801.]

THE GARDENER S' CHR ONI CLE.

101

Forestry.

Plantations recently formed on Heather ground
and elsewhere should be examined at this season,
and all weeds, grass, and surface scrub that are found
to be smothering the plants should be cut over at
the surface of the ground, to allow the plants space
to branch out and form the nucleus of valuable
timber trees. As this work proceeds, any rival
leaders that appear at the top should be cut back,
pointed, or removed altogether close to the stem
with a sharp pruning-knife, care being taken to
leave a smooth sloping surface to prevent the lodg-
ment of water. Rambling side branches should be
cut back, in order to form a uniform well-balanced top,
and in doing so the piece to be removed should be
cut off at the base of a lateral twig.

Young hedges should be weeded, and the surface of
the ground broken up with the hoe and rake, to
admit air and promote root action. After a growtli
of some two or three years, pruning becomes neces-
sary, and may now be commenced, in order to
gradually form the hedge into the desired shape.
The best shape is that of wedge — broad at the
base, and gradually tapering to a thin point at
the top. When hedges are formed in this way,
the whole surface of the plants from base to top is
exposed to the influence of the atmosphere, which
has a beneficial effect in promoting the healthy
development of the plants, and preventing blanks.
Young ornamental plantations should be dressed
with the hoe and rake, to kill weeds and subdue
undergrowth, and on no account should noxious
weeds be allowed to ripen their seeds.

In the nursery department, seed-beds should be
carefully hand-weeded, and in cases where the
surface ha9 formed a hard crust, it had better 1 e
broken up with a sharp-pointed peg, to admit air
and promote the growth of the plants. tHoe"and
rake between the rows of forest and ornamental
trees and shrubs, to promote root-action, and
accelerate the growth of the plants. Some hardy
species of weeds are apt to mature their seeds when
lying on the ground, so that they had better be col-
lected at once, and consigned to the rot-heap for
manure. The berries of Mountain Ash, Hawthorn,
Holly, and such-like, that were formerly stowed
away in sand-pits to rot, should be turned, in order
to promote the uniform decomposition of the lind
Spring-grafted trees and shrubs should be examined,
and all superfluous growths of whatever kind should be
removed. Loosrn, untie, and sort the grafts in such
a way as to promote the growth of the scion, and as
the circumstances of the case may suggest.

Examine bridges and bridle-paths in the deer
forest and grouse moors, and have them put in a
thorough state of repair where necessary before the
12th of next month. Mountain-paths are apt to be
torn up and damaged by floods after the breaking up
of a snow-storm. In order to counteract this state
of things, I have found it a good plan to sow the
seeds of some of the hardy deep-rooting grasses, as
their roots bind the loose material, and in a great
measure prevent the stuff from being washed away
by rain, and thus afford firmer and better footing for
hill ponies and pedestrians. J. B. Webster.

One, and the primary, reason for the splitting of
the berries of Madresfleld Court, is the thinness of
the skin ; and the next, any check to their swelling
through dryness of soil and heavy waterings, or the
soaking of the border by heavy rain, after which the
expansion through the increased and rapid flow of
sap is so great that the skin of the berries gives way
at once.

We find just the same sort of thing takes place
with Cherries and Gooseberries when a long drought
is followed by heavy rain. In this case the skin of
the fruit has, through the first cause, lost in elas-
ticity, which seems to be greater among some kinds
of fruit than others. To prevent the cracking of

GRAPES CRACKING AND

SCALDING.

There are varieties of Grapes which seldom, if
ever, crack or scald, while others are peculiarly
liable to these evils, Lady Downe's, perhaps, suffer-
ing the worst from scalding, and Madresfleld Court
from cracking of the skin of the berry ; indeed, so
much so, in some places, that gardeners have par-
tially or entirely given up its cultivation ; which is
to be regretted, as without question it is one of the
finest Grapes, and deserves every care and attention.
Not only are the berries large and of good appear-
ance when fully grown, but the flavour is rich and
piquant, and is only excelled by that of the Muscat
of Alexandria.

of air betimes in the morning, and then putting on
too much at once, which the sensitive skin of tre
fruits feel, and evils naturally follow.

When Grapes are ripening, be they of what variety
they may, but more particularly the black varietic ,
I like to have the roof- ventilators slightly open b\
night, and just sufficient heat in the pipes to ke< p
up the temperature to a point above (35°, as th> n
there is no condensation of moisture on the berrii s
in the morning, and colour is sure to be good if the
Vines are in health. Scalding is brought about is
much by lowness of temperature during the nigl t
and early morning as from heat, as the berrh s
become quite cold, and it is the sudden transitu n
from the one to the other that affects them, although
many think the scalding is caused by the sun. If
this were so, it stands to reason that onlv those
berries would be affected that are exposed ; but
when scalding takes place, it will generally be found
that bunches which are shaded by ample foliage
suffer just as badly as any others, and this proves
that it is not so much the direct action of the sun as
its effects in quickly raising the heat and generatint;
steam, or causing moisture to arise and condense on
the berries, when the mischief ensues.

It will be seen, then, that the remedy against
blister is on all fours with, or similar to that to
prevent cracking, so far as airing and firing are con-
cerned, as before daybreak there should be a genial
warmth in the house, and no sudden rush of heat
brought about by the sun bursting forth. Watchful
and careful ventilating will prevent this, as by having
gentle fires when the weather is adverse and cold,
Bluggish vapours are expelled, and a buoyant healthy
atmosphere is kept up, under which favourable con-
ditions Grapes will not crack, mould, or scald, but
finish off with that beautiful bloom so pleasing to the
eye of a gardener. J. Sheppard.

FlG. 13.-CALLICARPA PURPUREA: BERRIED ?HININQ LILAC.

(S i. I03.J

the Madresfleld Court Grape, various expedients
have been adopted, some of these being the notching
or part severance of the fruiting shoots, and in
opposition to this allowing the laterals to run wild,
and act in some degree as a safety-valve to use up
suddenly-acquired sap. Both may answer very well
under certain conditions, but the better course to
adopt, if the roots of the Vines are outside, is to
protect the border from heavy rain after the Grapes
have reached their full size, and have put on some
colour, up to which stage free waterings should be
given, if the weather is at all dry ; and if the roots
are inside, they are then under control. Another
cause of the splitting of Grapes is, sudden transitions
from heat to cold, or vice vend, and the not giving

Trees and Shrubs.

MENZIESIA.

This interesting genus of small flowering shrubs
is found in different parts of North America, Asia,
Europe, Scotland, and Ireland. The following kinds
are all perfectly hardy, and although they are generally
spoken of and treated as peat-soil shrubs, yet they
are by no means confined to that class of soil, and
with a little care they may be grown with success on
any ordinary texture of soil, providing it is thoroughly
drained and well broken-up previous to planting.
The Empetrum-like Menziesia (M. empetriformis) is
indigenous toNorth America, and was introduced into
this country about the year 1810. Some botanists refer
it to the genus Phyllodoce. Although a foreigner,
this species has proved to be thoroughly hardy, and
capable of flourishing on a great variety of soils and
situations. This present season it was actually loaded
with its pretty bell-shaped pink flowers at the middle
of May, and continued in splendid order for some
considerable time, and although the plant is growing
in clay loam, yet as regards health and appearance
it is all that can be desired. The contour of the
plants is something like the native Crowberry (Em
petrum nigrum), hence its name. As it only attains
a height of some six or eight inches, and forms a
round-headed little bush, it is well adapted for
rockery planting where space is but of limited extent.
It is by no means a bad town's plant, and amateurs
might introduce it in many cases into their small
gardens with advantage. It is generally well-clothed
with small linear-shaped leaves, of a glossy green
colour and as each shower of rain washes the dust
and sooty particles from their hard surface it is
thereby kept in a clean thriving condition.

The Scottish Menziesia (M. ccerulea), also named
by some botanists Phyllodoce taxifolia, is likewise
found in different parts of North America, as well as
in the north of Europe and in Scotland ; it is also
found to a limited extent in some parts of Perth-
shire It forms quite a dwarf evergreen-bush, some
5 or 6 inches high, and when well established is fur-

102

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 18'Jl.

nished with abundance of small wiry stems, branches,
and twigs, which are well clothed with small linear-
shaped leaves of a glossy-green colour, and toothed
around the margins. It generally produces its pretty
purplish bell-shaped flowers about the end of June
and beginning of July. It is a capital rockery-plant,
and amateurs should use it as such in their small
gardens.

St. Dabeoc'a Irish Heath (M. polifolia), called by
some botanists Dabeocia polifolia, is another dwarf
evergreen shrub, indigenous to some of the mountain-
ous districts in the west of Ireland ; but I have never
seen it in the north, nor on the Wicklow mountains
on the east side of that county. When well estab-
lished, it forms a nfat bushy specimen plant, from
10 to 12 inches high, well clothed with ovate-3haped
glossy green leaves, the under side of which is of a
downy texture. It generally produces its pretty
reddish-coloured flowers in July, and when these are
fully expanded, it forms a remarkably attractive
specimen, and well worthy of a place in the rock
garden, where it can be seen to advantage from the
walks and drives in woodland scenery. There are
several very attractive varieties of this species in
cultivation, all of which are well worthy of the
attention of the amateur, and all of which may be
had at a cheap rate from any respectable nursery-
man. When planting these shrubs in ordinary soil,
mix a little leaf-mould with the staple at the spots
where they are to be inserted. This will give them
a good start, and prove highly beneficial. J. B.
Webster.

an abundance of water, and provided they are well
drained, it is scarcely possible to give them too much
while in full bloom and growth. A. P.

Cultural Notes.

ABUTILONS FOR WINTER FLOWERING.

Few plants are more easily grown than these, and
when they have received a special preparation, few-
are more useful for producing flowers during the four
dullest months of the year. Almost any soil will
grow them, provided the pots are well drained ; the
best compost is a good strong turfy loam, with a
little thoroughly-decayed manure and sharp sand.
During the last ten or twelve years, these have been
gr-'atly improved, and are now well worth a little
extra attention during summer, so as to produce a
large quantity of flowers for winter work. By growing
the plants out-of-doors, from June until September,
giviug them all the sun possible, and treating them
similar to Chrysanthemums, Abutilons will mature
their growths, and have a fine show of flower-buds
at the point of each shoot ; these will continue to
open through winter and early spring.

It is best to knock them out of their pots about
the end of April or May, and to cut them back rather
hard, repotting them into good soil, and growing on
in the open air as recommended. Sparmannia afri-
cana, when treated in the same manner, will also
make an excellent plant for winter greenhouse
flowering; in fact, neither of these plants is used
so much as it deserves, if only for this grand
quality of producing such quantities of flower, and
at such a useful period. Lirge plants of either may
be grown in tubs, and when introduced into a warm
temperature will supply an immense amount of
bloom.

Among Abutilons we can have many distinct
coburs, such as white, red, orange, yellow, rose, and
several intermediate shades. The flowers last some
considerable time in a cut state, particularly if
water is not allowed to touch the pollen-bearing
portion of the bloom ; this causes it to run into a
Bweet and sticky mass, which soon ruins the flower.

Planted against a wall or pillar, they will ramble
all over it, and with a little attention to tying or
tacking in, will soon clothe it with foliage and
bloom. At any time when the plants are not
flowering freely enough, or you have an extra demand
for cut flowers, if you give them a little extra heat,
the plants will very soon respond by giving a greater
profusion of flowers. Weak manure- water, espe-
cially soot-WAter, helps them very much, and also
keeps the foliage of a good colour. Abutilons enjoy

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

THE WOODHATCH ORCHIDS.
Mb. Haywood does not aim at a great collection
of species and varieties in his Orchids, but prefers to
grow large quantities of those that are more
amenable to easy culture as well as beautiful. For
instance, lately there were as many as 300 spikts of
Odontoglossum crispum in flower, and a prettier
floral feast could hardly be imagined. At present,
since July and August are about the worst months
for the crispums, he has large numbers massed
together of O. vexillarium and Harryanum. The
form radiatum of the former is very striking, and
and some of the Harryanums have broader white
bases in the labelluma, and greater depth of colouring
in the petals than I ever remember to have noticed
before. The collection of Cypripediums contains
nearly all the old favourites, and C. Veitchii and C.
bellatulum are grown in quantity. The drooping
petals of C. Stonei reminded one much of a
spaniel's ears. An old Orchid, not much seen
now- a- days, is Tricopilia tortilis, which is very
noticeable on account of its one coriaceous leaf and
cork-screw sepals. Any one who may chance to call
at Wood hatch just now should by no means leave
until he has looked into the stove, the roof of which
is simply dazzling in its many-coloured splendour.
Close together, growing luxuriantly, are Dipladenia
Brearleyana, Gloriosa superba, and Allamanda
Ilendersoni. The velvety- pink of the first, the
vivid scarlet of the second, and the burnished gold
of the third, coalesce to form a cynosure from which
the eye lingeringly turns. A curious trait of the
Gloriosa is that the style spreads horizontally
from the apex of the ovary. The Nepenthes in
this same house are loaded with pitchers, those of
Hookeri being very large in size. The secret of their
pit.chering in such quantity seems to be the fact of
their being hung near to the glass, on which there
is very little shading. They are essentially sun-
loving plants. C. A. M. Carn.ichacl.

The Rock Garden.

ROMNEYA COULTERI.
It is interesting to see this rare Californian
Poppywort flowering so freely as it is at the
present time so far north as the York Nur-
series. The plant is most distinct, forming, as
it does, large semi-shrubby bushes from 2 to
more feet in height. The blossoms are large
(4 inches or more in diameter), pure white, and
continue fresh for many days in deep, rich sandy
loam, under the shelter of a wall, where the root can
readily be covered in winter with a little litter.
There is another very singular and beautiful Poppy-
wort flowering on the rockwork in the above nur-
series— the blue Himalayan Poppy Meconopsia
Wallichii. It has an erect stem over 4 feet high,
with large pendent light-blue flowers, 3 to 3} inches
in diameter. 11. P.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE INTERMEDIATE- HOUSE.— The most beautiful
flowering plant here at the present time is Sobralia
xantholeuca, and it is a fine grower, of good habit,
and dwarfer than most of the species. The large
yellow blossoms which follow in succession, number
as many as five on strong growths, each flower lasts
two days in perfection. I grow the plant in a mix-
ture of loam, peat.and sphagnum moss, and very small
crocks. When growing strongly, liquid manure made
from guano and soot, seems to benefit the plants,

Ccelogyne cristata and its varieties may now receive
guano-water at each alternate watering, and the
syringing of the plants morning and evening can
scarcely be overdone whilst they are growing. Bar-
kerias must also be well syringed three or four times
a day, otherwise thrips will be likely to make their
appearance, and few plants suffer more from them than
Barkerias. Lycaste Skinneri and its varieties will
now be growing away, and any plant with roots
growing on the outside of the pots will be the better
if assisted with weak guano-water at first, gradually
increasing its strength as the plants gain in size.
Cypripedium insigne will now be the better
if placed in a frame facing the south, the glasa
having a shading over it during the sunny part of
the day, and the plants kept very moist at the root,
liquid manure being afforded twice a week.

Oncidium sarcodes is now breaking away into
growth. This is not always a satisfactory plant, as
it has the objectionable habit of floweriug well, and
then resting for a year before breaking into growth ;
this is not always the case, but it does so occasionally
when in the best of health. The same thing I have
noticed in Odontoglossum hastilabium and O.
Reichenheimii, and I have noticed that these plants
seem the better for the long rest taken.

The pretty Leptotea do exceedingly well when
planted in baskets, and hung up near the glass in
this house ; they do not require a large amount of
compost about their roots, which entwine thernselv* 8
around the baskets ; but it is a plant which requires
a large amount of water, and frequent dipping of the
baskets into a bucket of water.

Maxillaria venusta is a good Orchid for flowering
at this dull season of the year, and the petals and
sepals being pure white, greatly enhances its value
at a season when white Orchids are scarce.

MASDEVALLIA-HOUSE. — We have now Odon-
toglossum coronarium sending up flower-spikes.
These plants have been grown in this house for
more than four years, and made extraordinary large
growths. I have been told by many persons that I
should not be able to flower them unless I dried
them off severely, but as I had already flowered 0.
chirgmensis.and 0. brevifolium under the same con-
ditions, I could not think it was necessary to dry
the plant, ami I bad previously flowered it without
doing so ; it is, therelore, all the more satisfactory
to sec the plants are in bloom. In this house I find
Cittleya or Laelia crispa, finds a congenial home.
I tried for some years to grow this plant with olhtr
Ctttleyas, but with little success, and it chanced
Ihdt a plant of little value was crowded into this
house, where it grew healthy and bloomtd. The
temperatures may rtmain es givm iu a previous
Calendar, but a liberal Amount of air itnet be
afforded. A. G. Catt, Parkficld, Hallow, Worcester.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

TOMATOS — These fruits wiil now be plentiful,
if strong plants were placed in frames or pits as soon
as these were cleared of Strawberries and vegetables.
As soon as a good set is obtained, manurial aids may
be given, the laterals and superabundant foliage being
reduced. As manures for the Tomato, when in pots
or boxes, I find " Le Fruitier " and " Thomson's Vine
Manure" excellent, soon producing a wonderful
change on exhausted plants. Tomatoe planted out
may be top-dressed, and, if root-space be small, a
mulch of rotten dung maybe put on the roots. With
a little attention in stopping and feeding, abundance
of fruit may be got for months in succession. The
present is a good time to sow seed or strike cuttings
for the latest lot ; but I prefer seed, and rely on
cutting raised plants for the early fruiters at the
beginning of the year, employing Ham Green
Favourite, Prelude, and Conference. The Old Red
is good for present sowing, it being the best late
autumn and winter fruiter; and, to save time, a few
seeds may be sown in large 60-pots, and when up,
thinned to one strong seedling, removing them to a
cold frame as soon as the third leaf appears, and
grow them aa sturdy as possible, re-potting them
as occasion requires, finally shifting them into
9-inch pots. Grown quite cool from the first, they
fruit very freely when placed in their fruiting quar-
ters in tire autumn. They may also be planted out.

MELONS. — Those which have just finished a crop •
and are clean and healthy, may be top-dressed,
pruned, and started for the second time. Seedlings
raised as advised will be ready for planting, and will
soon furnish the trellis if well looked after. This
lot will furnish the latest supply. Late Melons
should possess thick rind, as these keep better than
the thin rinds. Melons for fruiting late should be

July 23, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

103

grown in a well- heated pit, so that the grower is pro-
vided against damp and mildew. Plants just swell-
ing off their fruits should he top-dressed and often
supplied with a liquid - manure, and the laterals
removed where not required. Blooms will now set
very freely, but late fruiters should not be allowed
to carry more than four fruits. G. Wythes, Syon
House, Brentford.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

EUCHARIS AMAZONICA.— Although several new
species of Eucharis have been introduced of late
years, E. amazonica, which was the first that we had,
is still the best, the others having failed to replace it
in the estimation of gardeners. But few growers can
induce the new species to flower as freely as the E.
amazonica will when well managed. The plant is a
very accommodating one, so that where a sufficient
stock of it is at hand, flowers may be obtained during
the greater part of the year. Plants which have
just finished blooming, and which will be required to
flower again towards the end of the year, should be
encouraged to make strong growth, by placing them
in a moderately warm temperature, but avoiding
a too moist one, and admitting a reasonable amount
of fresh air daily. Be careful not to expose the
plants to too much light, as the Eucharis is very
impatient of being exposed to the sun's rays ; there-
fore a sufficient amount of shade should be afforded
them. How often do we meet with the finest
examples of Eucharis amazonica growing in ill-
lighted, old-fashioned houses. Large plants may be
divided at any time during the summer, so long as
there is enough time for the plant to get well-
established before the winter sets in ; but care
must be taken not to disturb them whilst they are
making fresh growth, and the best time is when the
leaves are matured, and the plants have been resting.
Examples of moderate size, and which do not
require to be divided, but simply to have more
space for their roots, may be shifted at any time, as
all that is required is the removal of the old drainage.
Specimens in 12 inch pots will be found quite large
enough for general purposes, but should one or two
larger examples be required for special purposes, all
that will be necessary will be to shift them into pots
or tubs, in proportion to their size.

CALLICARPA PURPUREA (fig. 1.1, p. 101).— Young
stock of ihis most effective berry-bearing plant raised
from cuttings or seed last spring should now be m jved
into larger pots, so that the plants may attain good
size before the autumn. The leading shoots will
require pinching bick occasionally, as the plant
itself is naturally thin and straggling in growth. A
good compost for it consists of two parts good loam,
oae of leaf-soil, and one of rotted manure, and sand in
proportion. Grow the plants close to the glass in an
intermediate-house, shading them from bright sun,
and syringing them freely when closing the house
about 3.30 p.m. ; also be careful not to allow them at
any time to become dry at the roots, or the foliage
will suffer greatly.

CHRYSANTHEMUM FRUTESCENS — Plants of
this, which are intended for late blooming, should
now be repotted, so as to keep them growing freely.
Keep the whole stock free from aphides, and go over
the plants frequently, and on the first appearance of
fie leaf-miner, crush all the affected leaves between
the finger and thumb, so as to kill the grub
effectively, or the plants will be spoilt. Should
there be any deficiency of plants, lose no time in
getting the required number of cuttings put in,
choosing the young tender shoots, always discarding
t lose which are inclined to flower, as these will not
S'.rike so freely, nor grow satisfactorily after they are
rjoted. E. Milner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CELERY. — Some gardeners for want of ground
cannot put out their Celery plants until the earliest
crops of Peas are cleared off. As soon as possible
the trenches should now be dug out and well manured.
Before lifting the plants, well water the bed in which
they are standing, and take them up with large masses
of roots and soil, quickly planting them in the
trenches, and watering them directly afterwards;
should the weather be bright, shade the plants a little
for a few days. The after-watering of the plants in
dry weather must be carefully attended to, and weeds
diligently removed. Having planted the early crops
of Celery, the plants from later sowings should be got
out without much delay into similar trenches, always
keeping plenty of soil about the roots when lifting
them, bearing in mind the fact that the evening is
the best time to transplant Celery, unless the weather

be showery, when every advantage should be taken of
such kind of weather to finish the job of Celery plant-
ing. The earliest planted Celery is now growing apace,
and should be afforded frequent waterings with weak
liquid manure; strong manure causes coarseness of
leaf- stalk and hollowness. Keep them free of
suckers, but do not earth-up before they have
attained almost full size.

TURNIPS.— A good breadth of this vegetable
should be sown for winter supply. The bulbs from
this sowing will be of moderate size, and may be
trusted to keep sound during that season. Red
Globe, Snowball, Greentop Round, and Golden Ball
are undoubtedly among the best varieties of the
Turnip for garden crops ; but it is advisable to sow
a small quantity of Chirk Castle for the latest use,
it being a variety that remains firm longer than any
other white-fleshed Turnip. Chirk Castle has a
black exterior, but the flesh is perfectly white.
It will not be necessary to make much pre-
paration for this crop, and as a rule manure
will not be needed unless the ground is in an im-
poverished state, then it ought to be rotten dung,
bone-dust, or some other artificial manure rich in
phosphates, in preference to anything that contains
much nitrogen. A piece of ground from which the
early Cauliflowers has been cleared will be suitable,
forking ,it ovc-r lightly, breaking it down, and
levelling it. The seed should be sown in shallow
drills, 16 inches apart, and the plants thinned as
soon as they are ready, leaving them at about 9 inches.
At this season it is well to sow rather thicker in
case the Turnip-fly should attack the plants, and if
that should occur, give a good dressing of wood-
ashes and soot in a dry state when the leaves are
damp, and repeat it as often as may be necessary.
An occasional hoeing to keep down weeds will be
all the attention the crop will require until fully
grown.

HERBS. — Mint, Balm, Pennyroyal, Sweet Mar-
joram, Hyssop, Sage, Lavender, Camomile flowers,
Marygold, &c, may be cut or gathered for drying for
winter u=e. Most ol these herbs should be cut when
nearly in full growth, and coming into flower; and
Lavender, Marygold, and Camomile when in full
bloom. Cut them when quite dry, and spread out or
hang up in a dry, airy, shady place. This is also
the proper time to gather herbs for distillation.
C.J. Waitc, Glenhurst Gardens, Eskcr.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

BORDER CARNATIONS.— Layering is the mode
usually adopted in the propagating of Carnations,
Picotees, and Pinks, and the earlier it is performed
in August the better. If a little light loamy soil is
placed around and underneath the plants, with a
surfacing of sand, the layers will root more quickly
than would otherwise be the case. In layering,
remove a few of the bottom leaves with a sharp
knife, and cut the shoot half-way through, just below
a joint where the shoot has acquired some degree of
solidity, and cut in an upward direction for about
1 inch, then bend the stem of the plant down to the
prepared soil, inserting therein the tongue formed by
the upward cut, and secure the shoot with a hoiked
peg. It is good practice to just top the grass of the
shoot layered. A few hundred layers may be made
by an experienced hand in this way in a few hours ;
care, however, should be taken not to cut the stem
too far through, and not to break the "shoots"
operated on in the act of bending it downwards.
Water should be afforded through a rose waLer-can
to settle the soil about the layers, and also every
afternoon in dry weather until roots are formed in
good numbers. Thus treated, the layered shoots
will be sufficiently rooted by the end of September
to detach from the parent plants, cutting them off
at the joint at which they were layered, and taking
them up with compact lumps of soil and roots, and
either potting them singly into 3-inch pots, and
standing them on sifted coal-ashes in a cold pit or
frame near to the glass during the winter months
for transplanting out-of-doors early in March, or be
planted out at once.

CUTTINGS OR PIPINGS. — Where pipings of
varieties are obtained from a distance, as frequently
happens at thn season, the following simple and
effectual metl od of procedure may be employed to
strike them. Place one or more hand-glasses,
according to the number of cuttings to be put in,
over a bed of tine sandy loam and leaf-mould, with
a surfacing of sand, a few inches deep; into this
dibble the cutting 2 inches apart every way. The
pipings should be about 3 inches long, the lower pair
of leaves being removed by a sharp knife, and the

end cut square across a little below the joint before
being dibbled into the soil, afterwards watering them
gently. Keep the light, or lights, close, and shaded
from bright sun, until the pipings are rooted, when
the shading must be no longer used, and a little
fresh air admitted, gradually at first, and increasing
the amount until the rooted cuttings are either
potted up, or planted out on a west border. If large
quantities of plants are to be raised from cuttings,
a shallow frame should be placed on a gentle hot-
bed, placing therein sufficient half-rotted dung, and
3 or 4 inches deep of fine soil, so as to bring the sur-
face of the bed to within a like distance of the glasr,
covering this with sand to the depth of half an incl ,
and then dibble the cuttings into it, as describes
above, pressing the soil about the individual pipings
in putting them in with the dibble. The frame
should be kept close, and be shaded during the heat of
the day, admitting a little fresh air every day to disj el
or prevent too much moisture settling on the cutting!,

ROSES.— Cuttings of the different sections of the
Rose desired to be propagated may be readily struct,
if taken off with a " heel " — that is, a piece of the
old or ripened wood attached — in the mauner re-
commended for Carnations and Pelargoniums.
Wherever the removal of cuttings from the several
sections of the Pelargonium will effect an improve-
ment in the appearance of the beds, it should be
done forthwith, putting the cutting in shallow box s
of uniform dimensions, provided with a few holes iu
the bottom, these being covered with potsherds and
a few handfuU of leaves for drainage, and then filled
with light soil, with a surfacing of sand, a space
of 3 inches being allowed between the individual
cuttings. Stand the box in a dry situation fully
exposed to the sun, and sprinkle the cuttings over-
head on the afternoons of bright days to freshen
them up. W. H. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

SUMMER PRUNING. — To give the fruit every
chance of full development, the summer pruning of
the various trees and bushes should be attended to
forthwith. In doingthis.donotshorten back the shoots
too hard, as at this season severe cutting back might
be followed by a burst of new growth at the base of
the shoots, and much closer to the main branch* b
than is desirable. Secure neatly to the walls i r
trellises all leading shoots of Pears, and where tl e
allotted room has not been filled up, be careful not
to place the fastenings too near the ends of such
shoots, nor tie too tightly. If very large fruits aie
required for dessert or exhibition, the thinning shou d
be severely practised, and only those which are the
best placed, that is, the most exposed to the tun,
should be reserved. Freely mulch the roots with
farmyard dung, and afford water to the roots, but
n >t giving quite cold water. After the pruning is
finished, gather up the shoots which are of use iu
fastening back the young growths of Peaches, Plums,
Morello Cherries, Apricots, &c, and finish up with
a thorough tidying up of the borders, for no matter
however well the walls may be clothed, or the trees
trained, an untidy border has a bad appearance.

Pear Doyenne d'Ete, and other early varieties,
should never be allowed to get dry at the roots, and
as these pears will soon be ripe, assistance should be
afforded the trees before the fruit ripens ; the neglect
of this is a great drawback to many of our eaily
fruits. These Pears are better flavoured wheu
gathered a day or two before they are ripe, and
placed in a cool room.

EARLY PEACHES. — Such early sorts as the
Waterloo, Alexander, Amsden, followed by Hah 's
Early, Condor, Early Louise, and Early York, shoul"
receive good treatment to help the fruits to swell to
a passable size, especially the first-named, as these
ripen up very quickly, and if not attended to early,
the fruits are apt to be small. Remove or push
aside the leaves so as to expose the fruits to the sun.
Use the garden-engine regularly in hot weather
until signs of colouring appear.

RASPBERRIES. — Cutawayall suckers springing up
in the alleys, excepting such as may have been left
for stock. When the fruit is gathered and the old
canes are no longer of use, cut them out and most i f
the voung canes, reserving fi ve or seven of the strongest
on each stool. If the soil be light, or in an im-
poverished state, afford it another dressing of rich
manure, and apply liquid - manure ; heavy soils,
inclined to wetness, will be the better for a dressing
of leaf-mould or spent Mushroom dung, attending
well to the young suckers recently pulled up and
planted, and seeing that they are supmVd with water.
H. Markham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone,

104

THE GAEEENEES' CEEONICLE.

[Jul* 25, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intend' d
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions Should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE
PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. Jf desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarmtee of good faith.

Local News.— Corresponde?its will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Photographs or drawings, su'table for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
/lowers, trees, $c, are solicited.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY. Ave.

SHOW.

1— Ripley (Derby).

SALES.

TUESDAY,

THURSDAY,

Ti-t v ooj Orchids aDd Lilium Harrisii, at
I Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

{ Established Orchids, in flower aDd
July 30-? bud, aDd 9000 Lilium Harrisii, at
( Steveu-.' Rooms.

( Established and Imported Orchids
July 31< byorderof Messrs. Seeger&Tropp,
t at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEABS, AT CHISWTCK.-63°.3.

This week we are enabled, by the

Our Fruit , „ j ',. .

Report courtesy or our correspondents in

all parts of the country, to give
an abstract, comprising' the general condition of
the fruit crops at the present time. The fuller
comments will be given in a succeeding issue,
but enough is now published to afford a general
idea, both of those crops which are practically
over, as the Strawberries, and those which are
to come. Commercially it is the Apple crop which
is of most importance, and out of some 200 reports,
we find that sixty-seven in England and fourteen
in Scotland report an average crop of good
quality. As these reports are for the most part
furnished year by year from the same districts,
by the same correspondents, the statement may
be taken as a near approach to accuracy ; only
seventeen in England and four in Scotland re-
port an over-average crop of Apples, whilst fifty-
seven in England, and eighteen in Scotland re-
port an under-average crop.

Of course, some counties are more especially
fruit districts, whilst others are less distinctly
concerned in fruit culture"; thus, if we take Kent,
as specially important from this point of view,
we find that in this favoured county, Apples are
generally both abundant and of good quality,
though in certain districts round Sittingbourne
and Boughton apples are " very short." In
Middlesex, though the crop is reported under
average, the quality is good. In Surrey, an
average is recorded ; Sussex scores a little better ;
Gloucestershire notes an average crop, as also do
Hereford, Worcester, and Devon.

Plums, which come next in order of com-
mercial importance, show thirteen in Scotland
and forty-four in England under average.
Sixteen districts in Scotland and forty-two in
England show average returns, whilst six Scottish
and fifty-two English reports show an average

crop. The Western Counties are specially Plum
counties, and we find Devonshire, Worcester,
and also Kent recording over average, whilst
Gloucestershire is behindhand.

Cherries throughout the British isles show
sixty-five under, ninety-two average, and seven-
teen over average. Kent, the most important of
all in this respect, does not come out well ; and
our Sittingbourne reports given last week were
specially bad, though elsewhere as at Boughton
they are if not abundant at least good.

Small fruits, which are less dependent on
climatal derangements than some others, show
eight under average in Scotland, forty in
England. Average crops are noted in twenty-
four Scottish, and sixty-five English reports ;
seven over average in Scotland, and thirty-six in
England. Red and black currants are dis-
appointing in Kent. Where also gooseberries
are noted as only middling. These remarks
apply to all parts of the country.

Strawberries have done well ; only two in
Scotland are recorded as under average, and
fourteen in England, whilst twenty-three in
Scotland, and seventy-nine in England, are
named as yielding average supplies ; fifteen in
Scotland, and no fewer than forty-seven in Eng-
land, being over the mark. The great Straw-
berry counties, such as Kent, on the whole report
favourably. As many as sixty tons were sent
away from St. Mary Cray Station in one day
lately, being fourteen tons in excess of the largest
quantity last year.

Nuts, including Filberts and Walnuts, are not
much grown in some districts, and seem variable
everywhere ; thus, in Scotland, two are reported
as bad, sixty-one in England no better ; two in
Scotland and thirty-three in England report an
average ; and six in England are over the
average.

The English Apple crop is, as every one
knows, severely tried by competition with
Canada and the United States, and lately with
Tasmania. Allowances must, however, be made
for differences of season and climate. As to soft
fruits and Strawberries, the competition is en-
tirely in our favour, a point which would-be
fruit-growers will not fail to note.

We defer any further comment till we are
enabled to publish the full details.

An Indian Toddy Palv— Phcenix sylves-

TRIS. — A familiar and perhaps, to some people, a
monotonous feature in Indian scenery, particularly
along the coast regions of Western India, are the
groves of Phcenix sylvestris, one of the toddy Palms,
the commonest of the wild Palms of the country, but
a mo9t valuable one to the natives. It is frequently
seen in company with another noble Palm, Borassus
flabelliformis, the Palmyra, and these, together with
the Cocoa-nut Palm, which, in the neighbourhood of
Bombay, is cultivated in extensive plantations, com-
prise the chief elements of that striking tropical
scenery which always impresses travellers from
northern regions when they first see it. This
Phoenix does not differ materially in aspect from the
Date Palm of Egypt, P. dactylifera, which one sees
on the way out ; and my impression that the
Date Palm, as well as such Phoenixes as P.
rupicola, tenuis, acaulis, canariensis, and possibly
others, are but geographical forms of a widely-distri-
buted species, having a range almost as extensive as
that of the Cocoa-nut Palm. Be this as it may,
they all seem to me very much alike, and from my
point of view produce the same effect, for in a natural
grove of P. sylvestris one could select forms that to
all appearances are identical with the species named.
The Palm now illustrated is not the only one that
yields toddy, as there are several in India from which
the enticing juice can be drawn, notably the Palmyra,
Cocoa-nut and Wine Palm (Caryota urtns), but in

Guzerat the Phcenix yields the bulk of the enormous
quantity of toddy that is consumed by the natives.
Toddy drawing is, in fact, an important industry, and
moreover a source of revenue to the Government, as
a tax is imposed upon every tree in full yield, and to
which an official number is attached. A large planta-
tion of Phcenix is a valuable property, for the owners
assess their value at from five to fifteen rupees a tree.
If a plantation is near a town or group of villages,
or near a frequented highway, the drawing and dis-
tribution of toddy i9 always active, and keeps several
people busy. The mode of drawing is admirably
shown in the picture. The toddy man is in the act
of fixing a " chattie " at the mouth of a notch that has
previously been made in the succulent part of the
stem, the incision being made so that the descending
sap trickles into the vessel, a few strips of reed
being placed so as to conduct the juice more readily.
The chatties are emptied morning and evening, and,
as they hold a quart or more, a great quantity of
sap is extracted from each tree during tlie season ;
and the loss tells materially on the health of the
tree, so much so that if the extraction were to con-
tinue year after year, the tree would soon die from
exhaustion. After a tree has been tapped for a full
season, it is allowed to rest for two or three seasons,
and that accounts for the intervals of the scars on
the trunk, as may be seen in the picture where the
man has his left foot and the scar lower down.
The toddy drawer is possessed of surprising agility
in climbing the perpendicular stems, which he does
with the utmost ease, the only support being the rope
he has fastened round his waist, which leaves his hands
free. The fluid thus obtained is of the consistence of
watered milk, and has a sweetish, and to some Euro-
peans an agreeable taste, while to others it is
nauseating. When freshly drawn it is most refresh-
ing, and to quaff a bowl of it when excessively thirsty
is one of the pleasantest incidents in Indian life.
When, however, it is allowed to ferment, which it
quickly does, it is sour and unpleasant, and be-
comes as intoxicating as Scotch nectar but in
this state it obviously finds more favour with th .)
natives. As a garden plant, the wild Phcenix is of
great value for landscape effect when it occurs in
natural groups, for in these you see all gradations of
size, from the small seedling to the decrepit obi
trees, that have reached the length of their days, and
lean leewards in a most picturesque way. The
bluish-grey-green tint of a grove of Phcenix is per-
haps too sombre, but in a garden one can always
introduce variety as a foreground, or intermixed in
the group. It is a singular fact, that the Date-bearing
Palm does not thrive successfully in India, so as to
produce edible fruit, and that of P. sylvestris is value-
less as food, though the leaves and stems, and the
fibre and bark thereof, are of value to the natives in
various ways. The engraving (fig. 14) is an admir-
able reproduction of a photograph by Messrs. Johnson
& Hoffman, of Calcutta. W. Goldrinj.

The Potato Trade in Newcastle.— The

importance of the Potato trade of Newcastle has
been considerably emphasised during the past season,
in consequence of an acceptable display of enter-
prise on the part of the shippers and some of our
principal local merchants. This enterprise, in all
probability, has resulted from the inconvenient'y
fluctuating state of the market, and for the fi.st
time it is to be recorded that Potatos have been
brought direct by steamer from Ireland to the Tyne.
The venture, which has been in the hands of the
agents for the Antrim line of steamers, Messrs.
Lisle & Co., Baltic Chambers, Newcastle, has bei-n
carried on with a gratifying success, and the new
trade will undoubtedly continue so long as the
supply in Ireland is good. On a rough calculation,
about 4000 tons have been brought to Newcastle hy
this line of steamers, which trades between BeHa-t
and the Tyne via the North of Scotland. Toe
arrivals continued to increase in quantity after the
first introduction, and it only need be mentioned
to indicate the extent to which the Scotch Potato
trade of Newcastle was affected, that in one wetk
alone as many as 680 tons were landed.

[The Gardeners' Chronicle, July 25, lSSl.

J-lcj, J4._PH(EN1X SYLVEhTRIS, AS INDIAN " TODDY " PALJI : A TODHY-DBAWER AT WORK. (SEE P. 1(M.)

106

THE GAfibUNEfiS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

The Fruiterers' Company and Fruit
Culture.— Already, says the City Press, July 18,
we are gratified to learn, a substantial amount has
been raised in connection with the fruit culture
scheme that has been set on foot by the Fruiterers'
Company. The Company head the list of subscrip-
tions with a donation of £500— a most munificent
grant, having regard to the comparative poverty of
the Guild. Other donors include: — The Cor-
poration, £250 ; the Duke of Westminster, K.G ,
£150; Alderman Sir James Whithead, Bart., £100;
the Duke of Bedford, £50; the Right Hon. W. H.
Smith, M.P., £20; Colonel North, £25 ; the Baroness
Burdett-Coutts, £100; Sir H. A. Isaacs, £10 10*'.;
Messrs. Crosse & Blackwell, £52 10s. ; Mr. C. J.
Leaf, £10 ; Sir W. A. Ogg, £25 ; Mr. II. R. Williams,
£25 ; Mr. H. R. Williams (second donation), £46 ;
Mr. H. Martin (Renter-warden of the Fruiterers'
Company), £25; the Drapers' Company, £105; the
Clothworkers' Company, £100; the Mercers' Com-
pany, £52 10s. ; the Leathersellers' Company,
£26 5s.; the Skinners' Company, £26 5s.; Mr. G.
Earniiloe, £10 10s.; Mr. A. II. Stnee, £25; Mr. G.
Williams, £10 10s. The Lord Mayor has opened a
fund at the Mansion House, and intending donors
should therefore forward their cheques to his Lord-
ship.

We are glad to find a general agreement of

opinion as to the unfortunate omission at the meet-
ing at the Mansion House reported last week. The
Royal Horticultural Society, sadly hampered as it
has been, has done such really splendid service in
the cause of fruit-culture for many years past, and
and specially by its conferences and publications;
and the British Fruit Growers' Association has so
valiantly and energetically taken up the subject
during the last few years, that the omission to make
some note of these facts, which we believe to have
been unintentional, was really a cruel injustice,
especially to the Royal Horticultural Society. This
body deserved much better treatment at the hands
of the Minister of Agriculture, who, as Minister for
Horticulture and Forestry also, ought to have been
better informed of the sacrifices and deeds of the
Society and its younger ally.

Weed KILLERS —We understand that the Phar-
maceutical Society has instituted proceedings against
one of our leading nurserymen for seliipg these sub-
stances, or one of them, without having a licence to
sell poisons. Considering the numerous accidents with
these fluids, it is in the pub'ic interest that they
should be retailed in bottles of peculiar shape,
prominently labelled "Poison." The label should
also state for what purpose only the liquid is em-
ployed. We do not think nurserymen or dealers in
garden requisites would raise any objection to some
precautionary measure of this kind. In these days
of insecticides, to prevent nurser)men absolutely
from selling these substances would be injudicious;
but that some special precautions are necessary, is
unfortunately too true.

Florists Wire Tidy.— At the last meeting of

the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick, a useful
little exhibit, which possibly escaped critical notice
by visitors, deserves mention. It consisted of some
samples of various sizes, labelled "Florist's Wire
Tidy." The wire is placed on reels of strong tin,
Japanese inside and out ; the reels revolve on
spindles, and can be removed at will. To the gar-
dener and florist they would seem to be indis-
pensable, preventing confusion, and saving both
time and worry; they also effect a considerable
saving in material, as each size of wire required for
binding and mounting can be kept separately, and
will not be scattered about and wasted as in the old
method. It is the invention of Mr. Bunyard, The
Nurseries, Ashford, Kent, the patent rights having
been bought by Messrs. Blake & McKenzib,
Liverpool.

STOCK-TAKING: JUNE. — To those with the
opportunity (and time) the Board of Trade Returns
for the past month present very many features of
iuterest, and in both sections, viz., imports and

exports. For us we have only the necessity for
summarising and recording an inference or two. The
following is our usual excerpt from the " Summary "
of the returns for June, as to imports : —

JII.— (A.) Articles of
food and drink —
dutyfree

(B.) — do., dutiable

$VT. — Raw materials
for textile manufac-
tures (including
Flax, Hemp, and
Jute)

$VTI. — Raw materials
forsundry industries
and manufactures
(including wood and
timber, hewn, sawn,
split, dressed ; vege-
table materials, for
paper-making, &c.)

JIX. — Miscellaneous
articles (including
Clover, Grass, Flax,
Rape, Linseed)

(B.)— Parcel Post ...

1890.

1891.

Difference.

£.
£12,926.295

£ £

£36.850,124 +3.923,829

11.709,613

13,354,112

+ 1,614.499

1,53>,4?6

1,873.006

+312,520

5,418,818

6,493.954

+ 1,075,106

3,663,424

3,963,939

+ 300,515

774,044

1,111,061

+337,017

39,804

44,987

+5.1S3

The exports for the past six months show an increase
of £5,364,782 over the corresponding period of last
year. In the matter of exports for the month just
closed, there is an increase under every head save
one (yarns, textile manufactures, &c), and this
reduces the total by £98,418 under that for June 1,
1890. The exports for the six months ending June 30,
show a reduction of £3,489,713. These exports
are of articles of British and Irish manufacture;
there is also a falling off in' the'export of articles
of foreign produce. It may not be out of place
to note here, respecting the imports of wood or
timber, that the imports of hewn timber for the
past six months are set down at 951,453 loads,
as against 953,094 loads for the same term in
the previous year. Sawn timber is placed at
1,122 206 loads for the past six months, as against
1,257,537 loads for the past six months of 1890. It
would be almost wrong to omit, in this connection,
some few figures bearing on the policy of our cousins
on the other side of the Atlantic. The revenue
returns for the last fiscal year in the Unitid
States do not show the usual abounding surp'us.
Whilst the revenue amounted to 392,470,752 do!s.,
the expenditure for the year was 365,447,275 dols.,
which leaves the comparatively small surplus of
27,023,477 dols., or only between five and six
millions sterling. Why this is so, is because there
has been a diminution of revenue and an increase in
state expenses, Protection has considerably reduced
imports, and the collection of duty necessitates an
immense increase in staff and " appliances" neces-
sary for its collection. We know all about that sort
of thing here; and have in great part done with it.
But enough of that, we come finally to a few extracts
from the general figures of those returns relating to
the imports of fruits, roots, and vegetables for the
month of June compared with those for June, 1890 : —

bush.

1890.

1891.

Difference

I II. Fruit:—

Apples, raw

8,798

64.034

+ 55.23D

TJnenumerated, raw

251,874

213.164

— 3S.710

Onions

171,880

259,742

+87,662

Potatos

cwt.

1054,287

896,056

+ 158,231

Vegetables, raw, uneuu-
merated

value

£101,565

117. C81

+16,116

July Horticultural Meeting at Ghent.—

Thirty-one exhibits were staged, and the following
Certificates of Merit were awarded : 1st, Variegated
Rose, No. 0002, to Mdlle. E. Guequier, ground pink
with white markings; 2, English Mignirdise Carna-
tions, large blooms, to the same exhibitor, very
pretty varieties of distinct colourings; 3, NiduUrium
Makoyanum, to M. Aug. Van Geert, a good and
noteworthy plant with striped foliage; 4, Asplenium
caryotsefoliuni, to the same exhibitor, the foliage was

exceedingly pretty and exactly like that of a Carrot;

5, Curmeria Leopoldi, to the same exhibitor, very
finely foliaged plant, which will become very popular ;

6, Kentia Fosteriana, var. robusta, to M. Millet-
Richard, stems and leaves exceedingly substantial
and firm in texture, a fine example ; 7, Cattleya
Mossia; alba (VVagneri), unanimously awarded to
M. Jules Hje; 8, Odontoglossum Alexandra; grandi-
florum, to tl e same exhibitor, a very fine flower and
most remarkable variety; 9, Cattleya gigas marmorata,
to MM. Ed. Vervaet et Cie., petals nicely speckled,
quite a distinct variety ; 10, Phaius Humhlotii, to
M. A. van Imshoot, with fine blooms ; 11, Cycnoches
chlorochilum, to the same exhibitor, an exceedingly
curious plant. Certificates of Merit for cultivation
and flowering, were awarded for : 1, Asparagus vir-
gatus, to M. Desmet Duvivier, a large and fine plant
from an horticulturist, who is endeavouring to form a
complete collection of plants of this genus ; 2, Abies
alba compacta gracilis, to the same exhibitor, truly a
graceful specimen ; 3, Odontoglosaum mulus illustris,
to M. Ch. Vuylstc'ke, in full bloom, the flowers of
good form ; 4, Oncidium macranthum, to M. Jules
Hye, an interesting and well-blnomed variety; 5,
L:elia purpurata Brysiana, to MM. Ed. Vervaet et
Cie., a plant still very rare, shown with fifteen
splendid blooms ; 6, Cattleya Mendeli, to the same
exhibitor, a remarkable plant with thirteen flowers ;

7, Mormodes luxatum eburneum, to M. van Imshoot,
a fine example ; 8, Vriesia Sieboldiana, to MM. F.
Desbois et Cie., a very pretty and noteworthy plant
with translucent bracts. The jury also awarded
many " honourable mentions.'' C. de B.

The "Botanical Magazine." — The July
number contains illustrations of: —

Musa Basjoo, t. 7182, a Banana, remarkable for its
hardihood, as it survived several winters at Combe
Wood, in Messrs. Veitoh's nurseries. Now that it
has flowered in the temperate-house at Kew, it has
been identified as " M. Basjoo," a species native to
the Liu-Kiu Archipelago, to the south of Japan,
where it is cultivated for the sake of the fibre in its
leaves. In general appearance, it is quite like M.
sapientum, but its floral characteristics are different.

Hihiscus venmtus, t. 7183 — A shrubby species,
with large handsome cream-coloured flowers. It is
supposed to have been procured from Tahiti, and was
fl >wered in the garden of A. Kinossiill, E»q., of
II irrow.

Symlenitiai arborescms, t. 7181. — A succulent
E.iphorbiad, with obovate leaves and terminal
corymbs of greenish flowers. A botanical curiosity.

Masdevallia platyglossa, t. 7185. — A species with
long pendulous flower-stalks, bearing irregular bell-
shaped pale yellow flowers, about an inch in length.
Its nearest ally is stated to be M. coriacea, alias M.
Bruchmulleri.

Stenoglottis longifoliti, t. 7186. — A striking-looking
terrestrial Orchid, from Natal, with long undulate
leaves, spotted on the under surface, decreasing in
size gradually upwards on the stem, which ends in a
long rather dense raceme of dull violet flowers.

CATTLEYA BrYMERIANA — This beautiful hybrid
is now in bloom for the first time in Belgium, in one
of the houses of M. Peeters, at Brussels. The plant
exhibits many of the characteristics of C. superba,
the flower those of C. Eldorado. Cattleya MosBire
alba or Wagneri should also be mentioned, and
Odontoglossum Harryanum, in which the general
colouring is clearer than usual, while the tips of the
sepals and petals are of an unusual shade of golden-
yellow. The very rare Odontoglossum vexillarium
var. superba is also now in bloom under favourable
circumstances.

Agricultural Education.— The committee

appointed by the Hebdomadal Council, Oxford, to
consider in what way the University could assist in
the establishment of agricultural education, with a
special view to the needs of the County Councils,
have now submitted their report. By agricultural
education, the committee understand instruction in
the sciences, or the branches of science, specially
applicable to agriculture, employing the latter term

Jul* 25, 1S91.]

[niE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

107

with the larger meaning which must have been
present to the mind of Dr. Sibthorp, when he
designated the professorship founded by him, the
professorship of " Rural Economy." Used in this
sense, agriculture becomes not merely the science of
the cultivation of the soil, but includes the know-
ledge of its constitution and properties, of its vege-
table products, and of the structure, habits, and uses
of the domestic animals that are reared upon it ; so
that the student has evidently much to gain by a
knowledge of such subjects as botany, chemistry,
animal physiology, and geology. Taking into
account the requirements of the County Councils,
the committee think that the efforts of the
University should, in the first place, be directed
to the provision of an adequate supply of
persons qualified to be lecturers or teachers ; and
those members who are most familiar with the
wants of the counties, lay stress upon the import-
ance of University teachers possessing credentials of
practical acquaintance with the details of farming
and farm-life, which has hitherto been only acci-
dentally— if at all — acquired by such teachers. Other
classes of persons whose circumstances the committee
think deserving of consideration, are young men
who go to Oxford intending to take an ordinary
degree, and then, either as landowners, or the agents
of landowners, to devote themselves to the pursuit
and improvement of agriculture ; and young men
who might go to Oxford with a view to attending
such courses of instruction as would be useful to
them in agriculture, but without the intention of
taking a degree. Dealing with the means already at
the command of the University for providing
agricultural education, the Committee point out,
that the professors to whose services resort
would most naturally be had are the follow-
ing:— The Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy,
the Sherardian Professor of Botany, the Wayn-
flete Professor of Chemistry, the Waynllete Pro-
fessor of Physiology, and the Professor of Experi-
mental Philosophy (Physics). In addition to these
University professors, there are the Lee's Readers in
Chemistry and Physics at Christ Church, and the
Millard Lecturer in Physics at Trinity College,
whose courses would probably be open to agricul-
tural students. The committee sketch the proper
course of study for each class of students, and express
the opinion that for the organisation and super-
vision of the studies pertaining to agricultural educa-
tion some further provision is needed than at
present exists. In the Sibthorpian Professorship
of Kural Economy, which is now vacant, they recog-
nise a foundation capable of being rendered the
centre of agricultural education within the Uni-
versity ; and they strongly recommend that the
duties and emoluments of the chair should be
revised.

LlPARIS MONACHA. — This most destructive
caterpillar, after having destroyed the Pine planta-
tions of parts of Bavaria, is attacking those of
Belgium. Millions of insects have been destroyed,
but milliards require to be immolated, as whole
woods are destroyed by the creature.

True Blue Viola.— A large bed of this excel-
lent variety is now in full bloom at the Birmingham
Botanic Gardens, and has been so since early in
April. It was raised by Mr. W. Dean some years
ago, and is the most blue-shaded variety known, and
is of dwarf compact stiff habit, and a wonderful
bloomer, and stands hot weather better than a great
many varieties. Mr. Latham thinks highly of this
variety.

The Midland Counties Carnation and
PlCOTEE SOCIETY. — The first exhibition of this
Society will be held in the Botanic Gardens, Bir-
mingham, on Saturday, August 8, and nearly £70 is
offered in prizes. Notice of entries must reach the
Secretary, or Mr. Rouert Sydenham, Tenby Street,
Birmingham, not later than the morning of Tuesday,
August 4. There is a special class for border
Carnations also.

Helensburgh Flower Show.— " Among the

Rothesay florists exhibiting at this show on Thurs-
day, July 17," says the Rothesay Chronicle, July 18,
" was Mr. M. Cuthbertson, of the Public Park Nur-
sery, and his collection was considered of such merit
by the judges, that they awarded him a Silver
Medal as an extra prize. Mr. Cuthbertson's
exhibit contained more than forty varieties of hardy
border flowers, tastefully arranged in bouquets and
sprays ; also sixty blooms of fancy Pansits, including
two seedlings — Mrs. M. Cuthbertson and Edith
Crossley, which come up to the florists' standard, and
are likely to be further heard of in the competition
lists. Campanula persicifolia Cuthbertsoni, new,
also attracted attention, being a great improvement
on the ordinary variety."

Hammersmith Horticultural Society.—

The twelfth annual exhibition of this Society
took place on the 16th inst., and proved to
be a successful affair, the show being somewhat
larger than usual. In the gardeners' class for a
group of plants arranged for effect, the successful
competitor was Mr. Hodoe, gr. to J. J. Ford,
Esq., Parkside, Ravenscourt Park, W., with a
charming display. In the amateur's division (group
for effect class) the premier position was won by
Mr. J. Bromley, Miles Street, Hammersmith. Mr.
John Addison, gr. to Mrs. Lloyd, Merton Lodge,
Chiswick, won the 1st prize for six fine examples of
Exotic Ferns. Mr. M. T. May, gr. to the Marquis
of Bute, Chiswick House, Chiswick, contributed (not
for competition) a beautiful, well-arranged group of
foliage and flowering plants, which added much to
the attractiveness of the exhibition. Mr. Georoe
Cannon, manager to Messrs. C. Lee & Son, Ealing,
sent some fine blooms of Roses, also not for com-
petition, and which were greatly admired.

Royal Counties Agricultural Society's
Show at Portsmouth.— The Council of the
Royal Counties Agricultural Society gratefully
accepted the offer made by Messrs. Sutton & Sons,
the Queen's Seedsmen, Reading, to gratuitously
undertake the floral decorations of the Royal box in
the Graud Stand, and we need hardly state it was
carried out in a manner worthy of the occasion.
The whole interior of the box was tastelully deco-
rated with flowers, consisting of Calendula, Cantfr-
bury Bells, annual Chrysanthemums, Clarkia, Del-
phinium, Hawkweed, Linaria, S*eet Pea, Sweet
William, &c, from Messrs. Sutton's seed trial farm
at Reading. In front was a charming display of a
new Begonia raised by the firm, named the Duchess
of Edinburgh, colour white, suffused with pink, this
being the first time of its exhibition.

The Bermuda Juniper. — In Garden and Forest
for June, 1824, is an interesting article on the
Bermuda Cedar, Juniperus bermudiana, which formed
the subject of an interesting article in our pages by
Mr. Hemsley some time since. The writer points
out the close resemblance of the Bermuda plant to
the Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana, which grows
from Canada to Florida ; and from Cape Cod
to Vancouver. The Red Cedar, it is known,
was growing on the American Continent long
before Bermuda arose from above the surface
of the ocean. It is surmised then, that when
the islands did appear, a bird may have con-
veyed in his crop a number of the Juniper
berries, which germinated on the island. Once
established, the different soil and climate may
have gradually modified the plant, so that at length
the Bermuda Juniper became specifically distinct, as
we esteem it, from the continental type. The wood
was formerly used in shipbuilding, and for furni-
ture, and but few old trees now remain. The
younger ones are remarkable for the fact that they
flourish equally well in very different situations on
dry porous limestone and brackish swampy land.

Eel-wcrms in Strawberries. — The first

number of the Zeitichrift fur Pflamen Krankheitcn, a
new journal devoted to the diffusion of information
concerning the diseases of plants, has a paper on

a curious hypertrophy of the stem of the Strawberry
caused by the nematode worms described by Dr.
Ritzema Bos under the names of Aphelenchus
fragari:e and of A. ormerodis respectively.

Botanical Illustrations.— We learn from

the Revue Hortkole that M. Malloizel, Librarian at
the Jardin des Plantes, has undertaken the publica-
tion of a list of all the figures of plants, or of the
more important of them, published since Pritzel's
Iconum Botanicarum Index. Of what service such a
publication will be, few, if any, can know better than
ourselves.

Hooker's " Icones Plantarum." — The
last issued part (June) contains lithographic illus-
trations of Orchids, chiefly in illustration of, or as
supplementary to, the enumeration given by Sir
Joseph Hooker in the Flora of British Indii. The
species figured are generally of little cultural
interest,

Macadamia ternifolia.— The Australian nut,
of which we gave a representation in 1870, has, we
learn, produced its fruits at Golfe Juan, in the
garden of M. A Constant. An illustration is given
in the Revue Horticoh for July 1G.

Golden Horse Chestnut.— Mr. Bland of the

nurseries, Fordbam, sends us leaves of Horse Chest-
nut very finely blotched and variegated with golden-
yellow. Judging from the leaves sent to us, this is
one of the best golden forms with which we are
acquainted.

BEDDING TROP/EOLUM. — Messrs. Clibran sends
us flowers of a new dwarf-bedding Tropieolutn of a
very bright clear yolk-yellow colour. It is appa-
rently a free bloomer, and the plants we are in-
formed measure from 4 to 6 inches in height. The
colour is decidedly very good. Messrs. Clibran
intend to send it out next spring under the name of
Mrs. Clibran.

CATTLEYA GlGAS.— Mr.MuRRAY, of the gardens'
Redholme, Ardrossan, sends us a photograph, showing
two (lowers of Cattleya gigas, each about i) inches in
diameter, the lip measuring 2.} inches, and of a rich
magenta crimson. Evidently a fine variety.

Staveley Works Flower Show.— The 24th

annual show in connection with the Staveley Works
Floral and Horticultural Society was held on Mon-
day, 20th inst , in Ringwood Park, Notts, lent by
Mr. J. B. Barron, J. P. The weather was unfavour-
able, but despite this the attendance was very large.
The exhibits, staged in a large marquee, were of an
excellent quality.

POTATOS IN THE CHANNEL ISLANDS.— We
have received the following letter from Mr. C. B.
Saunders, Cesarean Nurseries, St. Saviour's, Jersey,
July 18:— "I thought you would be pleased to see
and probably taste, the Potatos which have been
shipped off to the English markets by our Jersey
growers. I stated in my report [Will appear
shortly. Ed ] last week that the returns made to the
island for Potatos would be £400,000; but it
appears from further calculations that have been
made, that it is more likely to reach £500,000. The
samples I now send to you, Royal Jersey Flukes,
were grown partly in my own ground and partly in
my next neighbour's ; the latter are Prince of Wales.
If a small island like Jersey, with its 50,000 inha-
bitants, can make such a splendid return from one
crop, it lets some light in upon the theory of ' How
the other half of the world lives ! ' Irrespective of
Potatos, large quantities of Grapes and Tomatos
are grown here and shipped off, realising a ready
sale in the markets of London, Birmingham, Man-
chester, and other large towns. The question of
how it is done is answered : by industry, high culti-
vation, and careful attention to preparation of plants
and tubers before putting sorts where they are to
produce the crops, quite as much as by climate. Our
Potato growers are artists at the culture, and
Tomato growers are not excelled in the ways and
means they employ to bring about successful results

108

THE aABDENEHS' CHHON1CLE.

[Jolt

1P91.

The weight of crop of Potatos reaches the enormous
amount of 7 cabots = 280 lb., imperial weight, to the
perch of 22 feet square — i.e., ' ware ' besides this, are
the ' seconds ' and 'smalls.'"

Onqar Flower Show— The fourth summer
exhibition of the Ongar and District Horticultural
Society wa? held on Wednesday, July 15, in a field
kindly lent by the Rev. J. Tanner. The weather
turned out most favourably, and the show passed off
very successfully. The general exhibits were staged
in two spacious marquees, and the cottagers' exhibits
in two small marquees, and were quite up to the
usual average, the show of flowers being very good.
Mr. C. H. F. Christie, of the Wilderness, kindly
threw open his beautiful grounds as a promenade for
the visitors to the show, and this proved no small
attraction. Great praise is due to the committee for
the way in which the arrangements were carried out,
and also to the indefatigable Hon. Sec, Dr. Sporqin,
for the bard work he did to make the show a success.

The Reading and District Gardeners'
Mutual Improvement Society.— This flourish-
ing Society held its first excursion on Wednesday week
under most auspicious circumstances, the weather
being everything that could be desired. Blenheim
was the place chosen, the Society having received
an invitation from the Duke of Mablborough to
visit the grounds and garden of this noted place. A
party of about fifty left Heading by the 11.10 train, and
on reaching Woodstock were met by Mr. Whillans,
the head gardener at Blenheim. The party made
their way at once to the Bear Hotel, when luncheon
was partaken of, and thence proceeded, under the
guidance of Mr. Whillans, to inspect the beauties
of Blenheim. The Italian garden and the con-
servatory were first visited, after which the party
went on to the kitchen and fruit gardens, where
everything is carried out on an immense scale. The
houses were then gone through, and those containing
the Orchids excited the admiration of the whole
party, the flowers being in splendid condition. The
party left Woodstock at 8.10, having experienced an
enjoyable outing.

Children's Flower Show. — At the St.

Pancras Vestry Hall, on Saturday, July 18, an
extensive array of garden flowers cultivated by the
children of the Aldenham Street Sunday School in
connection with the Presbyterian Church in Regent
Square, attracted a considerable gathering of young
folks and others interested in their annual competi-
tion for prizes. The collection consisted of flowers
grown from seed supplied, together with plants that
had been distributed at an early stage of growth for
careful cultivation. The exhibits numbered over
600, and represented nearly 280 boys and girls.
Numerous awards, consisting of money and articles
of utility, were distributed by Mrs. Affleck Fraser,
and amongst the favourite flowers on the prize-list
were Nasturtiums, Lupins, scarlet and pink Pelar-
goniums, Creeping Jenny, and red and white
Fuchsia. A programme of bright music was per-
formed by a band, under the direction of Mr. O. H.
Bamberger. Daily News.

The Bishops Stortford Horticultural

SHOW.— The Committee of the Bishop's Stortford
Hoiticultural Society at a meeting on Thursday,
found it desirable to change the date originally fixed
for the show to Wednesday, August 19.

Excursion to Witley Court.— On Tuesday

last, the employes of the well-known firm of Edward
Webb & Sons, Seed and Manure Merchants, Words-
ley, Stourbridge, accompanied by Major Webb, took
a trip as far as Witley Court, the charming residence
ol the Earl of Dudley.

National Chrysanthemum Society.— The

annual picnic of the members of the above Society
took place on the 20th inst., in the form of a visit to
Ascott Park, Leigbton Buzzard, the residence of
Leopold de Rcth'child, Esq., one of the vice-presi-
dents of the Society ; the party numbering between
eighty and ninety persons.

New Book.— A dainty volume, prettily illus-
trated and elegantly bound, on Landscape Gardening,
by S. Parsons, Jun., Superintendent of Parks, New
York City, is before us. It will demand further
notice at our hands; all we can say for the moment
is, that it may be obtained from Messrs. Putnam, 27,
King William Street, Strand, W.C.

PLANT PORTKAITS.

Aerides Houlletianum, Revue Horticole, July 10.
— Segments apricot-coloured ; lip transversely oblong,
two-lobed, white, streaked and dotted with violet.

Lachenalia Comesii X . — A cross between L.
reflexa and L. quadricolor. Gartenflora, p. 358, 1891.

Lachenalia Reoeliana X. — A cross between L.
reflexa and L. aurea. Gartenflora, p. 357, 1891.

Nepeta Mussini, Revue Horticole, July 1, 1891.

Plum " Desromains." — A seedling raised in the
orchard of Dr. Desromains ; very fertile, and a good
market Plum. Bulletin d' Arboriculture, &c, June,
1891.

t-PARAxis tricolor, Drapeau Beige (Belgian
Standard).— Colours, red, black, yellow. Revue de
Horticullture Beige, July 1, 1891.

Spir.ea astilboides var. floribunda, Same de
V Horticulture Beige, July 1, 1891.

Weigela Eva Rathke, Gartenflora, t. 1350.

PEACHES AT KETTON HALL,

STAMFORD.

The garden at this place, the residence of J. T.
Hopwood, Esq., in the pretty Rutlandshire village of
the same name, has, of recent years, grown into
notoriety for its Peaches and Peach-houses.

The estate is a small one, as are the gardens, but
the latter grow bigger as time goes on, and encroach
bit by bit on the adjoining meadow. The Peacheries
here were described in these pages a few years ago, but
the record of a recent visit paid to them may not be
without use to the readers of this Journal. The large
gothic span-house, built by Mr. Rendle, and glaztd
by him in the manner associated with his name —
that is, large panes placed length-wise of the roof-
contains two trees at one end only, to the right and
left of the door. One is a Lord Napier Nectarine,
a Btrong tree, with a good crop of fruit, which
Mr. Divers, the gardener, said would be ripe in the
first week in August. On the other side of the
door, is a tree of equal size and vigour, of Victoria
Nectarine, which ripens its fruits one month later.
The opposite end of this house was covered with
two Ivy-leaf Pelargoniums, Albert Crousse, and
Madame Crousse, now in full flower, and which have
not been without a large border of blossoms since
early spring. The house is really a greenhouse, and
it is mainly treated as such, the occupants standing
on the floor. What is called the " old range," is
180 feet long in divisions. The trees in it, the first
division, consisted of three Prince of Wales, two
Crimson Galande, and one of Dagmar Peaches. The
next division was planted with Royal George, there
being three trees; and in the third division, which
is the early house, were two of Early Louise and
one of Btatrice. These trees show great vigour,
and are of large size, and bear annually full crops of
the finest fruits.

Another span-roofed Peach-house, with the
name of " Carlsbad," is planted in one of its
divisions with the following varieties of the Peach : —
Bellegarde, Sea Eagle, here a fine autumn fruit, of
good flavour ; Prince of Wales, which colours well ;
Early Grosse Mignonne, Barrington, Salway, Lord
Palmerston, Princess of Wales, and Early Crawford,
a fine showy fruit. Of Nectarines, there are Pine-
apple, one which Mr. Divers regards as his best late
variety; Rivers' Elruge, a large-fruited Seedling of
Elruge, of beautiful colour ; and Lord Napier ; that
is, nine varieties of Peaches and three of Nectarines
— in all sixteen trees, there being of some more than
one tree.
The next division of the above house contains

Nectarines, Dryden, Lord Napier, Spenser, Violette
Hative, and River's Orange ; and of Peaches, Abec,
Sea Eagle, Alexander, Nectarine Peach, a good late
variety, Dymond, Crimson Galande, Lord Palmer-
stone, and a seedling not yet fruited. These trees
are of large size, and are fastened to sloping trellises
on each side of the central path, the roots beiDg
inside. A row of Figs and Pears, in pots, are placed
along each side of the side of the path.

Close to the wall plate, and all round the house,
are planted Marechal Niel Roses, now just making
growth, after being cut hard back when their floral
harvest was at an end. By this mode of treatment
no shade of any account is thrown on the fruit trees,
and it is an open question which make the best
returns — the Roses or the fruits. When the Rosea
are in full leaf and flower is the dangerous time for
the Peach and Nectarine buds in Rendle's houses,
the evils of the sudden bursts of sunshine, which
cause a very rapid rise of the temperature, being in
great measure averted by the roof-shade afforded by
the Roses. A Cherry-house, built with an acute-
angled roof, contained Cherries on the north side,
and M. Niel Roses on the opposite one. This year
the temptation to favour the Roses with a little
heat during the flowering period of the Cherries was
not resisted, and the Cherry crop was, in consequence,
almost a failure.

Yet another Peach-house — a span-roofed one of
100 feet in length, with the Nectarine Peach, Royal
George, Prince of Wales, Sea Eagle, Princess of
Wales, Stirling Castle, Barrington, Crimson Galande,
and Early Albert, a very good variety. It was to a
tree of Princess of Wales in this house that sulphate
of iron mixed with water, after partially laying bare
the roots, was applied with such good results for
the yellows (see Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 278, 1889.
Fruits of Barrington Peach have been grown in this
house up to 12 oz. in weight.

To make Mr. Divers' success in growing these
fruits the more remarkable, every bit of the soil in
which they are grown has to be fetched from a dis-
tance, iron being in excess in the soil of the garden,
and rendering it inimical to the trees either indoors
or out.

All is not ruled by pounds, shillings, and pence at
Ketton, but the ornamental has a fair share of
attention, and we saw small houses in which were a
collection of Orchids, a gigantic Bougainvillea
glabra, Streptosolen Jamesoni, employed as a wall
creeper; Palms, and general flowering plants. It
will be understood that the greater portion of the
fruit is disposed of, Peaches fetching for weeks
together 30s. per dozen, this of itself bespeaking the
ex:ellence of the methods of cultivation pursued.

Entomology.

AN ORCHID-EATER.

A correspondent from Duckinfield, Cheshire, has
sent us the insect represented in the accompanying
wood-cut (fig. 15), and also a leaf of Lselia
urn i ilis upon which it was caught, in order to show
the damage which it had done in a single night.
Another plant of Laelia anceps was attacked in just
the same manner, and as yet the insect had not
attacked any other variety of Orchid plants. As the
species of Orchids attacked are natives of Mexico,
we may, in all probability, imagine that the foreign
beetle in question was imported with the plants, and
that it also is a native of Mexico or some adjacent
part of the New World. It will be noticed that the
leaf exhibits a number cf dark blotches, and the
upper surface of the leaf, under a lens, is seen to be
finely corrugated io those parts, although the leaf is
not gnawed into holes ; the remainder of the leaf
being entire and uninjured.

The insect itself, Eunalcus albo-costatus, is a
beetle belonging to the very numerous tribe of
the Longicornia, or long-horns. It belongs to the
section in which the prothorax, or neck, is not
produced on each side into a spine. It measures
nearly half an inch in length, and is of a

JOLY

1*111.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

109

luteous grey colour ; the front of the head between
the eyes rather deeply impressed ; the eyes encircle
the base of the antenme, which are rather shorter
than the whole body of the insect. The prothorax
is convex, and rather conical in shape, with a central
whitish narrow line, on each side of which the sur-
face is punctured, and with a narrow line of similar pale
colour running parallel to each lateral margin ; and
there is a shallow, transverse impression running
across near the base of this part of the body.

The elytra are moderately long, and simply rounded
at the apex, with a narrow space along each side of
the suture, with a number of small dark spots, and
the disc of each elytron is marked with three narrow
raised white lines or costoe, the front of which,
next the suture, is slightly curved outwardly
to about one-third of its length from the
base ; it extends nearly to the apex of the
elytron, being united to the second line at about
one-sixth distance from the apex, and again it is
united just before reaching the apex, with the third or
outer pale line. The legs are of the usual form, of
moderate length, the middle tibiae simple, and the
tarsi of the usual subtetramerous structure.

I am not acquainted with any of the myriads of
New World Longicorns exactly agreeing with this
species, which appears to belong to Thomson's genus
Kunalcus, Systema Cerambyc, p. 109 ; Lacordaire
Gen. Col , ix.. 627 ; and to be closely allied to Eunalcus
lineatus of Bates, figured in the Bivlogia Centrali-
Americana Zool. Coleopt., vol. v., p. 354, pi. 22, fig.
1G, which is a native of Mexico and Guatemala,
4 lines long, anil having the white longitudinal lines
on the elytra straight, and not curved, as in the
species before us.

In the economy of Nature it is the duty of this great
tribe of long-horned beetles to keep the rank vege-
tation, especially of the Tropics, in check by feeding
on the foliage or burrowing into the solid parts of
the plants. The insect before us, by apparently
gnawing the upper surface of the leaves, adopts a
difiVrent mode from those which gnaw and eat
distinct patches in the leaves. /. 0. Westwood, Oxford.

flints abound in it, and when it is worked in wet
weather, it gives one the idea of being a kind of clay ;
below, at variable depths, chalk is found, therefore
it cannot be said that this is a chalk soil, but
the top spit contains a good deal of chalk, scarcely
discernible to the eye for the reason that for a
number of years a quantity of chalk was spread on
the surface during the winter for agricultural
purposes. Such a soil is evidently well suited to the
growth of Gooseberries. Our bushes have b3en
planted eleven years, and during that time, they
have only received manure three times, but they have
never failed to give us a crop of fruit. I send you a
small branch to show how heavily the trees are
laden. Most of the varieties make but little growth
now, and need but little pruning ; indeed, some sorts
grow so little that it is out of the question to think
of getting from them suitable shoots for cuttings.
Where the Gooseberry bushes make abundant growth
and but little fruit, they should be transplanted.
The bushes ought then to be pruned in such a
manner that the main branches stand fairly wide
apart, so that the wood may be matured. It is with
the Gooseberry as with other fruit trees, if the cur-
rent season's growth be not ripened, it is in vain that

Home Correspondence.

ROSE W. A. RICHARDSON.— I am much obliged
for hints as to cultivation by Mr. Piper, at p. 35,
but it so happens that we have been " rational " in
pruning, leaving it to ramble at will all over the
roof of the greenhouse, as suggested by your cor-
respondent, and then it has failed to flower in a
satisfactory manner. I think I have, in mentioning
the pruning of this Rose in these columns before,
said that it should not be pruned hard, if abundant
flowering is wanted. Your correspondent's case is,
perhaps, exceptional, as I have never seen it bloom
so well indoors as in the open. Hereabouts it flowers
most profusely upon the open walls, and beautiful it
is in the bud state. W. A. Cook, Compton Bassett.

PRUNING GOOSEBERRY BUSHES.— I note in the
last issue your report of the Hardy Fruit Conference,
that it was discussed whether it is better to prune
the Gooseberry for the production of fruit or not.
It is not possible to decide the matter universally
either one way or another, so much depends upon
circumstances such as the kind of soil in which the
bushes are growing ; in some soils there is a great
difference as to the manner in which Gooseberry
bushes grow and fruit — in one sort of soil they make
but little wood, but plenty of fruit, which of course
is a means of still further checking growth of shoots.
In other places the bushes grow luxuriantly, and
require a considerable amount of pruning to keep
them within bounds. Under these conditions it
is not possible to decide other than by experience.
From my experience, a calcareous soil is the best
suited to the Gooseberry, and in soil of this character
the bushes do not make vigorous growth, and need
but little pruning, and hardly ever miss having a
crop, except, of course, when frost destroys it before
the branches are furnished with foliage to shelter the
tender fruit and bloom. A mishap of this kind has
nothing to do with the pruning, but is one over
which we have little or no control. The soil in this
garden is heavy and retentive, not clay, but it rests
f>n a bed of what is akin to clay( except that large

Fig. 15.— leaf of l.elia majalis : damagf.d in one
night by the beetle. eunalcus albo-costatus.

(SEE P. 108.)

the grower expects a full crop of fruits. Goose-
berries fruit well on spurs and the previous year's
leading shoots. My aim in pruning is to establish
bushes with several main branches, and having
an open centre, so that ample sunlight can
play amongst the branches, and until the bushes
reach their full size, I allow all leading shoots
to grow 1 foot long annually if they will do this,
and obtain fruiting bushes quickly. If the main
branches show signs of weakness, it is best to remove
some of them each year, replacing them with young
shoots ; in this manner the vigour of the bushes
gets renewed. When bushes are so established, and
produce a full crop of fruit annually, it will be found
that but little pruning is needed. We endeavour
to do the pruning necessary before Christmas, as
experience teaches me that there is no necessity to
defer the operation till a later date. Pruning is
done with a pair of hand-shears in preference to the
knife, on the score of the work being much quicker
done. I am an advocate of summer pruning of
bush- fruits, where growth is freely made, and the
time can be found to do it ; in fact, time ought to
be always found for this job. The advantage of
shortening the current growth from the middle

to the end of June is twofold. First, the re-
moval of such shoots that must of necessity
come away at the winter pruning, and prevents
crowding ; moreover, the fruit colours and ripens
better, and is rendered much cleaner by being
exposed to rain. As previously noted, the lact
whether Gooseberry trees require much or little
pruning depends entirely upon circumstances, which
can only be accurately judged on the spot, but white
they are yearly fruitful, the work of pruning is con-
siderably lessened by the crops borne, or ought to
be if the bushes are rightly managed. E. Molyneux.

ON THE VARYING CHARACTER OF HYBRID8.— A

correspondent (p. 753, vol. ix.) inclines to the belief
tint one may foresee or predict, by employing cer-
tain combinations, the character of a proposed hybrid.
The idea that hybrids are intermediate between two
parents as regards their general features is a
very common one. This sometimes results, but 6o
far as my experience goes.it is the exception rather
than the rule. Diplacus aurantiacus of gardens,
came from one of my youthlul crosses. This is in-
termediate between D. puniceus and D. glutinosus,
its parents. But the most interesting of my experi-
ences has been the vast difference between the
seedlings raised from a single flower. I believe
I was the first to introduce the modern race of
hybrid Fuchsias. St. Clare did not appear in
the trade as soon as Standishii or Uominiana, because
its propagators kept it on hand longer to raise
stock, but my plauts flowered the second year after
t he introduction of Fuchsia fulcens — the male parent.
A garden form, known as F. longiflora, was the
h-iuale. Only one flower was crossed, only one
berry produced. I do not remember how many
plants, but I believe several score, but no two plants
were alike. A few were little different from the
mother plant ; the tendency was more in that
direction than in the direction of F. fulgens. Since
then I have succeeded in getting Fuchsia arboreecens
to seed with pollen from one of our garden varieties.
Instead of there being any intermediate character,
the progeny were exactly arborescens. I know
some may say, " No doubt some error. Of course the
flower, in some way, received its own pollen." I
can only remark, that old fellows like ourselves
cannot be caught in that way. But without going
into a list of my experiences, I will tell of one before
me now. Two years ago, I pollenised Rosa kamts-
chatica with our well-known garden form, General
Jacqueminot. The sowing in the open ground from
this one " haw," produced only two plants which have
not yet flowered, hut so far as appearances go, one
plant is the " General," and the other, the original
Kamtschatca Rose ! There may be some differences
in the flowers. I expect them, but certainly so far as
the plants themselves got, there is nothing like the
exact mixture of characters so often supposed from
hybridisation. To my mind, this prevalent idea
of an equal fusion of character in hybrids,
does much harm to vegetable biology. It induces us
to overlook the fact that plants possess the power
to vary enormously, outside of any conditions of
environment, that their characters would be constant
and exact only for foreign pollen, or some other
accident coming along to produce change. This
innate power to change must, in the usnal order of
things, be under the operation of some law, but what
that law is, no one has yet been able to get the
slightest conception of. It does not help us in this
investigation to assume that it is dependent on the
chapter of accidents. We see, at any rate, by the
results of this Rose experiment, that no accident of
which we have at present any appreciation of, could
have produced the results as stated. Thomas Meehan,
Germantown Nurseries, Philadelphia, U.S.A., July 6,
' 1891.

" ENGLISH WONDER " PEA —In the Gardeners'
Chronicle of Saturday last, you notice a sample of
this new Pea, sent to you by Messrs. Cannell and
Sons, and many of your readers may like to know its
origin. It was raised by a Mr. Tipping, an old
gardener at Kenilworth, who, for several years past,
has paid attention to the hybridisation of Peas, and
raised, amongst others, " Early Bird " and " William
the Conqueror," and this dwarf Pea, " English
Wonder," and they have been, and still are, exten-
sively grown for seed by Mr. Burbury, seed grower
and farmer, Kenilworth. I saw in the gardens at
Stoneleigh Abbey, the three sorts I have named
growing there ; and " William the Conqueror " and
" William the First," side by side, bore a close
resemblance, but the former is an excellent cropper.
Mr. Biddard, gardener at Stoneleigh, thinks highly
of " Eoglish Wonder." I haye seen it growing in

THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

other places, and Air. Burbury sent to the Keml-
worth Show samples of pods and haulm in the bear-
ing state. It is a Pea of excellent flavour, dwarf,
and a good cropper, and very early. Mr. Tipping is
still at work with the crossing of Peas ; but we are
now so rich in first-class varieties, that only some-
thing with very superior all-round qualities should
be introduced. W. D.

RASPBERRIES.— Of the many varieties of Rasp-
berries, Superlative will, I feel sure, as it becomes
known, take the leading position, as it is a great
bearer, the fruits very large, compared with that of
some others of good flavour. We have it growiog
side by side with Hornet, Baumforth's Seedling, and
Fastolf, and they cannot be compared with it ; and
this may readily be seen without a very close
inspection, the big conical fruits standing up
boldly from the stout much-branched canes. So
convinced am I of its superiority, that I am
saving every sucker that pushes up from the shoots ;
and I would discard most of the other sorts, but
that Fastolf is earlier than it, and I must keep it on
that account. As yet, Superlative seems very scarce,
as last year I ordered 100, and could only get sup-
plied with half that quantity, and it is hardly likely
that nurserymen have much stock of it as yet. Those
who get it should plant at least 4 feet apart, as it is
a strong grower, the canes running to a good height,
being very stout and stiff, which is also much in
favour of the variety, stakes hardly beingrequired, for
if the three or four canes, usually left to each stool or
crown, are brought together and tied at the top, they
stand almost rigid against the wind. As soon as all
the fruit is picked, the old canes should be cut out.
Raspberries should never be dug amongst, as by doing
so the roots are disturbed, but a good top-dressing of
rotted dung should be afforded them every winter,
leaving it as a mulching. J. Sheppard.

DELPHINIUMS. — We forward you a few pips of
some novel crosses of the Delphinium, gathered from
flower-spikes y feet 6 inches in length, independently
of the leafy portion ; each spike attended with three
or four surrounding branches or spikelets, if you
can call that a spikelet which is 2 feet long.
Viewed in this way, plants about 5 or 6 feet high
make a noble backing to a border, and bloom
throughout the summer and into the autumn.
Wonder does not belie its name, with its swarm of
bees instead of a single bee in its centre. King of
Delphiniums, too, is royal in size, if not also in
colouring. Kelway $■ Son. [Unfortunately, the blooms
had resolved themselves into their elements when
we examined them, but the magnificent specimens
exhibited by Messrs. Kelway at the shows of the
Royal Horticultural Society amply bear out their
statement. Ed.]

LABELS. — The mention of the label question in
No. 237 of the Gardeners' Chronicle induces me to
tell you of my method for the alpine garden, where
certainly conspicuous labels do not look well. I
employ pieces of broken bottles of a dark colour,
write the name thereon with a good deep- scratching
diamond, and varnish over with a white, thick oil-
colour. This remains in the scratched name when
the oil-colour is rubbed off the surface. These labels
are not stuck in the ground, but placed near the
plants and they are very durable. 0. F., Lehenhof.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS SHOWING FOR BLOOM.—
Would some of the readers of the Gardeners'
Chronicle who are Chrysanthemum growers, kindly
say if it is a usual thing for " crown buds " to be
showing so early as July, as a great many are doing
here, viz., Mrs. Wright, Beverley, Val d'Andorre,
Comte de Germiny, Grandillurum, Belle Paule, G.
Glenny, Refulgence, &c , and I fear that many more
will show before long. The cuttings were put in
during the last week in November and the first
week in December, and received cool treatment,
frost only just being excluded. If they are run onto
the terminal bud. would they be good enough for ex-
hibition ? I would also be glad of a remedy for tbrips,
[Tobacco fumigation, or pyrethrum powder. Ed.]
which have been and are still very troublesome.
Young Gardener.

Pinks growing in the garden, and awarded three
marks (xxx) to each of the following varieties : — Her
Majesty (Hooper), Beauty of Bath (Hooper), Modesty
(Turnpr), H^ttie Dean (Dean), Charmer (Dean),
Mrs. Dark (Dean.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee, P. C. M.
Veitch, Esq., in the chair; and Messrs. J. H.Veitch,
Denning, Bates, Reynolds, Wythes, Hudson, Crowley,
Dean, Bilderson, and Cheal, examined the collec-
tion of Peas growing in the garden, and awarded
three marks (xxx) to the following sorts :— Ameer
(Harrison & Sons), Eirly Green Marrow, Sutton's
Empress of India (Sutton & Sans) ; Early Green
Wrinkled.

This Committee met again on 1-lth inst. Present :
— W. Warren, Esq., in the chair; Messrs. Dean,
Woodward, Wythes, Reynolds, Smith, Hudson, and
Denning, when three marks (xxx) were awarded to
the following varieties of Peas, as representing the
bfst types in the collection : — Duke of Albany
(Veitch), tall Green Marrow; Telephone (Veitch),
tall Green Marrow ; Chelsonian (Veitch), tall Green
Marrow; Extra Dtvarf Daisy (Carter & Co.), Green
Marrow ; Critic (Eckford), tall; Essential (Eckford),
tall; Epicure (Eckford), tall; The Echo (Eckford),
dwarf; Alderman (Laxton), tall; The Marquis
(Lixton). tall.

Two marks (xx) were awarded to the following
varieties: — Sutton's Eirly Marrowfat (Sutton &
Sons), dwarf; Optimum (Laxton), tall.

A 1st class certificate was awarded to Potato
Early S^iort Top, provisionally named (Laxton), a
remarkably fine and early variety. Tubers large,
fully-grown — greatly in advance of any other variety.

Societies.

— * —

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Caknation and Picotee Conference.

On the occasion of the Chiswick Conference in
July last year, a sub-committee selected from the
Floral Committee examined the collection of border

Tuesday, July 21. — The show of the National Car-
nation and Picotee Society, and the meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society's committees, which
were held together in the Drill Hall, James Street,
Westminster, made a very gay and attractive whole,
and the attendance of the public was fairly good.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. B. Wynne, W. Goldring, H. Herbst, J. B.
May, F. Ross, G. Phippen, C. E. Pearson, W.
Bennett, T. W. Girdle6toue, H. Turner, C. Noble,
R. Dean, Dr. M. T. Masters, C. Brycesson, P. Paul,
J. Fraser, and J. Laing.

From the nurseries of Messrs. Laing and Mather,
Kelso, came some fairly fine blooms of a fixed sport
of Carnation Souvenir de la Malmaison, named Lady
Middleton ; the ground colour of which is that of the
older pink form (also shown in quantity), of this
variety with crimson stripes; Madame Arthur
Warocque is a bright red flower, a seedling of Belgian
origin, also from Souvenir de la Malmaison Carna-
tion. Two dozen fine blooms of the original Car-
nation Souvenir de la Malmaison were shown, with
flowers not so monstrously overgrown as we some-
times observe them.

A very beautiful lot of stands "of cut-flowers of
Carnations and Picotees was put up by Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. The flowers were, perhaps,
of less substance and size than we have seen them in
other years, but in the purity of their colours and
regularity of outlines, there was nothing left to
desire. A few of the best flowers may be mentioned
— Selfs: Lothian, pink; Silver King, cerise; Florian,
buff; Brilliant, lake; W. P. Milner, Comte de
Chambord, both white ; Royal Purple, purple ;
Masterpiece, carnation-red ; The Coroner, brilliant
scarlet ; Beauty of Foxhall, lich purple; Magnum
Bonum, scarlet; Reynolds Hole, salmon - pink.
Flakes and bizarres : Miss Crombie, yellow, flaked
crimson : Colmont Beauty, pale buff and purple-
rose ; R. Jefferies, yellow and crimson ; Mrs. Thomas,
Thalia, Joe Baystock, &c. Among the border Car-
nations shown in this collection were Border Maid,
rose-self, running out at the margin into white ; and
the Crimson Clove.

A large collection of flowers of hardy perennials iu
variety was staged by Messrs. Paul and Son, Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt. This included seven boxes of
cut Roses in fine condition and rich variety. Rarer
plants observed were Rudbeckia californica, a flower
having large yellow rays, and conical green disc — a
strong grower; Oenothera speciosa, white; CE.
Youngi, deep yellow, a fine plant for borders ; Disa
grandiflora, Potentilla formosa, with rose-red flowers;
Cmna Francis Corbin, yellow ground, spotted with
scarlet ; C. Hippolyte Flandrin, orangj-red ; Anton
Chantin, vellow, sparsely spotted with red ; C. Wil-
helm Pfitzer, bright crimson ; C. Madame Crozy,
crimson, with a bright yellow edge ; and C. Fraii-

cisque Morel, a deep red, very dwarf in habit, and of
telling shade; Bubiana rubro-cyanea; many species
of Lilies, Brodiaja Murrayana, Vallota purpurea
eximeia, and the pretty pink-flowered Pentstemon
barbata.

Some excellent Verbenas, as cut blooms, were
staged by Mr. W. Stacey, florist, Dunmow. There
was great choice of colour, and the trusses were of
good size. It is a pity these pretty plants are not
more employed in beds and borders, and as green-
house plants for early summer use.

Hardy flowers came in great profusion from the
nurseries of Messrs. J. Laing & Son, Forest Hill,
S.E. There were Aletromerias, white Antirrhinums,
Carnations, Anthemis nobilis, yellow rays and
orange disc ; Gaillardia grandiflora, Violas, Gladiolus
ramosus, several Calochortus, Centaurea macro-
cephala, &c.

Some nine boxes of nice Rose blooms were shown
by Mr. W. Rumsey, Wakham Cross; and a semi-
double pink flowered ivy- leaf Pelargonium, Beauty
of Castle Hill, was shown by Mr. R. 0.ven, florist,
Maidenhead. It was dwarf iu habit, and free-
flowering.

Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Wakham Cross, showed
their Tea Rose, Corinna, a pretty pinkish-buff with
a filbert-shaped bud ; II. P. Spenser, a beautiful
Rose, full, of a flesh-pink colour ; and Mrs. Paul, a nice
bouquet Rose, of a small size, and pale blush in colour.
One of the best, if not the best, collections of
self-coloured Sweet Peas we have ever noticed was
that shown by Mr. Eckford, Wem, Salop. Of these
we may name the following colours: — dark purple,
light purple, rose-blush, crimson, pale pink, pale
yellow. Vaiiegated flowers of a good type were also
found in the collection, but the selfs were very
choice and true.

Messrs. Kelway & Sons, Langport, Somerset,
showed a very extensive collection of perennial
Gaillardias, the newest being Buffalo Bill, in naming
which they have come out of the mists of autiquity
to contemporary persons. It has fluted florets of a
yellow colour, and, like all these Gaillardia grandi-
flora, it will come true from seed.

A number of Delphiniums were shown, amongst
them, D. Zalil, a species with a flower of the colour
of the Evening Primrose. Some compact-growing
double-flowered varieties were observed in Langport
Gem and Henry Drummond. Amongt their miscel-
laneous plants may be mentioned Centaurea Tourne-
forti, yellow ; Cephalaria speciosa, creamy white,
globular heads of flowers ; and Telekia speciosa.

From Mr. Bateman's garden at Worthing, came a
fine spike of Phorinium tenax, New Zealand Flax,
which shows that whatever may have been the
severity of the winter near London, it was materially
better on the south coast.

One of the most interesting exhibits consisted of a
series of cut specimens illustrative of the more deco-
rative kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs, forming
an object lesson which greatly needs enforcing.
Among the deep purple-leaved plants none is deeper
than the purple Nut; Amygdalus dulcis purpureus
may also be mentioned, together with Berberis
vulgaris purpureus, and Prunus Pissardi, the yellow
flowers of Berberis aristata, thrown up by a back-
ground of these purple leaves, was very effective.
Acer lfletum, alias colchicum rubrum, A. palmatum
atropurpureum, and others furnish various shades
of purple and red. Among the yellow-leaved
Beries, nothing finer than the golden Catalpa can
be seen, and associated with it may b: mentioned
the Golden Elder, the Golden Oak, " Concordia,"
various Privets, such as ovalifolium var. elegantis-
simum; Maples, Cornels, aud Weigela Loomanni
aurea. The noble foliage of Quercus daimio was
especially conspicuous among the green-leaved set
in strange contrast with the finely-cut leaves of
O. filicifolia. Stephanandra flexuosa, various Maples,
and others " too numerous to mention," went to
make up a very interesting group. Intermixed with
these were cut specimeus of various flowering shrubs,
such as Spir:ca canescens, Weigela sessilifolia, a
yellow-flowered species, new to us, and one that is
interesting, and, perhaps, susceptible of improve-
ment ; at present the colour is like that of the
corolla of Lonicera Ledebouri, a near neighbour of
the Weigela. Specimens of Ceanothus — pink, white,
blue, and cream-coloured; Lea virginica, Car-
michaelia, and others, were effectively mixed in with
the foliage. This group was exhibited by Messrs.
Veitch & Sons.

Orchid Committee.
Present: II J. Witch, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. J. O'Brien, W. Courtauld, T. B. Haywood,

July 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

II I

Maxwell T. Masters, H. Williams, J. Douglas, E.
Hill, C. Pilcher, H. Ballantine, H. M. Pollett, A.
H. Smee.

The Orchids shown, if not very numerous, were of
a choice character. Foremost among them, we may
note Mr. Ilamar Bass's variety of Cattleya Hardyana.
This was a gorgeous flower, of large size, with broad
segments of a very deep rose or rosy-lilac colour, the
fore part of the lip of the richest purple, while the
orange-yellow throat was streaked with purple. No
wonder the award of a First-Class Certificate was
unanimous.

From the garden of the Marquis of Salisbury came
a large number of cut spikes of Saccolabium Blumei,
each of great length, and densely crowded with
flowers ; a Silver Flora Medal was awarded to the
exhibit, which gave evidence of superior cultivation.
Equally remarkable from the point of view of culti-
vation, if not more so, was the group of Disa grandi-
flora shown from Chatsworth, and to which a Silver
Flora Medal was awarded. From the gardens of
T. W. Temple, Esq., Tunbridge Wells, came
a nice group of varieties of Cattleya gigas which
won for the exhibitor a Silver Banksian Medal.
Mr. Temple also showed a plant of a white variety
of Trichopilia tortilis.

Messrs. Seeger & Tropp had a small group of
white flowering Orchids, including Dendrobium
Dearei and D. lophophotnin, together with Aiirides
maculosum. C. G. Smith, Esq , Cobham, showed
the old Oncidium Lanceanum. Mr. B. S. Williams
brought an interesting group of Orchids, for which
he obtained a Silver Flora Medal. Among th?
p'ants exhibited were some nice pieces of Cypripe-
d urn Morgana; x , C. eelligerum rubrum, C. t uper-
biens, C. tonsum, Chysis loevis, the curious orange-
flowered Cochlioda Noezliana (picked out for a
Botanical Certificate), Trichopilia Galeottana, the
whole backed up by a fine lot of Vandas.

Fruit Committee.

Present : W. Warren, Esq , in the chair ; and
Messrs. A. Dean, G. Woodward, G. Wythes, G. Rey-
nolds, J. Snith, J. Hudson, and W. Denning.

A large collection of small fruits, valuable as an
object-lesson to gardeners and amateurs alike, came
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. It con-
sisted of about sixty dishes of Gooseberries, show
and dessert varieties ; a number of stems of the
Gooseberry grown as upright cordons, these being
loaded heavily with berries; some very fine examples
of the best early Cherries, amongst them Imperatrice
Eugene, Governor Wood, Black Eagle, Frogmore
Early Bigarreau, Bigarreau Gros Rouge, Belle Mag-
nifique, Belle d'Orleans, Mammoth, Elton, Nouvelle
Royal. The collection of Raspberries was a
small one, but it contained all or nearly all
the varieties worth growing — we may name the
conical-fruited, prolific Superlative, Carter's Prolific,
and Semper Fidelis, fine for preserving; Carter's
Keighley Queen, Magnum Bonum, Northumberland
Fillbasket, and Yellow Antwerp. About twenty
varieties of Strawberries were shown, including
Helena Gloede, The Captain, Loxford Hall, J. Veitch,
and Latest of All. Some dishes of the best kinds of
black, white, and red Currants completed the exhibit.

Messrs. T. F. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth,
Herts, had some superb dishes of Cherries — Turkey
Black Heart, Ludwig's Bigarreau. Olivet, Geant
d Hedelfuge, May Duke, Black Heart, Bigarreau
Noir de Guben, D'Espague, Bedford Prolific, Griotto
Imperiale. and white Bigarreau. Some few dishes
were shown of early Peaches from the house, such as
Belle Beauce, Exquisite, Albatross, and Stump the
World ; likewise a seedling Nectarine of good eating
quality, which Mr. Rivers bas not yet named. The
Curlew, River's Heron, and Early Transparent Gage
Plums are worthy of notice— the first two novelties
of merit ; the fruits came from au orchard-house.

Messrs. J. Carter & Co., High Holborn. exhibited,
from their trial grounds at Perry Vale, S.E., a col-
lection of eighty-seven dishes of almost as many
varieties of garden Peas. A good many of these
were of their own raising, as Stratagem, Anticipator,
Telegraph, and its selection Telephone ; Elephant, a
fine straight pod, with nine peas therein ; Daisy, a
Pea not yet sent out, a plant 2 feet high, with pods
well filled.

Mr. W. A. Cook, gr. to Major Heneage, Compton
Bassett, Wilts, exhibited eight dishes of various
Peas, of which Sir F. R. Millbank and Th< Duchess
were capital examples.

The Dowager Lady Freake, Fullwell Park,
Twickenham, showed four dishes of excellent
Peaches, Grosse Mignonne, Dr. Hogg, and received
a cultural corumendation.

The Forde Abbey Tomato, a bunch of ripe fruits
weighing four pounds, was shown by Mr. Crook, gr.,
Forde Abbey, Chard, also a seedling Tomato, Abbi-
ana, a smooth red variety.

Mr. Divers, gr. to J. T. Hopwood, Esq., Ketton
Hall, Stamford, showed some very large fruits of
Peaches, Sea Eagle, Barrington, Riyal George,
Prince of Wales, and Princess of Wales ; also the
Nectarine Peach. Most of these fruits were of high
colour, if in some instances barely ripe.

Mr. H. A. Page, gr. to F. Crisp, Esq., White House,
New Southgate, exhibited three massive bunches of
Canon Hall Muscat Grapes, barely finished. Fig.
Ursule d'Avignon, a small pale brown fruit that cracks
when ripe; a new white Currant, Pride of Aston;
and a dish of Nectarines. Lord Howard of Glossop
(gr. Mr. R. Ashton), showed Melons ; and from the
Society's garden came sixteen dishes of Currants,
red, brown, and white.

List of Awards.
Orchid Committee.
Silver Fiora Medal.

To B. S. Williams, Esq., for group of Orchids.

To Duke of Devonshire, for Disa grandiflora.

To Marquis of Salisbury, for Saccolabium Blumei
(cut spikes).

Silver Banksian Medal,

To J. W. Temple, Esq , Tunbridge Wells, for
Cattleya gigas, group.

First-class Certificate,

To Hamar Bass, Esq., Byrkley, for Cattleya
Hardyana (Ilamar Biss's van).

Botanical Certificate.

To B. S. Williams, & Son, for Cochlioda Noezliana.

Floral Committee.
First-class Certificate.
To Allamanda Williamsii, from Messrs. B. S.
Williams & Son.

Awards of Merit.
To Ivy-leaved Pelargonium Beauty of Castle Hill,
from Mr. R. Owen.

To Pteris serrulata pendula, from Mr. F. Lane.
To Rudbeckiacalifornica. from Messrs. Paul & Son.
To Spinea Beauty of Knap Hill, from Mr. A.
Waterer.

To Sweet Pea Lady Penzance, from Mr. II.
Eckford.

To Sweet Pea Venus, from Mr. H. Eckford.

To Sweet Pea Mrs. Eckford, from Mr. H. Eckford.

Botanical Certificate.
To Delphinum Zaiil (species), Messrs. Kelway &
Sons.

Medals.
Silver Flora.
To Messrs. Paul & Son, for Group of Roses, &c.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Son, for Group of cut
hardy foliage.

Silver Banksian.
To Messrs. Laing & Mather, for Collection of cut
Carnations.

To Mr. W. Rumney, for Collection of cut Roses.
To Messrs. Kelway & Sons, for Collection of hardy
flowers.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, for Collection of hardy
flowers.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, for Groups of Lilies.

To Mr. W. Stacey, for Collection of Verbenas.

Bronze Banksian.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Collection of
Carnations and Picotees.

Fhuit Committee.
Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for 250
dishes of fruit.

To Messrs. T. Rivers & Sons, for Peaches,
Plums, &c.

Silver Banksian.
To W. H. Divers, Esq., Ketton Hall, Stamford
for Peaches.

To James Carter, Esq., for Collection of Peas
(ISO vars.).

First-class Certificate.
To Seedling Strawberries, from Mr. W. Allan, gr.
to Lord Suflield, Gunton Park, Norwich.

hall last week, did not appear to know the Royal
Horticultural Society had a special committee of the
most competent men, and he thought the Society
ought to take a more prominent position, and lead
the way instead of being left behind, as an authority
on the subject of fruit, especially as they possessed
such a great collection of trees and varieties in their
gardens. Mr. Rivers concluded his remarks by pro-
posing the following resolution : —

" That it is desirable that the Royal Horticultural
Society, acting through its Fruit Committee, should
endeavour to guide farmers and others, who are
intending to plant, in the choice of the best and
most profitable sorts of fruits, and that a leaflet
should be prepared by the Committee with the
necessary information, and that such leaflets be
distributed by the Royal Horticultural Society in the
widest possible manner."

Mr. J. Wright, in seconding the resolution, said
he had sometimes thought the Council were waiting
for some expression of the views of their Fruit Com-
mittee on this question. It was most desirable and
appropriate that the Society should, as they could,
give good advice to all who need it on the subject of
useful fruit production, and he was sure the Council
would give the best consideration to the resolution.
Mr. Bunyard and Mr. Crowley gave their strong
approval to the object in view, and the resolution
was passed unanimously, Dr. Hogg remarking he
thought the coaimittee had done a good day's work.

National Causation and Picotee Society,
Southern Section.

Miscellaneous Selfs and Fancies. — These, as is usual,
made an effective display ; some fine blooms were
staged, and they attracted a good deal of attention.
The best twenty-four blooms, in not less than twelve
dissimilar varieties, came from Mr. C. Turner, who
had Alnura, Victory, Hutchinson's Rose (self), Mrs.
Reynolds Hole, Annie Douglas, Lord Rendlesham,
Mrs. Maclaren (deep crimson sell), Ruby (ruby
self, very fine), Charles Turner (crimson self),
Fimbriata alba, Germania, Duchess of Fife (soft
pink), Robert Hogg, a rare form, &c. 2nd, Mr. F.
Hooper, Bath, with Mrs. Little, Squire Potts,
run; Queen of Roses, self; Mrs. Reynolds Hole,
White Queen, Alice, flaked with pink ; Rosea
perfecta, self; Mrs. Laing, flaked with purple;
Pride of Penshurst, Ruth, white self, &c. 3rd, Mr.
J. Douglas, with some promising seedlings. 4th, Mr.
T. H. Cattley.

The best twelve blooms, dissimilar, came from Mr.
E. Rowan, who had fine blooms of Purple Emperor,
Comtesse de Paris, Mrs. R. Hole, Vice-Presi-
dent, a rich crimson self; Edith, Rose Celestial,
fine in colour; President, a bright purple self;
Mdlle. Dutouche, maroon self; Mrs. Ducroz, bright
rose ; and Lady Agnes, blush, striped and flaked
with pink. 2nd, Mr. F. Nutt, with very good
flowers, unnamed. 4th, Mr. G. Chaundy.

In the class for twelve plants in pots, there were
two or three collections, but nothing worthy of
special mention.

The premier Carnation was S.F. Henry Cannell,
shown by Mr. J. J. Keen ; and the premier Picotee,
medium rose-edge Madeline, a beautiful flower,
remarkable for its fine quality and purity.

First-class Certificates of Merit were awarded to
Martin R. Smith, Esq., Hayes, for Niphetos, a beau-
tiful white self Carnation of rare quality; and to a
dull red self named Gwendoline, large, and having
finely formed petals.

At the close of the ordinary duties of the Fruit
Committee, Mr. Rivers stated he had a resolution to
propose bearing on the subject of fruit culture,
which was now commanding attention. He said the
Minister of Agriculture, i* speaking at the Guild-

THE MIDLAND PINK SOCIETY.

July 14. — Our Wolverhampton friends un-
doubtedly scored on the occasion of the first exhibi-
tion of the Midland Section of the National Pink
Society on July 14. They were admirably served
in that they were able to hold it in connection with
the Wolverhampton Floral Fete, and the fragrant
Pink on one side of the flower-tent by no means in-
glorious!)' competed with the fragrant Rose on the
other side, as both were in good form.

There were two competitors in the class for twelve
Pinks in distinct varieties, Mr. M. Campbell, florist,
Blantyre, N.B., taking 1st prize with some good
blooms for the season, of Modesty, Boiard, Mary
Anderson, Device, Lowlander, Emmeline, George
Kennedy, Princess of Wales, Empress of India,
Elizabeth, Samuel Barlow, and Sensation. The 2nd
prize was awarded to Mr. James Thurstan, Rich-
mond Road, Cardiff, who had Mrs. Thurstan, Mrs.
Morton, James Thurstan, John Dorington and
George Hodgkiuson, varieties of his own raising, and
seedlings of considerable promise.

112

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

In the class for twelve blooms in not less than
six varieties, Mr. A. R. Brown, Handsworth,
Birmingham, was 1st with well laced blooms of
Fred Hooper, Boiard, Zoe, Amy (very fine), Empress
of India, Modesty, Rosy Morn, George White, and
Victory, a few being in duplicate. 2nd, Mr. M.
Campbell, having, distinct from the foregoing,
Device, Emily, Emmeline, and Angus Paul.
With six blooms distinct, Mr. A. R. Brown was
again 1st, showing in good character, Rosy Morn,
Amy, Boiard, Modesty, George White, and Empress
of India. 2nd, Mr. C. F. Thurstan, Pennfields,
Wolverhampton, with Device, Erudia, and Mrs.
Thurstan differing from the foregoing. Mr. F.
Morton, Merridale Grove, Wolverhampton, was 3rd.
With six blooms in three varieties, Mr. A. R. Brown,
who was in strong form, wa9 again 1st, having Amy,
Modesty, Eurydice, and Victory, two of them in
duplicate. 2nd, Mr. C. F. Thurstan, with George
Hodgkinson, Mrs. Thurstan, Modesty, and a seedling.
Mr. F. Morton was 3rd. The best three blooms in
distinct varieties came also from Mr. A. R. Brown, he
had Amy, Modesty, and Rosy Morn. 2nd, Mr. C. F.
Thurstan, with John Dorington, Boiard, and Mrs.
Thurstan.

In the class for single blooms of purple-laced
Pinks. Mr. Brown was 1st and 3id, with Modesty ;
and Mr. Campbell 4th and 5th, with the same ; Mr.
C. F. Thurstan took the 2nd prize, with Mrs. Thurs-
tan. In the class for red-laced, Mr. Brown waB 1st
and 2nd, with Empress of India ; and Mr. C. F.
Thurstan 3rd, 4th, and 5th, with seedlings.

The premier purple-laced Pink was Amy, shown
by Mr. A. R. Brown, a good-sized full flower, with
finely-formed petals, handsomely laced ; also awarded
a First-class Certificate of Merit ; and the premier
red-laced Empress of India, also from Mr. Brown.

The best six bunches of miscellaneous Pinks,
pight blooms forming a bunch, came from Mr. C. H.
Herbert (Messrs. Thomson & Son), Birmingham, a
very interesting collection, consisting of Daniel
O'Rourke, Ascot, Lord Lyon, Derby Day, Annie
(deep pink, dark centre), and Mrs. Thomson, a small
flower, laced with rosy-red. Messrs. Thomson &
Son also had, not for competition, a stand of
twenty-four bunches of Pinks, similar in the main to
the varieties already named.

From Mr. Robert Sydenham, Birmingham, came
a stand of very handsome laced Pinks, consisting of
The Rector, in superb condition ; Ne Plus Ultra,
Minerva, Henry Hooper, Empress of India, and the
new white variety, Mrs. Lakin. First-class Certifi-
cates of Merit were awarded to The Rector and Mrs.
Lakin. A Certificate of Merit wa3 awarded to Mr.
Charles Turner, Royal Nursery, Slough, for a stand
of blooms of The Rector, Lorina, Lustre, and
Memnon, and unnamed seedlings, twenty-four
blooms in all.

EALING HORTICULTURAL.

Favoubed by fine weather, and held in the beau-
tiful grounds of Hanger Hill House, Ealing, by kind
permission of E. M. Nelson, Esq., J. P., the twenty-
seventh annual exhibition, held on 15th inst., was a
decided success — horticulturally and financially —
the arrangements reflecting much credit on the Hon.
Secretaries, M-Bsrs. Cannon and Dawes.

The competition is now confined to the district —
a good horticultural one. In the class for a group
of plants arranged for effect, Mr. H. Denison, gr. to
T. A. Gledstanes, Esq , Old Manor House, gained 1st
honours for a light and graceful arrangement ; 2nd,
C. Long, gr. to E. P. Oakshott, Esq. ; 3rd, Mr. H.
Viner, gr. to R. Dawes, Esq.

In the smaller class for a group for effect, the most
successful competitors were Mr. J. Beasley. gr. to A.
Fraser, Esq., and Mr. T. Wiseman, gr. to F. Butler,
Esq. Fine foliage plants were very successfully
shown by Mr. Wingrove, gr. to F. Hicks, Esq., and
Mr. H. Viner. For the best specimen stove or
greenhouse plant in bloom, the most successful
competitor was Mr. C. Long. The Coleus from the
latter exhibitor were very fine specimens. Grand
Gloxinias, in rich variety and colour, were contri-
buted by Mr. A. Jones, gr. to E. Hyde, Esq , and
Mr. J. Beasley.

In the class for Caladiums, the post of honour
was secured by Mr. H. Viner with some well-
developed examples ; and Miss Lilian Hudson,
Gunnersbury, was invincible in the class for three
stands or vases of flowers for the dinner table ; 2nd,
Mr. W. Merridew, gr. to F. Garlach, Esq. ; 3rd, Mr.
E. Chadwick, gr. to E. M. Nelson, Esq., the latter
exhibiting successfully with bouquets and other cut
flowers. Mrs. H. B. Smith, Court Florist, Broadway,
Ealing, sept some very fine bouquets, in her usual

tasteful style, not for competition. Mr. Godfrey,
manager to Mr. William Whiteley, Hillingdon, con-
tributed cut blooms of Orchids — Cattleyas in good
variety, and other choice things — which were much
admired.

Fruit was not shown extensively, probably on
account of the season. 5 or four dishes, the premier
award was assigned to Mr. S. Wingrove, gr. to F.
Hicks, Esq., who had good Peaches, Melons, and
Nectarines ; equal 2nd, Mr. C. Edwards, gr. to
W. Owen, Esq. ; and Mr. H. Viner.

Some very good examples of Black Hamburgh
and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes (not for competi-
tion) were staged bv Mr. Thompson, gr. to Messrs.
W. and E. Wells, Hattonhurst, Hounslow.

For a collection of vegetables (prizes offered by
Messrs. Sutton & Sons), the successful competitors
were Mr. S. Wingrove, Mr. C. Edwards, and Mr. E.
Chadwick.

Some capital examples of Tomatos Hackwood
Park and Westbourne Grove Favourite were staged
(not for competition) by Mr. T. Godfrey, manager to
Mr. W. Whiteley. The cottagers made a good and
extensive display of vegetables, &c.

Some very beautiful and tasteful groups of plants
(not for competition) adding much to the beauty of
the show, were contributed by Mr. G. Reynolds, The
Gardens, Gunnersbury Park; Messrs. Fromow &
Sons, Chiswick; Messrs. C. Lee & Son, Hammer-
smith, the latter showing, in addition, a fine selec-
tion of cut Roses and hardy herbaceous flowers ;
Mr. G. Weeden, St. John's Nursery, Ealing ; and
Mr. Holden, Park Road, Acton.

HIGHGATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

July 16. — One of the prettiest, brightest, and
best-managed of the suburban horticultural societies,
is that held at Highgate, on this occasion in a
portion of the grounds of Holly Lodge, the residence
of Baroness Burdett-Coutts. Two tents took the
exhibits, plants being a leading feature in one, and
cut flowers and fruits in the other. A number of
special prizes, given by leading supporters of the
society, served to bring out interesting features ;
then the President, Mr. W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P.,
gave some for a group of flowering plants, which
formed a good feature along the sides of the plant
tent. Mr. J. Broeks, gr. to W. Reynolds, Esq ,
Highgate, was 1st, having a free arrangement —
Fuchsias, Liliums (auratum and speciosum), Trache-
lium cceruleum. and its white form ; Hydrangea
paniculata, Francos, Petunias, &c. Mr. A. Eason,
gr. to B. Noakes, Esq., Highgate, was 2nd. The
President offered prizes also for a group of miscel-
laneous plants — six pots of Mignonette, a stand of
flowers for the table, pots of Musk, model garden,
&c, some of which were competed for by cottagers
and amateuis, who contributed some capital pro-
duce. Baroness Burdett - Coutts offered special
prizes for a collection of hardy cut flowers, which
was won by Mr. T. L. Turk, gr. to T. Boney, Esq.,
Highgate, who staged forty-eight bunches — a very
good lot indeed. Mr. C. J. Wilkins, gr. to W.
Smith, Esq., Muswell Hill, was 2nd ; also, for a
collection of hardy fruits, Mr. A. Page, gr. to A.
Taylor, Esq., The Priory, New Southgate, who had
sixteen dishes, comprising Cherries, Strawberries,
Raspberries, Currants, &c. Mr. C. Shepherd, gr. to
J. S. Duval, Esq., South Grove House, was 2nd,
with the same number of dishes ; also for a collection
of wild flowers.

Mr. A. J. Reynolds' special prizes for twelve
tuberous-rooted Begonias brought some well-grown
and flowered plants from Mr. C. Payne, gr. to C. J.
Whittingham, Esq , Shepperd's Hill ; Mr. G. Quelch
took the 2nd prize. Mr. H. R. Williams offered
prizes for a collection of hardy fruits, which also
brought a good competition for such a late season ;
the 1st prize was won by C. Halsey, a cottager.
Mr. F. Reckitt's special prize for six flowering plants
brought a good competition ; as also did his prizes for
a collection of miscellaneous fruit. Mrs. Stedall's
leading special prize for a group of plants was won
by Mr. J. Brittain, gr. to C. J. Reckitt, Esq., Caen
Wood Towers ; Mr. Eason was 2nd. Mr. W. Scrym-
geours' prizes for plants for table decoration, brought
several competitors, and also for Gloxinias; some
excellently grown and flowered plants were staged.
Mr. W. Reynolds' special prizes for six stove and
greenhouse plants brought a very good lot indeed
from Mr. H. Eason, consisting of Eucharis ama-
zonica, Gloriosa superba, Allamanda Hendersoni, &c.
Mr. B. Noake'a special prizes for six fine foliaged
plants, brought a capital lot from Mr. Brittain, two

well-coloured Crotons, and two Dracanas, being the
leading subjects ; and the special Gardeners' Maga-
zine medal was awarded to this collection ; Mr.
H. Eison took the 2nd prize.

One novel feature appeared, through the special
prizes offered by Mr. H. Regnart for twelve plants
of Tuberous-rooted Begonias and twelve of Gloxinias.
These, arranged on tables in four lines of six each,
the Begonias at back and the Gloxinias in front, had
an excellent effect. Mr. C. Payne was 1st, having
the strongest Begonias and the weakest Gloxinias ;
Mr. H. Eaeon was 2nd, having very good Gloxinias,
but a little weak in Begonias.

Major Walker's special prizes for six Coleus brought
some good-sized pyramidal-trained plants, but rather
small in foliage, from Mr. J. Brittain ; Mr. Eason
was 2nd, with smaller bush-shaped plants, of bolder
growth. Mr. Wilkinson offered prizes for six plants
in flower, as also did Mr. T. Boney, and brought well-
grown and flowered subjects.

Mr. Eason had the best four Orchids, having
Cattleya Gaskelliana, Cymbidium Lowii, Miltonia
vexillaria, and Oncidium papilio ; Mr. J. Brooks
was 2nd, with three Cattleyas and Cypripedium
Lawrenceanum.

Fuchsias were a good feature for the London
district; Caladiums small, but well grown.

Exotic Ferns, in sixes, good. Petunias very good.
The best specimen plant in flower was Clerodendron
Balfourianum, from Mr. Eason ; Mr. Brooks coming
2nd, with Allamanda. Fine plants of Latania bor-
bonica and Seaforthia elegans divided the honours as
foliaged plants.

Roses were shown in twelve varieties, three trusses
of each, some very good flowers being shown by an
exhibitor whose name did not transpire. Mr. S.
Simpson's special prize for twelve varieties was
taken by Mr. J. Bateman, Archway Road. The best
twenty-four bunches of cut-flowers came from Mr.
H. G. Russell, gr. to H. Mansfield, Esq., Highgate.
Mr. H. Elcock had the best twelve bunches of
tuberous-rooted Begonias arranged for effect.

The better class of fruit, such as Grapes, &c,
was poorly represented. The best two dishes of
Strawberries were Sir C. Napier and President, from
Mr. H. G. Russell.

Vegetables were numerous, and on the whole, very
good. Mr. C. Gregory had the best three dishes of
Peas — Telegraph, Duke of Albany, and Telephone.

The 1st prize for an arrangement of three pieces
for the dinner-table went to the Secretary, Mr. D.B.
Crane, for a very artistic design in Iceland Poppies,
Ferns, and Grasses, that was greatly admired.

WOODFORD HORTICULTURAL EXHI-
BITION.

The nineteenth annual exhibition of the Wood-
ford Horticultural Society was held on Thursday,
July 16. in the pretty grounds of Mrs. Spicer,
" Harts," Woodford Green. The entries were
more numerous than last year, and the exhibits
were staged in two marquees, one devoted to cut
flowers and table decorations, the other to specimen
plants, fruit and vegetables. There was a large
attendance of visitors.

The fruit shown was fairly good. There were
sixteen entries in the Grape classes. Strawberries
were not well represented. Currants were very fine.
Vegetables were very good, and some first - class
Tomatos and Cucumbers were shown. As usual,
the stove and greenhouse plants and Ferns were
deserving of great merit, and were a leading feature.
In the cut-flower department, the table decorations
and bouquets were very pretty. Messrs. W. Paul &
Son and Mr. W. Rumsey, of Waltham Cross, con-
tributed a magnificent display of Roses, the latter
having a box of a new Noisette named Noia
l'Id6ale, worthy of special notice. Messrs. Paul &
Son, of Cheshunt, exhibited hardy herbaceous cut-
blooms, and several baskets of Strawberries con-
taining splendid specimens of fruit, amongst which
newer kinds worthy of note were Noble, Latest of
All, Anguste Nicaise, and La Grosse Sucree.

ROYAL WESTERN HORTICULTURAL.

July 21. — After a lapse of seven years, this
society has this year been re-started under entirely
new management, and a schedule was issued consisting
of about 172 classes, and a liberal response was made
in the shape of subscriptions. A great feature, and
one which helped the Society much, was the opening
of the exhibition by the Duke and Duchess of Edin-
burgh, who afterwards inspected the various exhibits.
Mr. Sandford, Junr., of the firm of Curtis, Sandford

July 25, 1891.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

113

& Co., presented the Ducheea with a handsome
bouquet made of Duke of Edinburgh Roses.

The nurserymen of the neighbourhood came out
well, and did much to make the exhibition a success.
Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Royal Nurseries, Exeter,
showed a group, about 40 feet by 7 feet, the centre of
which was occupied by various Bamboos, Palms,
and Japanese Maples, relieved by Lilium auratum,
L. Brownei, L. Harrissi, &C The group included a
group of fine Carnations of the varietie 8 La Grande,
Lady Middleton, Rose Malmaison, Germania, &c,
with Carnations, as cut flowers, in the front, consist-
ing of many new and choice varieties. Other flowers
noticed were pans of Droseracapensis, Dionrea Musci-
pula and Sarracenias chelsonixaud exoniensisx,
which were much admired ; a handsome plant of Bland-
fordiana nobilis, boxes of Roses, Asparagas scandens
reflexus. and a fine flowering spike of Morina longi-
folia. Very fine plants of Gloxinias were a feature
of the group, also tuberous Begonias, in great variety,
and Orchids in variety.

Mr. Smale, nurseryman, Torquay, staged a large
group, principally of cut flowers, of hardy perennials,
Roses in variety, Dahlias, zonal and Ivy-leaved Pelar-
goniums, which were backed up by Palms, Crotons,
Ferns, Caladiums, Fucbias, Eulalias, &c, making a
very attractive whole. Messrs.Mill&Tweedie, Truro,
exhibited a large collection of cut flowers of Pearson's
new single and double-flowered Ivy-leaved Pelargo-
niums, Roses in variety, Carnations, hardy perennials,
and a variety of Shirley Poppies, &c. Messrs Curtis,
Sandford & Co., Torquay, staged a magnificent lot
of Roses, and especially even in size, and in boxes,
of Duke of Edinburgh, Merveille de Lyon, Baronesse
de Rothschild and La France ; good blooms of
H.P.'s were observed in Marie Baumann, Etienne
Levet, Charles Lefebvre, A. Colomb, Ulrich Brunner,
Prince Arthur, Duchess de Morny, and Victor
Verdier. Cactus Dahlias in variety were likewise
shown by them. Messrs. Smith & Sons, St. Austell,
staged a grand collection of cut blooms of double-
flowered Tuberous Begonias in every shade of colour,
the salmon-coloured Henry Brown being especially
good. Mr. J. R. Williams, Compton Nurseries,
Plymouth, staged a large collection of decorative
plants in great variety. Mr. Chalice, nurseryman,
Plympton, staged a beautiful collection of well-grown
Palms, Fuchsias, zonal Pelargoniums, Begonias, Or-
chids, Hydrangeas, Petunias, AnthuriumB, &c, very
effectively arranged. Messrs. Hendre & Sons, Ply-
mouth, put up a fine collection of plants, including
many fine Petunias, as well as fine assortment
of cut blooms of their handsome single and double
fringed Petunias, Carnations, &c.

Groups of flowering and foliaged plants, not ex-
ceeding thirty plants, 1st, Mr. Chalice, with a group,
which consisted of Lilium longiflorum Harrisi, Car-
nations, Palms, Drac:cnas, Nepenthes, Caladiums,
&c. ; 2nd, Mr. Truscott. Mr. F. Clatworthy, gr. to
F. Biadshaw, Esq., was 1st for six Coxcombs ; and
Mr. J. Pengelly, gr. to W. Square, Esq., was 2nd.
Mr. Chalice was 1st for six plants for dinner-table
decorations, and Mr. J. Pengelly was 2nd.

Fruit. — Mr. W. A. Cox was 1st for white Grapes
and Mr. Truscott for black ones. Mr. Cox was 1st
for twelve Peaches, showing Corytoni, a variety
raised at Powderham Castle— some very fine well-
coloured fruits ; 2nd, Mr. R. Pond, with excellent
fruits. For twelve Nectarines, Mr. T. Marsh, gr. to
Sir F. Freake, Bart., was 1st, for Lord Napier— very
fine fruits ; 2nd, Mr. Cox. Mr. Marsh won with
Melon Hero of Lockinge.

Miscellaneous. — The best dinner-table decoration
was that of Miss Scaife, with Mr. Cole as 2nd,
Cut flowers were shown in excellent taste by Mr.
Pound ; Carnations by Rev. D. Jenkins, who also
took honours for twelve varieties of Roses ; Mr. Cox
being 2nd, who was also 1st for six Orchids.

Vegetables were Bhown in abundance, and were of
good quality generally. For twelve dishes, Mr. F.
Catworthy was 1st, with Walcheren Cauliflower,
Moore's Cream Marrow, Lettuce Veitch Perfect
Gem, Duchess Peas, Telegraph Cucumber, Bunyard's
Extra Long Pod Peas, Tomato Glenburst Favourite,
Veitch's Purple Shallot, Nonpareil Cabbage, Wright's
Gem White Celerv. and Devill's Extra Scarlet
Horn Carrot; 2nd, Mr. W.Jenkins.

Cottagers' Section.— Some excellent exhibits were
shown in these classes, and the competition was
severe.

PRESCOT HOBTICDLTXJRAL.

Favoured with fine weather on the 16th inst.
the seventh annual exhibition in connection with
the Prescot and District Horticultural Society was

eminently successful. The show was held in a field
at Park Side, lent for the occasion by Mr. James
Whittaker, sen. The principal exhibits numbered
over 700, an increase of 100. The prizes offered
amounted to £120 in value, against £90 last year.
The principal prize-winners were Mr. Edward
Banner, Roby (gr., Mr. R. Pinnington) ; Mrs.
Baxter, Rainhill (gr., Mr. E. Blythen) ; Mr. E.
C. Levington, Huyton (gr., Mr. H. McFall) ;
Alderman C. J. Bishop, St. Helens (gr., Mr. E.
Gray) ; Mr. G. G. Musson (Prescot) ; Mr. T, Harding,
Roby (gr., Mr. William Learman) ; Colonel R. Pil-
kington, Rainford (gr., Mr. George Middleton) ; Mr.
J. E. Brown, Huyton (gr., Mr. Joseph Watkin) ;
Mrs. H. S. Hall, St. Helens (gr., Mr. John Price) ;
Mr. A. L. Jones, Huyton (gr., Mr. John Bounds) ;
Mr. John Parrington. Roby (gr., Mr. Thomas
Heaton) ; Mr. John Beesley (Prescot), Mr. John
Pownall (Prescot), Mr. W. H. Evans, Huyton (gr.,
Mr. James Mather), Mr. Charles Lockett (Prescott),
Mr. John Lyon (Rainhill), Mr. John Pendleton
(Prescot), and Mr. N. Mercer. Special prizes for
the best Roses in the collection were won bv Mr.
John Beesley (open class) and Mr. N. Mercer
(cottagers' class).

MANCHESTER ROSE SHOW.

July 18. — The Rose show held in the Royal
Botanic Gardens brought out some of the best
exhibitors in the trade and amongst amateurs. The
season being backward in the north, the southern
growers took the lead, and not a single northern
exhibitor was able to take a 1st place. The
Roses were a little over-blown, owing to the heat
and the long distances some of them had travelled.
The setting of good blooms enhances the appearance
of boxes of cut flowers, which is more or less remem-
bered by exhibitors, and the Tree Ferns and Palms
and ground-work of lesser plants in the show area
helped in a capital manner.

Taking the trade first, undoubtedly Mr. F. Cant, of
Colchester, carried off the three best prizes. The
trebles in thirty-six and in twenty-four varieties, were
superb ; and although the English Fruit and Rose
Co., Hereford, beat him with " seventy-two distinct
singles," they had not the quality of blooms, and
generally speaking, they carried the day by their
blooms being in a better condition than his.

The English Fruit and Rose Company had some
excellent blooms, although not quite so large, full,
and well staged. Mr. W. H. Merryweather showed
an excellent assortment, and so did Paul & Sons,
Dicksons of Chester, and Mr. George Prince, Oxford ;
the latter grower had a beautiful lot of Tea Roses,
comprising the Hon. Edith Giflard, Souvenir d'Elise,
Innocente Pirola, a fine large-petalled white, and
several others. Mr. Cant had the best Teas and
Noisettes. Most of the exhibitors named above had
capital stands of twelve singles of one variety, of
which Her Majesty, Merveille de Lyon, and Mrs. J.
Laing, were the finer.

Messrs. Perkins & Sons, Coventry, had a credit-
able lot of Roses, and although he was defeated by
Mr. Mason, a local exhibitor, in bouquets of Roses,
they Bhowed with style and spirit. Dickson &
Robinson, and Dickson, Brown & Tait, of Man-
chester, had a great variety of cut blooms of
various Roses.

The amateurs, although not so weighty, had on the
whole some very fine flowers. They did not differ in
sorts essentially from those named in the above
classes. The 1st prize for thirty-six singles was
awarded to Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Essex ; Mr. S. F.
Budd, Mr. J. B. Lindsett, Hitchin, and Rev. Foster
Melliar following in the order named. Among the
best Roses were Marie Finger, Gabrielle Luizete, Her
Majesty, Madame Lambard, Annie Rivers, Star of
Waltham, and Abel Carriere. Mr. Pemberton also
took 1st position in trebles. Mr. Budd and Mr.
Foster Melliar also bad fine stands.

In Tea RoseB, Rev. W. Burnside took leading
position, Mr. S. F. Budd also showing well. Among
the novelties in colour was Marie Van Houtte,
with fine shell petal of a light colour dashed with
yoke of egg colour at the base.

Miscellaneous— Messrs. Clibran & Son, Altrincbam,
had a nice assortment of herbaceous and alpine
flowers. Mr. M. Campbell, High Blantvre, sent a very
creditable display ot fancy Pansies in fine sorts, only
the hot weather had curled up the blooms. Messrs.
Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, N.B., sent also a fine col-
lection, chiefly of Violas, and some of the best strains
of Sweet Williams we have seen for years. A rather
pretty novelty was sent by Mr. John Walkden, Sale,
in the shape of a Heliotrope-scented Pink bearing

the name of Souvenir de Sale. It will make a pretty
border flower, being of pale pink, with white centre,
rather full, and of the odour of the Heliotrope.
There were several other good exhibits.

One of the unique exhibits, which not only
deserved the Gold Medal of the society but the
Lindley Medal for superlative cultivation, was the
collection of Disa grandiflora sent from Chatsworth.
The plants numbered sixty-nine, and we venture to
say, without fear of contradiction, that no such group
of' plants has been exhibited before. The total
number of racemes was one hundred and eighty-
eight, each with four flowers.

The Pink Show. — This was a comparatively limited
exhibition. If the weather was cold for the un-
folding of the Roses, so it was even in a more marked
degree for the Pinks. Nothing could be finer than
the 1st prize group, they were large and finely
coloured. Among the best flowers were Amy,
Minerva, Ethel, Maud, Modestie, Boiard (a grand
flower), Mrs. Barlow, Mr. Barlow, and a lot of
seedlings which, doubtless, will have their respective
pedigrees, but they did not appear on the cards
The two that were singled out on this occasion were
a deep red-blotched flower named Bertha, and a light
red-blotched one named Jas. Percival. Even judges
and the disappointed competitors should not forget
being "hauled over the coals" about not giving a
seedling a certificate, and that " a chiel's amang them
takin notes." On being asked for a certificate, the
judge said, " It will be a flower some day, it wants
clipping."

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° conticued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

TEMl'EBATURE.

K A I > FALL.

BBKiHT

Sun.

Accumulated.

■

3 J

1 a

TiS

sis

"H O

1- <w

0 a

±1

a 0
MB

1-5

-J ■

••8

as a
-.S

O .

u
O .

o" u

p J

*a 'E &
o" o *-

0 a
an

■5 '3 ~.

- H °°

- u •

*2
j~i -
— \ji

a •

0 a

a. a
^■~>

0 «

Sa la s

D.iy-
deg.

Day-
deg.

Day. Da}'- lOths

deg. [ deg. Inch.

los.

2 +

106

+ 131 + re a -

119

23.1

2 +

118

— 37 + 101J 2 +

11.2

1 +

120

— 89^ + 95:0 aver

0 aver

132

- 74 + 12sj 3 —

10.4

1 +

131

— 52 + 116

5 -

12.1

t) aver

139

— 72 + 149

5 —

11 4

2 +

121

+ 75+ 4ti

5 —

15.:

2 +

129

+ 19+ 35

7 —

11.5

1 +

124

— 43 + 118 4 —

15.C

a +

124

+ 26+ 28; 3 —

102

125

i +

125

+ 25 + 31 1 -

14.7

1 + 137

— 3 + 40 3 —

12.8

The districts indicated by Dumber in the first column
the f jllowiDg : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — I, S-otlainl,
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England,
5. Midland Counties ; 6, Eugland, S.
Frincipal Grazing, tSfe., Districts— 7. Scotland, W.
England, N.W.; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending July 18, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather remained fair and dry generally
until towards the end of the week, when it became
showery and unsettled, with local thunderstorms.

"The temperature has ju^t (quailed the mean in
' England, E.,' and ' S.,' but in all other districts it has
been 1° or 2° above. The hignestof the maxima were
registered on the 17th, when the thermometer rose
to between 79° and 82° over the greater part of
England, and to between 73° and 78° in the western

114

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[July 25, 1891.

and northern parts of the kingdom. The lowest of
the minima, which were recorded on rather irregular
dates, ranged from 40° in ' Scotland, N./ and 41° in
the ' Midland Counties ' to 47° in ' England, N.W.,'
and the ' Channel Islands,1

"The rainfall has been a little more than the
mean in ' Scotland, E.,' and equal to it in ' England,
N.E.'; in nearly all other districts, however, a
decided deficit is shown.

11 Bright sunshine has exceeded the mean in all
except the eastern and the north-eastern parts of
the kingdom. The percentage of the possible
amount of duration ranged from 61 in 'England,
S.W.,' and the ' Channel Islands,' and from 50° in
' Ireland, N.,' to 21° in 'England, N.E/"

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, July 23.
A brisk trade doing in Currants and Raspberries,
with supplies good. Cherries and other goods, slow
trade. James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market.
Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices
s.d. s.d.

Apples, §-siere - ...

— Nova, Sjotia, brl. ... - ...

— Tasnuniin, case ... - ...

Cherries, £ sieve 4 0-80

Goojeberne?, J-aieve 2 0-36
Grapes 16-30

Lemons, per case ..,

Melons

Peaches, per dozen...
Pine-apples. Sc. Mi

chael, each
Strawberries, per lb

s. d. s. d.
15 0-25 0
16-30

1 6-10 0

2 0-80
0 2-08

Note.— Bananas and Apricots differ in price so greatly,
according to quality and quantity on sale, that no trustworthy
quotitious can be afforded.

Cut Flowers.— Average Whole:ale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Arum Lilies, 12blins. 2 0-40
Asters, French,

12 bunches 6 0-12 0

— English, per

dozen blooms ... 0 4- 0 6
Bouvardia, perbunch 0 6-10
Camatiois, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Cloves, per doz.blms. 0 6-10
Cornflower, 12 buos. 16-30
Delphiniums, I2buns. 3 0-60
Eucharis, per dozen 3 0-60
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardeuia, per dozen 2 0-40
Glidiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lilium cindidum,

12 bunches ... 9 0-12 0

— 12 blms. ... 0 4 0 9

— various, 12 bun. 6 0 12 0
Lilium Harrisii, doz. 3 0-40
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerites, 12buus. 3 0-60
Mignonette, doz.bua. 16-30
Myosotis, 12 bunches 2 0-40

s. d. s.d.
Orchids : —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
OJontog 1 ossu m
crispuui, 12 blms. 3 0-60
Pansies, 12 bunches 0 6-16
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 3 0-60

— 12 spays 0 6-09

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0- 4 u
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 10-90
Primulas, double, 12

sprays 0 6-10

Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chils),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozsn ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 10-60
Spircea, per bunch ... 0 4-06
Stock-% p^rdoz. buns. 3 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 2 0-40
SweetSultan,12buu. 2 0-40
Tub;roses, per dozen

0 3-06

blooms
Orchid-bloom in variety.
Potatos. — Home-grown from all tin districts surrounding
Londjn, are coming to hind in fairly heavy quiatities. Prices
ruling from 5s. to as. per cwt. J. B. T/nmis.

Globe,

Vegetables.— Average Retail Priced.

s.d. s, d. ] s. d. 5

Lettuce?, per doz. ... 1 0
Mu-ihroonn, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

puauet 0 4-

Parsley. perbunch... 0 4-
Shillots, per lb. ... 0 6
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9
Turnips, per bunch , 0 6-

Artichokes,

eich 0 4

Be ins, French, lb. ... 1 0
Beet, red, per doz-m 2 0
Carrots, per bunch... 0 6
Cauliflowers, each .
Celery, per bundle
Cucumbers, each
Endive, per dozen
Herbi, per bunch

Plants in Pot.

. 0 6-
. 2 6-
. 0 4-
.20
.0 4-

0 6
30

Average Wholesale Prices.

S. d. s. d.

per

Aralia Sieboldi

doz "... 6 0-12 0

Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-42 0

— specimen plants,

each 7 6-10 6

Bedding plants, va-
riety, per dozen ... 10-20
Bouvardia, per dozen 9 0-18 0
Caladium3, per doz.12 0-18 0
Calceolaria, per doz. 4 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0- 12 0
Draceeua terminalis,

per dozen 30 0 6) 0

— viridis, p3rdozenl2 0 21 0
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-18 0

Ericas, various, per

dozen 8 0-18 0

Evergreens, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-24 0

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4 0-18 0

Ficus elastica, each 16-70

s.d.
Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2 0-
Fuelisias, per dozen 4 0-
Heliotrope, per doz, 4 0
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0

— pauiculata, per

plant 1 6

Ivy Pelargoniums,

per do^en 4 0-

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18 0-

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3 0
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0
Migaonette, per doz. 4 0-
Musk, per dozen ... 2 0-
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6 0

Palms in variety,

each 2 6

Pelargoniums, doz. 8 0

— scarlet, per doz, 3 0-
Spiran, per dozen .,, 6 0

s. d.

10 0

■ 9 0

■ 8 0
18 0

2 0

• 6 0

30 0

■ 6 0
12 0

■ 6 0

- 4 0

12 0

-21 0
-12 0

- 6 0
9 0

FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : July 21. — Quotations:— Cabbages, 2s. to
3s. per tally; Cauliflowers, Is. Qd. to 25. Qd. per dozen ; Peas,
Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd. per bushel ; do., 2s. 3d. to 3s. 6 i. per sack ; Sea-
kale, Is. to Js. Qd. per punnst ; Vegetable Marrows, 3s. to 4s.
perdozan; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. Qd. per dozen bunches ; Carrots,
Is. Qd. to 2s. do. ; Parsley, Is. Qd. to 2s. do. ; frame Cucumbers,
Is. 9d. to 2i. Qd. per dozen; Horseradish, 12.-. to 13s. per
dozen bundles; Mint, Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd. do.; spring Onions,
2s. Qd. to 5s. per dozsn bunches; C03 Lettuce, id. to 8i. per
score; Cabbage do., id. to Qd. per dozen ; Endive, Is. to Is. Qd.
do. ; Gooseberries, 2s. Qd. to 4s. per half-sieve ; black Currants,
7s. do. ; white do., 5s. to 6s. do. ; red do., 4s. to 5s. do. ; black
Cherries, 4s. Qd. to 6s. do. ; white do., 7s. to 10s. do. ; Rasp
barries, 30s. to 32s. per cwt. ; Strawberries, 2s, to 3s. per peck.

Stratford : July 22.— There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade was done as under : — Cabbages, 2s. to
3s. Qd. per tally; Carrots, household, Is. Qd. to 2s. 6 i. per dozen
bunches; cattle-feediDg, Is. to Is. 3d. do.; Onions, Egyptians,
100s. to 110s. per ton ; Green Peas, Is. Qd. to 2*. Qd. per sieve ;
do., 2s. 3d. to 5s. per bag; black Currants, 6s. Qd. to 7s. per
half-sieve; red do., 4s. to 5s. do. ; white do., 4s. to 5s. Qd. do. ;
Gooseberries, 2s. Qd. to 4s. do.; do., 5s. to 7s. per flit ; Straw-
berries, 2s. to 3s, per peck.

SEED3.

London, JuTy 22. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, Loudon, S.E., write that
business in seeds, as might bs expected, is just now at a stand-
still. Samples of new French Trifolium are showiug, but the
prices asked are considered ridiculously high; moreover, no
great demand is anticipated this season. Mustard and Rape
teed keep steady. Choice LinSeed is soared. Birdseeds move
otf alo*wly oh former terms.

POTATOS.

Borough: Juhj 21. — Quotations: — Kent and Essex
Hebrons, £5 to £5 10s.; Early Rose, £t 10s. to £5 ; kidneys,
£6 to £7. Old: Magnums, £i to £i 10s. ; Jersey new, £7 to
£7 10s. ; Cherbourg dukes, £o ; and rounds, £5 per ton.

Stratford : July 22.— Quotations : — Myatt's kidneys, 120s.
to 140s.; Hebrons, 90s. to 110s.; Jersey flukes, 170s to 180s.;
foreign, Cherbourg, 140s. to 150s. per ton.

Enquiry.

■ — . —

" He that ouestioneth much shall learn much." — BACON.

Would any correspondent kindly inform "A. W. "
what proportion of carbolic acid to water should be
used on the roots of Vines.

Notices to Correspondents.

Correction — Second Innings of the Gardeners' v.
Seedsmen's Cricket Match in last issue, for " E.
Cannell," read " C. C. Hurst."

Chop of Black Currants : A. W. The amount of fruit
to be obtained would vary with circumstances, but
a good crop on bushes of the size given would be
about 1 gallon per bush. This season Black Cur-
rants suffered much from spring frosts.

Grapes : J. K. The shanking is due to so many
causes, that we cannot say which of them has
caused it in your case. The commoner cause is a
bad state of the roots, brought about by badly
drained close pasty soil, this causing the loss of the
finer roots — look to the border in early autumn.
For red-spider you must sponge the leaves with
soapy water. It is a tedious job, but effectual.

Insects: W. M. (Oakwood). The Rose-shoots are
attacked by a small black-and-white saw-fly —
Teluthredo cincta, of Linnaius = Emphytus
cinctus of modern writers (see figure and de-
scription in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1856, p. 421),
the larvse of which burrow into the young shoots,
eating the central pith, and making cylindrical
gangways. Pick off and burn all the attacked
shoots without delay. /. O. W.—J. P. The insect
which has bored into your Apple tree is the
caterpillar of a moth, Zeuzera aexuli.

Leaf from Cucumber: J. B. We have frequently
seen similar outgrowths.

Name of Apple : W, J. F. We are unable to name
the Apple sent.

Names of Plants: I. O. W. Astrantia major. H.
J. Ross, Davos Plats. Orchis ustula, O. militaris,
Gymnadenia conopsea, R. Br. ; Nigritella angus-
tifolia, Rich. ; N. suaveolens, a natural hybrid
from the last two. — D. C. Crested Moss. — C. S.
Ampelopsis. We cannot tell from the specimens
sent. — J. R, W. 1, Acer palmatum ; 2, Cam-
panula—send better specimen ; 3, Ginkgo adian-
tifolia (Maidenhair tree) ; 4, not recognised ; 5,
Ixora sp. ; 6, Spiraaa. callosa ; 7, Acer negundo
variegatum. — Mrs. C. Lythrum hyssopifolium. —
V. O. Galega officinalis, perfectly hardy. There is
also a white Variety. — R. H. 1, Alocasla hybrida ;

2, Davallia (Leucostegia) immersa ; 3, Dieffen-
bachia nobilis ; 4, Nephrolepis tuberosa ; 5,
Nerium oleander flore-pleno, a good variety ; 6,
Begonia argtntea. The numbers were all detached,
consequently we can only gutss at them. — W. D. H
Potentilla fruticosa. — J. M., Bath, Next week. —
No name, lc, Statice latifolia ; 2c, Potentilla
atro-sanguinea ; 3c, Centaurea macrocephala ; 4c
Telekia speciossima ; 5c, not recognised ; 6;,
Watsonia Meriana. — J. McM. 1 aDd 2, species o
Ornithogalum, which we cannot name ; 3, Astran-
tia Biebersteinii, probably ; 4, Erigeron speciosus ;
5, Lysimachia thyrsiflora; 6, Mimulus cardinalis.
— E, R. 1, (?); 2, Clarkia pulchella ; 3, Mal-
colmia maritima ; 4, Oxalis sps. ; 5, Campanula
sps. ; 6, Cuphea platycentra. Specimens dried up
when received. — A Constant Reader. 1, Blechnum
occidentale ; 2, Adiantum macrophyllum; 3, Poly-
podium appendiculatum ; 4, Adiantum concinnum
latum; 5, Pteris argyrcei; 6, Asplenium Belau-
geri. — J, M. 1, Coronilla varia ; 2, Anchusa
italica ; 3, Sedum spurium ; 4, Centaurea; 5, not
recognised.

Nursery Land: A Young Nurseryman, Have
nothing [to do with it. Something much better
suited for a nursery-ground may turn up. " B'ack
loam " overlying blue clay does not seem to be
very enticing.

Parsnips : George Thompson. We have sent off the
Parsnips and insects to our referee, and will be
able to give you a reply to your question next
week.

Peas : J. S. We have seen similar mossy out-
growths before. We suspect rather than know
that they are caused by the irritation of a mite.
There is no fungus.

Petunias Dyinq-off : T. H., Devon. It is almost
impossible to examine satisfactorily the Petunia
foliage, on account of so much sand adhering, as
to break all the cover glasses. I find nothing the
matter with the roots, and no evidence of Perono-
spora. The dead tissue is full of mycelium, and
on the dead leaves is plenty of Cladosporium,
which is not the cause of the mischief, but comes
after. I believe the true cause is a minute mould,
coming on the spots of the leaves, and this belongs
to the genus Ramularia, which is hitherto un-
known. These moulds are so delicate that they
do not bear carriage, and heDce are eo difficult to
make out from rough material. Spotted and
dead leaves should be sent flattened in folds of
blotting paper, for further examination. This is
an internal parasite, and nothing can save the
plants. Every effort should be made to pre-
vent it spreading. There are plenty of the spores
about the dead leaves. M. C. Cooke.

Society : J. W. W, We know nothing about the
society you mention, except that a simitar appli-
cation was made to us, which we disregarded.

Tomato Disease : J, R. W. One of the fungus
moulds affecting Tomatos — we cannot tell which in
the present state. It is too late to do anything
now, otherwise you might have tried the copper
solution.

Vines : Interested. The condition of your Vines is
not unusual ; the cause is not, however, so well
understood. As you have observed, the berries are
not set, and the silvery appearance they have is due
to some constitutional weakness. There are some
Vines at Chiswick similarly affected, one a golden
Hambro is so every year.

Vines: Foreman. The roots are full of spawn
mycelium — the cortex completely destroyed by it.
Cannot say whether there is rotten wood or myce-
lium in the soil, or whence derived ; but the cause
of the mischief is the profuse spawn at the roots.
Doubtless, all the surrounding soil will be per-
vaded by it, and no chance for the plants but by
transfer to fresh clear soil, and then doubtful.
M. C. Cooke.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.
G. Phippen, Reading, Berks — Bulbs and Roots.

Communications Received.— J. Maltby.— R. A. R.— V. C—
F. B.— E. C. — E. H. — C. S., Guernsey (many thanks, we
quite concur, but there are so many other considerations,
and we shall revert to the subject later on). — W. E. G. —
H. W. W.— W. D. F.— H. V.— E. H. B.— J. S.— E. F.,
Florence.— W. C. & Sons. -R. A. R.. yes.— R. G. S.— R. B.
—J. B.— J. S.-C. A. M. C— R. B., Cliristchurch, New
Zealand.— W. Sutherland.— W. D.— Campanula.— W. N.—
Head Gardener — H. G.— G. B. C— J. R. & Son.— W. A.
Carpentsr, N. Z.— J. W.— R. D.— P. W — J. O'B;— 3. M.
WdOd, Natal, many thanks.— Foreman, next week.

July 25, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

115

RICHARDSON'S

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Many
Prize Medals.

\. Conservatories, Greenhouses,

f">~\ Vineries, Peach Houses,

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Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6
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BOULTON & PAUL,

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WINTER CARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Style

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No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

Cash Pbices.

Carriage Paid.

..£2 5
.. 3 15

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
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Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. hy 6 ft. ... £> 14 0 I 12 ft. by 6 ft.

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

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Cash Prices,
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12 ft. by 6 ft.
16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 75.

MELON AND

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Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid,

4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 3

No. 77— Smaller Blze Frames, \
similar to No. 75. )

6 ft. by 4 ft. £1 15 0
9 ft. by 4 ft. 2 7 6
12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 0 0
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Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

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Loniion^enl.Mr.H.SKELTON. Seedsman, &c, 2. HollowayRd.,N.

£ >.

'2 0

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TRADE

MARK.

FOR PLANTS.

QUICK. LASTING. ECONOMICAL.

The Gardens, Seacox Heath, Hawkhurst, Kent. March 11, 1891.
Dear Sir.— Having used your "Clay's Invigorator"for some
time, I am exceedingly pleased with the results obtained from
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yard manure, your "Invigorator " ought to be of special value,
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Hold by Seedsmen, Florists, and Nurserymen, or direct from the
Works, in 6(L and Is. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:—
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The above Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag,
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A Sample Packet will be sent post-free on receipt of
One Shilling by the MANUFACTURER—

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For Wholesale Quantities address : —
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Mr J Hudson. Gunnersbury House Gardens, writes :— " I
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In the following sues, carriage paid :—

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40 Gallon Casks, 503.

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116

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

[JnLT 25, 1891.

THE JUBILEE YEAR

OF THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

The Gardeners' Chronicle was founded, in 1841, by the late Dr. Lindley, Sir Joseph Paxton, and others. It
proved a great success from the first, having then few competitors. As the exigencies of the time have required,
it has been trebled in size, so far as horticultural matters are concerned. Illustrations which at one time were
few, and given only at intervals, are now numerous and regularly issued. The price has been reduced one-half,
and though there are now many competitors in the field, the Gardeners' Chronicle is generally recognised as the
leading authority in all matters relating to Gardening, Garden Botany, Forestry, and the sciences connected therewith.
What others think of it may be judged from the following from among many unsolicited expressions of opinion : —

EXTRACTS FROM THE PRESS.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle has faithfully held to
its promises. It is still, to-day, the best gardening
journal, being indispensable equally to the practical
gardener and the man of science, because each finds
in it something useful. We wish the journal still
further success." — Garten Flora, Berlin, January 15.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle celebrated, on Jan. 2,
the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation. This is,
in [English] garden literature, an unique event. . . .
The publication is one of special excellence." —
Vossische Zeitung, Berlin, January 7.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle, one of the most justly
renowned horticultural journals of the world, cele-
brates the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation.
The career of this publication, which is an authority
in scientific as well as in practical matters, has been
most successful and interesting. . . . With such a
past, there can be no doubt as to its future." — Sevue
Horticole, Paris, January 16.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle is known wherever
intelligence in horticulture is appreciated." — Meehan's
Monthly.

" The first issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle for
the year is a jubilee number devoted largely to a
commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of that
journal's first appearance. Founded by Dr. Lindley
and Sir Joseph Paxton, its policy has always been
directed by men of accurate knowledge and scientific
temper. Its trusted correspondents have been
among the foremost of skilled cultivators and recog-
nized authorities in the sciences related to horticul-
ture. During its life of half a century, its influence
has tended to elevate and dignify the art of horti-
culture, not only in England, but throughout the
world, and it was never more worthy to command
respect than under its present management. Our
venerable contemporary is to be congratulated on the
possession of so honourable a history, whilst its
future is bright with the promise of ever-increasing
usefulness." — Garden and Forest (New York), Jan. 21.

"_ We wish to give ourselves the pleasure of recog-
nizing an event in the career of a respected con-
temporary. . . . The Gardeners' Chronicle is the
senior by only seven years of the Journal of Horti-
culture, and, to speak paradoxically, we may venture

to say, that both these journals are as young as ever,
and disseminate, each in its own way, matter of
interest to botanists and horticulturists throughout
the world, where the science of botany is studied,
and the art of gardening is practised by the com-
munity."— Journal of Horticulture, February 5, 1891.

"The Jubilee of the 'Gardeners' Chronicle.' —
On January 2, 1841, appeared the first number of a
weekly paper which, thanks to the scientific research
and practical knowledge of its editors, soon became,
and has ever since remained, the principal horti-
cultural medium in England. — Illustration Horticole,
Brussels, Jan. 1891.

"One of the best conducted English horticultural
papers, the Gardeners' Chronicle, celebrated the fiftieth
year of its existence on January 2. This journal was
called into existence by Dr. Lindley and Joseph
Paxton. Two of the first and most industrious assist-
ants were the recently-deceased landscape gardener
Marnock in the practical part, and James Bateman,
who published a series of interesting articles on
epiphytal Orchids. Of other eminent writers, there
are mentioned the names of Charles Darwin, Dean
Herbert, Sir W. Hooker, who, in 1841, was appointed
Director of the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew ; Sir
J. Hooker, Professor Daubeny, Dr. Royle, Henslow,
Macintosh, Curtis, Phillip Frost, Robert Thompson,
Robert Fortune, and Berkley." — Mo/ler's Deutsche
Gartner Zeitung, Erfurt, February 1, 1891.

" For the past half a century, the Gardeners'
Chronicle has been the leading horticultural and
botanical newspaper in the United Kingdom. . . .
With such a talented proprietary and staff of
editors, it is not surprising that the paper was at
once recognized, and took up a leading position as
the first horticultural journal of the kingdom. Its
success has been very great. . . . Very few of the
first working printers on the paper are left to
witness the prosperity of the venture, except the
writer of these lines (the editor of the Press Neios).
.... The Gardeners' Chronicle is still recognized as
the leading horticultural journal of the kingdom." —
Press News, January, 1891.

"The Gardeners' Chronicle has ]ust celebrated its
jubilee, its first number having appeared January 12,
1841. The founders were Dr. Lindley and Sir

Joseph Paxton. It is to be congratulated upon its
long and eminent list of contributors, and upon its
constantly increasing usefulness. It is one of those
gardening journals that have become a necessity,
not only to the practical gardener, but to the pro-
fessional botanist as well." — The Botanical Gazette
(American), February, 1891.

"This important journal renders great service in
acting as an intermediary between botanists and
horticulturists, impressing on the one the true prin-
ciples of classification and nomenclature, and on the
other, the fact that the observation of living plants
in the garden teaches many things which cannot be
learnt, either in the herbarium or the laboiatory,
facts which the new generation is disposed to over-
look."— Alphonsc de Candol/e, Geneva.

" Let me oftvr my best felicitation on the 8f mi-
centenary jubilee of your splendid Chronicle, which
you have edited with so much talent, knowledge,
and discrimination, for so long a while as the
worthy successor of the great Lindley. Wishing
the Gardeners' Chronicle also in futuie a splendid
success under your able leadership, I remain, Ferd.
von Mueller, Melbourne."

"You have brought the Gardeners' Chronicle into
an admirable condition of prosperity and authority.
Of all analogous publications, the Chronicle, with no
possible reservation, takes the lead. It is more
widely read than any of the horticultural journals,
owing to its wider circulation. The matter is the
most varied, and the illustrations the most correct
and elegant. What I wish is, not the continuance
and enhancement of your success, for that is cer-
tain, as the future will prove, but the continuance
of that marvellous energy which has had such
excellent results already." — Maxime Cornu, Director
of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

" In 1841, Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton enriched
horticulture with this high-class periodical, in which
science has always taken an equally important part
with practical information. The issue for the 3rd of
last January was devoted to the celebration of the
anniversary. The Gardeners' Chronicle cannot fail
to prosper under its present management, which is
conducted with unusual ability and skill." — Le Jardin,
Paris, March 20, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

("The Times of Horticulture").
A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL,

CONTAINS

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION & SEASONABLE INFORMATION in ALL DEPARTMENTS of GARDENING

Notices of all Horticultural Matters of Current Interest, Reports of Exhibitions, Reviews of Books, and

Home, Colonial, and Foreign Correspondence.

Original Illustrations by W. H. FITCH, F.L.S,, W. G. SMITH, F.L.S., W. J. WELCH, JOHN ALLEN, and Others,

July 25, 1891 ]

THE GA EDENEE S ' CHE ONI GL E.

117

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as it passes through the hose, supplied by gravitation.

Your Sprayer is the best I have used. It is very easy to
damp a large house of plants with Insecticide without it
running into the soil to da t oge the roots. The Sprayer may
be used on either garden engine pipe, or on pipes where the
water is laid on.— I am, yours truly, G. NORMAN.

Retail from Ironmongers, Seedsmen, and Wholesale and Retail
from The Stott Distributor Co. Ltd., Barton House, Mancfn ster.

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. §d. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6. Maryleport Street, Bristol.

EPPSrS-""PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, bv sack, yard, ton,

or truekload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAt'-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.FatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat Moss Litter.
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD. HANTS.

CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER. ORCHID PEAT.

Mr, B. Cromwell, Cleveley Gardens, says : " The result of
using your Eucharis Mite Kii.lkr is, that our stock of
Eucharis is now furnished with dark-green leathery foliage,
and pots full of strong fleshy roots."

Prices, post-free :— Half-pints, ls.9d. ; pints, 2s. 9d. ; quarts,
4s. '.<-/., half-gallons, 8*.

OR FROM YOUR SEEDSMAN.

CLIBRAN'S OLDFIELD NURSERIES, ALTRINCHAM;

ANo 10 and 12, Market Street. MANCHESTER.

G IS HURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water. 4 to ltj ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emul-ion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
super-ede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

GISIIURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxe«, 6tt. and It., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; 5 for 475. Gd.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6rf.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per *ack ; 5 for 22s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c. 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS. &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. 6d.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. tW. per fack ; 5 lor 1US.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per suck ; 5 for 18s.
All Sicks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
SpecialTermstotheTrade. GARDEN STICKSof all descriptions
For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

WiOwul which

THE " PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Without irfn'ch

none is genuine. none is genuine.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Stable
Yards, &c. Recommended by the entire Horticultural Press, including The Field,
The Garden, Gardeners' Chronicle, Gardening Illustrated, Gardener*' Magazine, Journal
of Horticulture, and Gardening World. Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of
Works, and used regularly at Kew Gardens, &c.

Prices :-l gal., 2s. ; 5 gals., Is. 9d. per gal. ; 10 gals., Is. 6d. per gal ; 10 gals, at :s. 4d per gal

Carriage Paid on 10 gallons.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

THE HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL COY.,

97, Milton Street, GLASGOW (Originally of Tunbridge, Kent).

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC— Please carefully note our Name, Address, and
Trade Maik, and do not be deceived by imitations and apparently lower
prices of inferior articles.

KOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that by lirtue of an Order of the High Court of
Justice, dated Mag 26, 1891, t he use of the name AGRI-HORTICULTURAL
CHEMICAL COY. on Show-Card.!, Circulars, Labels, or oihericise hou-soever, by
Partiet ncntly trading under that name at Tunbridge, Kent, is ILLEGAL, ar.d
that our Manufactures cannot be obtained genuine in Tunbridge except fiom our
Agents, Messrs. 1VIBMER # WARE-LEY, Chemists, there.

>
>

►

Cheaper Edition now ready.

A BOOK ABOUT ROSES. By the Very
Revd. S. Reynolds Hole. Dean of Rochester.
Eleventh Edition. Cloth, 2s. M.
London: EDWARD ARNOLD, 37, Bedford St., Strand. W.C.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

SUPPLIED FREE FOR SIX WEEKS,

on stating the purpose for which the paper is
required, forwarding Name and Address, and six
halfpenny stamps for postage, addressed, " Mid-
land Counties Herald Office, Birmingham." The
Midland Counties Herald always contains large
numbers of advertisements relating to Farms,
Estates, and Residences for Sale and to be Let.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL INTERESTS

ARE BEST REPRESENTED IN

THE AMERICAN CARDEN,

United

In
ONE.

WHICH INCLUDES : —

THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... 18th Year. \
THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 3 2nd Year.

and HORTICULTURIST 44th Year. '

THE FLORAL CABINET ... 19th Year.

Making the Largest, Best, Oldest, Livelier, Handsomest
Gardening Magazine in America.

THE LEADING AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR
HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS.

Subscription Price for England

and Couutnes in the Universal Postal Union, 108.

E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, Times Building,

Kew York, U.S.A.

Agents for Great Britain and Ireland s—

STEEL and JONES, 4. Spring Gardens, Charing Cross,
London, S. W., to whom Orders for Advertisements and Subscrip-
tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for loo", (stamps).

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

AND

NEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

CONTENTS .—

INTERCOLONIAL and GENERAL NEWS.

SPORTING and the FIELD, in which is incorporated BELL'S
LIFE in SYDNEY.

RECORD of RACES, and NOTES on the TURF.

CRICKET and AQUATICS.

THE FLORA of AUSTRALIA. (Drawn and engraved especi-
ally for this Journal.)

NATURAL HISTORY. (Original Articles.)

AGRICULTURE, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURE.

GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

ORIGINAL and SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.

TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
AUTHORS.

THE FASHIONS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.

THE CHESS PLAYER. THE HOME CIRCLE.

COMMERCIAL NEWS.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

The SYDNEY MAIL has a wide circulation throughout the

Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Polynesia, &c. It contains

a large amount of information on a great variety of subjects.

Subscription In Advance, £1 6s. per Annum.

Single Copies. 6a\ ; Stamped, Id.
Publishing Office — Hunter Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

ENGLAND.

The undermentioned Newspaper and Advertising AgeDts are
authorised to receive ADVERTISEMENTS for the
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL :—

LONDON Messrs. Geo. Street & Co., 30, Comhill, E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon & Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet Street, E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 186. Strand.

Bristol James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
Manchester... James and Henry Grace, 78, Market Street.
EDINB0HOH ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

Glasgow W. Porteous & Co., 15, Koyal Exchange

Place.

(g" Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices for the use of Advertisers.

118

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 25, 1891.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

To Nurserymen and Seed Merchants.

J BLACKBURN and SONS have now re-
• ceived the First Parcel of New ARCHANGEL MATS,
and will give lowest quotations on application.
4 and 5. Wormwood Street, E.C.

QIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. Ad.
Eight irch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for fs. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. <6d • 100 for 3s. Zi. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, Lndgatehill, London.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
3«)s. BAMBOO CANES. 3J feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and trucklo.ad ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA. SULPHATE of AMMONIA. GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co..

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Southward Street, London, S.E.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Ss. id. per sack j 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 6j. per sack, 6 saoks, 22i. ; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. Qd. per bushel ; IS>. per half
ton ; 2is. per ton, in 2-bushel bags, id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. Crf. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS. &c. Writs for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Dnrry
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard), W.C.

o^4°

CONWAY O. Wi RNB.

Rovai Pottones. Weston-super-Mare

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mn. J. McIntosh, until lately gardener and
land-steward to Sir William Ewart, Bart., Glen-
niachan, Belfast, as land-steward and gardener
to G. Greer, Esq., J.P., Woodville, Lurgan, co.
Armagh, Ireland.

Mr. G. Hart, formerly at Effard Park,
Lymington, as Gardener to II. Head, Esq.,
Buckingham, Shoreham, Sussex.

Manager..

WANIED, IMMEDIATELY, a really good
and competent MAN, as Working Propagator. Grower,
nnd Foreman, to take entire chargeof a large Market Nursery
near Loudon.— Must be well up m Grapes, Tomatos, and able
to pro luce a good quantity of Pot Stuff, such as Chrysanthe-
mums, Primulas, Cinerarias, Geraniums, Pelargoniums,
Fuchsias, Mignonette. Marguerites, &c. Good wa^es given.
None but efficient man need apply.— Address, stating refer-
ences, age, &c, to NEPETA. Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.|

PARTNERSHIP.— A practical man is
anxious to meet with a Gentleman with some capital to
establish a high-class Nursery Business. Guarantee.— All par-
ticulars ia confidence to HEPATICA, Gardeners' Chronicle
Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER.—
Married man without family preferred, to reside in
and take charge of t-mall Country Residence, Garden. Stables,
&c. ; other assistance kept. Wife must be a good Cook, and
able to manage a small Dairy and Poultry. Family in resi-
dence about six months during the year.— Address, Mr. S. B.
GARRARD, The Limes, Hacheston, Wickham Market, Suffolk.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER.— Experienced in the cultivation of Ferns,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants; and in the management of
Flower Garden, &c. One having some experience in the
erection and heating of Plant Houses preferred. — Apply wuh
references, and slating age and wages required, to H. E.
BABER, Park View, Dalston Road, Carlisle.

WANTED, MAN^and WIFE. — Man as
GARDENER, and to look after email Farmery ; Wife
for Cooking and Dairy. In the House. All found. Wages,
JEiO per annom.— Address, E. C. G., May's Advertising Offices,
163, Piccadilly, W.

WANTED, a young MAN, about 20, for a
Nursery in Yorkshire ; to live in bothv —State wages
and particulars to YORKSHIRE, Gi'deners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a smart
KNIFEMAN, for the Budding Season, or permanency
if suitable. Good references required. State wages, &c, to
LAXTON BROTHERS. Bedford.

WANTED, an active young MAN, for the
Glass Department entirely. — Age about 18. No bothy.
Apply, stating wages, to G. COOK, Gardener, Elkington Hall,
Louth, Lincolnshire.

WANTED, a steady active young man as
FIRST JOURNEYMAN. Will have charge of houses
to grow plants for cutting. Must have had experience in
making up Cut Flowers, and table decoration. Must be well
recommended. Wages lS.s-. per week. Bothy and Vegetables.
—JAMES FOWLER, Harewood House, near Leeds.

WANTED, AT ONCE, an active intelligent
YOUTH, u'-ed to Carnation Layering, Budding, and
Knife Work, for a Cut Flower Establishment. Also TWO or
THREE Young MEN for General Nursery Work, used to
Staking, Tying, Watering, and able to use a spade well. Good
lodgings found on the premises, free. — State *ge, experience,
references, and wages expecled, to TURNER BROS., Hale
Heath, Hale, near Liverpool.

W""aNTED~AT ONCE, a smart ~TOUTH~,
used to Layering, Budding, &c. ; also one or two
youths for general Nursery Work, good Spade hand?*, and used
to Tying, Staking. Good Lodging* provided on the Premises.
—Apply, stating age, experience, and wages, to TURNER
BROS., Nurserymen and Florists, Hale Heath, near Liverpool.

WANTED, a GARDEN LABOURER.—
Can any Gardener recommend a thoroughly reliable
man as above ? Able to take a leading part in Kitchen Garden
Work chietiy. Wages, £1 per week.— JOHN ROBERTS, The
Gardens, Tan-y-Hwlcb, R.S.O., N. Wales.

WANTED, an active Young MAN, for
Inside and Out ; one that can Milk preferred. To
live off place.— State age, wages, and full particulars to
GARDENER, 347, Loraine Place, Holloway Road, London, N.

WANTED, AT ONCE, an active ~ym™g
MAN, used to a Market Nursery, for the Houses.—
G. MAY, The Nurseries, Upper Teddington.

WANTED, a TRAVELLER for the
Provinces to represent a manufacturer of immortelle
wreaths.— Apply, stating qualifications, to GOLD, Gardentrs'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

Seed and Florist Trade.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a JUNIOR SHOP-
MAN and SALESMAN.— Knowledge of Wreath-making,
and good character iudispeopable. Apply, statiug salary.—
MIDLANDS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, II, Wellington Street
Strand, W.C.

WANTED, as STOKER, a steady married
MAN, without family, nnd to make himself useful in
the Nursery. Preference given to one who can Paint Green-
houses. Situation permanent to steady man. Wages, 2Qr,
per week, with cottage, tire, and light.— State full particulars
to TURNER BROS., Florists and Nurserymen, Garston,
Liverpool.

WANT PLACES.

THOMAS BUTCHER can recommend several
HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of fir,t-rate character
and proved ability. Gentlemen seeking such may have par-
ticulars free.— Apply to THOMAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant
and Nurseryman, Croydon.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter!
Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.c]

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several firstclass HEAD GARDENERS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
Brst-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

D Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.
ICKSONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DIOKSONS, CHESTER."

PICHAED SMITH and Ca

-*-* beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c— St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

12 S. WILLIAMS and SON beg to intimate

-*-*• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon
their Register some excellent Men, competent eith»r to till
the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN,
or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of
the above will please send full particulars, when the best
selections for the different capacities will be made.— Victoria
and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

O" RCHID GROWER and GARDENER
(Head); age 37. married, four children.— B. Randle,
for the past eleven years in the tirm of F. Sander & Co., is now
open for an engagement to any Nobleman or Gentleman re-
quiring his services as above. Reference to the Firm, also
characters of the highest order.— Address full particulars to
B. RANDLE, 2, Buckingham Terrace, Oswald Road, St.
Albans, Herts.

ARDENER (Head).— Age 41; experienced

in all branches, including Early and Late Forcing, and
Management of Good Establishment. Five years' recommen-
tion.— F. W., 13, Castle Street, Hertford.

GARDENER (Head).— H. Osman, last six
years Head Gardener and Bailiff at Warren House,
Stanmore, is open to engage with any Nobleman or Gentleman
requiring the services of a first-class man.— H. OSMAN,
Warren House, Stanmore.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF, where a staff of men are kept.— Good general
Orchid Grower, Chrysanthemum, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Kitchen, Flower, und Pleasure Grounds; also Laying-
out of New. Thoroughly competent in every branch of the
profession. Fourteen and five years' excellent testimonials
—JAMES CHILD, 2, Alexandra Road. Epsom.

jf^. ARDENER (Head), where three^arelTept ;

V-J or (Second), where four or more are kept.— A Ladv
wishes to recommend her Gardener, who is leaving for no
fault, as above. He has two jcars' excellent character, and
gool testimonials from previous employeis. and thoroughly
understands all his duties.— Mrs. S., Allingham's, Statione-,
High Street, Reigate.

X?ir: will be paid to anyone furnishing the
c*1'' Advertiser with information of any Gardening
changes that will leal to obtaining an engagement as
HEAD GARDENER in a good establishment. Highest
references from previous employers. — HORrl'S, Messrs
Brown, Gould & Co.. 61, New Oxford Street, W.C.

GARDENER,orGARDENERandl5AlL)l'F.
— Vge 30; married. Thoroughly experienced -n all
branches. Good character. Abstainer. — W. FULLER,
Cholesbury, nearTriug, Herts.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 31, married;
fifteen years' thorough experience— seven years as
above, seven years with Mr. Lawton, Welton House. Reliable
references as to character and ability, &c— G. W. SCALES
Gardens, South Cane Castle, East Yorkshire.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 38. Twenty-
five years' practical experience. Fruits, Flivers, and
Vegetables. Hight years heart, Good testimonials from large
establishments.— P. WRIGHT, Hollv Cottage, Little Wot lion
Gateacre.

G1 ARDENER (Head); age 36.— Robert
I NELSON. Hwith House. Havenstouedale, is desirous of a
situation as above. Could leave by giving one naoota's notice.
Excellent testimonials.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 23.—
A Gentleman can with confidence highly recommend
his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a trust-
worthy man as above. Accustom ;d to Orchids, Figs, Peaches,
Vines, and the general routine of a good establishment!
Fifteen years' experience in first-class places. Total abstainer —
R. KENYON, Digswell, Welwyn, Herts.

GARDENER (Head Wolnat^a), where three
or four are kept ; ag-; 30 ; married when suited.—
Mr. Davies will be pleated ta recommend his Fruit Foreman
to any lady or gentleman that requires the services 01 a good

practical man ; has been under liini for the last eight years

H. GLtSSCOCK, The Gardens. Mote Park, Maidstone; Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
three or more are kept ; married, two children.— Mr.
Geo. Cook, Elkingt n Hall Gardens, Icuth, I ineolnshire,"
can with the greate-t confidence recommend a man as nbove!
Highest testimonials. Twenty j ears' experience in the Culti-
vat on of Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetab'es. Not afraid of
work, and can balance the £ s. d.

G~ ARDENER (Head WoRKiNG\-Age 32;
well up in all branches; good Orchid and Chrysanthe-
mum Grower; seeks re-enga*em"nt through employer leaving
the neighbourhood. Married. Can b ! highly recommended —
I. BAKNES, Everaf eld, Grove Park. Kent.

July 25, 1891.]

THE GAB DENE B,S' CUB ONI CLE.

119

GARDENER (Head Working), where
several are kept.— Married, no family. Advertiser will
be pleased to treat with any Lady or Gentleman requiriDg the
services of a good practical all-iound man. .Six years' excellent
character, with references. — G. EUINTON, Eva Colli ge Camn
Road. St. Albans. B ' y

GARDENER (Head Wobking) ; age 39;
total Abstainer.— Advertiser would be glad to hear from
any Lady or Gentleman who grows, and has good conveniences
for growing, the following :— Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines,
Figs, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, Ferns, Orchids. Roses, Chrysanthemums;
also Flower and Kitchen Gardens, Early and Late Forcing'
Twenty-three years' practical experience. Highest references
for abilities and character. Married; industrious. — N.T., Gar-
deners' Chronicle Oltice, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 32;
married, no family; thoroughly experienced in all
branches of the profession.— A Gentleman highly recommends
the advertiser. Five and a half years' character.— T. W
20, David's Road, Forest Hill. S.E.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
Age 30, married, one child. Sixteen years,' experience
in all branches. Good reference.— GALLOWAY, 2, Northfolk
Villas. Saunder's Road, Plumstead, S.E.

GARDENER (Head or Single-handed).—
Age 29, single; understands Glass and Kitchen Garden.
Life experience. Good references.— J. WHITE, (5, Lyndale
Terrace, Ilchester Road, Westham, Weymouth.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed), where halp is given. Wiie good Laundress.
Excellent references.— H. BUSHELL, BarthomLey, Crewe.

GARDENER.— A German Gardener, 2Tyears
of age, well up both Inside and Out, with good testi-
monials, seeks a t-ituation in a first-class London nursery. —
K. G., Gardeners' Chronicle Oltice, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (good Single-handed, or where
several are kept). — Age 27; thorough all-round man;
steady, experienced, well recommended ; wages moderate. —
W. BOLSOVER, Wmgerworth, Chesterfield.

ARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 29;

married, one child ; abstainer. Three years in present
situation, five previous. Excellent references. — H. GKKEN",
Culworth. Banbury.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or good
Second. — Age 28 ; twelve years' experience, both
Inside and Out. Good references from late employer. — H.,
6.S, Seaton Street, Chelsea. S.W. "

GARDENER (Single - handed, or good
Second).— Age 30; single. Willing to be useful. Good
character. — H. VINEY. Guilford Road. Chertsey.

GARDENER, with good experience. — The
Advertiser can recommend a good, steady, all-round
GARDENER as above.— JAS. PASCALL, Ambleside, Duppas
Hill, Croydon.

GARDENER, good.— Age 44 ; thoroughly
experienced in all branches. Wife thorough Laundresa
to small family. Twenty-one years and four months' good
character,— JAMES CARLTON, New Town, Hatfield, Herts.

GARDENER, under a good Head Gardener,
for improv-ment ; all round, mostly Outside. — A young
man. ^single; willing to be generally useful. Sober and
obliging. Three years' good character from last situation, and
excellent references. — F. G. K., 37, Couthurst Road, Black-
heath, Kent, S.E.

GARDENER, where help is given, or SECOND
where several are kept.— Out and Indoors. Eleven years'
experience.— NIELSEN, Ladd's Nursery, Swanley Junction,
Kent.

GARDENER, FOREMAN, or SECOND, in
Private Establishment. — Age 25, married, no family;
twelve years' experience. Inside and Out. Stove, Greeuhouse,
Orchids, and Fruit Forcing. Good references. — A. WADE, 7,
Westbourne Terrace, Earlstield.

GARDENER (Second), where three or more
are kept. — Age 24, married when suited; four years
in present situation. Good experience both Inside and Out.
Good references. Abstainer. — L. WALKER, 10, Newton
Road, Tunbridge Wells.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 23; nine years'
experience Inside and Out; seven years' previous and
two years' present good character. — C. HOBBS, 23, King
Road, South Norwood.

ARDENER (Under). Inside and Out.—

Three years in present situation. Good references. —
C. F., Head G.irdener, The Lodge, Felixstowe.

/"GARDENER (Under). — Respectable Youth

vT (age 18) Feelcs situation as above. Four vears' good
c'i ira-ter.— DAVID PLEASANT, The Rectory, Bowers GiEtorJ,
South Essex.

GARDENER (Undkr) ; age 17.— A Lady
wishes to recommend a youth as above. Steady, sober,
and trustworthy. — EDWARD MARTIN, 15, Verran Road,
Balham, S.W.

GARDENER (Under), where two or three
are kept. — Age 19; four years' character. — C. PANNELL,
The Rectory, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

GARDENER (Under) where two or three are
kept; Inside and Out— Age 21.— A. HEWITT, 11,
Upcerne Road, Chelsea, S.W,

A GENTLEMAN REQUIRING EMPLOY-

XX MENT, will be glad to JOIN OTHERS either in FARM-
ING or GARDENING ; will be willing to introduce a small
amount of Capital.— D., Calesfield Lodge, Fareham, Hants.

To Nurserymen.

MANAGER, TRAVELLER, or FOREMAN.
—Fourteen years* practical experience in leading
Nurseries in Germany, Belgium, England, and Scotland.
Well up in the Cultivation if Orchids, Dracojnas, Crotons,
Palms. Ferns, Ficus, &c, general Flowering Plants, Forcing
of Bulbs, &c, in quantity, seeks re-engagement. Highest
references.— HORTUS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand. W.C.

MANAGER or FOREMAN. — Abstainer ;
many years- practical experience in Grapes, Peaches,
Tomatos, Mushrooms, Cucumbers, General Plant Growing, and
Hurdy Fiuits for Market.— References and particulars from
G. H. RICHARDS, 1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambeth, S.E.

MANAGER, to take entire charge of Market
Nursery.— Aged 28; eleven years in business; well up
in all kinds of Cut Flowers, Rose Growing, In and Outdoors ;
to act as Salesman if required.— M. D., Lock Road Cottage,
Ham Common, Surrey.

MANAGER.— The Advertiser, well-known in
the Trade, is shortly open to an engagement to Manage
a Large Nursery. Could travel in spare time to increase the
business. Firstclass references.— FICUS. Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

ANAGER.— Well up in Fruit, Cucumbers,

Tomatos, Roses, Ferns, Palms, and Cul Flowers, Sec,
in quantity, for Market. Highest references.— ALPHA, The
Vineyard, Eastfields, Upper Mitcham.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER (Soft-wooded
Stuff, Clematis, Roses, Rhododendrons;. Eleven years'
experience; first-class characters. — N., 8, Kent Terrace,
Swanley Junction, Kent.

T^ERN - GROWER or PROPAGATOR. —

J- Age 25; excellent references. W. or S.W. district of
London preferred. State wages. — L., 10, Irongate Wharf
Road. Praed Street, W.

ROSE GROWER, FOREMAN, or GENERAL
MANAGER. — Twenty years' experience. Excell ent
character.— P. H., 50, Romilly Road, Finsbury Park.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN PROPAGATOR of Roses, Rho-
dodendrons, Conifera?, Clematis, &c, or FOREMAN
PROPAGATOR and GROWER, where a general collection of
Nursery itock is cultivated. First-class references.— GEO.
WATERS. 7. Avon Villas, Holdenhurst Road. Bournemouth.

FOREMAN; married, no family; age 28.—
Advertiser, who has been Head- Workirg for six years,
seeks situation as above, where he could improve in Orchid
culture; steady and reliable; gcod testimonials; disengaged
when suited.— T., 133, Kingston Road, Buckland, Portsmouth.

f"OREMAN, or MANAGER, where Grapes,
Tomatos. Cucumbers, and Ferns are largely Grown for
Market. Good references. — A. B , Hum, Ashbourne, Derbyshire.

FOREMAN. — Age 38; thoroughly experienced
in all branches, including Early and Late Forcing. Well
up in Floral Decorations. Twenty years' recommendation.
Fifteen years Foreman from late employer. — G. GILLAM, 8,
Westbourne Street. West Brighton, Sussex.

FOREMAN. — Age 25 ; twelve years' gcod
experience in Fruits, Flowers, and Plants ; also Furnish-
ing. &c.,nnd Early Forcing. Well recommended.— FOREMAN,
Ham Hall, Ashbourne, Derby.

FOREMAN and PROPAGATOR. — Roses,
Clematis, Conifers, Rhododendrons, and General Nursery
Stuff. Twenty years' experience. —A. B., 55, Natal Road,
Streatham, S.W.

FOREMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (First).—
F, Miller, The Gardens, Northdown House, can with
confidence recommend a young man as above. Good character.
Three years in last situation.

To Nurserymen and Market Growers.

FOREMAN. — Age 30 ; thoroughly practical ;
well up in all branches of the profession. Excellent
character from present and previous employers. — HORTUS,
Myrtle Villa, Knighton Park, Sydenham.

FOREMAN, or PROPAGATOR.— Age 26;
Plants, Cut Flowers, Ferns, Vines, Tomatos, &c. Good
references. — H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN (Inside or General).— Age 26.
First-class experience in good establishments. Well
recommended.— W. DALTON, The Warren Gardens, Great
Staumore, Middlesex.

FOREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 26; well
up in Plants. Cut Flowers, Wreaths, &c. Excellent
references. — G. R., 7, Nurse-y Cottages. Sideup, Kent.

To Nurserymen, Florists, &c.

FOREMAN PROPAGATOR or GROWER.
— A German, age 30, well up in Ferns, Palms, Roses,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Cut Flowers, Forcing Bulbs,
Fruit, and all Soft-wooded Plants grown for Market, good
Budder and Grafter and well experienced in all branches of the
Trade, seeks re-engagement.— E. M., 36, White Hawk Road,
Kemp Town. Brighton.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in Private
Establishment ; age 22.— A Gentleman wishes to recom-
mend a young man as above. Five years' experience; good
reference.— A. IRELAND, The Gardens, Hanfield Grove, near
Uxbridge.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20.
Good character. Bothy preferred.— W. NASH, Saltern,
Sea View, Isle of Wight.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or SECOND
in a good Establishment. — Age 21 ; three years in present
place. Can be highly recommended.— HEAD GARDENER,
Hurstbourne Park, Whitchurch, Hant9.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20;
good character. Bothy preferred.— F. S., 13, Bamford
Cottages, Harrow Weald, near Stanmore, Middlesex.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Mr. Ward,
Longford Castle Gardens, Salisbury, can recommend a
strong active young man, who has been three and a half years
in Glass Department, at Longford, as above.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20;
six years' experience under Glass. Can be well recom-
mended.-J. CULLING, The Gardens, Shotesham Park,
Norwich, Norfolk.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.—
Age 25; three and a half years'in last place. Highly re-
commended.—E. HENEAGE, South" Somercotes, Louth, Lin-
colnshire.

JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses, where

tJ a Foreman is kept. — Age 24 ; eight years' experience in
all branches. Gool References. Abstainer. — T. BENNETT,
Castlethorpe, Stony Stratford, Burl.-.

JOURNEYMAN, or IMPROVER (Inside, or

tJ Inside and Out) ; under a Foreman preferred. — Age 20;
five years in last place. — S. G. SMALLRIDGE, Crawley
Down, Crawley, Sussex.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out (Inside
preferred), in good establishment.— Age 22. Eight
years' experience in ail branches. Good references. — F. BIDE,
Alma Nurseries, Farnham, Surrey.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
establishment.— Age 21 fgood references. — H. W. KING,
Bandon Hill Nursery, Beddington, Croydon, Surrey.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, in a private Estab-
lishment. — Age 22; seven years' experience. Good
references.— WM. CHARM AN, 7, Station Road, Swauley
Junction. Kent.

IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden.— Age
18. Active and willing. Upwards of four years' experi-
ence; three-and-a-half years under Glass. Good references. —
HEAD GARDENER, Whitfield, near Hereford.

IMPROVER, in a Nobleman's or Gentleman's
gardens. — H. W. Nutt, Market Gardener, Flitwick,
Ampthill, Beds, can recommend a strong, active young man,
20 years of age ; who has been brought up to market work and
the rougher kinds of girdening.

IMPROVER in the Garden, Kitchen Garden
preferred. — Age 17; good character. Wages lis., with
bothy.— F., Manley Heath Road, Hillingdon, Uxbridge.

TMPROVER, in the Houses.— A bright, willing

JL lad (aged 18) ; has served an apprenticeship. Good cha-
racter and testimonials. Small wages. — H., 9J, St. Ann's Hill,
Wandsworth, S.W.

rFO GARDENERS and OTHERS.— A young

J- man, age 21, seeks 'situation in Gentleman's garden.
Two and a half years' experience in out-door work. — A,
CHEESMAN, Watersfield. Pulborough, Sussex.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in a
Nursery by a young German gardener. — E. LANTZSCH,
90, Lemau Street, E.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, by a
young man (age 22), used to Growing Ferns and Soft-
wooded Stuff. Good character. — Please state wages to C.F. W.,
Gardeneis' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

rVO NURSERYMEN and GARDENERS.— A

JL young man, age 22 ; seven years' good references and
experience in Houses and Florists' Work.— H. BLUMFIELD,
154, Grosvenor Road, Pimlico, S.W.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER.— Age 32; tho-
rough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade, state salary, &C.—W. HARRIS, 7, Catherine Street,
Strand, W.C.

QHOPMAN, or good SECOND.— Age 30;

O thorough knowledge of all Departments of the Trade. —
M. R., Garde?iers' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C. __^

CLERK, in Nursery and Seed Trade ;
thorough knowledge of both branches. Good corres-
pondent and bookkeeper. — H. Y., Messrs. Miles & Co., West
Brighton Nurseries, Hove, Brighton.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS. — The Hour of
Danger. — Disease commonly comes on with alight
symptoms, which, when neglected, increase in extent, and
gradually grow dangerous — a condition which betrays the
grossest remissness — when the?e Pills, taken in accordance
with their accompanying directions, would not only have
checked, but conquered the incipient disorder. Patients
daily forward deta-ls of the most remarkable and instructive
cases in which timely attentiou to Holloway's advice has
undoubtedly saved them from severe illness. These Pills act
primarily on the digestive organs, which they stimulate when
slow and imperfect; and, secondly, upon the blood, which is
thoroughly purified by them, whence is derived the general
tote they impart, and their power of subjugating hypochon-
driacism, dyspepsia, and nervous complaints.

120

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 26, 1891.

"CADBURY'S COCOA has, in a remarkable degree, those natural elements
of sustenance which give the system endurance and hardihood, building up
muscle and bodily vigour with a steady action that renders it a most accept-
able and reliable beverage."- HEALTH

The MEDICAL ANNUAL advises Practitioners to remember that when
recommending Cocoa as a food and beverage for Invalids, the name CADBURY
on any Packet of Cocoa is a guarantee of purity.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed tor the Proprietors by .Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
ABTHUR George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County— Saturday, July 25, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

Established i84i

No. 240—Vol. X. {ST— }

SATUKDAY, AUGUST 1, 1891.

[ Regt. aa a Newspaper. / PRICE 3d-

WITH SUPPLEMENT. [ POST-FREE 3jrf.

CONTENTS.

Bamboos, the hardiness

of Japanese 139

Bee-keeping ami County

Councils 13d

Bee-swarming case, a ... 143

Black Currant Wine ... 141

Bowod Park 125

Burgundy, wine pros-
pects in 128

Carbonate of copper for

the Tomato fungus ,,. 137

Cattleya, citrina growth of 139

Celosia pyramidalis ... 138
Chancellor Swayne's

garden 128

Chrysanthemums show-
ing for bloom 138

Colonial notes 113

Columbines 1^7

Consett Park 136

Epidendrum vitellinum 141
Evergreens, trail- plant-
ing 138

Fatal storm, a 136

Florists' flowers 134

Flower Garden, the ... 135

Foreign correspondence 139

French town garden, a... 127
Fruit crops, 1831, remaiks

on 130

Fruits under glass ... 134

Garden, the kitchen ... 134
Grapes, scalding and

cracking 138

Tnsects and fungi ... 137

Insect pestn 128

Kew Bulletin 137

Kew Eyot, the 129

Labels, garden plant ... 138

Law notes 142

*' Les Anthurium " ... 138
Lselia grandis, Lindl.,

var. tenebrosa 126

Nurseryman's claim for

work done 142

Nursery notes

Obituary

Orchid basket presented
to H.I.M. the Empress
of Germany

Orchid houses, Ihe

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Orchids at the Bruges
Exhibition

Peas, at Chiswiek

Phormium tenax

Plants at Oakwood, and
the late winter

Plants under glass

Potato experiments

Pyrenean plants

Rose La France of 1889...

Rothamsted lectures

Seedling plant, what is a?

Seed trade, the

Societies —

Acton Horticultural ...
British Fruit Growers'

Association

Ditton Horticultural...
Luton Horticultural ...
National Pink Society
Royal Horticultural ...
,, „ and fruit cul-
ture

Waltham Abbey and
District Horticultural
Strawberries and Vege-
tables at Burghley

House 140

Strawberry, Laxton's Noble 136
126
138
143

140
143

136
135

139
133

137

139
135

137
137

140
137
136

If)

14J
142
142
141

1 11

139
1 12

Tomato forcing

Tomatos, early

Trade notices

Trees, lopping and top-
ping

Week's work, the
What is the good of it ?

143
1*4
129

ILLU8TRATION8.

Abbeville, town garden at

Epidendrum vitellinum

Eyot, the Kew

Imperial Orchid Trophy. (Sea Supplement.)

127

141
129

Now Ready, in Cloth, \\s. 6d., " The Gardeners
Chronicle" Vol, IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C,

"Paxtons Calendar." Neio Edition, " The Cot-
tagers1 Calendar of Garden Operations"
Price 3d., post-free, 3\d. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. McARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

ED. PYNAERT VAN GEERT,
Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium.
AZALEAS. CAMELLIAS, RHODODENDRONS, CLIVEIAS,
PALMS, FERNS, ORCHIDS, and all other best stuff for the
Trade. Apply for the SPECIAL PRICE LIST.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will Mower the best. Write for Trade Price of strong
Forcing Pips to

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

DOUBLE WHITE PRIMULAS. — Good
Stuff, in 60's. 30s. per 100 ; also extra fine, in 48-pots,
well rooted, 6s. per dozen.
W. MILES axd CO., West Brighton Nurseries, Hove, Sussex.

S t T2L W X) 6 IT i 6 S

CHARLES TURNER'S New and Descriptive
PRICED LIST is now ready, post-free, on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

ARTERS' TESTED SEEDS FOR

PRESENT SOWING.

ABBAGE. — CARTERS' EARLY

HE ART WELL.
Pronounced to be the finest early Cabbage in cultivation.
Very distinct. The heads are extremely firm, weighing
from 4 to 6 lb. In sealed packets only — Per packet, 1*.
and 6d. ; per ounce, t*. 6d. All post free.

ETTUCE.— CARTERS' GIANT pJot'perpkt.

WHITE COS LETTUCE 2s. 6d. ls.Qd.

Dunnett's Giant Winter Cos Lettuce ... 2s. 6d. Is. dd.

Carters' Longstander Cabbage Lettuce ... 2s. tid. Is. Od.

All the Year Round Cabbage Lettuce ... Is. 6d. &d.

6<i.
6d.

NION.— CARTERS' GOLDEN pe^ per'pkt.

GLOBE TRIPOLI 2s. M. Is. Sd.

Giant Rocca Is. Od.

Giant White Tripoli Is. Od.

Early White Naples 9d.

Giant Madeira Is. Od.

CARTERS', Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to
H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 218. HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

PRIM UL AS— PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS.—
Twenty-first year of distribution. Williams' Superb Strain,
Is. id. per dozen, 10s. per 100. CINERARIAS, same price;
also double white PRIMULAS, Qd. each. Carriage free for
cash with order.— JOHN STEVENS, The Nurseries, Coventry.

rrHE BURGHLEY STRAWBERRY

-I- PLANTS are acknowledged the best — not the largest
collection, but the most select — all the best varieties re-
presented. The forcers include Vicomtesse, La Grosse Sucree,
Auguste Nicaise, and that excellent variety, John Ruskin.
Write for CATALOGUE, free.

R. GILBERT, High Park. Stamford.

SOUTH of IRELAND GROWN DAFFO-
DILS. — Bulbs never finer than this season.
@T See Article in Garden, June 6. CATALOGUES ready
end of July. Bulbs now ready. Please write for Catalogues,
and insist on August delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

VIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
"a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all their own. Trythem. Seed, Id., Is., and 2s. 6d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA. SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHtENIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

Hand F. SHARPE'S Special Priced LIST
• of Choice VEGETABLE SEEDS for Autumn Sowing,
is now ready, and may be had on application. It comprises
Selected Stocks of Cabbage, Onion, Lettuce, Turnip, &c.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT\
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
A grand importation of ANGR^ECUM SESQUIPEDALE,
just to hand, at 5s., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6<z\, 15s., and 21s. each.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

!UTTON'S EARLY ROMAN HYACINTHS.

NOW READY for IMMEDIATE
DELIVERY.
Customers are respectfully reminded that owing to the
yearly increasing demand, Orders should be sent early, to
prevent disappointment.

SUTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READLNG.

Exhibition Lawn Grass.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
offer their Superb Mixture of
DWARF EVERGREEN LAWN GRASS SEED,

Of the same quality as that supplied by them fur the Grounds
of the Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester.

Per lb., Is., post-free, Is. 3d. ; per cwt., 100s. Carriage Paid.

Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S IMPROVED
• MUSHROOM SPAWN for Outdoor and Indoor
Culture. Per bushel, 5s. ; per cake, id. Per oake, free by
Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, V.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

STRAWBERRIES.— All the best of the New
and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections in the
Trade. Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
issued. Special quotations for quantities to grow for Market.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

Trade Offer of Large Eentlas and Cocoa.

WICETON begs to offer some extra fine
• BELMORIANA, FOSTERIAt-A, MOOREANA, and
RUPICOLA, from 8 to 15 feet high ; a few extra-sized Grand
Specimens, from 20 to 25 feet, with 0 to 18 leaves ; large
batch of COCOS FLEXUOSA and PIUMOSA, 9 to 15 feet.
Prices on Application. Inspection inviiei.

Putney Park Lane, S.W. (near Barnes Station) ; also 129
and 130, Covent Garden Market.

EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS. — Methven'a
Choice Strain, in five varieties— Crimson, Purple, White,
Scarlet, and White Wall-leaved — in Packets, Is., 2s. Qd.t and
5s. each colour.

THOMAS METHVEN and SONS, by Royal Warrant,
Nurserymen and Seedsmen to the Queen, Edinburgh.

LILY CROWNS.— I offer very best LILY
OF THE VALLEY CROWNS, 3-yr. old (true Berlin),
own harvest, from 3^ acres, sandy soil. Wholesale price and
terms of payment on application.
F. W. KRAUSE, Lily Grower, Neusalz, Silesia, Germany.
Established 1870.

PRESERVING STRAWBERRIES. — Old
Scarlet (true variety), 2s. 6rf. per 100; £1 per 1000.
Cheaper by the 10,000 or 20,000. Free on rail.

C. FOX ROSE, Fern Farm, Westfield, Woning.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswiek.

VISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are
cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agentr— Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

122

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Adgust 1, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Friday Next.

ORCHIDS.

PHAL2EN0PSIS GRANDIFLORA.

1000 LILIUM HARRISII.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68 Cheapside, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, August 7, at half-past
12 o'clock, a new CYMBIDIUM from tropical Asia, flowers
white with crimson stripes produced on long spikes. CYPRI-
PEDIUM BOXALLII, in tine order; C. VENUSTDM, C.
INSIGNE from Cachar, DENDROBIUM MAKMORATUM, D.
NOBILE (Vander's variety), CYMBIDIUM species, variety of
EBURNE UM, CATTLEYA species, probably a form of C. Gaskel-
liana but collected in a different locality ; also a choice collec-
tion of Established plants including PHAIUS MANNII, CATT-
LEYA SCHOFIELDIANA in flower, DENDROBIUM LEECH-
IANUM, D. D'ALBEKTISII very rare, AERIDES MITRATUM,
and many other. Also an importation of 150 plants of the best
Java variety of PHAL.ENOPSIS GRANDIFLORA just received
in excellent condition, together with a special importation of
1000 Easter Bermuda LILIES (Lilium Harrisii), the finest
bulbs ever imported, all very heavy and plump and sure to
bloom magnificently ; and 250 of the BRIGHT SCARLET LILY
(Lilium pomponium).

On view Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tottenham, N., close to White Halt Lane Station.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the GLASS
ERECTIONS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, by
order of Mr. John Maller, whose Lease expires at
Michaelmas Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Brunswick
Nursery, Tottenham, N., on THURSDAY, August 13, at
12 o'Clock, without reserve, the ERECTIONS of 10 GREEN-
HOUSES, with the Hot-water Piping (mostly 4 inch), Boilers,
and Brickwork ; 150 movable Lights in various sizes, Gal-
vanised Iron Tank to hold 2600 gallons, Pumps and Pony Gear,
Pony Cart, Set of Harness; also a large quantity of USEFUL
STOCK, consisting of Bouvardias, Geraniums, best sorts ; Ficus,
Palms, Tree Carnations, and others, including Mrs. Moore, Duke
of Fife, Duke of Clarence, Germania, &c, Euphorbias, Ferns,
Stove Climbers, Clematis Jackmanii, Ampelopsis Veitchii,
Chrysanthemums in variety, including 200 Louis Bbehmer,
the new pink Ostrich Plume, in 48 and 32-pots, and other
Stock.

N.B.— The Annual Sale of Winter Flowering HEATHS and
other STOCK will take place as usual at the Brimsdown
Nursery on THURSDAY, September 17.

Monday August 17.

DUTCH BULBS. SPECIAL TRADE SALES.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside, Loudon, E.C, on MONDAY, August 17,
THURSDAY, August 20, MONDAY, August 24, and THURS-
DAY, August 27, large consignments of named Hyacinths,
Tulips, Crocus, Narcissus, and other Dutch Bulbs, together with
white Roman Hyacinths and Paper White Narcissus, received
direct for unreserved sale. These early auctions have been
specially arranged in lots to suit the trade, and other large
buyers. The Auctioneers will be pleased to enter the names of
intending purchasers in their permanent lists, who may desire
a regular supply of catalogues for these sales.
Auction Rooms and Offices, 67 and GB, Cheapside, London, E.C.

SALE of a well-known highly- productive MARKET GARDEN,
occupying an important position fronting Croft's End
Road, Plummer's Hill, and Rose Green Road, St. George,
Gloucestershire, now ripe for immediate Building purposes.

MR. EDWARD T. PARKER has received
instructions from Mr. George Tyler, who is retiring
from business in consequence of continued ill-health, to SELL
by AUCTION, at the White Hart Hotel, Old Market Street,
Bristol, on TUESDAY, August 11, 1891, at 7 o'clock in the
evening precisely, the above valuable MARKET GARDEN or
valuable BUILDING ESTATE, containing about 8 acres,
together with the GOODWILL of the Business, which has
been established over 50 years.

For full particulars, plans, and Conditions of Sale, apply to
EDWARD T. PARKER, Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer,
39, Broad Street, Bristol ; or to Mr. J. W. S. DIX, Solicitor,
Bristol.

WANTED, to HIRE, a NURSERY, with
Five or Six HOUSES, well heated, in the neighbour-
hood of London. By letter only.

T. WELLS, 45, Rectory Square, Stepney, E.

WANTED, to RENT, a Small NURSERY,
with DWELLING-HOUSE, in October, all in good
order. Apply,

W. BRUNSWICK, Church Passage Nursery, Lee, S.E.

WANTED to RENT, 1 or 2 acres of LAND,
with Glass-houses on same, suitable for Market Work,
near London and Station.— Write, with full particulars, to
J. HONEY, Coldharbour, Cranleigh, Guildford.

rpO BE DISPOSED OF, a Small NURSERY,

-M- close to an excellent Market.

Full particulars of T. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

SOUTHPORT. — TO BE SOLD.— HOUSE
and LAND, with VINERY, 160 feet by 17 feet; 200 Vines
of full growth, bearing well; Peach, Apricot, and Nectarine
Trees ; Tomato-house, 30 feet by 12 feet. Four other houses,
all Heated; good Garden, well stocked with Fruit Trees.
Excellent Detached House, with Carriage-way Entrance, Coach-
house, and 2-stall Stable. Ill-health cause of giving up. A
grand chance, and reasonable price.

Apply to J. HALSH, Agent, Southport.

Kent. -To Fruit and Market Growers.
A SPLENDID and COMPACT FREEHOLD

A NURSERY, doing a good Market and Local Trade in
Fruit, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Cut Flowers, &c. ; 12 modern
Greenhouses, all heated, and ranging from 80 to 230 feet
long, and planted with Fruit Trees, all in fruit. An 8-roomed
Bungalow Dwelling-house. Price, Freehold in an entirety,
£3000 ; part may remain at 5 per Cent.
Apply, PROTHEROE ani> MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C,

Florist, Seedsman, and Jobbing Business.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL,
THROUGH EXCEPTIONAL REASONS.
IN A HIGH - CLASS BUSY LONDON SUBURB.
Large handsome SHOP with DWELLING-HOUSE in a main
road, with a small NURSERY near. Long lease with Seven or
Fourteen years' termination at TENANT'S OPTION ; at a low
Rent. Doing a good Plant and Jobbing trade CAPABLE OF
GREAT EXTENSION. Price includes Stock in Shop and in
Greenhouses, Tools, Rollers, Mower, Horse-van, Truck, Barrows,
six Greenhouses (well heated), in fact, everything —

£400, OR NEAR OFFER ;

Part Purchase-Money can remain at interest if required.

Every Investigation courted, and Particulars given.

Suitable for a Branch Shop of a firm. Apply —

BONA-FIDES, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington

Street, Strand, W.C.

FOR SALE.— The SIXTY YEARS' LEASE
and PLANT of a NURSERY in Wood Green ; suit Jobbing
Gardener. Low rent.

Apply, 59, Nightingale Road, N.

FOR SALE.— GLASSHOUSES, in GUERN-
SEY. About 1200 feet heated with Hot-water Pipes, in
thorough working order ; water laid on ; packing-shed, store,
and every convenience. One of the most compact properties
on the island. Situated in the centre of the fruit-growing
district, 1£ miles from the town. Satisfactory reasons for
disposal. Full investigation courted. Apply —

A. Z., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

SEED DRAWERS.— A grand Nest of, almost
new, containing 186 dust and mouse-proof Drawers, with
6 large Bird Seed Bins, oak-grained, nicely labelled ; cost £35.
No reasonable offer refused. Specially suited for a first-class
retail counter trade, or large market gardening business.

ZINNIA, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

Sudbury, near Harrow.

TO BE LET, on LEASE, | Acre of Ground,
suitable for a NURSERY, one large Greenhouse, about
90 by 14 feet. Apply,
W. J. E., 12, Abercorn Villas, Water Lane, Sudbury, Harrow.

TO LET, a SMALL NURSERY, within
three miles of Birmingham ; three Greenhouses, and
about two acres of Land well stocked. Cottage on the ground.
W. B. K., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

TO NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS. —
TO LET, on LEASE, an old-fashioned House, Garden,
Yard, Sheds, Stabling, and 8 acres Grass Laud, near Finsbury
Park, 4 miles from London.

B., 3A, Market Street, Paddington, W.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Frince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

Address. SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street. E.C.

Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens, Florist and Seed

BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS'
HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti-
culars of the above, and can be obtained, gratis, at
67 and 68, Cheapside, London. E.C.

T AXTON'S NEW STRAWBERRIES.— List,

-Li including Laxton's "Scarlet Qtjeen," (Certificate
R.H.S. Fruit Conference, July, 1891), the hnest flavoured,
brightest coloured, and best early variety; Noble, the king of
Strawberries; Competitor, White Knight (Certificate Fruit
Conference), Cardinal, Latest of All, Commander, The Albert,
Crescent, John Ruskin, A. Nicaise, La Grosse Sucree,
Waterloo, and the best New and Old Sorts, from

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

Fresh Palm Seeds.

JW. SILVER offers the above, which have
• just arrived in splendid condition, and from the most
trustworthy sources, of —

KENTIA FOSTERIANA,
BELMORIANA,
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS.
In large or small quantities.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, London, S.W.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
—Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Noble,
Thury, Paxton, President, and others. Sample parcel, id.
Descriptive Price LIST free.
W. LOVBL AND SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield.

EXHIBITIONS.

MAIDENHEAD HORTICULTURAL
SOCFETY.
ANNUAL SHOW at Curtisfield, Maidenhead, on THURS-
DAY, August 13, 1891. Eutries close August 6. Schedules
and particulars from —

O. KING, Hon. Sec, Eay Park Cottage.

CLAY CROSS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
The ANNUAL SHOW of the above will be held on TUES-
DAY, August 11, 1891. Entries close August 3. For Schedules

aPP!yto GEO. LAMB,

Clay Cross, Chesterfield.

CARDIFF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President : THE MAYOR OF CARDIFF (the Most

Hon. The Marquess of Bute, K.T.).

ANNUAL SHOW, August 12 and 13 next.

THREE HUNDRED POUNDS IN PRIZES.

Entries close on August 5,

Schedules Ready. Apply —

SECRETARIES, 51. Woodville Road, Cardiff.

XTH NATIONAL

SHOW, Crystal Palace, AUGUST 15,
1891.

Schedules now ready of over
840 Prizes, comprising Gold, Silver,
and Bronze Medals, and £350 in
cash ; Special Prizes of Goods,
Certificates, &c. ; post-free on appli-
cation to

EDWARD OWEN GREENING,

Hon. Secretary.

At this Show, the Agricultural and Horticultural Association

(Ld.), offer £150 for Best Produce Grown from their Reliable

" One and All Seeds" — 3, Agar Street, Strand, W.C, and Creek

Road, Deptford, S.E.

THE TWENTY - SEVENTH ANNUAL

-L EXHIBITION of the CALNE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY will be held on TUESDAY, August 18, 1891, ill
Bowood Park.

ONE HUNDRED and TWENTY POUNDS offered in
PRIZES, and a FIVE-POUND CUP for 38 varieties of ROSES.

Schedule and particulars of

FRED. C. HENLY, Hon. Sec.

'HE BRISTOL CHRYSANTHEMUM and

SPRING SHOW SOCIETY.
Schedule of Prizes for Exhibition in NOVEMBER NEXT
is now ready. Apply to Mr. G. MARSH, Chairman,

3(5, Southwell Street, Kingsdown, Bristol.

SHROPSHIRE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

189 1.

rriiE

CASH PRIZES OFFERED, OPEN TO ALL

£640.

Schedules may be obtained from the Hon. Sees.,

Messrs. ADNITT & NAUNTON,
The Square, Shrewsbury.

Begonias a Specialty.

LAINGS' COLLECTION

JOHN LAING and SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

Trade Offer.

WICETON begs to offer the following
• PALMS : —

Strong ARECA LUTESCENS, in 60's, at 60s. per 100;

„ COCOS WEDDELLIANA, in thumbs, at 32s. and 50s. ;
,, SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in thumbs, 20s. and 30s.;
,, KENTIAS, BELMOREANA and FOSTERIANA, in

thumbs, 40s. and 75s.
,, SEEDLINGS in Stores, at 30s. per 100.
ASPARAGUS, P. NANUS, strong, in thimbles, at 45s. per 100.
Extra line PANDANUS VEITCHII, in all Sizes.
Putney Park Lane. S.W.

ORC H I DS.

BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS supplied in larga-or small quantities.

Satisfaction guaranteed ; the Trade supplied.

CATALOGUE and particulars on application to

A. H. GRIMSDITCH, Importer,

5, CLAYTON SQUARE, LIVERPOOL.

Sole Agent for CARLOS TRAVASSOS, Rio de Janeiro.

N.B.— LJELIA GRANDIS TENEBROSA : a few plants now in

bloom, splendid new varieties.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on applicatiou to their Agents, Messrs. MERTENS and CO.
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hili, London, E.C. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.
N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

August 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

123

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Paneras.

CLEARANCE SALE OF BULBS
FOR PRESENT PLANTING.
Lemoine's beautiful new GLADIOLI, in mixture, per dozen,
4s. 6d. ; RANUNCULUS, showy sorts, mixed, 2s. Gd. per 100;
beautiful new large- flowered single POPPY ANEMONES,
mixed, 4s. 6d. per 100; ANEMONE FULGENS, the beautiful
scarlet Windrlowerof the Riviera, 4s. lid. per 100; per 1000, 40s.
Sweet-scented PEARL TUBEROSES, 3s. per doz. ; per 100, ISs.
Carriage Free on receipt of Post Office Order.
BARR AND SON, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

NEW FERN — PTERIS VICTORLE.
Best Novelty of the Season.
10s. 6d. each ; three plants for 21s.
Coloured Illustration, post-free, Is.
WILLIAM BULL, F.L.S., Establishment for New and Rare
Plants, 536, KiDg's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

ROSE TREES for SALE. — About 2900
Choice Rose Trees for Sale, fit for Exhibition, consisting
of Standards, Dwarfs, and Teas, at 6d. per tree. The purchaser
can begin cutting the blooms at once, and clear out by
November next. Apply to

CHARLES TAYLOR, Swan Inn, HeadiDgton, Oxford.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TU13EKGEN, Jim., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBEKRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. L:irge
Adiantum cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, 50s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45*. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 4S-pots, tis. per dozen, -15s. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction. S.W,

BOUVARDIA TURITY (New White.)— Un-
doubtedly the finest White Bouvardia yet obtained, and
quite distinct from any other variety in commerce. The Gar-
deners' Chronicle says : — " This may be regarded as the perfec-
tion of a White Bouvardia, and a perfect flower for florists'
purposes." Certificate of Merit from Royal Horticultural
Society, October 14, 1890. The above will be exhibited again
at the next meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society. Pnee
5s. each. May be obtained through all the principal Nursery-
men, or direct from the introducer,

H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton.
N.B. — Trade terms on application.

Rare and Valuable Orchids.

MR. RICHARD PFAU has entrusted me
with the sale of the following rare and valuable
ORCHIDS, collected by him in Costa Rica, all of which are
now offered in perfectly established plants, viz. ;—
I1ARKERIA ELEGANS, nice plants, 5s. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM KRAMERL — According to Collector,

this very distinct and beautiful species will always remain

scarce, being very rare in its native country. Nice plants,

of flowering size, 30s. each ; fine strong plants, lO.'is. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM OERSTEDI MAJUS.— This very distinct

and fine variety has larger flowers, and several flowers

on each spike, much superior to type. Fine plants, 5s.

and 7s. Sd. each ; 42s. per dozen.
TRICHOPILIA COCCINEA ATRORUBENS.— The entire lip

of a deep blood-red colour, very fine variety, 7s. 6d. and

10s. 6d, each.
TRICHOPILIA TURIALV^E, Rchb. f.— Very rare and most

distinct species, with citron-yellow flowers; only one

single plant found by Collector, 25s.
TRICHOCENTRUM PFAUII, Rchb. f. — A pretty winter

flowerer; flowers of long duration. Small established

plants, 7s. 6d. each.
The stock being very limited, early orders respectfully

solicited.
Orders will be executed in strict rotation, and forwarded
Post and package free to any part of Great Britain or Continent.
Terms, payment within 30 days after receipt of plants,
either by Post-oflice Order or crossed Cheque, made payable to
EDWARD ORTGIES, Inspector of Botanic Gardens,' Zurich.
Switzerland.

LILIES of the VALLEY !

First-class Berlin Crowns,

from sandy soil ; the best for early forcing ; finest large flowers,

any quantity.

Prices and terms on application.

NONNE & HOEPKER,

LILY OF THE VALLEY GROWERS and NURSERYMEN,
AHRENSBURG, near HAMBURG, GERMANY.

Orders should be booked now.

"JOHN RUSKIN " STRAWBERRY.

The earliest Strawberry of the Century. Trials in North and
South prove it extraordinary for Earliness, Productiveness,
Flavour, Size, and worthy to be classed with " Sir Joseph
Paxton," " Garibaldi," " President," &c.

Order now. Extra Strong Runners, 4s. per doz., 20*'- per 1C0,
delivered in Augu-t. True, direct from raisers.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment,

CARLISLE.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, ana the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE
JACKMANII.

The flowers are paper-white, about the same size as those of
the old purple Jackmaoii, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is unrivalled for beds, and also for climbing. Ready
in August. 7s. 6d. each.

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6rf. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out,
also BEDDING PLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,

WORCESTER.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses &Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — STRECKER, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1J Year).

Phice, 12s. 6d. per 100.
SAMPLES FEES OX APPLICATION.

STRAWBERRIES.

For the Best Flavoured, see

GEORCE BUNYARD & CO. S LIST.

For the Best Forcing Kinds,
For the Largest Fruited, see

0. B. & CO.'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

For the Hardiest Villa Garden Sorts,
For ample Cultural Notes, see

CEORCE BUNYARD & CO.'S

LIST of SUMMER FRUITS, Free by Post.

THE OLD NURSERIES,

MAIDSTONE, KENT,

And buy the Best Sorts and Best Plants from them.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, healthy Plants, at Low Prices. Thousands
in stock. Please write for LIST.

H. A. TRACY (Late W. Gordon),

Orchid Nursery,
AMYAND PARK ROAD, TWICKENHAM

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price', consistent with correctness and superior
character. Send for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY, KENT.

18 9 1.

GOLD MEDAL 1 GASH PRIZES
For ONIONS.

( OPENto the UNITED KINGD 031)

FIFTEEN POUNDS

Will be awarded, at Banbury, Sept. 3.

Entries close August 26.
Particulars on application.

GREAT INTERNATIONALSHOW

EDINBURGH, Sept. 9, 10, and 11.

IN ADDITION to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Prizes, in Class X, 2-12, offered by H. Deverill,
for the Best Twelve Onions, of any variety,
II. D. has arranged, with the permission of the
Council, to present a GOLD MEDAL to
the Winner of the 1st Prize.

H. DEVERILL,

Seed Grower and Merchant,

Royax Seed Establishment

BANBURY.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
BENJAMIN RIMBAUD,

Bulb Grower,
Quartier du Temple, Toulon (Var), France

{The largest Bulb Grower in the South of France).
Offers—
EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS GRANDIFLORA and other

NARCISSUS.

LILIUM CANDIDUM. FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA.

And all other Specialties of South of France.

Seeds and Plants of

CARNATIONS MARGARITA and other CARNATIONS.

PRICE LIST on application to the

London Agents : —

Messrs. R. SILBBRRAD & SON,

25, Savage Gardens, Crutched Friars, London. E.C.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

124

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

No760.-PO?vTABLE PLANT PRESERVES.

6 ft. by 3 ft. £2 0 0
12 ft. by 3 ft. 3 2 0

6 ft. by 4 ft. £2 5 0
12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 15 0

No. 73.-New Span-roof GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £S 14 0

8 ft. by 6 ft. 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 4 0

All Frames mule f selected Red Deal, painted

three times, and lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet

Cucumber Frame Lights.

6 ft. by 4 ft., glazed and painted ... 14'. each.

Unglazed and unpainted Si. 6<f. each.

Cash Prices. Carriage Paid on Orders of 40s. value.

WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES, in all styles.

No. 74.-THREE-QUARTER SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

No. 77 Fram
Similar to No

I 6 ft.

• l5- < ia ft.

6 ft. by 4 ft. £1 15 0 1 BOLLEKS of all mates and sizes sup-
" by 4 ft. 2 7 6 plied at the cheapest rates. VALVES,
by 4 ft. 3 0 0 | PIPES, and FITTINGS always in stock.

4 ft. by li ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

£2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £i 17 0
4 5 6 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 8 6

No. 75.-MELON and CUCUMBER FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2
8 ft. by 6 ft. 3

12 ft. bv 6 ft. £4
16 ft. by 6 ft. 5

6 0

Wall Fruit Tree Protectors, Hand Lights,
Propagating Glasses, &c.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, includ-
ing Horticultural Buildings and Appliances, Iron
Buildings, Poultry and Kennel Requisites, &c.

Rare and Valuable Orchids.

ME. F. C. LEHMANN, German Consul at
Popayan, United States of Columbia, has entrusted me
with the sale of the following Rare and Valuable Orchids, all
of which, Pescatorei Dayana excepted, are now offered in
perfectly established plants, viz. : —

CATTLEYA DOWIANA ATJREA, 10s. 6d. and 15s. each.
„ TRIAN/E, Popayan varieties, bs. each ; fine, strong,
10s. 6d. each.
ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM LEHMANNI, 3s. U. and 5*.
each.
„ EDWARDI, most distinct and beautiful species, very
slow and difficult to establish. Small, but perfectly
established plants, 10s, $d. each.
„ HALLII LEUCOGLOSSUM.fine plants, ] bs. and 2\s. each.
„ ,. XANTHOGLOSSUM, tine plants, \0s.6d. andlos.each.
ONCIDIUM KRAMERI, quite distinct and superior to O. Pap-
ilio, several plants on each block, bs. and 7s. 6d. per
block,
,, PYRAMIDALE, rare and very pretty, with dense upright
panicles of golden-yellow flowers, with conspicuous
clear-white centre, 7s. <?rf. and 10s. tjrf. each.
„ UNLULATUM, most beautiful species, belonging to the
Macranthum section, 15s. and 21s. each.
PESCATOREI DAYANA, very rare and beautiful, figured in
Bot. Mag., t. 6214. Recently-imported plants, showing
new growth, 7s. 6rf. and 10s. each ; 60s. per doz
TRICHOP1LIA FRA GRANS ALBA (PILUMNA NOBIXIS?),
all segments clear white, with orange-yellow eye ; very
sweet scented. 3s. 6d.t 5s., and 7s. 6rf. each.
Orders will be executed in strict rotation, and forwarded,
Post and Package free, to any part of Great Britain or Con-
tinent. The Stock being very limited, early Orders respect-
fully solicited. Terms, payment within thirty days after
receipt of Plants, either by Post Office Order or Crossed
Cheque, made payable to —

EDWARD ORTGIES, Inspector of Botanic Gardens, Zurich,
Switzerland.

«!B

»tS~4

Without which

THE "PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Without which

none is genuine. none u genuine.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Stable
Yards, &o. Eecommended by the entire Horticultural Press, inoluding The Field,
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Prices :— 1 gal., 2s. ; 5 gals.. Is. 9d per gal. ; 10 gals., Is. 6d. per gal ; 40 gals, at Is. 4d. per gal.

Carriage Paid on 10 gallons.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

THE HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL COY.,

97; Milton Street, GLASGOW (Originally of Tunbridge, Kent).

CATJTION TO THE PUBLIC— Please carefully note our Name, Address, and
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prices of inferior articles.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that by xirtue of an Order of the High Court of
Justice, dated May 26, 1891, the use of the name AGRI-HORTICULTURAL
CHEMICAL COY. on Shoio-Cardi, Circtdars, Labels, or othencise hou'soever, by
Parties ricently trading under that name at Tunbridge, Kent, is ILLEGAL, and
that our Manufactures cannot be obtained genuine in Tunbridge except from our
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K 'v

NOW
READY.

CARTERS'

NOW
READY,

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTH!

THE FINEST OF THE YEAR.

Very large Bulbs ... price 3s. per dozen ; 21s. per 100.

Good flowering Bulbs ... price 2s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100.

All Carriage Free. Special Quotations for Large Quantities.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

Auoust 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

125

CARTERS'

TESTED

SEEDS,

For Present Sowing.

r.ARRAPC CARTERS'

v/waonuc, EARLY HEARTWELL

Pronouneed to be the finest early Cabbage in cultiva-
tion. Very distinct. The heads are extremely firm,
weighing from 4 to 6 lb. In sealed packets only — Per
packet, Is. and 6d. ; per ounce, Is. firf. All post-free.

LETTUCE.

Per oz.
s. d.

per jikt.
J. d.

Carters' Giant White Cos
Dunnett's Giant Wbite Cos ...
Carters' Longstander Cabbage

Lettuce

All the Year Round Cabbage

Lettuce

ONIOSM.

Carters' Golden Globe Tripoli

Giant Rocca

Giant White Tripoli

Early White Naples

Giant Madeira

2 6 10

16 0 6

Post free.

Per oz. per pkt.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H M the Queen

237
*38

and H R.H. the Prince of Wales,

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

THE TWO BEST CABBACES

ARE

DICKSONS FIRST AND BEST, and

DICKSONS PERFECTION.

Per packet, 6d. ; per ounce, Is. Post free.

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pleased with your '■ First and Best " Cabbage, which I sowed
);ist summer for the first time. We have been cutting for the
past three weeks, and I cannot hear of anyone else cutting so
early. The plants withstood the severe winter remarkable
well."

For other CABBAGES, LETTUCES. ONIONS, &c, for
present sowing, see CATALOGUE, sent post free on
application.

DlCKSONSeSsCHESTER

PALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM
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H. DAM5IANN, Jul)., Breslau.

WEBBS'

EMPEROR CABBAGE

THE EARLIEST AND BEST.

6d. and la. per packet,
Is. 6d. per ounce.
From Mr. R. Lye. T7ie Gardens,
Symonton Court* July 23, 18 9:—
"I have grown a good many
varieties of Cabbage, but I con-
sider Webbs' Emperor the best of
them all. I planted out a bed of
850 plants last autumn, and not
one went to seed, but all turned
out splendidly, and were admired
by all who saw them." p

EARLY NONPAREIL CABBAGE 8d.

ENFIELD MARKET 6d

EARLY RALNHAM 9d.

RED DUTCH 9d.

;c-v2«

ONION.

Per pkt.
... 6d.
... 6d.
... 6d.

WEBBS' RED GLOBE TRIPOLI
LARGE FLAT RED TRIPOLI

GIANT ROCCA

WHITE LISBON

POST-FREE.

WEBBiSONS.WORDStEY.STOURBRIDCEl

Is. 6d.
lOd.

is Od
... 8d.

STANDEN'S

Established
30 Years.

MANURE.

Exceeds all others in general fertilising
properties and staying powers.

It promotes a rapid, healthy, and robust growth
to plants generally.

It is a clean and dry Powder, with very little
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It is consequently particularly adaptable for
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Sold in Tins, 6d., Is., 2s. 6d., 5s. 6d.,
and 10s. 6d. each.

And in Kegs (free), at Reduced Prices :—
28 lb., 10s. 6d. ; 56 lb., 18s.; 112 lb.,
32s. each.

LETHORION (VAPOUR GONE),

(PATENT).

The total destruction of
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k^ is thoroughlysecured with-
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PRICES— For Frames.
&c, of 50 cubic feet, 6d. ;
100 feet, 9d, ; 500 feet, Is.;
1000 feet, Is. 6d. ; 4000feet,
bs. each.

Owing to the enormous
demand, intending users
should give their Seedsmen
Early Orders to secure a
supply.

By permission of the Hon. Board of Customs
DUTY FREE.

TOBACCO PREPARATIONS

FOR

HORTICULTURAL USE.

THE "LONDON" TOBACCO JUICE.

(Free of Dutv.)

Manufactured from strong American Leaf Tobacco, and
highly concentrated. Sold in bottles :— Pints, Is.; quarts,
Is. 9rf. ; half gall., 2s. 6<*. ; gall., 4s. Or, in casks of 10 galls,
and upwards, at 2s. 6d. per gallon.

EXTRA STRONG TOBACCO JUICE.

Specially manufactured for Evaporating in Greenhouses.
Pints, Is. 6d. ; quarts, 2s. 9^. ; half-gall., 6s.; gall., lis. And
in kegs of 5 gall*., 10s. (5d. per gall. ; 10 galls., 10s. per gallon.

THE "LONDON" TOBACCO POWDER.

Thia preparation consists of best Virginian Tobacco, finely
ground and mixed with other ingredients of an essential
character. Price, in tins, Is., 2s. 6a., and 4s. Or, in bulk, £3
per cwt.

NICOTINE SOAP.

An effectual and speedy Eradicator of Scale, Thrip, Green
Fly, Mealy Bug, Red Spider. American Blight, and all Parasites
affecting plants, without injury to foliage. In jars, Is. 6rf. and
3s. each, and in tins, bs. Qd., lbs. 6d., and 25s. each.

GORRY, SOPER, FOWLER & CO.

(LIMITED),

16, FINSBTJRY STREET, E.C. ;
And SHAD THAMES, S.E., LONDON.

As a Supplement

TO THE

Gardeners' Chronicle

FOR

Next Week, August 8,

II ill be Published an

Ink-Photograjyh of a Range of Houses

Erected by Messrs. RICHARDSON $ CO.,
For C. FURNESS, Esq., M.P.

f3$

ail? . 'JW*'

H^sjstML

THE

SATURDAY, AUGUST 1, 1891.

BOWOOD PARK.

T>OAVOOD is always worth a visit, even when
-*-* the gardener is holding his hand for a
while, with a very reduced staff, as he is doing
at present in the absence of the Marquis of
Lansdowne, who is serving the country as Viceroy
of India. I entered the park from Calne, having
travelled by railway from Devizes and Chippen-
ham on one of the few delightful days of a cold
and showery May. The house, park, gardens,
and pinetum at this famous seat are all very
handsome and first-rate and the country around is
historically interesting and the landscape beauti-
ful. The house is finely placed, sheltered by woods,
yet not encumbered. A stream runs through the
lower part of the park, and widens into a lake of
50 acres, long, but not canal- like, widest before
the house, and winding up the valley — a vista
of water with wooded shores and varying pro-
montories. It is a very pleasing scene from
the windows of the stately mansion, and in
spite of the water, it offers no suggestion
of fogs, damps, and rheumatic pains. If Dr.
Priestley, in residence here a hundred years
ago as librarian and friend of the Earl of Shel-
burne, or if Moore, the poet of whom Byron
said, " Tommy dearly loves a lord," a frequent
visitor here fifty years ago, had walked down
towards the head of the lake, as no doubt they
did sometimes, and had passed the spot where
the overflow escapes through some ornamental
rockwork to the meadows below, they might
have reached on the right a promontory of the
lake, where a summer-house of classic archi-
tecture stands, like the portico of a Greek temple
and from this spot they would see that the great
house is placed well above the water on the banks
of the lake, and considerably removed from it.

Owing to the high site, one can see from the
terraces beneath the windows — from the midst of
the seclusion of the wooded park — the fair
country beyond ; luxuriant woods and farms in
the foreground, the boundary of the chalk hills
beyond, with the smooth and rounded surface of
the Cherhill Downs, having the Lansdowne
column at the top, and a white horse cut in the
slope. The chief entrance to the park is from
Deny Hill,"a little village of ornamental houses

126

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

clustered partly round a small green in front of
the entrance, where an arched gateway flanked
by a tower ; some handsome iron gates, and the
sculptured arms of the family on the wall above
the gates, intimate the neighbourhood of a
lordly residence. A drive of 2 miles through
the deer park brings us to the house, a three-
storeyed mansion in the Italian style, with terraced
flower gardens on the south and east fronts.
It is gratifying to observe that the taste of the
owners has not been satisfied with the archi-
tectural beauty of their dwelling alone, since
they have covered the walls with creepers —
Roses, Honeysuckles, Wistaria, and Virginia
Creeper. On the west side, a long wing or
extension — imitated from the Emperor Diocle-
tian's palace at Spalato — includes the library
and an orangery, having a narrow border under
the wall filled with various alpines, none of which
were brighter in May than the rose-coloured
Thrift, and that very handsome dwarf Phlox
setacea atro-purpurea. Oranges and Bays in
tubs are placed upon the terraces in summer.
Among the appropriate shrubs which cover the
walls of the terraces, I noticed Banksian Roses,
Kerria japonica, Clematis montana, Magnolia
conspicua, two species of Pyrus japonica — albo
and atro-purpurea; Garrya elliptioa, Porsythia
viridissima, and that handsome white-blossomed
evergreen, Choisya ternata.

Between the park and the house there are
several series of terraces, each supported by a
wall, and each ornamented by handsome stone
balustrades, and planted in the manner just
described. There are gravel walks and geome-
tric flower borders, filled with such plants in
their season as may suit a garden with pala-
tial surroundings. Everything at Bowood is
spacious and grand. A house as comfortable as
it is ornamental, built by a statesman and man
of letters, filled with works of art, and famous as
the resort of distinguished men, stands amid
terraced gardens in a beautiful English park.
The Earl of Shelburne selected his site well.

The pleasure grounds are entered immediately
behind the house, and include 60 acres, devoted
to ornamental trees and shrubs, and a pinetum
which seems to have been planted forty or fifty
years ago with choice specimens. At the
entrance to this part of the grounds the Cedars
of Lebanon are very fine. Then comes a spe-
cimen of Abies Douglasii, still 100 feet high,
though wrecked by wind unfortunately three
years since. A number of large and spreading
evergreen Oaks help to shelter the pinetum,
which is, in fact, so well protected that
within its boundary one hears the wind in
the surrounding tree tops without feeling
its full force. I am afraid that the public
who are freely admitted here may sometimes
abuse their privilege by transposing the labels,
since the first tree we came to was named Abies
elegans, and is 50 feet high, and fall of foliage,
whereas A. excelsa elegans is described in
Veitch's Manual of the Conifers as a dense
shrub, growing only from 5 to 7 feet high.
Abies grandis flourishes here on the light soil,
which suits most of the oonifers. P. resinosa
however, the red Pine of Canada, is not quite
happy here. There are many specimens of
Sequoia sempervirens, with fine drooping
foliage, which have already reached 70 feet
in height. As this giant of the Pacific
coast, the Californian Redwood, takes the
second place in size among the coniferous trees
of its native country, reaching 300 feet, it has
still much to do before attaining at Bowood its
typical height. Cryptomeria japonica];is grate-
ful for its sheltered situation and looks well.

Two specimens of Abies cephalonica stand
side by side, and were putting forth their
young shoots in the third week of a late and
treacherous May, and seem hardy notwith-
standing their Mediterranean origin. Cedrus
atlantica is 60 feet high here, and wears its
characteristic foliage, tinged with blue. This
tree forms the prevalent arborescent foliage
of Mount Atlas, and as it came to England
after 1841, it must have reached Bowood early,
probably in the time of the third Mar-
quis, who was a patron of horticulture,
and enlarged and embellished the ornamental
grounds. The Chinese Arbor-vitae, Biota orien-
talis pendula, is one of the curiosities here, and
among its neighbours are Junipers and Cypresses
in great variety.

The kitchen garden covers 4 acres, which are
divided into four compartments by walls, an
arrangement affording space for a large quantity
of wall fruit. There are five vineries, two Peach-
houses, a stove, and a number of pits. Probably
the extent of this part of Mr. Nelson's charge
is beyond the requirements of the relative
of the owner who, at present, occupies Bo-
wood. The soil here is light and warm, and
this may partly explain the very vigorous and
early growth of the Asparagus Kale, a va-
riety which Mr. Nelson recommends beyond all
others. It has supplied abundant sprouts since
the end of March this season, and the more they
are plucked the more freely they break. Sheep
farmers would have been glad of a few acres of
such Greens this year. The seed of this pro-
ductive Kale is sown early in June, and the
plants are set out in August.

Lilies of the Valley were in blossom in the
kitchen garden on May 16, and the Gentianella,
doing well on this soil, had put forth its deep
blue blossoms. The beds of Tansies were
brilliant, and the rows of Aubrietia could
not be ignored, common as the plant may be.
The abundance of Spinach showed the warmth
of the soil ; and a fine specimen of Ceanothus
Veitchianus on the wall, out by frost for the
first time since it was planted here, recalled to
mind that a famous gardener and ardent horti-
culturist once commanded an army of gardeners
here, and introduced to their present sites some
of the plants we now admire here, at a time
when they were more novel in English gardens
than they are now. It cannot be said that
Mr. John Spencer made Bowood, but, at least,
he did much to render it famous. II. E.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

L^ELIA GRANDIS, Lincll., vae. TENEBROSA,
Hort.
This, as its name implies, is a dark variety of
Lailia grandis, a species described by Lindley as
long ago as 1850, but which, until recently, has
been a rare plant in gardens. The typical form has
nankeen-yellow, decidedly undulate segments, and a
white lip with rosy-purple veins. Until the appear-
ance of the present form, very little variation had
been observed in the species. In May, 1889, a
flower from the collection of H. Tate, Esq., jun., of
Allerton Beeches, near Liverpool, was sent to Kew
by the Liverpool Horticultural Company, which, 1
thought, must be a peculiar dark variety of Ladia
grandis. A year later, Mr. A. H. Grimsditch,
of Clayton Square, Liverpool, sent a flower with
leaf and pseudobulb, saying it was introduced
by his principal, M. Travassos, from a new
district in Brazil. It has since flowered with
Lord Rothschild at Tring ^Park, E. Gotto, Esq., of
Hampstead, and Messrs. Linden, of Brussels, and
proves to be quite constant in character. The seg-

ments are flatter than in the typical form, less undu-
late, and of a decided copper-bronze tint, while the
lip is wholly purple, somewhat lighter near the
margin, and darker in the throat. The plant exhi-
bited by Lord Rothschild at a recent meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society received a First-class
Certificate. It is no trifling variation, as is so
frequently seen in this group, but a very distinct
geographical variety, and a decided horticultural
acquisition. The successive flowering of the plants
mentioned above only proves the constancy of the
characters pointed out, and it may yet have to be
considered a distinct sub-species. JR. A. Rolfe,

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CATTLEYA SCHRODER^E ALBA.
A beautiful variety, with the sepals and petals
white, while the crisped lip has a large central
yellow blotch. In addition to its snowy whiteness,
it exhales an exquisite perfume. Beichcnbachia, 1. 17,
second series.

Lycaste Skinneri abmeniaca.
A form of this beautiful species, remarkable for
the apricot-coloured segments and lip. Mr. Rolfe
has an interesting note on the history of the species.
Bcichenbachia, t. 18, second series.

Odontoglossum excellens, vah.
A superb Odontoglossum, a natural hybrid between
Pescatorei and triumplians, like O. eugenes, O.
Vuylslekeanum, chrysomelanum, and "Albert
Edward," the particular variety figured. Beichcnbachia,
second series, t. 19.

L^jlio-Cattleya elegans var. Blenheimensis.

A natural hybrid between Cattleya guttata and
Loelia purpurata. The sepals and petals are spread-
ing, fleshy, and of a deep rose colour ; the lip a deep
crimson. According to Mr. Sander, it is best grown
in baskets, in a rather sunny, moist position of the
Cattleya-house, suspended near the glass, in a tem-
perature of 65° to 70° in winter. In the summer
the temperature may rise much higher. The plants
are unlike Cattleyas, and should never be allowed to
become thoroughly dry. Ladio-Cattleya elegans
makes two growths during the year, and is extremely
variable in its time of flowering. "The attempt,"
says Mr. Rolfe, "to refer the plant to either of the
parent genera only involves us in all kinds of incon-
sistencies." Ladio-Cattleya Schilleriana X, in like
manner includes all the hybrid forms between Lxlia
purpurata and Cattleya intermedia. Beichcnbachia,
t. 20.

Oncidium divaricatum, Lindl.

At the Chateau de Boterlaer, at Deurne, near
Anvers, an example of this Brazilian Orchid is now
in bloom with a stem which measures about 8 feet,
and bears 784 flowers. A plant of Cattleya Mossia',
Miss Zoe(?), is noteworthy on account of the mark-
ings on the petals. B.

TOMATO FORCING.

1. The Tomato can be forced for winter bearing
to advantage, but it demands close and constant
atteution.

2. A Tomato-house should be very light, warm,
and the roof should be at least 5 feet above the beds
or benches.

3. An abundance of sunlight is essential.

4. The temperature should be about 60° to G5° at
night, and 70° to 80° during the day, or higher in
full sunshine.

5. House Tomatos demand a rich soil, and a liberal
supply of fertilisers.

G. In this latitude, house Tomatos bear when four
to five months old.

7. Tomatos like brisk bottom-heat. They may be
grown in large boxes, or upon benches ; 18-inch

August 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

127

square boxes, placed about a foot apart, and con-
taining four plants to the box, afford one of the
neatest and best means of growing Tomatos.

8. Winter Tomatos must be trained. From one to
three stems, depending upon the distance apart of the
plants, are allowed to grow from each plant. These
are trained upon perpendicular or ascending cords.
The plants must be pruned as fast [as new shoots
appear. The heaviest clusters should be supported.

9. Water may be used more freely early in the
growth of the plant than later. Wet the soil
thoroughly at each watering, rather than water often.
When the fruits begin to set, keep the atmosphere
dry, especially during the middle of the day.

10. In midwinter, the flowers should be pollinated
by hand. This may be done by knocking the pollen
from the flowers when the atmosphere is dry, and
catching it in a spoon or other receptacle, into which
the stigma is thrust.

I 11. One-sidedness and much of the smallness of

14. Lorillard, Ignotum, Volunteer, Ithaca, Golden
Queen, and Beauty, we have found to be good
winter Tomatos.

15. Insect pests are kept in check by fumigating
with Tobacco, and the spotted mite by Hughes' Fir-
tree oil. Fungi are controlled by ammoniacal car-
bonate of copper and Bordeaux mixture. L. H, Bailey,
Cornell University Bulletin.

A FRENCH TOWN! GARDEN.

In nothing in the case of towns has there been so
remarkable a progress during the last quarter of a
century as in the formation and decoration of parks
and open spaces. Who is there that remembers the
stony wilderness at Amiens, dominated over by a
beperiwigged notability, but will be astonished and
delighted with the change that now meets his eye. In
this issue we give an illustration of a more recently

minds of some people who, in this matter, are in the
long run penny-wise and pound-foolish, we would
suggest, that while the rate-payers might be asked
to provide for the formation and up-keep of the
parks and spaces, the specially decorative features
might be supplied by public subscription, or by the
donations of philanthropic individuals having the
welfare of the citizens at heart — in the same manner
that, having provided a suitable gallery, generous
donors contribute the pictures.

COLUMBINES.

At one time Columbines were regarded as common
plants, as few people were acquainted with any
species or varieties except those to be found in
cottage-gardens and shrubberies ; but since the
introduction of the lovely Colorado species, and
others, they have come under notice, and are much

FlQ. 1G. — TOWN OABDEN AT ABBEVILLE,

house Tomatos appears to be due, at least in part, to
insufficient pollination.

a. One-sidedness appears to result from a greater
development of seeds upon the large side.

b. This development of seeds is apparently due to
the application of the pollen to that side.

c. An abundance of pollen applied over the entire
stigmatic surface, by increasing the number of seeds,
increases the size of the fruit.

d. The pollen, either directly or indirectly,
probably stimulates the growth of the fruit beyond
the mere influence of the number of seeds.

12. The second crop of fruits is obtained by
training out a shoot or shoots from the base of old
plants, by burying the old plant, or by starting a new
seedling crop. The first method appears to be the
best.

13. House Tomatos in this latitude yield about
2 lb. to the square foot. The amount of the first
crop does not appear to influence the amount of yield
in the second crop from the same plant.

formed garden in the neighbouring town of Abbe-
ville. The situation is flat, and not much has been
done to vary the monotony of the surface. The
groups of trees selected for colour effect — dark shades
of green of varied intensity, in front of Birches and
light-foliaged trees — serve to break up the formality,
while the treatment of the water is satisfactory.
The flower-beds are ugly, and not to be commended.
" Mais e'est la mode!" We have mentioned certain
French towns, but it must not be forgotten that we
were in advance of our neighbours, and such towns
as Canterbury, Ipswich, Derby were provided with
these welcome resting-places years before the time
we speak of. We can but repeat what we have so
often said, that the chief requirement of our towns
now-a-days is not so much large parks at a
distance from the centres of population, but
numerous smaller ones interspersed throughout
the more densely populated portions. As
the question of expense, and the necessity of
" keeping the rates down " are paramount in the

sought after as decorative plants for the borders.
One of the most pleasing of the named kinds is
Aquilegia chrysantha, which grows about 2 feet
high, and blooms freely, the flowers being of a soft
canary-yellow colour, and they have very long spurs,
which render them attractive and of striking appear-
ance. A. coerulea, another that was introduced to the
public at about the same time as that just mentioned,
has spurs almost equally long, and produces widely-
distended flowers of a rich pale blue shaded with
white ; but as this kind dies out so quickly, rarely
lasting more than three or four years, and has to be
raised from seed, it is difficult to get and keep it
true, especially if any others are near. This being
so, plants of it should be isolated for seeding pur-
poses, as it is far too good and valuable to lose or
become degenerated by being impregnated with
commoner kinds, and yet much has been gained in
that way, as witness the box of exquisite blooms,
possessing so many shades of colour, exhibited
by Messrs. Veitch at the Royal Botanic Show,

128

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

on then3th of last month. These are destined to
enrich our gardens, and it is more than likely that
they have the hardy, enduring character of some of
the older sorts ; and, if so, then there will be but
little trouble in keeping them. Be this as it may,
they should be largely grown ; the way, I think, in
which Columbines look best, being in groups or
large patches, mixed, as then they show each other
off to advantage. To be really successful with the
finer varieties, they must be treated as biennials
instead of perennials, the most suitable time for
sowing being early in spring, as then the plants have
a long season's growth, and become strong by the
autumn. Many, however, sow as soon as seed is
ripe, and plants raised in August flower the follow-
ing year, if pricked out and grown freely on as soon
as they are up and of a size fit to handle. For
semi-wild places, such as the hardy fernery, or wide
pleasure-ground borders, the most vigorous kinds of
Columbines are quite unrivalled, as in such situa-
tions they look quite at home, and become naturalised,
and take care of themselves. J. Sheppard.

WINE PEOSPECTS IN

BURGUNDY.

While the Bordeaux district of France has been
fighting and overcoming the Phylloxera, mildew, and
other scourges of the vineyards, Burgundy, having
been attacked later, scarcely yet shows the same pro-
gress in victory over the insidious foes. It is a melan-
choly sight for those who knew the " golden slope "
in days before the arch enemy of the Vine marched
into occupation, to mark the scars still left, where
every cubit had its " pleasant plant," standing deep-
rooted in the ruddy soil, many of the " ceps " asso-
ciated with memories of half a century of rosy wine.
But grass and weeds hide now on too many a golden
hill the rich red soil, and it will be years before some
of the famous cms regain their former position, both
as to quantity and quality.

We are indebted to Monsieur Louis Latour, Maire
of Aloxe-Corton, one of the largest growers and
holders on the Cote d'Or proper, and who has spent his
life amid the vineyards, growing and tending wines,
for a personally conducted survey of his district and
for much practical information as to the prospects and
condition there of viticulture. He has lately added to
his properties the Chateau Corton.an estate well known
till the Phylloxera almost destroyed its vineyards,
and hopes in a few years to restore it to its pristine
reputation. The estate is about 120 acres in extent,
and he calculates having, on the purchase, replant-
ing, and culture, to spend between thirty and forty
thousand pounds before the vineyards will give him
a proper yield, which fact will give some idea of what
the losses have been on other estates.

The means used to combat the various ills to
which the Vine seems heir in these latter days are
those which our columns from time to time have
made familiar to our readers. Bouillie Bordclaise
for the mildew and other cryptogamic scourges
which endanger the produce by attacking the plant
in leaf and shoot, and bisulphide of carbon distributed
to the roots, are the principal remedies. The
French Government contribute, and the muni-
cipal authorities add to the subsidy, towards
the expensive campaign against their common
enemies, effective control and supervision being pro-
vided to ensure the funds being properly applied,
and the due proportion met by the proprietors whose
vineyards are affected.

Burgundy has again "caught on" of late years
with our British wine drinkers. When our rulers by
heavy differential duties almost killed the trade in
French wine to encourage the produce of our ally
Portugal, it was Burgundy above all that passed
almost away from lip and literature. The contem-
porary colouring of the time of the Stuarts, Dutch
William and Queen Anne, is rosy with the wine of
Burgundy. Pious Dick Steele quaffed her vintages
not wisely but too well ; strong - headed Joseph
Addison loosened his tongue without beclouding his
brain with the same generous fluid ; and the high-

bred beaux and roisterers of that day— a time so
vivid in dress and doubtful deeds — reeled home, top-
heavy with too much of the wine from the cuvfes
of the Cote-d'Or.

But great though the ravages have been in her vine-
yards, Burgundy can still give to the British bour-
geois as good a wine as most of those gallants quaffed,
at a price which cost of transport, &c, then placed
far beyond their modest reach. Large buyers, such as
Messrs. Gilbey and others, give the single-bottle
buyer a Pommard at Is. 6^. per bottle which has
been bought first-hand as grapes, vintaged on
the spot, stored in cool cellars in the limestone, and
when fit to bear the voyage and the bottling, shipped
via Dieppe and Newhaven to our shores.

The old Duchy included, roughly, the present
departments of the Cote d'Or, Sa6ne-et-Loire, and
Ain, a country all wine-bearing, more or less, some
120 miles long by 40 miles broad. Purists may
press to confine the name of " Burgundy " to the
Cote d'Or, but no such limits are needed as a
guarantee for its integrity. It would be as sensible
to draw a line round the choicest district of the
Haut Medoc, and deny to all the rest of the Bor-
deaux district the name of " Claret " for its wines.
Macon, while well within the old Duchy, is more
than 80 miles south of the centre of the Cote d'Or
proper, which gives the name to its depart-
ment, and is a large wine centre, round which
is vintaged a huge quantity of genuine wine,
distinctively racy of the soil, though lacking that
highest quality and flavour which in former days
raised to their present pre-eminence such names
as Clos-Vougeot and Chambertin. From the dis-
trict round Macon to that centre itself, and
northward to the cellars of the merchants in
Beaune and Dijon, go millions of gallons to be
rightly distributed as "Burgundy;" were it not
so, this sound red wine would be beyond the
pockets of all but the wealthy. As matters fortu-
nately stand, no citizen who has fifteen or eighteen-
pence to spare need lack a glass of genuine Bur-
gundy if he have a respectable wine merchant or
grocer within hail.

INSECT PESTS.

The Hop Louse. — Prof. Hiley, in a circular
recently published by the United States Department
of Agriculture, sums up the history of this pest.
The eggs are laid on Plum trees. These produce
wingless, so-called females, which feed on the Plum,
and in their turn produce, by agamic reproduction,
winged aphides, which desert the Plum and settle
on the Hop, where they give birth to other genera-
tions of wingless individuals, and, ultimately, to a
generation of winged aphides which fly back to the
Plum, and on it give origin to the true female
insects, which are wingless and never leave the
Plum. Thus, there is but one generation of sexed
insects produced, and this at the close of the life-
round, the females, wingless, on the Plum trees, the
males, winged, on the Hop. All intervening genera-
tions (and there are many) are parthenogenetic. If
we had to deal with a fungus, we should call the
latter sporophytes, producing spores, whilst the
true sexual generation would be the gametophyte.
From these points in the life-history, Prof. Riley
concludes that it will pay to spray all Plum trees
in the vicinity of Hop gardens in the spring or in
the fall, after Hop picking. All wild Plum trees in
the vicinity of the Hop gardens should be destroyed,
and the Hop bines should be burnt.

Spraying the Hops can be made quite effective,
the more so, as during the summer the lice cannot
migrate, excepting by crawling from one garden to
another, so that a careful grower is not in this case
at the mercy of an apathetic or careless one.
Kerosene emulsion is the best, made as follows : —
Kerosene, 8 pints ; water, 4 pints ; soap, half a pound.
Dissolve the soap in the water, heat it to boiling,
and add it when boiling hot to the kerosene. Churn
the mixture by means of a force-pump, and spray
for five or ten minutes, till a smooth creamy emulsion

is formed. One part of this'should bediluted/vith
twenty-five parts of water when required for use. A
spray-pump with a Riley nozzle is required, and
may now be had of our makers.

The Nun. — We have already called the attention
of our readers to the devastation of the Pine forests
caused by a moth (Liparis monacha) in Bavaria and
Belgium. The only really effective remedy, according
to an article in Insect Life, is the grease-band, such
as is used for the winter moth of fruit trees, the
object being to prevent the ascent of the larva.

CHANCELLOR SWAYNE'S
GARDEN.

In the close of Salisbury Cathedral, about
100 yards westward from the west entrance door,
and actually under the shadow of its lofty spire'
Chancellor Swayne has his substantial residence.
At the rear of it is first a lawn and then a garden,
which extends about 150 yards down to the lazy
Avon, which meanders past it in a southerly
direction. Both lawn and garden are pleasantly
situated and admirably kept, and contain a charming
diversity of character and variety of Bubject within
the space of less than 2 acres. Admirably arranged
collections of hardy herbaceous and alpine plants
are to be found in fine condition as regards health
and floriferousness, each plant being allowed ample
space for proper development. Some owners of
collections of these fine plants place the several
species and varieties in masses, which, although
they make a grand display when they are in flower,
are nevertheless not to be commended, on the ground
that large and very undesirable unoccupied spaces
occur in the floral picture as plant after plant goes
out of flower. Canon Swayne's practice, which is
worthy of general adoption, is to intersperse in-
dividual plants of different species, that is, individual
plants of species known to flower in May are
disposed among those whose flowering-time is June
and July, and in this way there are no large un-
occupied spaces to mar the picture in either the beds
or the borders ; the proportionate number of species
and plants necessary to make a floral display each
month during the period indicated having received
full consideration when the beds and borders were
planted.

On entering the gardens from the house, the view
westward is a charming one. Close at hand, and in
various directions, are very natural-looking rockeries
of irregular surface and outline, and gay at this
season of the year with the foliage and flowers of a
choice collection of Alpines, to which the crested
fronds of the Lastraias, Athyriums, &c, in the hardy
Ferneries, a little way off, and the healthy specimen
Wellingtonia gigantea, with its branches brushing
the beautiful green sward, which can only be found
in these old gardens, lend charm as well as variety.
Leading further, and as a continuation of the lawn,
is a faultless turfy walk, 100 yards long, and having
a width sufficient for six persons to walk abreast.
Herbaceous borders, 10 feet in width, line the
sides of this pleasant path, which in the season of
flowers are ablaze with a variety of plants of almost
every conceivable colour. Beyond are pastures, and
further yet, the woods of Lord Pembroke, with
occasional glimpses of the winding Avon and the
Wylyle, which —

" Now hid in shade, they work their silent flood
Through the dark mazes of the pendant wood."

Standing sentry-like at the ends of these twin
borders are two handsome columns of Cupressus
Lawsoniana, guarding, as it were, the entrance to a
third garden. This garden has its own well-filled
beds and borders set at short intervals in the verdant,
closely shaven lawn, and its Ivy and Clematis-clad
arbours at each end of the broad gravel walk which
skirts the Avon — truly as quiet and lovely a spot
as either poet or artist in meditative mood could
desire. The flowers which fill the rear parts of the

AtracsT 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

129

borders consist of Phlox, Delphinium, Helianthus,
Michaelmas Daisy, Spirxa, Aconitum, and the like.
The plants in flower in the body of the borders
at the time of my visit, at the end of June, were, in
addition to the Delphiniums, P;conies, nearly over;
Poppies, of various shades of colour ; Aquilegias,
also nearly over ; Campanula, Lobelia, Chrysanthe-
mum, Pyrethrum, Eryngium alpinum, Potentilla in
variety, including the bright crimson-flowered P.
Etna ; Gaillardia, including G. hybrida splendida,
with chocolate centre and golden fringed flowers ;
Gillenia trifoliata, with elegant spikes 24 inches high
and light flowers ; Amaryllis longiflora, Veronica,
Erodium Manescavi, Linums, Betonica grandiflora,
Spircea filipendula flore-pleno. Polemonium Kichard-

of Cypripedium is quite hardy here, and the bed is
top-dressed with leaf-mould in winter. The finely-
developed flowers of white and rose colour form a
very conspicuous whole ; in the same bed Iris Iuemp-
feri, in a few examples, were in flower.

In concluding my brief notes of a very interesting
and excellently managed garden, I may be permitted
to record my indebtedness to Chancellor Swayne
for his courtesy in showing me through his beau-
tiful garden and describing some of the choicest
subjects on the way. H. Vt . W. [Views in the
Canon's Garden have been painted by Mr. A. Parsons ;
see notice of the same, p. 463 of Gardeners' Chronicle
for April 11,1891; Rouge et Noir,an& the previous
paragraph. Ed.]

so far as that could be done without interfering with
the few fine trees still remaining.

WHAT IS THE GOOD OF IT?

A good many people seem to think it is wise to
indulge in a general wail over the decay of country
life. Perhaps they feel better for it ; like certain
kinds of women, it does them good to cry. To hear
these persons talk you would certainly think that the
land is full of abandoned farms, and that the culti-
vation of the ground is sure to result in loss and
disaster. All the young men are going off to the
cities in search of the fortunes they never can find

Fig. 17.— the kew etot.

sonii, the spikes with sky-blue coloured flowers, and
stems about 15 inches, narrow, with finely divided
leaves, is very effective. Tufts of Dianthus alpinus
and D. cruentus showed themselves to great advan-
tage, standing as they did in close proximity to the
turf, as also the several varieties of Armeria, Au-
brietias, including A. Hendersoni, Veronica pros-
trata, Pansies, &c. I must not omit mention of a
group of Cypripedium spectabile in fine flower that
stood close to one of the small glasshouses ; these
plants are growing in peaty soil placed on an arti-
ficial stratum of clay, which just suits these moisture-
loving plants. They are slightly shaded from the
mid-day sun by a neighbouring shrub. This species

THE KEW EYOT.

Now that the fate of this beauty spot is under dis-
cussion, we give an illustration (fig. 17), showing
its condition some fifteen years ago. The illustra-
tion will suffice to show what has been lost in the
interval, and it feebly indicates what we shall gain
by the extension of the view over Brentford !

What should be done to save and protect the islet,
is so perfectly well-known, that we need not repeat
what has been said so often. Our impression is, that
the island should be placed under the management
of the authorities of the Royal Gardens, Kew,
and utilised for the growth of Alders and Willows,

in the country ! Now while this melancholy com-
pany may feel better for their wailing, it doesn't do
a particle of good to anybody else. If they were
polite they would pull down the curtains and have a
good cry all by themselves where nobody could hear
or see them.

It is not wise, it is " not good business " to listen
to these people. It is one of the everlasting verities
that out of the ground come all food, all raiment,
all wealth, all good things worth having. One ker-
nel of corn will grow into a plant bearing two ears
of corn containing 200 kernels, or an increase of
400 per cent, in six months on a piece of the earth
measuring 2x2x1 feet. Where is the trade or

130

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

business in any city that will pay such an increase ?
Wall Street is ridiculous beside such a percentage,
and yet they say it does not pay to raise corn ! It
pays Nature— she grows rich. And if a field of corn
increasing at this rate, does not pay the owner, there
is something the matter with the man. It is not
the plant, or the field. Forever and ever, so long as
the world holds men, there will be a demand for
food, and every particle of it must come out of the
earth or the sea. Every ounce of food is, first of all,
a plant. Forever and ever, then, will there be a
demand for plants. The growing of food can never
be unprofitable, if the right man be at the plough.

Never in the history of the world were there so
many to eat in proportion to those who gather food
from the earth. Never did the earth yield so much
in proportion to the labour spent upon it. Never
before did it cost so little labour to earn food. The
great cities of to-day would be impossible if the
food they consume had to be raised by hand tools
or teamed to market by horses. There are not
horses enough in the world to haul the food from
the farms to the towns. There are not men enough
in the entire country to cut the grass or gather the
grain by hand. How then is it possible that the
ancient art of gardening is falling into unprofitable
decay ? It is not. Gardening or producing plants
and food on small pieces of ground is simply in a
transition state. Take the Potato. It was a garden
crop, it is now a farm crop. To raise Potatos at a
profit it must be treated as a manufacture ; it must
be done on a large scale, with the largest, best and
most powerful tools.

The man who harvests one acre of Potatos by
hand cannot compete with the man who harvests
a hundred acres by machinery. Shall he, therefore,
give up his acre garden and say that gardening does
not pay ? Not a bit of it. Cover the acre with
glass and don't raise Potatos. It's business, not
sentiment. Gardening will pay, always did pay —
the business gardener.

Moreover, never before did the great mass of the
eating population (that's everybody) want so much
food. Never before were the eaters so particular as
to what they eat. The American wants the best,
and he can pay the best. He uses more fruit than
any man who ever lived. His wife wants more
flowers than ever woman wished for before. It is
idle to say that it does not pay to produce fruit and
flowers. Perhaps it doesn't pay you. It pays
somebody, and if it is not you, why, did it never
occur to you that there was something the matter
with you ?

You and I and all of us who are producing food
from the ground, are tired of the people who wail
about the unprofitable farms and gardens ; we are
too busy to stop to listen to such creatures. Let
them go off to the cities and stay there. They are
not worthy to live in God's country. We know that
seed time and harvest shall not fail. We know that
the food-producing] business is simply suffering a
great and grand change for the better. The chang-
ing may be a trifle uncomfortable (moving day
always is), but the move is an advance. Gardening
is growing safer and surer. It is becoming more
scientific, more exact, more like a manufacture, and
therefore more profitable. We are looking forward
and not backward, and much prefer those who will
lend ns a hand to those who merely sit on the fence
and howl. What is the use of wailing ? Charles
Barnard, in " Canadian Horticulturist."

REMARKS ON THE FRUIT

CROPS OF 1891.

[For Tabulated Summary, see p. 97.]

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen. — Owing to slight frost and cold
N. and N.E. winds when in bloom, Apples set badly
and are a poor crop, with the exception of a few
trees growing against walls, which carry a heavy
crop. Pears are a fair crop for this district. Plums
are also a fair crop. Cherries had an abundant

blossom, but they set badly. Bush fruits bad also
plenty of blossom, but are a miserable crop. Straw-
berries and Raspberries will be good and abundant.
Everything is about two weeks later than usual.
John Forrest, Haddo House, Aberdeen.

Ayrshire. — The fruit crops in this neighbour-
hood are, without exception, a complete failure, and
the poorest that we have known for years past.
The mild weather which^we had in February, fol-
lowed by the severe frosts in March and April, are
the chief cause of the failure. N. McKinnon, Bum-
fries House, Cannock.

Apples are looking very well at present, and

should be much better than usual, being a fair size
already. Gooseberries are a good crop, other small
fruits not so heavy as usual. The weather has been
too dry for the Strawberries, and the fruits are,
therefore, much smaller than we usually have them.
}f. Priest, Eglinton Gardens, Irvine.

East Lothian.— Apples blossomed profusely, but
the weather was too dry and sunless for a good set.
Pears are generally clean and good. Apricots are
a very poor crop indeed. Small fruits are, in some
places, abundant ; in others there are none. Straw-
berries, and all other crops up to date, are suffer-
ing from the intense drought. R. P. Brotherston,
Tyninghame.

Forfarshire. — On account of the dry, hard
weather experienced in spring, the fruit crops in this
district are not up to our expectations. Excepting
Pears, all kinds bloomed well. Peaches, Nectarines,
and Apricots, are not much grown out-of-doors, but
what there is, especially Apricots, are much finer
than usual. The blossom of Pears, Plums, and
Cherries, was much injured by 10° of frost on
May 17. The Apple blossom, which was unusually
fine this season, got severely cut by the severe frosts
in the second week of June (8° on 9th, 6° on lltli,
3° on 13th). Early Strawberries and small fruits
stffered severely by same frosts. Crops about a
fortnight late. Jos. Whitton, Glamis Castle Gardins.

Strawberries and all small fruits very abun-
dant, and of excellent quality in this neighbourhood,
but later than usual, owing to the low temperature
up to the second week in June — on the 18th, 69°,
22nd and 20th, 70°. Rain fell on one day, but only
slight showers. James Mitchell, Panmure Gardens,
Carnoustie.

Kinrossshire. — The mild month of February, suc-
ceeded by a very severe March, had a good deal to
do with a scarce crop of small fruit. Last year's
cold, late season is, in my opinion, to blame for the
failure of Apples, Pears, and Plums in this district.
John Fortune, Gardener, Blair Adam.

Midlothian. — Fruit trees were remarkably late in
flowering this season, especially Plums and Pears,
and although there was an abundance of blossom,
the raw harsh weather which prevailed in?April and
May, when the trees were in flower, caused much of
it to drop without setting, and what did set was
much thinned by the cool dry weather which fol-
lowed till near the end of June. Since then the
weather has been very favourable, moist and warm,
and fruit of all kinds is promising to be a much
finer crop than could have been anticipated a month
ago. The trees and bushes have been verv free
from insect attack, and the genial rain and heat have
caused the fruit to swell freely, and it now promises
to be of large size and good quality. Apples,
Apricots, Cherries, Pears and Plums are all excel-
lent ; but Peaches and Nectarines suffered from the
cold spring, and are below the average, the finest
being the early varieties, especially Hale's Early
Peach and Lord Napier Nectarine. All small fruits
are abundant and very fine, but much later in
ripening than usual. Malcolm Dunn, The Palace
Gardens, Dalkeith.

Banffshire. — After the fine ripening autumn of
last year, fruit trees of all sorts showed an abundance
of blossom, and most sorts have set a fair crop.
Victoria, Early Prolific, and Jefferson Plums are
heavily cropped, both on walls and standards. All

the early Apricot blossoms were killed on March 14,
bat the later ones set well, and we have still a good
crop of clean healthy fruit. Peaches are thin, but
trees healthy and vigorous. Small fruits abundant,
but later than usual. C. Webster, Gordon Castle.

Nairn. — The fruit crops have not fulfilled the
early promise when in flower ; all the larger fruit on
walls and in the open garden dropped, and left but
a sprinkling on most of the trees. Small fruit,
such as Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, and
Strawberries, are a full crop. James Maitland, Cawdor
Castle.

Perthshire. — We have been gathering Straw-
berries since June 28 in fine condition. The Cap-
tain is our best early this year ; Noble is also very
fine. Peaches on open wall are very good crop ; also
Nectarines. The sunshine eDjoyed recently is greatly
in their favour. P. W. Fairgrieve, Dunkcld House.

Sutherlandshire. — Apples and Pears are very
much under average ; many trees which were heavily
cropped last year show no crop this season. Plums,
as well, are a short crop. Gooseberries are thin.
Early Strawberries are giving good gatherings.
Raspberries look well, but Black and Red Currants
are thinner than usual. The inclement spring has
left its mark on our fruit crop. D. Melville, Dunrobin
Castle Gardens.

ENGLAND— NORTHERN COUNTIES.
Northumberland. — The fruit crop here is ex-
ceptionally fine. Apples above the average ; Red
Calville (the best early), Lord Suffield, Keswick
Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Stirling Castle, Yorkshire
Beauty, Ecklinville, Bismarck, Alfriston, Glamis
Castle, Ribston (on walls), and many others, good.
Of Pears on walls, Beurre Diel, BeurrS Clairgeau,
Broxmouth Park, BeurrcS Superfin, Louise Bonne of
Jersey, Marie Louise, Keele Hall BeurrS, Hacon's
Incomparable, Easter Beurr6, are a full crop and
good. Doyenne du Cornice promises to be good
here. Plums (Victoria) are extraordinarily fine
on walls ; also Jefferson ; Coe's Golden Drop,
Kirke's, &c, good. May Duke Cherry very fine.
Apricots, Peaches, and bush fruit are all very fine.
George Harris, The Castle Gardens, Alnwick.

Westmoreland. — The spring of this year was the
coldest in the memory of our oldest inhabitant,
and 13° of frost on Whit Monday destroyed the
remnants of a once promising show for fruit. Apples
in orchards did not show much blossom, but wall
trees had plenty. Strawberries are fine, although
the first and largest blooms were frosted. IV. A.
Miller, Underley, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Durham. — Owing to the cold east winds during
the time when in blossom fruit did not set, and on
May 17 and 18 sharp frost with snow prevailed. The
frost caused part of the Currants and Gooseberries
to fall, but I have a fair crop owing to not pruning,
the foliage protecting them in early spring. Straw-
berries are very small, the very dry weather in May
and June, and little rain so far in July, having told
on them disadvantageously ; all other crops are suf-
fering, and the grass is burnt up in many places.
R. Draper, Seaha,m Hall.

The unusually late spring we have had

made us hopeful that the abundance of bloom of all
kinds of fruit we had would escape the much-
dreaded spring frosts, but on May 17 we had occa-
sional snowstorms during the day, and in the
evening a blindiDg storm, which lasted upwards
of an hour, leaving quite a thick covering, which
was followed by 13° of frost, totally destroying all
unprotected bloom, and it is only the late blooming
varieties of all kinds that are fruitful now ; notably so
are the two Codlin Apples, Keswick and Manx, both
bearing abundantly. One strange phenomenon of
the storm still visible is that no damage was done
more than 20 or 30 feet high, the foliage beyond that
height retaining its spring glory, whilst all the lower
portions had the appearance of having been boiled.
Richard Wcstcott, Baby Castle, Darlington.

Yorkshire. — The fruit crops, on the whole, are

August 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

131

much better than could have been expected, after
the severe frost — 15°, May 17 — which took the first
bloom of the Strawberries, which are plentiful, but
rather small. Apricots are very thin on the open
walls, plentiful in the open shed. Cherries and
Currants suffered a great deal from the frost ;
Morellos are a good crop, being late in flowering.
Pears are a fair crop on walls. Standards of the
Hessle Pears have a heavy crop. Bailey Wadds,
Birdsall, York.

Yorkshire.— The 10° of frostwhichwe experienced
on Whit Sunday night played sad havoc here. In the
thirty- four seasons that I have been gardener here,
I never saw such a scarcity of fruit. Strawberries
are the only things that are'passably good. Peaches
come the next, all other things are a long way below
an average. Thomas Jones, Ribston Gardens. Wetherhy.

■ All fruit trees bloomed abundantly and

looked very promising until May 17 and 18, when
we had 13° of frost, which destroyed all the blooms
expanded. Gooseberries and Currauts set well; but
on the top part of the trees the fruit was blackened
and killed. Strawberries good. Raspberries an
abundantcrop. Robert Kingston, Brantinghamthorpe.

The severe frosts of May 17 and 18 ruined

Pears and Plums ; small fruits, such as Goose-
berries, Black and Red Currants, also the first and
best flowers of the Strawberries. The frost of the 18th
killed the leaves on the green and Copper Beeches.
A week afterwards they had the appearance of
autumn, and are only now recovering. B. Cock,
Edenthorpe, Doncaster.

Lancashire. — The frost destroyed nearly the whole
of our Pears on the morning of Whit Monday, and
every Apple blossom that was showing colour was
blackened in the centre. The same may be said of
Strawberries, but there were only two or three
blooms much advanced on most of the plants. The
weather since has been all that could be desired for
them, except that we had too many dull damp days
last week. Caterpillar has considerably reduced the
Apple crop, but at preseDt there seems to be a fair
average. W. P. Roberts, Cuerndon Hall, Preston.

■ Apples and Pears are not much good in this

part of Lancashire, even in the best of seasons. Plums
have very few fruits, and the trees are full of aphis.
Too many tall chimneys about us. Morello Cherries
on north wall look well and have good crops ; other
Cherries do no good here, and Peaches and Apricots
will not grow here outside. 5. McMaster, Gawthorpe
Hall, Burnley.

EASTERN COUNTIES.

Lincolnshire. — The fruit crops this year are very
disappointing, as we had an abundant show of bloom
of all varieties of fruits ; but the cold north-east
winds, with sharp frosts, made sad havoc with all
kinds of fruit not protected, Plums and Cherries
suffering the most. The dry weather has been very
much against the Strawberry crop, and it will not be
more than half a crop. David Lumsden, Bloxholm
Hall Gardens.

Apples will be quite a great crop in this

district. Pears are about an average crop, but the
fruit somewhat small for the time of year. Straw-
berries are very fine, and good in quality. Plums,
not very heavy crop, are very fine and clean as yet.
J. Rowlands, Bardncy Manor, Lincoln.

Norfolk. — The fruit crops have not turned out so
well as their promise was at one time, in consequence
of the frost and snow. The best crops are Pears
and Plums, and although Apples are an average
crop, many of the trees do not look healthy.
Cherries are very thin ; Peaches and Nectarines are
very good, an average crop; Apricots bloomed very
irregular, the first flowers set best; there is a good
c/op of Gooseberries and Black Currants ; but much
fruit fell off — in many places nearly all. Straw-
berries have been very fine. There are a few small
Nuts, but Walnuts are quite a failure. H. Batchelor,
Catton Park, Norwich.

Suffolk. — Apples still falling fast, though pos-
iibly an average may remain. The same holds good

of Pears, though hardly to the same extent. Plums
are the crop of the seasoD, though many dropped.
Cherries have dropped wholesale with few excep-
tions. Gooseberries and Currants are both under
average, though Raspberries are magnificent.
Strawberries an average, with the exception of
Noble, which is almost a failure. D. T. Fish, Hard-
wicke, Bury St. Edmunds.

Suffolk. — The fruit crop in this district gave pro-
mise of being unusually good, but the cold east winds,
with very severe frosts, have considerably lessened
them, especially in exposedjsituations. Strawberries
and bush fruits have been an abundant crop. H.
Rogers, Rendlesham Gardens, Woodbridgc.

Cambridgeshire. — The bush fruit in this district
is very light ; Black Currants a total failure. Acres
of bushes have not 1 lb. weight per acre. Goose-
berries generally about a quarter of acrop. Rasp-
berries look well, and promise an average crop.
Apples are very light. Pears about half a crop. Of
Plums, Victorias are a full crop ; Early Rivers',
Gisborne's, Blue Diamond, and Pond's Seedling,
about half a crop ; and Gages not more than one-
sixth of a crop. Strawberries are very good. The
frost of May 17 did some damage, but the caterpillars
of the winter moth did much more. Andrew Grant,
The Vineries, Willingham.

Essex. — The fruit trees in this neighbourhood
were a grand sight in the spring, as far as bloom was
concerned ; in fact, it was regarded as being one of
the best promises for fruit we have had for many years.
In the evening of May 16 we experienced a most
severe hailstorm, and on the following morning we
had 9° of frost, which made havoc in the bloom.
The earlier sorts, which were set, passed off fairly well,
and the later varieties, which have not yet opened,
have a capital crop. Greenfly on Plum and black-
fly on Cherries have been most troublesome. Apples
and Pears are very healthy. We have the best crops
of Pears on walls. Apples are good on cordons
and bush-formed trees. Strawberries have been
very good. I consider this a very fair year for fruit
for this neighbourhood. Arthur Ocock, Havering
Park, Romford.

Apples are dropping off badly,°[and what

promised to be an over abundant crop can barely be
described as average. Pears are rather better, and
the quality is even better than that of the Apples.
Plums promised a most abundant and good crop, but
the" blight "aphis has been very bad, and the quality
of the fruit is poor. Cherries are good on walls and
standards, with the exception of Morellos, which
have nearly all dropped off. and the trees are badly
blighted. Peaches and Nectarines are an abundant
crop, the trees are clean. Apricots have set well,
trees healthy. Strawberries have grown rather too
much, and a good deal of fruit has been spoiled by
wet. Jas. Douglas, Great Gearies, Ilford.

Amongst Plums, Orleans, Green Gage (espe-
cially Oullin's Golden), and Victoria are break-down
crops. Apples, such as King of the Pippins, Ilaw-
thornden, Whorle Pippin, &c, excessively heavy
crops ; Emperor Alexander, Blenheim Pippin, Kerry
Pippin, &c, good average crops. Many Raspberry
canes were killed outright by frost ; such as passed
the ordeal are cropping heavily. Black Currants
hereabout are a heavy crop of fine fruit. Apricots
abundant. Peaches and Nectarines still an average
crop, though fruits have occasionally failed at the
" stoning." Nuts are almost nil, owing to earliness
in flowering, and concurrent sharp frosts. William
Earley, Double House, Ilford.

Fruit crops in this neighbourhood are gene-
rally good, particularly stone fruits, which are better
than we have had for the last ten years. Small
fruits, Currants and Gooseberries, suffered a good
deal with the late frosts, which caused a good many
to drop. James Vert, Audley End Gardens.

MIDLAND COUNTIES.
Leicestershire. — Frost, but not of sufficient
severity to injure the blooms of certain kinds,
occurred during the blooming period, which was

remarkable for its abundance, followed by the
result of setting heavy crops of Pears and Plums and
Cherries ; but in the case of Apples the promise
encouraged by bloom was only partially realised.
There are many failures in Apple orchards ; Frog-
more Prolific maintains its character, and Bramley
Seedling, which gave heavy crops last year, is again
loaded with fruit. Black Currants are very thin ;
Gooseberries only half a crop, and Red Currants
hardly an average ; Raspberries abundant ; Straw-
berries also. The good result of covering Apricots
with tiffany while in blossom is seen this year in
improved crops on the protected walls. I never saw
such heavy crops of Pears on walls. William
Ingram, Betvoir Castle Gardens, Bottesford.

Warwickshire. — Apples this year are a fair
average crop, and the trees free from blight. Pears
a heavy crop, trees and fruit looking healthy. Plums
and Damsons also a heavy crop, especially the latter,
the trees requiring propping. Apricots are un-
usually good and fine, and the trees healthy. J.
Rodger, C'harlecote Park, Warwick.

Peaches and Nectarines outside showed well

for bloom, but the set was very bad, owing to the
frost. Pears suffered in the early part of season
with maggot, but there is, notwithstanding this, a
good crop. Damsons bloomed very well, but the
crop is a poor one. The Gooseberry bushes are
not so much infested by caterpillars as usual as
with red-spider. I find lime-water good for them,
and use it about three or four times a week with the
engine. For the caterpillar on Pears we pick the
leaves and burn them. T. Beddard, Stoneleiyh Abbey,
Kenilworth.

Rutlandshire. — One of the best seasons we. have
had for Strawberries ; a few of the earliest flowers were
killed by late frosts ; the flavour is good and the crop
is finishing off well. Apples and Pears have not set
such heavy crops as were anticipated, but there is
plenty for a good crop. Those few trees which bore
well last season have the fewest this year. We had
no frost worth mentioning while the flowers were
opening, but the weather was very dull, snowy, and
wet, and the failure of many of the blossoms in
setting is probably due to depression of vigour when
it was most wanted. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall,
Stamford.

Bedfordshire. — Fruit trees on the whole carry
healthier foliage than for the last three years. Cater-
pillars have not been so destructive, still quantities
of the best Apples and Pears show scars from their
early attacks. Considering the snowfall aud severe
frosts in the middle of May, crops all round will be
more favourable than expected. Apples, Pears, and
Apricots are an average crop, as are Plumi — Victoria
again proving the heaviest cropper. Morello Cherries
lost much fruit at stoning time. Small varieties of
Damsons carry good crops. Currants are thin, par-
ticularly the Blacks. Strawberries bear well, but the
fruit is not so fine as usual. A. MacKay, Woburn
Abby, Beds.

Bocks. — With the exception of Black Currants all
the rest promise to yield abundant crops, and the
trees taken collectively are less subject to the
attacks of insect pests this year than is generally the
case. The crops of Peaches and Nectarines on the
walls out-of-doors this year set in such quantities as
I never in my experience beheld before. G. T. Miles,
Wycombe Abbey.

We had a grand promise for a fruitful year on

our large Plum orchards until the frost of the nights
of the 17th and 18th of May. The trees being in full
bloom, it cut off more than half the crop. We shall
now have nearly half a crop of most varieties of
Plums and Damsons, and Apples are a good average
crop, and the trees clean and healthy. Strawberries
have been a very heavy crop, and small fruits of all
kinds abundant and good. J. Smith, Mentmore,
Leighton Buzzard.

The fruit crops generally are fairly good in

this neighbourhood. Apples are rather under
average, but as this district was favoured with a very
good crop last, a full one could scarcely be expected

132

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1S91.

this year, although the trees were laden with blossom.
Among orchard trees, Cox's Orange Pippin, Blenheim
Orange, King of the Pippins, Calville Eonge, and
Sturmer Pippin are cropping well ; also the following
pyramid trees on Paradise stock :— Cox's Pomona,
Grenadier, Cox's Orange Pippin, Lord Derby, Bramley
Seedling, Lord Grosvenor, Bismarck, and Prince
Albert. Pears about half a crop. Peaches and Necta-
rines a good average crop ; trees now making good clean
growth. All Apricot trees carrying a heavy crop— more
than for several years past. Plums of nearly all kinds
are heavily laden with fruit, especially Victoria and
Golden Drop. Cherries also are plentiful in this
district, both orchard and wall trees. Bush fruits
and Strawberries plentiful and good. Black Cur-
rants suffered rather from late frosts, crop conse-
quently rather under average. Filbert and Cob
Nuts a fair crop ; Walnuts none. C. Herrin, Bropmore,
Maidenhead.

Hertfordshire.— Apples, where sheltered, have a
fair crop of clear-skinned good fruits ; where exposed
to the late spring frosts, they are a failure. The
nice rains, which came just right for the Straw-
berries, greatly helped to bring the late blooms on,
the earliest being killed by the late frosts. Pears are
an excellent crop, and the trees clean ; also Peaches,
Nectarines and Apricots are very good all round.
Joseph Fitt, Panshanger Gardens, Hertford.

Heavy crops of Apricots on all the trees.

Apples thinned by the late spring frosts, but some
trees have fair crops, conspicuous among them being
Prince Albert, Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor,
Worcester Pearmain, Irish Peach, Keswick Codlin.
Pear trees are well cropped. Plums have heavy
crops mostly, as have the Damsons. Strawbeiries
plentiful but not such fine fruit as last year's, the
foliage being much injured by caterpillar. Currants,
Gooseberries, Raspberries, the heaviest crop we have
had for the past ten years. Filberts not so good.
Peaches and Nectarines well cropped ; Cherries
plentiful. James Charles Mundell, Moor Park.

WESTERN COUNTIES.

Gloucestershire. — All stone fruits on walls
bloomed, set, and are swelling well. The fruit on
the majority of the trees required a great deal of
thinning. Pears and Apples are an average crop,
and look very promising. Plums and DamsoDS on
standards are very poor, owing to the destructive
frost on May 17. Gooseberries, Currants, and Straw-
berries : fruit very fine, the bushes not being so
heavily laden as in previous years. Outdoor Figs
killed back by severe winter. Arthur Chapman,
Weston Birt, Tetbury.

Monmouthshire. — Eight degrees of frost in the
third week of May destroyed here a splendid prospect
of hardy fruit. Pears, Plums, and Cherries, which
were in full blossom, suffered disastrously ; Apricots
were frozen through, Strawberries and Currants also
suffered, while Gooseberries were only slightly inj ured,
and Raspberries escaped through being later in flower-
ing. Early flowering Apples were likewise considerably
injured, but some of the late kinds carry good crops.
Strawberries are abundant, although rather small.
Raspberries are also plentiful. On higher elevations
near us the crops of Cherries, Pears, and Plums are
good, but the quality of the first-named is second
rate. Altogether for us this is an unsatisfactory
year for hardy fruit. Thomas Coomber, The Hendre,
Monmouth.

Worcestershire. — Apples of Keswick Codlin,
Ecklinville Seedling, and Stirling Castle types are
full crops, Cox's Orange Pippin and King of Pippins
are all well laden, Blenheims and many other of
the large and early flowering kinds very sparse and
lightly cropped. The hardy cider fruits more abund-
ant. Apricots are clean and good, but there are
many cases of branch dying, especially where the
trees have been planted in loose soil, making rank
growth whilst young, and heavily cropped after-
wards. Plums are abundant, especially of the Per-
shore Egg Plum. Damsons partial. Victorias and
Early Prolifics heavy crops. Coe's Golden Drop

and other choice dessert kinds good on walls.
Chenies nearly a failure in this district, except
Morellos on walls. Peaches and Nectarines very
good crop, and trees healthy, although aphis has
been persistent and troublesome. Small fruits on
bushes were injured by frost on Whit-Monday night,
7° thermometer below freezing from 10 p.m. to
7 a.m. Strawberries: early bloom suffered, neverthe-
less full crop. Walnuts scarce. W. Crump, Madres-
field Court, Malvern.

Worcestershire. — Apples and Pears generally are
light crops, but there are exceptions, and in some few
cases heavy crops are noticeable — these in sheltered
situations. Trees are very healthy and vigorous,
and show but little of the ravages of caterpillar ;
this pest appears to be very much on the decrease —
for this we are no doubt very much indebted to the
birds, for nearly all kinds took them freely, espe-
cially so during the breeding season. There appeared
to be no perceptible difference en trees that were
dressed and those that were not. John Austin, Witley
Court, Stourport.

Taking orchards and gardens round about

us, there is an excellent crop of fruit, and the trees,
as a rule, are clean and healthy. Apples, without
exception, are carrying a full crop, also Pears on
walls and as standards. The crop of Plums and
Damsons is the heaviest seen for years, and the
trees, though supported by numbers of props, are
breaking in all directions; bush fruits, too, are
quite a full crop, and very good in quality, ripening
np very rapidly. Walter Child, Croome Court, Seiern
Stoke.

Salop. — Good old standard sorts of Apples are
a good average crop ; Pears much the same ; Plums
in this immediate district under the average, but
in places that I have heard of, Damsons are a very
heavy crop. James Louden, The Quinta, Chirk.

Cheshire. — The Apple crop in this district, if
taken collectively, will reach the average, the early
varieties carrying good crops, the later ones rather
light. All fruit trees have suffered considerably
from blight. Pears are rather under the average,
but Damsons are above it. Small fruits are fairly
good, with the exception of Black Currants, which
are almost a failure. Strawberries are bearing
heavy crops, Noble being very 3ne ; but it is
very deficient in flavour, yet valuable for its size
and earliness. Good crops of Waterloo, President,
and other main varieties, and promising well. Jno.
V. Smith, Arley Hall, Northwich.

A magnificent show of blossoms on nearly

all fruit trees gave promise of a very plentiful fruit
crop ; but a continuance of east and north-east
winds, with occasional frosts during the time of
flowering, reduced the quantity of fruit set to little
over an average crop of Apples and Pears. Small
fruits, Strawberries, &c, are a good average ; Goose-
berries very plentiful, but Black Currants a very
light crop. Damsons, in sheltered situations, very
plentiful, but exposed to north and east, not above
average. Fruit trees, generally, look healthy. W m.
Whitaker, Crewe Hall, Crewe.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Middlesex. — Many of our hardy fruits gave great
promise early in the season, but the severe frost and
hail-storm on May 17 did much damage to trees in
bloom ; many of the best kinds of Apples have not
a fruit on them, but Manx and Keswick Codlin have
good crops; there are a few Kings, Quarrenden, and
others. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots set heavy
crops, and are now looking well. Cherries and
Plums, which gave promise of heavy crops, have
mostly dropped prematurely ; those left are good-
sized fruits. Pears very thin, and in same condition
as Apples, our best trees being Nouvelle Fulvie,
Beurr6 Diel, Beurr6 Capiaumont, Williams' Bon
Chretien (very good), Beurr6 d'Amanlis, Ne Plus
Meuris, and Louise Bonne of Jersey, the latter very
good on all aspects and on pyramids in the open ;
Marie Louise and Glou Morceau also. The best
Plums are Coe's Golden Drop, Rivers' Prolific, and
Kirke's Victoria. Or. Wythe?, Syon House, Brentford.

Surret.— Never was the fruit prospect so good a?
this year, every twig well studded with good flower
bnds, which opened well, and set freely, Pears,
Apples, Plums, and Cherries alike. The storms of
snow, hail, and sleet, which fell on the eve of
Whitsuntide, spoilt all this fine show. The snow
lay on the ground to the depth of 4 inches, with
eighteen degrees of frost in the morning, and every
fruit was cased in ice ; even then there was a large
percentage of late bloom to open, but owing to the
often sudden low temperature through June, which
checked the sap, it has caused a severe thinning of
the fruit. Peaches and Nectarines are good and
clean, but, like other things, are late. Apples
promise to be of good quality, although thin. Pears
are better than for some years. Red and White
Currants are good crops but have short racemes.
Blacks are a very thin crop, the worst I have had for
twelve years. Strawberries are a heavy and fine crop.
Raspberries also promise to yield a good return ; we
have only just begun picking. A. Evans, Lythe Hill,
Haslcmere.

The fruit crops of the present year are, with

the exception of the Gage varieties of Plums, re-
markably prolific, and of excellent quality. Straw-
berries have suffered somewhat from the heavy rain-
fall. James Gold, High Ashurst, Barking.

Kent (see ante, p. 104). — Apples may be considered
an average crop, but many trees are fruitless ; the
blossom was very abundant. Cherries bloomed well,
but many orchards very short of fruit. Plums bloomed
and set very well ; crop good. Aphis very abundant,
and especially damaging to Plum and Cherry trees.
Peaches on walls much curled in leaf, and not look-
ing very satisfactory at present date — much wood
killed by frost. Figs killed back, and not likely to
bear crop this season in many places. On the whole
the crop of fruit not up to the expectation formed
from the abundant blossom. Caterpillars have done
very much less harm this season than in two previous
ones; orchard here quite clear of them. G. A. Bon,
Bedgebury Park, Hawkhurst.

Sussex. — The spring was cold and late ; the result
was, that the blossom did not open till late, and but
little frost came afterwards, and now we have in this
part of Sussex a magnificent crop of fruit of all
kinds, such as we have not had for years. The
gardens here are 400 feet altitude, so that we escape
many of the late spring frosts, and I do not prune
small fruit bushes so much as one generally sees,
with the best possible results. I also am a great
advocate for bees being kept in gardens ; they help
to set the blossom. Joseph Rust, Et idge Castle.

Apples and Pears are much cleaner grown

this year than usual, and some Pear trees have had
to have their fruit thinned considerably, whilst
others have only just a crop. In small fruits the
late frosts ruined the crops of Black Currants, but
reds and whites are about average. Alexander Eeid,
jun., Possingworth, Cross- in- Hand.

Hampshire. — Trees of all kinds bloomed very
freely. It was thought though that the 7° frost
experienced here on May 17th would have utterly
ruined the crops, but the amount of leafage which
the trees had on them no doubt protected the fruits
somewhat. All kinds now look healthy, Pears on
walls especially so ; and with the exception of a few
aphis the trees are clean. The early blooms of the
Strawberry plants were all spoilt by the frost in
question, which has retarded the crop and lessened
the price obtained by the market growers in the
neighbourhood, of which there are many. E. Moly-
neux, Swanmore Park, Bishops Waltham.

Generally speaking, the fruit crop about

here is not so bad as in past years. Apples, although
under the average, are very much better than they
were in 1SS9 and 1890 ; Pears are much under the
average. Geo. Eea, Heron Court, Christchurch.

Berkshire. — All kinds of fruit are much more
plentiful and good about this neighbourhood than
for many years past. Apples are the thinnest crop,
so many having fallen off after the frost on May 17.
Jas. Tegg, Bearwood, Wokingham.

Auoust 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENER S' GHR ONI CLE.

133

Berkshire. — Apples in this district will be good
both in gardens and orchards. Plums in abundance
on walls and standards. J. Rose, Lockinqe, Wantage.

I have put the Apple at two-thirds of a

crop in this neighbourhood, and a great proportion
of trees in my survey are without any fruit upon
them. Pears in the same condition. Plums are
simply an enormous crop ; but Damsons are very
capricious, some bearing enormously, whilst others
alongside have none. Cherries, wherever I have seen
them, are bearing heavy crops, but the fruits are
small. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots bear off
the palm this season. Small fruits, taking them alto-
gether, will be a good average ; mine are all extra-
ordinarily good, though none of them run large,
which I consider to be in their favour. My Grapes
will be late, and my unprotected Figs will pre-
sent me with a few dishes. My Wellingtons or
Dumelow's Seedling fail to crop this year, but the
foliage is very healthy. Robert Fenn, Sulhamstcad
Abbots, Reading.

Apples, which promised well, have, with a

few exceptions, dropped too many of their fruits,
some trees becoming almost bare. Wellingtons and
Blenheims, which last year had very heavy crops, are
thin this season. Pears abundant ; Plums in profu-
sion. Cherries a good crop, but attacked with black
fly a good deal early in the season. Peaches and
Nectarines rather irregular; better on an east than
on a south wall. Waterloo, Amsden's June and
Alexander Peaches will be ripe by the end of July.
Gooseberries abnndant and of good quality. Currants
and Raspberries good. Strawberries good ; Jubilee
and Eleanor prolong the season better than other late
kinds with us. George Stanton, Park Place, Henley-
on- Thames.

Wiltshire. — I presume an examination of the re-
ports of the Apple and Pear crops in the southern and
western counties for the present year will show a good
average. The situation here being low and close to
the water, we suffer much from late spring frosts,
which this year extended into June, to the detri-
ment of many crops. However, although our Apple
and Pear crops are below average, we have a pretty
fair crop on the whole. Some trees of Early
Juneating, Early Nonpareil, and the always sure-
cropping variety, Keswick Codlin, and several local
Apples are heavily cropped, espalier-trained ; while
in our orchard, some large trees of Blenheim Orange
are fairly well cropped. Green Gage Plums in every
position, including trees which were not protected
while in flower, as well as those which were, are
immense crops, the trees being in fine condition.
Peach, Nectarine, and Apricot trees had to be
severely thinned of their fruit, so thickly did they
set. Small fruits and Strawberries are immensely
heavy crops, the weight of fruit bringing Goose-
berry bushes to the ground. H. W. Ward, Longford
Cu-stle, Salisbury.

Dorsetshire. — All varieties of Pears here have
done remarkably well ; Apples had a promise of
doing the same, but some varieties have suffered
from late frosts. Apricots are quite exceptionally
good for this district. T. H. Crasp, Canford Manor
Gardens, Wimborne.

SOUTH-WESTERN COUNTIES.

Devonshire. — All fruits named on the accom-
panying list are a full average. Stone fruits, except-
ing Cherries, are all a most promising crop, and
much above average. Apples and Pears of the best
kinds are not so good as the promise of the spring-
time ; nevertheless, I think they will yet prove an
average crop. James Enstone, Wear, near Exeter.

Apples abundant blossom ; did not set well ;

caterpillars destroyed nearly all the rest. Some trees
in orchards loaded with fruit, but a large number
with not an Apple on them. Strawberries: early
blossoms killed by frost, but Noble on an early
border escaped, having set its fruit. 1 have gathered
fruits of this variety 1 oz. in weight. G. J. Barnes,
Stoodleigh Court, Tiverton.

Our fruit prospects early in the season were

most promising — all trees covered with blossom.
The Strawberry blossom suffered from frost ; the first
flowers opened strong, to be cut off by 6° of frost —
consequently we lost the best fruit. Apples are still
more disappointing, a splendid bloom, and to all
appearance good. The blossom remained on so long
as to give us confidence of a crop, and now we find
quite a tenth of the trees with no fruit at all on them,
and the trees are suffering from canker. In gardens
and orchards the crops and trees are much the same.
Geo. Baker, Membland.

Cornwall. — The fruit crops in this district were
very much injured by the frost on the 17th May,
when 5° was registered. Apples are reduced to a
very scanty crop. Pears are better, especially on the
walls. Raspberries are thin and small ; many canes
were completely killed. Gooseberries and wall
Plums, that were of good size and healthy, withstood
it, and these fruits are very plentiful. The Red
Currants are hardier than the others, and the frost
did them no harm. Damsons and Plums on
standards have nearly all dropped. To a close ob-
server of fruit that has been injured by cold, it is
interesting to see how each individual fruit has its
peculiar deformity. Some are cracked in various
forms, others with only a horizontal crack on the
face ; some are completely coated with rust, others
partially so ; some have large black spots on them
which become rotten if the weather continues wet.
When fine growing weather sets in they seem to
struggle for existence ; some very soon succumb,
others become twisted and linger on, ultimately
dropping. C. Lee, Boconnoc, Cornwall.

abundant, and Apricots are comparatively scarce.
Small fruits are neither so fine or so abundant as
usual. Strawberries have been larger and in greater
abundance than usual. Nuts are not grown, owing to
the cause that applies to Plums and Cherries : the
moisture of the climate induces growth, and not
fruitfulness. Chas. B. Saunders, St. Saviour's, Jersey.

WALES.

Glamorganshire. — The fruit crop in this district
is above the average. Plums are carrying heavy
crops, especially the varieties Victoria, Green Gage,
and Washington. Strawberries have also been very
prolific, President, Vicomtesse, and Noble being the
varieties chiefly grown in this district. After a
remarkable promise of fruit, the Apple crop will be
much lighter than we expected, great quantities
having fallen off. Nevertheless, the following
varieties are carrying heavy crops : — Blenheim
Orange, Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor, Early Mar-
garet, Wellington, Tom Put, Cox's Orange Pippin,
and Hawthornden. All kinds of small fruits are
plentiful and very good. R. Milner, Penrice Castle,
Swansea.

Pembrokeshire. — Apples in this district are almost
a total failure. On May 19, when the trees were in
full bloom (and splendid bloom it was), we had 7° of
frost, followed by showers of hail and sleet, and high
winds, with sharp hoar frosts, which had the effect
of making this the most disastrous season for fruit
ever experienced in this county. The only variety
of which we have a crop is King of the Pippins and
a partial crop of Keswick Codlin and Hawthornden.
The above remarks apply to orchards. Trees on
walls are with us fairly well-cropped. Pears and
Plums were also very much damaged. Geo. Griffin,
Slebeok Park.

IRELAND.
Kilkenny. — On fruit trees in general we had an
abundance of blossom, but owing to the late frosts
and heavy hail-showers experienced during the
flowering period, Apples and Pears set badly, and
are a light crop. Small fruits in general are plen-
tiful, but about a fortnight later than the average of
seasons. William Gray, Woodstock, Inistioge, Kilkenny.

CHANNEL ISLANDS.
Jersey. — The fruit crops, taken as a whole, are fair
this season. Apples are but a partial crop ; some of
the early-flowering varieties show no evidence of
fruit-bearing. The same remarks apply to Pears,
the late varieties being most abundant. Plums and
Cherries are abundant crops, although the climate
and soil are not congenial to the growth of these
fruits, being too moist. Peaches are a good crop,
especially the later kinde, Nectarines are not so

PEAS AT CHISWICK.

The trial of Peas, which has already received
adequate attention from the Fruit and Vege-
table Committee, shows that in spite of the won-
derful variety of Peas in existence, raisers still
have faith in their capacity to produce better
ones, or else believe that there is room to ob-
tain Peas of higher quality. It may be after all
a moot point whether we shall ever in Wrinkled
Marrows attain to a higher excellence than
some of our older Marrows gave. It may be,
too, that to some consumers these exhibited too
much of sugar and not enough of flavour ; but, at
least, myriads of our later-raised Peas have given
neither sugar nor flavour, but simply size and
abundance. It is true that the later-raised race of
Peas do excel all others perhaps in prolificacy : we
have them now so productive that it seems hardly
possible to excel in that respect. Generally, if the
pods are not too long, at least in many, the Peas are
too large, and too hard and flavourless. No such
Peas now should ever receive any award of merit.
We want a rather dwarfer race generally, and espe-
cially we want more quality in our first early sorts.
Not only in fact are these of indifferent quality,
but they are poor podders and croppers. That there
is hope of some improvement in the desired direc-
tion, Bome of the newer ones this year on trial at
Chiswick show. A first early, really as early as is
First Crop, Sangster's No. 1, Eclipse, or others
having the height, cropping qualities, wrinkled peas,
and general excellence found in Triumph, would
indeed be an immense gain, and I do not see why it
should not be eventually produced. It would have
been more interesting at Chiswick could space have
permitted many of the old sorts to have been grown
also for comparison, but the members of the Fruit
Committee are presumed to know all about Peas
when they go to Chiswick. In any case, there exists
the most anxious desire to do justice to all.

Sutton's Bountiful, somewhat like, but rather
better than Harrison's Ameer, showed undoubted
advance in size of pod as an early Pea, and a good
type of what should now be set up as a standard, as
the very small podded whites of the Sangster's No. 1
type hardly merit recognition. If Sutton's Bountiful,
which is really a much finer and better Pea, should
prove to be as early as Sangster's No. 1, a great gain
will be found. There is one great thing to be said
in respect to the Pea trials at Chiswick. It is that
they are conducted without trade bias. Whenever
a private trial ground is looked over where the firm
has specialties or novelties of their own, somehow
it always happens that the best doers are almost
always of the firm's varieties, and thus some sort
of suspicion is bred that all is not quite correct. At
Chiswick, at any rate, we see every variety grown
absolutely on its merits, and void of all trade pre-
ference. The committee examine the sorts free
from all interference from interested people, and all
exactly as their unbiassed judgments dictate. Of
other varieties which met with full approval here,
Duke of Albany and Telephone, older sorts ; Eckford
Essential, a tall and very fine Pea, already in com-
merce ; Critic, of the Ne Plus Ultra type, tallish,
and having fine green pods ; Alderman, 6 feet, a
great cropper ; Chelsonian, also of the Ne Plus Ultra
style, a very fine cropper, and of good quality ;
Marquis, another 6 feet Pea, but a grand cropper ;
Daisy, a capital 2 feet Pea ; and the Echo, a really
fine cropping dwarf Pea, standing about 2.V feet
high, and full of capital pods, with Peas of excellent
quality; Early Marrowfat, very dwarf; Optimum
and Sutton's A 1, very early, but carrying single
pods on the stems, only had two marks each. Soma

134

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Auoust 1, 1891.

of the points which threw otherwise fine-looking
Peas were as follows :— Pods and Peas too pale in
colour, presenting undoubted objectionable features
in market sales. Want of flavour and rather hard
Peas— a too common feature, and one which serves
to properly discount more new Peas than any other.
We really do not want any Peas of indifferent
quality, let their other merits be ever so great.
As matters stand at present, it is not easy to set up
a very high ideal at Chiswick, because the committee
come to their task of awarding Certificates of Merit
to Peas without first determining on what principles
awards should be based. It would be well if some
recognised high standard were set up, and that no
Certificates of Merit should henceforth be awarded
to anything which did not reach pretty closely to
that standard. It cannot be doubted but that these
awards carry with them a certain trade value. The
Certificate of the Fruit Committee is equivalent to
a trade mark. It is a stamp of excellence, and has
its weight with the public; but when we have of all
sorts of Vegetables, and Peas especially, such ex-
ceeding abundance, and of such general excellence,
according to the old standards, it is time that a
higher degree of excellence was looked for. We
want fewer of very tall Peas, and if 4 feet were made
the standard for tall ones, dwarfer ones being judged
solely according to crop carried, we should do some-
thing to get rid of those ambitious sorts which seem
anxious to touch the clouds, and need very costly
stakes to support them. We have too many Peas of
the curved-pod type, and want straighter-podded
forms"; these latter always open well, whilst the
former are far too commonly puff-podded, and open
badly. We want a rich, natural green colour in Peas
more largely also, and we do not want large Peas,
but rather long pods, straight, green, and handsome,
well filled with quite medium-sized Peas, sweet, Boft,
and pleasantly flavoured. We have very abundant
croppers already, but in new varieties, even with the
best of flavour, good cropping would be an indis-
pensable feature. In first early kinds, improved
quality is sadly needed, and should be rigidly
insisted upon. After all, during the past twenty
years we have made very little progress in the pro-
duction of really good first early varieties. A. D,

Florists* Flowers.

•

BORDER PINKS.
On the occasion of the recent meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society as Chiswick, the Floral
Committee inspected a collection of border Pinks,
which Mr. Barron had secured. The inspection
was done after the heavy rains and wind of the
day before had disfigured the flowers. Still, the
Committee were able to form a tolerably approxi-
mate estimate of their value as border flowers,
and three marks, which is the Chiswick equivalent
to an award of merit, were put to the following,
viz. : — Mrs. Dark, one of the florists' laced varie-
ties, of compact, robust growth, and very free
blooming, the medium-sized well-formed flowers
having dark lacings on the petal-margins; the
calyx of this variety does not split quite so much as
other laced varieties, and it is in all respects ad-
mirable for cutting from. Her Majesty, a large
white variety, of robust growth, and very free, said
to be a seedling from Mrs. Sinkins, but with the
conspicuous fault of that variety of bursting its
calyx badly. Beauty of Bath, said to have been
sent as a white variety, but the flowers are of a pale
pinkish-purple colour, with a dark centre; small
well formed, very freely produced on vigorous-grow-
ing plants of compact habit. These came from Mr.
F. Hooper, Widcome Hill Nursery, Bath. To
Modesty, a very pretty, medium-sized, laced variety
ot the florists' section, white-laced, with pale rose ; a
capital grower, very fine and early, and good for
cutting. This came from Mr. C. Turner, Slough. To
white Pink Mrs. Lakin, pure in colour, with edges a
little fimbriated, and slightly dark centre ; a hardy,
vigorous and free grower. On account of its purity

of colour, and not being much given to bursting
its calyx, it is likely to become popular for cutting
from. This came from Mr. J. Lakin, Temple Cowley,
Oxford, who raised it from a laced variety ; and to
two Bedfont-raised seedlings, sent by Mr. R. Dean,
Ranelagh Road, Ealing ; one named Charmer, having
small, compact white flowers, with dark centre, and
somewhat fimbriated on the edges ; and Hetty Dean,
bright rosy-purple, with dark centre, both of very
dwarf, compact habit, and singularly free of bloom.
It may be said of the two last, they are little given
to split the calyx. E. D,

Anemones and Ranunculuses.
These thrive in a cool moist season, and produce
larger flowers than in a hot dry one, when the
leaves soon become yellow, sometimes before the
flowers generally and fully expand. Ranunculus
roots will be ready to dig up before those of the
Anemones, although the latter flowered first, and
both should be taken up as soon as their leaves have
turned of a yellow tinge; for if the tubers are left
in the ground after this point is reached, they will
start again, and be much injured. Spread out and
dry the tubers in an airy room, not scorching in the
sun. I may add that the dry tubers of both were
frozen hard last winter, and were not injured. If
seed is being saved of either, the bulbs cannot, of
coarse, be lifted until it is ripe ; but in this case, the
tubers will not start to grow, as would be the case
with non-seeders. Jas. Douglas, Great Gearies.

of support, which is best afforded by fastening them
loosely to thin sticks stuck into the ground near
the stocks. H. Markham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

The Week's Work.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

STRAWBERRIES. — Plantations that have cropped
heavily for three or four years are seldom profitable
enough to retain, unless the soil is deep and in
good heait, when, if the routine pursued has been
good, they will stand in fair condition some few
years longer. The better practice, however, is to
plant yearly in sufficient quantity to keep up the
necessary beds, and destroy an equal area of old onts.
Before planting trench the land some few weeks
previously, so as to allow of its settling, as the plant
does best on soil that is firm. If trenched in winter,
and cropped with early Potatos, all that will now be
required is cleaning and levelling, and if light,
trampling it firmly before planting. If plenty of
rich rotten manure is put at the bottom of the
trenches, the subsoil need not be brought to the top,
and should not if it be of a poor character. Ground
which has been prepared, and is waiting for the
plants, should be hoed and made moderately fine on
the surface. As soon as the runners have plenty of
roots, remove them from the parent plants carefully,
and plant without delay, putting some fine soil about
the roots, and pressing the soil tightly about them.
For the first year these plants may stand at 12 inches
apart, each alternate one being removed after one
year's fruiting. To secure good results the first year
after planting, the runners must be got out as early
as possible.

PLUMS AND DAMSONS. — In many orchards these
trees are bearing heavily, especially Denver's Vic-
toria Plum, and the Farleigh Prolific Damson, and
supports of some kind must be afforded the trees if
the branches are not to break down. If the trees
are not too high, a good way to support them is one
that is much practised hereabouts : the number of
branches on a tree is first counted, then as many
pieces of string are fastened to the end of a pole,
which is a little higher than the tree; the pointed .
end of this 'pole is then sunk into the soil close to
the Btem of the tree, and fastened to it, the strings
are then attached to each branch and slightly drawn
upwards; secured in this manner the branches
seldom get broken. Plums on walls should have
the young wood shortened back, and enough laid in
all over the tree to bear fruit in two years' time.
It is from this two-year-old wood that the finest
fruits are produced.

BUDDING. — This operation should be pushed
forward — the bark of Peaches, Plums, Cherries,
Pears, Apples, Quinces, Medlars " running " well.
Those who are capable of budding Roses success-
fully can bud fruit trees, but care ought to be taken
to employ suitable stocks in vigorous health. The
grafts put on in the spring will now stand in need

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

POTTING STRAWBERRY LAYERS.— Many of the
earlier layered runners will be in a fit state to pot if
these have been detached from the plants about one
week and placed on the north side of a wall or other-
wise shaded, and syringed several times daily to pre-
vent their flagging. Pots and soil should be got in
readiness, so that no delay will occur when the job is
started. Stand the plants when potted, where
they will stand whilst growing, and choose a hard
coal-ash bottom to stand them on, and afford them
ample space for growth. Endeavour as far as possible
to secure plants with one crown, but this is difficult
with some early varieties, which commonly have
divided crowns which give only small fruits, although
even these may be reduced in number. When potted,
Strawberry plants are often stood at the sides ol gravel
walks with nothing under them to prevent the ingress
of worms, and much mischief is done — astripofwood
or slate should be put under the pots. Firm potting
should be the rule, and the watering carefully done,
affording clear water only till the new roots get
round the sides of the pots ; damp them over slightly
in the evening when the days are sunny, and cut off
all runners as fast as they show. Prepare for the
next season's supply by planting runners when ready,
on trenched, and well-manured ground. I plant in
rows 2 feet apart, and 12 inches apart in the rows, and
cut out each alternate plant when the runners have
been secured the following season. It is advisable
if ground can be spared for the purpose, to plant a
few more rows than are really wanted, as these
plants will lift readily in March, and if fruit be scarce,
they may be forced gently in ordinary cold frames.

FIGS. — The earliest crop of Figs is now finished,
but the trees will continue to fruit if they are
allowed to do so, but this will be at the cost of next
season's early crop, so that it is better economy to
stop the formation of fruit, and ripen the wood by
free exposure to the air, all useless wood being cut
out to let light into the trees. If the Figs are in
pots or tubs, remove them to a sunDy border and
plunge the pots. Figs in borders indoors must not
suffer for want of water and manure-water. I find
that a top-dressing of fresh cow-manure at this date
is of great benefit to the trees in the early house.
The syringe must be plied vigorously, so as to main-
tain healthy foliage; and, if scale be troublesome,
sponge the leaves with solt-soap and water, and use
a brush to get at the insects in the crevices of the
bark. Trees having ripe fruit hanging on them will
now require more ventilation and less moisture in
the air. Late Figs should not want for water, or
stimulants to growth ; the shoots should be thinned
out, and a mulch of manure put on the root .

CUCUMBERS. — It is now time to prepare for
winter Cucumbers, and seeds of Syon House aud Tele-
graph should be sown in small pots, and grown sturdily
and free from all insects, shilting them into 0-inch
pots if the house is not ready for them ; pot-bound
plants often split at the base of the stem, and fall a
prey to canker. This lot of plants is generally more
difficult to manage than those which are grown in
the warmer season, so that every care should be
afforded them from the beginning. For winter
Cucumbers it is better to have the plants in pots ;
and if beds of soil are used, they should not be wide
or deep. Plants may still be planted for late supply,
and these may be fruited heavily; not so the winter
fruiters, which should be encouraged to grow and
cover the trellis with bine. I would here remark on
the prudence of thoroughly cleaning the winter
Cucumber-house before putting a plant into it.

ORCHARD-HOUSE. — Trees in pots should be
abundantly supplied with liquid manure, a sharp
watch being kept for red-spider. Syringe the trees
heavily when the last fruits are gathered, and add
flowers of sulphur or soft-soap to the water used, if
spider is present. Some of the early fruiting trees
maybe removed to sunny positions out-of-doors, and
the pots plunged in coal-ashes or soil, with a bit of
tile or slate under the hole in the pot-bottom. Cut
out all weak shoots, or such as have borne fruits.
G. Wi/thes, Syon House, Brentford.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

SOWING CABBAGE SEEDS.— A. piece of ground
should be prepared for sowing forthwith Cabbage
seed for the main crop of Cabbages for next year in

August 1, 1891.1

THE GAJiDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

135

late parts of the country ; but for the generally
warmer south the second week in August will be
soon enough. I make two sowings, one on or about
August 5 and another about the 19th, the latter
answering my purpose better than the first, the
garden being a warm one. If good seed be obtained
there will be less fear of the Cabbages bolting;
not less than four varieties should be grown, and
those which I would recommend for trial by
those growers who may not be acquainted with
the varieties, are Sutton's Flower of Spring,
Earliest, and All Heart. I trust to these varie-
ties and find them to be the best that I can
grow here, although they are not recommended
by Messrs. Sutton & Sons for sowing at this season.
Not half a dozen of any of these varieties bolted this
Beason. The first two may be planted 12 inches
apart, but All Heart should he allowed 18 inches.
Ellam's Early and Mein's No. 1 are excellent
Cabbages, and may be planted quite as close together
as the first two above named.

Sow the seeds thinly in shallow drills, made 9
inches apart, on well-tilled beds, and cover lightly.
Label each variety, and it is advisable to make
a note of the order of sowing in case the labels should
get removed ; put a net over the bed to protect the
seeds from the birds, or, in lieu of nets, cotton
thread may be twined over them.

A bed of the Red Cabbage should be sown at the
same time. Dwarf Blood Red is an excellent one, of
dwarf and compact habit, and the earliest Red
Cabbage that has come under my notice.

ENDIVES.— Sowings should again be mad? of the
round-leaved Batavian, Incomparable Green, and
moss-curled varieties. Heavy soils are not suitable
for growing Endive for winter, and the plants are
liable to turn out badly ; but the land may, neverthe-
less, be made suitable. Au open situation should be
chosen, and a shallow hole of the size of the bed dug
out, some kind of a foundation of rough garden
rubbish put into it to act as drainage, and over this
place sandy soil 1 to 2 feet thick, which will form
a bed for the plants, raised somewhat above the
general level of the garden. Such a bed will cost
but little, and if it be annually manured, and dug over
as occasion requires, it would supply good Eudive in
winter, and salads, &c, in summer. Where the
staple is of a light and dry nature, no such bed is
needed. Sow the seeds very thinly in shallow drills
made at 15 inches apart, and if the weather be warm
and dry, water the drills before sowing. Thin out
the plants as soon as large enough to 12 or 14 inches
apart, and plant the stronger thinnings on a south
border, to be lifted for filling cold Irames in the
autumn. Endive should never suffer from drought,
and it should receive occasional waterings with
liquid manure.

LETTUCE. — More seed may be sown, the produce
to be transplanted into cold frames for early winter
supply. Where these frames can be spared at this
season, it is better to sow the seed in them, the soil
being lightly forked over and made firm and level,
the seed being sown thinly in drills 9 to 12 inches
apart, according to the size the variety attains to.
There is no necessity to make use of the lights,
unless it be to protect the plants from heavy rains.
Lettuces treated in this manner are better than
transplanted ones, no check being given them.

SEAKALE, ETC. — The flower-heads should be cut
off at the level of the ground, inattention to this
operation impoverishing the plant and causing loss of
crowns. Keep Asparagus beds free from weeds, .and
if Lettuces have been grown on beds newly-planted,
clear off all the plants before they run to seed.
C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

EAST INDIA HOUSE. — Remove to a cooler house
out of strong heat, Dendrobiums, when the new
growth is finished, or they will break from the base,
which is not of much matter early in the year, or
up to midsummer, as then there is time to
ripen the growth. The evergreen species, D. thyr-
siflorum and D. densiflorum, I find are very apt to
break if left only a day or two too long. An early
vinery, after the fruit is cut, will suit these Den-
drobiums very well. Many of the earliest flowering
Dendrobes, aa D. heterocarpum, aureum, Findley-
anum, nobile, and Wardianuin, will be those which are
ready for removal. Another plant which does well
and blooms freely when treated in the same manner
as these Dendrobiums, is Liclia majalis. I failed to
flower this plant for years, till I gave it a long rest
and a place in the warmest house when in growth.
Vanda teres and V. Hookeriana should be repotted,

if this be considered necessary, as soon as the
flowers are past their best. I have previously
described my method of growing both of these
plants, and the position that they should occupy
the whole year, excepting when in flower — that is, to
stand them with the flowering Cattlevas. A small
brown scale infests these species of Vandas, which
if allowed to remain soon deprives them of the green
colour in their leaves. Thrips are also very trouble-
some, and I find it necessary to fumigate with tobacco
twice a week. These fumigations should not be very
powerful. Ventilation needs to be well attended to
or " spot " will be very likely to make its appearance
on Phalrenopsids ; moreover, the rotting of the leaves
of these plants is often brought about by a deficient
circulation of air.

CATTLEYAS.— Plants of C. Triana;, which flowered
early, and whose new growth is well advanced, will now
give tome idea of what they are likely to be at their
flowering season. Liclia anceps, both red and white
varieties, are already showing their flowering spikes,
and may be watered abundantly, and if the sphag-
num moss is growing well, the young roots will
ramble over and through it very fast ; if the plants
are suspended from the roof, they should be syringed
freely in the morning — the plants getting dry again
before night-time. The present comparatively quiet
time allows the Orchid grower to examine his plants,
and ascertain their precise condition. Woodlice, slugs,
and cockroaches must be searched out nightly by the
aid of a lantern ; this is work which is apt to be
neglected now that the evenings are so long. A. G.
Catt, Parkiield, Hallow, Worcester.

PLANTS UNDER GLA.SS.

POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA. — Young plants
raised from cuttings taken early in the month of
June last, should be potted into their flowering pots,
and if large heads of bracts are looked for, the plants
Bhould not be stinted of rooting space. If these
young plants are strong and healthy, and have made
roots fioely, S-iuch pots will not be too large for
them. Keep them in a pit of moderate warmth, and
close up to the glass, so as to prevent the plants
becoming drawn, or losing their lower leaves. Plants
which bore heads of flower last season and were cut
back previous to starting them into growth, and par-
tially shaken out of the soil in which they bad grown,
and placed in larger pots, should not carry all the
shoots that are made, but these ought to be reduced
to half a dozen, or fewer, or the bracts, which are the
beautiful part of the head of flowers, will be small.
These plants will require liquid manure afforded
them regularly, and also sufficient heat to keep them
growing freely. l^xamples which were planted out
in the borders of warm houses should be frequently
supplied with liquid manure.

CYCLAMENS. — l'oung plants which should bloom
during the next winter and spring should be moved
into their flowering pots without delay, and in most
cases, if these are 5-inch pots, they will be found to
be sufficiently large. A good compost for them
consists of loam, leaf-mould, sand, and dried, decayed
cow-dung, and great care must be paid to the
drainage. In potting, make -the soil of moderate
firmness, and place the potted stock in a cool pit or
frame well up to the glass, which will preserve the
leaves from lengthening, and keep the frame or pit
rather close for a few days, that is until fresh roots
are made. Syringe the plants freely in the afternoon
at closing time if the weather is sunny ; and keep
them quite free from red-spider and aphides, either of
which, if allowed to go unchecked, will hinder
growth and spoil their flowering.

PELARGONIUMS. — Any of the show varieties,
which bloomed early in the season and were after-
wards stood out in the open to ripen their wood,
should be cut in, to within one or two buds of the
point to which they were previously cut-back, stand-
ing them in a cool frame or turning them on their
sides at the foot of a wall till they break. Late
bloomers may now be stood out in the open, it being
undesirable to allow them to bloom any longer. The
present is a suitable time to put in Pelargonium
cuttings which should be taken from the extremities
of the shoots which have been cut from the plants
that have flowered and matured. Each cutting
should have about three or four joints, and if any
variety be found in insufficient numbers the hard
matured wood may also be utilised. Place the
cuttings singly in 3-inch pots, in a compost consist-
ing of loam, leaf-mould, and sand ; standing the pots
in a cold frame or in the open air, fully exposed to the
sun.
The Fancy Pelargoniums will not require to be cut

in so close as the show varieties, but four joints of
this season's growth should be left, or the break of
the young shoots will be very indifferent.

Before cutting back any of these plants, the soil
should be almost dry, as there is a great danger of
the roots rotting. After the fancies are cut back
they stand them in a cold frame, so as to prevent
the soil becoming wet before the shoots break, the
roots being very susceptible of injury from too much
moisture at this stage. It will help the plants to
break freelv if the syringe be used lightly overhead
on fine afternoons, and the frame kept close. B.
Milncr, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

DAHLIAS. — The single and Cactus Dahlias have
been regarded for some years past as showy and
suitable subjects for planting in mixed beds of good
size in the flower garden, and as masses in
shrubbery and other borders ; and owing to the
beauty, diversity and richness of their colours
and their usefulness from the decorative gardener's
point of view, they have in a great measure sup-
planted the double varieties in general esteem. The
Tom Thumb section of them raised by Mr. T. W.
Girdleston, and now being distributed by the Messrs.
J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, bids fair to surpass in
effectiveness, utility, and easiness of production
such old flower-garden plants as I he Pelargonium,
Calceolaria and Ageratum. There can be no
doubt respecting the effect produced by planting the
Tom Thumb section in masses of either
separate or of two colours, planting some
of the taller growing varieties in the middle
of the beds, and the dwarfer ones round the outside.
The plants of the twelve varieties composing this
section, and which doubtless will be increased as
time goes on, range in height from 9 inches to 15
inches, and one (Maud) is 18 inches high. The
colours, distinct, being bright and dark scarlet
(Midget and Bantam), lightorange (Miss Grace), deep
mauve (Pearl), bright yellow (Miniature), and
maroon (Bo-Peep), with flowers of 2.| inches to 4
inches in diameter. Some of the Single and Cactus
varieties have foliage and blooms veiy useful for
cutting. Foremost among these are Constance,
pure white; Mrs. Hawkins, sulphur colour; Juarezii,
crimson ; Paragon, rich velvety maroon, with purple
at the edge of each petal ; Mrs. Cleveland, terra-
cotta red, shaded with pale cerise ; and Excelsior,
white, with broad margin of lilac. The plants, now
in full beauty in many places, must have the small
shoots kept well thinned out, and the principal ones
secured to the stakes. In order to secure fine
blooms the plants must be kept uniformly moist at
the roots, and the light let well among the shoots,
and where mulching will not be objectionable, it
should be done at once. I am only referring to
decorative blooms, because for special purposes only
a limited number of blooms should be permitted to
develop, supplies of liquid manure being given at the
roots to increase the size of the blooms. Earwigs
are sometimes very destructive to the Dahlia,
eating into the florets. A flower-pot half filled with
moss, or a Bean-stalk placed among the plants, will
trap them most surely, the traps being examined
daily, and the insects destroyed.

BORDER CARNATIONS.— Beds of the old dark-
coloured Clove Carnation have greatly benefited by
the rain which fell at the beginning of the past week,
and having been recently disbudded, the plants are
now flowering freely. It is not yet too late in late
districts to thin out the flower-buds of Carnations,
the buds on either side the crown or central bud
being removed, as it is necessary to take 2 inches of
the Uower-stem when the flowers are cut; moreover,
these side buds seldom develop into passable blooms.
In order to prolong the supply of Cloves as long as
possible, it will be necessary to remove the crown
flower-buds from some of the plants, allowing the
two side ones to develop, which they will do, later.
Support the stems as advised in a previous Calendar.

VASE, BOX, AND POT PLANTS— In most flower
gardens well- filled vases and specimen Pelargoniums
in boxes aud large pots are stood about at intervals,
and contribute largely to the general effect. These
should receive due attention in the matter of laying
on an occasional surface-dressing of some kind of
plant manure ; and the watering at this season
should be frequent and liberal, as the plants benefit
but little from rain owing to the mass of leaves pre-
venting any of it reaching the soil. Pinch out the
points of very strong shoots, and remove decaying
leaves and over-blown flowers. H. W. Ward, Long .
ford Castle, Salisbury.

136

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written ox one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the 'signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Plants, &c, to be Named.— Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and research for their solution, must 7iot expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not mere than
six should be sent at one time.

Illustrations.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable pla?itst
flowers, trees, #c, are solicited.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should le
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
hut to the Publisher, at the ahove address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SHOWS.

f Last day of Southampton Horticul-

I r : I r . i l

MONDAY, Aug, 3/ ™°$*™*$aiite Horticultural

J Beddiugton (near Croydon) Horti-
v cultural.

TUESDAY, AUG. 4-Mansfield, Notts, Horticultural.

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 5— Ancient Society of York Florists.

SALE.

TrnrnAV lrr -(Orchids, including some novelties,

.rtUUAX. AVG. /-j at Protheroe & Morris' Booms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-63°.3.

Vagueness in the wording of

What is a Seed- i_ j i ■ p A*i e

lin» Plant? schedules is a fertile source of
trouble and unpleasantness, the
more to be regretted, as much of it might be
prevented by 'previous arrangement even if
purely arbitrary. In the present case, as in so
many others, the vagueness arises from the fact
that the word '• seedling " has in daily use more
than one signification. Botanically a seedling
ceases to be fitly so called after the full
expansion of the seed-leaves, and prior to
the formation of any new leaves or shoots. So
limited, the seedling stage comprises those parts,
and only those parts, which were originally con-
tained within the ripe seed. The seed-leaves, for
i istance, may be much larger after germination,
but they are the same organs that were wrapped
up within the seed. Of course there are botanical
minuti.-e which, as in the case of most natural
objects, vitiate this definition, but in natural
history mathematical accuracy is unattainable,
and for all practical purposes the above statement
is accurate enough.

When we look upon the subject from a horti-
cultural standpoint, we get, as usual, into a chaos
of uncertainty and varied application. Some
say a seedling remains a seedling so long as it
has not been propagated ; others so long as it
has not been " let out," or put into commerce.
One correspondent asks, " Is a Gloxinia raised
from seed in 1888, considered a seedling in
1891 ? Has it not passed from the stage of
seedling after the first year's growth and rest ? " —

thus making one season's growth the touchstone.
Another correspondent is of opinion that a plant
raised from seed is always a seedling, no matter
to what age it attains, as it is different from a
plant grown from cuttings, layers, buds, or
grafts. But if this view is to be taken, the old
Oaks and Beeches in Windsor Forest are still
seedling plants. Fine babies these ! We should
have thought they had cast their milk-teeth
long ago !

The term seedling is also used by gardeners
in a speoial sense to indicate a variety or
a variation raised from seed. In such a
case we say seedling for brevity sake, but
it would be preferable to say always seedling
variety. However these are matters of custom,
concerning which people vary very much in their
usage, but with a view to elicit the views of our
correspondents, and in the hope of being able to
formulate something more definite than we have
at present, we ask, " What is a seedling ? "

Orchid Basket presented to HIM. the
EviPRESS OF GERMANY. — Never on any occasion
when a foreign potentate has visited these shores
has such a group of Orchids been seen as that pre-
sented at Buckingham Palace on July 10 to the
Empress of Germany by Mr. F. Sander, of St.
Albans, and of which we give a supplementary
illustration. It consisted of the rarest and most
costly flowers in the collection at St. Albans. It
was a work of artistic merit, and was so highly
appreciated that the Empress ordered the basket
to be taken from room to room during the re-
mainder of her stay at Buckingham Palace. Mrs.
Wins, of the firm of Wills & Segar, was deputed
by Mr. Sander to arrange the flowers, giving the
final touches to what was certainly the most magni-
ficent basket of Orchids ever presented to any
royal lady visiting these realms. Among the
flowers employed were numerous Cattleyas, such
as Mendelii in variety, Sanderiana, chrysotoxa,
Gaskelliana, Leopoldii, all cut with pseudobulbs
and leaves ; Oneidium crispnm grandiflorum, Gard-
nerianum, macranthum, undulatum, Loxense;
Odontoglossum crispum, Pescatorei, hystrix, Wilcke-
anum, Harryanum, Schroderianum, vexillarium ;
Aerides Leonis, Sanderianum and Lawrenceanum ;
Cypripediums caudatum, Sehrodera, Rothschild-
ianum, Sanderianum ; Epidendrums Frederici
Gulielmi, vitellinum majus, AVallisii ; Dendrobium
formosum giganteum ; Cymbidiums, Thunias, Sac-
colabiums, Masdevallias, &c. The photograph
whence our illustration was taken was executed by
Mr. Vernon Kate, of Onslow Place, South Ken-
sington.

FATAL STORM.— The Rev. Mr. Wallace, of

Bromley, was lecturing on bee-keeping at the flower
show at Lacy Green, near Aylesbury, when a flash
of lightning struck the speaker and several of the
by-standers, some of whom were assisting him.
Three men were killed, three, including Mr. WALLAce,
much injured, and others less severely hurt. It is
not often a flower show has such a calamitous ending.

County Councils and Bee-keeping— The

Essex County Council, at their quarterly meeting at
the Shire Hall, Chelmsford, on the 7th ult., recom-
mended : — " That a sum not exceeding £500 be
granted to the Joint Committee (composed of six
members respectively of the County Council and the
Essex Field Club), for the purchase of apparatus and
diagrams, which are to be the property of the
Council, and that a sum not exceeding £100 be
granted to the committee for the storage and
carriage of such apparatus and diagrams; that a sum
not exceeding £50 be granted to the same com-
mittee, to be expended in lectures under the
direction of the Essex Bee-keepers' Association ;
and that local committees throughout the county,
especially in rural districts, be recommended to
make application to the said Joint Committee, or

the Essex Agricultural Society, for aid in lecturers
or teachers, obtaining apparatus or materials, the
conducting of examinations, and seeking help and
guidance generally." The Northamptonshire County
Council has also voted the sum of £25 towards the
funds of the North Hants Bee-keepers' Association,
to be spent in instruction and demonstrations
in bee-keeping within the county. It being an
accomplished fact, that bee - keeping has been
found a fitting subject for technical instruction,
there is now a prospect that the art will
attain such additional importance as presently to
rank as a recognised British industry, and that we
shall not long be behind Germany and other
countries in this respect. If other councils follow
suit, and the system of instruction can be made
successful, it will be a means in the near future of
so increasing the number of honey producers, that
the large sum annually expended on imported
honey may be very considerably reduced, A
healthy and interesting occupation will be assured to
many, if a proper system be adopted, and the
necessary attention given, and one that can be
worked profitably either alone or in conjunction with
other undertakings in suitable localities at home.
The following are the members of the Joint Com-
mittee for Technical Instruction of the County
Council and the Essex Field Club. Nominated on
behalf of the County Council :— Mr. E. N. Buxton,
J P.; Mr. E. A. Fitch, F.L.S. ; Mr. J. H. Burrows,
Mr. S. W. Squier, J.P. ; Mr. F. West, and Mr. W.
B. Whittingham. The Essex Field Club members
are :— Professor G. S. Boulger, F.L.S., F.G.S., Pro-
fessor of Botany and Zoology, City of London
College ; Mr. F. Chancellor, J.P. ; Professor R.
Meldola, F.R.S., &c, Professor of Chemistry, City
Guilds Technical Institute ; Sir H. E. Roscoe, M.P.,
LL.D., &c, one of the authors of the Technical Edu-
cation Act, and Honorary Secretary to the National
Association for the Promotion of Technical Educa-
tion ; Mr. F. W. Rudler, F.G.S., Curator of Museum
of Practical Geology ; and Mr. J. C. Shenstone,
M.P.S., F.R.M.S.

Strawberry, Laxton's Noble. — We find

this novelty highly spoken of in Germany as a
market fruit. In the Leipzig market it obtained the
highest price this season. It is found to bear
carriage for long distances with less injury than any
other variety ; moreover, the plant is less liable to
be damaged by the hard frosts of that country, and
the berries stand wet weather for longer periods
without rotting or becoming spotted. It crops
abundantly, and the flavour is said to be mildly
vinous, and without the acidity usual with large-
fruited Strawberries.

CONSETT PARK.— On Saturday, July 11 last,
the town of Consett, in Durham, celebrated the
opening of its new public park, which was per-
formed by Mrs. Dale, the wife of Mr. D. Dale, the
Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Consett
Iron Company, who have not only presented the
land, amounting to over 30 acres, to the public, but
have been at the sole cost of laying it out as a park
and recreation ground. This land was for many
years little better than a waste, the upper part of it
being a receptacle or " tip " for all kinds of rubbish
and debris, and it was altogether one of the most
unpromising looking places for a park. The firm
of Messrs. J. Robson & Son, Hexham, supplied the
designs for the laying-out of the park, and superin-
tended the execution of the work, besides supplying
the trees and shrubs with which it is planted. One
of the principal difficulties which had to be over-
come was the selection of trees and shrubs which
would thrive at this high elevation, and withstand
the smoke and fumes from the chimneys of the Con-
sett Iron Works, which are close at hand. The
selection has been very carefully made, and has been
thoroughly successful. Over 40,000 trees and shrubs
have been planted. The park stretches the whole
distance between Blackhill and Consett, and has an
entrance at the north end of St. Aidan's Street,
Blackhill, and another at the south end, for

Supplement to "The Gardeners Chronicle, " August 1st. 1891.

TROPHY OF ORCHIDS,
Presented to H. I. M. the German Empress,

BY MESSRS. SANDER & CO.

August 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

137

the convenience of the inhabitants of Conaett.
Entering by the approach from Blackhill Rail-
way Station, the road traverses, with many
graceful curves and sweeps, the whole distance
from Blackhill to Consett. It is laid with 12 inches
of broken rubble, and finished with red ash.
There is a wide margin of grass on each side of this
and all the other roads. The whole of the land
planted has been trenched from 18 inches to 2 feet
deep, and a dressing of 40 tons of manure per acre
was laid upon the surface and dug in, with evident
benefit to the subjects planted. There are two
tennis-courts and a large bowling-green in the park.
Local Paper.

PHORMIUM TENAX.— Regarding the flower-spike
of this plant exhibited at the last meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society, and which was briefly
referred to in the last issue of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Mr. James Bateman, F.R.S., who ex-
hibited it, informs us that it is the only one he has
ever seen in flower, either in his own most interesting
garden at Worthing, or in the gardens of other
people. Mr. Carrick Moore, to whose kindness
Mr. Bateman owes the plant which has now flowered,
says that it never flowered with him, either at Brook
Farm, Cobham, or at Corswall, Wigtonshire, although
his neighbour Lord Stair has a lake near Stranraer
which is fringed for miles with flowering masses of
the plant. Can it be that it prefers a "whiff" of
sea air ?

PYRENEAN PLANTS.— Dr. Blanchet has pub-
lished a Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of South-
western France, comprising the districts of the
Landes and the Basses Pyr6ne.js. It forms a
pamphlet of 172 octato pages, and may be obtained
from the Imprimerie Lasserre, Rue Gambetta,
Bayonne. The catalogue is arranged according
to the Flora of Grenier and Godron, and
consists of a list of names and localities. This
little work supplies a need greatly felt. There
has hitherto been no good local botanical guide for
visitors to the Landes and the Basses Pyrenees.
Bentham's Catalogue, published in 1825, is long since
out of print. There is, indeed, the larger work on
the botany of western France by Lloyd in its latest
edition. For the higher mountains, Mr. Pache had
done something in his guide-book ; there were also
some good local botanists, as Phillippe of Bagneres
de Bigorre, and the MM. Frossabd, father and son.
M. Borderes, the schoolmaster botanist at Gedre, and
a few others, supplied a certain amount of assistance.
In the Landes there was the Essai d'une Chloris, by
Thore, and some papers by a very zealous botanist,
Darracq of Bayonne ; but all these were incomplete,
and it is only since the publication of Lacoizqueta's
two works, Catalogo de las Plantas del Voile de Verti-
:arana (Madrid, 1885), and Diccionario de los nom-
bres Euikaros de las Plantas, con los Vulgares,
Castcllanos y Franceses y cientificos Latinos (Pam-
plona, 1S8S), for the southern side of the moun-
tains of the Pays Basque, that any real assist-
ance has been given to amateurs. Dr. Blanchet
does for the northern slope of the Western Pyrenees,
and its adjacent plain, what Lacoizqueta has done
for part of that of Navarre. His book, too, has the
advantage of being written in French, a language
more generally understood than Spanish. Dr.
Blanchet's list is especially interesting, from the
details given on the accidental invasion of foreign
plants on ballast-heaps, &c, the way in which they
spread and establish themselves, sometimes per-
manently, sometimes for a few years only. The
Catalogue does not profess to be exhaustive.
Part of the district Dr. Blanchet has long
studied ; for the rest, he has made good
use of the materials supplied by others. In some
cases he is supplemented by Lacoizqdeta ; but
every amateur and botanist will be grateful to him
for supplying so great a want, and supplying it so well.
In the present volume we note twenty-two species of
Saxifrage, eighteen of Sedum, four of Sempervivum,
while under the head of Amaryllideoe eleven species of
Narcissus with certain varieties are mentioned. A

note tells us that these plants, till lately, formed a
special ornament of the country around Bayonne,
but are rapidly being exterminated. " Elles sont
depuis quelques annees l'objet d'un commerce effrene,
qui a pris les proportions d'un veritable vandalisme,
d'une devastation. C'est par milliers que chaque
annexe on les exp6die au-dela, de La Manche, non
cueillies mais arrachees sans pitied et par consequent
desormais perdues. Les pourvoyeurs font leur
malheur eux-memes et ne le comprennent pas."

Ms. A. Dean. — In reference to the paragraph
inserted in our issue for July 11, concerning Mr. A.
Dean's retirement from the management of his
brother's business at Bedfont, Mr. Richard Dean
requests us to state that he still carries on his seed
business at Bedfont as heretofore.'

FOR SALE I— Two remarkable estates are now
in the market, one in a beautiful suburb of greater
London, and interesting as having been for a time
the residence of the late Emperor Napoleon — we
allude to Camden Place, Chislehurst, the freehold of
which is to be sold by Mr. Willett, 2, Sloane
Gardens, and to Saltwood Castle, near Hythe. This
last is remarkable for its old castle, almost an exact
copy of the noble West Gate of Canterbury, and built
in the fifteenth century by the same architect. It is
in a beautiful country, a short distance from, and in
full view of, the sea. The old castle has recently
been restored, so as to adapt it for modern require-
ments, and the situation is so sheltered and the
climate so mild, that'a great scope is afforded to the
landscape gardener and lover of plants. Messrs.
Hampton & Sons, Pall Mall, are the agents for
the sale.

MEADOW Hay.— M. A. Chatin, treating in the
Comptcs Rendtts of natural grass lands and the best
methods of forming them, 'says that the following
grasses should be rejected: — ], coarse-growing:
Festuca heterophylla, F. pratensis, Avena elatior, A.
pratensis, Bromus erectus, Dactylis glomerata ; 2,
species which grow too early in spring, e.g., Anthox-
anthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, II. mollis, Phleum
pratense, on the other hand, which, though later in
growth, is yet not dry and hard at the time of mow-
ing. The grasses principally selected by M. Chatin
are Avena flavescens, Briza media, Cvnosurus cris-
tatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Agrostis vulgaris, Fes-
tuca ovina, duriuscula, and rubra; and though
rather early, Poa pratensis and P. trivialis. To
these M. Chatin adds various Clovers, such as
repens, Medicago lupulina, Lotus corniculatus,
various species of Galium, which add honey-like
fragrance to the hay ; Salvia pratensis, and Cen-
taurea jacea. It should be remembered that M.
Chatin's meadows are situated in the Department
of Seine and Oise, hut the principles of selection
are the same, whatever the country or climatal
characters.

" KEW BULLETIN " this month is devoted to an
account of the Gold Coast Botanical Station, in
charge of Mr. Crowther at Aburi. One of the
main objects is to induce the natives to cultivate
certain plants of economic value, and not confine
themselves to the mere collection of wild products,
which are showing signs of exhaustion. Aburi, it
appears, is at an altitude of 1400 feet, and the shade
temperature does not exceed 88°, with a rainfall of
60 inches. Speaking of the Bahamas, the Bulletin
notes the great importance of the plantations of the
so-called Sisal Hemp or Agave rigida, var. Sisalana.
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus pennatifolius), a drug used in
medicine as a diaphoretic, &c, has been found in
Paraguay, as well as in Brazil, but the southern
variety is found to be less effective.

Potato Experiments.— The Royal Agricul-
tural Society is carrying out in six separate districts
of the country experiments on plots, each 3 acres in
extent, with sulphate of copper. One acre is to be
treated early, to prevent the disease if possible ;
1 acre later on, when the disease has become appa-
rent; and 1 acre to be untreated. We are heartily

glad to see some steps at length taken in the matter.
For the sake of the farmer, we trust the Royal Agri-
cultural Society may have the same experience as
the Royal Horticultural Society, a committee of
which for two or three years undertook trials of
various kinds, and prepared elaborate records, but
the amount of disease which appeared was so small
that the experiments were relatively valueless. An
impromptu experiment in a subsequent year, how-
ever, proved most instructive. We perceive some of
our contemporaries are blaming the Royal Horti-
cultural Society for not taking up the subject ;
but it must be remembered that the Royal
Agricultural Society can effect this matter much
more readily and extensively, having a paid con-
sulting botanist to direct and overlook the experi-
ments, and a sum of £300 allowed towards the
expenses. The former experiments at Chiswick
involved a severe tax on the time and labours of the
working members of the committee, who did not
even receive the thanks of the Society for their
labour. We regret to record the appearance of the
disease at Chiswick and elsewhere, but so far not to
a great extent.

A Climbing Rose.— One of the most beautiful

of climbers, says Garden and Forest, is the so-called
Prairie Rose (Rosa setigera), which is now covered
with flowers after the general Rose display is over.
This plant is much more beautiful than the double
varieties. It is a free grower, and will cover easily
a hundred square feet of trellis with its bold
healthy foliage, which is as clean and free from
fungi and insects as that of Rosa rugosa. The
large rose-coloured flowers, with conspicuous clusters
of yellow stamens, come in corymbs, and keep
opening one after another for several days.

Illustrations of the Flora of Japan.—

This consists of a series of lithographic plates
illustrative of interesting Japanese plants. In the
numbers before us several species of Goodyera are
figured. The figures are so accurately drawn that
they will be very serviceable to botanists. The
work is published by Mr. Tomitaro Makino. The
text is in Japanese, but the names are fortunately
repeated in Latin.

The Society of American Florists is to

hold high festival at Toronto from August 18 to 20,
and will, in all probability, be attended by large
numbers of the horticultural trade in Canada and
the States. All the " live men in the trade " will
be there, says the American Florist, " and they are the
men who are quick to discern merit in anything that
really possesses it." True enough, from the point of
view of trade and fashion.

Carbonate of Copper for the Tomato

FUNGUS. — Professor Bailey recommends a mixture
thus composed : — Dissolve three ounces carbonate
of copper in a quart of liquid ammonia ; of this, two
fluid ounces are mixed with two gallons (a pail) of
water when required.

Insects ano Fungi.— We are glad to see that

in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, dated
June 30, is a useful summary as to the best methods
of prevention of these pests from Mr. Whitehead.
It is a cause in which the more recruits the better.

Chicago Exhibition.— This promises to be a

" big thing." It is to be held in Jackson Paik, an
area of 586 acres on the banks of Lake Michigan ;
over 103 acres of this space will be roofed over !
The space allotted to horticulture is 6 acres, that to
agriculture 15 acres. So Protectionist a nation as
the United States can hardly expect, it would be
thought, to induce many foreign exhibitors to
present themselves or their goods.

ROTHAMSTED LECTURES. — One of the pro-
visions of the Lawes Agricultural Trust, is that a
course of lectures shall be given in the United
States on the Rothamsted experiments. At the
next annual meeting of the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations,

138

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

Mr. Robert Waeinqton will deliver six lectures.
The first lecture, to be illustrated by magic-lantern
slides, will be " On the Rothamsted Station."

THE Winter.— At the high tide of summer we
are apt to forget what the winter was like. It may,
however, be useful to record that whilst the average
of foggy days in London during winter is twenty-five
days, in the winter of 1800-91 we had no fewer than
fifty. The rainfall was also less than half the
average.

" Les ANTHURIUM."— M. E. Bebgman has pub-
lished a second edition of his list of species of
Anthurium, comprising no fewer than 180 species
and varieties, and has added directions as to their
culture.

CATTLEYA Brymeriana.— We are informed
that the statement that Cattleya Brymeriana is
flowering for the first time in Belgium in the estab-
lishment of M. Peeters, is inaccurate, inasmuch as
the species in question flowered at the Horticulture
Internationale for the first time in 1877, and has
since continued to bloom there every year.

Home Correspondence.

TRANSPLANTING EVERGREENS— After the expe-
riences of last winter, few planters will defer the
removal of evergreens till September and October.
It will be more prudent to start operations in August,
choosing, if possible, a showery time. The great
thing to be particular about is to dig them up and
replant again quickly, and to do this it is necessary
to have men used to the work, and well directed, and
to get the holes dug out before lifting any shrub,
that it may go at once to its place, and have its roots
covered up. Before the final filling is done, it is im-
portant to afford water in quantity, and with such
force as to flood the hole, and fill in with soil every
crevice about the roots, which will almost insure the
plants living. It is also of great assistance to the
plants, whenever the weather is dry, to syringe the
foliage night and moraine, using, if possible, the
garden engine, or a hose. To be successful in trans-
planting at this season, it is hardly necessary to say
that the evergreens must be on the spot, and not
have to come from a distance. If the planting
cannot be carried out during August and September,
it is better to wait till April, when most evergreens
can be removed with safety ; but if the young
growths are hard, and weather favourable, early
autumn is the time, and the finishing up can be
carried out in the spring. J. S.

LABELS FOR GARDEN PLANTS.— Reference to
the label question on two occasions lately in the
Gardeners' Chronicle induces me to say that in my
opinion there is no label for use out-of-doors that
approaches in efficiency those made of zinc and pro-
perly written upon, when it is necessary to consider
the combined qualities of durability, cheapness, and
such a degree ot conspicuousness or inconspicuous-
ness that they are neither obtiusive nor difficult to
find and read when wanted. Labels come and labels
go, in various forms, but when the above qualities
are in question, zinc labels have long reigned, do
reign, and probably will reign for a long time to
come. I send you an example that has been in use
all but ten years (the date is on the back), and
which is not a selected specimen, but one that
chances to be out of use by the felling of a tree.
According to all appearance, it would, I think, be as
good practically in ten years' time as now. [The
writing as legible as the day it was written. Ed.]
For the mere preservation of names zinc labels are
not easily surpassed for use under glass, though it is
difficult, more especially in warm houses, to keep
the surface of the label in clean condition. At the
same time, the worst \ label that could be found,
among those that have been properly treated, could
be read easily by any one familiar with plant names.
The want of a fixture to the ground would be a fatal
objection, in almost all gardens, to the labelling
mentioned by "F. O." In some gardens useful
results might be got by numbering in correspondence
with a book of entries, say by impressed numbers on
zinc supported on wire. By the wav, I have heard
that plants, even in old times at Kew, were once
numbered to prevent "theft" of the names. An
old Kew hand used to tell me of a time when it was

regarded as stealing to take the name of a plant.
What foundation was there for this in fact ? B.
Irwin Lynch.

CELOSIA PYRAMIDALI8 — I have a bed of these
graceful plants in these gardens which everyone who
sees them greatly admires. I had my doubts about
their suitability for bedding, and kept a number of
Begonias in reserve in case they should turn out a
failure, but they have done so well that I shall not
fear failure again. The weather was not the most
favourable when they were planted out. They are
in the centre of the lawn and fully exposed to the
sun. I sowed a packet of Veitch's mixed seed in a
pan of sandy soil on January 21st, the colours
being from the brightest red to golden yellow. The
pan I pluDged into a hotbed, pricked off the seed-
lings three weeks later, four into a small 60, and
plunged them as before, potting them off singly
about the middle of the month of March, still keep-
ing them in the same hotbed. Their final shift into
48-pots was afforded them in the third week in the
next month, when I then placed them on a shelf
in a warm greenhouse, and gradually hardened them
off, planting the bed in the first week in June.
They are now by far the most conspicuous bed in the
garden. I have aho some very fine specimens of
the same in pots, which look beautiful in the con-
servatory. 1 kept the plants well syringed all the
time that they were under glass, which I think is
one of their chief requirements. W. Perry, Higham
House Gardens, Colchester,

GRAPES 8CALDING AND CRACKING.— Mr. Shep-
pard's remarks on the above subject contain much
that is true, but, as in all other things, circumstances
alter cases. I have this year proved fully that the
sun does scald the berries even when all other con-
ditions such as heat and ventilation are attended to
both night and day, and the internal warmth kept
as near to the desired point as possible. For several
years we have been much troubled with scalded
berries on a Madresfield Court Vine which is in a
late vinery, and this in spite of all precautions.
The vinery is a high lean - to facing south,
the end of which is due east and exposed to
that quarter thoroughly, except by the garden
wall close by, but which is not a high one. During
the month of June the sun shines with great force
on that end of the vinery early in the morning, and
gradually overtops the garden wall, and at certain
times strikes right through the vinery from the end ;
the bunches of Madresfield Court receive the full
glare from the point referred to, and we have had
whole bunches on the side facing the end of the
house spoilt by scaldiDg. At the opposite end of
the same house, which is 30 feet long, is a Vine of
Lady Downes, which in some seasons has had its
berries badly scalded. This year it occurred to me
to shade the east end of the vinery during the
critical period with lime, which was thickly laid
on the glass a few squares deep, sufficiently
so to prevent the sun shining direct on to
the berries of either Vine, with the result that
not a berry of Madresfield Court is scalded, and
only about one-third of those of Lady Downes'
Seedling. This, I conclude, is a case where the
direct sun's rays do scald the berries irrespective
of atmospherical conditions, which I have no doubt
have been the proper ones. I am well aware that
Madresfield Court is a very thin-skinned Grape,
and it is subject to the evils of being readily scalded,
and of splitting. The next Vine to the Madres-
field Court rod is a Black Hamburgh, upon which I
have never observed any signs of scalding. The
best means to adopt to prevent the berries of Madres-
field Court splitting is only to pay strict attention
to the roots and maintain a buoyant atmosphere in
the vinery by means of artificial heat in the case of
dull weather and to allow a free, but not crowded
extension of laterals on the first signs of colouring.
Since adopting this system I have not been troubled
with the berries splitting at all. S.

CHRY8ANTHEMUMS SHOWING FOR BLOOM.—

Plants which are grown for large blooms sometimes
form flower-buds during the month of July, which
arc known amongst growers as July buds, and are
considered to be freaks, and in nearly all cases they
are useless. One variety only do I know which
will develop perfect blooms from July buds — this
is Mrs. Alpheus Hardy ; therefore if " Young Gar-
dener " has plants of this variety which have
already set buds, I would advise him to retain them,
even if there is but one to each plant — and there
is not much likelihood of more showing at the
present time, if the plants are being grown on the

non-stopping method. The variety in question
requires such a long time to develop its blooms
from the bud stage, that the middle of July has not
been found any too soon to " take " buds of it.
Although the buds which form at the points of the
shoots on any variety during the month of July
cannot be called other than crown buds, they are not
what is termed the regular " crowns " which culti-
vators are anxious to procure, but are the result of a
freak caused probably by some check in the regular
growth of the plants, and too early maturation of
the lower part of the plant, perhaps by its remaining
too long in a low temperature. It is difficult to
account for such freaks of growth, even in Chrysan-
themums, but " Young Gardener " need not be
alarmed; if he will promptly remove the buds, thin
the number of shoots on each stem down to the
orthodox one, he will find, if the plants receive
correct treatment in other respects, that he will
have "crown " buds show at a very good time, i.e., from
the middle to the end of August. The great point is
to remove instantly all superfluous growth from the
side branches and main stem directly it is seen that
such is not required. Where many growers make a
mistake, is in allowing these extra growths to extend
4 inches or so before plucking them off, and such
treatment cannot be beneficial to the plants.
E. Molyncux.

CAMPANULA PUMILA ALBA is a very old plant,
and a very charming one, I have met with it in so
many gardens lately, where borders of it are so white
and pleasing, with clear white small bell-shaped
flowers, and very dwarf habit. Then it gives no
trouble, as it is an herbaceous plant, and once planted
goes on spreading and lives for years. In the
Warwickshire district it is repeatedly met with.
Campanula,

EARLY TOMATOS. — Mr. Cook's remarks on early
Tomatos in your last issue contain valuable hints
on the selection of varieties for early work. For
earliest crops out-of-doors, and indeed throughout
the summer, I have not yet found any excel, and few
to equal, the Old Large Red. There are more than
one form of it in commerce, some being much earlier
than others. I grow the form sold by Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, Reading, which I find to be the
earliest to ripen of all the varieties as yet tested here.
This year I raised about 200 plants in March, grew
them in heat until May, when they were transferred
to a cool- house, aud finally planted in the open on
June 3. On June 10, 5 lb. of ripe fruit was gathered
from the Old Red, while our first dish from Oiange-
field, and a variety which greatly resembles it,
Earliest of All, was not obtained until June 27.
We have gathered good fruit from the preceding
varieties since the above dates, at intervals of about
three or four days. The Old Red is superior to
Orangefield and its varieties in size and flavour,
and crops equally well, if not better. Of the
smooth-fruited varieties, Horsford's Prelude was
the first to ripen fruit under glass. I have
not tried it as yet in the open. Ham Green
Favourite is considered the best flavoured of
all the Tomatos grown here, and several dishes
have been included in the dessert. Among
the large-fruited Perfection type, Sutton's Perfection
was the first to ripen, a good dish being obtained in
the open on July 4. Mr. Cook includes Dedham
Favourite in his list of varieties for small establish-
ments. I do not believe that there is a better all-
round variety in commerce than Dedham Favourite,
it being a certain cropper of good weight and
quality, in colour a deep carnelian red. Plants for
fruiting out-of-doors in June and early in July should
be established in 8 or 10- inch pots not later than the
last week in April. Throughout May they should be
liberally treated, for if at nil starved the fruit will
refuse to 6well, quick swelling of the fruit being of
the utmost importance if early dishes of ripe fruit
are required. A week is quite long enough for the
early plants to harden off in a cool house, planting
out as early in June as possible, and protecting if
necessary rather than delay planting. If a few pit-
lights can be spared, they will be found a help to
weakly plants on walls if placed endways. Plants
thus protected will require frequent watering until
established in their new quarters. For the main
crop out-of-doors, 6-inch pots can be made to
answer, if the pots are plunged in 6hort dung or
other rich medium, and allowed to root through.
Plants raised in March, and thus treated, have with
us set two, and in a few cases three, clusters of fruit.
The fruit does not swell much, but as soon as they
are planted out in June it swells to its normal size,
ripening from the middle of July onward. Plants

Acgusi 1, 1891.]

THE GAB DENE US' CHRONICLE

139

carrying heavy crops require plenty of food. The
only manure I use ia two parts superphosphate of
lime, and one part sulphate of ammonia, well mixed,
and applied frequently in quantities, large or small,
according to the requirements of each individual
plant. W. B. Williams, Great Marlow.

PLANTS AT OAKWOOD AND THE LATE
WINTER. — On my return from Scotland, I looked
round my garden at Oakwood to see what plants
killed or injured by the winter and spring could
be removed or cut in, and I send a note on
some of them, as perhaps some other owners of
gardens may like to compare their experience with
mine. From what I have seen and heard of gardens
in usually not good climates, I believe they have
suffered less than those in warmer situations ; on
the other hand, the same description of plants have,
in our garden, been killed in some parts, hard hit in
others, and wholly untouched in other parts, showing
the effect of different situations. Among shrubs,
Cistuees have suffered most; happily we had struck
cuttings of most of the species, so can make a fresh
start. Among the species killed are Cistus monspe-
liensis, C. hirsutus,C. Corboriensis, Ctauricus, C.lusi-
tanicus, C. florentinus, C. algarvensis, C. Cyprius, C.
creticus, C. ocvmoides, C. cymosus, C. villosus,
C. salvifolius, C. oculus, C. crispus, C. albicans,
C. ladaniferus. Cistus formosus is killed in
some situations, hard hit in others ; uninjured
in a recess on our " mountain " side. The only
Cistus which has proved perfectly hardy is C. Iauri-
folius, and as this has beautiful flowers, and makes a
fine Bhrub, I think it would be well that it should
take the place of C. ladaniferus and C. Cyprius where
only few species are grown. Veronicas have also
suffered much. V. parviflorus has been killed with
us everywhere ; we grew it by scores, and had a low
hedge of it. It bloomed quite into the winter, and
was always considered quite hardy. It has sown itself
about very freely, so leaves plenty of young plants
behind it. V. salicifoliais dead ; V. Haastii hard hit
in most places. V. Traversii, of which we have many
plants, some very large ones, is a complete puzzle to
all to whom I have shown it. It has been suggested
that difference of constitution of individual plants
might account for some being killed, and some
untouched. No doubt, to a certain limited extent,
seedling plants do differ in hardiness, but in the
present case the difference is much too decided
to be thus accounted for. We have a hedge
of this Veronica in fine flower ; it had hardly
any twigs hurt ; it stands on a hill, in a fully
exposed situation. V. epacridea, hard hit in most
situations, was untouched in a few favoured ones.
Eurybia Gunni is killed; Olearia Haastii touched,
but recovering. Of Azara microphylla, large
plants have the top branches and tips killed ; a
large number of small plants are most of them
killed, some are shooting up from the bottom, and
a few in sheltered cool situations are untouched.
Garrya elliptica is hit very hard, Kaphiolepis ovata
killed. Among rather unexpected survivals are the
different Agapanthus ; A. umbellatus albiflorus has
a spike, A. Mooreanus many spikes of flower, A.
umbellatus growing well ; these are all in beds,
without protection. Seedling Sikkim Rhododen-
drons were unhurt in several sheltered situations.
Buibs have not suffered. Iris Ka;cnpferi have
bloomed especially well ; Lilium Kratneri, L gigan-
teum, L. Brownii, and L. pardalinum varieties are
fi.ie, and L. auratum, just coming out, promises to
be finer than ever. Taking the garden as a whole,
we have lost much less than I expected. I may add
that the Lilies here planted in casks, with the
bottoms out, some of them now in their third year,
show conclusively the advantage of keeping them
free from the roots of shrubs and trees. George F.
Wilson.

FRUIT SOCIETIES. — I strongly approve of your
remarks on the action of the Fruiterers' Company.
We want now more work and less talk, and I hope
the Fruiterers' Company will make the best use of
the information already at their hands. We have
too many societies dabbling in fruit-growing with
very little result. The older societies, like the
Hoiticultural and the Caledonian, have laid an
excellent foundation, and the newer societies cannot
do better than lend their aid to the older ones.
Fnictus.

CATTLEYA CITRINA GROWTH.— I have a piece of
Cattleya citrina on a block of Teak consisting of
thirteen pseudo-bulbs, and hanging vertically, its
leaves downwards, and its last growth, which has

just bloomed, lowest of all. What seems to me
unusual is that it is now putting on a new growth
next to the top or upper pseudo-bulb but one ; does
anyone know of a similar instance ? T, B. C.

THE WEATHER IN THE LOTHIANS.— During the
past fortnight it has rained almost daily, and the
Strawberries, which in the early districts are at their
best, have suffered in consequence. Plenty of
warmth accompanied the rain, and everything in
field and garden looks well. W. Sutherland.

THE HARDINESS OF JAPANESE BAMBOOS —
In the Gardeners' Chronicle of July 18, Mr. Gerard
speaks of the hardiness of many of these plants.
There are two or three plants of Bambusa aurea
planted out around the large circular basin of water
in the kitchen garden at Umberslade Hall, near
Birmingham, which have stood the winter uninjured
and without protection, and the position is a very
low one, almost on a level with a large lake of water
just outside the kitchen gaiden. D.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AND
FRUIT CULTURE. — I have been amused to read
the report furnished in your columns of the
speeches of the mover and seconder of the resolu-
tion relating to the Royal Horticultural Society and
Fruit Culture, passed at the recent meeting of the
Fruit and Veg< table Committee. Had I been
present, I should have been tempted to say some-
thing concerning that proposition and its promoters.
I have a vivid recollection of a meeting of the
British Fruit Growers' Association, held at the
Crystal Palace nearly two years since, over which
Mr. Rivers presided, and when Mr. Wright proposed
a vote of thanks to the Fruiterers' Company for
what that body had then done on behalf of hardy
fruit culture. I ventured, then, to object to that reso-
lution, not only on the ground that the Fruiterers'
Company had so far done nothing wor'h mentioning,
especially remembering how long that Company had
in the past contented itself with doing nothing at
all but giving the Lord Mayor annually a costly
present of fruit, and then partaking of a costly
banquet with that potentate ; but also that the
Royal Horticultural Society, which the resolution
in question literally ignored, had done so much
through its conferences, its committees, and meet-
ings, its publications, and its Chiswick gardens, to
promote fruit culture, as well as to spread abroad
really useful practical and tangible information on
the subject, instead of tall stupid talk which was so
often misleading. 1 got into hot water over that
matter, and because I took so prominent a position
in protesting against a course which was mere
flattery of an effete Company, and which no one
else but the soi-disant British Fruit Growers'
Association thought of offering. Conceive of
my interest now that I learn the gentlemen
whose action I two years since criticised had
really taken my line in relation to the Royal
Horticultural Society, and recognised that some
credit was due to it for what it had done in the
past, and could do in the future. I am not at all
surprised that even the greatest adulators of the
Fruiterers' Company should have had enough of that
body after the truly absurd meeting which that
Company recently held at the Mansion House.
Generally, its nature was well summed up in the
utterance of one of our best known market growers
of fruit on the Fruit Committee : " Does the
Company think that we are all fools, that after so
many years of hard experience in fruit culture, we
should need teaching by a Mansion House meeting ? "
It is all very well to circulate information respecting
hardy fruit culture, but when it ia urged that
cottagers, allotment holders, and small farmers, as
well as amateurs, should be instructed in fruit
planting and culture, there must be established on
their behalf such a system of land tenure as shall
encourage them to plant not vegetables only, which
are of but a few months' duration, but fruit trees and
bushes, which endure for a life-time. Who will
plant trees or bushes on a few months' notice to
quit? And all the best information in the world will
be wasted until that point is settled. All this the
huge imposture of the Mansion House meeting
ignored. If the Royal Horticultural Society is
induced to act upon the resolution carried at the
meeting of the committee which I have referred to,
it will also Lave, of course, to face the sterner and
most important question of the tenure in land
granted to those who may wish, as occupiers, to
plant fruit trees, and have no tangible hold on the
soil. It is one thing to urge planting fruit trees

that some may sell. It is quite another to see that
those who plant may be enabled to reap the reward
of their outlay. A. D.

Foreign Correspondence.

ORCHIDS AT THE BRUGES EXHIBITION.
Among the 600 Orchids lately shown by the firm of
G. Vincke Dujardin, which won so many honours,
a few, at least, of the more remarkable must be
mentioned : — 1. A hybrid Odontoglossum, sepals and
petals pure white, much spotted with chestnut-
brown ; claws of the petals madder-red, the pure
white lip marked down the centre with a wide stripe
(at least 1 cent, by \h cent.), and bearing a very tiny
patch of the same colour on either side. Flower-
stem bearing sixty-five flowers, recalling in size and
form those of Odontoglossum Andersoni, but in
colouring quite distinct. 2. A hybrid Odontoglos-
sum, sepals and petals pure white, marked with
many large spots of rich reddish-brown, about three-
quarters of an inch in size. In the centre of the
lip is a large round mark of the same colour ; lip
citron-yellow, striped with deep carmine, the form
recalling that of Odontoglossum Alexandras. 3. A
hybrid Odontoglossum, the flower of which resembled
Ruckerianum, but which was quite different in colour ;
the sepals and petals are rose, plentifully sprinkled with
carmine spots ; the lip is pure white, slightly spotted
with carmine. The stem bore a dozen fine flowers.
4. 0. crispum var. Pacho, very large flowers, nearly
-1 inches in diameter, sepals and petals much rounded,
Enow-white. 5. 0. crispum, sepals and petals pure
white, spotted with pale madder. 6. An Odonto-
glossum of the Andersoni section, sepals and petals
notched, pure white, with differently-sized blood-red
spots. 7. 0. Princess Clementine, very graceful
flowers, white, thickly covered with small pink spots
of pale carmine. 8. O. crispum, sepals and petals
very fine, violet fading into white, the claw bordered
with white, speckled with chestnut brown, flower
stem bearing sixteen very large blooms. 9. Cattleya
Mossiie Reine des Beiges, six very fine flowers, rich
violet, lip well fringed, the centre violet fading into
golden yellow, and finally into white, with a border
of pale violet streaked with crimson. 10. C. Mossioe,
flowers large, white, flushed slightly with pink, lip in
centre violet, veined with white, fading into golden
yellow, and finally into pure white. 11. C. Mendeli,
a splendid specimen, sepals, petals, and lip pure
white, saffron yellow in centre, passing into pale
mauve, veined with white. 12. Vanda tricolor
Vinckii, sepals snow-white, petals white, covered
with small spots of reddish brown, lip reddish violet,
a very handsome variety. Ch. De Bosschere, Lierre.

Bruges.
The Queen of the Belgians and Princess Clemen-
tine paid on Saturday, July 18, a visit to the
horticultural establishment of M. G. Vincke-
Dujardin, at Scheepsdaele, near Bruges. The royal
visitors were taken through the eighty-two glass-
houses, and expressed pleasure at the sight. The
fine collections of Orchids especially attracted notice
from the Queen and Princess. Much admired also
were the tine Palms, which are another specialty
of this firm. This visit, and that recently paid to
the Bruges Exhibition, furnish additional proof of
the interest taken in horticulture by the Belgian
Royal family.

Exhibition at Ledebebg, near Ghent.

This will be held in a building specially con-
structed for the purpose, which will quite cover the
Place de Congrus. It will measure 120 feet in
length by 15(5 feet in breadth, and will have direct
communication with the galleries of the Town Hall,
in which will also be placed many plants. The
new building will be elegant, well lighted and venti-
lated, so that the whole effect will be imposing.
Antwerp.

The formal opening of the International Exhibi-
tion of vegetable products, horticultural and micro-

140

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Atjgust 1, 1891.

scopical exhibits, will take place in the presence
of various civic and military authorities, on August 9,
at 11 o'clock. The permanent horticultural exhibi-
tion will be very fine, thanks to the assistance given
by the largest horticultural firms in the country.

THE SEED TRADE.

Cabbages Bolting. — The subject of the " bolting "
or premature running to seed of Cabbages is one
which has engaged considerable attention of late,
because of its being a matter of importance to all gar-
deners, and especially so to those who grow for
market. It has long been held by gardeners that
there is an intimate connection between the time of
sowing and the bolting of Cabbages, and in order to
practically test this matter, Messrs. Hurst & Sons
last year made at their trial grounds at Chelmsford,
a series of experiments, which took the form of suc-
cessional sowings extending over a period of six
weeks.

Four leading varieties of Cabbages were selected
for the purpose, viz., the Improved Nonpareil, Eirly
Rainham, Myatt's Offenham, an early dwarf Cab-
bage of excellent quality, having peculiar white
veins on the leaves, a remarkably good variety in-
troduced by Mr. Myatt, of Eversham ; and the Early
Higham, one of the Enfield Market type— all lead-
ing market garden varieties which are largely culti-
vated round London. The first sowing was on
Jjly 7, the second on the 14th, the third on
the 21st, the fourth on the 28th, the fifth on
August 4, and the sixth on August 11. A
piece of ground in an open field was pre-
pared, and twenty plants of each variety planted out
on the>same date, in lines containing that number, the
produce of each sowing being kept by itself, that is
to say, four rows of the sowing of July 7 side by
side, and so on. When the plants were examined at
the end of May, it was seen that out of the 20 plants
of the Nonpareil 11 had bolted to seed ; of the Rain-
ham, 5 had bolted ; of the Offenham, none ; and
of the Early Higham, 2 only. The sowing made on
July 14 showed the following results : of the Non-
pareil, 13 had bolted ; Rainham, 4 ; Offenham, 1 ;
Higham, 1. July 21 : Nonpareil, 12 had bolted ;
Riinham, 5 ; Offenham, 3; and of the Higham, 5.
Of the sowing made on July 28, Nonpareil, 2 ; Riin-
ham, none ; Offenham, none ; Higham, none had
bolted. Of the sowing made on August 4, Non-
pareil, 2 only ; and of the other three, none. Of the
last sowing, made on August 14, not a single plant
of any of the sowings had run to seed.

If any inference can be drawn from these trials, it
appears to be this : that early varieties of Cabbage
for spring use should not be sown until the second
week in August, and the later varieties from the first
to the second week. Mr. Circnit, of Rainham, who
grows the Rainham Cabbage very largely for market,
commences to sow about July 25, and continues to
make successional sowings of this variety up to the
middle of August. One of the finest types of an
early Cabbage I have seen of late is Sutton's Earliest,
a variety with very few outer leaves that hearts in
very quickly ; and they recommend that the autumn
sowings of this Cabbage should not be made until
the early days of September.

That sowings made during the first two weeks in
July do not produce a corresponding advance in the
time of turning in was seen from the fact that
between these and the last two sowings in the cor-
responding weeks in August there was the difference
of a fortnight only in turning in.

A word of commendation is due to the Offenham
Cabbage. This has evidently been carefully selected,
and the stock as seen at Chelmsford is very true and
fine. It is an early variety, very hardy, that stood the
severe winter remarkably well ; it produces but little
in the way of outside leaves, and it stands well before
running to seed. And referring to the records given
above, it does appear that whether the Offenham be
sown early or late it stands without holting to seed
better than any other of the varieties sown with it.
Pimm,

Nursery Notes.

GLOXINIAS AT MESSRS. J. PEED & SONS'
ROUPELL PARK NURSERIES.

The annual display of these beautiful flowers at
the above establishment maintains its previous high
Btandard, the plants exhibiting a remarkable robust-
ness of growth and freedom of flowering. Amongst
this year's novelties noteworthy of mention are : —
French Grey, a delicately spotted variety ; and Love-
liest among the Lovely, a superb flower. Seedlings
in all stages of growth meet the view, some 10,000
of these utilising every inch of spare space on the
long tiers of shelving running the whole length of
the houses in which the yearly display is made.
Good flowers amongst the older varieties were noted
in A. Luff, John Peed, The Chinaman, Loveliness,
and Her Majesty.

The Gloxinia has been well stated to be a bad
" traveller." Exhibitors and growers generally have
often found this out to their cost. To obviate this
difficulty, Mr. Thomas Peed has hit upon a most
useful invention for supporting the blooms, this con-
sisting of a wire support and india-rubber ring
placed round the stem of the flower, serving the
double purpose of keeping it firm, and showing it to
the best advantage. X.

Orchids at McArthur's Nursery.
At the London Nursery, Maida Vale, Orchids form
the greater part of the stock, and care is taken to
provide neat and well-grown plants of all the rare
things at as cheap a rate as possible. Among the
batches of uncommon things which are specially note-
worthy are Cattleya Warocqueana, of which there is
a good stock of unflowered plants, as well as many of
the fine named varieties of this beautiful autumn-
flowering labiata. L.-elia autumnalis alba, too, is
well represented by several specimens ; the plants of
Vanda Kimballiana and V. Amesiana, and a fine
lot of Dendrobium Dearei, are noticeable for their
vigorous growth. A number of Miltonias are in a
flourishing condition, the foliage not exhibiting the
yellow hue usually seen on these plants when under
cultivation. The large demand for cut flowers for
the heavy business in furnishing for balls and
general decorations which this firm undertakes, being
unusually pressing this season, the Orchid-houses
have been invaded, and many of the showier Orchids
have been cut; but still many good things are in
bloom, and among them we noted some superb forms
of Odontoglossum Harryanum, a fine specimen of
O. Uro-Skinnerii, in bud ; and several O. crispum,
O. Pescatorei, and various Masdevallias. Also in
bloom are some good forms of Miltonia vexillaria,
a specimen of Aerides odoratum, some good
Cypripedium Curtisii, C. superbiens, and other
Cypripediums ; some Cattleyas, a plant of Phajus
Humblotii in bud, which promises to be the white
form ; the curious little Dendrobium macrostachyum,
and the large and showy D. McCarthia;, both of
which are imported together, and are much alike in
growth ; Saccolabium guttatum, several of the
pretty white and fragrant Angracum falcatum, and
several specimens of the handsome Utricularia mon-
tana, which is generally associated with the Orchids.
Lilies and other bulbous plants are also a specialty
at this neat and well-tended nursery, and the show-
house is very effectively arranged with plants of
them in flower.

STRAWBERRIES AND VEGE-
TABLES AT BURGHLEY HOUSE.
That fine specimen of a gardener, Mr. R.
Gilbert, of Burghley House, Stamford, has always
surprises in store for every visitor to the gardens.
And this year the greatest surprise to us was a dish
of British Queen Strawberries, every fruit of which
would measure 8 inches in circumference, and
ripened to the very tip. The old man was undis-

guisedly proud of them, and to convince ns that he
had not searched the bed over for them, we were
taken to see it ; and to our surprise, many such
dishes could have been gathered that morning, and
many more at a later date.

There must be something in the soil and the air
on Burghley Hill which favours early maturity, and
perfect development; in corroboration of which,
several things were observed during our short stay.
The soil is deep, warm, dry, and overlies a stratum
of red sandstone, which will answer for a good deal
in garden crops, be they Peaches, Strawberries,
Onions, or Cabbages.

Another fine-looking Strawberry was Gilbert's
seedling Chief Secretary, which is good in colour,
fair in flavour, and firm of flesh, bearing carriage
uncommonly well, and the plant a vigorous grower.
It has the making of a good market fruit, and
everything being marketed at Burghley, its merits
in that way were put to a good test this season. A
number of Strawberries are grown, and all well,
but they consist mostly of the standard varieties.
The rows of plants are set wide apart, generally some
3 feet, and none was more than three years old. The
best fruits are borne the first and second years, but
they are later in coming to maturity the second year,
and still later the third year than the second. The
Strawberry quarters, when the plantations have
reached full age, are skimmed over, the plants carried
away, or burnt on the ground, which is planted with
Kales, Broccoli, and the like, Gilbert's beloved
crowbar being brought into use to make the holes
for them.

Some very fine things in Peas were noted.
Charles I., raised by Mr. Myatt, of Ovington, is a
good productive Pea for early sowing. It has the
flavour of Ne Plus Ultra, but is a better cropper by
far, and does not grow so tall as that variety. It
was shown at the Vegetable Conference at Chis-
wick, and was then stated by the judges to be
Standard, which is a variety of Mr. T. Laxton's
raising, and something very different. Very fine
White Elephant Onions (transplanted) at about
1 foot apart were noticed. It is an admirable early
winter variety that looks like an enlarged edition of
the Queen. The earliness of Burghley Gardens was
well shown (July 12) by some ripening Tomatos —
the old red or one much like it — on a warm border, in
the open, and tied to sticks.

Wall fruits are generally abundant. Morello
Cherries especially so, although some of the trees
are full of yellow fruits, which will fall — the effect
of the late frost in May.

Much of the fruit on the fine old Vines and
Peaches in the early houses was already marketed,
but enough remained on those in the late houses to
show that good crops and fine fruits only are
tolerated. A Roamer.

Roses.

ROSE LA FRANCE OF 1889.

This fine hybrid Tea was raised by M. R. Moreau,
Angers, from seeds of Reine Marie Henriette, sown
in 1883, which in the previous year had been fer-
tilised with pollen of La France. Only two of these
seeds germinated, one a very weakly growing plant ;
the other with a strong bushy habit, which in two
years had formed a bush 1 metre high by h metre
in diameter, with three strong shoots \k metre long.
In the spring of 1886 these shoots, which hitherto
had carried no flowers, were cut back to 1 metre in
height, and all the other wood was removed. In
the course of that year, a bloom of extraordinary
size, and of a bright cherry-red colour, appeared.
This novelty appears to possess much affinity with
Guillot's La France, in habit of growth, freedom to
bloom, and in foliage. Hence the above name.

Later observations show that it possesses a
vigorous habit with very strong shoots, having a
few slightly-bent thorns. The bloom is spherical,

August 1, 1801.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

141

and large ; the very strong bud short, egg-shaped, in
colour red, edged with carmine. It has a pleasant
fragrance. It is a Rose that will be very generally
cultivated. Extract from Mailers Deutsche Gartner
Zeitung.

EPLDENDRUM VITELLINUM.

Me. Swan, of the Gardens, Castle Hill, Engle-
field Green — one of our old correspondents, espe-
cially upon matters relating to Orchids — sends us
flowers of Epidendrnm vitellinum, nearly regular in
form, and semi-double. One of these flowers is
shown in Fig. 18. No two flowers were quite alike,
but broadly speaking there were three regular sepals,
three regular petals (regular peloria), three petaloid
stamens, and within them an indefinite mass of
filaments, some of which represented, no doubt,
the second row of stamens and the three carpels.

A section across the pedicel showed six equal
vascular bundles in a ring, besides a vast number of
smaller ones irregularly distributed, and doubtless
arising from the forking and subdivision of the six
primary ones. The came plant produced similar
flowers last year.

Variorum.

Wine from Black Currants. — The wine

which is properly made from the black Currant may
be said to be the best of those made from small
fruits, and is equal to the best French red- wine, and
similar in tint. It also possesses a particularly fine
flavour, and is perfectly free from deleterious ingre-
dients, and is therefore of much benefit when par-
taken by the sick and convalescent, as it never
causes headache. No wonder that the fabrication of
this wine has greatly increased in recent years.
Those who possess bushes of this variety of Currant
should not neglect to make a cask of the wine ever)
year, which when the labour and the fruit cost
nothing, comes to about 1- to IS kreuzern = 3<Z. to
ihd. English, per bottle of 1 l pint.

The fruit must be picked in dry weather, and
cleared from the stalks, put into broad pans or
dishes, and squeezed with the hands, and subse-
quently shaken about in a hair sieve till the juice
has run off. The latter must be put into a clean
cask to ferment, with water in the proportion of
1 litre juice to 2 litres water, and to every litre of
the mixture 1 to 2 lb. loaf sugar — the greater the
proportion of sugar the stronger the wine. The
quantity of sugar is, for ordinary wine, 425 to
500 grammes sugar ; for dessert wine, 600 to 700
grammes ; and liqueur wine, 1000 grammes = 1 kilog.
Rum and brandy casks may in case of need be used
for holding the wine, but these should be first washed
out with a hot strong soda-ley, and afterwards with
clear water. If the cask is without smell, and quite
clean, the whole may be put into it, and it should be
placed in a cellar where there is a temperature of
62° to 66°, covering the bunghole with an inverted
wineglass, and the fermentation awaited, which will
be set up in a day or two. When the ferment is
fully commenced, a yeast-pipe should be fitted tightly
into the bunghole, otherwise the wine will readily
set up an acid (vinegar) ferment. When the hissing
and bubbling noises are no longer heard when the
ear is placed to the bunghole (October or November),
fill the cask with wine, or failing that, with sugar-
water, and so that it remains always full to the
bunghole ; it must frequently be examined.

In March the wine will be quite clear, the yeast
has sunk to the bottom, and then is the time to run
it off into another clean cask, which must also be
kept quite full. If another cask be not to hand, the
wine may be run out into clean vessels, the ferment-
ing cask made clean, and the wine returned to it.
The dregs should be allowed to run through a thick
flannel cloth, and the clear liquor put with the rest
of the wine. In a few months, in a cool cellar, the
wine will be fit to drink, and may be drawn off into

bottles, and well corked and sealed ; and these
may be stored horizontally or upright.

If the cask is not wanted for some time, it should
be washed out with hot soda water several times, and
when dry, a little sulphur-paper, or rag, burnt inside
of it, suspending the former with a piece of wire, and
letting it burn with an almost closed bunghole.
This process of sulphuring must be often repeated, if
the cask remains a long time unused. Mittheilungen
der K, K. Gartenbau Gesellschaft in Steirmark, for
July, 1891. A yeast pipe, it may be explained, is
a large tin pipe, made with an obtuse angle about the
middle, and is used for conducting the yeast into a
tub that is stood alongside the wine cask. Ed.

Societies.

SOTAL HOETTCDLTDEAL.
Scientific Committee.

July 21.— Present: Dr. M. T. Masters, in the
chair; Mr. Morris, Mr. Blandford, Rev. W. Wilks,
Rev. G. Henslow, Hon. Sec.

Conifers attacked by Chermes. — With reference to
this subject, brought before the committee at the
last meeting, Mr. Blandford remarked on the diffi-
culty of destroying the insects with the paraffin
spray, inasmuch as it was practically useless for
large trees, and could be only applied to small ones ;
moreover, it will not remove them unless it be applied
with force, and in that case water alone would
answer the purpose. The only effectual method was

FlO. IS. — EPIDEN-DnUM VITELLI.VUM :
REGULAR PELORIA, ETC.

to nip off the galls made by the chermes. From
some observations of Dr. Masters, it would seem
that the gall-making species does not appear to
attack the Larch, but only the Spruce Fir, though
other species of chermes attack various members of
the Coniferie.

Microscopical Structure of Hybrids. — Dr. Mc-
Farlane sent photographs illustrating the micro-
scopical structures of Lapageria, Philesia, and of
the hybrid between them, Philageria. In all cases the
anatomical details of the hybrid were intermediate
in character between those of the two parents.

Primula sikkimensis attacked by Slugs. — Rev. C.
Wolley Dod sent plants from which the cortical
chlorophyllaceous tissue had been gnawed off by the
common white slug. As a proof of their partiality,
he observed that stalks of P. rosea and of Dode-
catheon, growing side by side with the above, were
not touched. If the P. sikkimensis is barked soon
after flowering it withers and develops no good seed.

Loranthus (?) from Bechuanaland. — Mr. John-
stone forwarded a specimen of what appeared to be a
species of Loranthus, on which he observes : " It had
a small berry, not quite round, of a colour similar to
red coral, on a short stalk." It was referred to Kew
for identification.

Apple and Pear Tivigs Barked. — Mr. G. Lee of
Cievedon sent some more specimens, but no new
light could be thrown upon the injury. A method
adopted by Mr. Bunyard, who is familiar with the
fact, may be mentioned. In cases where nocturnal
beetles or other insects attack young trees, he lays a
sheet under the tree, and by violently shaking it,
the insects fall upon it, are easily seen, and then
dispatched.

Strawberries attacked by Beetles (?). — Messrs.
Wood & Ingram, of Huntingdon, forwarded speci-
mens of beetles of two species, Harpalus ruficornis
and Terrostichus madidus, supposed to have been
the depredators. They are nocturnal, but very
exceptionally vegetable feeders, hence some suspi-
cion was felt as to their being the right insects ; and
the question was raised as to whether they had been
actually observed eating the seeds of the Straw-
berries as described. If the above beetles were the
real enemies, hand-picking at night is the only
method of destroying them, as they are nocturnal in
their habits.

Plants, fo., Exhibited.— Dr. Masters showed a
specimen of Weigela sessilifolia, with small scent-
less and yellowish flowers, a dimerous Cypripedium,
a pelorian Linaria vulgaris, and a proliferous Car-
nation. Mr. Henslow exhibited a white Iris with two
flowers, both being dimerous instead of trimerous.
Members of the Scientific Committee may be re-
minded that the next meeting on August 11th
will be the last of the session. The first meeting
of the winter session will be held at Chiswick on
October 6th on the occasion of the Conifer Congress.

NATIONAL PINK SOCIETY.

Northern Section.

The annual exhibition was held in the Botanical
Gardens, Manchester, on July 18, and there was a
good competition in all the classes.

For twelve blooms, six at least dissimilar varieties.
— 1st, Mr. A. K. Brown, Handsworth, Birmingham,
with very fine blooms of Boiard, Amy (Brown's),
Bertram, Maud (Brown's), Ethel, Minerva, Mrs. J.
Cronk, and Modesty ; 2nd, Mr. S. Barlow, Chad-
derton, Manchester, with Boiard, John Dorrington,
Nothing Better, Hooper's No. 1, Mrs. Barlow, George
Hodgkinson, and Defiance, an excellent stand.

Six blooms, dissimilar. — 1st, Mr. C. H. Thurstan,
with Boiard, John Dorrington, Mrs. Thurstan, and
three seedlings; 2nd, Mr. A. K. Brown, with Mrs.
Dark, Bertram, Ethel, Amy, Modesty, and George
White. *

For six blooms, not loss than three dissimilar
varieties.— 1st, Mr. A. K. Brown, with Bertram, Amy,
Minerva, The Rector (Fellowe'e), and Mr. J. Cronk ;
2nd, Mr. W. Taylor.

For three blooms, a purple-laced, a red-laced, and
a black-and-white, 1st, Mr. Taylor ; 2nd, Mr. Barlow.

Single-bloom of purple - laced. — 1st, Mr. A. K.
Brown, with Bertha ; 2nd and 3rd, Mr. Saml. Barlow,
with Boiard ; 4th and 0th, Mr. Taylor.

Single-bloom, red-laced.— 1st and 3rd, Mr. Brown,
with Empress of India, and 2nd with Amy. 4th
and 5th, Mr. Taylor, with seedlings.

For collection of Pinks set up in bunches as cut
from the borders.— 1st, Mr. T. Walkden, Sale, Man-
chester, with a group in which Souvenir de Sale,
William Brownhill, and Mrs. Walkden were the
most noticeable.

The Premier blooms were : — red-laced, a fine
bloom of Empress of India, by Mr. A. K. Brown ;
and purple-laced, for a fine bloom of Boiard, both in
Mr. Brown's 1st prize stand of twelve.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Mr. A. K.
Brown, for seedling Amy, a very first-class flower ;
and Bertha (Paul), a very fine purple-laced flower.
Also to Mr. J. Edwards, for James Percival, red-
laced, a fine flower ; and to Mr. J. Walkden, for a
very fine white self, with broad petals and smooth
on the edge.

ACTON HORTICULTURAL.

The twenty-fourth annual show of this Society,
which was held on Wednesday, July 22, proved to be
a success. Much interest centred on the event, as
it may be remembered that last session an Act was
passed which, dealing with open spaces, enacted
that they might be closed (at stated times) for hor-
ticultural and agricultural purposes. Taking advan-
tage of this Act, the Committee of this Society
secured the consent of the local authorities for the
holding of this year's show in the Acton Park and
Public Recreation grounds.

The exhibition was certainly one of the best the
Society has had, and the gardeners of Acton are to
be congratulated upon being able to produce,
amongst so much bricks and mortar, such satis-
factory results.

For a group of stove or greenhouse plants,
arranged for effect, Mr. T. Butcher, gr. to J. Toynbee,
Esq., East Acton, 1st, with a pretty arrangement.

Mr. G. Reynolds, gr. to Messrs. de Rothschild,
Gunnersbury Park, put— not for competition— a

142

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

group of a very choice description, which was much
admired.

Specimen plants, both foliage and flowering, were
not of gigantic size, it is true, but were neverthe-
less welt grown, the foliage stuff being finely
coloured. The principal prize-winners were Messrs.
J. Eraser, C. Burrows, S. Beech, T. Butcher, G.
Benham, C. B. Green, and W. Polley.

Fuchsias were a feature to be remarked. The
special prizes (Mrs. Walker's) were the means of
bringing forward eight entries, or 48 plants, a beauti-
ful and effective feature. In this class the successful
competitors were Messrs. J. Fraser and G. Benham.

Rose blooms were shown in very fine condition
(not for competition) by Messrs. C. Lee & Co.,
Ealing. Very highly commended, was Mr. G.
Weedon, St. John's Nursery, Ealing, for tastefully
arranged floral decorations.

Fruits and vegetables were shown well by the gar-
deners ; and Mr. S. Beech, gr. to C. Essex, E-.q.,
Oldfields, gained the special prizes offered by
Messrs. Sutton & Sons and James Carter & Co. for
collections of vegetables. The cottagers' exhibits
were good throughout.

The management of the show was admirably
carried out by Mr. C. B. Green, the Society's Hon.
Secretary.

THE DITTON HORTICULTURAL.

The fourth annual exhibition of this Society took
place on Wednesday, 22nd ult., at The Cedars,
Thames Ditton, by kind permission of H. Cooper,
Esq.

It is gratifying to record that it was a distinct
advance upon previous shows, particularly amongst
the groups of plants arranged for effect, which formed
a pretty and attractive feature. The prize-winners
in this section were :— Mr. J. Plowman, gr. to L.
Smith, Esq., Woodstock, Long Ditton ; Mr. W.
Palmer, gr. to the Right Hon. W. F. Hume Dick,
Thames Ditton House; and Mr. H. Farr, gr. to
Hannibal Speer, Esq., Manor House, Thames Ditton.

Stove and greenhouse plants were shown in fine
condition by Messrs. Farr & Palmer, the latter exhi-
bitor taking Messrs. Sutton's special prize for a
collection ot vegetables, with some extra fine samples.
Non-competition groups formed an attractive feature.
Here Messrs. Barr & Son, King Street, Covent
Garden, whose nursery-grounds are in the neigh-
bourhood, sent a fine collection of hardy flowers.

Messrs. Lewis & Williams, Ember Nurseries, a
good display of bouquets and other cut flowers.
Mr. R. Lambert, Thames Ditton, some fine Poppies,
Roses, and Stocks. Messrs. John Laing & Sons,
Forest Hill, a first-rate, well-arranged collection of
bardy flowers, and Messrs. Peed & Sons, Streatham,
fine Gloxinias.

The cottagers made a good display of flowers,
fruit, and vegetables.

The show was a great success, being well attended,
and a word of praise should be accorded in this con-
nection to the Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. Palmer, and
the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. VV. Cousins, for their
well-directed efforts in arranging so good a show.

LUTON HORTICULTURAL.

July 22. — The annual exhibition of this Society
took place in connection with the meetiDg of the
Bedfordshire Agricultural Society at Luton, three
large tents being set apart for the purpose. It is
almost invariably noticed that when this occurs,
horticulture takes only the secondary place ; the
horse-ring, with its jumping attractions, puts the
garden and its products completely in the shade.

Luton not being a plant-growing district, there
was not a great display of specimens, but Mr. W.
Baillie sent from Luton Hoo Gardens three fine
groups, and Mr. Hempson, gr. to Lady Wingfield,
Ampthill House, a large and imposing one, and in
each case a high commendation was awarded. The
best collection of plants arranged in the form of a
decorative group, came from Mr. W. Cook, gr. to
B. Bennett, Esq., Cheverells Park ; Mr.' A. Barford
was 2nd, and Mr. H. Brown, Highfield,3rd. Coleus,
Fuchsias, Begonias, foliage and flowering, &c, were
fairly well Bhown, but not of a character to require
particular notice.

The great feature of interest consisted of the Rose
competition, which was an open one. The best
twenty-four came from Mr. C. Turner, Royal
Nursery, Slough — a superb lot of H.P.'s, large, full,
and brilliantly coloured. The following well deserve
special mention : — Pride of Waltham, Sir Garnet
Wolseley, Marie Baumann, Her Majesty, grand ;

Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Teck, fiery crimson-
scarlet; Charles Lefebvre, L'Eclair, Gloire Lyon-
naise, A. K. Williams, Alfred Colomb, and
Mrs. J. Laing. Mr. F. Cant. Colchester, was
2nd, with as fine a bloom of Madame Gabrielle
Luizette as has been seen this season ; also Jean
Soupert, Dupuy Jamain. and Dr. Andry. Mr. B. R.
Cant, Colchester, was 3rd ; but the latter took the
1st prizes in twenty-four Tea-scented varieties— a
very good lot of flowers ; Mr. F. Cant being 2ad.
With twelve varieties, Mr. C. Turner was 1st, and
Messrs. Laxton Bros., Bedford, 2nd.

The best twelve Roses staged by amateurs came
from the Rev. W. H. Jackson, Stagsden Vicarage,
Bedford, who had some capital blooms ; Mr. G.Cook
was 2nd.

Another prime feature of the show was the
bunches of hardy herbaceous plants Bhown by
Messrs. Laxton Bros., Bedford, who exhibited very fine
bunches of plants not generally shown, such as Platy-
codon grandiflora and its white variety ; Coreopsis
lanceolata, Catananche coerulea, and C. bicolor ;
Centaurea macrocephala, Scabiosa caucasica, finely
coloured ; Michauxiacampanuloides, Dianthus Napo-
leon III. ; a fine form of Gaillardia hybrida grandi-
flora, &c. ; Mr. G. Cook was 2nd.

A large and interesting collection of Sweet Peas
was also shown by Messrs. Laxton Bros., which
attracted a good deal of attention. Other cut
flowers were shown, but nothing that was above the
average was noticed.

Forced fruits were sparingly shown, but outdoor
fruits more largely, and these were generally of good
quality.

Vegetables were both numerous and good, the
chief interest in them centring round the classes
where Messrs. Sutton & Sous, of Reading; Messis.
Daniels Bros., of Norwich, Messrs. James Carter &
Co., High Holborn ; and others offered special prizes.

Table decorations, bouquets, baskets of flowers, &c ,
were numerous and good, and, as is generally the
case, proved of great interest to lady exhibitors.

WALTHAM ABBEY AND DISTRICT
HORTICULTURAL.

July 23.— This is one of the best of the suburban
horticultural societies, and it is worthy of remark
that while most horticultural shows appear to have
suffered through the lateness of the season, the one
held at Waltham Cross was exceptionally good ; the
honorary contributions made a good show in them-
selves. Mr. J. Nicholson, gr. to W. Melles, Esq ,
Sewardstone, brought a number of orchard-house
trees in pots— Peaches, Plums, Apples, &c, all in
good fruiting condition. Mr. Melles is going in for
fruit culture on a somewhat extensive scale, and it
appears quite successfully. Messrs. Paul & Son,
Cheshunt, had some capital dwarf-growing Cannas
in pots, Disa grandiflora, a very fine lot of cut flowers
of hardy plants and Roses, outdoor fruits, vegetables,
&c. Mr. W. Rumsey, nurseryman, Waltham Cross,
had a fine lot of cut Roses, which he had backed with
Ferns, &c. Mr. Thomas Rochford, Turnford, had a
fine group of Palms, Ferns, Bermuda Lilies, &c.
Also Cucumbers, Melons, and very fine Tomatos.
Mr. George Poyser, Cheshunt Street, had a fine lot
of Trophy Tomato, which appears to be a favourite
market sort in this district ; Mr. J. B. Riding, florist,
Chingford.a remarkably fine strain of erect-flowering
Gloxinias; and Mr. J. Riding, gr. to A.J. Edwards,
Esq., a large and well-arranged group of plauts. All
the foregoing were highly commended.

There were two classes for groups of plants
arranged for effect, one with Orchids and one
without; and some charming features resulted. The
best group, including Orchids, came from Mr.
Ayling, gr. to A. J. Hollington, Esq., Enfield,
who made excellent use of a quantity of fine Catt-
leyas, interspersed with suitable foliage and other
flowering plants. Mr. J. Nicholson, gr. to W.
Miller, Esq., was 2nd, with a very good arrangement
also ; and he was placed 1st in the other class ; Mr.
J. Turk, gr. to P. Bosanquet, Esq., Little Berk-
hampstead, was 2nd.

Mr. Nicholson had the best six miscellaneous
plants, and Mr. Ayling was 2nd ; and they held
similar positions in the class for six stove and green-
house plants, some remarkably good specimens being
staged. Mr. Ayling had the best six Ferns ; Mr. J.
Green, gr. to Sir T. F. Buxton, Bart., was 2nd ; but
he staged the best specimen Fern, having a fine
plant of Gymnogramma Laucheana. Mr. E. Ayling
had the best Orchid — a well-bloomed piece of
Cattleya Mendeli.

Caladiums, tuberous-rooted Begonias, and Achi-
menes were very fine indeed, from Mr. Ayling;
Fuchsias, Coleus, &c, were all well shown ; the Cala-
diums from Mr. J. Nicholson were beautifully effective,
and the leaf-markings very fine.

Cut flowers were excellent, especially the twelve
bunches shown by Mr. Ayling, who had many fine
Orchids ; Mr. C. May, gr. to H. J. Adams, Esq ,
Enfield, was 2nd. Roses shown by gardeners ana
amateurs were good ; so were the hardy flowers.

Fruits of the better kinds were sparingly exhi-
bited. Mr. Ayling was successful with white and
black Grapes. Outdoor fruits were on the whole
very good, but Strawberries a little over-ripe.

Ladies were to the fore with table decorations of
various kinds. Miss Vincent, of Waltham Abbey,
was 1st with a series of vases, as also for one vase.
Vegetables were better than we have yet seen them,
but that is to be expected as the season advances.

THE BRITI3H FRUIT GROWERS'

ASSOCIATION.

Conference in Beddington Park.

At a meeting of this Association held on Thursday
last, the following was adopted as the programme fur
the Conference in Beddington Park on Monday,
August 3. Sir James Whitehead, Bart., one of the
Vice-Presidents of the Association and Master of the
Fruiterers' Company, will take the chair at 4 p.m.,
and.will deliver an opening address, to be followed by
Mr. T. Francis Rivers. The next subject is " Object
Lessons in Fruit Growing for Cottagers and Allot-
ment Holders," illustrated by diagrams, by Mr. John
Wright. Mr. G. Hammond will follow with some
hints on " How to Encourage Fruit Culture amongst
Small Farmers and Cottagers." Mr. Joseph Cheat will
deal with the "Preparation of the Soil for Fruit
Tree8,"Mr. George Gordon will discuss the "Exten-
sion of Fruit Culture, and the Work of the British
FruitGrowers' Association ; " the Rev. T. W. Sharpe
proposes to consider the best methods of including
fruit culture in the technical education scheme, while
several other members have promised to take part in
the proceedings, and to contribute hints likely to be
of interest.

It was resolved early in the season to render the
meeting as useful as possible ti the numerous
cottagers and allotment holders in the district ; the
programme has therefore been prepared with a
special view to their requirements. The exhibition
held by the local Society is expected to be both large
and interesting, and if the weather prove favourable,
a large attendance is anticipated.

I am also desired to state that important papers
and addresses on fruit subjects are promised for the
Conferences at Cardiff on August 12th, the Crystal
Palace on September 4, and Edinburgh ou Sep-
tember 10. L°Avis Castle, Hon. Sec, Hotham House,
Mcrton,

Law Notes.

A NURSERYMAN'S CLAIM FOR WORK
DONE.

In the Westminster County Court on Thursday
July 16, the case of Edge v. The Uxbridge Lawn
Tennis Company, was before his Honour Judge
Bayley, and was an action by the plaintiff, Mr.
William Edge, who carries on business as a nursery-
man at Bedford Park, Chiswick, to recover the sum
of £158, balance of account for work and labour done
on behalf of the defendant Company.

The plaintiff, Mr. William Edge, was called, and
said he was a nurseryman and florist, and carried on
business at Bedford Park, Chiswick. In February last
he sent in a tender to the defendant in connection
with the levelling of a new lawn tennis ground. He
agreed to do the work for a certain price, but he had
not proceeded very far with it, when he came upon
a bed of clay and springs of water. He communi-
cated the fact to one of the directors, and told him
that he could not carry out the work for the agreed
price. He was then told to continue the work and
not to let it stop on any account, and if no arrange-
ment as to price could be arrived at, he (plaintiff)
should certainly be paid for what he had done. The
work continued until April, up to which time £189
had been paid on account, and witness was asked to

August 1, 1801.]

TEE GABEENEES' CERONICLE.

143

send in a statement of account, which he did, and
which showed that there was due to him the amount
now claimed. After that a new arrangement was
entered into, and it was agreed that the labour and
profit account should be paid every week. That,
arrangement had been continued until the work was
finished, but the sum which was due before it came
into force, had not been paid.

For the defence, Mr. John George Wiley was
called, and said he was a director of the company.
He denied that the first arrangement was ever
departed from, and contended that the plaintiff had
been paid all he was entitled to.

After hearing the whole of the evidence, his Honour
said he had no doubt that the contract had been
waived, and that extra labour had been entailed in
consequence of the clay and water, but he (the
judge) was satisfied that the plaintiff had been paid
all he was entitled to, therefore judgment would be
for defendants with costs.

Loppino and Topping Tkees.

As many farm leases contain a clause to the effect
that the tenant may not " cut, lop, top or crop " the
trees (except Pollards) on the farm, it may be useful
to report the following case, in which the Court of
Appeal recently decided that to " lop " a tree is not
the same thing as to " top " one. The case (Unwin
v. Hanson*) arose under the 65th section of the
Highways Act, 1835 (5 & 6 W. IV. c. 50), under
which magistrates have power to order trees which
overhang the highway, or damage it by excluding
the sun and wind from it, or which obstruct it, to be
pruned and lopped so as to prevent such damage or
obstruction. The plaintiff was the'owner of land
adjoining a highway, and he brought his action
against the defendant, who was the assistant-surveyor
of the parish highways, for injuring his trees by im-
properly cutting them. The defendant relied for his
defence on the above-mentioned section of the High-
ways Act, 1835, and on a magistrates' order made
under it which directed him to " lop and top " the trees
in question. The plaintiff contended that "topping"
and " lopping " trees were different operations, and
that though the Act gave power to the magistrates
to order the trees to be " lopped," it gave them no
power to order them to be " topped." And so the
Court decided.

The Master of the Rolls, in giving judgment, said
that when Parliament had to deal with matters
relating to the general public, it used words in their
ordinary and general sense, but when it dealt with
particular businesses or transactions, and used words
which had a particular meaning in connection there-
with, the words so used must bear such particular
meaning. The Highways Act referred to country
matters, and had to be administered by country
justices, and it spoke of the " lopping " of trees. It
would be mere pedantry for the court to pretend not
to know that " lopping " was always understood by
people, who had anything to do with trees, as mean-
ing the cutting off the lateral branches, and that
cutting off the head of the tree was called " topping "
it. " Lopping " and " topping " were entirely differ-
ent, and " lopping " did not include " topping." The
defendant, therefore, when he " topped " the plain-
tiff's trees, exceeded the power given him by the
Act, which only authorised him to " lop " them, and
he must, therefore, be held liable. Journal of the
Royal Agricultural Society.

A Bee-swakmino Case.

In the Sheriff Court, at Elgin, N.B., on Friday —
Sheriff Rampini on the bench — James Dean, Loch-
hill, Urquhart, sued John Shand, Urquhart, for 20s.,
being the price of a swarm of bees which flew away
from a hive in the pursuer's garden and entered a
hive belonging to the defender. The pursuer stated
that on the 29th of June he and his wife were
watching a hive of bees which were likely to swarm.
The bees went off in the direction of the defender's,
and his wife followed them. At night he got two

" Reported in the Times Law Reports, vol. vii., p. 488.

neighbours to go along with him to claim the bees.
They did not, however, see the defender, and his
daughter refused to let them see the bees, which,
she said, belonged to her father. He never got his
bees back. They were well worth 20s. Mrs. Dean
said the bees' alighted on the hive, and went right
into it. Shand and his son admitted that the bees
went into their hive, but they stated that there were
bees in the hive, and that they were weak. John
Shand, the defender, stated that he did not claim
the bees, although he admitted that they entered
the hive, which belonged to a son who resided in
Glasgow. He was quite willing to let the pursuer
have the bees, if those previously in the hive were
not disturbed. Mr. J. Allan Jeans, who acted for
the defender, maintained that the action should
have been raised against Charles Shand, a son of the
defender's, who resided in Glasgow, and the defender
could not be made responsible. Mr. Brown, who
defended Shand,' contended on the other hand that
the bees were on the defender's property, and in his
possession,' and he was 'entitled to pay for them.
His lordship, in giving judgment, said the story
about the son being the owner of the bees, appeared
to be an afterthought, and he gave decree for 20s.
without expenses.

Colonial Notes.

SYDNEY.
Dh. Woolls has published a complete list of
the plants indigenous and naturalised in the neigh-
bourhood of Sydney, arranged according to the
system of Baron F. von Mueller, K.C.M.G. It is an
enlarged and revised edition of a list published some
years ago, and is now issued under Government
auspices. The Tree Ferns and Cabbage Palms, we
learn, are fast disappearing, and it is to be feared that
the gigantic Lily, Doryanthesexcelsa, and Bangalore
Palm, Ptychosperma Cunninghami, will share the
same fate. Bulbophyllum minutissimum, the smallest
of Australian known Orchids, has ceased to grow in
a spot where it was found in 1849, but which is now
in the midst of the city of Sydney. Other species are
increasing rapidly, and introduced plants are dispos-
sessing the natives. Of such introductions, 175 are
enumerated in the list before us, the total number
being given as 1405, distributed among 513 genera,
and 110 orders. The list is a mere enumeration of
names systematically arranged, and with an alpha-
betical index. The list will be very serviceable to
working botanists, and important also as an historical
record.

Nova Scotia Peovincial Exhibition.
A great exhibition of live stock, agricultural and
horticultural products, arts and manufactures, is to
be held at Halifax, from September 29 till October 2.
The Hon. Sec. is Professor George Lawson. The
horticultural section includes cereals, flax, roots,
PotatOB, garden vegetables, Apples (forty-five classes),
Piums, and other fruits, cut flowers, and ornamental
plants.

The Grasses of New South Wales.
Mr. F. Turner, the botanist to the Department of
Agriculture, is giving, in the Agricultural Gazette of
New South Wales, a series of illustrations of grasses,
with descriptions and notes on their importance in
agriculture.

Bombay Gardens.

Dr. Carstensen, the superintendent of the muni-
cipal gardens of this city, gives an interesting account
of the establishment under his care. The tempera-
ture ranges from 93°, and a minimum of 63°, the
average temperature of the year being 79°.7, the
atmosphere usually laden with moisture ; the annual
rainfall about 82 inches, which falls very irregularly.
The period of the monsoon, or rainy season — June to
October — is that in which the luxuriant growth of
all foliage plants, the splendid colours of their leaves
and the profusion of choice flowers are most remark-

able. The most strikingly beautiful plants are
creepers, such as species of Bougainvillea, Thun-
bergia, Bignonia, Antigonon, Ipomoea, &c. Poin-
ciana regia has no rival in point of colour. Palms,
of course, are elements of majestic beauty. Dr.
Carstensen's paper was read before the Bombay
Natural History Society in December, 1890.

Fruit from Tasmania.
Better even than Britain, and better certainly
than most part3 of Australia, are the soil and climate
of Tasmania suited for fruit culture. According! y,
when we visited the Shoobridges in their beautiful
and fertile homes on the alluvials of the Derwent,
in July, 1881, we found that besides hop culture,
their enterprise included Apple and Pear orchards,'
which rank amongst the most extensive and the
most productive in the world. By one of the great
steamers of the P. & O. and Orient lines, which go
to Tasmania regulaily to load with boxes of fruit,
the Shoobridges alone have shipped 2000 boxes of
Apples. As each box contains a bushel, and each
bushel is, on an average, made up of 150 fruits, the
aggregate is 300,000 Apples. It seems a great point
that each particular fruit, free from the slightest
bruise, should be carefully wrapped in tissue paper
In Tasmania, we learn, an Apple tree begins to
bear in its fifth year, and is in full bearing from the
seventh to the twentieth year, the crop being counted
by bushels— we feel afraid to say how many, from
each tree. Of course, culture and manuring are
necessary to enable the trees to produce good fruit
in such plenty, although on many farms where
labour was scarce, we saw trees laden with fruit
amidst grass and weeds 2 feet in height. It was
enough to make a man's mouth water to hear from
Mr. Shoobridge of the bushels upon bushels of
Apricots gathered this season from single trees
Apricots can be seen growing splendidly trained on
walls at the exquisitely beautiful botanic gardens on
the banks of the Derwent, near Hobart. Amongst
the sights at Bushy Park are a fine Oak, an equally
splendid Cherry tree, and Hawthorn growing so
strong and tall that poles cut from the hedges are
exported to parts of New Zealand, where all is grass.
When Mr. Shoobridge, senior, originally settled at
Bushy Park, he grew Strawberries in such abund-
ance, ;that ^t did not pay to send the fruit to the
Hobart market. When, more than a century back
now, Britain commenced to send her convicts to
Australia, and especially to Tasmania, it would have
seemed a wild dream to anticipate that from the
antipodean colonies, as the products of the enter-
priseand labour ofcommunities of intelligent freemen
the mother country should now be receiving supplies
of gold and silver and copper, of grain and fruit and
specially wool, the finest in the world. In the
romance of emigration and commerce, there are few
chapters so striking as that which records the
settlement and advance of Australasia. Condensed
from the " Tropical Agriculturist."

THE TRADE IN FLOWERS.

The wholesale and retail trade and commerce
in flowers, in this and other countries, both
growing and cut, is very considerable ; the quantity
raised in gardens and greenhouses for sale being
large. In all cities, where the atmosphere i3 inimical
to vegetable life, continued efforts are made to supply
the constant demand for flowers, by artificial means.
The trade, both in plants and bouquets, especially in
a populous place like London, is enormous.

At a moderate estimate, the value of the flowtrs
sold weekly in the London markets exceeds £2000 to
£3000 ; indeed, a London journal recently stated
that during the season £5000 is expended daily on
cut flowers. Besides those grown at home, large
quantities are imported from Holland, Italy, and the
South of France, for room decoration, posies, or ladies'
bouquets, dress sprays, gentlemen's buttonholes, &c.
The extension of the parcels-post to foreign coun-
ries has greatly facilitated the forwarding of cut

144

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AtxjitsT 1, 1891.

flowers for presents or for sale. The sales in the
Madeleine Market, Paris, reach £25,000 a year.

In New York there is a great demand for flowers,
and the expenditure on them is considerable. Two
millions sterling is said to be invested on land,
greenhouses, and stock in the wholesale florists'
business there. Wealthy persons will often lavish
hundreds of pounds on floral decorations. At
dinners, weddings, and other festive occasions £800
to £1000 has been often spent for floral designs,
bouquets, and parlour decoratioBS. Lilies of the
Valley, choice Koses, and Hyacinths, seem to be the
favourite flowers there. Of the Orchid family more
than 3000 species are known, mostly indigenous to
tropical regions. Some of the rare Orchids are of
great value, and most of the British and Belgian
growers and dealers have paid collectors, travelling
for them in different parts of the world to obtain
new species.

The flower shows of the Horticultural and Botanical
Societies of London and other cities, testify to what
perfection our floriculturists have brought flowers,
for beauty of bloom and variety of form and colour.
The varieties of Roses, Tulips, Chrysanthemums,
and other cultivated flowers, have been greatly in-
creased. Although the Tulip mania, which rose to
such an absurd height in Holland in the seventeenth
century, has long since subsided, yet the rage for
producing fine and choice Tulips still exists. There
are more than 600 acres under Tulips in Holland, the
exports of flowers and bulbs being to the value of
£150,000 to £200,000, of which we receive the bulk.
Flowers are largely used for making odoriferous
distilled waters, such as Rose water, Orange-flower
water, Lavender water, and others. One known as
Marmela water, is distilled from the flowers of the
Bengal. Quince in Ceylon, and much used by the
natives for sprinkling. It is principally for per-
fumery that odoriferous flowers are most largely
consumed, and every day some new and rare perfume
is obtained. The south of France, Tunis, Algeria,
and other countries on the Mediterranean shores, are
chiefly occupied in this manufacture, carried on
either by small itinerant distillers, or in more perfect
factories.

Of Acacia flowers 150 tons are used yearly in
Cannes ; of Roses, 1300 tons were used at Nice in
1889; of Jasmine, Grasse, Cannes, and the adjoining
villages, use up 180,000 pounds ; and of the highly
odoriferous Tuberose 35,000 pounds. When we
consider that the annual value of the perfumery
made in Paris alone exceeds two millions sterling,
and our imports and exports average £120,000 each,
besides what is used at home, the importance of
flowers, the chief source, becomes evident.

Violets are much esteemed for their perfume ; this
flower is largely grown throughout the valley of the
Thames for the London markets. Many acres are
grown at Mitcham. Twenty tons of Violets are
annually used at Nice and Cannes for perfumes ; and
about six million bouquets of Violets are sold
annually in Paris. The Romans had a wine made
of Violet flowers, and they are still used in Turkey
in the preparation of sherbets. The most esteemed
sherbet in Egypt is from a hard conserve of Violets,
made by pounding the flowers and then boiling
them with sugar. This Violet - sherbet is of a
green colour, and is called the " Grand Seignior's
sherbet." A syrup of Violets is used medicinally,
and the whole plant, in a dried state, is to be found
as a drug in all the bazaars of Bengal. The petals
of flowers are much used in Roumania in flavouring
preserves ; Violets, Lime flowers, and Rose petals
are especially used. Having regard to their flavours,
delicate odours, and agreeable appearance, the
variety of confitures made there is almost infinite.

It is not only for their beauty and perfume that
flowers are important in commerce ; they have other
economic uses. In some countries, as in India and
China, they are largely used as food; many have
medicinal properties which give them a value, whilst
others again yield colouring substances and dyes.

Saffron is but a small article of import here as a
flavouring agent in several culinary preparations, but

it is imported into India yearly to the value of
£75,000. SafHower, again, was one of the most im-
portant industries of Bengal, but aniline dyes have
driven it completely out of the market. In place of
an export worth £70,000 yearly, it has now dropped to
less than £5000 last year. Another flower in which
there is now an important commerce as an insecticide,
is the florets of the disc of various species of Pyre-
thrum ; these, when powdered, are offensive and
stupifying to small insects. One million pounds of
this powder are used in Russia, and half as much is
exported. It has a large sale also in various
European States, North America, and India.

A considerable commerce arises in what is known
as " immortelles," or everlasting flowers, which are
made into chaplets, wreaths, crosses, and other
devices, to decorate the tombs and graves of deceased
friends and relatives ; especially in France, where
the chief demand is in November. An acre of ground
will yield 2 or 3 ton weight of these flowers. The
head-quarters of this class of plant is South Africa.

The practice of sending wreaths of choice flowers
to adorn the coffins of friends has become very
general of late.

Camomile flowers, Elder flowers, Marigolds, Lily
of the Valley, Cowslips, Mallow, Crocus, Linden,
Mulleins, and others, have recognised medicinal
properties, but are not of any great [commercial im-
portance.

But there is a large trade also carried on in
imitation or artificial flowers. This manufacture is
a great industry in Paris and Lyons, giving employ-
ment to many thousand persons, the value of Roses
made in France exceeding £1,000,000 sterling. The
French long excelled in the exact imitation of the
natural flower, their elegance and exquisite finish.
Ten or twelve years ago we imported these artificial
flowers from the Continent to the value of nearly
£600,000, but this industry has been successfully
taken up in England, and now our imports are one-
half less.

In New York they have also gone into the manu-
facture, a9 the imports are subject to a heavy duty,
but yet they receive them to the value of £200,000
yearly. Five thousand hands are employed in New
York for numerous factories ; the work turned out
is valued at first-hand at £200,000, a sum doubled
by the dealers and milliners, who make a large
profit. P. L. Simntonds.

Cultural Notes.

©intuars.

We regret to record the death of Mr. Georoe
Steel, nurseryman, of Richmond, which occurred on
Thursday, July 23, at the age of eighty-two years.
He had been in feeble health for three years, but had
only taken to his bed about three weeks previous to
his end. We are indebted to Mr. H. Herbst, an
intimate friend of the deceased, for the following
particulars concerning him : —

George Steel was born 1S09 in Richmond, in a
cottage near Lord Shaftesbury's estate, and close
to the spot where Thomson wrote his " Seasons,"
a locality at that time entirely rural. His father
founded a nursery in 1800, and was one of the first
and largest growers of early Strawberries for Coven t
Garden Market.

In 1841, George and his brother William, who
survives him, established a nursery on their own
account in the Kew Road. George in all his life
never quitted his native place except on a single
occasion, and then for a month. The two brothers
have carried on a successful trade for the last fifty
years, and even now are famous for their Lilies
and Rhododendrons. They were highly esteemed
for their geniality and upright conduct as
men of business ; both were bachelors, and
seemed to have most things in common, even
to their quaint, old-fashioned style of dress.
They were both most gentlemanly and kindly neigh-
bours, but seemed to belong to a generation of long
ago. Mr. William Steel, it is to be hoped, may
still live long in his green old age. Mr. George Steel
was buried at Kensal Green on Saturday the 25th ult.

ANDROSACE LANUGINOSA.

This very pretty little Himalayan plant is looking
splendidly just now, with numbers of its little, pale-
rose coloured flowers open, and is one of the most
attractive plants on the rockery. There are many
varieties of Androsace from the Pyrenees and Swiss
Alps, but I think the one in question is as pretty and
useful, as a rock-plant, as any of those. It has with-
stood, here in South Devon, the severity of the past
winter very well, and has never looked better than
at the present time. Its leaves are covered with long,
silvery, silky hairs. It does best when planted in a
sunny position, and in sandy loam, which should be
kept moist. Some people recommend a little peat
to be mixed with the loam, but it seems to thrive
quite as well without it. It is a plant which is
readily propagated by cuttings, and frequently the
tufts which grow at the ends of the long stems, which
are thrown out by the plant in great numbers, and
on all sides, when the plant is in good health, will
take root of themselves ; but to make sure of them,
they should be bent downwards. H, G,

CeKASTIUM TOMENTOSUM.

This plant is a native of Southern Europe, and is
naturally a little tender in this country. Portions
of it occasionally perish, from the effects of severe
weather. Cuttings of the plant may be taken in
August, and put into light, sandy soil, in the [open
border, pressing the soil firmly about them. To
make sure of the cuttings in the winter season, frame
lights should be placed over them. The plant may
also be increased by division. The replanting and
filling-up of vacancies in edgings and beds should be
done in the spring. H. G.

Trade Notices.

— « —

Mr. P. Weathers, formerly of the Royal Gardens,
Kew, and late of Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans,
has been appointed as traveller to Messrs. W. L.
Lewis & Co., Orchid Importers and Growers, South-
gate, London, N.

Mr. John M. Thomson, for the last nine years
gardener to His Grace the Duke of Grafton, Wake-
field Lodge, Stoney Stratford, has succeeded Mr.
Cole as manager, The Royal Nurseries, Ascot, Berks.

Mr. James Cole, lately with Messrs. Standish &
Co., and previously with Messrs. Ireland & Thomson,
Edinburgh, goes as manager to Messrs. John Laing
& Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries, London, S.E.

Mr. B. Randle, for the last eleven years foreman
and traveller with Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St.
Albans, has been engaged by Messrs. Seeger & Tropp,
Orchid Importers, &c, East Dulwich, London, S.E.

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, July 30.

[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
sale«men, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It must be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Large supplies of all classes of goods reaching
us, with good trade generally. James Webber, Wholesale
Apple Market,

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.

Cherries, £ sieve 4 0-80

Currants, red, J-sieve 3 9-50

— black, £-sieve ... 7 3-76

Gooseberries, £-sieve 2 0-36

Grapes 16-30

Lemons, per case ...15 0-25 0

Note.— Bananas and Apricots differ in price so greatly,
according to quality and quantity ou sale, that no trustworthy
quotations can be afforded.

s. d. s. d.
Melons 16-30

Peaches, per dozen... 1 6-10 0
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80
Strawberries, per lb. 0 2-08

August 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

145

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Arum Lilies, 12blm8.
Asters, French,
12 bunches

— English, per
dozen blooms

Bouvardia, perbunch
Carnations, 12 buns.
Carnations, 12 btms.
Cloves, per doz. btms.
Cornflower, 12 buns.
Delphiniums, I2buns.
Eucharis, per dozen
Gaillardias, 12 buns.
Gardenia, per dozen
Gladiolus, 12 bunches
Heliotrope, 12 sprays
Lilium candidum,
12 bunches

— 12 blms.

— various, 12 bun.
Lilium Harrisii, doz.
Liliums, various, doz.
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Marguerite?, 12 buns.
Mignonette, doz. bun.

s.d. s.d.

2 0-40

6 0-12 0

0 4-06
0 6-10
4 0-60
0 9-16
0 6-10
J 6- 3 0

3 0-60

3 0-60
2 0-40

2 0-40

4 0-12 0
0 3-06

9 0-12 0
0 4-09

6 0 12 0

3 0-40

10-30

4 0-90
3 0-60
16-30

Myosotis, 12 bunches
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms.
Odontogl ossn m
crispum, 12 blms.
Pansies, 12 bunches
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun.

— 12 spays

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunchea ...
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ...
Pyrethrum, 12 buns.
Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-

chals),per doz.

— red, per dozen ...

— various, doz. bun
Spirtea, per bunch ..,
Stocks, per doz. buns.
Sweet Peas, 12 buns.
SweetSultan, 12 bun.
Tuberoses, per dozen

blooms

s. d, s.d.

2 0-40

6 0-12 0

3 0-60
0 6-16

3 0-60
0 6-09

2 0-40

10-90

2 0-30
10-30
2 0-40

2 0-60

10-20
10-60
0 4-06

3 0-60
2 0-40
2 0-40

0 3-06

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Baans, French, lb. ... 1 0 ...
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 6- ...
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0- 3 0
Herb*, per bunch ... 0 4 - ...

Potatos. — The late rains interfered with the heavy supplies
anticipated. Consequently prices have been fairly maintained
from 90s. to 110s. for Beauties and Roses, and 120s. to 140s. for
other Kidneys. /. B. Thomas.

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0 16
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4- ...
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ...09-10
Turnips, perbunch . 0 6- ...

Aralia Sieboldi, per

doz 6

Aspidistra, per doz. 18

— specimen plants,

each 7

Bedding plants, va-
riety, per dozen ... 1
Bouvardia, per dozen 9
UaUuJiums, per doz. 12
Calceolaria, per doz. 4
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracaena terminals,
per dozen 30

— viridisi per do/enU
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen 6

Ericas, various, per

dozen 8

Evergreens, in var.,

per dozen 6

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4

Ficus elaatica, each 1

-12 0

-42 0

8-10 6

0
0
0-
0

2 0
-IS 0
-18 0
- 6 0
12 0

0 60 0
0 21 0

18 0

0-18 0

0-24 0

0
6-

18 0
7 0

Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2
Fuchsias, per dozen 4
Heliotrope, per doz. 4
Hydrangea, per doz. 9

— paniculata, per

plant 1

Ivy Pelargoniums,

per dozen 4

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3
Marguerites, per doz. 6
Mignonette, per doz. 4
Musk, per dozen ... 2
Myrtle, per dozeu

pots 6

Palms in variety,

each 2

Pelargoniums, doz. 8

— scarlet, per doz. 2
Spirsei, per dozen ... 6

0-10 0
0-9 0
0- 8 u
0 18 0

6-2 0

0-6 0

0-30 0
0-6 0
0-12 0
0-6 0
0-4 0

0-12 0

6-21 0
0-12 0

0-6 0

SEEDS.

London, July 29. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report some
inquiry for new Trifolium; the offerings at present are
limited, and high prices are asked for same. English re-
quirements will not, it is thought, be this season on an
extensive scale. For Italian Rye-grass the tendency is strongly
upwards. Mustard keeps steady. Rape seed is dearer.
Lower rates are accepted for Canary seed, but in Hemp see I
the recent downward movement has reversed itself. Blue
Peas are used up. There is no change in feeding Linseed.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Borough : July 29.— Quotations :— Cabbages. 2s. to 3s. per
tally; spring Onions, 2s. to 3s. per dozen bunches; Peu*.
2*. Bd. to 3s. per bushel ; and 4s. 6'/. to 5s. per bag.

SpitalfieldS: July 28. — Quotations:— Cabbages, Is. 9d.
to 3s. per tally; Peas, Is. &d. to 2s. 6d. per bushel; do., 2s. to
'•is. per sack ; Broad Beans, Is. to 2s. per bushel, and 2s. 6d. to
3s. 6d. per sack ; Cauliflowers, Is. 6</. to 2s. per dozen ; French
Beans, 4s. 6d. to 5s. per half-bushel ; scarlet do., 4s. to 4s. 6d. do. ;
Turnips, 2s. 3d. to 3s. per dozen bunches ; Carrots, Is. 6d. to
2s. 6d. do.; spring Onions, 2s. 9d. to 3s. 6d. do. ; Vegetable
Marrows, 2s. per dozen ; frame Cucumbers, Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d.
do.; Parsley, Is. to Is. 6d. per doz-m bunches; Cos Lettuce,
4d. to Sd. per score; Cabbage do., Ad. per dozen; Goose-
berries, 3s. to 3s. 6d. per half-sieve ; Raspberries, 25s. to
27s. per cwt. ; black Currants, 6s. to 7s. per half-sieve ; white
do., 3s. 6d. to 4s. do.; red do., 3s. 6^. to 4s. do.; black
Cherries, 4s. 6<z*. to 5s. Qd. do. ; white do , 4s. to 6s. 6i.
do. ; foreign Tomatos, 6d. to Is. per bos ; English do., 4s. to
6s. Gd. per 12 lb. ; English pickling Walnuts, 2s. to 25. 6d. per
half-sieve.

Stratford : July 28.— There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
aud a brisk trade was done as under : — Cabbages, 3s. to
4s. per tally; Turnips, Is. Qd. to 2s. per dozen bunches;
Carrots, household, ls.6d.to 2s. 6t. do. ; Onions, Egyptians

5s. to 6s. per bag ; Apples, English, 2s. 6d, to 3s. 6d. per half-
sieve ; Green Peas, 3s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. per bag ; spring Onions,
4s. to 5s. per dozen bunches ; Cucumbers. 2s. to 3s. per dozen.

POTATOS.

Borough: JuTy 29.— Quotations :— Jerseys, 150s. to 160s.;
Cherbourg^, 100s. to 120s. ; Essex and Kent Regents, 90s. to
100s.; Hebrons, 100s. to 120s.; Early Rose, 90s. to 100s.;
Kidneys, 120s. to 140s. per ton. Old Magnums unaltered.

Stratford : July 23.— Quotations :— Hebrons, 4s. 6d. to
5s. 6d. per cwt. ; white do., 100s. to 120s. per ton; Roses, 4s.
to 4s. id. per cwt.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending
July 25, and for the corresponding period last year: — 1891,
Wheat, 38j. fid. ; Barley, 25s. Id. ; Oats, 21s. 9d. 1890 :
Wheat, 35s. Od. ; Barley, 25s. 2d. ; Oats, 19s. lOd. Difference,
Wheat, +3s. 6d. ; Barley, +3s. id. ; Oats, +ls. Ud.

HAY.

Averages. — The following are the averages of the prices paid
at the various metropolitan markets during the past week : —
Clover, prime, 80s. to 102s. 6d. ; inferior do., 40s. to 75s.;
beat. 60s. to 90s.; inferior do., 26*. to 50s.; and straw, 20s.
to 4"s. per load.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fdhr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contioued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright
Sun.

o
1 a

Accumulated.

a
s

■a

as
CO

3 ^

••*

in
H

■~

K
t-
'/.

+ s

.c
o .

hi
O .

3£

2°, differenc
an since Jan
, 1891.

5 a

□ s

<TJ a ■
-c '3 S
° « —

°B
+ $

S"9!

B ^

S d

a
3

>->

a
'&

0 ^

"3 ^
9 a*

*> 2

« P3

> a
o 3

J3 o

-<*

3 B
u p

o
S

d
5

*3
o

3.2

aj +-

it
Ac

!■!

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

i +

+ 153

+ 79

2 +

125

24.3

2 +

116

- 18

+ 101

11.7

1 aver

122

- 75

+ 95

2 +

10.0

1 -

126

— 72

+ 128

2 +

11.2

1 —

117

_ 53

+ 116

3 —

12.1

1 —

130

- 74

+ 149

1 -

11.8

1 +

113

+ 92 + 46

7 —

15.4

!■

J aver

116

+ 27 + 35 5 +

85 12.7

1 —

115

— 41 + 118 3 +

16.1

1 +

116

+ 47 + 29 3 —

106

II", li

) aver

121

+ 37 + 31

2 —

15.2

129

-f 1+40

5 —

12.'.'

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, Kngland, S.
Principal Grazing, Xc, District!— 7. Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending July 25, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office: —

" The weather was cool and unsettled during the
greater part of the week, with thunderstorms and
heavy showers in nearly all districts. Towards the
close of the period, however, a considerable improve-
ment was recorded.

" The temperature has not differed materially from
the mean, excepting in ' Scotland, E .,' where the
average has been 2° in excess of the normal. In
other districts the departure from the mean has in
no case exceeded 1°, and in ' England, N.E.,' ' Eng-
land, N.W.,' and 'Ireland, S.,' it has been quite in-
appreciable. The highest readings were observed
either at the beginning or end of the week, but the
thermometer did not reach 7oc in any district, and

in the west and north of Scotland, the north-west of
England, and the Channel Islands, it failed to reach
70°. On the 22nd the maximum readings were
below 65° in all but the central and southern parts
of England. The lowest of the minima, which
occurred on various dates, raneed from 45° in ' Eng-
land, N.W.,' and ' England, S.W.,' to 55° in the
' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been rather more than the
mean in the north of Scotland and the eastern and
western districts of England, but less in all other
parts of the country. In ' Scotland, W.,' the de-
ficiency has again been very large.

" The bright sunshine has been less than the mean
in all districts, excepting ' England, N.E.,' and
' Scotland, W.' The percentage of the possible
amount has ranged from 1.3 in ' Scotland, N.,' and
22 in ' England, N.W.,' to 37 in ' England, S.,' and
40 in the Channel Islands."

Enquiry.

" He that questioneth much shall learn much." — Bacon.
Glass for Glazing a Palm House. — Would any
correspondent kindly inform " K. S." the best kind
of glass for glazing a conservatory 36 by 66, average
height 17 feet, with three gables facing south, and
built principally for a collection of Palms.

Notices to Correspondents.

Aubergine : W. A. C. The method of culture is
identical with that usually pursued with Tomatos
in pots, or CapsicumB. They must be fully
exposed to the sun — say, against, or in front of a
south wall. Do not overpot the plants, or the
blooms will be few, and growth large. In all
but the warmer parts of the country the plants
must be grown under glass. Six or eight fruits on
a strong plant are a sufficient crop.

Books : W. N. The Orchid Manual, by B. S.
Williams, Paradise and Victoria Nurseries, Upper
Hulloway, N. Price, about 5s.

Climax Weed Killbr : Boundari/ Chemical Company,
Erom personal trial we can report this to be effective
in removing the green confervoid growth from the
surface of damp stones as well as in destroying
weeds. It must be remembered that this like
most of its class is a powerful poison, and should
be handled carefully accordingly.

Correction. — Royal Western Horticultural Show,
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 113. In the fruit and cut
flower classes, for Mr. Cox, read Mr. A. W. Cove.
The Peach Corytoni was raised at Pentillie Castle,
and not at Powderham Castle.

Crystal Palace Show: H. B. H. The next show
occurs on Saturday, August 15.

Cucumber Root : W. G. Apparently the work of
some insect or grub which has attacked the roots.
Are the leaves healthy ?

Freshly-imported Orchids : T. C. P. If you keep
them somewhat moist the pseudo-bulbs will become
plump, and put forth roots in the Melon-frame.
Some small amount of air should be afforded.

Fungus: F. Townsend. A species of Geoglossum, of
which we will endeavour to determine the species
next week.

Insects— Parsnips : G. T. The insects which have
attacked your Parsnips are a species of aphis,
apparently A. Pastinacai ; water the plants with
gas-tar water and soapsuds.

Larch Dying : S. E. The work of mice. Judging
from the lichen-covered plants that were sent, the
land must be ill-drained.

Lettuces : F. Brunton. A very excellent strain of
apparently Paris White Cos.

Mushroom Insect : T. Slater. Your Mushrooms
are infested with a small species of mite, Hoplo-
phora contractilis? belonging to the great division
of beetle-mites, so-called from their being covered
with a thick, rigid, dark-brown, scaly coat, and
which, like many other species, breeds with great
rapidity. Bake the earth. /. O. W.

Names of Fbuits : J. E. N. P. Fruit smashed, but
not Princess of Wales. — V. C. The Apple you
send is one of the latest keepers we have ever
seen, though of indifferent quality.

146

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

Names of Plants : Correspondents whose questions
are unanswered are requested to consult our next
week's issue.— J. Kent. 1, Aerides crispum ; 2,
Aerides maculosum ; 3, Cypripedium Lowii. —
A. W. 1, Lysimachia thyrsiflora ; 2, Corydalis
lutea ; 3, shrub, Picea orientalis. What you call
a fungus is an aphis allied to that which causes
the American Blight in Apples. Use petroleum
spray. — Miss F. 1, Veratrum nigrum; 2, V.
album; both highly poisonous. — W.I. Stanhopea
tigrina. — C. H. One of the so-called Retino-
sporas, apparently that named Tom Thumb. It is
merely a peculiar stage of growth of some Thuya,
probably T. occidentalis, as your specimen shows. —
Lttium should ask such questions of the Editor, not
of the Publisher. The name of the Lily is L.
Hansoni. — J. T. S. 1, Pyrethrum Parthenium
dblefl.; 2, Claytonia virginica ; 3, Clematis; 4, An
Umbeliifer, not recognised ; 5, Campanula persi-
cifolia alba ; 6, C. persicifolia var. calycanthema.
— J. S. Francoa sonchifolia ; 2, Spiraea arirefolia ;

3, Betonica earnea ; 4, 5, 6, all forms of Veronica
longifolia. — H. E. H. Stanhopea aurea, Epiden-
drum fragrans. — W. B. 1, Polystichum angulare
proliferum ; 2 and 3, forms of Lastrsea Filix-mas ;

4, Polypodium vulgare ; 5, a small frond of Athy-
rium Filix-fcemina and one of I. astnca Filix-mas
together. — W. J. W. 1, Ltelia crispa ; 2, Adiantum
concinnum latum ; 3, Selaginella viticulosa ;
4, Adiantum fragrantissimum ; 5, A. decorum ; 6,
A. tenerum.

Plantains in a Lawn : H. W. Put some vitriol in
an earthen pot, and with a pointed stick, or
piece of wire, let fall a drop of the liquid into the
heart of the plant ; or, in September, spud them
up, put a little fresh loam on the bare places
caused by their removal, and sow a pinch of lawn
grass seeds thereon.

Potato Mildew : B. The formulas vary in their pro-
portions. Recent experiments in France seem to
show that the proportion of copper sulphate often
used is needlessly large. Try sulphate of copper
3 lb., quicklime 1 lb., water 20 gallons, or it may
be used in the form of a powder, with or without
sulphur, as in Tait's Anti-blight Composition, a
convenient form of administration.

Potatos : Tubers on Haulms. T. P. Very common
where the original tuber has been injured by a cut
by a spade, or even by wireworm.

Queen Pine-apples : B. W. It is rather late in the
season for the above ; but as the fruits now show-
ing should ripen in the course of the next three or
four months, the plants will be worth keeping.
Keep the glass clean, and shade as little as
possible.

Roses Dung off: Foreman. We have submitted
your specimen to one of our largest growers, and
have carefully examined it ourselves, but we regret
we cannot give you any precise information as to
the cause.

Underselling : C. B. There is, so far as we know,
no code of ethics in commercial matters to prevent
this, but if your neighbour is, as you say he must
be, selling at a loss, go you and buy of him, do not
continue to grow for yourself under such circum-
stances. You cannot afford to grow what does
not pay you, any more than you can expect to ex-
tend your business without advertising.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie., 4, Quai de la
Megiseerie, Paris — Flowering Bulbs, Straw-
berries, &c.

L. Spath, Rixdorff, near Berlin — Flowering Bulbs.

Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries,
Norwood Road, S.E. — Flowering Bulbs.

Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, N. — Dutch
Bulbs and Bulbous Roots.

Communications Received. — W. P.— Anderson & Co.,
Sydney.— H. Cannell.— T. F. R. (many thanks).— M. S.—
J. D. S., Baltimore, U.S.A.— E. F.— T. T., Denver, Colorado.
— C. H.— W. C. & Sou.— E. W. B.— L. L.. Brussels (mille
remercirnens).— W. K.— W. M.— M. D.— C. W. D — C. N.—
L. C— M. L.— A. H. C, Buenos Ayres.— J. M. T., New York.
— Ewing & Co.— W. Clark.— G. J. T. N.-H. G. B. (We
shall publish your note, it may elicit replies from 'some of
our readers).— G. F. W.— A. D.— H. G. Storrie (next week).
—J. J. Willis— D.—G. B.— W. A.— D. Hooper. Ootacamand.
—J. S.— C. T. D.— Messrs. Blackmore & Gillett.— John Cole-
brook— J. Douglas.— J- G. B.— C. Wood.— J, J. Hart.—
W. Reed.

Sketches, Photographs, &c, received with thanks from
H. Cannell, Medley Wood, Natal, and J. H., Dulwich.

"CARNATION-LIZZIE IMOWAN."

The Beat Pure White Carnation ever introduced. Flowers
fine and large, pure white, and beautifully fimbriated ; the
most free-flowering variety known. Very valuable for Cut
Flower purposes, as the buds do not burst.

Strong small plants, now ready. Price, 3s. 6d. each ; 30s. doz.
Orders executed in strict rotation.

PITCHER & MANDA,
The United States Nurseries, Hextaole, Swanley, Kent

SOW NOW for
SPRING FLOWERING.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA I Fnrt-et me Nots

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ALBA j *0rget me *°CS
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA ALBA
WALLFLOWER, Cranford Golden Beauty
WALLFLOWER, Graham's Blood Red
WALLFLOWER, choice double German
STOCKS. Brompton and East Lothian
PAPAVER NUDICAULE ) The favQurite ^^

:: :: minium f p°ppie9-

PRIMROSE, choice hybrids
POLYANTHUS, choice mixed and gold-laced
PANSIES, choice show and fancy strains
VIOLAS, in separate colours

Per packet 6tf., Is., and ls.6rf., post-free; or in larger quantities.

By making sowings of above now. beautiful displays may be
obtained next Spring.

For all other FLOWER SEEDS see CATALOGUE,
sent post-free, on application to —

DlCKSONSs~'.sCHESTER

STRAWBERRIES.

8 acres, planted 3 feet apart, especially for
young plants.

As a proof there is no place in the world where there is such
quantity and quality grown as at Swanley, or such fine plants
sent so safely all over the world, we append the following : —
" Bank Buildings, Auckland,

"New Zealand, June i0, 1891.

"Dear Sirs,— I have to offer you my best thanks for
Strawberries and Chrysanthemum Plants. The simplicity of
packing was simply admirable, and they all reached me in
grand condition, nothing could have been better; they will be
uure to bring its reward. I shall ask your valuable assistance
again before the year is out.— Faithfully yours,

" Edwin Hesketh."

Send for an ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, with view of a
50 acre field ; also instructions how to prepare the plants
and ground. Fifty varieties described, with a List of the
Twelve Best ; how to Grow for Exhibition. Market, and other
particulars that will be highly valued by all Amateurs and
Professionals.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, One Shilling and Sixpence, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

TOBACCO PAPER for SALE.

-1- For samples and prices apply to

S. CAVANDER and CO., Tobacco Manufacturers, Portsea.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16.000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ao.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber s-iffieientto build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in Loudon. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

J. H. HEATHMAN & CO.,

2, Endell Street, London, W.C.

GRAND BARROW PUMP.

3-inch, £1 10s.

Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6

50 feet Delivery Hose, 25/-

Pkice Lists Free.

21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Leap, Glass. Oil, and Colour Merchants,
34, St. Jonn Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

ORCHID BASKETS,

RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

SEND FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. C. SMYTH,

GOLDSMITH STREET,

PBURY LANE, W.C.

21,

Attoust 1, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

147

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials onlv, workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50 ; 30 ft. by 15 ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

GARDEN SEATS for the People. Rustic pattern, cast-iron
frame, painted any colour, or stained and varnished, enormous
sale, from 155. Carriage p lid. Lists free.
HARDY BRUIN & CO., Horticultural Works, Leicester.

FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION

HEATINC APPARATUS.

Most Efficient and Cheapest in Existence,
Reguires no sunk stokehole ami no brick
setting. Will last all night without atten-
tion. Will burn house cinders, therefore
costs next to nothing for fuel. Any one
can tixit. A domestic servant can stoke it.

Complete Apparatus from £4 12a.
SUCCESS GUARANTEED,

Enormous num-
bers in use all
over the country.

Only Slow Com-
bustion Appara-
tus of the kind.
CAUTION.

Beware of in-
efficient incoin-
jjli-tc Apparatus,
which will not
hist all night.

Full particulars
and Prices of
every sized Ap-
paratus, and see
numerous Testi-
monials for the
last five seasons,
showing enorm-
ous success, post-
free on applica-
tion.

BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST

Greenhouses, Forcing-houses, Pits, Frames, Plant

Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c.

Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-free from

CROMPTON & FAWKES,

CHELMSFORD.

pARDEN REQUISITE S.—

v!X Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON and SCTJLL, 90, Lower Thames Street. London, E.C

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. Qd. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6, Maryleport Street, Bristol.

GISHURStTcOMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
Buper.-ede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. orf.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

Sold in Packets, 6d. and 13. each, and in

Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb„ 2/6; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 56 lb., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE. STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
A-k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. B.C.

BEESON'S M A N U R E.— The Best and
Cheapest Fertiliser for all purposes. Write for Circular
containing the Leading Gardeners' and Market Growers'
Reports. Sold in Tins, Is., 2s. 6rf., 5s. 6d., and 10s. id. each,
or 1 cwt. Bags, sealed, 13s. By all Seedsmen, or apply direct to
W. H. BEESON. Carbrook Bone Mills, Sheffield.

^WKDlKltt£RJ

J-.H FA PEST & BEST

FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &c,

On CARRIAGE DRIVES,
GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS,

WALLS, STONEWORK, &c.

Saves more than twice Its cost In Labour. No Smell.

One application will keep the Walks and Drives

clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.

Mr. W. G.;Hk ad. Crystal Palace, says : — " We are so satisfied
with your composition and its price that we have used it abso-
lutely. I have every confidence in recommending it."

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge, says; — "There can be no question with regard to its
efficacy."

Prices :— In 1 and 2-gallon Tins, 2S. per gal. (Tins included);
in 5-gallon Drums, Is. 6d. per gallon. 10 and 15-gallon
Drums, Is. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger
quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

13P3 Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty-five ga'lons
of water.

For particulars of ANTI FUNGI POWDER for TOMATO
DISEASE, ZINC LABEL, INK, GARDEN MANURES, WORM
KILLER, &c, write to the Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers,

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY,

Ttinbridge, Kent;
and Carlton Street. Bolton. Lancashire.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s. ; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3J feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet ; CHARCOAL. 8s. per sack ; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT and Co.,

Hop Exohange Warehouses, South wark Street, London, S.E.

THE STOTT

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR,

PATENT SPRAYER,

PATENT SYRINGE.

KILLMRIGHT,

BEST Insecticide for Destruction of Caterpillar and
all Insect Pests, and Prevention of Mildew.

Crosswood Park. Aberystwith, S, Wales.
Sirs, July 7, 1890.

Thanks to your " Stott " Distributor, our Wall trees and
Roses were never cleaner than at the present time. We have
a long border of Roses, about 150 yards long, and one filling
of the Distributor with " Killmnght " will cleanse them
thoroughly. I have been asked by many how the Rosea are
so clean, and I at once tell them to get one of the "Stott"
Insecticide Distributors, and join to their hose, and they will
soon find the benefit. I have used it all round the walls, and
it has cleansed everything. I think it a very useful invention,
and shall recommend it to all my friends. — I remain, yours
truly, R. C. WILLIAMS.

Gardener to The Earl of Lisburne.

Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen ,- Wholesale and Retai
from the Stott Distributor Co. Lid., Barton Home, Manchester,

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

" O T C* X> T? M A " THE UNIVERSAL

ill; f\ Ei 1\ /\j INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or spray. — I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January 7, 1888. "Gentlemen — I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. 6d„ 2s. 6d,, and 3s. 6d. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. 6d. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only bv

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Quetn,

Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoiia
Street, London.

"Nothing Succeeds tike 6'uccess.1'

HUGHES'

(SOLUBLE)
INSECTICIDE

pig teh jjiL

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, I '6, =/6,& 4/6; {^-gallon
7/6, i-gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. CRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Rolker & Sons.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

GARSIDE'S

SILVER SAND

Is admitted by the
leading Nurserymen

to be the Best

Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to
GEO. GARSIDE, Jun.,F.R.H.S., Leighton Buzzard, Beds.

148

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

THE JUBILEE YEAR

GARDENERS'

OF THE

RONICLE.

The Gardeners' Chronicle was founded, in 1841, by the late Dr. Lindley, Sir Joseph Paxton, and others. It
proved a great success from the first, having then few competitors. As the exigencies of the time have required,
it has been trebled in size, so far as horticultural matters are concerned. Illustrations which at one time were
few, and given ODly at intervals, are now numerous and regularly issued. The price has been reduced one-half,
and though there are now many competitors in the field, the Gardeners' Chronicle is generally recognised as the
leading authority in all matters relating to Gardening, Garden Botany, Forestry, and the sciences connected therewith.
What others think of it may be judged from the following from among many unsolicited expressions of opinion : —

EXTRACTS FROM THE PRESS.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle, one of the most justly
renowned horticultural journals of the world, cele-
brates the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation.
The career of this publication, which is an authority
in scientific as well as in practical matters, has been
most successful and interesting. . . . With such a
past, there can bp no doubt as to its future." — Revue
Horticole, Paris, January 16.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle is known wherever
intelligence in horticulture is appreciated." — Meehan's
Monthly.

"The first issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle for
the year is a jubilee number devoted largely to a
commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of that
journal's first appearance. Founded by Dr. Lindley
and Sir Joseph Paxton, its policy has always been
directed by men of accurate knowledge and scientific
temper. Its trusted correspondents have been
among the foremost of skilled cultivators and recog-
nized authorities in the sciences related to horticul-
ture. During its life of half a century, its influence
has tended to elevate and dignify the art of horti-
culture, not only in England, but throughout the
world, and it was never more worthy to command
respect than uuder its present management. Our
venerable contemporary is to be congratulated on the
possession of so honourable a history, whilst its
future is bright with the promise of ever-increasing
usefulness."— Garden and Forest (New York), Jan. 21.

" We wish to give ourselves the pleasure of recog-
nizing an event in the career of a respected con-
temporary. . . . The Gardeners' Chronicle is the
senior by only seven years of the Journal of Horti-
culture, and, to speak paradoxically, we may venture

" The Jubilee of the ' Gardeners' Chronicle.'—
On January 2, 1841, appeared the first number of a
weekly paper which, thanks to the scientific research
and practical knowledge of its editors, soon became,
and has ever since remained, the principal horti-
cultural medium in England." — Illustration Horticole,
Brussels, Jan. 1891.

" One of the best conducted English horticultural
papers, the Gardeners' Chronicle, celebrated the fiftieth
year of its existence on January 2. This journal was
called into existence by Dr. Lindley and Joseph
Paxton. Two of the first and most industrious assist-
ants were the recently-deceased landscape gardener
Marnock in the practical part, and James Bateman,
who published a series of interesting articles on
epiphytal Orchids. Of other eminent writers, there
are mentioned the names of Charles Darwin, Dean
Herbert, Sir W. Hooker, who, in 1841, was appointed
Director of the Koyal Botanical Garden, Kew ; Sir
J. Hooker, Professor Daubeny, Dr. Royle, Henslow,
Macintosh, Curtis, Phillip Frost, Robert Thompson,
Robert Fortune, and Berkley." — Moller's Deutsche
Gartner Zeitung, Erfurt, February 1, 1891.

" For the past half a century, the Gardeners'
Chronicle has been the leading horticultural and
botanical newspaper in the United Kingdom. . . .
With such a talented proprietary and staff of
editors, it is not surprising that the paper was at
once recognized, and took up a leading position as
the first horticultural journal of the kingdom. Its
success has been very great. . . . Very few of the
first working printers on the paper are left to
witness the prosperity of the venture, except the
writer of these lines (the editor of the Press News).
.... The Gardeners' Chronicle is still recognized as
the leading horticultural journal of the kingdom." —
Press News, January, 1891.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle has just celebrated its
jubilee, its first number having appeared January 12,
1841. The founders were Dr. Lindley and Sir

"This important journal renders great service in
acting as an intermediary between botanists and
horticulturists, impressing on the one the true prin-
ciples of classification and nomenclature, and on the
other, the fact that the observation of living plants
in the garden teaches many things which cannot be
learnt, either in the herbarium or the laboratory,
facts which the new Generation is disposed to over-
look."— Alphonse de Candolle, Geneva.

" Let me offer my best felicitation on the semi-
centenary jubilee of your splendid Chronicle, which
you have edited with so much talent, knowledge,
and discrimination, for so long a while as the
worthy successor of the great Lindley. Wishing
the Gardeners' Chronicle also in future a splendid
success under your able leadership, I remain, Ferd.
von Mueller, Melbourne."

" You have brought the Gardeners' Chronicle into
an admirable condition of prosperity and authority.
Of all analogous publications, the Chronicle, with no
possible reservation, takes the lead. It is more
widely read than any of the horticultural journals,
owing to its wider circulation. The matter is the
most varied, and the illustrations the most correct
and elegant. What I wish is, not the continuance
and enhancement of your success, for that is cer-
tain, as the future will prove, but the continuance
of that marvellous energy which has had such
excellent results already." — Maxime Cornn, Director
of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

' In 1841, Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton enriched
horticulture with this high-class periodical, in which
science has always taken an equally important part
with practical information. The issue for the 3rd of
last January was devoted to the celebration of the
anniversary. The Gardeners' Chronicle cannot fail
to prosper under its present management, which is
conducted with unusual ability and skill." — Le Jardin,
Paris, March 20, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

(" The Times of Horticulture").
A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL,

CONTAINS

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION & SEASONABLE INFORMATION in ALL DEPARTMENTS of CA RDENINC

Notices of all Horticultural Matters of Current Interest, Reports of Exhibitions, Revieivs of Books, and

Home, Colonial, and Foreign Correspondence.

Original Illustrations by W. H. FITCH, F.L,S„ W. G. SMITH, F.L.S., W. J. WELCH, JOHN ALLEN, and Others,

August 1, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

149

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR "WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

«S"

8 ft. by 6 f t. . .

12 ft. by 6 ft...

16 ft. by 6 ft...

20 ft. by 6 f t. . .

24 ft. by 6 ft. . .

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by auyoue.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

l i;.,i,t a c*. i.,- i: i.

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices*

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

LondnnAgnt, Mr. H.Skklton, Seedsman. Sec, 2, Hollo way Rd.N.

£'

it.

•_l

CONWAY 0. WARNE,

Rov«J Potteriei. Weston-suner Mare

w. h. LASCELLES & co..

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

121, BUNHILL ROW,

LONDON, E.C.

CONSERVATORIES,

GREENHOUSES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

VINERIES,
PEACH HOUSES, &c

Plans and Estimates Free.

HILL

SLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.
Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. $>d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, 1j. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
/y A tt m t r\ tit Every Cask bears the above

U A U 11 U XV. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, B.O.

vr, Dawson Street, Dublin.

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

HORTICULTURAL
STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot - water Apparatus

for warming

Buildings of every

description.

illustrated Circular*

Post-free.

To Nurserymen and Seed Merchants.

JBL.ACKBUHN and SONS have now re-
• ceived the First Parcel of New ARCHANGEL MATS,
and will give lowest quotations on application.
4 and 5, Wormwood Street, E.C.

Lines .

. £0 8

. 0 9

. 0 10

. 0 11

. 0 12

. 0 13

»»

. 0 13

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Gardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines

5 „
S „

7 „

8 „

9 „

10 „

11 „

12 „

13 „

14 „

AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20j.

U set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s

Page, £8 ; Hall Page, £4 10s. ; Column. S3.

Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by which to identify the sender : this in all
ewes causes a very yreat deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at all.
Advertisers are requested tvhen Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
16 words, including name and address, Is. 6d.,
and Qd.for every additional line (about nine
wordsj or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each
insertion.

Postal Orders.— 7o Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others. — It is very important in remit-
ting by Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has been made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent am/
person into whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N.B. — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptiojis payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months, 15s. ,• 6 months, 7s. 6d.;
3 months, 3s. Qd. Foreign {excepting India
and China), including Postage, 17s. 61. for
12 months; India and China, 19s. Qd. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

150

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURALINTERESTS

ARE BEST REPRESENTED IN

THE AMERICAN GARDEN,

United

In
ONE.

WHICH INCLUDES :

THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... 18th Year.^
THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 32nd Year,
and HORTICULTURIST 44th Year.

THE FLORAL CABINET ... 19th Year.

Making the Largest, Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest

Gardening Magazine in America.

THE LEADING. AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR

HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS.

Subscription Price for England

and Countries in the Universal Postal Union, 10s.

E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, Times Building,

New York, U.S.A.

Agents for Great Britain and Ireland :—

STEEL AND JONES, 4, Spring Gardens, Charing Cross,
London, S. W. , to whom Orders for Advertisements and Subscrip-
tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for lOd. (stamps).

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

AND

NEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

CONTENTS.—

INTERCOLONIAL and GENERAL NEWS.

SPORTING and the FIELD, in which is incorporated BELL'S
LIFE in SYDNEY.

RECORD of RACES, and NOTES on the TURF.

CRICKET and AQUATICS.

THE FLORA of AUSTRALIA. (Drawn and engraved especi-
ally for this Journal.)

NATURAL HISTORY. (Original Articles.)

AGRICULTURE, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURE.

GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

ORIGINAL and SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.

TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
AUTHORS.

THE FASHIONS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.

THE CHESS PLAYER. THE HOME CIRCLE.

COMMERCIAL NEWS.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

The SYDNEY MAIL has a wide circulation throughout the

Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Polynesia, &.C. It contains

a large amount of information on a great variety of subjects.

Subscription in Advance, £1 6s. per Annum.

Single Copies. 6d. ; Stamped, Id.
Publishing Office — Huuter Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

ENGLAND,

The undermentioned Newspaper and Advertising Agents are
authorised to receive ADVERTISEMENTS for the
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL :—

London Messrs. Geo. Street & Co., 30, Comhill, E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon & Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet Street, E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 186, Strand.

Bristol James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
Manchester.,. James and Henry Grace, 73, Market Street.
Edinburgh ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

Glasgow W. Porteous & Co., 15, Royal Exchange

Place.

dF Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices for the use of Advertisers.

QIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; siy for Is. 4d.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is. M. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten davs you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29. Ludgatehill, London.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per
sack ; 5 for 47s. 6d .

SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.
per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,
5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6rf.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.

GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;
5 for 12s. 6d.

PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. 6rf. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.
per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
Special Terms to theTrade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions
For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,
apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mit. C. Elliott, for many years gardener at
Harcourt House, Camberley, as gardener to
Mrs. Venables, Finefield, Slough, Bucks.

Mr. F. Gibson, late foreman of the Fruit De-
partment, Chatsworth, succeeds Mr. W. Adams,
as gardener to W. J. Legh, Esq., Lyme Park,
Disley, Stockport.

Mr. J. Minton, until recently gardener at
Brooklands, Lyndhurst, as head gardener to W.
J. Cheetham, Esq., Rawdon Hill, Arthington,
Leeds.

Mr. H. W. Blake, as head gardener to the
Earl of Onslow, Clandon Park, Guildford.

Manager.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a really good
and competent MAN, as Working Propagator, Grower,
and Foreman, to take entire charge of a large Market Nursery
near London. — Must be well up in Grapes, Tomatos, and able
to produce a good quantity of Pot Stuff, such as Chrysanthe-
mums, Primulas, Cinerarias, Geraniums, Pelargoniums,
Fuchsias, Mignonette, Marguerites, &c. Good wages given.
None but efficient man need apply. — Address, stating refer-
ences, age, &c, to NEPETA, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.I

WANTED, a GENERAL MANAGER, for
Outside Nursery ; a good position for a first-class man.
Must have experience and character ; married. Good house on
the ground. — Apply, by letter, stating particulars and salary
required, to H. GRAVES, 8, Dunstan's .Road, Forest Hill
Road, London, S.E.

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER and GENERAL MANAGER.— Experienced
in Orchard House of Cordon Trees; also of Wall Fruits, Grapes,
Melons, Cucumbers, Ferns, Chrysanthemums, and Flowers;
teetotaler and few children preferred. Wife to attend to
Dairy and Poultry. — Apply by letter only, stating full par-
ticulars and length of previous services, to MR. A. DUNCAN,
Holbrook, Chislehurst.

WANTED, a GARDENER, where a boy is
kept. — Must know his work thoroughly, both in
Flowers and Vegetables; abstainer preferred. Wife must be
able to undertake Laundry. Very good character indispen-
sable.—Apply by letter to MRS. COLLINSON, Hatfield, Herts.

WANTED, a GARDENER, married, without
family, with WIFE able to attend to Laundry and
Lodge gate. Also married man without family to act as
SECOND GARDENER. — Apply, giving age, experience,
references, and wages required to DICKSONS, Royal Seed
Establishment, Chester.

WANTED, a GARDENER, for Inside and
Out. A married man, with no children. £1 per week,
and live in lodge.— R. LOVELESS, Arnot Hill, Nottingham.

WANTED, a PROPAGATOR of HARDY
PLANTS under Glass. — Must have had experience in
Roses, Clematis, and Conifers. The propagation of tender
plants will be in another department. — WM. PAUL and SON,
Waltham Cross.

WANTED, as TROPAGATOR, an active and
painstaking young man. — State wages, age and ex-
perience, by letter only, to Messrs. JOHN LAING AND SONS,
Forest Hill Nurseries, London, S.E.

WANTED, a good ROSE-BUDDER; per-
manent situation to a suitable man. — State wag<s and
experience to H. HUTCHLNGS, Rose Grower, Uxbridge,
Middle-ex.

WANTED, a MAN, well up in Growing Cut
Flowers for Market. Must have a knowledge of
Glazing and Hot-water Work. Wages, 26s.— HORTUS, 7,
Osborne Road, Brimsdown, Middlesex.

WANTED, a WORKING FOREMAN.—
Protestant. Married. To manage small Nursery,
7 acres, in Ireland. Must have good experience in Growing
Plants, Trees and Shrubs, Fruit Trees, and Vegetables.
—Apply, stating age and wages, to T. T., 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

WANTED, AT ONCE, TWO MEN, for
General Nursery Work. Outside. Wages, 18s. per
week.— THOMSON and CO., The Nurseries, Spark Hill,
Birmingham.

WANTED at ONCE, a steady, active young
MAN, for Jobbing Work. Must be a good hand with
a Scythe. Good character indispensable.— HAR WOOD BROS.,
Seymour Nursery, Anerley, S.E.

WANTED, a smart LAD in a market nur-
sery.—state when disengaged.— MARSHALL BROS.,
AND Co., Barnham Nursery, Bognor.

Agricultural Seed Trade.

WANTED, for good Provincial House in
Scotland, a TRAVELLER, also to assist in Office and
execute orders. — State experience, connection (if any), and
where, and full particulars. — R. N., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, an experienced and reliable
SHOPMAN, for the Seed, Bulb. Plant, and Cut
Flower Trade. — State age, wage, and full particulars. Also
UNDER FOREMAN for out-door Nursery department.—
W. TROUGHTON, Seedsman and Florist, Pieston.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a good SHOPMAN
to take entire Management of Seed and Florist's
Business; or One, with small capital, with view to purchase.
— H., Messrs. NUTTING AND SONS, 106, Southwark Street, S.E.

Second Shopman.

WANTED, a man to act as SECOND SHOP-
MAN, Must know the Garden Seed Trade, and be
experiened at Counter Work, serving Customers, &c, — Apply,
With references, stating salary expected.— ROBERT VEITCH
AND SON, Exeter.

WANTED, a YOUTH, as JUNIOR
ASSISTANT, in a Retail Seed, Nursery, and Floral
Business. — Wages and full particulars to LAXION
BROTHERS, Bedford.

WANTED, as INVOICE CLERK, for one
of the leading Seed and Bulb Establishments in the
North of England. Must be a quick, clear writer, and have
good references.— Apply, T. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a LAUNDRESS, to live in a
cottage in a village in Leicestershire. Husband can
be employed in Garden.— Address, LADY SALT, Maple* ell,
Loughborough.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

ANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENEKS.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICKSONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, CHESTER."

SCOTCH GARDENERS.— I have at present
several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha-
racter and ability will bear the strictest investigation.—
JOHN DOWNIE, Seedsman, 144, Princes Street, Edinburgh.

/ 1 ARDENER (Head), where three are kept]

VX or (Second), where four or more are kept. — A, Lady
•wishes to recommend her Gardener, who is leaving for no
fault, as above. He has two years' excellent character, and
good testimonials from previous employers, and thoroughly
understands all his duties.— Mrs. S., Allingham's, Stationer,
High Street, Reigate.

GARDENER (Head), where six or eight are
kept; age £9.— E. Tapping, Dropmore, Maidenhead,
offers his services to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a
thoroughly efficient and reliable man. Can be well recom-
mended by the Lady Louisa Fortescue.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 34; thoroughly
practical. Inside and Out.— J. CHEAX and SONS,
Nurserymen, Crawley, Sussex,

August 1, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

151

GARDENER (Head) ; married, small family
— Mrs. Henry Brassey highly recommends her
Head Gardener. Leaving in consequence of the death of
Mr. H. A. Brassey. Has been twelve years in her service.
Thoroughly experienced in Forcing and all branches. Trust-
worthy, hoiiest, and an abstainer. — For particulars apply
Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent.

G GARDENER (Head).— Age 31, married;
T fifteen years' thorough experience — seven years aa
above, seven years with Mr. Lawton, Welton House. Reliable
references as to character and ability, &c. — G. W. SCALES,
Gardens, South Cave Castle, East Yorkshire.

i>1 /t will be paid to anyone furnishing the

cvl'' Advertiser with information of any Gardeuiug
changes that will lead to obtaining an engagement as
HEAD GARDENER in a good establishment. Highest
references from previous employers. — HORTUS, Messrs.
Brown, Gould & Co., 54, New Oxford Street, W.C.

GARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver can
with the utmost confidence recommend an exceptionally
high-class man, as above; of long experience in Fruit and
Plant-growing, and the general management of a large estab-
lishment. The highest references as to both character and
ability. — Streatham and Norbury Nurseries. London, S.W.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three are
kept; age 38, married, small family.— A Gentleman
desires to recommend his Gardener, WM. NUNN, Wood vi lie
Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester.

GARDENER (Head), where one or two are
kept. — Age 29, married ; sixteen years' experience in all
branches. Abstainer.— H. H.t Crockham Hill, Edenbridge,
Kent.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 26; fourteen
vears' good experience in all branches of the profession.
Married if required. Well recommended.— GARDENER. The
Firs, Acton Turville, Chippenham.

ARDENER (Head Working, or Single-

HANDED). — Age 30. married, two children. Thorough
experience in all branches ; also Land and Stock. Good
character; abstainer.— W. FULLER, Brazier's End, near
Tring. Herts.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28 ;
fourteen years' experience in all branches. Good testi-
monials from some first-class establishments. — HARRINGTON.
Postford, Chilworth, Guildford.

GARDENER (Head Working), middle-aged.
— A thoroughly practical, all-round man with good
character. Wages, 25s. per week.— BRET, 8, Bredon Road,
Cambria Road, Denmark Hill, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working) and good
COOK, where a Kitchen-maid is kept. — Man and wife,
to reside in the house; ages 37, no incumbrance; understand
Dairy and Baking; have had charge of Ladies' and Gentlemen's
establishments during family's absence. — S., 21, Toibay Stieet,
Clarence Road, Kentish Town, Loudon, N.W.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38,
married ; twenty-five years' experience in all branches;
understands the Formation oE New Gardens. Fifteen years in
present situation. Highest references. — PADDOCK, Tiden-
ham, Chepstow.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 37,
married ; thoroughly competent, and well-experienced
in growing Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables, and in keeping
a large or small Place in good Order. Can Manage Land and
Stock, if required. Character good.— W. G., 197, Welltield
Road, Streatham, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; Age 30,
unmarried.— C. Rann, late of Handcross Park, Sussex,
can with confidence recommend a man as above, who lived
with him about seven years.— J. H., 26, Salisbury Road,
Hifihgate Hill, N.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
several are kept. — Age 28, unmarried; fourteen years'
first-class all-round experience in good establishments. Excel-
lent references as to ability and trustworthiness.— C. JONES,
Gardener to the Rev. C. J. Sale, Holt Rectory, Worcester.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two others are kept. — Age 27, married when suited.
Understands Vines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and
Kitchen Garden. Good character.— A. HIBBS, The Gardens,
Randall Park, Leatherhead. Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept. — Age 25; thoroughly experienced
in all branches. Ten years' good character from previous
situations.— HEAD GARDENER. Barwick House, Yeovil.

ARDENER (Head Working), seeks re-

engagement with any Lady or Gentleman ; or as
FOREMAN in a Nursery or Park Gardens. Thoroughly com-
petent in all branches. Excellent references.— GARDENER,
Llanvihangel Court, Abergavenny.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
married; seventeen years' thorough experience in all
branches. Excellent references. Four years' character from
la-t situation. — A. G.. 2, Lime Tree Cottages, Lower Mitcbam.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Well up
in Early and Late Forcing in all its branches ; sixteen
years' character from present employers. — A. BEAL, Fulmer
Hall, Slough, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Married,
age 32 ; abstainer ; to any Lady or Gentleman requiring
the above. Seventeen years good and varied experience.—
J. R., Albert Road North, Reigate, Surrey.

GARDENER (Working, Single-handed,
or otherwise). — Age 33, married; strong and active;
thoroughly understands his work. Good references. Disen-
gaged.— H. TAYLOR, Cherry Tree Cottage, Horseshoe Green,
Cowden, Kent.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).
Age 32, single; well up in Growing Toniatos, and ttie
general routine of Flower and Kitchen Gardening. Eight
years' good character. — A. M., Ruscombe, near Reading, Berks.

GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF. — Has a good knowledge of Gardening in all
its branches. Seventeen years' character as Gardener and
Bailiff from present employer.— J. K., Rolleston Hall, Leicester.

GARDENER, good.— Age 44; thoroughly
experienced in all branches. Wife thorough laundress
to small family. Two years and four months' good character.
—JAMES CARLTON, Newtown, Hatfield, Herts.

GARDENER.— A German Gardener, 24 years
of age, well up both Inside and Out, with good testi-
monials, seeks a situation in a first-class London nursery. —
R. G., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

ARDENER (Second), where four or five

are kept. Good character from present sit mtion. —
F. CLARKE, The Gardens, Scremby Hall, Spilsby, Lincoln-
shire.

GARDENER (Second), where three or more
are kept. — Age 21; Flower and Kitchen Garden, Hot-
houses, &c. Bothy preferred. References.— GARDENER, Eagle
House Cottage, Eltham, Kent.

GARDENER (Second), where three are kept,
or Single-handed. — Age 23; eight years' experience
Inside and Out. Good character. Disengaged. — T. GRIF-
FITHS, Guilslield, Welshpool, Mont.

GARDENER (Second), where three or more
are kept. — Age 25, married when suited. Four years
and a half in situation. Good experience Inside and Out.
Good references. Abstainer.— L. WALKER, 10, Newton Road,
Tunbridge Wells.

GARDENER ; age 23.— Mr. J. Ford, Gardener
to Sir Charles Piggott, Wexham Park, Slough, will be
pleased to recommend to any Gardener requiring such a
thorough hard-working, steady young man. — Address as above.

GARDENER (Under).— The Head Gardener,
Middleton Hall, Tamworth, will be very pleased to
recommend a young man, as above, to any requiring such.
Has been in the gardens five years. Good character.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 23, single";
has been used to Pleasure Grounds and Kitchen Garden.
Two years' good character. Understands Horses. — A. R.,
39, Sheldon Street, Croydon.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed),
or to attend Farmery. Good milker. Five years' cha-
racter.—R. H., 11, Brackenbury Road, East Finchley, N.

GARDENER (Under) wishes to gain expe-
rience in Gentleman's Establishment.— Age 20; three
and a half years in last situation. Good character. Bothy
preferred.— H. A. GASTARD, Corsham, Wilts.

GARDENER (Under); age 17.— A Lady
wishes to recommend a youth as above. Steady, sober,
and trustworthy. — EDWARD MARTIN, 15, Verran Road,
Balham, S.W.

MANAGER. — Advertiser is thoroughly ex-
perienced in every detail cf Growing in quantity for
Market, choice Fruit, Cut Flowers, &c. First-class con-
nection amongst buyers. Versed in Packing, Heating, &c.
Good references. — ALPHA, 1, Grove Road, Upper Miteham.

MANAGER, in a Gentleman's Establishment,
where Stuff is Grown for Market. Well up in Fruit and
Cut Flower Growing. — S. D., Lock Road Cottage, Ham
Common, Surrey.

MANAGER. — Market Nursery, under glass. —
Well up in Strawberries, Cucumbers, Toniatos and
Mushroom Growing, Carnations, and Soft-wooded Plants. —
DULLEY, Charlton by Shepperton, Middlesex.

To Nurserymen.

PALM and FERN GROWER (furnishing
trade), also Grower of Soft-wooded Plants, &c. ; age 28.
Fourteen years' experience. — Please state wages, &c, to
W. R., 32, Charlton Road, Harlesden, N.W.

GROWER and PROPAGATOR, age 22,
Good experience in Stove and Greenhouse plants of all
kinds, seeks re-engagement. Good testimonials. — Y., Bay
Tree Cottage, Acton Vale, W.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Roses,
Carnations, Ferns, Palms, &c, for Market. Good
Manager of men. Good experiences. — BETA, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

PROPAGATOR, or ASSISTANT.— Used to
the general routine of Nursery Stuff. Good references. —
AUGUST REISER, 5, Peploe Street, Bishopsiield, Chester.

FOREMAN PROPAGATOR or GROWER.
— Age 26 ; well up in Plants, Cut Flowers, Ferns, Vines,
Tomatos, &c. Good references.— H. SAYER, 5, Mill Lane,
Cambridge.

FOREMAN or MANAGER, where Grapes,
Cucumbers, Tomatos, and Fern are largely grown for
market.— A. B., Hani, Ashbourne, Derbyshire.

FOREMAN, or GROWER, in a Market
Nursery.— Age 26. Well up in soft-wooded Plants, Cut
Flowers, Ferns. Grapes, Toniatos, &c— G. S., Wilson Cottage,
Enfield Highway, Middlesex.

FOREMAN; married,) no family; age 28. —
Advertiser, who has beeu Head-Working for six years,
seeks situation as above, where he could improve in Orchid
culture; steady and reliable; good testimonials; disengaged
when suited.— T., 133, Kingston Road, Buckland, Portsmouth.

To Nurserymen, Florists, &c.
FOREMAN, or MANAGER (Working).—

-1- Advertiser, age 30, married, seeks re-engagement as
above. Has a good practical knowledge of the trade in all
branches. Good London experience. Satisfactory testimonials.
— EUCHARIS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

To Market Growers.

FOREMAN and PROPAGATOR.— Advertiser
having been twelve years in present situation, as above,
is desirous of a similar engagement. All Soft-wooded Stuff,
Cucumbers and Tomatos, &c. — FOREMAN, The Nursery,
Ashford, near Staines, Middlesex.

FOREMAN or GROWER.— Age 30 ; fifteen
years' experience, under Glass, in nrst-cla-s establish-
ments. Vines, Tomatos, Roses, Cut Flowers, Hard and Soft-
wooded Plants, &c— R , 15, Narcissus Road, West Hamp-
stead, N.W.

FOREMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (First), in
first-class Establishment.— Mr. Husbands, Woodthorpe
Grange Gardens, Sherwood, Notts, can confidently recommend
his Foreman, Joseph Pybus, as above. Eleven years' expe-
rience in first-class Establishments.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
establishment.— Age 24. W. JONES, 30, Milner Street,
Acomb, Yorks.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
Establishment. — Age 20 ; five years' experience. A
small Premium given if required. Can be well recommended.
— C. H., The Gardens, Henwick Grange, Worcester.

OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20.

Good character. Bothy preferred.— W. NASH, Saltern,
Sea View, Isle of Wight.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.—
Age 25 ; three and a half years in last place. Highly re-
commended.—E. HENEAGE, Elshain Hall, Bngg, Lines.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in Private
Establishment; age 22 ; five years' experience. — A Gen-
tleman wishes to recommend a young man as above. Bothy
preferred. Good references —A. IRELAND, 7, Station Road,
Swanlcy, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN in the Houses, in a Gentle-
man's Establishment. — Age i2 ; can be well recom-
mended.—C. HEAD, Loudon Hill, Harrow, Middlesex.

TO GARDENERS. — Situation wanted by a
young man, age 19. In the Houses preferred. Good
characters. Leaving August 22. — W. G., Mr. Charles, J. P.,
Kennet House, Harrow, Middlesex.

TO NURSERYMEN.— A young man, aged
26, seeks a situation ; eight yiars' experience in general
Market Stuff; good references. — A. GILLS, Shardlow, near
Derby, Derbyshire.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Age 23, married ; ten
years' experience in Orchids, Ferns, Palms, Stove and
Greenhouse Soft-wooded Plants.— State wages to WELLS, Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Age 23 ; eight years'
experience as Propagator, and to assist in Growing.
Good references.— J. W., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.U.

TO NURSERYMEN and GARDENERS.— A
young man, age 23; nine years' experience in Market
Nurseries.— J. W. L., 53, Lampmead Road, Lee, S.E.

TO NURSERYMEN. — Advertiser can be
recommended to take charge of houses. Age 26 ; eight
years' experience in growing for London market. — C., 138,
Park Road, Kilburn, N.W.

SHOPMAN. — Seventeen years' experience in
Seeds and Bulbs. Excellent references. — T. S., Box 67,
Post Office, Preston, Lancashire.

SHOPMAN.— Age 30; thorough knowledge
of all Departments of the Trade.— M. R., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER.— Age 32; tho-
rough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. State salary, &c— W. HARRIS. 7, Catherine .Street,
Strand, W.C.

HOLLO WAY'S OINTMENT.— Go where you
may, in every country and in all climes, persons will be
found who have a ready word of praise for this Ointment. For
chaps, chafes, scalds, bruises, and sprains, it is an invaluable
remedy; for bad legs, bad breasts, and piles, it may be confi-
dently relied upon for effecting a sound and permanent cure.
In cases of puffed ankles, erysipelas, and Rheumatism, Hollo-
way's Ointment gives the greatest comfort, by reducing the
inflammation, cooling the blood, soothing the nerves, adjusting
the circulation, and expelling the impurities. This Ointment
should have a place in every nursery. It will cure all those
manifold skin affections, which, originating in childhood, gain
strength with the child's growth.

152

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[August 1, 1891.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK

Undertake the complete ereotion of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the
largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to seleot from, and invite inspection of same.

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc.; VENTILATINC CEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

HORTICULTURAL

A Large Stock r\ T A Q O
always on Hand. UT J_j i\. O ij) .

Special quotations for quantities.

WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS

At lowest possible prices.

NICH0LLS& CLARKE,

6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH,

LONDON, E.

Established isis.

65,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. Loudon, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, AGNEW, Sc Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of Loudon, in the County of Middlesex, aud published by
Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, August 1, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

No. 241.-

-Vol.X. {^Z}

SATUEDAY, AUGUST 8, 1891.

Regt, as a Newspaper, f PRICE 3d *
WITH SUPPLEMENT. 1 POST-FREE 3kd.

CONTENTS.

Analysis of White Globe

Nursery notes

!67

Onion

158

Orchid notes and glean-

Apiary, the

164

ings 160

164

Bennet, the late Dr.

Phylloxera

175

Henry

170

Plants, new or note-

Book :—

worthy

158

Stephens' Book of the

,. notes

164

Farm

168

Podocarpus nubigena ...

171

Cacao, Coffee, and Coca

Potato crop, report on ...

162

in Peru

175

Ricasoli, General

170

Calceolarias, herbaceous

171

Societies —

CUtua hiurifolius

162

Dutch Horticultural

Cytisus nigricans
Daffodils, oa^al rot in ...

and Botauical

168

17:1

Frome Floral

174

Flower garden, the

165

Hayward's Heath

170

Fruit packing

157

Horticultural Club ...

168

,, hardy

165

National Carnation

,, under glass

lrift

and Picotee

If 9

Gardeners' Orphan Fund

1B7

Newbury

174

Glas--houses erected for

Northampton

174

C. Furness, Efq.,M.P.,

Royal Caledonian

167

at West Hartlepool ...

167

Southampton

17*

Horticultural instruction

Scottish Horticultural

in schools

166

Association

175

Irises

160

Spanish Broom

162

Kew note "...

162

Staphylea colchica

161

Kitchen garden, the

165

Tea and coffee substi-

Larch canker

160

tutes

113

Lequat, Francois, * nd

weather, the

175

his plants

158

week's work

164

Lilies, hybrid

168

Wheat, Carter's Cross-

Myosotis Victoria

159

bred

171

"HE BEST

CABBAGE

SOWING.

for PRESENT

ARTERS' TESTED SEEDS FOR

PRESENT SOWING.

ILLU8TRATION8.

Myosotis Victoria (Heu and Chickens Forget-me-not) ... 1W

Podocarpus Nubigena 171

Staphylea colchica 1 t>l

Range of glasshouses erected for Christopher Furness,
Esq., M.P., West Hartlepool. (See Supplement.)

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 moyiths. Agent for America,
E. H. Libuy, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Builiing, New York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

Noxo Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

" Paa'toris Calmdar." New Edition, " The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, 3$d. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will flower the best. Write for Trade Price of strong
Forcing Pips to

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

VIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
"a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, Id ., Is., and 2s. 6d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
and CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

LILY CROWNS.— I offer very best LILY
OF THE VALLEY CROWNS. 3-yr. old (true Berlin),
own harvest, from 3^ acres, sandy soil. Wholesale price aQd
terms of payment on application.

F. W. KRAUSE, Lily Grower, Neusalz, Silesia, Germany.
Established 1870.

POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA. — Extra
strong plants ready for4S's, 205. per 100.
SMITH AND LARKE, Nurseries, Ashford, Middlesex.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING.—
Remarkably early, compact habit, having few outer
leaves ; firm hearts, of excellent quality. One of the very
best for spring use, as there is no fear whatever of its running
to seed. Per packet. Is., post-free. Mr. Joseph Zealey,
Gardener to J. A. Tilleard, Esq., says .—" I planted your
Flower of Spring Cabbage in August, and began to cut on
May 1 good hrm heads from 4 to 6 lb. each. I have found it an
excellent Cabbage, and it has been a great boon this spring."

FOR THE BEST LETTUCE, ONION,
RADISH, TURNIP, &c, for pre ent sowing, see
SUTTON'S LIST of SEEDS, Bent post-free on application.

SUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen ,
READING.

Bulbs for Early Forcing.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
have just received, and offer ill splendid condition
HYACINTHS, Single White Roman, 12s. and 14s per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single White Italian. 10s. id. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single Blue Italian. 8s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Double Rose Italian, 10s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Double Roman, 6s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Large-flowered Paper White. 7s. per 100.
Carriage Paid. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

OR C H flTs A" SPECIALTY.—
A grand importation of ANGRJECUM SESQUIPEDALE,
just to hand, at 5s., 7s. id., 10s. id., 15s., and 21s. each.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Roa-1

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— StroDg, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Noble,
Thury, Paxton, President, and others. Sample parcel, id.
Descriptive Price LIST free.
W. LOVEL AND SON. Strawberry Growers. Driffield.

PRIM UL AS— PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS.—
Twenty- first year of distribution. Williams' Superb Strain,
Is. id. per dozen, 10s. per 100. CINERARIAS, same price;
also double white PRIMULAS, id. each. Carriage free for
cash with order.— JOHN STEVENS, The Nurseries, Coventry.

ROSE TREES for SALE. — About 2900
Choice Rose Trees for Sale, tit for Exhibition, consisting
of Standards, Dwarfs, and Teus, at <od. per tree. The purchaser
can begin cutting the blooms at once, and clear out by
November next. Apply to

CHARLES TAYLOR, Swan Inn, Headington, Oxford.

SOUTH of IRELAND GKUWN DAFFO-
DILS. — Bulbs never finer than this season.
IS" See Article in Garden, June 6. CATALOGUES ready
end of July. Bulbs now ready. Please write for Catalogues,
and INSIST on August delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

TVTEW FERN — PTERIS VICTORLE.

-Ll Best Novelty of the Season.

105. &d. each; three plants for 21s.
Coloured Illustration, post-free. Is.
WILLIAM BULL. F.L.S., Establishment for New and Bare
Plants, 536. King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

D. BUNDAY, 37, Exeter Street, Covent

• Garden Market, W.C, having commenced tn SELL
on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE TOMATOS,
GRAPES. &c. Good references.

BOUVARDIAS, all the leading sorts, includ-
ing President Cleveland, Mrs. R. Green, Vulcan, Jas-
minoides, Candidissima, and best double varieties. Fine
bushy stuff, clean and healthy, in various stages of growth. —
Terms and lists of sorts on application.

H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton.

ABBAGE. — CARTERS' EARLY

HEARTWELL.
Pronounced to be the finest early Cabbage in cultivation.
Very distinct. The heads are extremely firm, weighing
from 4 to 6 lb. In sealed packets only — Per packet, Is.
and 6d. • per ounce, Is. <od. All post free.

LETTUCE.— CARTERS' GIANT pefoTperpkt.

WHITE COS LETTUCE 2s. id. Is. Od.

Dunnett's Giant Winter Cos Lettuce ... 2s. id. Is. Od.

Carters' Longstander Cabbage Lettuce ... 2s. id. Is. id.

All the Year Round Cabbage Lettuce ... Is. id. id.

NION.— CARTERS' GOLDEN pefot peTpkt.

GLOBE TRIPOLI 2s. id. li.id.

Giant Rocca Is. Od. id.

Giant White Tripoli Is. Od. id.

Early White Naples 9d. —

Giant Madeira Is. Od. —

CARTERS', Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to
H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

E~ AST LOTHIAN . STOCKS. — Methven's
Choice Strain, in five varieties— Crimson, Purple, White,
Scarlet, and White Wall-leaved— in Packets, Is., 2». id., and
5s. each colour.

THOMAS METHVEN AND SONS, by Royal Warrant,
Nurserymen and Seedsmen to the Queen, Edinburgh.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

OKCHIDS, &c— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CYUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
• Ghent. Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

PRESERVING STRAWBERRIES. — Old
Scarlet (true variety), 2s. id. per 100; £L per 1000.
Cheaper by the 10,000 or 20,000. Free on rail.

C. FOX ROSE, Fern Farm, Westfield, WoKing.

THE BURGHLEY STRAWBERRY
PLANTS are acknowledged the best — not the largest
collection, but the most select — all the best varieties re-
presented. The forcers include Vicomtesse, La Grosse Sucree,
Augu-*te Nicaise, and that excellent variety, John Ruskin.
Write for CATALOGUE, free.

R. GILBERT, High Park. Stamford.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER'S New and Descriptive
PRICED LIST is now ready, post-free, on application.
The Royal Nurseries. Slough.

ED. PYNAERT VAN GEERT,
NURSERYMAN, Ghent, Belgium.
AZALEAS. CAMELLIAS, RHODODENDRONS, CLIVEIAS,
PALMS FERNS, ORCHIDS, and all other best stuff for the
Trade. Apply for the SPECIAL PRICE LIST.

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.
WM THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

154

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION,

Thursday, August 20.

SPECrAL SALE of ORCHIDS in FLOWER and BUD.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce that
his NEXT SPECIAL SALE of ORCHIDS iu FLOWER
and BUD. will take place at his Great Rooms, 38, King
Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY, August 20,
and he will be glad if Geutlemeu desirous of ENTERING
PLANTS for THIS SALE will please seud LISTS not later
than THURSDAY NEXT.

Pendell Court, Bletchingley, Surrey.

MR. C.J. STEVENS has received instructions
from the executors of the late Sir G. MACLEAY to
SELL by AUCTION'on the premises, as above, about the end
of the present raonlh, the COLLECTION of ORCHIDS com-
prising exhibition specimens of Cypripediums, Ccelogynes,
Sum-alias, Vandas, and Cynibidiutns; also Cattleyas, OJonto-
glossums, Dendrobes, &c, including most of the well-known
kinds. Specimen Palms, Tree and other Ferns, Aquatic
Plants; Ornamental. Stove, Foliage, and Greenhouse Plants ;
Succulents, Lilies. Eucharis, &c. Also three cows, horse and
pony, two carts, two ricks of hay, iron-tanks, garden-seats,
vases, lawn-mowers, greenhouses, water-barrows, and other
requisites for the garden.

For further PARTICULARS see next Advertisement.
Auction Jtooms and Offices, 38, King Street, Coveut Garden.

Tottenham. N.. close to Whits Hait Lane Station.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the GLASS
ERECTIONS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, by
order of Mr. John Malleb, whose Lease expires at
Michaelmas Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Brunswick
Nursery, Tottenham, N., on THURSDAY. August 13, at
12 o'Clock, without resene, the ERECTIONS of 10 GREEN-
HOUSES, with the Hot-water Piping (mostly 4 inch). Boilers,
and Brickwork ; 150 movable Lights iu various sizes, Gal-
vanised Iron Tank to hold 2600 gallons. Pumps and Pony Gear,
Pony Cart, Set of Harness; also a large quantity of USEFUL
STOCK, consisting of Bouvardias, Geraniums, best sorts ; Ficus,
Palms, Tree Carnations, and others, including Mrs. Moore, Duke
of Fife, Duke of Clarence, Germania, &c, Euphorbias. Ferns,
Stove Climbers, Clematis Jackmanii, Arnpelopsis Veitchii,
Chrysanthemums in variety, including 200 Louis Boehmer,
the new pink Ostrich Plume, in 48 and 32-pots, and other
Stock.

May be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues can
be obtained on the Premises, also of Mr. J03N MALLER, at
the Brinisdown Nursery, Enfield Highway; and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 63, Cheap-ide, E.C.

N.B.— The Annual Sale of Winter Flowering HEATHS and
other STOCK will take place as usual at the Brinisdown
Nursery on THURSDAY, September 17.

Friday Next.

ESTABLISHED and IMPORTED ORCHIDS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside, E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT, August 14. at half-past
12 o'clock, IMPORTED ORCHIDS, comprising Orchid species
Oymbidiuni tigrinum, Epideudrum species, Cattleya citrina,
Leelia majalis, and others. Also a fine Collection of well-
grown ESTABLISHED ORCHID3, iocluding Cattleya Bei-
neckiana, Ccelogynes, Cymbidiums, Odontog'.ossums, Deu-
drouiuins, Phalienopsis, Ltelias, Cattleyas, Cypripediums, &c. ;
together with two cases of imported Ladia species, sent home
by Mr. Pechacek; and 90,000 PALM SEEDS, KENTIAS, LA-
TANIAS, ami CORYPHA AUSTRALIS.

On view Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

L.ELIA SPECIES. Two cases sent home by Mr. Pechacek.
90,000 PALM SEEDS,
Coi sisting of 20,000 KENTIA FOSTERIANA. 4003 K.
BELMOREANA, 50.000 LATANIA BORIiONICA, and
20,000 CORYPHA AUSTRALIS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their SALE of ORCHIDS on
FRIDAY NEXT. August 11.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Monday August 17.
DUTCH BULBS. SPECIAL TRADE SALES.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on MONDAY, August 17,
THURSDAY, August 20, MONDAY, August 24, and THURS-
DAY, August 27. large consignments of named Hyacinths,
Tulips, Crocus, Narcissus, and other Dutch Bulbs, together with
white Roman Hyacinths and Paper White Narcissus, received
direct for unreserved sale. These early auctions have been
specially arranged in lots to suit the trade, and other large
buyers. The Auctioneers will be pleased to enter the names of
intending purchasers in their permanent lists, who may desire
a regular supply of catalogues for these sales.
Auction Rooms and Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

TMIOMAS B. JAMES (many years with

J- Protheroe & Morris) will SELL by AUCTION, Without
Reserve, at the Temperance Hall, Temple Street. Birming-
ham, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, August 12. 1R91 at 12 o'Clock
about 700 lots of ORCHIDS, chieiiy in Flower and Bud by
order of Messrs. Hugh Low & Co . of Clapton, London, 'and
Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co., of Bradford and
London.

Commissions carefully executed, and purchases prompt!"
despatched. Catalogues to be had of the Auctioneer, 53.
Union Passage, Birmingham.

A Genuine Compulsory Sacrifice.

FLORIST, SEEDSMAN", and JOBBING
BUSINESS for IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, in a London
suburb, within 25 minutes' drive of Covent Garden, doing a
good trade, with plenty of scope for increasing same. Hand-
some Shop, with Dwelling-house and small Nursery.

Price £250. IF SOLD AT ONCE.

Honestly worth £500, bat Owner is compelled to give up,
owing to private circumstances, which will be satisfactorily
explained. Price includes Stock in shop and houses, nearly
new Florist Van, Horse, 6 Greenhouses, well heated; Shop-
fixtures, Counters, Tools, Barrows— in fact, everything.

Every investigation courted. The goods on the place alone
are worth more than the price asked.

Apply. FLORAL HALL, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymjn and Florists.

Near Marble Arch and in main thoroughfare.

TO BE SOLI), a NURSERYMAN'S and
FLORIST'S BUSINESS (old established), large Ulass
Houses, Pits, &c, 9- Roomed House, in good repair, and Stible.
Price, including long Lease, Horse, Harness, Van, Cart, &.C.,
very moderate.

Full particulars of W. N. INMAN, Surveyor, 123, Maida
Vale, N.W. Folio 1383. __

FOR SALE.— GLASSHOUSES, in GUERN-
SEY. About 1200 feet heated with Hot-water Pipes, in
thorough working order ; water laid on ; packiug-shed. store,
and every convenience. One of the most compact properties
on the island. Situated in the centre of the fruitgrowing
district. 1£ miles from the town. Satisfactory reasons for
disposal. Full investigation courted. Applv —

A. Z., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

TO BE SOLD, on very advantageous terras,
about ONE ACRE of LAND, with good HOUSE and
RANGE of GLASS, about 350 feet long, clo.se to station, and
near a good town of about 200,000 ; good market. Soil and
position excellent ; just built. To a good man with about
£200 or £300 a chance rarely to be met with.

J. A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

Q PAN-ROOF ORCHID-HOUSE. — A Lady

O wishes to dispose of a Span-root Orchid- house, built by
Boulton Sc Paul, five years ago. Complete in every particular;
in excellent preservation. ltistjOfeet x 12 feet, divided into
three parts, to vary tempera ture.

Address. X. Y. Z , Morley. Forest Hill, S.E.

To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.
rPO BE LET, at Tottenham, about TWO

X ACRES of LAND, with good HOUSE, STABLING, and
OUT-BUILDINGS. The Land is covered with Glass, which
the out-going Tenant would be willing to Sell by Valuation.

Full particulars of Mr. ALFRED RICHARDS, Auctioneer
and Estate Agent, Lower Tottenham.

-yO BE LET, GRASS LAND (1 to 10

-1- Acres), suitable for Nurserymen and others; on Lease
for seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years. Rent, from £i to
£12 per acre, with the option of purchasing the Freehold
within the first seven years; no tithe; near the main road,
Enfield Highway ; about nine miles from London. Apply to —
H. MOORE, 59, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.

JWEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY. 43, Great Tower Street. E.C.

EXHIBITIONS.

Tj\)R DISPOSAL, a small FLORIST and

A JOBBING BUSINESS, with Sweet Shop attached,
opposite a Board School. Genuine.

Apply B., C. Fuller, News Agent, High Street, N. Finchiey.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL GO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

SHREWSBURY GREAT FLORAL FETE.
AUGUST 1!) and 20, 1891.
ENTRIES CLOjE AUGUST 12 (Thursday Morning Post).

ADNITT AND NAUNTON, Hon. Sees.

Cercle Horticole Van Houtte, Ledeberg, Ghent.

ERNEST DELARUYE, Secretaire du Cercle V. H., Chaussee
de Bruxelles. Ledeberg, Gand.

\TISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are

V cordially invited to visit the Establishment of

L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &e. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street. Westminster, S.W.

Dutch, Capa, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROUZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 piges
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, po-t-free,
on application to their* Agents, Messrs. MERTENS AXD CO.
3. Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.C. ; or themselve s
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

CLEARANCE SALE OF BULBS
FOR PRESENT PLANTING.
Lemoine's beautiful new GLADIOLI, in mixture, per dozen,
4s. id. ; RANUNCULUS, showy sorts, mixed. 2s. 6<(. per 100;
beautiful new large-flowered single POPPY ANEMONES,
mixel, 4s. 6rf. per 100 ; ANEMONE FULGENS. the beautiful
scarlet Windllowerof the Riviera, 4s. I'd. per 100; per 1000, 40s.
Sweet-scented PES.RL TUBEROSES, 3s. perdoz. ; perlOO.lSs.
Carriage Free on receipt of Post Office Order.
BARR AND SON, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE

The most complete aud exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes aud their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s.. post-free. 5s. 6d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society. Chiswick.

Begonias a Specialty.
TAINGS' COLLECTION

JLv of Double and Single varieties is NULLI SECUNDUS,
for pot culture, a* bedding plants, or as hanging basket plants.
Inspection invited. Best and most descriptive CATALOGUE
ever published, post-free. Catford Bridge Railway Station.

JOHN LAINU and SONS, Begonia Growers, &c„ Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

Fruit Trees a specialty.

STRAWBERRIES.—A11 the best of the New
and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections iu the
Trade. Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
issued. Special quotations for quantities to grow for Market.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKIN'S, Pomona Farm Nurseries Withington,
Hereford.

ORCHIDS.

BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS supplied in large or small quantities.

Satisfaction guaranteed ; the Trade supplied.

CATALOGUE and particulars on application to

A. H. GRIMSDITCH, Importer,

5, CLAYTON SQUARE. LIVERPOOL.

Sole Agent for CARLOS TRAVASSOS, Rio lie Janeiro.

N.B.— L.ELIA GKANDIi TENEBROSA : a few plants now iu

bloom, splendid new varieties.

GARDE

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GAKSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
supplied in lart^e quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price*, consistent with correctness and superior
character. SeDd for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY, KENT.

"JOHN RUSKIN" STRAWBERRY.

The earliest Strawberry of the Century. Trials in North and
South prove it extraordinary for Earl'iness, Productiveness,
Flavour, Size, and worthy to be classed with "Sir Joseph
Paxton," " Garibaldi," " President," &c.

Order now. Extra Strong Runners, 41?. per doz., 20s. per 10,
delivered in Augu-t. True, direct from raisers.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment,

CARLISLE.

Aoqust 8, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

155

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. Th- finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

ALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM

SEEDS and SEEDLINGS, all the leading kinds, write to
H. DAMMANN, .Tun., Breslau.

CROTONS for SALE, cheap.— Several large
and small specimen Plants. Can be seen. — Apply
34, New Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.K.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, .Tun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON. 25, Savage Gardens,
Crulched Friars, EC.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

DAFFODILS ! ! South of Ireland Grown.
Bulbs never better than this season. See Garden,
June 6, 1891. Please write for Illustrated CATALOGUE, and
INSIST on AUGUST delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R U.S., Seedsman, 21, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FE RNS I ! r-^Trade!
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantnm cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, 505. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. p<?r 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, (is. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Ca*h with Order.

J. SMITH, The Loudon Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

BULBS CHEAP.— Great Northern Railway
taking Land — we offer following to clear.
PHEASANT EYE NARCISSUS, finest roots, 7s. per 1000.
DOUBLE DAFFODILS, 25s. per 1000.
DOTIRI.E WHITE NARCISSUS. 22s. per 1000.
CAMI'ERNELLE JONQUILS. 32s. per 1000.

WHITE SCILLAS. 35s. per 1

BLUE SCILLAS, 8s. id. perlOoO: &c.
Samples id. each, free.
DALCORN. Bulb Grower, Spalding.

THE TWO BEST CABBAGES

DICKSONS FIRST AND BEST, and

DICKSONS PERFECTION.

Per packet, 6rf. ; per ounce, Is. Post free.

Mr. A. J. Long, 'writing on June 1, saj,s:—"I am very
pleased with your '• First and Best " Cabbage, which I sowed
last summer for the first time. We have bi-en culling for the
past three weeks, and I cannot hear o£ anyone else cutting so
early. The plants withstood the severe winter remarkable
well."

For other CABBAGES, LETTUCES, ONIONS, &c., for
present sowing, see CATALOGUE, sent post free on
application.

1C"R0?I

Seed
Merchants &
Nurserymen

ESTER

ORCHID

Clean, healthy Plants, at Low Prices. Thousands
in stock. Please write for LIST.

H. A. TRACY (Late W. Gordon),

Orchid Nursery,
AMY AND PARK ROAD, TWICKENHAM

Bona
Fide

BENTLEY'S

Bon&
Fide

Mr. J. Hudson, Gunnersbury House Gardens, writes : — "I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

Mr. A. Ward, Stoke Edith Park Gardens, writes :—" I am
pleased to tell you that I am exceedingly gratified with the
results of your Weed Destroyer, as it destroys both Weeds and
Moss on the walks most effectually, and gives the gravel a
bright appearance."

In the folloicing sizes, carriage paid : —

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 19s. 0d.

6 „ „ 10s. Od. | 18 ., „ 27a. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 503.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

TRADE

FOR PLANTS.

ftUICK. LASTING. ECONOMICAL.

The Gardens, Scacox Heath, Haul 'hurst, Kent, March 11, 1891.
DEAB Sir, — Having used your "Clay's luvigorator" for some
time, I am exceedingly pleased with the results obtained from
it. As an Exhibitor I have used it upon most sorts of Vege-
tables with great sdvuntage ; also upon many sorts of Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Pot
Strawberries, Chrysanthemums. &c. For Lawns it has a quick
and beneficial effect. For Amateurs and those with small
gardens, where there is a difficulty in obtaining stable or farm-
yard manure, your "Invigorator" ought to be of special value,
as it is clean in use, easy of application, and reasonable in
price.— Yours respectfully, J. GILMOUR, Gardener to the
Right Hon. G. J. GOSCHEN, M.P.

Sold by Seedsmen, florists, and Nurserymen, or direct from the
Works, in 6d. and la. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:—
7 lbs. 14 lbs. 28 lbs. 56 lbs. 112 Its.

2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s.

The above Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag,
and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth
of each Bag.

A Sample Packet will be sent post-free on receipt of
One Shilling by the MANUFACTURER—

Marsh Island, Stratford New Town, London, E.
NO CONNECTION with ANY OTHER FIRM

TO N TJRSER YMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Pcotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

ID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; 5 for 47s. id.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. id.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. id.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, Sec, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. id.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. id. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.

All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.

SpecialTermstotheTrade. GARDES STICKS of all descriptions

For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— Trie Forester,

JOYDEM WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse, Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allotherGarden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.

The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

The STOTT

HORTICULTURAL SPECIALITIES.

PATENT SYRINGES.

Large Size, 21s. ; Ladies Size, 19s. 6d.

KILLMRIGHT,

BEST Insecticide for Destruction of Caterpillars and
all InEect Pests, and Prevention of Mildew.

FEEDMRIGHT,

BEST Fertiliser for Roses, Chrysanthemums, and
Tomatos.

Pi ice Lists of all oar Specialities and Testimonials on

Application .

Zoological Society's Gardens, Regent's Park, London, N.W.

22ud July, 1861.
The Stott Fertiliser and Insectide Co., Limited.

Gentlemen,— I am much pleased with your Insecticide,
Killmright. I have had two 1Mb tins, and given it a fair
trial on various insects, and must compliment you on its
efficacy. It is the best Insecticide I have ever used, and the
cheapest, which says a great deal for it for dipping plants for
aphis, scale, thrips, &c. As your directions say, it is imme-
diate death to all, with no bad effect on the most tender
plants. I mean to get your Syringe, &c, and use no other
Insecticide.

P.S.—I have recommended your Killmright to a lot of my
friends, who are greatly pleased with it. — Yours faithfully,

J. YOUNG, Head Gardener to the above Society, &c.
Highest Award, Spraying Competition, Crystal Palace Horti-
cultural Appliances Exhibition.

Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen ; Wholesale and Retail
from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Manchester.

FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &o„

On CARRIAGE DRIVES,
GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS,

WALLS, STONEWORK, &c.
Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No Smell.

One application will keep the Wa,k3 and Drives
clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.

Mr. \\\ G.;Head, Crystal Palace, says :—'* We are so satisfied
with your composition and its price that we have used it abso-
lutely. I have every confidence in recommending it."

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge, says: — "There can be no question with regard to its
efficacy."

Prices : —In 1 and 2-gallon Tins, 2s. per gal. (Tins included) ;
in 5-gallon Drums, Is. 6d- per gallon. 10 and 15-gallon
Drumn, Is. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger
quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gala, and upwards.

t^° Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty-five ga'lons
of water.

For particulars of ANTI FUNGI POWDER for TOMATO
DISEASE, ZINC LABEL, INK, GARDEN MANURES, WORM
KILLER, &c, write to the Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers,

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY,

Tunbridge, Kent;
and Carlton Street, Bolton, Lancashire.

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure wheu
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. 6d. per box. All Seedsmeu
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6, Maryleport Street, Bristol.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
405. ; 4-bushel bags, Id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. id. per sack ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 5». per sack, 5 sacks, 22s.; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel; 15s. per half
ton ; 26s. per ton, in 2-bushel bags. id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD, Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. id. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H G SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard), W.C.

15(3

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

STRAWBERRIES.

For the Best Flavoured, see

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO. S LIST.

For the Best Forcing Kinds,
For the Largest Fruited, see

C. B. & CO.'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

For the Hardiest Villa Garden Sorts,
For ample Cultural Notes, see

CEORCE BUNYARD & CO.'S

LIST of SUMMER FRUITS, Free by Post.

THE OLD NURSERIES,

MAIDSTONE, KENT,

And buy the Best forts and Best Plants from them.

FERNSaSPECIAUTY.

The finest, most varied, choice and interesting collection in
the Trade. HOG species and varieties of stove, greenhouse, and
hardy Ferns. Partially Descriptive Catalogue, including com-
prehensive List of useful Gardening Books, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, ONESHILLiNGandSiXPENCE, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY. SALE, MANCHESTER.

"CARNATION-LIZZIE McCOWAN."

The Best Pure White Carnation ever introduced. Flowers
fine and large, pure white, and beautifully fimbriated; the
most free-fluwering variety known. Very valuable for Cut
Flower purposes, as the buds do not burst.

Strong small plants, now ready. Price, 3s. 6d. each; 30s. do/..
Orders executed in strict rotation.

PITCHER & MANDA,
The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent

AGENCE GENERALE HOKTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.
Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.
Cablegrams — Strecker, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1J Year).

Phice, 12s. 6d. peb 100.
SAMPLES FREE O.V APPLICATION.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE
JACKMANII.

The flowers are paper-white, about the same size as those of
the old purple Jackmanii, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is unmallnd for beds, and also for climbing. Ready
in August. 7s. Qd. each.

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distiuct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
6s. to 10s. 6rf. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out,
also BEDDING PLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS,

DOUBLE ROMAN AND PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS,
LILIUM HA.RRISII and other Bulbs for Early Forcing

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

Beg to announce they have received their usual Consignments of

THE ABOVE VALUABLE BULBS FOR EARLY FORCING,

And will be pleased to receive Orders for immediate delivery.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

THE COTTAGER'S CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS.

Post-free 3^d. ; 25 Copies, 6 .; 50, 10s.; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C.

FloW ET^S, ,T*E l\tf S ,
U^T^,T\iJ it SjVeg ejab les\

To i^ JllUsti\ati hJe ©oo^sJnevv'spap Eh\s,
(^ta.losUes 5^t\d\7ei\tisinI6.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

THE PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Strand,

LONDON. W.C.

1891.

Please send me " The Gardenebs' Cheoniclb " for _
commencing ,for which I enclose P.O.O.

Months,

®* Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for to advance. Jt

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15s.; 6 Months, 7s. 6d. ; 3 Months, 3s. 9d. ; Post-free,

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. id. for 12 Months. India and China, 19s. 6<i.

Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for.

P. 0. 0. to be made payable at the Post Office,
No. 42, DRURY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN.

Cheques should be crossed " DRUMMOND."

G. C,

Aug. 8, 1891.

August 8, 1891.]

THE GARDENER S' CHR ONI CLE.

157

SOW NOW for
SPRING FLOWERING.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA I Foreet rne-Nots

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA ALBA f *orget me *ow
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA
SILENE PENDULA COMPACTA ALBA
WALLFLOWER, Cranford Golden Beauty
WALLFLOWER, Graham's Blood Red
WALLFLOWER, choice double German
STOCKS, Brompton and East Lothian
PAPAVKR NUMCAULE ) The favourite Iceland
„ „ ALBUM > Ponnies

„ „ MINIATUM ) roppies.

PRIMROSE, choice hybrids
POLYANTHUS, choice mixed and gold-laced
PANSIES, choice show and fancy strains
VIOLAS, in separate colours

Per packet 6d., Is., and Is. 6c/., post-free; or in larger quantities.

By making sowings of above now. beautiful displays may be
obtained next Spring.

For all other FLOWER SEEDS see CATALOGUE,
Bent post-free, on application to —

Dicksohs&^Chester

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
BENJAMIN RIMBAUD,

Bulb Grower,
ftuartier du Temple, Toulon (Var), France

(The largest Bulb Grower in the South of France).
Offers—
EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS GRANDIFLORA and other

NARCISSUS.

LILIUM CANDIDUM. FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA.

And all other Specialties of South of France.

Seeds and Plants of

CARNATIONS MAKGARITVE and other CARNATIONS.

PRICE LIST on application to the

London Agents : —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD & SON.

25, Savage Gardens, Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

WANT RUNNER PLANTS

of the following

STRAWBE R RIES.

MUST BE TRUE TO NAME.

LATEST OF ALL.

DR. HOGG.

FLTON PINE.

ELEANOR or OXONIAN.

BRITISH QUEEN.

PRINCESS ALICE.

PAULINE.

JAMES VEITCH.

LOXFORD HALL SEEDLING.

SIR C. NAPIER.

WATERLOO.

PRESIDENT.

LA GROSSE SUCREE.

COUNTS.

BLACK PRINCE.

THOMAS MANNERING,

HIGH STREET. FAKNINGHAM. KENT.

To fchfl Trjirlfi

PTERIS TREMULA, line' stuff in 60's, fit
for potting on ; also good stuff in 4S's. Special quota-
tions on application.

H. B. MAY. Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton.
N.B.— H. B. M. invites inspection of his immense Stock of
FERNS, which is unequalled in the trade. Railway stations :
Angel Road (.main line), and Silver Street (suburbanite), G.E.R.

Bulbs-Early Forcing

B.S. WILLIAMS & SON'S

Well Ripened and Heavy Bulbs of

ROMAN HYACINTHS,

Early White, from 5 inches to 5J inches
in circumference.

PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS,

From 5 inches to 6 inches in
circumference.

DOUBLE ROMAN NARCISSUS,

From 5 inches to 6i inches in
circumference.

LILIU'M CANDIDUM,

PURE WHITE,
Extra strong. Early orders solicited.

LILIUM HARRISII,

Very fine Bulbs.

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES,

UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

s/Afmr

JSAf

A MNO UN C EM EN T.

ROYAL BOTANIC CARDENS,

REGENT'S PARK, N.W.

THE GREAT CONTEST

FOR

DINNER TABLE DECORATION,

Pronounced the Most Beautiful
and Perfect ever seen.

There is no one so well known for her almost
unbroken success amongst the most important
exhibitors, for artistically arranging fkwers for
the best effect on the dinner table, as Miss
Hassell, although beaten on this occasion by
S. Spalding, Esq., of South Darenth, and
W. L. Buster, Esq., of St. Mary Cray, all in
Kent, who were first, second, and third, respec-
tively, amongst thirteen competitors.

All, or nearly all, of the flowers used on the
above occasion, and for years, by the three
successful competitors above mentioned from our
nurseries (particularly Miss Hassell, who is loud
in pronouncing her long-continued success is
mainly due to the lovely flowers supplied by us).
This little revelation at once shows another
instance of the completeness and the importance
of our establishments for everything required
for the garden.

H. GANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY and EYNSFORD,

KENT.

THEj

(Sawtenm' djtamrte.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 8, 1891.

FRUIT PACKING.

TT is certain that there is still much to be
-*- learned in respect to methods of treating
Apples and other fruits in order to preserve
them for market. The importance of the subject
from a chemical standpoint has been acknow-
ledged by Professor F. H. Storer, who has
endeavoured to answer the question, " What
would be the best treatment for Apples and
other fruits before (as well as after) packing, to
pi event decay ? "

The necessity of handling fruit gently and of
keeping it cool and not too dry is generally
recognised, and it is known, too, that in so far
as may be possible it will be well to shield fruit
from "germs" which infest the air. But the
question how best to put these ideas into prac-
tice is still open, and not a little complex.

An Apple or any other fruit is really a living
thing. No matter how ripe it may be, it is still
alive, and undergoing progressive physiological
changes, which are like to those which occur in
plants and animals. Long after it has been
plucked from the tree, the Apple continues to
develop and to ripen, until it has passed through
the seven ages which the poet tells of, and has
run out a term of life which may justly enough
be compared with the threescore years and ten
which span our human existence. It is hardly
to be supposed that it would be possible wholly
to arrest this natural course of life of the ripen-
ing Apple, as a means of preserving it in an
edible condition. To stop the life-action of the
fruit would cause its death, and death would be
followed by chemical changes which could hardly
fail to alter in some way the texture and flavour
of the materials of which the fruit is composed.
The rapidity of the change would very greatly
depend upon external circumstances.

It is true enough that, by keeping the Apple
cool, it may be made to ripen with extreme slow-
ness, and thus be granted a long lease of life.
This is done to-day in many fruit-preserving
establishments; and it is to be noted that,
besides putting off, as it were, old age and decre-
pitude, the method of refrigeration has the
further merit of keeping quiet, or inactive, the
microscopic organisms which cause decay.

In cases where refrigeration is impracticable,
the aim should be to shield the fruit from the
attacks of the microscopic organisms just re-
ferred to. Many kinds of Apples — the Russet,
for example — are tolerably well protected already
by tough, and, as it were, varnished skins, which
act as armour to repel the pigmy foe. Every-
one knows, for that matter, how much more
quickly decay sets in when the skin of the Apple
is broken, or even bruised, than when the skin is
whole. Since the air of most localities, and
especially of fruit-rooms badly ventilated, con-
tains many germs of the organism which causes

158

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

decay, some slight advantage is probably gained
by keeping fruit covered in order to prevent the
germs from falling upon it. The putting of
fruit into boxes or barrels, the burying of it in
sand, or the mere throwing upon it of a layer of
straw, or a clean cloth, or some boards, probably
helps to shield it. But care must be taken not
to pack or cover up fruit in such wise that
the conditions shall be favourable for its sweat-
ing, for whenever moisture is deposited upon
fruit, decay is greatly favoured. It is not well
either to leave fruit lying in great heaps or to
pack it in very large boxes, lest heat enough be
developed to hasten the ripening and to bring
on decay, the germs which attach themselves to
the fruit gathering strength from the favourable
conditions which surround it.

One fundamental trouble is that there are
always some germs or microbeselinging to the fruit
itself when it is taken from the tree, which are ready
to avail themselves of any circumstances, such
as a conjunction of moisture and warmth, which
may be helpful for their development. If it were
but possible to " sterilise " fruit completely,
namely, to free it from all adhering germs, it
would be a comparatively easy matter to hinder
decay by keeping fruit in receptacles to which
air should have no access until it had been
filtered or made to pass through some disinfect-
ing or germicide liquid.

Indeed, a layer of cotton-wool placed upon
fruit that had been completely freed from
organisms — supposing it were practically pos-
sible thus to free it — would be sufficient to pre-
vent it from rotting. The great difficulty in
this matter is to get a fair start.

It is not'improbable that some antiseptic agents
may one day be discovered, which when applied
directly to fruit may serve a useful purpose for
killing the attached germs and for retarding
decay. But there will be needed agents
which while killing the peccant microbes
shall not kill at the same time the living
cells of which the fruit itself consists. A useful
approximation to this suggested system of anti-
septics and coverings is seen to-day in the use of
silt-marsh hay, which acts fairly well for pre-
serving fruits that are packed in it. This mate-
rial has the advantage of being both hygroscopic
and germicide in some small degree.

For fruits which are liable to begin to decay
at the core, as happens with many Tears, it is
well to smear the ends of the stems with melted
wax, or with a hardening varnish, to prevent the
entrance of microbes through this unprotected
inlet. J. J, Willis, Harpenden.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

ODONTOGLOSSUM HENNISII, Bolfe, n.sp*
This is a very elegant and pretty little Odonto-
glossum, sent to Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth
& Co., of Heaton, Bradford, and of Clapham, by

" Odontoglossum Hamisii, n. sp.— Psendobulbs densely
tufted, ovoid-oblong, subcompres<ed, 1£ inches long. Leaves
oblanceolate-linear, acute, 4—6 inches long, 13—10 lines broad.
Scape 8 inches high, 6-flowered. Bracts lanceolate, acute]
2 lines long. Pedicels 1 inch long. Sepals spreading, lanceo-
late, acuminate, a little more than 1 inch long, yellow, with a
large brown area near the base and another about the middle.
Petals rather smaller, yellow, with several brown spots in the
middle and three or four brown lines near the base. Lip free
unguis 2 lines long, limb spreading, three-lobed, 10 lines long
by 8 lines broad ; side lobes rounded, denticulate j front lcbe
triangular-ovate, very acuminate; disc with numerous slendfr
somewhat branched filaments from 1 to 2* lines loDg ; ground
colour white.jthe front lobe reddish-brown, also'the basal part
of the disc and a few spots of the same colour on the margin of
the side lobes. Column clavate, 7 lines long, yellowish-while,
wings brown, nearly entire, the triangular acute apex slightly
denticulate. Native of Peru or Ecuador. B. A. Rolfe.

their collector, Mr. W. HeDnis, from the southern
part of the Andes, either Peru or Ecuador. In size
and colour it closely resembles O. odoratum, Lindl.,
but its real affinity is with 0. crinitum, Rchb. f., as
the shape of the lip is very similar in the two, while
both possess a peculiar bearded crest, consisting of
numerous filiform or thread-like hairs. O. crinitum
is a native of New Granada, and has a very zigzag
rachis with very rigid spreading distichous bracts,
and the flowers rather crowded, while in our novelty
the rachis is nearly straight, the flowers larger, and
far more distant, and the bracts different. In 0.
crinitum also the crest is more densely bearded. It
is a very interesting and attractive little plant.
Ii. A. lio/fe.

ASH ANALYSIS OF WHITE
C4LOBE ONIONS.

Fkom several barrels of White Globe Onions grown
at Green's Farms were selected twenty-two bulbs of
fair sizp, which weighed five pounds and one ounce.

After drying and pulverising them, a weighed
sample of the powdered material was burned with
the usual precautions, and the ash submitted to
analysis with the following results : —

Per Cent. Composition of the Pure Ash.
[Station No. 3005 ]

Potash 43-49

Soda 126

Lime 10-S7

Magnesia 4-46

Oxide of irou 1-07

Phosphoric Acid 19*03

Sulphuric Acid lb'.iS

Chlorioe 2*38

Sand and^Silica 1"96

Deduct oxygen equivalent to chlorine

100'53
,. -53

The fresh Onions contain '27 per cent, of nitrogen
and "-18 per cent, of pure ash.

From these" data are calculated the quantities of
these ingredients contained in one ton, 2000 pounds
of Onions as follows : —

Nitboseh and Mineral Matter in One Ton of
Onions (Bulbs).

Nitrogen 270 pounds.

Phosphoric Acid -92

Potash 9Q9

Soda -oti ,,

Lime -52

Magnesia -21 ,,

Oxide of iron -05 ,,

Sulphuric Acid -77 1(

Chlorine -n

Sand and Silica -09 ,,

American Bulletin,

FRANgOIS LEGUAT AND HIS
PLANTS.

(Continu d from p. 96.)
There is at Rodriguez, as also in the lie de France
and at Bourbon, a shrub which may be said to be
the finest of all the Brambles. At the He de France
I was told that they call it Bois de Sentier,* because
no one can approach it without feeling the pricks of
its spines, with which the stem, the leaves, and the
fruits are bristling. At Bourbon it is named
Cadoque. It is absolutely the same as that which
is named Caretti, in the second volume of the Hortus
Malabar icus—In\mboy, at Brazil, according to Marc-
grave, Liv. i. ? chap. 8, and the Bon Due of the great
species, by other modern naturalists. I have seen
them in our islands grow to a height of 7 or 8 feet.
The seed of the Caretti of Rodriguez is larger than
that of the two other islands ; its colour of dark grey
predominates over the white, whereas at Bourbon
and in the Isle of France it is nearly green. In fact
at Rodriguez it has a flattened elliptical shape, and
in the other islands that of an elongated ellipsoid.
This seed is a very good vermifuge ; the wood and
root in decoction form a good sudorific. It may be

" Bois de Sentier. Scutia Commersonii. Cadoc or Bonduc,
Caesalpinia Bonducella.

added that in our islands this tree is a sovereign
remedy for gonorrhoea, however virulent; some
people extend its virtues even to other veneieal
diseases. I have opened many iruits of the Bonduc.
I have always found two seeds, never room for a
third. I have never seen this shrub in blossom.

That which I am told in Rodriguez is called Bois
Hollandois,* is a very small tree or shrub, from 4 to
5 feet in height, including its branches; the leaf
resembles somewhat that of a Peach ; it is a bright
green, and of agreeable aspect. These trees form small
forests, very inconvenient to pass through, or, I
should say, traverse. Their stems, although small,
are very tough, and I am told that the wounds which
they occasion to those breaking through them are
extremely dangerous. I have not seen them in
blossom or fruit.

The Bois de Cannelle t is a handsome shrub, not
even so high as the Bois Hollandois ; it only puts
forth leaves at the extremity of its branches, in a
way that it appears like the hand of a man. At the
extremity of each branch is a bunch of leaves ;
these leaves are of a very fine bright green, and
coated with a species of gum. The wood is aromatic,
and very good, it is said, for baths. In addition,
this shrub no more resembles the Cinnamon (can-
nelier) than does the Bois d'Olive to the veritable
Olive tree. M. l'Abbe de la Caille {Journal His-
torique, p. 226) speaks of another Bois de Cannelle,
which I have not recognised.

The Box } of Rodriguez, forms a very fine shrub ; it
otherwise appears to me to resemble absolutely our
own, excepting that the fruit of that of Rodriguez
has not the species of {pied de marmite) tripod which
is remarkable in ours, the three points, which
form three feet, being close together, and nearly
touching near the heart or eye of the fruit.

There is another shrub closely resembling the
preceding. I have, indeed, been deceived by it at
first sight. I have been surprised by the facility
with which I pulled off the branches. Scarcely had
I lifted with a knife some part of the bark when my
fingers were found as if bleeding. I have thought
I had been wounded. On washing them in a neigh-
bouring rivulet, there did not appear the least sign
of a wound. The outer skin of this Boxwood, if I
may use the term, covers a thicker skin, filled with
a sort of gum, very sticky ; the juice of this gum was
red, its odour resinous, and very strong. It is said
that this shrub becomes a tree, and that then its
leaves resemble more nearly those of the Box ; it is
also said that its flowers have a very sweet smell.

Rodriguez, besides, produces Sugar-canes, Mustard
plants, whose leaves we eat in the shape of Spinach ;
pepper in Pimento, and especially small pepper,
called Piment du Diable,§ or Piment enrage, on
account of its hotness ; Patates (a species of Con-
volvulus), which some call Patates ;'i Durand, whose
young leaves applied within to ulcers are an excellent
suppurative, as I have myself experienced ; but applied
without are, I am told, a sovereign desiccative.
Sow-thistle ; Purslain, which is not regarded as
wholesome, contrary to the authority of Francois
Leguat, who valued it highly ; Scolopendria, whose
fronds are 4 or 5 feet long, without being jagged ;
Capillaires, Prickly Poppies, Poppies, Chiendent, To-
bacco; a tree, rather nice, from which they served us its
leaves, |! cooked like Spinach, under the name of
Senna leaves, which name sufficed to disgust me
with the dish, although I was persuaded that it was
not the veritable Senna ; in short, the island pro-
duces an infinity of other trees, shrubs, and plants,
among which I am assured that there are only two
which can be regarded as dangerous. I could not
ascertain their names. I felt much difficulty in
defining the first of these two poisons. It is a
species of Dlthymale, which has not any leaves, or, as

* Bois Hollandois. What can this be?

t Bois de Cannelle. Laurus cupularis, or Oreodaphne ? •

I Buis = Murraya exotica.

$ Piment petit —Capsicum frutescens. Gros Piment=C
cordiforme.

II Probably MoriDga pterygosperma, or Brede morounge,
cultivated and eaten as Spinach.

August S, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

159

one might say, whose leaves are cylindrical, 2 or
3 inches long, of the thickness of a line. Each leaf
or each stalk is terminated by a sort of dome, which
is not thicker than the circumference of the stalk ;
above this dome is produced a button, which encloses
apparently the germ of the flower and of the fruit.
The milk of this plant deprives one of eyesight if
touched by it, and it is added that the milk of the
woman is the only remedy known to recover the sight.

The other dangerous plant is a poison properly
so-called, its trunk is about the thickness of a
Briar, it grows to 3 or 4 feet above the ground, it
cannot support its branches, and attaches them, if
it can, to trees and neighbouring shrubs, otherwise
it leaves them to fall and creep on the ground ;
the leaves have some resemblance to those of the
Orange, except that they are more rounded above.
By stripping the leaves, the bark, and even the wood
and roots of this tree, they extract a juice which is
an extremely prompt poison. I have not seen at
Rodriguez any flower like that of which Francois
L°guat speaks. (Vol. i. p. 109.*)

This is all that the Abbe Pingrej tells us of the
flora of Rodriguez during his stay there, and it is
interesting as a small contribution towards the
chronological history of the plants in the Mascarene
Islands. Perhaps some contributor to the Gardeners'
Chronicle may help to identify some of those plants

FlG. 20. — "HEN AND CHICKENS'* FORGET-ME-NOT, MTOSOTIS
VICTORIA, ENLARGED VERTICAL SECTION OF A FLOWER.

Section through the centre of the terminal flower ; oi:e of Ihe
side branches beariDg the "chickens" is shown springing
from the axil of a leaf, below the terminal flower.

which the astronomer observed, especially the two
last-named, which have poisonous qualities attri-
buted to them. S. P. Oliver.

(To be continued.)

According to M. Ernst Benary, of Erfurt, who sent
it out in 1886, and who has obligingly supplied us
with information concerning it, it was raised in
Germany, and is " presumed to have sprung " from
M. alpestris robusta grandiflora (Eliza Fonrobert), a

MYOSOTIS VICTORIA.

The " Hen and Chickens " Forget-me-Not, of
which we give illustrations, is of special interest just
now when the question of the inheritance, or other-
wise, of mallormations is attracting so much atten-
tion among scientists. Its history is also curious.

* This is the flower, white as a Lily, and like a Jessamine,
■which Professor Balfour supposes to have been some kind of
Orchid, which ha? probably become extinct.

Fig. 19.-

1 HEN AND CHICKENS FOR'.ET ME NOT.
MYOSOTIS VICTORIA.

eight, nine, or ten sepals, as many petals, stamens,
and ovary-lobes, the styles of which latter are united
so as to form a tube through which passes an
abortive and rudimentary secondary flower (median
prolilication). It would thus appear as if each o
the lateral parts of the flower were divided by lateral
branching, or " chorisis," so that the number of
parts in each floral ring or whorl is increased, while
the whorls themselves are not augmented.

In the accompanying figures, fig. 19 shows the
extreme tip of one of the branches. In it the
"hen-and-chicken " arrangement is well shown, the
" hen " being represented by the central or terminal
compound flower, from beneath whose sheltering
protection emerge the side branches with the
" chickens," or lateral flowers, each with their ten
segments.

Fig. 20 is an enlarged vertical section through the
central flower, Gl indicating the glands or processes
which form so conspicuous a feature in the flowers
of all the species of Myosotis and other Borage Worts.

Fig. 21 shows a ground plan of the same com-
posite flower, and makes it evident that there is an
outer ring consisting of several confluent flowers,
the ring surrounding five other centres of growth
arranged around the central axis. The structure is
therefore complicated and curious, the most inte-
resting features being its reproduction from seed,
which is now known to have occurred during several

Showing the extremity of the main stem, with the central
flower, and the lateral racemes, in which the flowers have
ten-lobed corollas, &c. (see text;.

name so formidable that we do not wonder the plant
is a deformity ! It was fully described in Mr.
Benary 's list of novelties in 1886, and again in his
general catalogue for 1886-1S87. "It comes quite
true from seed."

Last year and this the plant was shown at the
Royal Horticultural Society by Mr. W. Marshall
from his garden at Bexley, where it originated no
one knows how amongst plants of ordinary M.
alpestris. Mr. Marshall did not, so far as he knows,
receive seeds from Germany or elsewhere. The
plant received a First-class Certificate when last
6hown under a name which it is desirable not to
perpetuate, as that of " Victoria " has clearly the
right of precedence. Mr. Jones, gr. to Edmund
Hyde, Esq , of Ealing, kindly contributes the fol-
lowing information as to its culture : — " The plants
grow about 5 to 6 inches in height, forming compact
little bushes covered with flowers. Ours have
received the same treatment as the old variety
dissitiflora. It is quite hardy, having with-
stood the late severe winter without any pro-
tection whatever. I consider it a valuable
variety." It is certainly a pretty form, and one well
worth growing, but its chief interest, as we have said
is botanical. We will allude to some of the prin-
cipal points. The stem is as thick as a swan-quill,
compressed, hollow in the interior. The leaves are
sessile, oblong, scattered, and from the axil of each
of the uppermost ones proceeds a stalked and coiled
raceme (see fig. 19). In fact, instead of, as in the
ordinary Forget-me-not, having a single curved cymose
inflorescence, with the flowers on one side, there is
here a compound inflorescence, consisting of several
lateral flower- stalks, each with a coiled raceme, or
rather, racemose cyme at the top. The main stalk
ends in a mass of flowers, forming a terminal head or
ring, in which the parts are so inextricably confused
that it is difficult to ascertain either their numbers or
their relative relation. In the ground plan the artist
has succeeded in giving an intelligible explanation
(figs. 20, 21). So far then we seem to have a case
of fasciation, together with fusion, or running
together of several of the upper flowers into one
mass, somewhat similar to the cup-shaped flower so
common in some seasons in the Foxglove.

But this compounding and branching of the inflo-
rescence is not so remarkable as the construction
of the individual flowers. Each flower, in fact, has

><— >r-^ n

^ / s

<j^' <rv-^ [vj/j yf ^o_

7%( §f\

FIG. 21.—" HEN AND CHICKENS " FORGET-ME-NOT, MTOSOTIS
VICTORIA, A GROUND PLAN OF A FLOWER MAGKIFIED,
THE BLACK CRESCENTIC LINES REPRESENT PETALS CUT
ACROSS.

years, and its possible spontaneous origin in a garden
at Bexley, as well as in Germany.

The plant would form a most interesting subject
for a botanist with time and patience at his disposal
to examine the course of development of the flowers
ab initio, and also the arrangement of the vascular
bundles from below upwards. By such an investiga-
tion the true explanation of the peculiarities here
mentioned might be arrived at.

For those who do not care to pry into secrets, the
unravelling of which demands special knowledge as
well as patience, we commend the flower for its
beauty alone. In a genus containing so many lovely
members, we will not venture to say that this is of
surpassing merit, but, at any rate, it is beautiful and
desirable for variety sake, quite independently of its
remarkable structure.

160

THE GARDE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

For the specimens whence our notes are taken, we
are indebted ;to Mr. W. Marshall, the Chairman of
the Floral Committee, and to Edmund Hyde, Esq.
M. T. M.

IRISE S.

Beautiful as many of the Orchids are, they have
very close rivals in some of the Irises, for what can
be more lovely than the different varieties of these,
following on, as they do, in long- continued succes-
sion ? The first to come into Bower in quantity is
I. germanica, which is very hardy, and will grow
almost anywhere ; but the situation most suitable
for it is an open sunny one, and where they have
plenty of root moisture. The way, I think, in which
these Irises do best, and are most easily managed, is
in masses by themselves, as then the numerous spikes
of blooms, of such varied colours, intermingle and
make a fine show.

When the growths of the plants become too much
crowded, as they soon do, it is an easy matter to pull
them up where they are crowded ; or lift the whole
lot and replant. If this is decided on, the ground
should be deeply dug, and be well dressed with rotten
mannre. Beds or borders that are left as they
are should have a rich top-dressing every spring
before the plants start into growth, as, like many
other perennials, Irises soon get their crowns or
rhizomes high above the soil. Following close on
the heels of the German kinds come the Spanish,
which are very beautiful flowers with rich colours
and shades of colour. Unfortunately, these are not
so hardy and enduring as Iris germanica, but there
is no difficulty whatever in growing them, as in ordi-
nary light and dry soils they may safely be left with-
out protection, and in such as are not favourable,
they should be taken up and stored during winter,
as they are bulbous-rooted, and keep well in sand.

Iris Ksempferi produces gorgeous flowers, but to grow
them well they should be so planted that their roots
can descend into moisture-holding soil near a pond
side, or at the sides of a stream, but in most gardens
it is necessary to afford them frequent watering.
The way to increase Iris Kaitnpferi is by division,
and they also come readily from seed, plants flower-
ing freely at a year old, if raised early in spring.
The English Iris are also veiy showy, and have
bulbous roots, of a larger size than those of the
Spanish, the plants, too, being of stronger growth,
with bigger, longer, and broader leaves than those of
the Spanish. They grow freely in any ordinary garden
soil, and when once planted are best left very much
to themselves. J. Sheppard,

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ODONTOGLOSSUM MULUS HOLFORDIANUM.
Notwithstanding the fact that collectors had been
in the cool regions of New Granada and seen the
plants thriving under conditions so very different to
those they were subjected to at home, nothing
appears to have been said by them relative to this
matter; this was the great drawback to the estab-
lishing of South American Orchids in our collections,
and it was not until after the year 1850 that the
observations of Warscewicz upon this very subject
bore fruit, in an experiment which was carried out
in the establishment of the late Messrs. Thomas
Jackson & Son, at Kingston in Surrey, who started
a cool Orchid house, and many were the doubts and
fears expressed for the plants therein through the
first winter ; but they came through well, and the
example set soon bpcame common in the land. It
was the first cool house that ever existed in this
country, and in it were saved and flowered many of
the last discoveries'of Warscewicz. * * * In its native
home O. mulus Holfordianum occupies a wide range,
and is found at between 7000 and 9000 feet eleva-
tion, so that it is a thoroughly cool plant. It re-
quires to be potted in well-drained receptacles, using
for soil, peat that has b°en well beaten to remove

the earthy parts, and to this may be added some
chopped sphagnum moss, the whole to be made very
firm and hard. The plant should be elevated a
little above the rim of the pot, and during the
growing season an abundant supply of water will be
necessary, but in the dull winter months less should
be given; yet at no time in the year should the
plant be dried. Care and attention must be given
these plants during the hot summer months, as we
have found this species and its near allies to be ex-
tremely subject to the attacks of thrips and red-
spider_ — the first, doubtless, encouraged by want
of ventilation, and the second through the atmo-
sphere being kept too dry. Orchid Album, vol. ix.,
part 108.

Masdevallia macbuba

grows naturally at some 6.000 or 7,000 feet elevation,
and at this altitude, where Masdevallias exist in great
quantities, the atmosphere is much rarefied and the
temperature very cool. The usual state under which
the Masdevallias of New Granada grow we are told
is frequent and heavy rains for nearly the whole year,
and dense fogs, with the temperature in the morning
about at freezing point. To imitate such conditions
under artificial treatment is almost a matter of im-
possibility, but we have found that these plants thrive
best under the very coolest treatment ; in the very
hottest part of the year the thermometer should not
exceed 70°, and even a few degrees lower would be
better. To effect this proper care should be given to
shading from the sun by keeping the atmosphere well
charged with moisture and by giving a proper amount
of air. This treatment in a lean-to house with a
northern aspect will result in giving plants with
clean healthy leaves, and in due season an abundance
of flowers. Masdevallias will succeed well with
many species of Odontoglossums, such as O. trium-
phans, O. Hallii, O. crispum, &c , but when a large
collection is aimed at we would always recommend a
separate structure for their maintenance. This plant,
being a large and vigorous grower, thrives best in a
pot, which should be nearly filled with drainage, and
for soil use a little peat fibre and chopped sphagnum
moss, pressing it down firmly, but not using a great
quantity of mould about its roots. Masdevallias
grown under the above conditions will not require so
much attention to keep them free from thrips as
when subjected to more heat, but care must be con-
tinually given to prevent the accumulation of insects
upon them. The worst that can be allowed to gain
a footing are the red and black thrips, as they leave
large black marks upon the under side of the leaves
which cannot be eradicated. Orchid Album, vol. ix.,
part 108.

Phajus Humbloti

Is in flower in many varieties in Messrs. Sanders'
Orchid establishment at St. Albans, and is an
exceedingly useful Orchid for flowering at this season
of the year. The plants seems to grow very freely
in a house where the temperature was not very high
when I saw them — about the last days of July ;
indeed, it could not be, as the day was cold, with no
sunshine, and none of the Orchid-houses were arti-
ficially heated. Being an importation from Mada-
gascar, and found growing in the shade of trees, the
plants require shade from bright sunshine, and the
collector, M. Leon Humblot, after whom this species
was named, stated that it was in a moist state at the
roots all the year round. It does not form pseudo-
bulbs like some Orchids, and it would, therefore, be
a mistake to dry it off. The upright spikes of
flowers show well above the broad, deep green leaves ;
the sepals and petals are of various shades of rosy-
purple, and the spikes seem to be just the thing for
the centre of medium-sized vases of cut flowers.
J.D.

Catasetum callosum.

Dr. Lindley figures and describes in the Botanical
Register, 1841, t. 5, five very singular looking
species of Catasetum, and amongst them C
callosum. A few years later C. callosum grandi-
florum is also figured in the Botanical Maqazine,
t. 4219. Sir Wm. Hooker likens the flowers of this
plant "to the body and legs of a great spider."

This plant is now in flower in Messrs. Sanders'
nursery at St. Albans. I thought it was one of the
most singular-looking Orchids I ever saw ; the
sepals and petals are of a dull reddish-purple ; the
pointed lip, dark green at the base, is terminated
with a reddish-purple blotch, the green part being
furnished with crimson spots. The form of the
flowers is extremely curious. Another form of it is
figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 6648, with
brown sepals and petals, and the lip differing slightly
by being of an uniform green colour, and speckled
with red. Associated with it was C. Bungerothi,
which produces male and female blossoms on the
same plant. Cycnoches chlorochilum also formed
an interesting feature in this small group of plants.
All were growing in baskets of teak, suspended
from the roof. The large yellowish flowers of this
last-named species are very striking. This class of
Orchids should not be altogether neglected for more
showy, but nothing like such interesting, plants.
J.D.

Aerides LAWEENCE.E.

This is the most handsome Aerides yet introduced
to our gardens, and like many fine things in the
Orchid family we owe its introduction to the enter-
prise of Messrs. Sander & Co., St. Albans, in 1883 ;
and there is now in flower in their nursery a dozen
beautiful varieties of this and A. Sanderianum, a
very nearly allied form. The sepals and petals are
creamy white, pure white or pale yellow, distinctly
blotched at the tips with amethyst-purple. The lip
is prolonged into a quaint horn-like spur, and the
very large flowers, rather closely set on long pendu-
lous spikes, have a grand effect at this season of the
year when Orchid flowers of any kind are so scarce.
I counted twenty-eight flowers on the longest spike,
but many more have been produced on one. The plant
is first noticed in the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1883, vo'.
xx., p. 369. The plant, described " as the best and
most beautiful Aerides ever introduced," was sold for
235 guineas at Stevens' sale rooms. It is from the
Philippine Islands, is not of difficult cultivation, and
being now moderate in price, it should be found in
every collection of Orchids. J. D.

Forestry.

LARCH CANKER.

Mr. J. B. Carbuthees has a useful article on this
subject in the last part of the Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society. The real cause of the disease
was not detected till 1859, when the late Sir Walter
Trevelyan called attention in the Gardeners' Chronicle
to his discovery of a small fungus associated with the
disease. This was submitted to Mr. Berkeley, who
wrote on the subject in our columns on Dec. 17,
1859. The subsequent observations of Wilkomm,
Hartig, Saccardo, and Marshall Ward, are sum-
marised by Mr. Carruthers. The fungus was
originally called a Peziza, but is now referred to
Dasyscypha, under the name of D. calycina var.
Trevelyani, D. calycina proper being found on the
Scotch Pine. The large fungus attacks only the
living tissues, while the form that is found on Pinus
sylvestris grows on the dead branches.

Professor Marshall Ward is of opinion that the
fungus cannot penetrate the sound bark, but infests
it only through some wound or injury, such as may
be occasioned by late frosts ; but Mr. Carruthers
finds that the spores germinate also on the uninjured
bark. Minute white cup-shaped fungi like cluster-
cups, orange inside, form the only part of the fungus
visible to the naked eye, the spawn permeating the
living bark and the young wood under it in all
directions, and availing itself of the nutritive juices
which the plant prepares for its own use. The dis-
ease is purely a local one, there being no connection '
between the disease and the roots of the tree. Each
fresh canker is caused by a Dew and independent
attack, and is entirely clue to the germination of the
spores of the fungus on the bark, " and is not
in any way the result of the physical causes

Aogust S, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1GI

which have been credited with it, such as confine-
ment, excess of moisture, cold or wet seasons, spring
frosts, except so far as these have favoured the
growth of the spore by providing the moisture neces-
sary for its germination. The only remedy possible is
to examine the young trees carefully, and at once to
burn all those found to be affected. Even il the
white cups be not present, the dark and flattened
condition of the bark indicates the presence of
the fungus, and should there be any doubt
the slightest cut with the knife will show the
very dark colour of the injured bark. This injured

Trees and Shrubs.

•

STAPHTLEA COLCHICA.

Few plants can be forced better than the above, yet
it is only here and there that it seems to be valued to
any great extent, and grown in large quantities ;
perhaps it is that the difficulty of propagation
blocks the way, or the price of the plant that
is the cause of this. However, plants suitable for
forcing may be obtained at a small cost ; and as to
the difficulty of increasing the stock, that is very

They are also increased by layers, which is a good
method to follow; and if seeds are sown soon after
they are gathered, which should always be in well-
drained pots, and stood in a frame or pit in a tem-
perature of 55°, some of the seeds will germinate in
a short time, while others may not come up for
eighteen months. When they have grown half an
inch high they may safely be pricked out in pans, or
round the rim of 6-inch pots, and put into a cold
frame till they are of a size suitable for planting oat
on borders, and on no account whatever neglected in
the matter of watering. The principal points to be

Fig. 22.— staphtlea colchica : flowers white.

portion may be cut out and burnt. Mr. Carruthers
concludes by asking whether it would not be better to
replace the Larch by other trees suitable to our climate.
From this point of view we would point out the claims
of Thuia gigantea, Thuiopsis borealis, Lawson's Cy-
press, Abies brachyphylla, Picea pungens, Sequoia
sempervirens, as each and all promising subjects,
though no doubt when cultivated on a large scale,
they too will sooner or later be attacked by
some pest or other. We congratulate Mn. J. B.
Carruthers on his very useful essay, and trust we
miy have more from his pen on the very important
subject of plant diseases.

easily surmounted, if the following directions are
carried out. If shoots that have been thoroughly
exposed to the sun be taken off in July or August,
and cut to 4 inches in length, using a sharp knife
so as to make a clean cut below a joint, placed in
light soil composed of peat and loam in equal pro-
portions, with a good sprinkling of silver-sand and
one-third good cocoa-nut fibre, the pots plunged
up to their rims in a close case in a temperature
of 60°, giving the cuttings a good watering with a
fine-rose water-can, and an occasional watering
overhead, shading them from direct sun's rays until
they have formed roots, they will root readily.

kept in view with plants that are intended to flower
before their usual time is to have the wood in a
matured condition, as insufficiently ripened wood
cannot be depended on to bloom well.

Plants for forcing can be taken out of their quar-
ters and potted any time after the leaves have fallen,
keeping them in a greenhouse before putting them
into heat. They should not be subjected to a high
temperature at first, but brought along gradually,
and when the flowers are about to open, flowering
will be prolonged if they be placed in a cooler house
to expand. When the bloom is past, all necessary
pruning may be performed, and the plants placed in

1G2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

gentle heat, giving plenty of water, and using the
syringe freely, and when a fair amount of growth has
been made they should be hardened off, and planted
out, or the pots plunged in a sunny aspect, and freely
supplied with water, and during the growing period
with liquid manure afforded occasionally.

Staphylea colchica (fig. 22) makes an admirable
shrubbery plant, being hardy, and once planted
in good soil, and full sunlight, with a clear drain-
age, it will continue to bloom year after year.
Out-of-doors the flowers are white, and the un-
expanded flower buds delicate pink, but this
disappears when the plants are grown under glass.
There is a hybrid known under the name of
S. c. CoulombieriiX, whose flowers are borne in
drooping panicles of thirty to forty flowers each,
of a larger size than those of S. colchica, nearly pure
white, and the yellow anthers just peeping above the
tips of the wavy petals. I have not seen it forced
into bloom early, but in all probability it will come
to the front as a forcer, as it opens its flowers un-
forced seven to ten days before those of S. colchica.
It is being grown in rather large numbers by conti-
nental nurserymen, but I am not aware of its being
found in any English gardens. Like colchica, it is
hardy, and has endured the rigours of the past winter
without being in anyway injured. H,

The Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum).
The bright yellow tall shrub, with rush-like
branches, that at the present time is brightening
many a crowded shrubbery, is the old Hush Broom
which has been in English gardens for over three
centuries and a half. It is common enough, but how
seldom is its value as one of the few late summer
flowering shrubs made the most of! It is generally
planted at random in the mixed shrubbery, where it
manages to thrust its head above the surrounding
crowd ; but to give full effect to it, one must have it
as an isolated mass on a lawn, accompanied by some
other shrub that groups well with it, and that flowers
at the same time! The other day I saw a fine group
of it rising out of a mass of Philadelphus speciosus,
one of the best of the Mock Oranges, and being both
in flower, I thought I had rarely seen a more showy
shrub group on a lawn at the end of July. It is a
plentiful and cheap plant in nurseries.

ClSTUS LAURIFOLIUS.

Among the rock Roses that escaped the severity
of the past winter, is this species, which is perhaps
the most beautiful of the many in cultivation, and
one that no one need hesitate to plant in any garden
where the soil is not heavy and cold, and the situa-
tion too bleak. Nothing among hardy flowers can
exceed the beauty of this Cistus when crowded with
flowers, as it has been every sunny day for the past
month. The flowers of the original form are pure
white, of satiny lustre, and 3 inches across ; but this
variety is not so striking as maculatus, which has, at
the base of each petal, a broad blotch of purple
crimson, which, with the tuft of yellow stamens,
make an exquisite harmony of colour with the deep
green of the foliage. It is a broad spreading bush
naturally, and soon reaches its full height of about
5 or 6 feet, and spreads as much across. As it
resents being crowded in a shrubbery, it should be
planted by itself in the full sun, and if the soil be
very heavy, it should be msde lighter, or planted on
a raised bed or bank. For hanging over a bold cliff
of rock, provided it has plenty of soil to grow in,
there is not a finer shrub. This Cistus, and C.
ladaniferus, are the only two that are grown in
nurseries where every tender shrub is excluded.

Cytisus nigricans.
A pretty shrub that does not seem to be known
much in nurseries, is the dwarf Broom that has been
in flower for the past fortnight in the Kew arbo-
retum. It is a deciduous shrub, growing to a height
of about 3 feet, and forming, in an open spot, a neat
compact bush, which at flowering time is crowded
with numerous erect racemes of clear yellow pea-
shaped flowers, which are afterwards succeeded by
numerous seed pods, so that the shrub is readily

propagated. I have sometimes seen it grafted
standard high on the Laburnum, and then its elegant
slender shoots, terminated by flower spikes, have a
very pretty effect. It is a native of northern Italy
and adjacent regions, and was introduced 150 years
ago, yet now it is not common. W. G.

KEW NOTE.

Lilium Grayi. — This charming little Lily, named
in honour of Dr. Asa Gray, is now flowering in the
Royal Gardens, and so far as we know for the first
time in Europe. The stems are about 3 feet in height,
bearing four to eight lanceolate leaves in whorls.
The flowers solitary, and drooping, but often three
or more on wild specimens, segments slightly
spreading, but not recurved as in its near ally L.
canadense. Flowers 1J — 2 inches long, broader in
proportion to the length than in L. canadense, deep
reddish-orange colour, covered throughout with deep
purple spots. The roots are very similar to those of
L. canadense and L. superbum. This pretty species
will no doubt improve under cultivation, and with
several instead of one flower to a stem, it will cer-
tainly be an acquisition. There is nothing in cul-
tivation quite like it, its bright colouring and dainty
drooping flowers bespeak its future popularity. D.

KEPORTS ON THE POTATO

CROP, UP TO THE END OF JULY.

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen. — Potato crops look well, but are very
late ; earliest sorts are a good crop and of good
quality ; all as yet perfectly healthy. John Forrest,
Haddo House, Aberdeen.

Ayrshire. — Potatoes look well and healthy, but
early sorts are small owing to the want of rain. The
quality, however, is first-rate, no sign of disease as
yet. W. Priest, Eglinton Gardens, Irvine.

East Lothian. — Kidney Potatos are smaller than
usual, but the quality is very fine, and free from
disease. The heavy rains of the last fortnight have
greatly improved the field varieties. James Morrison,
Archerfield, Drcm.

Early Potatos are very small, but a good

crop, owing to not having any rain to speak of for
several months. The much needed rain came yes-
terday, and, no doubt, will improve the late varie-
ties. Field Potatos are looking very well. L. Dote,
Ncwbyth, Prestonkirk, N.B.

Early crops suffering much from drought;

quality good. Late sorts and field crops are looking
remarkably well. Escaped spring frosts in this
district. R. P. Brotherston, Tyninghame, Prestonkirk.

Forfar. — The Potato crop, which is here an
important one, promises to be a good one. Early
garden Potatos, though injured by frost, are excel-
lent. In low-lying places the main crops were
frosted on June 'J, but they have recovered remark-
ably well ; the sunny weather has forwarded the
crop, and no sign of disease either in gardens or
fields. Jas. jmtton, Glamis Castle Gardens,

Banff. — Potatos, both in the gardens and fields,
are looking strong and healthy (with the exception
of Magnums and The Bruce, which have both come
up irregularly), and should yield an abundant crop.
The early varieties are a fortnight later than usual,
and are still soft and watery, but improving daily.
C. Webster, Gordon Castle, Fochabers.

Midlothian. — Potatos were slow at starting. Early
kinds were about a week behind the average in being
fit for use, and were at first rather poor in quality.
They have improved very much, and are now first-
rate in quality and quantity. No disease has yet
appeared and the tops are strong and very healthy.
Malcolm Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.

Renfrew. — The Potato crops are looking excel-
lent, I never saw them better. The harvest prospects
are a good deal brighter than last year. Henry
Maxwell, Ralston, Paisley.

Renfrew. — Early Potatos, Veitch's Ashleaf, are-
an abundant crop, and excellent quality, but rather
small owing to dry weather. Late varieties ar&
looking exceedingly well. Thomas Lunt, Ardgowan
Gardens, Greenock.

The Potato crops everywhere in this district

are most promising; the dry season has suited them;
Kidneys and Smith's Early turning up well, and nr>
signs of disease. John Methven, Blythswoud, Renfrew.

ENGLAND.- NORTHERN COUNTIES.

Northumberland. — The Potato crops look well.
We have had a dry season, with an exceptionally
late spring. Potatos and fruits are all late. I have
examined some large fields of Potatos, where about
eighteen loads of farmyard manure, with nitrate of
potash and phosphates were added, and the crop looks
splendid. George Harris, The Castle Gardens, Alnwick.

Early kinds are good in quality but not so

large as usual, owing to the severe frosts in May,
which cut them to the ground. No disease as yet.
Our best garden sorts are Old Ashleaf, Duke of
Albany, Cole's Favourite, Rivers' Early Ashleaf, and
Sutton's Ringleader. In the field they are looking
remarkably well. We are trying for the first time
a few of Mr. Findlay's (of Markinch, Fifeshire) Hy-
brids, viz., The Bruce, Lady Francis, Astonishment,
Thane of Fife, Her Majesty, and Jeannie Deans,
which are all practically disease-resisting. Thane of
Fife is a very fine sort, a good eater, and present
appearances indicate for it a popular future here.
Experiments have been tried in Belgium and France
in 1889 and 1890, with sulphate of iron and sulphate
of copper to prevent the disease. We are at present
trying the same remedy, and will be glad to let you
know the result. [Pray do so. Ed.] David Inqlis,
Howick Hall, Lesbury.

Westmoreland. — Early Potatos were cut down on
May 17 ; ours were not above ground on that date,
but were touched by the severe frost. Cottagers err
in planting too shallow, and having sets sprouted too
much. Late crops are looking well ; The Bruce looks
particularly promising. W. A. Miller, Underley,
Kirkby Lonsdale.

Durham. — Potatos were all cut down to the
ground on May 17 and 18 ; second growth is weak,
and the tubers are small. What with the earlv
frosts and dry weather, early Potatos will be very
much under the average. R. Draper, Seaham Hall,
Durham.

Yorkshire. — All early Potatos were cut down-
within the ground by the sharp frost on the nights of
May 17 and 18, when we had 13° of frost. Late
kinds, Magnum Bonum, Imperators, and Regents, are
looking healthy and well. So far no symptom of
disease has yet shown itself anywhere in this district.
Robert C. Kingston, Brant inghamthorpe, E. York.

EASTERN COUNTIES.
Lincolnshire. — Potatos are very late. Most early
varieties were cut down after they were 6 or 7 inches
high by a sharp frost on May 17, and the ground was
covered with 6 inches of snow. The early kinds are
as yet small but clean. Late varieties look pro-
mising. John Roivlands, Bardney Manor Gardens-,
Lincoln.

Suffolk. — Could not look nor promise better.
Never laid so long dormant in the ground. Many
earlies severely cut back through late frosts, but
midseason and late crops have had no check, and one
can almost see and hear them grow. No sign or sound
of disease. D. T. Fish, Hardwicie, Bury St. Edmund's.

As yet I have not seen or heard of a trace of

disease, and late Potatos around us are looking as
well as can be desired, the haulm being ample anil
yet not too strong, and the colour a healthy green.
If disease does put in an appearance at its usual
time, which is usually about now, the middle of July,
its effects will be more severe than ever ; the tops are
more succulent and less mature. The earlier kinds
have been a very poor crop, having been cut by frost,
and those that escaped have suffered from cold, the
effects of which showed itself in the curled crippled

August 8, 1891 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1G.3

foliage. The Becond earlies are first-rate, the sorts we
grow being Huntingdon Kidney, Beauty of Hebron,
and Snowdrop, the fir9t-named being unapproached
for high quality. We are digging from the kind now,
as it follows closely on Myatt's, but beats Myatt's
in every respect, as it is a much heavier cropper, and
produces handsomer tubers, which are dry and mealy
and beat all for flavour. Although an old variety,
it does not appear to be much known, but so valued
is it here, that I would rather be without any other
kind. If the disease does come, all early sorts should
be at once lifted, as it is useless leaving them in the
groui'l after, and though the skins may not be quite
set, that will matter but little if care is exercised in
the handling. Before moving them about, or storing,
I always like to let them lie on the surface of the
soil for a day or two, but not long enough to get
green and hard, or to have much exposure if the sun
is very fierce and hot, as they are then better in
some dry airy shed, where they should be laid thin,
but not covered in any way. J. Sheppard, Woolverstone
Park, Ipnuich.

Essex.— Haulms of early Potatos destroyed by
severe hailstorm, followed by 9° of frost ; early sorts,
therefore, have been later than usual, and the size of
tubers has been very small. Late sorts are looking
remarkably well. I have not seen any disease as yet.
The field crops look capital. Arthur Ocock, Havering
Park, Bomford.

The Potato crop looks admirable. In gardens

the baulm is commencing to ripen upon Kidney and
early-set Beauty of Hebrons, the yield of the latter
being already very good. Though I anticipate dis-
ease in connection with such forward crops and the
frequent thunder rains, I failed to detect the least
symptom to-day. The hundreds of acres field-grown,
though late, could not look better. William Earley,
Double House, I/ford.

Potatos look remarkably well at present ;

no signs of disease. Owing to the late season,
tubers are rather small, but improve every day since
our last rain, Veitch's Improved Ashleaf being our
best early kind. James Vert, Audley End Garden,
Soffro7i Walden.

Notts. — The Potatos are looking well in this
district, but late ; no disease as yet. A week's bright
and warm weather would be of great benefit to them.
A. Henderson, Tlwresby, Ollerton.

MIDLAND COUNTIES.

Bucks. — All perfectly free from disease at present.
Sharpe's Victor has proved our best early this
season ; it is very dwarf, and a free-bearing variety.
I intend growing it in frames next season, as it can
be grown in much less space than any of the
American sorts. Clark's Main Crop is one of our
best, being of excellent quality on our strong soil.
J. Smith, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard.

Potato crops never looked better. Our main

croppers are Roses, Hebrons, Magnums, Victorias,
and, for the first time, I am giving Clark's Main
Crop a good trial, and so far I am pleased with it.
Giles Bloxham, Brickhill Manor, Bletchley.

Potatos up to the present time look healthy

and well, and no disease yet seen either in tuber or
haulm. The crops generally are very late and rather
small, but with fine weather and freedom from
disease promise to be good. Chas. Herrin, Dropmore,
Maidenhead.

Herts — We are now lifting Ash and Walnut-
leaved and Sharpe's Victor for use ; very good turn-
out, and the flavour good ; all other varieties look very
promising. If anything, the haulm a little too strong,
and with fine dry weather the yield must be good.
No sign of disease. James Charles Mundell, Moor
Park Gardens, Bickmansworth.

Potatos escaped the frost and are looking well.
Should we escape the disease, there is every prospect
of its being a good season. Scotch Champion, Mag-
num Bonum, and Sutton's Abundance are the three
principal varieties we grow, the latter being an
abundant crop and eats well when kept. Arthur
Chapman, Weston Birt, Tetbury, Gloucester.

Monmouth. — Early Potatos were cut to the ground
by frosts, and the haulm since formed is weak. The
tubers are consequently small and not very numerous.
Late varieties not affected by frost look promising ;
the haulm is vigorous. The new kinds, The Gentle-
man, The Amateur, and The Cottager, are in robust
health. Field crops also look well, Magnum Bonum
particularly so. Thomas Coomber, The Hendre Gardens,
Monmouth.

Worcestershire. — Crops look flourishing; rather
much haulm, and if thundery, moist weather should
intervene, disease may be expected to follow such
succulent growth. The Early Ashleaf section is
turning out clean, and of good quality, whilst
Sharpe's Victor is a first early which every one
should grow ; Jlajnumi and Chancellor are satis-
factory, and the same may be said of the mid-season
kinds, such as Sutton's Seedling, London Hero,
Vicar of Laleham, &c. W. Crump, Madresfield Court,
Malvern.

The crop is looking wonderfully well,

without the slightest trace of disease. The early
Kidneys are rather smaller than usual, the ground
being so very dry ; second earlies promise a heavy
yield ; also that grand variety, Sutton's Abundance.
Walter Child, Croomt Court, Secern Stoke,

Salop.— Earlies decidedly under average, the frost
and snow on the 17th May cut them down com-
pletely. Late varieties in places look rather spindley.
James Louden, The Quinta, Chirk.

Cheshire.— Potato crops in this district are look-
ing extremely well, early varieties are flooding the
markets, and prices are very low. Late kinds are
very robust. No disease up to the present time.
Jno. V. Smith, Arley Hall Gardens, Northwich.

Early Potatos have gone very much to top

growth and very little to the formation of tubers.
The plants look healthy and are flowering plentifully,
so that with a continuance of warm sunshine for a
little time good crops may be expected. They are,
however, about a fortnight later than usual. Win.
n'hitaker, Crewe Hall, Crewe.

Potatos of all kinds are looking well. Early

ones are turning out both good and prolific crops,
though our season is about a fortnight later. Early
varieties — Myatt's, Sharpe's Victor ; late sorts —
Prizetaker, Magnum Bonum, and Sutton's Main
Crop. James Dale, Bode Hall Gardens, Scholar Green.

WESTERN COUNTIES.
Gloucester. — Early varieties, such as Ashleaf,
Challenger, Covent Garden, and Perfection, were
completely cut down by the frost of May 17, but have
since grown well, and we are digging a number of
small tubers, but these are well flavoured. Late

SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

Kent.— Early Potatos thrown back with frost at
Whitsuntide, but turning out well, and fine quality ;
main crops look splendid, and no appearance of
blight as yet. Every promise of heavy crops, though
slightly later. Wm. Craik, Hothjield Gardens, Ash-
ford, Kent.

The blight was found in a garden near here

on the 15th, and on the 22nd in the garden here.
No tubers bad at present, the variety being Beauty
of Hebron. Several other kinds are adjoining, and
on other parts of the garden, but are free from
disease up to present date (July 27). All kinds
look very promising, but are making more haulm
than usual this season ; early kinds are giving a
full crop. W. Divers, Wierton House Gardens, near
Maidstone.

Middlesex.— The late kinds look well and the
rains have improved them, as on our light soils it
was much wanted. Early kinds have been later than
usual, having been cut down by frost when in full
growth. We have had good crops of Veitch's Per-
fection on sheltered border. Myatt's Ashleaf are
now turning in well, and all are free of disease.
Covent Garden Perfection also promises a heavy
crop and are good. G. Wythes, Syon House, Brentford.

Sussex.— Potatos on south border, protected with
Fern, good crop in the open, cut to the ground by
frost in May, have grown well since ; in the neigh-
bourhood generally they look very promising. Frcdk.
Gceson, Couidray Park, Midhurst.

Surrey.— The crops of the Potatos are most pro-
mising. I am lifting for present consumption some
good specimens. All late varieties, both in gardens
and fields, look splendid. If we escape heavy
thunderstorms and continual rains, the crop of 1891
will be an exceptional one. The following varieties
hold their own, although I have many others:—
Veitch's Ashleaf, Sharpe's Victor, Puritan, Beauty
of Hebron, Magnum Bonum, Prince Arthur, York-
shire Hero, Schoolmaster. M P., and Vicar of Lale-
ham. A. Evans, Lythc Hill, Haslemere.

Hants.— Potatos were cut down to the ground on
May 17. It then was 6 inches high or more in some
places. The consequence is a late crop of small
tubers. Sutton's Ringleader promises well as an
early variety. Crops well and of good flavour.
Puritan has done well this year as an early variety.
E. Molyneux, Swanmore Park Gardens, Bishop's
Waliham.

The Potato crop in this district is looking

remarkably well ; the stalks are looking green and
healthy, as they were a month ago. There is not the
least appearance of disease yet, and those that have
been dug are very fair sized tubers. G. Bea, Heron
Court.

Wilts.— Consequent upon the haulms having been
cut down to the ground by the June frosts, the
tubers of early varieties which are being dug in the
open are smaller, and perhaps more plentiful in the
ground than would otherwise have been the case,
and the quality is fairly good for tubers which have
not completed their growth. All crops, early and
late, look well in the haulm. The late varieties,
having been planted earlier hereabouts than usual,
are all the more promising on that account, and
should fine, warm weather prevail during the next
fewweeis, to enable the plants to complete their
growth, there is every prospect of the Potato crop
for 1891 being a good and plentiful one. H. W. Ward,
Longford Castle, Salisbury.

SOUTH-WESTERN COUNTIES.

Devon.— Potatos of all kinds are looking won-
derfully well ; Veitch's Ashleaf, Myatt's, and Early
Puritan are in use. I never saw them turn out
better, and no appearance of disease. All late sorts
are looking healthy. Geo. Baker, Membland, Plymouth.

Cornwall.— The Potato crop is generally good, and
the quality of the early sorts excellent. The field
crops look very promising. I have seen no signs of
disease yet. James Murton, Pencalemick.

. Early Potatos were very much injured by

the frost of May 17, for this neighbourhood— in fact
it is more than twenty years ago since I saw
them cut so badly ; the early Kidneys on the south
borders did not escape, and those on the quarters
were so frosted that they had to make a new break.
I calculate that thfy were thrown back nearly three
weeks. But thanks to the fortnight's hot weather
in June, they improved rapidly, and though
tubers are smaller than usual they are numer-
ous and of good quality. The field Potatos did not
entirely escape the frost, but being later they were
not checked so badly, and are now looking extremely
well, so green and healthy, not a spot of disease
either in garden or field. C. Lee, Boconnoc, Lostwithiel.

WALES.
Glamorganshire.— Early varieties in this district
are turning out heavy crops, and the quality is all
that can be desired. We commenced lifting here on
June 6 (variety, Sharpe's Victor), which with me
comes in a few days earlier than the Ashleaf. Second
early varieties, which escaped the late frosts in May,
are producing heavy crops. Late kinds, such as
Abundance, Magnum Bonum, Champions, and
Regents, are looking remarkably strong and healthy,
and with favourable weather from now onward the
Potato crop of 1891 should be a very productive one.

164

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

No signs of disease up to this date. B. Milner,
Pcnrice Castle, Swansea.

CHANNEL ISLANDS. *
Jersey.— The Potato trade has greatly increased
this year. The crops have been abundant and the
tubers large. More than 6000 Tan loads, averaging
a ton each, have passed over the weighbridge for ex-
portation during the week ending on the 11th ult.,
which number had been exceeded in previous weeks.
It is generally supposed that the jear's traffic in
Potatos will return upwards of £400,000 to the
Jersey farmers. The sorts mostly grown are Myatt's
Prolific and Webb's Imperial Kidneys, the latter
under the name of Royal Jersey Flukes, their fine
appearance and size commanding the highest prices.
Careful sprouting and late planting in highly
manured soils have solved the problem of Potato
culture most satisfactorily. Chas. B. Saunders, St.
Saviour's, Jersey.

Plant Notes.

ERYNGIUM OLIVIERIANUM.
When a wrong name gets established in gardens it
is a very difficult task getting rid of it, as is amply
proved in the case of the above Eryngium. This
plant is found in gardens almost everywhere under
the name of E. amethystinum, and the striking steel-
blue flower heads answer so well to the name that
growers are very reluctant to change it for its proper
one of E. Olivierianum. In E. amethystinum the
flower heads are much the same colour, but smaller
and not so striking as in the above. The habit of the
plant is always decumbent, never upright as in E.
Olivierianum, the stems rarely exceeding a foot or
eighteen inches in length. The leaves always deeply
tripartite, and never entire as they often are in E.
Olivierianum. They are both well worth having, and
both worth their proper names ; the latter especially
is one of the most striking plants on the Rockery at
the present time, the stems as well as tie involucre
bracts being of a brilliant steel-blue colour and very
attractive. E. alpinum seems to be flowering well
everywhere this year, and is certainly by far the
showiest of this showy genus. D,

Fuchsia teiphtlla.

The above is a very beautiful plant, which I saw
in flower the other day in the nurseries of Messrs.
J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, and which is also
nicely in flower at Kew. The 'points of all the
young growths are well furnished with clusters of
bright orange-scarlet flowers, which differ from the
ordinary forms of the garden Fuchsia in being erect.
It is also very interesting, as being the plant upon
which the genus was founded in 1703 by Plumier,
who had previously collected it in the Island of St.
Domingo; 180 years later it was again found in St.
Domingo by a Mr. Thomas Hogg, and sent to Eng-
land in a living state. Mr. Hogg says that in its
rntive country it forms a round bush, is inches high,
every shoot of which is terminated by a raceme of
orange-scarlet wax-like flowers. In the hands of
Mr. J. Laing this interesting species may become
the parent of a new race of hybrid Fuchsias.

Associated with it was a group of plants of a
singularly neat and pretty variety of the garden
Fuchsia, with blush-coloured flowers, named Countess
of Aberdeen. In colour, form, and habit, this is
quite out of the laDge of the ordinary varieties, and
although not a new plant by any means, it should
be better known than it is. J. D.

concerned, large or small according to the size of the
spikes and the length of time the flowers were allowed
to remain where the plant last flowered. O. Marshal-
lianum has never been considered one of the easiest
plants to grow year after year, the fault I believe of
leaving the flower-spike upon the plants for too long
a time, and in some cases by reason of growing the
plants in too warm a house. When the plant is
grown in the cold house some difficulty may be found
in keeping down thrips, the growth being very succu-
lent, but I have always found that old established
plants are more liable to their attacks than recently
imported ones ; and the syringing of the plants morn-
ing and afternoon should not be neglected, as it is
very conducive to the health and growth of the plant.

Oncidium tigrinum is another grand plant of the
cool house which has become rather neglected of late
years. Notwithstanding it is a plant of very easy
culture, I find that it suits the plant to pot it in a
mixture of peat and sphagnum moss, and during the
growing season afford it a liberal supply of soft water,
and when the bulb shows signs of swelling some
manure water may be made use of. It is a gross
feeder, and with guano water the bulbs may be made
to grow to a large size. When the pseudo bulbs are
of full size water should be withheld to allow them
to ripen, as on the thoroughness of this depend the
size of spike and the quantity of flowers produced. I
rarely give water more than twice at the most in the
interval between the months of November and
March.

Oncidium macranthum is one of the most ad-
mired plants of the genus, and it is one that may be
grown in the coolest house, as near to a ventilator or
door as possible, the door or ventilator being thrown
open at all times when the temperature outside
reaches 45°. Under the same kind of treatment
Odontoglossum ramosissimum thrives perfectly. This,
also, is a very pretty flower when seen with good
spikes of flower, though it cannot compare with many
other Oncids. Odontoglossum blandum is still con-
sidered by many orchidists to be the best of its
section ; but for years its requirements have been too
little understood, and the plant in consequence has
got to be looked upon as miffy. Some years since
it was generally considered that this plant required
the warmth of an intermediate house to grow it well ;
fortunately such has proved to be incorrect, the plant
delighting in a cool, moist position in the cold
house. O. naivium majus, a plant which is very
closely allied to the latter species, requires cool-
house treatment.

Odontoglossum coron: rium, a very capricious
plant, is now throwing up its flower-spikes; and
almost equally uncertain as to its time of flower-
ing is O. Chirguense ; both may Le well, as far as
growth goes, when they are grown in boat-shaped
baskets ; but the blooming of the plants is, it seems
to me, more a matter of luck than anything else.
The drying-offof these plants as an inducement to
form flowers is wrong practice, I am convinced.
Oncidium incurvum has now got its flower-spikes
well advanced, and if the spikes are fastened to
sticks or a trellis, no time must be lost in getting it
done as fast as the spikes come to maturity, as they
become very brittle, and are liable to snap off hours
after the plant has been dealt with. A. G. Catt,
Parkfieltl, Hallow.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE COOL HOUSE.— Oncidium Marshallianum
in this house will now be making growth which will
be in a great measure, so far as blooming plants are

THE APIARY.

CONTRACTING SUPERS. — As the honey season
is all but over, excepting in heather districts, surplus
chambers should now be reduced to one section crate
per hive, into which the unfiuished sections should
be placed, in the hope of getting most of them
completed before the honey-flow quite ceases.

FEEDING UP. — This will be the next operation to
demand attention, and it is important to obtain pure
Cane-sugar for the purpose. This not only has a
greater sweetening power than the inferior article,
being therefore more economical in that way, but it
contains nothing harmful to the bees in the shape of
potash, salts, &c. Suitable feeders should now be
obtained in view of their being soon required, and of
all the rapid feeders the writer has tried, he has
found nothing equal to one made by Mr. Stothard.
It holds 20 lb. of syrup, so that the right quantity
can be given to each stock in one dose. The feeding-
trough is at one end, and a large number of bees can
feed at a time. To place it on the hive, turn back
about 2 inches of the quilt at the ends of the frames
over which the trough goes, thus admitting to it
bees from every one. It will be emptied in probably
less than twenty- four hours, and can then be shifted
to other hives in succession. The writer much

prefers it to the Canadian feeder, as the quilt being
between it and the frames it is not propolised, and
can be taken away with less disturbance to the bees ;
it is also a cheaper article, and easier to make at
home. A sheet of glass covers the top, so that it
can be seen at a glance when it is empty.

COTTAGERS' CONDEMNED BEES. — Arrange-
ments should now be made with cottagers and
others, who are in the habit of sulphuring their bees,
to take the honey for them by the improved methods
of driving or bumping, and many a lesson can be
imparted in this way, besides rescuing the bees from
an untimely fate. The bees may be either used to
strengthen existing colonies, or be made into new
stocks by placing, say, the contents of two skeps on
worked-out combs, and rapidly feeding with 20 lb.
of syrup, or the bees from three or more skeps can
be made to draw out combs for themselves by
placing them on foundation. It is also a good oppor-
tunity to secure young queens, which are always to
be found in hives that have swarmed during the
current season and in casts. The only risk incurred
is the danger of incurring foul brood, which should
be watched for very carefully. It can be identified
by the disagreeable smell emanating from the hives-
affected, and if, upon examination, the brood in the
cells is found to be putrid, and many of the cappings
are pierced with small holes, there can be no doubt
as to the cause. Expert.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

POT ROSES. — Roses which were struck from cut-
tings last spring and have now filled their pots with
roots, may be shifted into other pots, say 32's, which
will be found quite large enough for them. There-
should be no delay in getting this work out of hai d,
or there will not be sufficient time for the plants to
take possession of the fresh material before the grow-
ing season comes to an end. A suitable compost for
them will be found in good loam, rotten manure and
sand, well mixed together. The materials should c t
be too moist, and the potting should be the reverse of
loose. Cuttings of the Tea varieties of the Rose may
now be put in, and it is very generally admitted that
Tea Roses struck from cuttings make the best plants
for pot culture. Care should be taken to choose
shoots for making cuttings which are in a half
ripened condition about the base, as if too soft they
are very apt to damp off in the cutting bed. Secure
a heel of the previous year's growth with the shoot,
cut them to 5 — 6 inches long, and place 4 or 5
cuttings round the rim of a 48-sized pot filled with
sand ; water them with a fine rose, and when dry
stand the pot in a cold frame for a few weeks on a
bed of fine coal ashes, keep the lights closed and
shade the cuttings when the sun is bright, as the
leaves must not be allowed to flag. When the cut-
tings are callused remove them to a gentle hot-bed,
when few will be found to fail.

CELOSIA PYRAMIDALIS.— By sowing a little seed
at the present time, and growing the seedlings
quickly, useful plants for autumn decoration of the
greenhouse may be obtained. Grow the plants where
they will get sufficient light, but not in too high a
temperature, the latter causing weakly growth. Pots
of moderate size — say, 48's or 32's — will be large
enough for the succession. When the pots become
filled with roots, weak manure-water may be liberally
afforded until the plants commence to flower.

IMPATIENS JERDONl/E. — This species is a very
delicate subject to deal with during the winlry
months, the fleshy stems being very liable to decay
if the plant gets much water, or is placed in a low
temperature, and especially those examples which
have flowered during the preceding summer. It is-
advisable, therefore, to put in a few cuttings of the
plant at the present time, choosing the small young
shoots, which are produced freely on the strong
branches, and taking them off at the base and insert-
ing three cuttings round the sides of small pots filled
with sandy soil, standing the cuttings on a shelf
near the glass to root, and always shading them in
bright weather. Be cautious about giving more
water than will just keep them from shrivelling.
When the cuttings are well rooted, repot the potful
without disturbing them. The flowering pots should
not be more than two sizes larger than the cutting
pots. Two parts fibrous peat, one of chopped
sphagnum, and one of sand will be found a suitable
compost for Impatiens Jerdoniu;. Grow the plants-
where they will get abundant light, and plunge the
pota in baskets filled with moss, suspending them
from the roof of the house, where they will bloom

Al-gost 8, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

165

freely, and the brilliant-coloured flowers be seen to the
best advantage. During the winter months keep
the plants comparatively dry. and in a temperature
of from 50u to 60°. E. Milner, Penrice Castle,
Swansea.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

VINES IN POTS. — We have just got our pot-
Vines into disused Strawberry-pits, the pots being
let down on to the ground, and the Vines laid on the
Strawberry-shelves. In this position they will get
thoroughly ripened by the free exposure to the sun,
whilst they are sheltered from rains, and the pots are
shaded from the sun. Care will be taken by affording
them sufficient moisture at the roots, that the plants
are not prematurely ripened, and I find that, by put-
ting the Vines into these frames for a few weeks,
they get better ripened than when turned into the
open direct from their growing quarters. These
Vines will be placed against a south wall towards
the end of the present month, and shortened back to
the required height, removing the laterals and weak
wood by degrees as the growth of the cane finishes.
Early Vines which are planted in borders should be
heavily syringed, and if red-spider be troublesome,
some flowers of sulphur should be mixed with the
water used, and the syringings followed up so long as
the insects remain on the foliage. A mulching of
rotten manure should be placed on the inside bor-
ders of these early vineries, and be very sure that the
borders are well watered before affording the mulch,
and when it is found necessary afterwards. Afford all
the air possible to the vineries, but give a little warmth
in the hot-water pipes in dull or wet weather. Succes-
sional vineries must get close attention in regard to
the ventilation, and the outside borders should be
covered with something to throw off excessive rain,
some of the thin-skinned varieties cracking badly if
the roots absorb much moisture, and where these are
grown it is a good practice to allow some larger
amount of air at night by keeping the back venti-
lators open, so that much of the moisture may
escape. In rainy weather fireheat must be used to
maintain the temperature, as a sudden fall of tempe-
rature is very apt to cause some injury to the Grapes.
In the case of Madresfield Court the laterals should
not be stripped off to any great extent, a matter of
great importance if a period of warm moist weather
should set in. Foster's Seedling is one of the worst
sufferers from cracking of the berries. Muscats,
also, when ripe, are benefited if the laterals are left,
and I question if the roots do not also benefit from
the non-mutilation of the summer growth.

LATE HOUSES. — Scalding of the berries should
be carefully guarded against by free circulation of air
without cold draughts, and by shading any part of a
vine that gets so affected. I would advise the non-
removal of laterals from Lady Downes at the com-
mencement of colouring, this alone often preventing
scalding. Just previous to the berries turning
colour, the vines should have a thorough root water-
ing with liquid manure, and all the seedless berries
<iut out of the bunches, or good berries removed if
the bunches which are to hang late are thought to be
too crowded. Large-berried varieties, like Gros
Colman and Alicante, require plenty of space to
develop. These latter kinds should get every en-
couragement to finish their stoning to get the berries
well finished as early as possible. G. Wythcs, Syon
House, Brentford.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

MUSHROOM BEDS— If a sufficient quantity of
stable manure is in a suitable condition for making
up into beds, no time should be lost in constructing
open air beds. Make them of a ridge shape or
conical, and choose a hard piece of ground whereon
to place them and one from which the rain will freely
run off. Materials must be neither too wet or too dry,
but in such a condition that no water can be squeezed
out of it by hard pressure, yet it should contain
enough moisture to enable fermentation to be set
up and maintained for several weeks. Thoroughly
shake out the materials as the work proceeds, and
beat them firmly together, and when the heat has sunk
to 80° spawn the bed and cover it with soil to the
•depth of \h inches three days afterwards. Employ
heavy loam of good holding quality or any loamy
garden soil that is free from vegetable matter,
and mix a small quantity of agricultural salt
with it. The straw shaken from the manure
if kept dry will be found useful for covering
the beds, and may be put on to them about 1 foot

thick, and if a waterproof covering of any kind is at
hand it may also be placed over the straw. Mate-
rials for beds in the Mushroom house should be
collected, and when enough is got together for a bed
in an open shed it should be often turned over and
shaken out, to dissipate the excessive amount of heat
and ammonia. Thoroughly clear out all old beds,
whitewash the walls, and clean the shelves and bins,
and make use of boiling water, pouring it into all
crevices to destroy woodlice.

TOMATOS. — These plants which, if strong, were
put out against walls or fences, and have received
proper care in stopping and thinning out the shoots,
will have ripening fruits which should be gathered
when sufficiently ripe. By the timely gathering of the
fruits as they become fit the plants are relieved and
can be kept in good bearing for a long time. Being
planted close to walls or fences the plants receive
but little moisture from rain, and it is advisable to
water them with clear water, and occasionally with
manure water, and on light soils to afford them a
mulching with spent manure. Remove the side
shoots, and remove small and deformed fruits from
the clusters.

WINTER SPINACH.— Ground should now be pre-
pared on a warm border for sowing the main crop of
Spinach to stand the winter. The land should be
in good heart and have been well tilled, and if it be
heavy, burnt refuse and wood-ash well mixed with
the staple is of great benefit to the crop. Some of
the same should be sowed over the land before the
seed is covered. Sow thickly in drills 14 inches
apart, and thin out to G or 9 inches apart, according
to variety — Victoria and Monstrueuse de Viroflay are
good novelties in Spinach, having large succulent
leaves, and they are hardy.

EARLY KIDNEY POTATOS that may be ripe
should be dug up, and the sets for next season
sorted out. These may consist of the medium-sized
tubers, and should be laid out in a partially shaded
place to get green. By digging up when ripe, and
greening the tubers, they sprout more evenly and
better after planting than unripe and unprepared
ones ; and Kidneys rarely sprout so readily as
Rounds.

MISCELLANEOUS. — Winter stuff early planted
out will now need to be earthed up, which is always
more expeditiously performed before growth has
made much headway. Ground which has been
cleared of Peas, Potatos, and other early crops, may
be planted with Coleworts, no manure being put into
the land for this crop if it was manured for the
early crops. These Coleworts form an important
dish in autumn and winter, and deserve to be well
grown. Most varieties may be planted at 1 foot
apart, and may then be cleared off regularly, or each
alternate plant taken first, the rest being left to reach
a larger Bize. The hoe should be freely used between
all young crops whenever the land is dry enough to
admit of it. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

RAISING PLANTS FOR SPRING FLOWERING.—
The present time is suitable for sowing seeds of
Candytufts, Saponaria calabrica, Silene pendula in-
cluding S. p. compacta, Eschscholtzias, Linaria bipar-
tita, Limnanthus Douglasi, Nemophila, Godetias
in variety, and Sanvitalia procumbens. Sow the
seeds of these various plants thinly in drills of about
i inch deep and 6 inches asunder, on nicely prepared
beds, afterwards closing the drills and treading and
raking the ground level. A south or west border is
the best place for the beds, and by sowing it thinly,
no after-thinning of the seedlings will be needed.
Tbe beds of Pansies, Violas, Primroses, Myosotis,
Daisies, and Wallflowers in the reserve garden should
be weeded and watered whenever necessary ; and
Bhould the stock of Pansies and Violas be less than
the requirements, it may be yet increased by division.
Violas are not only useful and showy spring flowers,
but they are just as effective in summer. In these
girdens Golden Gem and Blue Perfection Violas are
used with admirable effect mixed with Bijou, Man-
glesi, and golden bronze Pelargoniums, a combina-
tion of colour that is quiet and pleasing. When
the Pelargoniums are cleared away, these Violas
remain, and make a fairly good display during the
later autumn months and in early winter, and which
increases in beauty as the spring approaches. The
tuberous Begonia increases in popularity as a
summer bedding plant, and by saving seed from the
finest flowers every year, sowing it early in January,

and growing the plants on, and again weeding out the
least handsome flowers, a good strain is in time
secured. Plants of two and three years old, which
produce fine masses of foliage and flowers, the latter
having broad and stout petals, should be selected as
the seed-parents. The double-flowered varieties
also gain in favour as bedders and pot plants. They
are even better wet-weather flowers than the singles.
Planted either in mixed or separate colours in beds
ranging in size from 3 feet to 10 feet in diameter,
the effect is very satisfactory.

PROPAGATION. — There are now plenty of Pelar-
gonium cuttings to be had, and propagation should
be completed as soon as possible, that is, when it
can be done without interfering with the desired
shape and beauty of the beds. The cuttings will
do very well dibbled into shallow boxes of a uniform
pattern as recommended in a previous calendar, which
should be filled with light mould and have a sur-
facing of silver-sand. Put in the cuttings about
2 inches apart, water them, and place the boxes in a
dry situation and fully exposed to the sun. on
pieces of board, slate, &c, to keep them off the
ground. Sprinkle them lightly in the afternoon if
the day has been bright and warm. I have found
this plan to answer as well in the cool north, 90 miles
beyond Edinburgh, as in Wiltshire. A bed composed
of three parts of leaves and one of long dung thrown
together for ten or twelve days and turned twice in
that time should be prepared for striking cuttings of
Verbena, Lobelia, Alternanthera, Mesembryanthe-
mum, Heliotrope, Salvia, &c, in a week or two
hence.

GENERAL WORK. — This consists in mowing,
trimming the hedges, brushing, weeding, and rolling
of walks, and the cutting into shape with the knife
evergreens of various kinds, and the picking off of
all overblown flowers and decayed leaves as soon
as they appear. H. W. Ji'ard.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

APPLES —These are fast swelling, and although
at one time the prospect of plenty of fruit was,
indeed, anything but good, there will be a nice crop
of the earliest and mid-season sorts, but late varieties
are poor. At the present time, and so long as soft
fruit lasts, it will be advisable to use Apples very
sparingly. Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Keswick,
and Lord Derby are among the best for culinary
purposes, and where heavily cropped, some of the
largest may be gathered, and their removal will
improve the size of those left. See that all young
trees with good crops have their branches made
secure against wind and the weight of fruit, or they
may get broken, which will spoil the appearance of
good trained standards.

Dessert sorts should be carefully watched, and
such sorts as Mr. Gladstone picked as soon as the
fruits are approaching to ripeness, or the birds will
destroy the best fruits. This is a variety which
usually crops well, and is of very good flavour when
gathered in time, but if left hanging it becomes dry.

PEARS. — Many of these will soon be ripe, the
earliest, Doyenne d'Et<5, a small sweet Pear, is
nice if gathered at the right time ; this variety
crops well, but keeps for only a short time. Colmar
d'Eti is a little later, but larger, and good-flavoured ;
When gathering, do not take too many at one time,
but prolong the season bygatheringafewat intervals
of a couple of days.

CURRANTS, RED AND WHITE.— These should be
netted over and made secure against birds : those on
north walls will keep for some weeks, and will be found
useful for dessert when other soft fruits are over.
Bushes which have been stripped of fruit should
have all suckers removed, and if the top growth be
strong, shortened, or the ends broken, and left to
hang. In shortening leave fully 6 inches of new
wood, and in thinning out tbe centres reserve a few
of the most suitable shoots for filling up with. As
light and air are greatly needed fur ripening the
wood no time should be lost, so soon as it can be
done, to relieve overcrowded bushes of useless wood.

FRUIT- ROOM.— This should be thoroughly cleansed,
whitewashed, and put in order for the reception
of the fruit. Keep the ventilators open day and
night ; the woodwork should be well washed and
made perfectly clean. This job and many others,
such as making labels, pegs, cutting shreds, &c, can
be done when the weather is wet. H. Markham,
Merewortk Castle, Maidstone.

1G6

THE GAUDENEHS' CHBONICLE.

[August S, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters fob Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the ■■ ignature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Advertisements should not be Bent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK

MEETINGS.

_,„„_.,, . „ lrt I Royal Botanical Society of London :

MONDA1, AUG. 10^ Annual Meeting.

f Royal Horticultural Society : Com-
I mittees and Lecture on Orna-
TUESDAY", AUG. 11, mental Stove and Greenhouse

1 Plants, at the Drill Hall, James
I Street, Westminster.

SHOWS.

/Royal Horticultural Society : Show
\ of Cirnations for Mr. Martin
TUESDAY, Aug. lli Smiih's prizes, James Street,

t Westminster.
*. Clay Cross Horticultural Society.

„,„„,,. , ,o t Cardiff Horticultural Society (two

WEDNESDAY, AUG. 12-j days)

„ ,_ 4 Maidenhead Horticultural.

THURSDAY, AUG. 13 \ TiiUaton ditt0.

i National Co-operative, at tie Crys-
SATURDAY*, AUG. 15-J tal Palace.

( Bowling Horticultural.

SALE.

t.,,™.-^ . ,,( Established and Imported Orchids,

FRIDAY, AUG. 11 -j at Protheroe & Morns' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-62°.7.

Horticultural In the rural districts much might
Instruction in be done in schools in the way of
Schools. instilling into the minds of the
scholars a knowledge of the " common things"
— plants, birds, insects, soils — by which they are
surrounded. Whilst the pupils are thus being
taught to observe facts, the inferences to be
derived from them may also be cautiously ex-
plained, so that some knowledge of the principles
governing these facts may be obtained, and the
pupils be taught not only how to observe but how
to think, so that they may be enabled hereafter
to apply their knowledge to some useful pur-
pose. Many a lad, even among the most illiterate
peasantry, is blessed by Nature with sharp
powers of observation, but few indeed are
capable of thinking. In our systems of educa-
tion we too often neglect to avail ourselves of
the natural faculty of observation and to develop
and guide it, whilst we reduce thinking to a mere
exercise of the memory. Moreover, the things
we set down to be remembered are statements in
books instead of the facts themselves. Of course,
books are indispensable, but only as aids and
adjuncts. The poor children are not to blame,
it is the teachers and the system of teaching that
in the first instance require improvement. This
is a subject which from time to time during the
half century's existence of this journal we have
urged upon the attention of our readers.
Some of the older ones among them will not
have forgotten the writings and doings of
the late Professor IIenslow as recorded in
these columns, and will retain a vivid recol-
lection of what he effected in a rural
parish in Suffolk, originally of the most un-
promising character. The agitation that has
been promoted with a view to extend and improve
fruit cultivation has set many people once more
thinking what can be done towards the cultiva-

tion of the minds of the labourers of the future.
Many a landowner, as we know, has supplied
his tenants and the cottagers on his estate with
a few fruit trees of approved sorts, but this is
not all that is wanted. Knowledge and intelli-
gence are required, and these cannot be bought
from the nurseryman and distributed by philan-
thropic landlords. They must be instilled
gradually into the minds of the coming genera-
tion, who then, when the time comes, will be able
to avail themselves properly of the generosity
and good feeling of the landlords.

Take the Potato disease as an example. The
means of prevention and palliation on a large
scale are still on their trial, not that there can
be the smallest doubt as to their eilicacy — that has
been proved. What we want to know now is,
whether, on a large scale, such measures are
economical — whether or no the cure will not be
more costly than the price obtained for the
resulting crop will justify F But in the isolated
garden of the cottager — and even in a properly
managed allotment garden — the disease may
certainly be circumvented at comparatively
little cost, and the cottager secure, at least,
a large proportion of the crop, where other-
wise he would get none. It is not desirable
to teach the labourer or the labourer's child the
minutiae of entomology or of cryptogamic
botany ; botanists themselves are not in accord
on all these matters, and profound obscurity still
reigns over some of them. But there is no
difficulty in actually showing to the children the
principal facts in the life history of insects or
the growth of moulds and mildew, and in making
them appreciate for themselves the conditions
favourable to such growth. In like manner the
precautions to be taken and the remedies to be
applied can often easily be demonstrated and
explained. A pot of jam or a rotten Strawberry
covered with mould can be made by an intelli-
gent teacher into a first-rate object lesson for
the purpose of instilling the kind of knowledge
we are advocating.

But to return to fruit culture. At Seward-
stone, in Essex, Mr. W. Meli.es has planted
a collection of Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries,
and bush fruits for the purpose of enabling the
principles of fruit culture to form part of the
educational curriculum at the Sewardstone Board
School. The collection embraces all the most
useful varieties, and the trees are planted in
such a manner that they form a border of some
width to the spacious playground. The boys
and girls will share in the work of attending to
the culture of these trees, and on certain days
the head master, Mr. Spink, who, by the way, is
a great enthusiast on the subject, will give them
lessons on theory and practice. Mr. Spink has
drawn up a graduated scheme for teaching fruit
culture as a specific subject to his scholars, and this
is being submitted to H.M. Inspectors for their
approval, so that the children may in due course
be examined thereon. Article 10 of the Educa-
tional Code provides for specific subjects being
taught, and Mr. Spink has done wisely in
choosing fruit culture as one of these, especially
as the scholars live in a country district.

According to Mr. Spink's scheme, the children
will first be taught the botany of an Apple
blossom and fruit, followed by difference
between seedling and parent, planting, mulching,
summer and winter pruning, thinning the fruit,
insect pests, packing, and storing the fruit. This
will constitute the first stage. The second stage
will deal with the food of fruit trees, manures,
course of sap ; and the third, the art of propa-
gation. The first stage in the scheme covers a
variety of subjects, but Mr. Spink has been

obliged to do this because most of the boys leave
the schools when they have passed the fifth
standard, and hence it is needful to let them
know as much of the first stage as possible
before they do so. This is an excellent idea,
and one which might be followed with advan-
tage by other schools in country districts. The
exterior walls of schools might be turned to
good account for growing Peaches, Apricots,
and the finer kinds of Pears and Plums. If the
head master could not undertake the practical
management of such trees, some of the gentle-
men who reside in the parish would, in such a
case, be doing an excellent service by allowing
their gardener to pay occasional visits and
advise, as well as give practical illustrations of
the systems of pruning, disbudding, &c.

Mr. Melles' interest in fruit culture is not
confined to providing the school with fruit
trees. He has recently rendered still further
service to the cause by having every Apple and
Pear tree in the hamlet labelled with a number,
this number being registered in a book kept by
him. As each tree, whether old or young, bears
fruit, samples of the fruit, together with the
number affixed to the trees, are to be sent to his
house, when the correct name, if any, will be
given on a permanent label, which is to be after-
wards affixed to the tree. This plan will enable
the cottagers to be in possession of the names of
their fruit trees, and to better judge whether the
variety they cultivate is worth growing or not.

In Mr. Melles' own garden, as we learn from
Amateur Gardening, is a fine collection of fruit
trees grown in pots in cool improvised struc-
tures, and he has besides an orchard of the
choicest kinds.

The Royal Cale-

Great Inter-
national Show.

The prospects of this great horti-
donian^orticul- cultural event exceed the most
tural Society's sanguine expectations of the com-
mittee. It will, in a marked
manner, be international, as
France, Belgium, Germany, and other European
countries have signified to the Secretary that
they will send contributions. Canada and the
LI. S. of America, New Zealand and Australia
will also be represented. The committee are at
present embarrassed with the consideration of
space for all that is likely to be forthcoming as
non-competitive exhibits. No estimate can yet
be formed of the bulk of competitive subjects,
but it may be confidently stated that it will
greatly exceed anything that has appeared at
any former international show of this society.
The Waverley Market, large though it is, will, it
is feared, be all too small for the requirements.

A Range of Glasshouses Erected for
Christopher Furness, Esq., M P., West
HARTLEPOOL (Supplementary Illustration). — The
range of glasshouses represented in our Supplement,
and erected by Messrs. W. Ricuardson & Co., Dar-
lington, from designs furnished by Jas. Garry, Esq.,
architect, West Hartlepool, for C. Furness, Esq.,
M.P., shows a favourite style of arranging the prin-
cipal glass structures in a modern garden, the chief
aim being contiguity, so that no time should be
lost in passing from one portion of the range to
another ; economy in heatiDg arrangements, and the
mutual conservation of heat, and cheapness in con-
struction— one partition serving for two houses.
Moreover, in a northern climate, there is an advan-
tage in having the range backed by a wall with
otlices behind it over a range not so protected on
its northern side. The only drawback — leaving the
aesthetic out of view — is that there is no great variety
of aspect to suit the varying requirements of plants.
The range is 179 feet long, and consists of a Palm-
house in the centre 40 feet long by -3 feet wide, with

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August 8, 1891-1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

107

an ornamental south entrance measuring 9 feet by
4 feet ; a Peach-house and a late vinery are on the
left, and an early vinery and Cucumber and Melon-
house on the right hand, each being 45 feet long by
14 feet 6 wide. A span-roofed greenhouse is on the
left or west side of the late vinery, and a warm
house on the east of the Cucumber-house, each house
being 18 feet long from the back to the front by
14 feet (j inches wide. An octagonal- shaped fernery
is built at each of the ends of the range at the outer
angles, and these ferneries measure 10 feet by 10 feet.
There are also ornamental open-work verandahs
across the ends. The work was finished in an excel-
lent manner, and with all the latest improvements
in ventilation, and the various houses are calculated
to answer the various purposes for which they are
required. The upright framing is neatly moulded
and reeded, and the rafters and bars moulded and
constructed in a substantial manner, heavy timbers
being avoided by the use of a special kind of truss
and tie-rod. Ornamental columns of cast-iron, with
arched spandrils, support the large lantern of the
Palm-house, giving to the interior an imposing effect.
The roof bars and rafters are of a special make,
formed so as to prevent leakage through the cracking
or peeling of the putty, also with a channel down
both sides for conveying away moisture which may
condense on the glass. The whole of the compart-
ments are ventilated on the latest approved prin-
ciples. Roof or top-ventilation is obtained by hinged
lights made to open simultaneously in each com-
partment by Richardson's improved screw lilting
apparatus, and bottom ventilation by pivot-hinged
sashes, all with simultaneous gearing. The interior
of each compartment is well fitted up, the Palm-
house, stove-house, and two ferneries having slate
and iron staging, with cast-iron supports, and the
greenhouse has a trellised flat stage of wood and
centre stage arranged in tiers. The vineries, Cucnm-
ber-house, &c, are wired in a manner suited to their
several purposes. Special provision is made for the
collection of rain-water from the roofs by making a
tank under the floor of the Palm-house, and having
galvanised iron cisterns in the other compartments.
Twin boilers set in a building behind the range
furnish the heat for the various divisions. A
Richardson's patent hooded tubular heats the range
easily and economically ; and the other is an im-
proved tubular saddle, with a double row of top
tubes made by the same firm. The boilers are con-
nected so that they can either be worked together or
separately.

FRUIT CULTURE.— The subject of fruit culture
in small holdings was well dealt with at the Con-
ference of the British Fruit Growers' Association in
Beddington Park, on August 3, concerning which
the energetic Honorary Secretary, Mr. L. Castle,
enables us to give some particulars : — ■

The special intention was to bring the subject of
fruit culture before the numerous cottagers and
allotment holders in the district, to point out to
them the advantages that would result from due
attention to the matter, the best modes of pro-
ceeding in the work, and the difficulties to be
expected. Plenty of instances could be given where
the fruit produce alone is made to pay the annual
rent of the cottage, besides yielding a supply of Iruit
for home use, either fresh or preserved. Several
speakers at the Conference in question touched upon
this aspect of the subject, and its importance is fully
recognised by all who are concerned in the welfare
of the working population of rural districts.

Referring briefly to the proceedings at Beddington
Park, it must be said that the Chairman, Sir James
Whitehead, Bart., dealt in his opening address with
the subject of fruit culture most fairly and thoroughly.
Special reference was made to the efforts of the Royal
Horticultural Society, the Fruiterers' Company, and
the British Fruit Growers' Association in the direc-
tion of inducing greater interest in the matter. The
Chairman complimented the Association upon '-the
work they had accomplished for so small an expendi-
ture, and expressed good hopes for the future.

Much help could be rendered by landlords in
planting fruit trees themselves, or in providing trees
for their cottagers to plant, and by encouraging the
latter they would also be improving the value of
their estates. The cost of carriage to markets was
also touched upon, and several serious anomalies
were mentioned, notably in the heavy charges of
cartage from terminal railway stations to the markets
as compared with the rates per ton from station to
station. Instances were given where the cartage
rates by the railway companies are four or five times
in excess of the ordinary carriers' rates, and it was
mentioned that the recent re-arrangement of rail-
way rates did not include cartage, so that much
remained to be done in that respect.

So wide a scope did the Chairman cover in his
address that some subsequent speakers confessed
that he had left little for them to say on general
topics ; and Mr. T. Francis Rivers, who followed,
confined his remarks to a brief consideration of the
aspects of foreign competition in relation to home
growers.

Then came Mr. J. Wright, with " Object Lessons
for Cottagers and Allotment Holders," the subject
being brought before the audience in the best pos-
sible way. Time only permitted reference to Straw-
berries, Raspberries, and Gooseberries ; but defective
and correct methods of planting, pruning, and
general culture were clearly indicated, and many
useful hints were given for the guidance of the inex-
perienced. In concluding, he read a letter from a
tenant, in which a simple method of dealing with
the difficulties arising from planting fruit trees was
mentioned, the custom being for the incoming tenant
to pay a valuation for trees planted by the former
occupier, or for the landlord to take them in the
same way, and then charge it to the new tenant.
The plan had answered so well that it had raised
the value of the land enormously.

" How to encourage fruit culture among small
farmers and cottagers " was the next subject, which
was taken up by Mr. G. Hammond, an extensive fruit
farmer in Essex, and treated in a thorough manner.
The difficulties in relation to land tenure were
pointed out, the necessity of securing the landlord's
co-operation and consent was dwelt upon, also the
desirability of adopting the custom of valuation for
tenants' improvements for work of this kind. Con-
tinuing, Mr. Hammond said : —

" As to the amount of profit to be made by grow-
ing fruit, many wild and extravagant statements
have appeared, which only tend to mislead and dis-
appoint. What this Association has said, and what
it still maintains, is this, — ' That with a proper
selection of sorts suitable for each district, together
with careful and attentive culture, a reasonable
return may be confidently expected, quite sufficient
to justify many in incurring the necessary expense
of planting."'

Concerning technical education the Rev. T. W.
Siiarpe, Her Majesty's Inspector of Training Col-
leges, said he felt certain that the introduction of a
system of agricultural and horticultural training in
schools in rural districts would readily be taken up
by the Education Department. He rejoiced in the
fact that the Surrey County Council could devote
£15,000 per annum to purposes of technical educa-
tion, and was sorry that the London County Council
did not do something in the same direction. Sir
James Whitehead said he had for some years advo-
cated technical instruction in regard to agricultural
and horticultural pursuits in rate and State-supported
schools.

A practical address on the preparation of the soil
for fruit trees was delivered by Mr. Joseph Cheat,.
Mr. A. H. Smee followed with a few suggestions upon
the renewal of old orchards and fruit plantations,
and the business concluded with a hearty vote of
thanks to the Chairman, proposed by Mr. Granville
Leveson-Gow-er and seconded by Mr. Halsey, of
the Surrey County Council.

The show in connection with which the Conference
was held was remarkable for splendid collections of
vegetables, fruit not being sufficiently grown in the

district to make a display; but a few excellent
collections and individual dishes demonstrated what
could be done in that direction.

The POTATO Crop. — The report on the condi-
tion of the Potato crop which we publish in the pre-
sent issue is generally of a hopeful character, although
from the exigences of circumstances it was prepared
a little too soon. The haulms were very generally
cut back by late frosts, but they started well after,
and up to the date of our report, little disease had
appeared. These hopeful prospects must, however, be
seriously discounted by the subsequent appearance
of the Potato mould. The wet weather is propitious
to its growth, but as the temperature is low we may
well hope that the growth of the fungus will be limited
in amount. In the meantime it is still possible, to
some extent, to control and mitigate the disease either
by high moulding or by the use of copper-sulphate in
some of the methods so often mentioned. These
means will be specially beneficial in small isolated
gardens such as those tilled by cottagers. Of course,
every means should be taken to destroy the diseased
haulm by fire, and to discontinue propagating the dis-
ease in the efficient manner now almost universal.
Equally, of course, we are sorry to say, nothing will
be done. As we write, waggon loads of Potatos are
passing our windows, packed with rotting haulm.
Let the reader, in imagination, follow the course of
this to the manure heap, and he will judge how care-
ful we are to propagate and extend the pest whose
ravages we deplore.

Our Jubilee Year. — The large number of
letters of congratulation that we have received has
been indeed a matter for satisfaction to us. Many of
these have been of so personal a nature that it
would be unbecoming in us to make them public, and
we have been constrained either to omit their publi-
cation entirely or to " edit " them very severely be-
fore they could be allowed to meet the eyes of our
readers. The following letter, however, in justice to
our contributors, past and present, and as appreciative
of our endeavours, we cannot refrain from making
public, and at the same tender our heartiest thanks
to the honoured writer : — " Your valuable publication
is now, I am aware, in its fiftieth or Jubilee year,
and, though somewhat late, I should not like to omit
sending you my hearty congratulations on the felici-
tous event. I think, too, jou will perhaps be pleased
to know that I am one of your oldest subscribers
having taken in the Gardeners' Chronicle for the last
forty-eight years. I can assure you that its arrival
each succeeding week during this long period, has
ever been looked forward to by me with pleasure,
knowing that its contents would be sure to be not only
interesting, but above all accurate or reliable, and
consequently a never-failing source of profit. I feel
therefore that I am deeply indebted to the original
founders and to those editors and correspondents of
the journal who have passed away as well as to your-
self and your numerous scientific and practical fellow-
workers who are so untiring in contributing the results
of their experience to its pages, and thus rendering
them invaluable to all who are interested in plants
and flowers. In conclusion, I sincerely hope the
Gardeners' Chronicle will continue to retain, and for
very many years to come, the enviable position it holds
among the publications devoted to the advancement
of horticulture.— Ernst Benary, Erfurt."

Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— At the usual

monthly meeting of the committee, held on July 31,
at the Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor, W. Mae-
shall, Esq., in the chair, the following special
contributions were announced :— Flower- stall at the
Richmond Horticultural Exhibition, per Miss Ford,
£6 10s. Gd. ; flower-stall at the Croydon Horticultural
Exhibition, per Mr. G. W. Cummins, £11 5s. W. ;
sale of flowers at the Royal Aquarium Rose Show,
per Mr. R. Dean, £13 15s. 6d. ; Wimbledon Horti-
cultural Society, £11 0s. U. ; Ware and District
Horticultural Society, per Mr. R. Dean, £1 lis. Gd.
From collecting-boxes as follows :— Mr. D. T. Fish,
opening of Hardwicke Gardens, Bury St. Edmunds,

1G8

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1801.

Jill 15s. ; Mr. W. Brown, Florist, Richmond, 4s. ; Mr.
W. H. Divers, The Gardens, Ketton Hall, Stamford,
12s Id. ; Messrs. Cannell, The Nurseries, Swanley,
£1 ; Miss Barron, Chiswick, 18s. 9d. The Hon.
Secretary reported that over 10,000 collecting-cards
were issued in view of the national collection, and
that the sum returned amounted to over £280. The
committee adjourned until the last Friday in
September.

The Horticultural Club —The annual ex-
cursion of this Ciub took place on Wednesday, July 2'.),
when Crawley and the neighbourhood were selected
for a visit. The weather proved somewhat unfavour-
able, but the party to the number of twenty-four,
including several ladies, alighted at Three Bridges
Station, entered the three brakes provided for
their accommodation, and drove oil' through Crawley
to the nurseries of Messrs. Cheal & Sons, They
were there received by the members of the firm and
staff, and immediately commenced a tour of inspec-
tion through these grounds, and as far as time would
a'low, examined the numerous subjects of interest,
especially amongst the fruit, herbaceous plants,
flowering shrubs, and Dahlias, and before leaving
partook of light refreshment upon the lawns adjoin-
ing the house, under the leafy shade of the overhang-
ing trees. They then re-entered the brakes, and
drove to Worth Park, the residence of Mrs. Mon-
tefiore. They were received by Mr. Glen the
gudener, and were conducted in the first place
through the various greenhouses and kitchen gardens.
They then entered the corridor surrounding the
winter garden. The space enclosed by this long
corridor is laid out in an elaborate geometrical
design, with fountains in the centre, and the beds
are now gay with brilliant flowers. The broad
terraces and Italian gardens adjoining the mansion
were next inspected, and a tour of the park was
commenced ; the party were led by winding
paths through woodlands and shrubberies surround-
ing the beautiful lake to the farmstead, where they
were met at the model dairy by the steward,
Mr. Make. They were here hospitably entertained
at luncheon. After the luncheon Mr. D'Ombrain
expressed the gratitude of the members to Mrs.
Montefioee for her most kind and generous recep-
tion of the Club, and complimented Mr. Maee and
Mr. Glen upon the excellent condition of the whole
esLablishment. Mr. Wilks seconded on behalf of
the Royal Horticultural Society, and Mr. Mare
suitably responded. After this the party were con-
ducted by Mr. Mare over the working dairy, and the
various buildings of the model farmstead. The
brakes were again mounted, and the party started
for a long drive through Tilgate Forest with its
lovely scenery to Handcross Park, the residence of
Mr. Warren. They were here met by Mr. Offer,
the steward. The gardens contain a rich collection
of Japanese and other dwarf Conifers, most of which
presented a particularly healthy appearance, and
have passed through the late severe winter unhurt.
The party then started for a long tour of inspection
through the undulating forest-land surrounding the
gardens, where the natural wildness of the scenery
is undisturbed ; but its charms are added to by the
judicious planting of a large assortment of orna-
mental trees. And here, in wild and natural beauty,
may be found a collection of Conifers, consisting
of all the known varieties that will thrive in this
country. The winding paths of velvety turf through
this heather-clad forest having been tiaversed, the
party came back to the gardens, where the conserva-
tories were visited, and the unequalled specimens
of stove and greenhouse plants which have
gained such wide reputation, were greatly admired.
The clubbists left the residence of Mr. Warren
amidst continuous rain, and returned towards
Crawley by way of St. Leonards Forest, driving
through the grounds of Holmbush Park, the resi-
dence of Col. Clifton Beown. Most of the party,
in spite of the rain, left the brakes, and walked
through the pleasure-grounds, over which they were
conducted by Mr. Paterson, the gardener. Thev
then returned to the •' George " Hotel at Crawled,

where an excellent dinner awaited them. The
cordial thanks of the Club were given to Mr.
D'Ombrain and Mr. Cheal for carrying out the
arrangements, and the party then re-entered the
saloon carriage which awaited them at Crawley
station, for the return to town.

Stephens' Book of the Farm.— By the issue

of the sixth divisional volume (Part 2 of Volume III),
the publication of the new edition of this standard
work is completed. The many changes and new de-
velopments which have arisen in British agriculture
during the twenty years since the publication of the
third edition, have rendered it necessary not only that
the entire work should be recast, but that several new
chapters should be introduced. This concluding
divisional volume includes an exhaustive chapter on
farm buildings, embracing a large number of plans of
farm steadings ; plans for dwelling houses for farmers
and farm cottages are also given. The complete work
is now also published in three handsome volumes,
strongly half-bound in leather, extending in all to
over 1640 pages. The fulness of the index, and the
exhaustive character of the work, will be gathered
from the fact that the index alone contains upwards
of 4200 references. We can thoroughly recommend
the book as trustworthy and adequate.

Hybrid Lilies.— Dr. Macfaelane obligingly
sends us the subjoined note concerning the interest-
ing hybrid raised by Mr. Powell between the dark
Dalmatian variety of L. Martagon and L. Hansoni :—
" By the kindness of Mr. C. B. Powell I received
fully a fortnight since a magnificent flowering shoot
of the above Lily hybrid, flowered for the first time
by him last year, and noticed by you in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of July, 18110. Its parentage is almost
identical with that of the hybrid flowered this season
at Haarlem, and recently described by Mr. Baker.
Whether it be owing— as it probably is— to the
bulbs being young and vigorous, certain it is that
the specimens sent overtopped in stature and flower
production either of the parents as grown here, so
that the specimen quite recalled Koleeutee's descrip-
tion of some other hybrids which showed statura
ponderosa. The hybrid has a special interest, as
being the progeny of species very nearly related
systematically, but widely isolated in geographical
range. L. dalmaticum is a South European and
Himalayan form, while L. Hansoni is Californian.
In naked-eye characters, Mr. Powell considered
that the stem and leaves showed little of the Hansoni
parentage ; but a comparison, both last year and
this, soon convinced me— in spite of Professor
Meehan's remonstrance— that Nature had followed
her common laws, and that we had a very even
fusion of parent peculiarities. The leaf-colour of
L. dalmaticum is a deep purple-green, of L. Hansoni
a bright green, while a leaf of the offspring
placed between, formed a neat transition in tint.
I have been prevented as yet from makingacomplete
microscopic examination, but from study of the leaf
epidermis as to cell shape, number of stomata, &c,
I fully expect that the hybrid will come very fairly
between the parents in its vegetative parts. The
flowers, however, Mr. Powell truly remarks, are as
exactly intermediate as one could expect. The
mingling in diluted degree of the deep purple colour
of the seed parent with the yellow and spotted
condition of the sire is a very nicely balanced one.
As stated by Mr. Baker, Lily hybrids have been a
rarity, but after microscopic examination of the
polk-n and ovules of this one, I feel tolerably certain
that it may be perpetuated in a pure state, or crossed
successfully with either parent or another species.
The pollen grains seem good to the extent of from
90 to 95 per cent., thus almost equalling the parents.
The ovules are well formed, and contain an egg-cell
and help-cells of vigorous appearance. It remains
for future experiment to prove or disprove the
accuracy of this conclusion. On receipt of the
specimen in full bloom, it was found that
L. Hansoni had finished flowering in the Edinburgh
Botanic Garden by a full week, while L. dalmaticum
was in bud, and only opened on July 29. On

inviting an expression of Mr. Powell's experiences,
he wrote, ' Your observation as to the flowering
period of the hybrid being intermediate is correct,
for the plants of Hansoni here bloomed before any
hybrid expanded, and the other parent, dalmaticum,
is now (July 28) in bloom, ten days after the others
were over.' Mr. Powell informs me that he has
obtained seeds of a Fritillary cross which, if success-
fully germinated and reared, should prove startling.
Let us hope that they may show themselves
amenable to the skilful treatment they are sure to
receive."

Dutch Horticultural and Botanical

SOCIETY. — On the occasion of the meeting of the
above on the 11th of July, 1891, the Floral Committee
awarded the following first-class certificates to Messrs.
De Graaff Brothers, at Leiden, for Antholyza a;thi-
opica major (new plant), Babiana disticha (new
plant), Bartholina pectinata (new plant), Delphinium
Przewalskiana (new plant), Ferraria undulata (in-
sufficiently known plant) ; to Messrs. E. H. Krelage
& Son, at Haarlem, for Gladiolus ramosus Hort. var.
Mad. Blanche Bourlon (insufficiently known plant),
Hamanthus multiflorus Martyn var. Kalbreyeri (in-
sufficiently known plant), Iris Krcmpferi var. Nicolaas
Beets (new plant), Iris xiphioides Ehrh. var.
J. Victor (new plant), Pelargonium (Regal) Princess
Alexandra (new plant), Pelargonium (Regal) Princess
Victoria (new plant) ; to Mr. G. C. Van Meeuwen,
at Haarlem, for Achillea ptarmica grandiflora, fl. pi.
(new plant), Ixia Beauty of Haarlem (new plant),
Lilium biligulatum Beautiful Star (new plant), Lilium
biligulatum Beauty (new plant) ; to Messrs. Ant.
Roozen & Son, at Overveen, for Begonia tuberosa
hybrida Masterpiece (new plant) ; to Mr. C. W. R.
Scholten, Jr., at Amsterdam, Cattleya labiata
Mossite alba; to Mr. C. G. Van Tubergen, Jr.,
at Haarlem, for Calochortus Howelli (insufficiently
known plant), Calochortus Palmeri (insufficiently
known plant) ; to Mr. G. S. M. Wendelaar, at Beek,
for Lissochilus speciosus (new plant) ; to Mr.
K. Wezelenburg, at Ilazerswoude, for Aucuba
japonica crassifolia aurea (new plant), Spiraea crispi-
folia (bullata) (insufficiently known plant), Spirasa
macrophylla (mandschurica) (new plant) ; to Messrs.
Zocher & Co., at Haarlem, for Catalpa Kaimpferi
purpurea (new plant) ; Pirus heterophylla (new
plant).

Second - clase certificates were awarded to Mr.
J. T. Van Den Berg, Jr., at Jutfaas, for Delphinium
hybridum Telegramme (insufficiently known plant),
Delphinium hybridum No. 14 (new plant) ; to
Messrs. De Graff Brothers, at Leiden, for Delphinium
Brunonianum (insufficiently known plant) ; to Messrs.
E. II. Krelage & Son, at Haarlem, for Lilium elegans
atropurpureum (new plant) ; to Mr. G. C. Van
Meeuwen, at Haarlem, for Alstrcumeria revoluta,
(new plant), Ixia Glory of Haarlem (new plant),
Lilium biligulatum Prince of Wales (new plant),
Lilium biligulatum The Sultan (new plant); to
Messrs. Van Namen Brothers, at Zwijndrecht, for
Solanum tuberosum fol. var. ; to Mr. K. Wezelenburg,
at Hazerswoude, for Hydrangea hortensis tricolor
(new plant) ; to Messrs. Zocher & Co., at Haarlem,
for Ligustrum japonicum aureo-marginatum (new
plant).

Fatal Accident from the Fall of a

BOUGH. — The Hereford papers have lately recorded
the death of two children from the fall of a bough
of an old Elm. The bough was 30 feet long, covered
with foliage, and the broken surface exhibited no
special signs of decay. Periodical inspection of the
trees, it is stated, was made, and all ordinary pre-
cautions taken against accident. Such accidents are
not uufrequent, especially in the case of the Elm.
As usual, the accident occurred in fine weather,
when there was little or no wind.

The Ranelagh Nursery, Leamington.—

On Mr. C. Crump leaving the Ranelagh Nursery at
Leamington a year or so ago in order to embark
upon a more extended sphere of fruit culture, Mr.
Robert Greenfield, for many years gardener to the
late Thomas Lloyd, Esq., of The Priury, Warwick,

August S, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

109

and who left consequent upon the death of Mr.
Lloyd, became the lessee of this place at Leamington.
The Dursery, once a private garden when Leamington
was a far less populated and fashionable place than
it is now, was established by a Mr. Cdxlis in 1810.
It then passed into the hands of Mr. Parsons, sub-
sequently to those of Mr. J. H. Haw-let, then to Mr.
E. Crump, and finally to Mr. Greenfield. Fruit
growing is a leading feature. There are seven
vineries, four of them being late houses, Alicante,
Gros Column, and Lady Downes being largely grown,
and the vines are in excellent condition and carrying
excellent crops. Mr. Greenfield states that not-
withstanding the rigours of last winter late grapes
hung well until March. Then there is a large grape
room for bottling. There is also a Peach House and
houses for Cucumbers, Tomatos, Roses, Stove, three
ferneries, Orchard- House, conservatory, frames, &c,
and a small nursery ground is attached. A large and
growing cut-flower trade is done. There are many
fine specimen Azaleas, especially of Fielder's White,
Roses, Bouvardias,3 Tuberoses, Allamandas, and
Stephanotis, trained to the interior roofs, which
supply bloom pretty well all the year round ;
Eucharis amazonica, Lilies, Poinsettias, large
quantities of Ferns, Adiantum cuneatum and
Pteris tremula especially, Palms, &c. In one
of the houses the Glory Pea of New Zealand, Clian-
thus Dampieri, is in very fine character, bearing
rich scarlet flowers, with the large purple-black boss
at the base of the standards. In the open ground
are a large number of Chrysanthemums for cutting,
Dahlias, Marguerites, Asters, &c, and a great number
of the leading kinds of bedding plants are grown in
the proper season. In Bath Street, Mr. Greenfield
has a shop for the sale of seeds, fruits, plants, &c,
and the growing" trade necessitates that he should
secure larger premises with more ample accommo-
dation. Visitor.

Fifth Report of the United States
Entomological Commission. — This report,
which foims a thick Svo volume, is published at the
Government printing office at Washington, and is
substantially a revised and enlarged edition of Dr.
Packard's Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees.
Though applying especially to the United States, there
is very much that will be of service on this side of the
Atlantic. Indeed, the book is a veritable cyclopaedia
on forest entomology, dealing with the insects
attacking various trees in their several parts, and
with the best methods of preventing their ravages or
of palliating the consequences. Numerous wood-
cuts, no fewer than forty plates, and elaborate
indexes go to make up a book of first-rate impor-
tance and value.

COLORADO.— The eighth annual report of the
Chamber of Commerce at Denver (Colorado) is
before us, and is truly a wonderful record of progress
in a ehort time. Thirty years ago a mere miners'
camp, Denver now contains 150,000 people and all
the appliances of a great city. The pioneers of
Colorado were thoroughly convinced that no vege-
table growth was possible on the great American
desert except the Cactus, Sage, Yucca, Buffalo-
Grass, Scrub Oak, and other " brush." Now the
history of the world may be challenged to furnish
another transformation as radical as that which
occurred within about fifteen years. The prairie
has been changed as by magic into the grain-field,
the orchard, the garden, and the flower-bed. This
state of things is reflected in the statement that
whilst in 1890 the mineral produce of the country
amounted to 3.3 COO.000 dollars, the agricultural pro-
ducts were recorded at 44,000,000 dollars. The health-
giving climate is attracting numerous sojourners, and
if Colorado had given us nothing but the blue Spruce
(Picea pungens glauca) she would have earned the
gratitude of horticulturists.

National Carnation and Picotee Society
(Southern Section).— The series of prizes oVered
by Martin R. Smith, Esq., on July 21 were not com-
peted for, owing to the season of the year being too
late for Carnations; but Mr. Smith is still anxious that

the prizes should be competed for, and again offers
them on the occasion of the Royal Horticultural
Society's meeting at the Drill Hall, James' Street,
Westminster, on August 11,1891. Notice of entry
must be giveii to Mr. A. F. Barron, R.H.S., Chiswick,
W., three clear days before the day of exhibition.
The Carnation Society will provide bottles if desired.
The competition will be as follows : — Class A, the
best border variety of self-coloured Carnation, Dot
less than twelve trusses — three prizes : £3 3s., £2 2s.,
£1 15s. Class B. twelve varieties of self-coloured
border Carnations, not less than six trusses of each
variety — three prizes : £3 3s., £2s. 2s., £1 15s.
Clas9 C. eighteen varieties of flake, bizarre, or fancy
Carnations or Picotees, not less thau six trusses of
each variety — three prizes : £3 3s., £2 2s., £1 15s.
The following conditions must be observed by ex-
hibitors :— 1. Each exhibitor must sign the follow-
ing declaration : — I certify that all trusses shown
by me for the prizes offered by Martin R. Smith,
Esq., have been cut from plants which have been
wintered without protection in the open garden, and
that they are staged without " dressing," and exactly
as they were cut from the plants ; 2, each truss to
have not less than three flowers or buds ; 3, each
truss to be cut with stems not less than 9 inches in
length ; 4, to be shown with Carnation foliage and
buds ; 5, a specimen of the foliage of each variety to
be shown with the flowers ; 6, the trusses to be
staged in bottles, tins, or glasses ; 7, no bands or
ties round the calyx, and no paper collars or wire
supports to be used ; 8, a burst calyx to be a dis-
qualification. Mr. James Douglas is the Hon. Sec.

Timber Cultivation in Great Britain.—
A correspondent recently wrote to Mr. Chaplin
asking him to give attention to the subject of the
growth of timber, and the profitable results likely to
accrue from timber cultivation on the waste lands of
Great Britain, and suggesting that the Government
should stimulate the cultivation of tree9, through the
medium of the Board of Agriculture, by grants of
money towards the initial expense of planting, &c.
By Mr. Chaplin's direction the following reply has
been forwarded: — " Sir, — I am directed by the Presi-
dent of the Board of Agriculture to acknowledge the
receipt of your letter of the 20th June last, relative
to the planting of trees on what is at present un-
profitable soil in Great Britain, and to thank you for
your suggestions, which shall receive due considera-
tion by the Board of Agriculture. I am to add that
an inquiry is now being made in the agricultural
returns for 1891, to ascertain the present extent of
woodlands in Great Britain. — I am. Sir, your
obedient servant, Bichard Dawson, Assistant
Secretary."

Messrs. Daniels Brothers, Norwich.—

The employes of Messrs. Daniels Brothers, seeds-
men and nurserymen, of Norwich, had their yearly
outing on Monday, July 27, going from Norwich, to
the number of sixty, by road to Cromer, North
Walsham, and Aylsham. An agreeable day was
spent, the party reaching Norwich about 11.30 p.m.

Papaver somniferum The Bride and

SNOWFLAKE. — Single Poppies have for some time
past been great favourites, and the beauties of the
now well-known Shirley Poppies have done much
to fix the taste. In McArthur's nurseries, Maida
Vale, London, the above-named new satiny-white
varieties of an old species have been proved to be
very floriferous, and constant in character. The
proper method of securing them in the best condi-
tion as cut flowers is to take them just as they are
about to expand. They will then last a long time,
especially if kept in a cool shady room. The Bride
has large single white flowers, with wavy edges to
the petals ; and in Snowflake the flowers are of a
similar character, but the edges of the petals are
deeply cut and fringed. A vaseful of these pretty
white flowers is a very agreeable object.

FOR SALE. — The Midland Counties Herald con-
tains an announcement to "Americans " and others
seeking an historical residence, that Impington Hall,

near Cambridge, once the residence of the Pepys
family, is to be sold with 300 acres of land. Some
Americans, when they become possessed of land in
the old country, are greater sticklers for their rights
than the most pronounced autocrats, so that it is not
altogether with complacency that we see historic
mansions falling into the hands of foreigners. True,
we hardly consider the Americans as foreigners, and
the generation succeeding those who pay the old
country the compliment of buying up land may be
born Englishmen.

Strawberry Sports— Mr. Rivers communi-
cates to us a statement, made by a correspondent of
his, to the effect that certain strawberry plants which
used to yield red fruits now produce white ones, and
some both red and white at the same time. The
sorts were originally such kinds as Sir Harry, British
0'ieen, Sir Charles Napier, &c. The specimens sent
to us were decayed on their arrival, but still retained
enough of their original colours to substantiate the
above statement. It is hard to account for this
arrest of development occurring simultaneously in
several sorts. We do not know if there are any cir-
cumstances in the Dature of the soil or mode of cul-
ture to account for the phenomenon, which seems to
differ from the sporting consequent on the unmixing
of previously crossed elements.

Nitrification.— One of the most important dis-
coveries of recent years affecting the cultivation of
the soil is that relating to the action of minute or-
ganisms in rendering soluble, and therefore available,
certain nitrogenous compouuds in the soil. Among
English experimenters in this direction Mr. War-
ington, of the Rothamsted laboratory, takes a leading
position. In a paper recently published, Mr. War-
ington reviews the whole subject, which contains too
many technical details to be more than mentioned
here ; but one conclusion we must cite as showing
that there are in the soil at least two organisms, one
of which by oxidation converts ammonia into nitrites,
the other by a similar process changes nitrites to
nitrates. It will be remembered that the difference
in the two sets of salts consists in the larger rela-
tive proportion of oxygen in the nitrates.

Poisonous Effects of Cephalotaxus.—

The injurious effects of the Yew when eaten by
stock are well known. M. Cornevin now shows
that the nearly-allied Cephalotaxus has similar, but
less potent effects. Gardeners should therefore be
careful not to leave the cutting9 of Yew or of Cephalo-
taxus in places where cattle or horses can get at
them.

Latest of All Strawberries.— We have

received some fruits of Latest of All Strawberries
from Messrs. W. Lovel & Son, Driffield, which, in
spite of the badness of the packing, had borne
the transit from Driffield very well. It is a pale-
coloured fruit, of considerable firmness of flesh, com-
bined with a pleasant flavour. Unless it be later
than Elton its name is misleading, although by
many its freedom from acidity would recommend it.

Flower Show at St. George's- in-the-

EaST. — On Thursday afternoon, as we learn from
the Sail;/ News, August 1, Mrs. A. G. Crowtjee
opened the fourth annual flower show in connection
with the St. George 's-in-the-East Window Garden
Society, the exhibition being held in the grounds
of the parish church. In spite of the unfavourable
weather, there was a large attendance in the evening,
when the Lord Mayor, who was accompanied by the
Lady Mayoress, presented the prizes to the suc-
cessful competitors. The Rector (the Rev. C. H.
Turner) explained that Mr. C. T. Ritchie, M.P.
was prevented from fulfilling his engagement to
take part in the day's proceedings, and pointed out
that some 400 entries had been made for the show,
but there were only 200 exhibits. The Lord Mayor
having briefly commented on the desirability of
flower cultivation, a cordial vote of thanks was
accorded to the civic visitors, on the motion of the
Ven. Archdeacon Sinclair, seconded by Mr.
Collyer.

170

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

Cardiff Show.— Oq Wednesday, Angust 12,
the Cardiff Horticultural Society's show will take
place, and in conjunction with it the British Fruit
Growers' Association will hold a Conference at
4 p m., at which papers will be read by Mr. E. J.
Baillib, on "Fruit Growing as an Industry," and
another by Mr. A. Pettigrew, on "Hardy Fruits
for South Wales." The show, an important one,
is expected to be a very successful affair, as it is
very well supported.

Oncidium Measuresianum. — There is now
floweriug at the Woodlands a new yellow and green
Oncidium, named [provisionally?] Measuresianum;
the blooms are nearly as large as those of Oncidium
crispum; the colouring reminds one of the tints
found in the rare Cypripediums Hyeanum and San-
derse, and is one of those charming combinations of
green and yellow which are so attractive.

"The Hayward's Heath Horticultural

SOCIETY'S SHOW at Hayward's Heath, on Wednes-
day, July 29, will be remembered," says the Sussex
Daily News, " by all gardeners and lovers of flowers
who found their way to Hayward's Heath as the
grandest collection of flowers, fruit, and vegetables
that has been brought together in the district.
There was a remarkably strong competition in
groups alike of flowers, foliage plants, and Ferns.
The floral portion was of high merit, and was the
marked feature of the show. Fruit was good, but
not very abundant, the season perhaps being hardly
favourable to a more than ordinary display of fruit.
The vegetables displayed in all sections were of the
•highest quality. The cottagers' section was first-
class in quality, but the number of exhibits was
hardly so strong as might have been expected
from the wide district covered by the Society. The
amateurs' section showed an improvement on last
year. In the exhibition there were over 1200
entries, a proof of the increasing interest taken in
the exhibition. It was a grand show, but a bad day.
The rain fell in heavy showers during the afternoon,
interfering with the excellent arrangements made for
the outdoor entertainment of the visitors."

Grand Yorkshire Gala Floral and
Musical Exhibition.— The last duty of the
Council and life members of the grand Yorkshire
Gala was performed on August 3. Their work must
have been of a pleasant nature, as it showed that as
a result of the hard work and worry which they had
voluntarily undertaken, they were able to hand over
£200 to local charitable institutions. As the profits
of the Gala amounted to £290, there will be £90 to
carry forward towards next year's Gala, which we
trust may be even more successful than the former
ones.

THE LATE DR. HENRY

BENNET.

Wk greatly regret to have to announce the death
of this gentleman on the 26th ult., at La Bollene,
Alpes Maritimes, France, aged seventy-five.

Dr. Bennet was born in Manchester in 1816,
but was almost as much of a Frenchman as he
was English. His medical education was completed
and extended in the Paris hospitals, and he
graduated in that city, both in arts and in medi-
cine. He speedily acquired a great reputation as
a specialist in London practice, but after some
years symptoms of approaching phthisis induced him
to winter in a more genial climate, and after some
time he settled down for the winter months at Men-
tone, practising his profession and obtaining fame
once more in another department of medicine from
that with which his name was at first associated.
In this way he brought the Riviera in general, and
Men tone in particular, into note as a winter resi-
dence for invalids, and so far as any one man could
do it, Dr. Bennet mav be said to have been the
founder of Mentone. He found it an obscure hamlet
—he leaves it the resort of thousands of invalids
from all countries, with all the luxuries and appli-
ances suited to their oondition. In the summer

months Dr. Bennet, until a few years back, resumed
his practice in London, filling up the interval
between leaving the one city and establishing
himself in the other, by visits to all parts of the
Mediterranean region. Dr. Bennet, as is natural
in so accomplished a physician, was an acute observer,
and he was one of the first who, in studying the
peculiarities of different climates from his special
point of view, recognised the great importance of
noting the general character of the vegetation, its
periodicity, and the course of its growth. Botany
and horticulture were taken as his guides, because
" they are the surest, the least capable of deceiving."
The interest he felt in these observations was
happily reflected in the letters he contributed to
these columns — letters which, to a large extent,
formed the basis of his delightful book, Winter and
Spring on the Shores of the Mediterranean.

At Mentone, too, he established on the rocky hill-
side a series of terrace gardens where both soil
and water were at first deficient, and where the sun
flames upon the bare rock with an intensity of which
we, in this country, can form little idea. These do
not seem very favourable conditions for gardening,
but Dr. Bennet overcame them. The scanty soil
was supplemented by supplies obtained from the
crevasses of the rocks and elsewhere; water-
courses were diverted, underground irrigation prac-
tised, and reservoirs ^established, so that before long
Dr. Bennet's garden became for its extent one of
the most remarkable anywhere in Provence. A
full account was given in our columns in 186S,
and illustrations of them were given in our
number for October 3, 1874, since which time,
we believe, many extensions and improvements
have been made. At Weybridge, where he also for a
time resided during the summer under very different
conditions, Dr. Bennet pursued his experiments and
observations, in so doing affording another illustra-
tion of the evils likely to arise from that unholy
divorce between medicine and botany which has
been forced upon the authorities of late years.
This, too, has been effected at the very time when
botanical training has become of the foremost im-
portance in unravelling the phenomena connected
with the causation of disease!

Dr. Bennet, from his experience and varied attain-
ments, was a delightful companion, as many former
members of the Horticultural Club will remember,
and his loss will be severely felt j by those who
were privileged to be reckoned among his friends.

THE FATHER OF HORTICUL-
TURE IN ITALY.

The following extracts, relating to General Rica-
soli, have been obligingly furnished by Cav. E.
Fenzi : — The announcement of the sudden death of
General Vincenzo Ricasoli deeply grieved all his
townsmen, and especially us, his colleagues, and the
echo of the mournful tidings has reverberated, not
only in all parts of our peninsula, but also in the
most distant lands, inasmuch as in every corner of
the earth, botanists and amateurs of plants derived
satisfaction from keeping up continual correspondence
with him respecting the studies which were dear to
him from his earliest yonth.

Passionately fond in early life of all natural
sciences, and especially so of botany, he became
acquainted with some of the most noted scientists
of every country, and studied and apprehended the
climatological and vegetative conditions throughout
Italy. But even at that early period of his study of
botany and of the laws that regulate the develop-
ment of vegetable life he was principally devoted
to the introduction and cultivation of plants, useful
and ornamental, of distant countries. Often have I
heard him enumerate amongst the most dear memo-
ries of his young days, the new plants placed by
Baling in the garden of Rusciano, and more espe-
cially the first Chrysanthemums, which were
admired in bloom towards the year 1835, if my
memory does not deceive me.

The military service, which took him as a volun-
teer to the fields of Lombardy in 1818-49, and later
on with the high-famed General Lamarmora to
Sardinia and Crimea, was powerless to detach him
from the studies of his predilection, as is clearly
proved by the letters that he was then addressing to
his brother Bettiuo Ricasoli, who shared his tastes.
The extensive plantations of every kind undertaken
at Brolio and on the heights of Pratomagno, and
still more than these, the very rich collection of
Conifers placed in the garden of Pellegrino, remain
as living memorials of their common predilection.
It was the exclusive work of Vincenzo to write a most
accurate monograph of such collection, which he
published in 1874, at the time when the first Inter-
national Exhibition of Horticulture took place in
Florence.

The traveller coming from Rome, weary after
passing through the deserted Maremma and the
unhealthy jungle of the Alberese, fixes his gaze when
nearing Grosseto, with satisfaction and admiration
on an extensive plain, cultivated to perfection, where,
at equal intervals, arise spacious and comfortable
dwellings, each of which bears the name of one of the
mostglorious feats of arms of our national Epopee, thus
showing that the agriculturist had not forgotten that
he, too, had been a soldier in the battles of Italy's
independence. This property is Gorarella, the past
history of which, and its present state, deserves now
a visit from all those who are aware that agriculture
is the chief source of riches in Italy.

It was here that the first agricultural machinery
was introduced into the Maremma, and Gorarella in
a short space of time became the model farm of that
region. Not satisfied with the results obtained, he
set to work to form a colony in the plains of Gros-
seto, and succeeded in his endeavour. It was a true
battle, fought to the very knife, not only on account
of the malaria, but against the prejudices and diffi-
culties that assailed him on all sides, but his deter-
mination and perseverance triumphed over all, and
now numerous families live there in a prosperous
state.

The interesting memoir which he published several
years ago on the introduction of the Mezzeria system
in Gorarella, with accurate statistics, and an account
of all the trials and sacrifices made by him, not
empirically, but based on science, remains a lesson
of inestimable value.

Persuaded that in the culture of the Vine lay the
principal resource of agricultural production in Tus-
cany, and emulating what his brother Bettino was
carrying out in the landed property annexed to the
castle of Brolio, he covered with extensive vineyards
the slopes of Monte Argentario, and with judicious
choice in the Vines, and even more judicious
methods of making the wine, he succeeded in ren-
dering acceptable as table wine, not only here, but
also in countries far removed, a product which, until
then, scarcely obtained any sale whatever, on account
of the rough mode of preparing it. It was at Monte
Argentario that our friend centred his care and
studies during the last twenty years of his most
active life, dedicating them entirely to the advance-
ment of science and horticulture. Those who had
the good fortune to visit this garden of Casa Bianca
well know that the descriptions respecting it have
always fallen short respecting it.

For twenty years down to our present time he
cultivated this enchanting spot, not limiting his
attention to placing each plant appropriately with
the care used in a school of botany, but studying,
one by one, the requirements of each species, so as to
obtain the best conditions suited for their develop-
ment, multiplying them ana comparing them, so as
to unravel the intricate synonymy arising, often
from ignorance, and at times even from fraud. The
mildness of the climate, and protection from some of
the winds, are the natural advantages that he found
at Casa Bianca. But what is the reverse of the
medal ? A. stony soil, entirely averse to cultivation,
an absolute lack of water, and a want of men to
execute the necessary works !

And yet those who now visit those woods of trees

Auuost 8, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

171

and plants from every temperate region of the globe,
and see the life-giving water emerging in abundance
wherever required, can realise the immense diffi-
culties that have had to be overcome.

In 1876. under the modest title of " Eight Years'
Experience in Plants on Monte Argentario," he con-
sented to publish in the then incipient Bullettino
(monthly record) of the Tuscan Society of Horti-
culture, a description and summary of the attempts
made, and of the results obtained. Later on, in
1888, and always in the same practical and modest
style, which was naturally his own, he published,
under the title, " Respecting the Utility of Gardens
of Acclimatation.and of the Naturalisation of Plants
— Experiments made in the garden of Casa Bianca,
near Port' Ercole," a report which he had but a few
months ago enriched with a supplement, offering an
account of the successive introductions and
experiments.

The number of species now experimented upon at
Casa Bianca is above 2000 : the genus Eucalyptus
comprises 114 species ; Acacia, 190 ; the Palms and
Cycads above 200 varieties or forms. Each species
of plants, after it has bloomed, has been scrupulously
studied, and its proper place assigned to it, and in
every case a record of the degree of resistance to
cold and drought, as also the greater or lesser
aptitude of its spontaneous dissemination, has been
made.

To the mind that reflects on this task, it must
appear almost impossible how a private gentlemen
could possibly do so much, and so well. He was one
of the first founders of the Tuscan Horticultural
Society thirty-six years ago, and sat constantly in its
councils, always willingly offering his helping hand
on every occasion.

When, in 187G, the Bullettino was started, he
became one of its most ardent co-workers.
All the volumes are full of his articles, and besides
his memoir, already mentioned, his translations of
Mr. Baker's monograph on Agaves and Yuccas are
particularly noteworthy, on account of the original
observations he therein introduces. To him it is
also due if the Bullettino has been enriched with
chromos of new and noticeable plants, which has
greatly contributed to its justly obtaining much
appreciation, even in foreign countries, amongst
similar publications.

Cultural Notes.

HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.
When we consider the beauty of the Calceolaria,
one wonders that they are not more commonly
grown ; but probably this arises from the diffi-
culty many appear to think there is in raising
and cultivating them, which is an erroneous notion,
as in reality they are not difficult but easy of
management, although they do require some amount
of care and attention. This is chiefly needed at the
first, and during the early stages of the life of the
plant, but anyone who will carry out the following
instructions need not fail. The first, put good
drainage into a large shallow pan, and over the
crocks put some moss or rough siftings of soil,
filling up to within half an inch of the rim with
finely-sifted light rich mould, which should be
pressed quite firm and made smooth. The next
thing to do is to sprinkle it with water so as to wet
without washing the soil, and after the soil has
stood and drained an hour or so, the seed may be
sown by scattering it very evenly and thinly over, but
it must not be covered beyond having the faintest
sprinkling of silver-sand, as the seed is so small, and
would never get through. The seed having been
sown in the way referred to, it should be covered
with a piece of clean glass and placed beneath a hand-
light, stood in some damp and shady spot, and
there kept close till germination takes place, which
under such favourable conditions it will speedily
do. The piece of glass should be removed
as soon as the seedlings appear, and these
bedewed daily with a fine-rose can or the syringe.

As soon as the plants can be handled, they should
be pricked out into pots or pans similarly prepared
as those for sowing the seed, giving them an inch or
so between, which will afford space enough for them
till they have to be potted off singly. The soil most
suitable for this purpose is a mixture of friable loam,
leaf-mould, and rotten cow-manure, in the propor-
tion of two-thirds of the first-named, and equal
quantities of the latter, with just a little sand to
keep the whole open. For the first potting, 60 sized
or 3-inch pots are quite big enough, and as the plants
are very soft and tender, they must be handled care-
fully, or much harm will follow. After the potting
the beat place for hybrid Calceolarias is an ordinary
garden frame, stood on a coal-ash bottom in some
naturally shaded spot, as then there is no risk from
attendants not protecting them from sun when
needed, and sudden outbursts of that luminary or
exposure to it for only a short time may be fatal.
J. Sheppard. [Our correspondent then alludes to
cultural details to pursue at a later period, which
we shall print at a more fitting time. Ed ]

PODOCARPUS NUBIGENA.

This is a species introduced from Valdivia by Mr. W.
Lobb through Messrs. Veitch. and long ago described
by Lindley in Paxton's Flower Garden, 1851, ii. 162,

X-IO

X-240

Fig, 33.— podouarpds subigkna ; showing male oatkixs.

Sepante anther irr'^n- 1 i tiianl.. pollen graiuS
msgu. 21LI diam.

f. 218, and in the Journal of the Horticultural Society
of London, vi. 264. Subseque nt writers have ac-
knowledged the species, but added little or nothing
to its history, so that it is not necessary to cite
them in this place. Mr. Acton, however, has enabled
us to fill up a gap in our knowledge, by sending us
from his garden near Dublin, specimens showing the
male flowers, which are in linear oblong catkins,
half to 1 inch long, clustered at the ends of the
branches. Each anther is prolonged into a deltoid,
irregularly toothed crest, and the pollen has the
winged character characteristic of Podocarpus, and
which allies the genus, otherwise so different, to the
Abietineie (Pinus, &c).

The leaf-structure shows an epiderm, ahypodermal
layer, transfusion cells in the centre, elongated
transversely and void of chlorophyll, and a central
undivided vascular bundle. The structure is thus
the same as in P. chilensis, and many others of the

genus. There are no stomata on the upper surface,
but a broad band of them on either side of the mid-
rib on the lower surface, marked by the presence of
a layer of bloom.

Although the species inhabits Valdivia, the Andes
of Chile and Patagonia at the snow line, it is not
hardy enough to be depended on in this country.
Carriore notes that in cultivation, when grown on its
own roots, it grows with difficulty, but when grafted
on Podocarpus Totara, it grows so vigorously as to ha
recognised with difficulty. M. T. M.

MESSRS. CARTER'S CROSS-
BRED WHEAT, &c.

On the occasion of the usual inspection before
harvest of Messrs. Carter's cross-bred Wheats, at
their nurseries at Forest Hill, we had to regret the
absence of Mr. Sharman through temporary indis-
position. Mr. Bard, his efficient substitute, an
expert in fertilising, must have found it a great
satisfaction to be able to announce the cross-breed-
ing of Barley. Hitherto, no one has introduced to
agriculture, in this country, cross-bred varieties of
that important cereal. Mr. T. Horsford, Charlotte,
Vermont, U.S., claimed to have crossed Barley, as
the following quotation from a letter to the writer,
shows: — 'In the summer of 1881 I crossed our
common six-rowed Barley, which is the same as that
which the French call Eseourgeon, with the Nefal
Barley, which is beardless and hull-less." He adds
that the heads of the offspring were much longer
than either parent, beardless but not hull-less, and
they showed great vigour. The improvement of a
cereal implies its adaptability for a particular soil and
climate, and a good sort for America — where Barley
is a far less important crop than in this country —
might not answer in England. At any rate Messrs.
Carter have taken a new departure so far as this hemi-
sphere is concerned, and all who are interested in
John Barleycorn will desire their success. The result
of crossing the long-eared Golden Melon Barley with
the thick-set Goldthorpe, is that most of the ears
of the offspring are thickset like the male parent,
and more so than in the case of the offspring of a
reversed [cross when Goldthorpe was the female
parent. An ear of this thick-set cross, taken at
random, was found to contain <'!9 grains.

The cross-bred wheat has tried the patience of the
raisers in a way which all cros3 fertilisers of plants
and animals alike will understand. M. H. Vilmoriu
says of the cross-bred varieties of wheat he has been
engaged upon since 1873: "Four or five years'
selection were necessary, on an average, to make each
sort tolerably even and fixed." Messrs. Carter have
found that each sort produces several types and many
varieties, differing more or less widely in character.
We feel sure they have acted wisely in not having
continued the work of crossing, since they have
enough to do in selecting and fixing the best types
among the crosses of former years. We have seen
with pleasure that several of their varieties, includ-
ing Earliest of All and Hundredfold, have won high
praise among growers in different districts, and that
a large farmer in Essex has sold all the seed he could
spare of his growing crop of the early sort at a price
which shows the high appreciation of his neighbours.
Among the new varieties now being tested at Forest
Hill many might be named and their parentage
described. We must avoid these details, and can
only add that various sorts have been produced suited
to all soils — strong and straw producing, or other-
wise, and that excellence in regard to weight and
quality have been secured by using the best varieties
as paients.

Two new Peas were pointed out to us in the trial
grounds — one a giant 7i feet high, a great cropper,
owning the name of Giant Scimitar ; the other a
dwarf, 2 feet high, loaded with large pods and named
" Daisy." The fashion certainly rnns in favour of
Peas with comparatively short haulm, and, if
"Daisy "does not disappoint present expectations,
it will take rank with Messrs. Carter's former intro-
ductions, Telephone and Stratagem. The pods are

172

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8. 1891.

well filled, and the pea is as large, and is believed to
be as productive as any of the Marrowfat family.
The flavour, too, is, we are told, superior even to
that of the favourites just named. H. E.

Home Correspondence.

CLEMATIS MONTANA.— This is an old inhabitant
of our gardens, a native of the South of Europe
which blooms in May— that is, earlier than any
other Clematis that I am acquainted with. We
have some plants of it here covering parts of the
front of the Abbey of Forde, and extending many
yards. It was this year covered with its white
blooms, which are of the size of a five-shilling piece.
It blooms on the shoots which are more than one
year old, and every year we prune it back to its
allotted soace on the wall. After flowering is over,
the growth is allowed to extend ai will, hanging
down the walls, and making quite a pretty feature.
This species of Clematis is not fastidious as to soil ;
here its roots are under some large paving-stones,
and get no water, except what percolates through
the joints of the slabs. Pro,

Melons, etc , at wokingham, berks —

There can be no doubt of the popularity of the
Melon at the present day ; the frequent exhibition of
this delicious fruit, the production of new varieties—
some good, some bad — and its extensive use in
private establishments, amply denote the fact. The
market men, too, would seem to be alive to its
capabilities, judging by the extensive culture of the
fruit at Stanley Vineries, Wokingham,' the establish-
ment of Mr. G. F. Pontin. Recently he had, in
three houses, each 100 feet in length, about 600
fruits hanging, varying in weight from 3 to 10 lb.,
and many measuring 26 inches in circumference.
The time that elapses from the date of sowing
the seed to cutting the fruit, say, is three months
and one week. There were observed a score
of Melons whose aggregate weight would be
200 lb., and hundreds ranged from 4 to 8 lb. each.
The varieties grown are Conqueror, Golden Per-
fection, Scarlet Invincible, Sutton's Triumph (the
latter a fine novelty) ; Imperial Green, and two
others not named which are exceptionally good in
shape, colour, and netting also. One named Pontin's
Model will, doubtless, be heard more of. It is a
cross between Triumph and Scarlet Invincible, of good
habit, and a free setter. There were about 400
plants just up for the batch that will fruit in Sep-
tember ; and Mr. Pontin hopes to do this season what
he has accomplished for many years, viz., cut over
a thousand Melons in one year. The fruits are
grown on banks simply thrown up as the soil was
met with. Mr. Pontin has grown Melons in soil
that was nearly all clay, and in others that consisted
mostly of gravel, with about equal results ! He
allows two stems to each plant. Attention is not
confined to Melons alone. There are three other
houses, each 100 feet in length, which contained
French Beans ; others contained 1200 Tomato plants
in good bearing. B.

GLADIOLUS IN ROSE BEDS.— One of the best ways
of showing the blooms of Gladiolus in the garden is
to plant the corms in the beds of Rose-bushes, as
when the first, flush of flowers of the Roses is over,
the blooms of the Gladiolus are appearing. The
beds of Tea Roses are those most suitable for plant-
ing with Gladiolus, their growth being not so strong
as that of II. P.'s ; and their dwarfer forms afford
an excellent groundwork for the Gladiolus. I am
this year trying the Lemoinei section, and intend
leaving them to winter where they are planted, as
they are said to be quite hardy ; but whether that is
so or not, they are a fine race of Gladioli, and quite
apart from the other species. I think it will be
found that they will be much grown for cut blooms.
The soil that the Gladiolus likes is a moderately
light sandy loam that, has been deeply dug ; which
is also what the Tea Rose requires. Both Gladiolus
and Roses are the better for annual dressings of
rotten manure. J. S.

CELERY.— Celery has been having a fine time
of it lately, as rains have been frequent and
the weather cool, and they took very quickly to the
soil after planting and are now growing apace. This
will soon induce some to follow the old-fashioned
system of earthing-up or beginning that process,
which, in my opinion, is the greatest mistake possible
in the management of Celery, as when fresh soil is

put in about it no one can water the plants, however
careful he may be, without washing some of the earth
down into the hearts and thus in a measure spoiling
the plants. The very best thing that can be done (or
Celery at this season, or before, is to mulch the rows,
seaweed being most valuable for the purpose, as the
plants like a little saline matter, and the seaweed is
inimical to slugs and insects, and by lying light and
close keeps the ground under it constantly moist,
thus benefiting the roots and accelerating the growth
of the plants. Old Mushroom bed material is also a
good mulching for Celery, and when the rows have
either the one or the other, the watering can be
carried out rapidly, and what is so afforded, benefits
the plants and is not absorbed by the dry air. The
finest Celery we ever had was treated as mentioned
last year, which was watered with water with common
salt and nitrate of soda dissolved in it. These were
in the proportion of one tablespoon of each to four
gallons of water, and with a view to test and see its
effects thoroughly and distinctly we only applied it
to about two-thirds of each row, and the benefit to
those portions was plain and unmistakeable, as might
readily be seen, even on a cursory look, so free and fine
were the plants and so fresh and green in their colour.
This season I shall treat them similarly, but shall add
some soot to the other ingredients. I opine that the
Celery maggot and other insects will not like it, but
when Celery is affected by the first-named, he is
pretty safe between the tissues of the leaves, and can
only be got rid of by squeezing between the finger
and thumb. As yet, however, I have seen no maggots,
and the leaves of the Celery plants show none.
J. Sheppard.

TO KEEP POTATOS YOUNG AND FRESH.— My
employer tells me that some one told him that if
young Potatos are dug up and put into tin boxes,
and these buried four feet deep in the earth,
the tuber9 will keep sound and good, and come out
like new Potatos at Christmas or any other time. I
have never heard of it before. I should like to
hear if any of my brother gardeners have tried it.
H. G. B.

THE GARDENS, BRAMBLETYE — This is one of
the finest gardens in this part of Sussex, and under
the careful supervision of Mr. G. F. Glen, eveiything
is well managed. Looking through the houses
recently, I noticed capital bunches of Muscat Grapes,
and splendid crops of Peaches, Nectarines, Figs, &c,
— in fact, such crops and quality could not well be
surpassed. In the kitchen garden Apples and Plums
seem to be well furnished with fruit, Pears not so
plentiful, but bush fruits are an abundant crop. Just
before leaving the kitchen garden to enter the
pleasure-grounds, and in a nice sheltered corner a
well-arranged piece of subtropical bedding has been
carried out, the background being trees. Groups of
Palms, Dracosnas, Abutilons, Solanums, &c, look
well with a kind of parterre planted around
them with variegated Alyssum, amongst which are
dotted plants of Lobelia cardinalis. At an opposite
corner there is the best bed of the Double White
East Lothian Stock which I ever remember seeing.
Planted amongst these are Gladiolus — scarlet, no
doubt ; and when these are in bloom overhead the
effect will be good. Mr. Glen is certainly fortunate
in possessing a splendid new Lobelia, one of his own
raising. The colour and bloom is far ahead of any-
thing now in commerce, and it will prove a gem for
bedding and growing in pots. Visitor.

FASCIATED LILY STEMS— Herewith I beg to
send you a photograph of two Lilium auratum, both
from Mr. L. Boehmer's Lily fields here. The bulbs of
both are about the same size, about 11 inches in cir-
cumference, but the large normal one has only 2J
flowers and buds, while the other one has 113 flowers
and buds. The flowers of the later one are of course
not so big as the normal one, but only two-thirds of
the size. The stem measured before parting about 3
inches, and is broad-like pressed together. Plants
with so many flowers are scarce here too, but
stem' with 30 and 40 flowers are sometimes found.
A. linger, Yokohama, Japan. [We have seen as
many as 200 flowers on one stem. Ed.]

NOVELTIES AT BELGROVE, IRELAND . —
The Mexican Calochortus (C. madrensis)
figured in last year's Gardeners' Chronicle is now
nicely in flower in an open bed in my garden, and is
an exceedingly bright and pretty species, and appa-
rently quite hardy, also very free flowering. It seems
to be intermediate in size between the Calochorti and
Cyclobothras, and is, I think, well worth growing ; it
is later in blooming than any other of the species

known to me save C. Weedii, which will not open
till to-morrow or next day. Amaryllis Hallii, a
hardy Amaryllis from North China, said to have
blue flowers, is now oo the point of blooming for me
for the first time, and in appearance of head exactly
resembles one of the Nerines. Mr. Baker says
it is only a garden name, and thinks that it will pro-
bably turn out to be member of the Lycoris family.
In colour, as far as I can judge of it at present, it
will not be blue, but deep red shaded with purple.
Seneeio compacta, one of the shrubby New Zealand
Groundsels, is now blooming with me, I believe for
the first time in Europe ; only four buds on one
branchlet of a strong, good-sized bushlet. When
they open, if fair to see, I might send you one for
figuring. W. E. Gumbleton.

THE CATANANCHES— I think two more useful
plants for cutting from, and especially for use in
floral decorations, can scarcely be found than Cata-
nanche ccerulea, and its white variety, bicolor. It is
so long since the sky-blue Catananche was intro-
duced from Southern Europe, that the fact it is
largely a neglected plant is not to be wondered at.
The white form (C. bicolor) is a garden variety,
raised, it is thought, nearly three-quarters of a cen-
tury ago, but both well deserve a place in the
garden. They are herbaceous perennials, and do
well in a light soil in a warm position ; the flowers
are not too large, lasting, and are plentifully borne
upon tall, erect stems, and if cut when little more
than half expanded, tied together in bunches, and
hung in a cool, dry place, with the flower-heads
downwards, they become to a considerable extent
everlasting in character, and are useful in winter
when flowers are scarce. The flowers of C. ccerulea
are pale sky-blue, those of bicolor greyish-white,
with a delicate tint of blue. As the plant seeds
freely, I would advise growers to raise a few seed-
lings once in two years, and so keep up a succession
of young vigorous plants. Both come true from
seeds. I recently saw some epergnes in which the
pale form of C. bicolor had been employed with
excellent effect. R. D.

WHAT IS A SEEDLING? (see ante, p. 136).—
Among florists a seedling is a flower that has
not yet received a distinctive name. The term
is not so readily understood now as it was
twenty or thirty years ago. Then a florist would
raise Irom seed, say, a number of Tulips, Auriculas,
Pansies, Hollyhocks, Chrysanthemums, &c, and any
of superior quality he would mark as seedling 1,2,3,
and so on, or employ in place of figures the letters of
the alphabet. He would then submit his seedlings
when in flower to some competent tribunal or
authority, and if a favourable opinion were passed,
he would name and send out such as it seemed
desirable to select for the purpose, Once named,
the flower ceased to be a seedling in the ordinary
acceptation of the term. This was the practice in the
days of the old National Floricultural Society. It
is still the practice at the meetings of the Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society, and
at the exhibitions held by the florists' societies up
and down the country. And it is an almost in-
variable rule not to make an award to a seedling,
however high its quality, until it has had a varietal
name bestowed upon it. This practice is very
generally understood, and works on the whole
smoothly and satisfactorily. The main reason why
a name is given, is to distinguish it, and assist in its
identification hereafter. Of late years the practice
o( naming the varieties of certain popular flowers
has practically ceased — I may mention Antirrhinums,
Cinerarias, Calceolarias, Gloxinias, &c, and is fol-
lowed only in the rare cases of something of excep-
tional merit. I am well aware that this statement of
practice does not meet the objection that a plant
raised from seed is a seedling 90 long as it exists as
an individual, but as the term seedling is employed
more particularly to plants exhibited for money
prizes, or for some other distinguishing award, sucu
as a Certificate, whether the foliage, fruit, or a
blossom be the main feature it is desired should be
recognised, I think its application is generally and
widely understood. E. D.

COLUMBINES. — In reference to the robustness of
cross-bred Columbines, "J. S." may be assured that
any two species which are hybridised invariably
give stouter constitutional progeny than do any one
pure species. Still farther, they make first-rate
perennials, and if the ground be good, or the plants
occasionally assisted with manure, will endure for
many years. Much depends upon cultivation, and
few hardy plants pay better for good culture than
do Columbines. Really attractive forms are not

August 8, 1891.'

THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

173

limited to species, or hybrids of species. Many of
the garden varieties are exceedingly beautiful, bloom
invariably earlier than do the species, are remarkably
robust, seed abundantly, and give a wealth of Bowers
admirably suited for ordinary house decoration.
There is not much art in crossing Columbine flowers,
but it is well to remove the pollen-cases or anthers
from the flowers to be cross-fertilised early. I have not
found it needful to protect the fertilised flowers from
insects, and have invariably found that the produce
was just what the nature of the cross led me to
anticipate. Some of the garden varieties will cross
admirably with the species. Chrysantha is, perhaps,
one of the very best seed parents, because of its
robust habit ; but I have always found crossed seed-
lings from it to be much stouter, and to bloom more
profusely. Chrysantha and ccerulea, and the latter
and californica, give capital results. Anyone having
these forms can make the crossing experiments for
themselves. As seed ripens early, that is, during
July, the product may be sown at once, and although
there will be no bloom the first year, there will be
a fine show of bloom the following year, when the
true character of the seedlings will be evidenced.
The long spurs of Chrysantha, cuerulea, and others,
form one of the great charms of their flowers.
Happily, intercrossing these varieties does not in any
way destroy that admirable feature — indeed, I think,
rather helps to develop it. Intercrossing with
garden forms helps to produce some odd or abso-
lutely spurless flowers, bearing resemblance to
small Clematis flowers ; these are, however, excep-
tions. On the whole, we have in the Columbine
one of the prettiest of hardy garden flowers, but
still one far too seldom found in gardens. A. D.

BASAL ROT IN DAFFODILS. — Now that the
season for planting Daffodils is commencing, may I
be allowed to call the attention of planters to the
" baBal rot," which is a cause of serious losses and
failure in many gardens. I refer to a morbid con-
dition of the bulb, under which little or no new root
is formed, and though the leaves and^flowers may
become partly developed, the bulb of necessity
perishes. Different experts in plant diseases, to
whom I have several times submitted affected bulbs
at various seasons, have all assured me that no
specific cause of disease can be detected. I con-
clude that the failure is due to impaired constitution,
arising from unsuitable cultural conditions. The
affection is almost entirely confined to Trumpet
Daffodils, and different varieties suffer in different
soils, making it probable that it is due to the
presence or absence of some character in the soil
suited or unsuited to the particular variety which
suffers in each case. Ard Righ and the White
Trumpets suffer most in my gardeD, and I am
making experiments with lime, bone, sulphate of
copper, and sulphate of iron, each by itself. If
others would make similar experiments, we might
in time learn how to improve the constitution of
the affected varieties, and so save them from
perishing as they now do. C. W. Bod, Edge Hall,
Malpas.

GRAPES SCALDING AND CRACKING— In the
opening remarks of " S." on Grapes scalding and
cracking, he endeavours to show that I attributed
the first-mentioned malady entirely to want of
ventilation, which is quite contrary to what I
intended or wrote, and it is a well-known fact the
sun will and does scald when the berries are exposed
to its direct rays, and especially if it strikes them
directly under the Vines through the end glass of a
house the first thing in the morning, when the berries
are cold. This, it appears, " S." has only recently
found out, as he mentions that in spite of all pre-
cautions he has for years been troubled with scalding,
and yet, according to his own showing, he has only
recently adopted the simple remedy of shading,
which, he says, has cured the evil. J. Sheppard.

MALFORMED BEGONIAS. — Some curiosities have
appeared amongst a few Begonias to which it
is my duty to attend. On one of the plants,
which is a strong growing but rather poor
variety, a few hermaphrodite flowers have appeared,
which" have, like the majority (f male flowers, four
perianth leaves, and a truly superior fully developed
ovary, on which the wings are partly suppressed,
and a small portion of the placenta covered with
naked ovules protruding between the stigmas. At the
base of the ovary a few fertile stamens of about
normal size have also appeared, therefore I have a
true hermaphrodite flower, which, however, is no
improvement in beauty on the normal type ; another
plant, a yellow variety of sturdy habit with rather
small flowers, which produced none but staminate

flowers for a long time, and but rarely a pistillate
flower even now, is perhaps the most curious. The
perianth leaves have been curiously marked by
ridges with many points protruding down the middle
of them, and in some cases naked ovules have been
produced on the perianth leaves themselves. I at
first thought them to be cells, but I find they are
much too large, being about the size of unfertilised
ovules. There does not appear to be any trace of a
stigma. The stamens are not so numerous as ordi-
narily, and have shorter filaments, and the anthers
are rather deficient in pollen. Flowers in which the
placenta are protruding seem to be getting too
common to attract very much notice. W. L.
[Changes such as are above described, and of which
our correspondent has obliginaly sent specimens, are
now commonly met with. Many such cases have
been figured and described in these pages. The
ridges on the perianth segments are new to us how-
ever: we suspect they may be attempts to form
placentas. Ed.]

FRUITS IN MID-KENT.— It is not often that we
have to record success with all kinds of fruits, but
this year all are fruiting well, with the exception of
Black Currants, which are the least satisfactory
around this district, although in these gardens there
is plenty. Prices, too, are fairly good, the jam fac-
tories that are springing up in all directions doing
much good in preventing a glut in the markets ;
the trees, too, are very clean, and but little cater-
pillar or aphis visible on thpm. Where the thickly-
set fruits were thinned early in the season, the trees
are promising well for next year too — that is, if we
get a fine bright autumn to ripen the wood. The
prospects of fruit growers look brighter than for
some years past, thanks to the lateness of the
season, which was, no doubt, productive of fruitful-
ness, there being a chance of the trees when in bloom
escaping injurv from late sprine frosts. A. Waterman,
Preston Hall Gardens. Aylctford.

CEDRUS DEODARA. — Two trees here of this
Himalayan Conifer are this season bearing a eood
crop of Cones. This is the first time that I have
noti'ed cones on the Deodar. The majority of
Conifers are producing but few cones this year, pro-
bably owing to the dull wet summer of last year,
and the cold spring. Notable exceptions are Abies
cephalonica and the Lebanon Cedars. C. Herrin,
Bropmore.

CHERRY BIGARREAU DE SCHREKEN.— This fine
black Cherry is well deserving of a place in every
collection, especially where earliness is valued. Last
year we planted some strong maiden trees on the
open wall, and these produced a few fine fruits, which
were ripe the second week in June, and almost all
other fruits are quite a fortnight later than usual in
ripening this year. It promises to be quite an ac-
quisition as an early dessert Cherry. C. H.

PHORMIUM TENAX (p. 137).— I am surprised at
the account of the flowering of the Phormium.
Surely it has flowered in many places [yes, but not
at Worthing], Here I have had it in flower more
than once, and one year I had good seed on it ; but
the last winter cut nearly all my plants to the ground.
The one that stood the winter best was P. Cooki.
Rev. Canon Ellacombe, Bitton Vicarage.

This plant is perfectly hardy in the south-
west of Scotland, even at some miles from the sea.
It flowered here on several plants last year, one
had twelve flower-stalks, the seed from which has
g»rminated. There are no flowers]this year. Munches,
Dalbeattie.

Supplementing the remarks on this subject

at p. 137, I may say that Phormium tenax and
several of its variegated forms have flowered
in the large conservatory at the Pine-apple
Nursery, Maida Vale, London, now in the hands
of Messrs. Hooper & Co. [under glass]. At the pre-
sent time in the rockery there, there is a fine spike of
flowers and fruits on a specimen of Veitch's varie-
gated form of this plant. In pots it is not an easy
plant to flower, but planted out under glass it
only requires to grow the plant to sufficient strength
to get it to flower. J. O'B.

mentioning two plants which have been omitted from
your list, but which are used in India. The first of
these is the Eugenia caryophyllea, used in the Mysore
territory for the manufacture of tea by the natives
The tree resembles the Jumbul (E. jambolana), and
the young leaves are picked, allowed to wither, rolled
and fired, as in the manufacture of black tea. The
prepared leaf is then boiled when required for use,
and the liquor, mixed with a little sugar, is taken as
a beverage, and considered by some to be more
pleasant than tea. Some leaves prepared in this
manner were recently sent me for an opinion as to
their properties if taken in large quantities. The
leaves were found to contain small quantities of
tannic and gallic acids and a volatile oil, but no
stimulating constituent, as the alkaloid theine.

The other tree from which tea has been made on the
Nilgiri Hills is the Gordonia obtusa. The leaves
very much resemble those of the Tea, and like them
contain a tannic acid and an alkaloid. In the case
of young leaves manufactured into tea, it would be
difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between
them and the genuine tea from the Camellia
theifera. D. Hooper. The Laboratory, Ootacamund.

India.

TEA AND COFFEE SUBSTITUTES.

I have read with interest the series of notes on

" Tea and Coffee Substitutes " that have appeared in

your journal, and I might add to the information by

Societies.

SOUTHAMPTON.

Saturday and Monday, August 1 and 3. — In some
respects this exhibition was tar ahead of any of its
predecessors, notably in the miscellaneous group
class, which showed a distinct advance. None of
the exhibits in this section of the schedule showed
any of that close packing of plants which is so
objectionable and so often seen, but in its place
there was a happy freedom displayed. There may
have been a slight falling off in the quality of some
of the specimen plants exhibited in the minor classes,
but there still remained abundance in the more pro-
minent ones to make a splendid exhibition even in
that department.

Groups of Miscellaneous Plants, arranged for effect,
to occupy a space of 120 square feet, brought out
seven competitors, and as they were all arranged in
the centre of one tent there was a good opportunity
to examine them. Mr. E. Wills, florist. Winchester
Road, Shirley, was an excellent 1st; this group was
remarkable for that grace and freedom so much ap-
preciated in groups of this character, not a plant
was there but what could be seen. The groundwork
was a mass of Maidenhair Fern, from which arose
graceful Palms, Orchids, Crotons, and a quantity of
Francoa ramosa which gave a lightness to the whole.
2nd, Mr. E. Carr, gr. to W. A. Gillett, Esq., Fair
Oak Lodge, Bishopstoke, an admirable arrangement
also, in which was displayed many choice Orchids.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The principal class
was that for twelve, half to be in bloom and the
remainder foliage. Five competed. Mr. Jennings,
gr. to W. Garton, Esq , Roselands, Woolston, South-
ampton, no doubt surprised himself in his maiden
effort by beating that veteran, Mr. Cypher. In the
collection was a magnificent plant of Allamanda
Hendersoni, which had fully 300 expanded blooms ;
to this was awarded the Silver Medal offered by the
proprietors of the Gardeners' Magazine for the most
meritorious exhibit in the whole show ; a very fine
Stephanotis floribunda, a good Croton angustifolius,
and a huge Latania borbonica were his chief plants.
Mr. Cypher, Cheltenham, was 2nd, he having an
exceedingly fine Phoenocoma prolifera Barnesii,
Allamanda grandiflora, and Ixora Pilgrimii.

Ten specimens, open to gardeners only. — Mr.
Blandford, gr. to Messrs. Haselfoot, Moor Hill,
Bitterne, was awarded 1st honours, for a capital lot ;
and Mr. J. Amvs, gr. to the Hon. Mrs. Elliot Yorke,
Hamble Cliff, Netlev, a close 2nd.

Mr. Cypher succeeded in securing the 1st in the
open class for six specimens.

For six miscellaneous plants, gardeners only, Mr.
Cuuey was 1st.

Stove and Greenhouse Ferns were numerously staged,
and in first-rate condition. Mr. Peel took leading
honours, Mr. Jennings 2nd.

Orchids. — Two nice collections were staged, and
being arranged on a base of small Ferns, had an
attractive appearance. To Mr. Blandford premier
honours went ; Mr. Can 2nd.

Tuberous Begonias.— These, both double and single-
flowered, were staged in large numbers, and in some

174

THE GAB BE NE R S ' C HE ONICL E.

[August 8, 1891.

cases of exceptionally good quality. For six, Mr. II.
Beny, gr. to the Rev. — Shirley, Southwick, was 1st,
with a magnificent lot. Mr. Innes 1st for four.

Coleus — Mr. Busby, gr. to F. Willan, Esq., Thorn-
hill Park, Bitterne, was the most successful in a
strong competition.

Celosias.— Mr. West, gr. to R. Wiggram, Esq.,
Northlands, Salisbury, had much the best.

Zonal Pelargoniums— Mr. G. Windebank, Bevois
Town.

Table Plants— Mr. J. C. Waite, gr. to Col. the
Hon. — Talbot, Glenhurst, Esher, Surrey, the best
in a very strong class, followed by Mr. Wills.

Cut Flowers were a prominent part of the exhibi-
tion. The premier award for twenty-four Roses
went to Mr. Eumsey, Waltham Abbey, who had
medium-sized fresh blooms ; and Messrs. Perkins
& Sons, Coventry, were 2nd- For twelve blooms,
Mr. Neville, gr. to F. W. Fiight, Esq, Twyford,
Winchester, was distinctly ahead of others, with a
fine level lot; and Mr. W. Clements, Ford, Salisbury,
was 2nd.

Hardy herbaceous flowers made a bright and
pleasiDg display. Mr. M. Prichard, Southbourne
Nursery, Christchurch, easily won in the twelve
varieties' class, being followed by Mr. J. Evans, gr.
to Lady Louisa Ashburton, Melchet Court, Romsey.

For twelve bunches of cut flowers. Mr. Evans was
1st with a good lot, in which some choice Orchids were
to be seen ; Mr. Wills 2Dd, with good specimens of
stove and greenhouse kinds. Carnations were a
strong feature. For twelve, not less than six varie-
ties, Mr. J. J. Keen, Bevois Town, Southampton,
was the most successful. Mr. Clements 1st for
twelve, six to be Picotees, all of yellow ground.

Table decorations were on the whole pleasing.
For a table 8 feet by 4 feet, Miss Hobby, Pad well
Road, Southampton, was an easy winner; Miss
Ladhams, Shirley, had the beet epergne decoration ;
Messrs. Perkins, the best bridal and ball bouquets ;
Messrs. Drover, nurserymen, Fareham, coming 2nd
for these.

Fruit was remaikable in quantity and for its
general good quality, no less than eight lots of six
dishes (Pines excluded) being staged. Mr. Ingk-
field, gr. to Sir J. Kelk, Bart., Tedworth, Marl-
borough, was an easy 1st, having dishes of
perfectly finished Black Hamburgh Grapes, a
fine Tedworth Favourite Melon, the Warburton
Admirable Peach, and Lord Napier Nectarine. For
three of bunches Black Grapes, Mr. Inglefield W8S
1st, with excellent Black Hamburghs : Mr. T. Hall,
gr. to S. Montagu, Esq., South Stoneham, was
2nd, with Madresfield Court. Mr. N. Molyneux, gr.
to J. C. Gamier, Esq , Rooksbury Park, Fareham,
took the highest award for three hunches of White
Grapes with fine samples of Muscat of Alexandria ;
Mr. J. Budd, gr. to F. Dalgety, Esq , Lockerly Hall,
Romsey, being placed 2nd, with the same variety.
For two bunches of Black Grapes Mr. Iggulden
led with Madresfield Court. Mr. J. Evans was
1st for two bunches of white, and Mr. Inglefield
for single bunch of black. Mr. Inglefield also
had premier bunch of White Grapes, Mr. N.
Molyneux 2nd, both showing Muscat of Alex-
andria. The best dish of Peaches in a strong
competition for the best dish were Royal George,
Bhown by Mr. Garner, gr. to Mrs. Bradyll, Amber-
wood, Christchurch ; Mr. Inglefield being 2nd. Mr.
Ward with Pineapple in the class for one dish of
Nectarines. Mr. Iggulden amongst thirteen others
had the best green-fleshed Melon, having a good fruit
of Eastnor Castle. Mr. Evans was 1st with Read's
Hybrid in the scarlet class. Mr. Wilkins, gr. to
Lady Theodora Guest, Imwood House, Henstridge,
was 2nd. The best hardy fruit in six varieties was
staged by Mr. West — a capital lot.

Vegetables formed a strong feature of the show,
and for ten varieties Mr. Pope, gr. to the Earl ot
Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury, was dis-
tinctly ahead with excellent produce in every
respect. In the class for eight dishes, Mr. Inglefield
was 1st.

First-class Certificates were awarded to Messrs.
Keynes, Williams & Co., for Cactus Dahlias Dr.
Masters, Lady Pembroke, and Baron Schroder.

petitor was allowed to stage on an area of 12 feet
by 8 feet plants usually found in conservatories,
taste in arrangement, and quality of plants exhibited
being taken into consideration. This proved to be
a pretty and effective feature of the show. 1st prize,
a most beautiful lot, Mr. W. Young, gr. to Captain
Winthrop, Barton Court.

Six stove or greenhouse plants in bloom, 1st,
Mr. F, J. Mould, Pewsey. Six variegated foliage
plants, 1st, Mr. Canip.

For dinner-table plants Mr. C. Ross took the lead-
ing position with finely coloured examples. Bouquets
were well and successfully shown by Mr. G. Phippen,
Victoria Nursery, Reading, who was also assigned
the premier place for twenty-four bunches of cnt
flowers for artistic arrangement. Cut Roses were
shown in admirable condition by Mr. G. Cooling,
Bath. For a collection of exotic Ferns, Mr. Howard,
gr. to Mrs. Myers, was placed 1st with fine plants.
Some finely-coloured plants in a collection of
Coleuses gained first honours for Mr. Surman, gr. to
M. H. Best, Esq., Donnington Grove.

Fruit was shown somewhat largely and in excellent
condition, the principal prize winners in this section
being MeEsrs. Howard, Maher, Marsh, Ward, Lye,
Ross, Young, Norris, and Surman.

The special prizes offered by Messrs. Sutton &
Sons for a collection of vegetables brought out a
remarkably keen competition, the produce shown
being of high quality throughout. 1st, Mr. Young.
A good competition also resulted for the prizes
offered by Messrs. James Carter & Co. 1st, Mr.
Young; 2nd, Mr. Lye.

Mr. C. Fidler's prizes for a collection of vegetables
also produced a very satisfactory display, the prizes
being secured by Messrs. Lye and Freeman. The
cottagers' display of vegetables was an interesting and
satisfactory one.

The show was admirably managed by Mr, H.
S. Hanington, the Hon. Secretary.

FROME FLORAL AND HORTICUL-
TURAL.

This Society held its eighth annual show on Bank
Holiday, in fine weather. It was well attended, and
was in every respect a success, as it deserved to be
the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. II. Woodland, and the
committee being indefatigable. Mr. Iggulden, gr. to
the Earl of Cork, Marston House, Frome, was the
chief exhibitor, taking 1st for a group of plants, 1st
for a collection of six kinds of fruit, 1st for hardy
fruit, for Melons, cut flowers, and Peaches. Mr. W.
Pratt, gr. to the Marquis of Bath, Longleat, staged
a grand and large group of miscellaneous plants,
capitally arranged ; and for six splendid bunches of
Muscat of Alexandria and Black Hamburgh Grapes,
three bunches of each, but not for competition, they
were far ahead of all other exhibits. Major Clarke
showed fine hothouse Ferns. Mr. W. Strugnel, gr.
to — Bailey, Esq., Frome, also showed well in
several classes; and Mr. Pym, Trowbridge, staged
a good dish of Pine-apple Nectarine, beating Mr,
W. Iggulden's fine fruits of Lord Napier variety.

NEWBURY HORTICULTURAL.

The forty-third annual exhibition of this Society
took place on the 3rd inst. in the picturesque grounds
of Shaw Avenue, and was in every respect a success,
showing an improvement in the various departments
upon previous efforts.

Plants. — Model conservatory arrangements — a
commendable innovation. — In this class each com-

WARWICK AMATEUR AND COT-
TAGERS' HORTICULTURAL.

This was the eleventh show held by the above
Society, and it took place, as has been usual of late,
in the beautiful grounds of Warwick Castle, whose
gardens were thrown open to visitors. The entries
were scarcely so numerous as last year, owing to the
backwardness of the present season, but they
reached nearly 1000, and the quality of the ex-
hibits was remarkably good when it is remem-
bered that only bond fide amateurs and cot-
tagers can compete, gardeners being excluded ;
and that the main bulk of the produce comes
out of allotment gardens, for which prizes are also
offered. Then there is an industrial department
also, one tent being filled with contributions of
needlework from women and children, examples of
domestic cookery, and also of skill by men. A
great deal of interest is thus created ; and the
industrial department is one that it is advisable
should be taken up by other societies. Contri-
butions, not for competition, were numerous,
and greatly assisted in making a display. Thus, Mr.
F. Perkins, nurseryman, R?gent Street, Leamington,
had an excellent group of decorative flowering and
foliaged plants, including some charming bouquets —
one composed wholly of Princess Beatrice Sweet Pea
being much admired. From Chester Messrs. Dick-

son, Limited, and from Oxford Messrs. G. Prince and
J. Mattock sent excellent Roses ; Messrs. Webb &
Sons, seedsmen, Stourbridge, a representative collec-
tion of Peas ; Mr. T. West, florist, Warwick, a collec-
tion of plants ; Mr. Kitley, Castle Gardens, some
plants of Maidenhair Ferns ; Mr. C. Wilson, Saltis-
ford Gardens, an excellent collection of forced and
other fruits, plants, &c. ; Messrs. Hewitt & Co.,
nurserymen, Solihull, well arranged bunches of hardy
flowers, also Begonia?, Gaillardias, &c. ; Mr.
F. Home, florist, Warwick, a group of flowers ; Mr.
J. Marsh, Priory Nursery, Cucumbers, &c, all of
which received certificates of merit.

During the afternoon the Earl and Countess of
Warwick visited the show, and her ladyship after-
wards distributed the prizes.

This exhibition is always a well managed one.
Mr. Councillor J. Lloyd Evans is an excellent secre-
tary and manager, and he is well supported by a good
working committee.

NORTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL.

August 3 & 4. — Although not favoured with the
finest of weather, this show must be pronounced a
great success, a quantity of good produce being
brought together, whilst the attendance was all that
could be desired.

Plants. — In the large plant classes there was not
a great competition : the 1st prize for twelve plants,
half of which were to be in flower and the rest of fine
foliage, was awarded in a keen competition to Mr.
Cypher, nurseryman, Cheltenham, whose flowering
plants won for him his position ; these consisted of
two grand examples of Ixoras, I. Pilgrimii and
I. Williamsii, both of extra size and full of flower;
Bongainvillea glabra, very fine and fresh ; Kalosanthes
coccineasuperba, highly coloured ; AUamandaChelsoni
in excellent condition ; and a good but rather small
plant of Erica Parmentieri rosea. The foliage plants
consisted, amongst others, of a fine plant of Cordyline
indivisa, Cycas revoluta, an extra large Latania bor-
bnnica, and Croton Sunset, richly coloured. Mr.
Finch, gr. to J. Marriot, Esq., Coventry, was a close
2nd, his foliage plants on the whole being finer than
his opponents. This consisted of a huge plant in jne
health of Cycas circinalis, two excellent Kentias,
Croton Mortefontainensis, in splendid colour and
condition, with [a good plant of C. angustifolius ;
these, with the seldom-seen Dion edule, completed the
foliage part ; throe Ericas (I. Irbyana and I. jas-
miniflora alba, both being in fresh condition, but
the third one was stale), a medium Allamanda, a
small but fresh Ixora Williamsii, and a finely-grown
plant of Phccnocoma prolifera Barnesii, made up
the collection. In a smaller class for six plants, Mr.
Sainsbury, gr. to C. Watkins, Esq., Wellingborough,
was 1st in this collection with a grand plant of
Zamia Vroomii. In the class for six Ferns two
excellent exhibits were presented, the 1st prize going
to those shown by Mr. Holland, gr. to W. Jeffrey,
Esq., Northampton ; these consisted of two good
Adiantums, two large Gymnogrammas, Gleichenia
Mendeli, and another; the 2nd prize lot, from Mr.
Sainsbury, consisted chiefly of Adiantums in good
condition, with a capital plant of Davallia fijiensis.
The groups were an improvement upon those of last
year; to these a tent was specially devoted, being
arranged through the centre, and facing both ways.
Mr. Cypher was 1st in the open class with a very
bright but light arrangement, slightly marred by
four bushy Crotons. Had these latter been plants
with one stem only, the effect would have been much
better. Mr. Holland put up an excellent group in
the amateurs' class, and was awarded the 1st prize.
This was a worthy production, not suffering by com-
parison with Mr. Cypher's. Two other good groups
were staged in this tent. Table plants were best
shown by Mr. Treasler, gr. to M. Mansfield, Esq.,
M.P., Northampton, and Mr. Martin, gr. to C. W.
East, Esq., Kettering, in the order named.

Cut Flowers. — These, although not numerous, were
of excellent merit, more particularly the stove and
greenhouse collections. The best of these in the
open class was a handsome box full of choice things
from Mr. Finch, consisting of Orchids, Ixoras,
Dipladenias, and Lapagerias. In the amateurs' class
Mr. Kightley, gr. to Sir H. Wake, Bt., Courteen
Hall, was 1st with a very fresh collection. Mr.
Cole, gr. to Earl Spencer, Althorpe, was In each
instance a good 2nd. Mr. Kightley also took 1st for
hardy herbaceous flowers, with such useful things as
Montbretias, Liliums, and Alstrcemerias, &c. For
twenty-four cut Roses Messrs. John Perkins & Son,
Market Square, Northampton, were 1st with very

August 8, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

175

fresh blooms, the beat being Alfred Colomb, A. K.
Williams, Dupuy Jamin, Her Majesty, Pride of
Waltham, and Brightness of Cheshunt, all of which
had withstood the wet weather well. Messrs. Thos.
Perkins & Sons, Drapery, Northampton, being an
excellent 2nd. For twelve Tea-scented the competi-
tion was good, the 1st prize going to Rev. Ed. King,
D.D., Gayton Rectory, being cloeely followed by
Rev. W. II. Jackson, Bedford ; the first-named exhi-
bitor also being awarded the 1st prize for twelve of
any varieties with excellent blooms. Amongst the
Tea-scented, Madame Bravy, Edith Giffard, Eran-
cisca Kiiiger, Marie van Houtte, and Comtesse de
Nadaillac were noteworthy.

Table Decorations.— TAt. Cypher showed remark-
ably well, and was worthily awarded the 1st prize in
the open class. The amateurs' class was also well
filled, and showed marked improvement. Mr. Cole
had the best bouquets, and won easily in each class.

Fruit, — For collections, Mr. Edmonds, gr. to the
Duke of St. Albans, Bestwood Park, was 1st, with
fruit of excellent quality, showing Madresfield Court
and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, a fresh Queen
Pine, Elruge Nectarine, and Figs. Mr. Cole came a
good 2nd, with well- finished Grapes, Peaches and
Nectarines. The last named being also 1st in
another class, limited to the county, taking, likewise,
the Royal Horticultural Society's Silver Medal in
addition to the 1st prize. Mr. Cole was the principal
exhibitor in the other fruit classes, taking several
1st prizes, but was beaten, however, for Black
Grapes by Mr. Miller, gr. to Sir E. G. Loder, Bart.,
Whittlebury, who had three grand bunches of Black
Hamburgh, with extra fine well finished berries.

Vegetables. — Several classes were provided for
these, in collections and individually. By far the
best collection of twelve kinds came from Mr. Eyfe,
gr. to Lord Wantage, Overstone, which it wonld
have been hard to beat, the best dishes being those
of Major Clarke's Celery, Lockie's Perfection
Cucumber, Pragnell's Exhibition Beet, White
Naples Onion, Snowball Turnip, Canadian Wonder
Beans, and Dwarf Champion Tomatos. For Messrs.
Sutton & Sons' prizes the best collection came from
Mr. Kightley, and for those of Messrs. Thos. Per-
kins & Sons from Mr. Hopewell, Berry Wood, and
Mr. Douglas, Wootton. The amateurs' and cotta-
gers' classes were well filled.

Waverley House, Edinburgh, sent samples of a
yellow Tomato, equal in size, and similar in form, to
the "old red." It was named "The Waverley."

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL

ASSOCIATION.

This Society held its ordinary monthly meeting
at 5, St. Andrew's Square, on the 4th inst., Mr.
James Greive, Vice-President, in the chair. A
paper by Mr. Melville, Dunrobin Castle Gardens, was
read by the Secretary, Mr. R. Laird. The subject was
" The Grouping of Hardy Plants in the Flower
Garden." The paper was suggestive rather than
exhaustive, leaving ample room for discussion, which
was fully taken advantage of by the members present.
Exhibits were of unusual interest. A very large
collection of cut blooms of Roses was shown by
Mr. Henderson, of Clermiston Gardens. Two 3-year
old plants of Niphetos, showing extraordinary size
and vigour of foliage, were shown by the same
gardener ; they were two of a batch of cuttings
struck in August in a cold frame, and were
brought up for the purpose of showing that this
variety of Rose succeeds as well, if not better, on its
own roots than on any other kind of stock. Mr. M.
Todd, florist, exhibited flowers of Carnation White
Grenadin, raised from seed. The flowers were neat,
pure in colour, and in size like the well-known
scarlet Grenadin. Mr. Todd, in the course of some
remarks on the variety, said it began flowering with
him in the beginning of July, and gave promise of
continuing till the end of autumn. He regarded the
variety as invaluable to gardeners and florists who
had large quantities of cut flowers to produce. Mr.
MacMillan, Trinity College, Edinburgh, exhibited
seventeen varieties of Chrysanthemums as follows :
—Sunflower, Stansted White, Edwin Molyneux,
Etoile de Lyon, Mons. Freeman, Boule d'Or, Chang,
H. J. Jones, Sabine, Bouquet Fait, Venus, Frer.jy (?),
Mons. H. Jacotot, Roi de Precoces, Madame dfs
Grange, both yellow and white. Some seedlirg
Clematis of considerable interest was exhibited by
Mr. Morris of Trinity. They were the result of
crosses between C. montana and C. indivisa and
others, and were all meritorious ; but one^ large
white, like, but superior to, C. Henryi, was much
admired. Messrs. Dicksons & Co. exhibited a very
superior strain of Balsam, and Mr. Cranston,

INSECT PESTS.

Phylloxera.
The liquid bisulphide of carbon is, as is now well
known, a successful remedy for the Phylloxera. We
copy from the Illustration Horticole a statement by
M. Caseneuve to the effect that, if mixed with equal
quantities of vaseline, the rapidity of evaporation is
checked, and that the production of Grapes is in-
creased threefold, while the Phylloxera is destroyed.
The bisulphide is rather a dangerous substance to
handle, owing to the inflammability of its vapour, so
that we should be glad to hear further details how
the mixture above-mentioned can be made.

Variorum.

Cacao, Coffee, and Coca in Peru.—

From a recently-published report by Consul Mans-
field on the Agricultural Condition of Peru, dated
Lima, October 8, 1890, we learn something of the
value of the above-named plants in that country.

Of Cacao, or Cocoa, as we usually call it (1'heo-
broma Cacao), we are told that up to a recent date
its cultivation in Peru seems to have been confined
more especially to the Transandine slopes, in the
province of Convencion, in the department of Cusco;
not, however, in sufficient quantities to supply
the markets of the southern departments of the
Republic. The Cacao produced is of a superior
quality, and could compete advantageously with the
best descriptions raised at Soconusco and in Vene-
zuela. The excellence of the bean is, however,
rather due to the geological and topographical
conditions of the Valley of Santa Ana than to the
efforts of the cultivators. The Cacao goes by the
name of Cusco Cacao, but owing to the cost of pro-
duction, distance from the sea, and deficiency of
transport, cannot compete in price with that im-
ported from Ecuador ; consequently, the production
and consumption does not extend beyond what is
requisite for the local demand. Cacao of good
quality has also always been raised in the province
of Ja^n, in the department of Cajamaica, and the
cultivation of the plant extends towards the sea-
board in the north of the department of Piura ; but
upon so limited a scale as scarcely to amount to
more than an experiment.

With a more extended development, Cacao could
easily be produced in sufficient quantities for the
internal consumption of Peru, displacing export
from abroad, and, perhaps, even competing in
foreign markets, a future for the industry which
appears more than probable, when the contemplated
irrigation scheme in the department of Piura shall
have been carried into effect.

With regard to Coffee, it is said no better quality is
produced in the world than in Peru ; more especially
that raised at Chauchamayo, in the department of
Junin, and in the province of Carabaya, in the depart-
ment of Puno. The production amply suffices for the
internal consumption, notwithstanding that the latter
has much increased during the last few years. Small
quantities, during several years, have been exported
to Europe, which, on account of the quality, found
favour in the market, and fetched good prices, with
the result that foreigners are beginning to settle in
Peru as Coffee planters upon quite a considerable
scale. The coast valleys, as well as those in the
Transandine districts, furnish a favourable field for
the plantations. The amount of the present pro-
duction is not estimated. In 188S, 27,107 kilos.
were exported from Callao, and 25,6.50 kilos, were
impoited from Guayaquil through the same port.

The Coca plant (Erythroxylon Coca) so well
known for its anaesthetic and medicinal properties,
is indigenous in Peru, and is largely consumed by

the Indians in the Republic, where it is cultivated
for exportation. No other country, indeed, competes
with Peru in the quantity exported. Two establish-
ments exist for preparing the leaf — one in Lima,
and one in Callao. During the last year, 1730 kilos,
of Cocaine were exported to Europe, principally for
Germany. No statistical data are forthcoming con-
cerning the amount of production, but in the year
1888, 28,060 kilos, were exported through the port
of Callao.

The Weather.

[By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed iu Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

& W)

^.2

Accumulated.

1 a

-r

»•£

□

.3*1

o .

0)
o .

3fc

8 a
c ^
a, >-o

a a-.
■°^£

o a'

a «J
41 f-s

S g

fd a •
x: '33 en

° 1 B) .

X u
o

+.2

.5-*"
co n

a
co

c
a

5 a

P. CO

».^

O o

S «

art ! s

sa °a

j3 o : v o

-a

o
6
Sz;

3 .a

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

loch.

Ids.

2 —

+ 152 + 79

2 +

130

25.2

2 —

— 27 + 101

4 —

12.0

4 —

— 90^ 95

1 +

10.7

6 -

— 102 + 128

6 +

101

12.4

4 —

— 79 + llli

0 aver

13.0

5 —

106

— 97 + UV

6 +

13 0

2 —

+ 88 + 46

7 —

15.5

3 —

+ 11+35

1 —

13 3

2 —

105

— 58+ 118

3 —

16.6

2 —

+ 43 + 29

4 —

111

13 1

2 —

109

+ 30 + 31

5 —

1C0

15.4

118

— 9+40

2 —

13.3

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal- Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, eye. Districts— 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending August 1, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office :—

" The weather has remained in a very changeable
and inclement state, especially over England, where
frequent thunderstorms have occurred, with heavy
local fails of rain.

" The temperature has been below the mean in all
districts. In the western and northern parts of the
Kingdom the deficit has not amounted to more than
2° or 3°, but in ' England, S.' it has been as much
as 5°, while in ' England, E.' it has reached 6°. The
highest readings were observed on July 26, except-
ing in the north of Scotland, where they occurred
during the latter part of the week ; in Ireland, the
north of Scotland, and the north-west of England
the thermometer did not reach 70°, but in the
Channel Islands it rose to 75°, while in ' England,
S.' and ' England, S.W7 it reached 7SC. During the
middle of the week the maximum readings were
below 60° over a considerable portion of the United
Kingdom. The lowest readings occurred mainly
between the 28th and 30th, when the thermometer
fell to between 40° and 45° in nearly all parts of
Great Britain. In Ireland, however, the absolute
minima varied between 46° and 48°, while in the
Channel Islands the thermometer did not fall
below 51°.

" The rainfall has been considerably more than
the mean in the eastern and southern parts of Eng-
land, and slightly more iu ' Scoland, N.' and ' Eng-
land, N.E.', but less in all other districts, excepting
the Midland Counties, where the normal was just
reached.

176

THE GA It D E NE R S ' CHE 0 NI CL E.

[August 8, 1891.

" The bright sunshine has been less than the mean
in all districts, excepting ' Scotland, W.' and ' Eng-
land, S.W.', the percentage of the possible amount
of duration varying from 21 in ' Scotland, N.' and
' Ireland, N.', and 22 in ' Ireland, S.\ to 45 in ' Scot-
land, W.', and 50 in the Channel Islands."

ARKETS.

CO VENT GARDEN, Aug

fWe cannot accept any editorial responsibility for (he sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
sale-men, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It mu*t be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Market well supplied, and quotations the same as
last week. James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Arum Lilies, 12 blms.

Asters, French,

12 bunches

— English, per
dozen bunches ...

Bouvardia, perbunch
Carnation?, 12 buns.
Carnations, 12 blms.
Cloves, per doz. blms.
Cornflower, 12 buns.
Eucharis, per dozen
Gaillardias, 12 buns.
Gardenia, per dozen
Gl idiolus, 12 buoches
Heliotrope, 12 sprays
Lavender, doz. bunch
Lilium candidum,
12 blooms

— various, 12 bun.
Lilium Harrisii, doz.
Li li ums, various, doz.
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Marguerites, 12 buns.
Mignonette, doz. bun.

s.d. s.d.
2 0-40

6 0-12 0

0 4-06
0 6-10
4 0-60
0 9- 1 6
0 6-10
16-30
2 0-60
2 0-40
2 0-40

4 0-12 0
0 3-06

5 0-80

0 4-09

6 0 12 0

2 0-40
10-30

4 0-90

3 0-60
16-30

Myosotis, 12 bunches
Orchids: —

Cattleya, 12 blms.
Odontog 1 ossu m
crispum, 12 blms.
Pansies, 12 bunches
Pelargoniums, f car-
let, per 12 bun.

— 14 spays

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ...
Pyrethrum, 12 buns.
Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-

chals),per doz.

— red, per dozen ...

— various, doz. bun
Stocky per doz. buns.
Sweet Peas, 12 buns.
SweetSultan,12bun.
Tuberoses, per dozen

blooms

;. d, s. d.
2 0-40

6 0-12 0

3 0-60
0 6-16

3 0-
0 6-

6 0
0 9

2 0-40

10-30

2 0-30
10-30
2 0-40

2 0-60
10-20
10-60

3 0-60
2u-30
2 0-30

0 3 0 6

Orchid-bloom in variety.

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Aralia Sieboldi, doz. 6 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz.18 0-42 0

— specimen plants,

each 7 6-10 6

Asters, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Bouvardia, per dozen 9 0-18 0
Caladiums, per doz. 9 0-15 0
Calceolaria, per doz. 4 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-12 0
Dracaena terminalis,

per dozen 30 0 60 0

— viridis, perdozenl2 0 21 0
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-18 0

Evergreens, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-21 0

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4 0 18 0

Fie in elastica, each 16-70
Fuchsias, per dozen 4 0-90

Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2
Heliotrope, per doz. 4
Hydrang-'-a, per doz. 9

— paniculata, per

plant 1

Ivy Pelargoniums,

per do-en 3

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3
Marguerites, per doz. 6
Mignonette, per doz. 4
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6

Palms in variety,

each 2

Pelargoniums, doz. 8

— scarlet, per doz. 2
spirit- 1, per dozen .,, 6

0-10 0
0-8 0
0-18 0

6-2 0

0- 6 0

0-33 0

0 6 0
0 12 0
0-6 0

0 12 0

6-21 0
0-12 0
G- 6 0
0- 9 O

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Lemons, per case ...15 0-25 0

Melons 16-30

Peaches, per dozen... 16-80
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80
Strawberries, per lb. 0 4-08

s. d. s. d.
Apples, |-sieve ... 16-30
Cherries, £ sieve ... 4 0-80
Currants, red, i-sieve 3 9-46

— black, A-sieve 8 0

Gooseberries, ^-sieve 2 0-36
Grapes 13-26

Note.— Bananas and Apricots differ in price so greatly,
according to quality and quantity on sale, that no trustworthy
quotations can be afforded.

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.
s.d. s. d.

Globe,

- 0 6

. 0 6- ...
.26-36
.04-09
.20-30
...0 4-

Artichokes,

each \ 0 4-

Beans, French, lb. ... 1 o
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ..
Celery, per bundle.,
Cucumbers, each ,
Endive, per dozen
Herbs, per bunch

Potatos.— Very heavy supplies coming to hand, conse-
quently price* very much lower— 65s, to 80s. Beauties and
Roses; 95s. to 110s. Kidneys. /. B. Thomas.

s.d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0
Mushroom's, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, perbunch... 0 4-
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9 -
Turnips, perbunch . 0 6-

s.d.
1 6

1 0

SEEDS.

London, Aug. 5. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report to-
day's market of quite a holiday character. Just now con-
sumptife sowing wants are at a minimum, whilst no
speculation has sprung up. Trifolium continues exceedingly
dear. Mustard is firm. New French Rape seed now offers.
Canary and Hemp seed are both firmer, Feeding Linseed
shows no quotable variation.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices paid
at the various metropolitan markets during the past week :—
Clover, prime, 80s. to 105s. ; inferior do., 46s. to 75s. ; Hay, best,
60s. to 90s. ; inferior do., 26s. to 50s. ; and straw, 20*. to 40s.
per load.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Borough: Aug. 4.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. per
tally; Turnips, 2s. to 3s. per dozen bunches; English Broad
Beans, Is. to 2s. per bushel ; Scarlet Beans, 4s. Od. to 5s. Gd.
do. ; Peas, 2s. to 2s. Gd. do. ; and 3s. Gd. to 5s. per bag. ; French
Beans, 2s. to 3s. per half-sieve.

Spitalfields : Aug. 4.— Quotations:— Vegetable Marrows,
Is. Gd. to 2s. per dozen; Cabbages, 2s. to 4s. Gd. per tally;
Scarlet Beans, ns. Gd. to &s. Gd.per bushel; French do., 5s. to
5s. Gd. do. ; Peas, 4s. to 6s. per sack ; frame Cucumbers, Is. Gd.
to 2s. Gd. per dozen ; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. Gd. per dozen
bunches; ppring Onions, 3s, to 4s. do.; Horse Radish, Is. Id.
per bundle; Mint, Is. to Is. Gd. per doz°n bunches; Parsley,
Is. to Is. 9d. do. ; Carrots, Is. Gd. to 2s. Od. do. ; Cos Lettuce,
Gd. to Qd. per score ; Cabbage do., bd. to Gd. per dozen ; Mustard
and Cress, Is. Gd. to Is. 9d. per doz. baskets; Endive, Is. per
doz.; Cauliflowers, 2s. to 2s. Gd. per doz. ; Beetroots, id. to
Gd. do. ; English Tomatos, 3s. to 4s. per peck ; foreign do.,
Is. to 2s. per box; Strawberries, Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd. per peck.

Stratford : August 5. — Cabbages, 3s. to 4s. Gd. per tally ;
Carrots, household, Is. Gd. to 2s. 6 1. per dozan bunches;
Onions, Egyptians, 100s. to 110s. per ton; Apples, English,
4s. to 5s. Gd. per bushel ; Green Peas, 4s. to 5s. per bag, and
2s. to 2s. Gd. per sieve; Broad Beans, 2s. to 2s. Gd. per bag ;
Lettuces, 3d. to 9rf. per score ; Plums, French, Is. Gd. to Is. 9d.
per basket; do. Dutch, 3s. to 4s Gd. do.

POTATOS.

Borough: Aug. 4.— Quotations :— Jerseys, 100s. to 120s.;
Cherbourgs, 70s. to 100s.; Kent and Essex Regents, 8"*s. to
90s.; Hebrons, 80s. ; Early Rose, 70s. to 15s.; Kidneys, 100s.
to 110s. per ton.

Stratford : Aug 5.— Quotations : — Kidneys, 80s. to 100s. ;
Hebrons, 60s. to 80s. ; white do., 80s. to 95s. ; Snowdrops, 80j.
to 95s. per ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending
Aug. 1, and for the corresponding period last year: — 1891,
Wheat, 38s. 9rf. ; Barley, 26s. Gi. ; Oats, 21s. bd. 1890 :
Wheat, 35s. \0d.; Barley, 23s. id. ; Oats, 20s. id. Difference,
Wheat, +2s. Ud.; Barley, +3s. 2d. ; Oats, -fls. Id.

Notices to Correspondents.

Black Grapes Never Colouring Well : Acox.
This may be due in your case to something in the
soil that is inimical to the Vines, or, perhaps, you
persistently overcrop them, and denude them too
much of their foliage. Can you send specimens of
fruit and foliage for inspection to this office ?

Fungus in Pasture : F. Townsend. Xylaria poly-
morpha, Grev., common, growing from wood decay-
ing in the ground. — M. Cooke.

Groom- Gardener: H. A. A. Such a practitioner
might reasonably be allowed to exhibit in a Cot-
tage Garden Society's show, but not in one where
professional gardeners competed.

Names of Fruits: E. S. The Myrobalan Plum,
used for stocks ; the fruit is alBO good for
preserving.

Names of Plants : Blue. Bell. Campanula latifolia. —
J. P. fj S. Centaurea suaveolens, Sweet Sultan. —
G. L. 1, Cephalotaxus pedunculata var. fastigiata ;
2, Thuva Standishii ; 3, Retinospora plumosa
aurea; 4 and 5, forms of Thuya orientalis ; 6, Juni-
perus excelsa. — MissWebster. Liriodendron tulipife-
rum, the Tulip tree. — A. H. B. 1, Galega offici-
nalis alba ; 2, Corydalis lutea ; 3, Veronica in-
cana; 4, Campanula persicifolia ; 5, Allium (next
week) ; G, Stanhopea oculata — A. O. Narthe-
cium 0S8ifragum (Bog Asphodel). The growth
on the Rhododendron leaf is a gall, caused by an

insect puncture. — W. G. Calceolaria pinnata. —
G. S. 1, Veratrum nigrum; 2, Campanula tra-
chelium multiplex ; 3, Pteris longifolia ; 4,
Chelone (Pentstemon) barbatum ; 5, Lasiandra
macrantha. — H. IV. 1, Plum, not ripe; 2, Sagina
pilifera aurea ; 3, Oncidium tigratum ; 4, Spirasa
salicilblia. — Mab. Eucryphia pinnatifolia, hardy
shrub. See Gardeners' Chronicle, September 11,
1880, where you will find a figure.

Nipbetos : Rose. The name is probably from the
GreeK Niphetos, signifying drifted snow; the e
in the second syllable should be pronounced short.

Ntmph.'ea alba : F. L. Judging from your statement,
we are decidedly of opinion that the judges were
in error in disqualifying the bouquet on the
grounds that the common white Water Lily is
not a native. Its right of citizenship by birth has
never been disputed so far as we know.

Scorched Foliage of Vines. B. The trellis to which
the Vines are secured being too clo9e to the glass,
it would be advisable to stretch some wide-meshed
hexagon netting over that part of the roof where
the scorching of the leaves is prevalent during
sunshine. Thin wash of sour milk would
answer well enough, but fixed shadings are gener-
ally detrimental to all kinds of plants, unless it be
Ferns. Put the wires later in the year to 20 inches
from the glass.

Situation in America : Young Gardener. You should
get a situation in a nursery in Canada or the
States. There is not much chance of your hearing
of a vacancy on this side of the Atlantic. Just go
over and look about you, and do not start without
some few pounds over your fare.

The Treatment of Orchids : C. B. I. Odonto-
glossum Edwardii does best in the cold- house all
the year round. Winter, 50° to 55° by day, 45°
at night ; summer, 60° to 70° by day, 55° at night.
Laslia anceps, L. majalis, Odontoglossum cirr-
hosum, O. citrosmum, Cypripedium Domini-
anum, C villosum, C. Boxallii do best in
the cooler part of the intermediate-house ;
the Lsclias and Odontoglossum citrosmum on the
sunny side and the others on the shady side.
Winter. 60° to 65° by day, 55° at night ; summer,
70° to 80° by day, 65° at night. The Pleiones
do well on a shelf in the warmer part of the cool-
house or cooler part of the intermediate-house if
of the same temperatures as those above given.
At the end of the summer when their pseudo-
bulbs are mature their removal to a cold frame
may be resorted to with advantage. They require
very little water after the leaves turn yellow unt.l
they start into growth again.

Tubeiious rooted Begonias: A. M. The cuttings
root the most certainly when a thin heel of the
flesh of the tuber is taken off with them, and the
shoots have not grown more than 2 inches in
length before taking them. Strike in a bottom
heat of 75°— 80° in very clean sand overlying well
drained sandy loam and peat. Cover with hand-
light, and afford a little air every morning to dis-
sipate moisture.

Twin Cucumbers : W. H. L. Not so rare as yon
suppose. It is a freak of nature, induced usually
by the excessive vigour of the plants, just as
fasciation of the shoots is due to the same cause.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Brown & Wilson, Manchester — Dutch Bulbs.

Little & Ballanttne, Carlisle — Dutch Bulbs,
Daffodils, &c.

James Dickson & Sons, Hanover Street, Edinburgh
— Hyacinths, &c.

Cooper, Taber & Co., Lim., Southwark Street, S.E.
— Catalogue of Bulbs.

Haage & Schmidt, Erfurt — Catalogue of Bulbs and
Herbaceous Plants.

Dicksons & Co., Edinburgh — Catalogne of Dutch
Boots.

Communications Received.— O. Kins.— Jas. F. Smith.—
W. D.— L. C— W. H.— G. H.— W. T. T. D— Baron von
Mueller, Melbourne.— A. O. W.- R. A. R — W. H. P.—
J. T. N.— T. M , Philadelphia.— Professor Wittmack. Berlin
(many thanks).— S. T.— J. H. J.— C. E.— A. H. B.— W. M.-
Q. F.— C. Eennis.— J. B— J. O'B— H. M.-F. Jeffs.— W. S.
—A. D.— P. L. S.— J. B.W.— H. Evershed.-H. G.-W. D —
G. B. & Co. — John Colebrook. — Henry Perkins.

Photographs Received with thanks from M. D.— W. S.—
V7. H.

Augcst 8, 1891.]

THE GA E BE NEB S' CHE ONI CL E.

177

BOULTON & PAUL,

H0RTBIu'i^RrsURAL NORWICH.
WINTER CARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

CARDEN FRAMES A VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

No. 73.
NBW SPAN-ROOF
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. by 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices,
Carriage

Paid.

by 6 ft.
16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

.2,1
3

No. 77 -smaller size Frames, \ * £ {$ \ {£ e\ l] %
similar to No. 76. / u ft; by 4 ft. 3 o o

All Frames made of Selecte 1 Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 148. each.

UNGLAZED LIGHTS 5s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always in Stock.
CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including Horti-
cultural Buildings. Frames. Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling,
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY " Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

CMSHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
T for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to lti ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and \tis. 6d.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6</. and la., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, &o
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.J

and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cask.

CONWAY G. WARNR,

Roval Potteries. Weston-super Mare

RICHARDSON'S

Maxy
Prize Medals.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Conservatories, Greenhouses

Vineries, Peach Houses!

Stove and Orchid

/> JN^ Houses, &c. Also

■e ^ /\. Boilers. Pipes,

<j> <, „-C\ and

WARMING and

VSNTILA.TION of

Churches nnd Public Buildings
(as well as Greenhouses).

W. RICHARDSON & CO.,

DARLINGTON.

J. H. HEATHMAN & CO.,

2, Endell Street, London, W.C.

GRAND BARROW PUMP.

3-inch, £1 10J.

Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6

50 feet Delivery Hose, 25/-

Pbioe Lists Free.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

„ 4 feet

6 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent, Mr.H.SK elton, Seedsman, &c.,2,HollowayRd.,N.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

ESTATE SALES.

The Best County Medium for Advertising Sales of Estates is

THE "WORCESTER HERALD,"

Sales of Stock and Agricultural Effects.

The " WORCESTER HERALD " is the most effective organ
for giving publicity to announcements of this class. It is the
leading Agricultural Paper in the County, and Circulates
most extensively among Agriculturists in and around
Worcestershire.

Farms to Let.

Situations Vacant and Wanted.

For producing results the "WORCESTER HERALD" is
recognised as a specially good medium. Cheap Rates.
Applv for terms.
SPECIMEN' FREE. Price 2d.
Published Friday for Saturday.

OFFICES : — 72, HIGH STREET, WORCESTEK.

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

AND

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Copies of each Journal are filed at the
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178

THE GAR DENE It 8' CHRONICLE.

[Aogust 8, 1891.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

P P S ' s

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCO

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tf • angel Mats lowerthan anyother hou^e in the trade ; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free. — 4 and 5, Wormwood Street, E C.

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia. Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON and SCULL. 90, Lower Thames Street. London. E.C.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fre-h sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES, 3J feet to 12 feet; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
lfoot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO. BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Sout.liwark Street, London, S.E.

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. 6rf. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mb. Henry Church, for the past 12 months
foreman at Carpenter's Park Gardens, Watford,
as gardener to H. Bacon, Esq., Raveningham
Hall, Norwich.

Mr. J. W. Sparrow, formerly at Cromer Hall,
as Head Gardener to T. II. Harrison, Esq.,
P.riarwood, Martlesham, Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Mr. Fowell, formerly Head Gardener to the
late Richard Bagge, Esq., Gaywood Hall,
King's Lynn, Norfolk, as Hardener to Henry
de Stafford O'Brien, Esq., Blatherwycke
Park, Wansford, Northamptonshire.

PEQUIRED, a HEAD WORKING FRUIT

XX GARDENER, all round, for Market. Well used to
Winter Forcing. State age. family, time of service, and
wages, to C. G., Garden-.rs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER, of experience. Two under him. with extra
help when required. Must have an interest in his job. — Apply,
Mr. HADFIELD, Monaston, Ross, Herefordshire.

\\f ANTED, a thoroughly practical GAR-
VV DENER, married; Wife to keep Lodge and Gate-
Apply, stating wages, to W. W. H., Oaken Holt, Botley. near
Oxford.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER and
WIFE, good Laundress. — Address, with full par-
ticulars, Mr. CRAMOND, Knoyle Gardens. Sali-burv.

WANTED, a steady, persevering young MAN,
as UNDER GARDENER. Must have a good know-
ledge of Inside and Outside Work.— W. HUNTER, Ai ston
Hall, Rotherham.

WANTED, September 2, an UNDER GAR-
DENER. Some knowledge of Fruit Growing indis-
pensable. Bo:hy and vegetables when to spare.— Apply, by
letter only, stating age, wages required, and particulars of
experience, to HEAD GARDENER, Aldercar Hall, Notts.

WANTED, a strong, active young MAN, as
UNDER GARDENER, in a Gentleman's Garden.
Wages, 18s. per week. — Apply, with references, to WILLIAM
FISHER, Nurserymen, Burton-on-Trent.

WANTED, a stroDg, active single MAN, for
Kitchen Garden work ; 15$. a week and bothy. Also
a strong active LAD, from 17 to 18, for general Garden work;
wages, 12s. and bothy. Must be Roman Catholics.— Apply to
the GARDENER, Frensham Place, Farnham. Surrey.

WANTED, for the end of August, a single
young MAN, about 25 years of age, to look after the
Garden, assist on the Farm, and make himself generally useful
about a Public Institution. Must be of unexceptional character.
Wages, £2o a year, with board and lodging.— Apply to the
GOVERNOR. Industrial School, Lostock, near Bohon.

WANTED, a FOREMAN, Catholic preferred,
for the Houses. State age, wage-;, with bothy, ex-
perience, and references, to W. CONNELLY, Rhode Hill
Gardens, Lyme Regis, Dorset.

WANTED, as PROPAGATOR, an active and
painstaking young ruin, —State wages, ag; and ex-
perience, by letter only, to Messrs. JOHN LAING and SONS,
Forest Hill Nurseries, London, S.E.

WANTED, a PROPAGATOR of HAKDY
PLANTS under Glass.— Must have had experience in
Roses, Clematis, and Conifers. The propagation of tender
plants will be in another department.— WM. PAUL and SON,
Wallham Cross.

ANTED, a CARNATION GROWER.—

Apply to JOSEPH LOWE. Uxbridge.

WAN'] ED, AT ONCE, for a few weeks,
several good and quick ROSE RUDDERS. — Stat,-
wages required, to S. G. RUMSEY, Rose Grower, Wrotham,
Kent.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, as ROSE
BUDDER, a good hand, for a short time, or per-
manency, my Foreman being ill.— T. BUNYARD, Ashford,
Kent.

WANTED, a First-rate JOURNEYMAN,
for Winter Garden, Fernery, &c, active, industrious
and at lea>t experienced in two good situations. Age nut
under 21 years.— Apply to GEO. AB11EY, Avery Hill, Eltham,
Kent.

WANTED, in a Garden near London, an
active young MAN as FIRST JOURNEYMAN, to take
charge of Plant Houses, to grow Palms, and other Decorative
plants, and plants for cutting purposes. Must be experienced
in the making-up of Cut Flowers and Table Decorations.
Must be well recommended. Wages 19s. Bothy. — Apply to
A. T. T., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Sin-:-!,,
Strand, London, W.C.

W~ ANTED, AT ONCE, a youDg MAlVto
raise and sell plants at a small place, all glass. —
Reply, stating full particulars, wages required, See., to
J. R RAXTEK, 31, Oxford Street, Manchester.

WANTED AT ONCE, a steady active
young MAN, well up in Potting, Watering, and
General Nursery Work. Wages, 18s. Good character
required.— LANE and MARTIN, 227, Brixton Road, S.W.

\\7ANTED, a young MAN who has some

V T knowledge of Grafting and Growing Clematis. Ros. -*,
&c, under the Propagator.— F. STREET, Heatherside Nur-
series, Camberley, Surrey.

WANTED, a young MAN, age about i>4, for
the Houses, under Foreman. One who has had some
experience in Orchid Houses. Wages, 16s per week, with
Bothy. — C. HILL, Worburn House Gardens, near Maidenhead,
Berks.

WANTED, MAN and WIFE, no encum-
brance. Man as Gardener ; Peaches, Grapes, &c.
Wife as Laundress. Wages, 30s. per week, with oottage and
vegetables free.— J. G., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Seed and Florist Trade.

WANTED, a JUNIOR SHOPMAN, with
knowledge of Wreath-making. Plants, &c. State
salary required.— PRITCHARD AND SONS, Shrewsbury.

WANTED, a SHOPMAN, to Manage a
Florist's Shop. Must be well up in Wreaths, Crosses,
Buttonholes, Bouquets, &c. None but those of good character
and experience need apply. —Address, with full particulars,
MANAGER, Redland's Nursery, Emsworth.

WANTED, as STOKER, a steady married
MAN, without family, and to make himself useful in
the Nursery. Preference given to one who can Paint Green-
houses. Situation permanent to steady man. Wages, 20s.
per week, with cottage, lire, and light.— State full particulars
to TURNER BROS,, Florists and Nurserymen, Garston,
Liverpool.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter.
Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, So.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. Ail particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address-" DIUKSONS, CHESTER."

RICHARD SMITH and CO.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
rhey will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

GARDENER, or GARDEN MANAGER.—
A first-class Horticulturist and Estate Manager requires
a re engagement. Accustomed to Grow for Market, and to
Sell Surplus Produce. Hlg'iest and unexceptionable references.
Salary, or salary and commission.— MANAGER, W. K. Wood-
cock, Uarkby Road Nurseries. Syston, near Leicester.

GAUDENEU (Head), where two or three
nre kept; age 38, married, small family. — A Gentleman
desires to recommend his gardener as above.— WM. NUNN,
Woodville, Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 43; thoroughly
efficient in all branches. Left through death. —
F. SM4.LL, 9, Roehford's Cottages, Turnford, Rroxbourne,
Herts.

/GARDENER (Head), in a good Establish-

\J[ nient. — Age 35, married; thoroughly experienced in all
branches; understands Land and Stock. Four yt ars' good
character from last situation. — C. R1TCHINGS, 1, Wandle
Road, Hackbridge, near Carslialton, Surrey.

i> | ft will be paid to anyone furnishing the

vl'/ Advertiser with information of any Gardening
changes that will lead to obtaining an engagement as
HEAD GARDENER in a good establishment. Highest
references from previous employers, — HORTUS, Messrs.
Brown, Gould & Co.. 51, New Oxford Street, W.C.

GARDENER (Head) ; age 36. — Robert
Nelson, Hwilh House, Ravenstondale, is desirous of a
situation as above. Could leave by giving one month's notice.
Excellent testimonials.

GARDENER (Head), Scotch.— No children ;
thirteen years in last place; well up in all branches;
Fruitgrowing indoors and out a specialty ; good references. —
WM CHISHOLM.-Senr., Oxon Hoth Park, Tonbridge, Kent.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 34 ; thoroughly
practical. Inside and Out.— J. CHEAL AXD SONS,

Nurserymen, Crawley, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver can
with the utmost confidence recommend an exceptionally
high-class man, as above; of long experience in Fruit and
Plant-growing, and the general management of u large estab-
lishment. The highest references as to both chiracter and
ability.— Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, Loudon, S.W.

GARDENER (Head), where one or two are
kept. — Age 29, married; sixteen years' experience in all
branches. Abstainer. — H. H., Crockham Hill, Edenbriilge,
Kent ______

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or four are kept; age 31, married v> hen suited. — Mr.
DAVIES will be pleased to recommend his Fruit Foreman to
any Lady or Gentleman that requires the services of a good
practical man. Has been under him for the last eight years.
— H. GLASSCOCK, The Gardens, Mate Park, Maidstone, Kent.

August 8, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

179

GARDENER (Head) ; age 41.— Experienced
iu a'l branches, including early and late torcing and
inauagernent of good establishment. Five years' recommenda-
tion.—F. W . 13, Castle Street, Hertford.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39,
married; total abstainer. Advertiser would be glad
to hear from any Lady or Gentleman who grows, and has
good conveniences for growing, the following: — Grapes,
Peaches, Nectarines, Figs, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos,
Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Ferns, Orchids,
Roses, Chrysanthemums, also Flower and Kitchen Gardens,
and Early and Late Forcing. Twenty-three years' practical
experience. Highest references for abilities and character. —
GARDENER, Oak wood, Chichester, Sussex.

Gl ARDENER (Head Working or good
M SINGLE-HANDED). — Age 32, married ; seventeen years
thorough experience. Four years' character from last situa-
tion.— A. G , 2, Lime Tree Cottages, Lower Mitcham, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 3l> ;
married, no family; thoroughly experienced in all
branches of the profession. — A GENTLEMAN highly recommends
the adverser. Five and a halt' veari' eh trader.— i\ \V.,
20, David's Road, Forest Hill. S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age ;3C,
married, no family; nineteen >ears' thoroughly good
practical all-round experience in all branches. In Hr and Out.
Good testimonials. — J. BARKER, Elgin Terrace, Maida
Vale, London, W.

GARDENER (Head Working), where inor©-
a re kept. — Age "61, married, no family; experienced in
all branches. Good ch lracter.— H. C, 15, Victoria Koid,
Engle field Green, Surrey.

Gi ARDENER (Head Working). — Age 33,
' married ; thorough in all branches, Orchids, fee. ;
Land and Stock, if required. Highly recommended.— , I. PI L-
LINGER, Cavendish Road, St. Albans.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
several are kept.— Age 28, unmarried; fourteen year3*
first-class all-round experience iu goo 1 establishments. Excel-
lent references as to ability and trustworthiness — C. JONES,
Gardener to the Rev. C. J. Sale, Holt Rectory, Worces'.er.

GARDENER(IIead Working, Scotch), where
two or more are kept. -Age 29, unmarried; life experi-
ence.—R. M., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Stra-.d, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working), where five
or six are kept.— Excellent experience ami references;
abstainer. —GARDENER, ~'><, Stadium Street, Ashbumham
Road, Chelsea, 8.W.

G> ARDENER (Head or good Single-
J HANl>l-;i>).— Age 30, married; six years in Duke of
BeG ford's Gardens, three in presf nt situ it ion. Good characters
from In h.—W.H. KEEN, Berry End, Eversbolt.Woburn.lVN.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
SINGLE-HANDED;.— Age 37, married; thoroughly prac-
tical in every branch of the profession. Six years' gool
character. — J. ARNOLD, Cotesbach, Lutterworth.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).
Age 32, single; \\ell up iu Growing Tomatos, and t ,e
general routine of Flower aud Kitchen Gardening. Eight
y;irV good character. — A. M., Ruscombe, near Reading, Berks.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 26";
single ; nearly two years in last situation ; good refer-
ences ; tot;il abstainer,— H. W., The Poplars, Brook Lane,
Clieshunt, Herts.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 20 ;
married, oue child; abstainer. Understands Vines,
Melons, &C, and the general routine of gardenii g; excellent
references. -H. GREEN, Culworth. Banbury.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or good
Unit UK— Age 22, single ; understands Greeuhouse,
Flower j:nd Kitchen Gardening, Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c.
Good references; disengaged. — GARDENER, Eagle House
Cottage, Eltham, Kent.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 28,
married; abstainer. Twelve years' experience. No
objection to Pony and Trap.— GARDENER, 23, B_ilcorne Street,
South Hackney, N.E.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — A -<■ .'IT;
married, three children. Five and a hall years' good
character. No objection to horse or cow. — J. E., 98, Dorset
Roal.ClaphLim, S.W.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or other-
wise.—Age 30, married, one child (16); practical ex-
perience. Excellent references. Disengaged.— GALLOWAY,
2, Norfolk Villas, Saunders Road, Piumstead, S.E.

GARDEN Ell, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF. — Has a good knowledge of Gardening in all
its branches. Seventeen years' character as Gardener and
Bailiff from present employer — J. K , Rollestou Hall, Leicester.

GARDENER. — Age 40, married, no family;
good all round. Wife a good Cook.— R. F., 43, St.
Gjthard's Road, West Norwood.

/ 1 ARDENER. — Young man, age 2t>, German*

V_J single, who has a good knowledge of Roses, Fruit, and
Shrubs, and Landscape Gardening. Excellent references.
Advertiser speaks a little English.— HEINRICH THALHELM,
Dresden, Neustadt, Konigsbruckerstr. 03 II.

GARDENER (Second), where three or four
are kept. — Age 24. single. Ten years' experience Inside
and Out. Good references.— W. M.F 3i>, Pope Read, Bromley,
Kent.

GARDENER (Second), where four or more
are kept— Age 25, married when suited ; four years in
frituation. Good experience Inside and Out. Good references
Abstainer.— L. WALKER, 10, Newton Road, Tunbridg,- Weil..

ARDENER (Second), where four or five

are kept ; or JOURNEYMAN, in a good establishment ;
Inside preferred.— Age 25; two and a half years* excellent
character. — W. ABBOTT, 55, Peckwater Street, Kent sh
Town, London, N.W.

ARDENER Under. — Age 21 ; son of

a Nurseryman. Gentleman's place preferred. Good
ence.— C. F. IXGREY, Rose Cottage Nursery. Spikling

GARDENER (Under), to work Inside and
Out.— Young mao, age 2.5 ; good reference.— CUARM IN,
Storrington, Sussex.

GARDENER (Under), by a respectable man,
aged 19— Four years' good character.— C. PANNELL,
Rectory, Sib!e Hedingharn. Hal stead, Essex.

GARDENER (Under), age 20.— Josh. JEF-
FERSON, The Gardens, Carlton House, Worksop. Nutt",
wishes to recommend a younj man as above. Four and a half
years in good girdens.

GARDENER (Under); age 22. — A. H.
WOOD, Esq., would highly recommend to any one
requiring a useful, willing young man, FRED. VINOKNT,
Alresford House Gardens, Hants.

C^ ARDENER (Under), or to take charge of
A Stock; good Milker.— Agj 3 1, Hurried ; fourteen years'
character. Country preferred.— G. KING, 9, Hillmore Grove,
Lower Sydenham, Kent.

f± ARDENER (Under).— Young man, age 20 ;

VJ g"0!l knowledge Inside and Out. Can be well recom-
mended.—CHALUS, 1, Piatt's Line. Hampttead, N.W.

GARDENER (Under); age 17.— A Lady
wishes to recommend a youth as above. Steady, sober,
and trustworthy. — EDWARD MARTIN, 15, Verrau Road.
Balaam, S.W.

Q. ARDENER (Under), age 20.— Wishes to
Vj gain experience in Gentleman's establishment; good
character; bothy preferred.— W. A. POLLARD, 1. Hal i

Grove, Do' glas, Isle of .Man.

GARDENER (Under).— Situation wanted, by
a respectable young man, age 26, single ; good character.
— W. D., 12. Coliston Road. South Fields. Wandsworth, S.W.

GARDENER (Under) wishes to gain expe-
rience in Gentleman's Establishment.— Age 20; three
Mid a half years in list situation. Good character. Bothy
preferred.— H. ANSTIS, Gas tar d, Corsham. Wilts.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 19; wishes
to glin experience in gentleman's establishment. Five
years' experience Inside and Out. Ex ell -m character. Two
years in present, three in list situation. Rothy preferred.—
W. HURsT. Deanyers, Alton, Hants.

/"J.AKDENER (Third), in Garden.— Age 21 ;

-vJ two years' good reference.— THOMAS GOODWIN,
Bushey Heath, Htrls.

Market Growers.

MANAGER.— Well up in Tea Roses, Ferns,
Cut Flowers. Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c, in
Quantity for tfarket. Twenty years' experience. <"'.'!
references.— ALPHA, 1. Grove Road, Upper .Mitcham. S.W.

VI ANAGER. — The Advertiser is open to an

XTJ. engagement to manage a larg.* Nursery ; well known ill
the Trade, and having a good connection could travel in spare
time.— N'fl'HETOS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

MANAGER or FOREMAN of Small Nur-
sery. — Twenty years' practical knowledge of the
Minagement of Jobbing and Growing. Five years at Covent
Garden. Good Salesman. Life Abstainer.— G. G., 346, Mare
Street, Hackney.

ORCHID GROWER or GENERAL
GROWER. — Exceptional references from present em-
ployer as to ability, &c. Married.— W. L., Pine Apple Nur-
sery, Maid a Vale, London, W.

FOREMAN and PROPAGATOR. — Roses,
Clematis, Conifers, Rhododendrons, and General Nursery
Stuff. Twenty years' experience. — A. B., 55, Natal Roud,
Streitham, S.W.

FOREMAN or PROPAGATOR. — All soft-
wooded Stuff, Cut Flowers, Tomatos, and Cucumbers.
Would take charge of a branch nursery.— FOREMAN, Ashford
Nursery, Staines.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, and GROWER
in Nurseries — .Age 30; fifteen years' experience in Fruit
and Plant Culture, Cut Flowers, &c. Exceptional references as
t) ability.— R. B., 15, Narcissus Road, West Hampstead, N.W.

FOREMAN.— Age 25; twelve years' expe-
rience in Flowers, Fruits, and Plants; also Furnishing,
&C, and Early Forcing. Well recommended.— FOREMAN,
The Firs, Acton Turville, Chippenham.

FOREMAN PROPAGATOR or GROWER.
— Age 26 ; well up in Plants, Cut Flowers, Ferns, Vines,
Tomatos, &c. Good references.— H. SAYER, 5, Mill Lane,
Cambridge.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Roses,
Carnations, Ferns, Palms, &c, for Market. Good
Manager of men. Good experiences. — BETA, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

P„ To Nurserymen,

ROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft-
wooded Stuff, also experience of the Growing of Palms,
Ferns, and general routine of Nursery Work, &c— A"e 23 :
fourteen years' exparieace.— W. E, 32, Chirltjm Koad.
Harlesdsn, N.W.

ToUuNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good

" establishment.— Age 22 ; bothy preferred. Five years'
experience. A Gentleman wishes to recommend a young man
as above.— A. IRELAND, 7. Station Road. Swanley, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20;

W good character. Seven years' experience. Leaving
through breaking up of establishment.— Mr. ADAMS, Heal
Gardener, Brownaea Castle Gardens, Poole.

JOURNEYMAN (Finsij.-F. Milleb,

" _ Gardener, Northdown House, Margate, Kent, can Willi
confidence recommend a youug man as above. Six years'
experience; good character.

J To Head Gardeners.

O URN EYM AN in the Houses, in a good
establishment.- Age 20. —A. W., No. 3, Somerlauds,
Wnipton, near Exeter.

"JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 23 ;

tf well up in all branches of the Trade. Gool refeienee».—
«-. A M., 2, Cvprus Terrace, Uuderhill Road, East Dulwich,
London, S.E.

JOURNEYMAN (First) ; age 23.— Mr. Exleh,

■ v. Heaii Garaener. Bovingdon House, Hemel Hempstead,
wishes to highly recommend W. Cooper, who haa been here
two and a half years as above, giving every satisfaction.—
W. COOPER, Chinnor, Tetsworth, Oxof.

JMPROVER, Inside and Out.— A young Man,

-*- age 22, seeks situation in large establishment or good
Nuraery as above. Two years and nine months' good character
from two last situations.— A. WILKINSON, Woolsthorpe,
nearBelvoir, Grantham.

JMPROVER (Indoors).— Age 22 Abstainer.
A Potting, Watering, and General Indoor Work.— T. R ,
1 I, Kelvin Koad. Highbury Park, N.

JMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden.—

-*- Age Id; has been in a good garden two years. Well
recommended.— F. H., Newberry, Coleford. Bath.

r|70 GARDENERS and NURSERYMEN.—

A Situation wanted by a young man, age 19, not expe-
rienced, but willing to learn. Good references.— W. GADSB1",

Kei 1 House, Harrow, Middlesex.

rrO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted, in a

J- g)Od Garden, by a young man (age 18). Inside work
an I bothy preferred. Good reierences.— R. WAINWKIGHT,
The Gardens, Fernclough, Bolton.

rPO GARDENERS.— Mr. T. Hare, The Gar-

A dens, Welling-on-Granthani, will be pleased to recom-
mend a youth (age 17), to any Gardener requiring the same for
the Glass Department in a good Garden.

HP GARDENERS and OTHERS. — A

X young man, age 21, seeks situation in Gentleman's
Garden. Premium given.— E. H., Tudor Villa, Vaughan
Street, Rhyl.

rFO GARDENERS.— Mr. AV. M. Corrie can

-i- well recommend a strong lad (nearly IS), principally
Inside. Four years' experience. Inside and Out.— H. REED,
Downside, Wokirg, Surrey.

HPO NURSERYMEN.— A practical Gardener

X seeks employment as FRUIT GROWER or otherwise in
Market Nursery, near London preferred. Good references.—
G. IRKDALE, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

rVO NURSERYMEN.— Age 26; eight years'

J- experience, Growing for Loudon Market and Shop
Trade. Has had charge ut Houses.— C, 138, Park Road,
Kilburn, London, N.W.

^HOPMAN. — Seventeen years' experience in

KJ Seeds and Bulbs. Excellent references. — T. S., Box 67,
Post Office, Preston, Lancashire.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, PlaDt, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

To Nurserymen.

NURSERY CLERK, thoroughly competent
(age 32), seeks situation ; proficient Bookkeeper, Cor-
respondent, &c. ; long experience, highest referentes. —
" DELTA." Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

rrO FLORISTS.— Experienced young Lady

JL seeks re-engagement. Tnoroughly good at making up
Bouquets, Wreaths, Spray*, Button Holes, &c. Loudon expe-
rience. Highest references.— EDWARDS, W. Buxey, Bridge
Street, Southampton.

HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.—
With the changing season it is prudent for all to rectify
any ailment afflicting them ; but it is incumbent on the aged,
suffering under ulcerations and similar debilitating causes, to
have them removed, or worse consequences will follow. This
Ointment is their remedy ; on its powers all may confidently
rely ; it not simply puts their sores out of sight, but extirpates
the source of mischief, extracts the corroding poison, and
stimulates Nature to fill up the ulcer with sound, healthy
granulations that will abide through life. Under this treat-
ment bad l^gs soon become sound, scorb-utic ^kins cast off their
scales, and scrofulous sore3 cease to annjy. Such hope for the
disease was unknown in former days.

180

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 8, 1891.

HILL & SMITH'S

BLACK VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Eew Gardens,
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, 1*. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
n A tt m t- s\ tit Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 U JS . Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMI TH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

STOUHBR/DGE.

NOW
READY.

CARTERS'

NOW
READY.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.

THE FINEST OF THE YEAR.

Yery large Bulbs ... price 3s. per dozen; 21s. per 100.

Good flowering Bulbs ... price 2s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100.

All Carriage Free. Special Quotations for Large Quantities.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H M. the Queen and H.K..H. the Prince of Wales.

237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stovea, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c, constructed on our improved plan, are the
perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equa'led. We only do one class of work,
ind that the vert best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our firm,
f -om the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed
in all cases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on m any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORE. THE BEST MATERIALS.

232

►£t-*y*fc

Witfwut which

THE "PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Without which

none is genuine. none it genuine.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, Stable
Yards, &c. Recommended by the entire Horticultural Press, inoludiDg The Field,
The Garden, Gardeners' Chronicle, Gardening Illustrated, Gardeners' Magazine, Journal
of Horticulture, and Gardening World. Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of
Works, and used regularly at Kew Gardens, &o.

Prices :-l gal., 2s. ; 5 gals., Is. 9d. per gal. : 10 gals., Is. 6d. per gal. ; 10 gals, at 1b. 4d. per gal

Carriage Paid on 10 gallons.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

THE HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL COY.,

97, Milton Street, GLASGOW (Originally of Tunbridqe, Kent).
CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC— Please carefully note our Name, Address, and
Trade Maik, and do not be deceived by imitations and apparently lower
prices of inferior articles.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that by virtue of an Order of the High Court of
Justice, dated Mag 26, 1891, the use of the name AGRI-HORTICULTURAL
CHEMICAL COY. on Shoto-Cards, Circulars, Labels, or otherwise howsoever, by
Parties recently trading under that name at Tunbridge, Kent, is ILLEGAL, and
that our Manufactures cannot be obtained genuine in Tunbridge except from our
Agents, Messrs. W1BMER Sf WARDLEY, Chemists, there.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
AKTHUR Ueorge Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, August 8, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

/ Third "1
I Series. J

SATUEDAT, AUGUST

[Regt. a9 a Newspaper.

Price

Post-free, 3%d.

CONTENTS.

Apple growing, does it

Fruits under glass

192

pay?

190

Humus, formation and

Books :—

properties of

197

La Mosaiculture

192

Kew notes

190

Les Plantes d'Appar-

Kitchen garden

192

tement et lesPlantes

Maples, some Caucasian

1J-8

de FenStres

192

Orchid-houses

193

The Silva of North

,, nutes

186

America

195

Plant portraits ... 193

197

Buenos Aires, note from

iyj

Plants under glass

193

Castle Hill, Englefield

Societies : —

Green

191

Ather-«tone Horticul-

Cherries, Morello

198

tural

201

Copper cjiu pounds for

Carnation and Picotee

plant diseases

196

Union

201

Royal Horticultural ...

200

dening books

199

Royal Scottish Arbori-

Flower garden

193

cultural

201

Fruit culture in South

St. Neots' Horticul-

Wales

187

tural

201

,, growing

194

Trade notices

202

Fruit, hardy

193

week's work, the

192

„ jars, fumigating ...
ILL

196
U8T

Welbeck Abbey Gardens
RATIONS.

185

Acer insigne var. velutinum

189

Grooved steel tacks

199

Palm House, Welbeck Abbfy .

195

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Builling, Neio York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

Now Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publishes,, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

" Pa,vtoris Calendar." New Edition, " The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, 3±d. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER'S Kew and Descriptive
PRICED LIST is now ready, post-free, on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

DAFFODILS ! ! South of Ireland Grown.
Bulbs never better than this seasou. See Garden,
June 6, 1891. Please write for Illustrated CATAXOGUE. and
insist on AUGUST delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

VIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
"a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all their own. Try them. Seed, ld.t Is., and 2s. 6d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
and CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA. — Extra
strong plants ready for 48's, 20s. per 100.
SMITH and LARKE, Nur.-eries, Ashford, Middlesex.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will flower tbe best. Write for Trade Price o| strong
Forcing Pips to

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

CROTONS for SALE, oheap.— Several large
and small specimen Plants. Can be seen. — Apply
32, New Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E.

ARTERS' TESTED SEEDS FOR

PRESENT SOWING.

ABB AGE. — CARTERS' EARLY

HEARTWELL.
Pronounced to be the finest early Cabbage in cultivation.
Very distinct. The heads are extremely firm, weighing
from 4 to 6 lb. In sealed packets only— Per packet, Is.
and 6rf. ; per ounce. Is. 6d. All post free.

LETTUCE.— CARTERS' GIANT per^ pefp'kt.
WHITE COS LETTUCE 2s. 6d. ls.Od.

Dunnett's Giant Winter Cos Lettuce ... 2s. §d. Is. Oif.
Carters' Longstander Cabbage Lettuce ... 2s. 6d. Is. Od.
All the Year Round Cabbage Lettuce ... Is. Hd. 6a.

,NION.— CARTERS'

GLOBE TRIPOLI

Giant Rocca

Giant White Tripoli ...
Early White Naples ...
Giant Madeira

GOLDEN

Post free.

per oz. per pkt.

2s. 6d. Is. 6d .

ls.Od.
Is. Od.

Is. Od.

ed.

CARTERS', Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to
H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 338, HIGH HOLBORN. LONDON.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON. 25, Savage Gardens,
Crulched Friars, E.C.

N.B.— Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Ceutre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

WANTED, 250 Rooted PELARGONIUM
CUTTINGS, best bright Market varieties.
TO OFFER. — ADIANTUM DECORUM, in 4£ pots, 60t.
per 100 ; ARALIA SIEBOLDI. in 5-in. pots. 75s. per 100— all
fine, healthy plants. Two Specimen CAMELLIAS, 7 feet by
5 feet, in tubs; one ditto, in pot, 5 feet by 4 feet, fl. alba
plena variety, set well with buds. Must be sold in conse-
quence of alterations to house. What offers ?

WM. BARRON AND SON, Elvaiton Nurseries, Borrowash.

WANTED TO BUY, GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE, Vols. 1865 to 1880. or any single Nos.
S. BUCKLE, 60. Stanhope Street. Newcastle Street, W.C.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS.
5,000 Geranium Cuttings of Henri Jacoby.
5,000 ,. „ John Gibbons.
10,000 ,, „ Vesuvius
Quote lowest price per 1,000 to—
ROBERT NEAL, The Nurseries, Trinity Road, Wands-
worth, S.W.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS,
Leading Bedding Kinds. Lowest price per 100 or
1000 to—

J. W. SILVER. Stteatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.

WANTED, strong CUTTINGS of Vesuvius
and West Brighton Gem GERANIUMS. State
price per 1000.

HOWES AND SON, Highbury Nursery, Blackstock Road,
Fimbury Park, N.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGST^OO
H. Jacob/, pink and white. Lowest price per cash.
PORTER ani> THORN, Stockwell Road Nursery, S.W.

THE BEST CABBAGE for PRESENT
SOWING.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING. —
Remarkably early, compact habit, having few outer
leaves; firm hearts, of exc> llent quality. One of the very
best for spring use. as there is no fear whatevi-r of its running
to seed. Per packet. Is., post-free. Mr. Joseph Zealf.t,
Gardener to J. A. Tilleard. Esq , say 8 :— *■ I planted your
Flower of Spring Cabbige in August, and began to cut on
May 1 good firm heads frum 4 to 6 lb. each. I have found itan
excelleut Cabbage, and it has been a great boon this spring."

FOR THE BEST LETTUCE, ONION,
RADISH, TURNIP, &c, for pre-eut sowing, see
SUTTON'S LIST of SEEDS, Bent post-free on application.

SUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Bulbs for Early Forcing.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
have just received, and offer iu splendid condition —
HYACINTHS, Single White Roman, 12s. and 14s. per 100.
HYACINTHS. Single White Italian. 10s. 6rf. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single Blue Italian. 8s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Double Rose Italian, 10s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Double Roman, 6s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Large-flowered Paper White, 7s. per 100.
Carriage Paid. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old MUlgate, Manchester.

THE PEACOCK PANSY— now is the time
to Sow Seed, direct from Raisers ; Is. per packet.
J. AND F. WOODHAM, Greenstead Nursery, Cohhester.

ED. PYNAERT VAN GEERT,
Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium.
AZALEAS. CAMELLIAS, RHODODENDRONS, CLIVEIAS,
PALMS FERNS, ORCHIDS, and all other best stuff for the
Trade. Apply for the SPECIAL PRICE LIST.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 25s. per 1U00, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS— PRIMULAS.—
Twenty-first year of distribution. Williams' Superb Strain,
Is 6d. per dozen, 10s. per 100. CINERARIAS, same price;
also double white PRIMULAS, 6<f. each. Carriage free for
cash with order.— JOHN STEVENS, The Nurseries, Coventry.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. McARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

VISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are
cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN. Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty. H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildmgs. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent^Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

182

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION,

Monday and Thursday Next.

DUTCH BULBS. SPECIAL TRADE SALES.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
C3, Cheapsiile, London, E C . on MONDAY, August 17,
THURSDAY, August 20. MONDAY, August 24, and THURS-
DAY, August 27, large consignments of named Hyacinths,
Tulips. Crocus, Narcissus, and other Dutch Bulbs, together with
white Roman Hyacinths and Paper White Narcissus, received
direct for unreserved sale. These early auctions have been
specially arranged in lots to suit the trade, and other large
buyers. The Auctioneers will be pleased to enter the names of
intending purchasers in their permanent lists, who may desire
a regular supply of catalogues for these sales.
Auction Rooms and Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT, August 21,
a few ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, comprising fine plants of
CYPRIPED1UM DO.MINIANl'M, C. KOTHsCHILDIAN I'M,
LYCASTE SKINNERI ALBA, and several others, for
unreserved Sale.

On view morning of Sale, and catalogues had.

Friday Next.

ANSELLIA AFRICANA NILOTICA.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, by order of Mr. F. Sander, at
their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London.
E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT, August 21, at half-past 12 o'clock,
an importation of the rare and beautiful

ANSELLIA AFRICANA NILOTICA,
in first-rate condition, and in compact and well-shaped pieces.
Nicholson, in his Dictionary of Gardening, speaks of it " as
much superior to the type . . . the colour of the flowers
brighter and more distinctly defined; sepals and petals, too,
are more spreading."

A plant or two of this lovely Orchid should be added to every
collection.

CATTLEYA LABIATA GASKELLIANA ?

An importation in excellent condition. Plants are healthy,

strong, and well leaved. Collected far away from the Gas-

kelliana region, and thus promising a crop of novelties in

both form and variety.

A NEW CYMBIDIUM. — Flowers white, with crimson

stripes.
An Imposition of CYPEIPEDIUM, var. of LNSIGNE,

from Cachar.
ANGR.ECUM BILOBUM.— A charming species, of easy
growth; flowers ivory-white, with rose flush at tips of
sepals and petals. Semi-established plants, growing freely.
CALANTHE PLEIOCHROMA.

VIRIDI-FUSCA. — Extremely rare. A mo<t inte-
resting plant. Flowers green and brown.
CYPRIPEDIUMS BOXALLI and VENUSTUM.
And many other choice, interesting, and valuable species.
N.B. — There will be included in this Sale a very fine plant of
MASDE7ALLIA VEITCHII GRANDIFLORA.

Acton, W.
Priory Nursery, Acton Lane. Proprietor, Mr. J. C Jennings.
To NURSERYMEN, GENTLEMEN, and OTHERS. The

SECOND ANNUAL SALE of 20,000 SURPLUS STOCK of

PUNTS.

MESSRS. W. EYDMANN and SON have
received instructions ftom the Proprietor to SELL by
PUBLIC AUCTION, on the above Premises, on THURSDAY,
August 27, 1891. at 1 for 2 o'clock, the SURPLUS STOOK of
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, consisting of Maiden-
hair and other Ferns, Eucharis, A zal^;is. Cyprus, Carnations
of sorts, Chrysanthemums. Poinsettias. Roses in pots. Double
Primulas, Pelargoniums, Marguerites, large Eupholia splen-
dens, specimen Lapigeria alba, Orchids, Agapanthus, Liliums,
&c. Useful Florist's Van.

May be viewed day prior to Sale. Catalogues to be
obtained on the Premises, and at the Auctioneer's and Valuer's
Offices, High Street, Acton.

N.B.— Immediately upon fhe conclusion of the Sale of
Surplus Slock, the FREEHOLD NURSERY will be submitted
for SALE by PUBLIC AUCTION, on the Premises, contain-
ing a total area of over 3 acres, with the following erections
thereon : — 28 well-built Greenhouses, containing about
45,000 feet of glass and woodwork ; 9nOO feet of hot-water
Piping, driven by 14 boilers; Stabling for 4 Horses, 2 Coach-
houses, Potting, Packing Sheds, &c.

Thursday Next.

SPECIAL SALE of ORCHIDS in FLOWER and BUD.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden,
W.U.. on THURSDAY NEXT, August 20, at half-past
12 o'clock precisely, a COLLECTION of ORCHIDS in
FLOWER and BUD, comprising many tine forms and speci-
men; al-o 8000 splendid Bulbs of LILIU.M HARRISII, just
received from America, for early forcing. &c.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

PendeU Court, Bletchingley, Surrey.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions
from the executors oE the late Sir G. MACLEAY to
SELL by AUCTION on the premises, as above, on WEDNES-
DAY and THURSDAY, September 2 and 3. at 1 o'clock
precisely each day, the COLLECTION of ORCHIDS com-
prising exhibition specimens of Cypripediums, Ccelogynes,
Sobraluis, Vandas, and Cymbidiums; also Cattleyas, Odonto-
glossuius, Dendrobes, &c, including most of the well-known
kinds. Specimen Palms, Tree and other Ferns, Aquatic
Plants; Ornamental, Stove, Foliage, and Greenhouse Plants ;
Succulents, Lilies. Eucharis, &c. Also Three Cows, Horse, and
Pony, Two Carts, Two Ricks of Hay, Iron Tanks, Garden-seats,
Vases, Lawn-mowers, Greenhouses, Water-barrows, and other
requisites for the Garden.

On view the day prior, 10 till 5, and mornings of Sale ; and
catalogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneer,
Ofhces aud Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden W.C.

Wednesday and Saturday next.

EXTENSIVE IMPORTATIONS of BULBS from HOLLAND,
SPECIALLY LOTTED for the TRADE and LARGE
BUYERS.

TV/I R- J- 0. STEVENS begs to announce that

1'A his FIRST SALES of the SEASON of DUTCH BULBS
will take place at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY NliXT, August 19
and 2i, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each dav, and will
comprise choice named HYACINTHS. TULIPS, CROCUSES,
NARCISSUS, IRIS, COLCHICUMS, It., just received, 500J
LILIUM HARRISIT, PAPER WHITE NARCISSUS,
DOUBLE and SINGLE SNOWDROPS, for forcing, &c,
specially lotted for the Trade and other buyers.

On view morning* of Sale, and Catalogues had.

WANTED to RENT, a SMALL NURSERY,
with DWELLING-HOUSE. All in good order. Apply,
W. BRUNSWICK, Church Passage Nursery, Lse, S.E.

WANTED, TO R E N T, a SMALL
NURSERY.
GRAY, Florist, Carnarvon Road, S. Woodford.

To Fruit Growers and Florists.

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP.—
GREAT SACRIFICE. NURSERY, 6 acres of LAND,
and 23 GREENHOUSES. Price £700. Stock optional.

Particulars of PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, 67 and 6S,
Cheapside, London, E.C.

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL,

The Well-known and Successful

SEED AND BULB BUSINESS

Carried on during the past ten years, by

DOBIE & MASON,

66, DEANSGATE, and 22, OAK STREET,

MANCHESTER.

To Principals every facility for investigation will
be given.

A Genuine Compulsory Sacrifice.

FLORIST, SEEDSiMAN, and JOBBING
BUSINESS for IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, in a London
suburb, within 25 minutes' drive of Covent Garden, doing a
good trade, with plenty of scope for increasing same. Hand-
some Shop, with Dwelling-house and small Nursery.

Price £250, IF SOLD AT ONCE.

Every investigation courted. The goods on the place alone
are worth more than the price asked.

Address, FLORAL HALL, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

YORKSHIRE (on the borders of), an
excellent FREEHOLD NURSERY FOR SALE, the
owners retiring from business. A compact Nursery, all under
Glass. Six Greenhouses, nearly new ; dwelling house and
buildings. Also Leasehold Nurserv, nearly 3 acres.

Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS,
67 and 6S, Cheapside. E.C.

To Small Florists, Jobbing Gardeners, &c.

FOR SALE, the S1XTX YEARS' LEASE
of a place; five Greenhouses. Price very low.
Enquire, 59, Nightingale Koad, Wood Green.

FOR SALE, the twelve years' LEASE of a
NURSERY (2 acres), seven Glasshouses, all heated.
Within 10 miles of Covent Garden, and close to two stations.

Apply, F. H.,5, Gladstone Villas, Fairfield Road, Edmonton,
Middlesex.

FOR SALE, a COMPACT NURSERYTsix
Greenhouses. 240 feet run of Glass, and a Frame of
twenty lights, with good Frontage to Main Road, aud cio-e to
Station. Houses heated with hot-water, with Shed and Olhce.
All standing on half an acre of Land.

Apply to WM. COPE, Ann's Villa, Stanley Road, South
Woooford. Essex.

Tj\)R SALE, GARDENERS' and FLORISTS'

-L BUSINESS, in the be>t part of St. John's Wood and
Hampstead; established thirty years; splendid connection.
Price, for Goodwill, Lea e, and Buildings, £5U0 ; Stock at
Valuation. Reason for disposal, old age.

Apply, CLEAVER, 3, Quex Road. Kilburn, N.W.

Fruiterer's, Floiist's, Seedsman.

FOR SALE, West Suburb of London, eight
miles out. Average turnover, £3000 a year, which could
be easily increased. Unique position. Any energetic man
with £1000 at command should see this.— FRUIT, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Gardeners.

FOR SALE, the GOODWILL of a good
JOBBING CONNECTION, West London, for valuation
only ; about £70. Piece of Ground to carry on same, rent
free. — Apply 1o JOBBER, Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. '

SEED DRAWERS.— A grand Nest. Have
only been used one season. Containing 186 dust and
mouse-proof Drawers, with (j large Bird Seed Bins, oak-
grained, nicely labelled; cost £J5. No reasonable offer refused,
hpecially suited for a First-class Retail Counter Trade, or
Larjre Market Gardening Business.

ZINNIA, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

TO BE SOLD, a Bargain (through a death),
the LEASE of a capital MARKET NURSERY, 8 nrles
from Covent Garden, 'with eleven good Glasshouses, all excep-
tionally well heated; also 2D0 good pit-lights and Fixtures.
Capital Stabling and Dwelliug-house, with every convenience.
Rent only £25 per annum ; price low to an immediate pur-
chaser. Apply to—

J. S., 2, Elm Villa, Town Road, Lower Edmonton, N.

l^LORIfcTS and SEEDSMAN'S, with

J- NURSERY. Capital position, Tuubridge Wells, modern
Shop, eight-roomed House; Rent moderate. Good living
trade; Ingoing, only £130. Apply, personally —

MESSRS. WICKENDEN, Tuubridge Wells.

NORTH LANCASHIRE. — TO LET ON
LEASE, Immediate Possession ; practically new ; old-
fashioned, substantial, commodious HOUSE; three Sitting-
Booms, seven Bed-Rooms, Stable, Coach-house, Loft, Cottage,
good Garden, small Glass-houses, Vinery in full bearing, and
Field ; near Church, Station, and Po3t; country healthy and
beautiful. Might suit any person retiring from the trade.
Opportunity to Let Rooms.— Address HOMESTEAD, Melting,
Carnforth.

r1^0 BE LET, Aylestone, near Leicester, a valu-

-1_ able and most eligible FRKEHOLD and FLORIST'S

NURSERY, consisting ot a well-built Bay-windowed Villa
Residence, 7 large Greenhouses, and a good Garden well
stocked with Fruit Trees, having a river frontage, and situated
2 miles from Leicester on the main road to Lutterworth, known
as Aylestone Park. Rent, £6U per annum. No Stock. Trams
pass the door every lu minuoes.

Apply to S. WALKER, Aylestone Park, Leicester.

To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.
HTO BE LET, at Tottenham, about TWO

J- ACRES of LAND, with good HOUSE, STABLING, and
OUT-BUILDINGS. The Land is covered with Glass, which
the out-going Tenant would be willing to Sell by Valuation.

Full particulars of Mr. ALFRED RICHARDS, Auctioneer
and Estate Agent, Lower Tottenham.

Address. SECRETARY. 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Horticul-
tural Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyton-
stone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had on application.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. &d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

Hand ¥. SHARPE'S Special Priced LIST
• of Choice VEGETABLE SEEDS for Autumn Sowing,
is now ready, and may be had on application. It comprises
Selected Stocks of Cabbage, Onion, Lettuce. Turnip, &c.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

T OVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.

J-i — Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Noble,

Thury, Paxton, President, and others. Sample parcel, 6d,

Descriptive Price LIST free.

W. LOVEL and SON, Strawberry Growers, Diilfield.

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

183

EXHIBITIONS.

TVTEWCASTLE - ON - TYNE AUTUMN

-Ll FLOWER SHOW, AUGUST 2(5. 27. and 28. 1891.
Entries close August 19. For Schedules, &c, apply to—

_ _. . JAS. J. GILLESPIE, Secretary,

Cross House Chambers. ''

CRYSTAL PALACE,
GREAT FRUIT EXHIBITION,
SEPTEMBER 4 and 5, 1891.
For Schedules and Entry forms apply to Mr. W. G. HEAD,
Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace. S.E.
Entries close on August 28.

PALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM
SEEDS and SEEDLINUS, all the leading kinds, write to
H. DAMMANN, Jun.. Breslau.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

ORCHIDS, &c— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
• Ghent. Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

LAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES.— Noble, the
king of Strawberries ; Scarlet Queen and White
Knight, best new, both Certificated Fruit Conference— quality
first rate; Commander, best flavoured mid-season ; Albert, fine
Continental, late; Crescent, King of Earlies, J. RuskiD,
A. Nicaise, Vicomtesse, Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, La
Grosse Sucree, Paxton, President, A. F. Barron, James
Veitch, British Queen, Dr. Hojrg. Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo,
Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and 150 best varieties, true to
name. Price LISTS free.

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

BARK'S CATALOGUE S.—
Free on Application.
LIST of AUTUMN-FLOWERING CROCUS and MEADOW
SAFFRON. BULB CATALOGUE of cheap, rare, beautiful
hardy bulbs, &c, for all seasons. DAFFODIL CATALOGUE,
illustrated, contains the onlv complete list of these beautiful
hardy spring flowers. PLANT CATALOGUE of free flowering,
beautiful hardy perennials, for flower borders and for cut
flowers. SEED CATALOGUE, ready January 1, 1892.

BARR AND SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Begonias a Specialty.

LAINGS' COLLECTION

JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

TO BE SOLD (or would EXCHANGE for
GARDENIAS, BOUVARDIAS. or EUCHARIS). a large
quantity of fine plants of RHODODENDRONS (Greenhouse),
including R. jasminiflora, R. Taylorii, R. Maiden's Blush, R.
Duchess of Connaught, R. Princess Alexandra, &c. Address —
McKENZIE, Groveleigh Nurseries, Retford, Notts.

FW. KRAUSE, Neusalz, Silesia, Germany,
• Wholesale Grower of LILIES OF THE VALLEY
(true Berlin variety) on 10 acres of sandy soil. In autumn of
each year selected 3-yr. old Crowns, large-flowered, for Early
Forcing. Lowest Price and Terms on demand. Testimonials
from Great Britain for unsurpassed quality. Established 1870.
Telegrams : KRAUSE, Gardener, Neusalzoder, Germany.

TVTEW FERN — PTERIS VICTORLE.

-Ll Best Novelty of the Season.

105. Qd. each; three plants for 21s.
Coloured Illustration, post>free, Is.
WILLIAM BULL, F.L.S., Establishment for New and Bare
Plants, 536, King's Koad, Chelsea, Loudon, S.W.

TAND-LAID RUNNERS

and PLANTS in POTS of the
. best varieties.
PLANTS. [ Descriptive Catalogue on application.

DICKSONS, NURSERIES, CHESTER.

ALLAMANDA GRANDIFLORA.— A few
' extra strong plants, in 24-pots, 5s. each.
W. FROMOW and SON, Sutton Court Nursery, Chiswick.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SUN'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1S01, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on application to their" Agents, Messrs. MERTENS AND CO.
3. Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.C. ; or themselve
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland,

N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
OOCOS, PHCENLX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

STRAWBERRY | H

Strawberries.
FINE COLLECTION of the best varieties

can be supplied. Orders should be booked now.

Descriptive CATALOGUE post free.

THOMAS KIVERS AND SON, Sawbridgeworth.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. Ths finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

STRAWBERRIES— All the best of the New
and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections m the
Trade. Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
issued. Special quotations for quantities to grow for Market.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, WithiDgton,
Hereford.

BULBS CHEAP.— Great Northern Railway
crossing our Gardens. Must Sell.
DOUBLE DAFFODILS, flowering, 25s. per 1000.

,, INCOMPARABLES, large flowering, 23s. per 1000.
CAMPERNELLE JONQUILS, fine, 28s. per 1000.
WHITE or RED SCILLAS. 35s. per 1000.
YELLOW CROWN IMPERIALS, large, 20s. per 100.
PHEASANT EYE NARCISSUS, fine. 7s. per 1000.
DALCORN, Bulberies, Spalding.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S
VARNISH

for Preserving Iroaworfc, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Price Is. Qd. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway 6taticn, 1*. &d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
n a tt rrr t r\ Tkt Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 O IV . Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH

Brierley Ironworks, Dudley :

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Buildfrs
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL
STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges, Cottages,

Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &c.

Hot-water Apparatus

for warming Churches,

Schools, Public Buildings,

Mansions, Harness Rooms,

Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and

Buildings of every Description.

Illustrated Circular*
Post-free.

\y& Complete Catalogue, 3a.

PET LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each ; free on rail in
London. Ca^h or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
Bpecification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

ORCHID PEAT ; best Quality ; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON anrl AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Faruborough, Hauta.

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

>0 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
EighHrch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 21 for
Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. Sd. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten davs you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London.

FRUIT, &c, EVAPORATOR.

New Improved System Patent Kyder.

DRYING APPLIANCES,

FOR MANUFACTURE OF CONSERVES,

DRYING APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, &c.

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURE. Newest American
Patent PRICK secures first-class drying produce and
highest saving in maintenance expenses.

PH. MAYFARTH & CO.,

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY MANUFACTORY,
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN; BERLIN, N.

London office : 16, MINCING LANE, E.C.

REPRESENTATIVE :

Mr. A. LTJDWIG, F.R.H.S.

Illustrated CATALOGUES on application, post-free.

The Apparatus is placed and working in the Eoyal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, at Chiswick (close to Turnham
Green. London, W.). where it will be open to inspection
by all interested in Fruit Evaporating.

HORTICULTURAL WIRE

AND WiRE GOODS FOR

WREATHS, CROSSES, ANCHORS, CROWNS,
STARS, HEARTS, LYRES, SHIELDS, &.C.

FOR FLORISTS USE.

REGISTERED DESIGNS

WREATHS

CROSSES

UNIFORM, STRONG,
LIGHT.

rd. isoose.

Rd. 160O57.

The New Patent

POSY HOLDER

VERBENA PINS,
LABELS, &.C.,

BOUQUET
FRAME.

c HP

Used and Sold bv many Leading Firms.

LEAD WIRE,

IRON WIRE

IN CGILS AND IN STRAIGHT LENGTHS.

TiMSMED IRON WIRE (SILVER WHITE)

D. F. TAYLER & CO., Limited,

Wire Manufacturers,

BIRMINGHAM.

Illustrated LisTe to fLomsTs and Seedsmen, free on application.

184

THE GA RDENER £' CHR ON I CLE.

[AugCsT 15, 1891.

GILBERTS CHIEF SECRETARY
STRAWBFRRY.— Exhibited before the Fruit Com-
mittee of the Roval Horticultural Society. July 7, 1891. where
thev recommended it to be grown at Chiswick. WANTED.
OFFER for the WHOLE STOCK, of from 8000 to 10,000
plants. The Earliest Strawberry at Burghley last year— large
in size, and good flavour.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

FERNS ! 1ERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 m i t saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantum can- iim, tne tops, in 5-inch pots, EOs. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety. 455. per 100, in 4&'s. Extra large
Aralia Sieboll'i. in 48-pots, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. C.-h with Order.

J. ■ MITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junct'n, S.W.

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price*, consistent with correctness and superior
character. Sepd for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY, KENT.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, healthy Plants, at Low Prices. Thousands
in stock. Please write for LIST.

H. A. TRACY (Late W. Gordon),

Orchid Nursery,
AMYAND PARK ROAD, TWICKENHAM

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STBECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — Strecker, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size

(1J YE4R).

Pbice, 12s. 6d. pes 100.
SAMPLES FREE OX APPLICATION.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

EARLY ROMAN HYACINTHS.

WE Grow Thousands for our own Cut Flower
Trade, and can offer a few selected heavy Bulbs, at
8s. per 100. Cash with order.

PRITCHABD & SONS, Florists,
SHREWSBURY.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs,

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYAOIKTHS
TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS!

IRIS, &c , free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders

abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

NOW

READY

CARTERS'

NOW
READY,

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.

THE FINEST OF THE YEAR.

Very large Bulbs ... price 3s. per dozen; 21s. per 100.

Good flowering Bulbs ... price 2s. per dozen; 15s. per 100.

All Carriage Free. Special Quotations for Large Quantities.
Seedsrnen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

MESSENGER. & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses.
Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot- water Pipes, and all appliances for
heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Pric© 23. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country; an inspection of
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
us enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

London Office :- 163, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

CROMPTON
& FAWKES,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

CHELMSFORD.

Poet-fre* on application.

August 15, 1891.1

THE GARDENERS' CHB0N1GLE.

185

STRAWBERRIES.

8 acres, planted 3 feet apart, especially for
young plants.

"New Zealand, June 20, 1891.
" Dear Sirs.— I have to offer you my best thanks for
Strawberries and Chrysanthemum Plants. The simplicity of
packing was simply admirable, and they all reached me in
grand condition, nothing could have been better; they will be
sure to bring its reward. I shall ask your valuable assistance
again before the year is out. — Faithfully yours,

" Edwin Hesketh."

Send for an ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, with view of a
50 acre field ; also instructions how to prepare the plants
and ground. Fifty varieties described, with a List of the
Twelve Best; how to Grow for Exhibition, Market, and other
particulars that will be highly valued by all Amateurs and
Professionals.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

STRAWBERRIES.

For the Best Flavoured, see

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO. S LIST.

For the Best Forcing Kinds,
For the Largest Fruited, see

C. B. & CO.'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

For the Hardiest Villa Garden Sorts,
For ample Cultural Notes, see

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO.'S

LIST of SUMMER FRUITS, Free by Post.

THE OLD NURSERIES,

MAIDSTONE, KENT,

And buy the Best Sorts and Best Plants from the m.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS, SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE
JACKMANII.

The flowers are paper-white, about the same size as those of
the old purple JackmanM, but produced in even greater pro-
fusion. It is unrivalled for beds, and also for climbing. Keady
in August. 7s. &d. each,

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.

This is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6af. each.

We now have a very fine lot of the best
varieties of CLEMATIS ready for planting out,
also BEDDING PLANTS, and shall be pleased
to send particulars.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merohants,
WORCESTER.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

The finest, most varied, choice and interesting collection in
the Trade, 1400 specieB and varieties of stove, greenhouse, and
hardy Ferns. Partially Descriptive Catalogue, including com-
prehensive List of useful Gardening Books, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, One Shilling and Sixpence, post-free.

ORC H I DS.

BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS supplied in large or small quantities.

Satisfaction guaranteed ; the Trade supplied.

CATALOGUE and particulars on application to

A. H. GRIMSDITCH, Importer,

5, CLAYTON SQUARE, LIVERPOOL.

Sole A sent for CARLOS TRAVASSOS, Rio de Jsneiro.

N.B.— UELIA GRANDIS TENEBROSA: a few plants now in

bloom, splendid new varieties.

"JOHN RUSKIN " STRAWBERRY.

The earliest Strawberry of the Century. Trials in North and
South prove it extraordinary for Earliness, Productiveness,
Flavour. Size, and worthy to be classed with "Sir Joseph
Paxton," *' Garibaldi," *' President," &c.

Order now. Extra Strong Runners, 4s. per doz., 20s. per 100,
delivered in Augu-t. True, direct from raisers.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment,

CARLISLE.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

SEEDLING PLANTS

OF CHOICE

Florists' Flowers.

We have much pleasure in offering the following in Strong,
Healthy, Transplanted Young Stuff, from our superb strains.

Free by Post, at prices quoted. Per doz. s. d.
Auriculas, Alpine, very choice strong young plants,
for blooming next reason ... ... ... ... ... 2 6

Calceolarias, herbaceous, sp'endid strain 2 6

Carnations and Picotees, from choicest named

Bowers p-r 100, 1' s. 6rf.,

CineraTias, large-flowered, very fine, per 100. lOff. 6d.f

Hollyhocks, choicest double 6 for 2s.,

Primulas, Alba magnifica, Splendid Pure White ...
„ Crimson King, deep Crimson, magnificent

colour 6 for 2s ,

„ Choicest Red, White, or Mixed, per 100, 105. &d.

Hyacinths, Early White Roman, fine selected

bulbs Per 100, 10s. 6d..

NarclSSUS, paper White , 7s. Qd.

,, „ New large-flowered ,, 10s. 6d.

,, Double Roman ,, 7s. &d.

Lilium Harrisii, fine bulbs oQs. 0d.

Extra fine 80s. Off.

Prima! as, double Pure White, splendid for furnishing an
abundance of Cut Flowers throughout the Autumn and
Winter. Well-rooted, strong young plants, from 3-inch pots.
Per 100, 42s. ; per dozen, 6s. ; 3 for Is. Qd.

Our Fine Illustrated CATALOGUE of DUTCH and other
FLOWER ROOTS. NEW and CHOICE ROSES,
FRUIT TREES, #e., should be read by all intending
purchasers before Ordering. Post-free, 3d., or Gratis to
Customers.

DANIELS' BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

THE

(Barters' djtomkk

SATURDAY, AUGDST 15, 1891.

WELBECK ABBEY GARDENS. '

A VERY pleasant way to approach these
-^"*- gardens, which ought to be seen by every-
one interested in scientific horticulture, is from
Creswell station. About midway the road winds
through Creswell Crags, a ravine cut in the
magnesian limestone by the river Wollen. The
steep sides of the cliff are overhung by Ivy, and
venturous trees find a lodgment even in the
most inaccessible parts. The caves here, locally
yclept Robin Hood's Cave and Mother Grundy's
I'arlour, have yielded the bones of man mingled
with those of the mammoth and the arctic fox,
thus proving the existence of man in the Neolithic
age. Reaching the brow of the hill above the
ravine, the range of the extensive buildings at
Welbeck comes into view, just like a little
town.

It is simply impossible to give an adequate
idea of the immense garden under Mr. Horton's
charge, unless one proceeds on a definite method.
We will take as centre of operations his cottage,
which faces south. On either side is a large con-
servatory, and then comes a range of lean-to vine-
ries 86 yards 2 feet in length. In front of all this
are several acres of cultivated ground, and then
another wall, by the side of which is planted, on
arched iron-work, an arcade of fruit trees — Pears
on one side and Apples on the other — 244 yards
long, which, when in flower, offer a most dazzling
spectacle. On the north side of this wall, Cur-
rants and Gooseberries, which hang very late,
are planted, and the south is taken up by a
Peach-case the whole length of the wall. Then
comes another wide piece of ground, chiefly laid
out in squares, and devoted to bush trees,
bounded on the other side by a third long wall,
on the south side of which is an Apricot-case
385 yards long. In front of this is a long strip
of ground, formerly laid out for Strawberries, the
beds being arranged so that they could be covered
by glass, but now devoted to other purposes.
The garden on the north side is bounded by the
famous tan gallop, which is covered in with glass,
and between it and the main range of vineries
are arranged all the pits, frames, propagating-
houses, and span-roofed greenhouses for cut-
flowers. Below the main range of vineries are
two ranges of span-roofed plant-houses, each 98
yards long, and each divided into three parts ;
and another wall the same length covered by
glass. Enormous as these figures are, they com-
prise only a part of the glass on the estate, as
my readers will see later on.

We will start our walk through the houses
from the conservatory on the left as you enter
Mr. Horton's cottage. This is a tropical house,
the floor of which has been lowered in order that
the Bananas may be planted-out and grow to
their full height. They fruit abundantly, as do
the Guava and the Cape Gooseberry. I did not
envy Mr, Horton the trouble tand the sleepless

186

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

nights he must have had during the late severe
winter in keeping the frost out of such a lofty
house. The range of vineries, which conies next,
could not well be improved upon, either as
regards heating or ventilation, the arrangement
for the latter being very easy to manipulate.
Young Vines are being gradually put in to re-
place the old, as the houses are so numerous, this
can be done a house at a time. All the roots are
inside, and the borders are formed by degress, as
the roots come up to the soil already put in
position. A very rich turfy loam is procured from
the park, in which the young Vines are making
really astonishing growth. The borders are
3 feet deep, resting on a rubble composed of
2 feet of whole bricks. The soil is so good that
not much artificial feeding is required, which
perhaps is the reason why Madresfield Court
finishes so well. Besides the usual sorts, White
and Black Tokay and Barbarossa are extensively
grown, and the late variety Welbeck Seedling,
however it may do elsewhere, certainly is a great
success in its native habitat. It is of good
flavour, keeps well, and is much thinner in the
skin than Lady Downe's. The fuliage also is
strikingly distinct from any other Grape.
Although there is so much ground, nothing is
wasted at Welbeck. The back wall, and the
border in front of it, are utilised for growing
Tomatos and salad plants. The popular variety
of Tomato seems to be Ham Green.

It is convenient now to take the two long
ranges of plant-houses. They are fully 30 feet
wide, which allows for a large stage in the
middle. The first house was filled with flowers
for cutting. Carnations are grown by the thou-
sand, and there were also any number of Gladiolus
The Bride, Bichardias, Lilium Harrisii, and
Freesias, F. Leichtlinii being the most grown.
The next house was a stove, in which was a
magnificent collection of Crotons Queen Victoria ;
C. angustifolius and Prince of Wales were repre-
sented by very large-sized plants. Striking
varieties are undulatus, which has hardly two
leaves alike; interruptus aureus, and majesticus.
There was also a large number of plants of a
nice size for decorative purposes. Dracrenas,
Dieffenbachias, and Screw Pines, which are
allowed to acquire a lovely pink flush by being put
close to the glass, are also extensively grown.
The most extraordinary plant in the house is,
however, an Anthurium Veitchii. It can hardly
be matched for size anywhere in England ; many
of the leaves were more than a yard long. The
third house is intermediate, and is devoted to
Coleus, Acalyphas, Gardenias, planted out
Cliveias, Amaryllis, including Her Majesty
and a number of seedlings ; Clerodendron
fallax, and Palms for decoration, such as Cocos
Weddelliana and Geonoma gracilis. On the roof
in the stove was Allamanda Hendersoni, and in
the intermediate-house a Bougainvillea. Every
plant was so free from insects, that I could
not refrain from asking the insecticide used ;
it is Bentley's. The first house in the
corresponding range was a forcing vegetable
house, in which the French Beans were
planted out, and not grown in pots. At one
end was a mass of white Lilac, which had been
in flower since Christmas, the shrubs having
been lifted from the shrubbery, and brought
there and planted out. Strawberries, of which
10,000 are forced, were also fruiting profusely;
the old varieties Keen's and La Grosse Sucree
being the most used. The next house was devoted
to Figs, the entire roof being thickly covered with
the Brown Turkey. At the time of my visit,
in the middle of April, they were gathering ripe
fruit in any quantity; plenty of heat and

moisture seems to be the secret. The last house
of this fine range is an early orchard-house.
Peaches and Nectarines in pots were covered
with blossom ; the trees are fifteen years old, but
seem still in their prime. Mr. Horton, who was
for many years with Mr. Rivers, thoroughly
understands the treatment of trees in pots, and
those who doubt the value of the system should
see for themselves the trees here. Sea Eagle,
Magdala, Crimson Galande, Humboldt, and
Stanwick Elruge are largely grown. Cherries,
which were planted out, were also set for an
astonishing crop ; the two sorts most in vogue
being Early Kivers and Black Tartarian.

The long glass covering to the wall is divided
also into three parts. The first has sliding lights in
front, and is devoted to Plums ; the trees are trained
on the back wall, and also grown in pots in a
line down the front. There is room for this, as the
glass comes out seven feet from the wall. These
trees also are in splendid health, and give every
promise of an enormous yield. Green Gage,
Jefferson, and Angelina Burdett are the. favourite
varieties. As the whole range is heated by a
flow and return pipe — and there are two flows
and two returns in the back wall, which is
hollow — the next division is devoted to pot-
Vines. Welbeck has always had a reputation
for these, and the show for the present year
quite sustains the reputation. In fact, it seemed
rather cruel to crop small Vines so heavily, but
as the roots were appearing in all directions
through the fibrous sods placed round the top of
the pots, the plants were evidently well able to
bear their burdens. The remaining division is
devoted to Pears, those in pots, owing to the fresh
soil constantly added, being extremely health v,
notwithstanding the fact that they are oldish
trees. Conseiller a la Cour, Marie Louise d'Uccle,
Doyenne du Cornice, Louise Bonne, Olivier de
Serres, and Mons. Benoist, are about the best for
cultivating in pots.

The fruit trees trained on wires on the walls
are quite a lesson in the different styles of
training. Any tree that shows any sign of
failing is instantly replaced, so that there is not
a poor tree amongst them. Many Pears do well
here that have not always a good character else-
where, such as Beurre Bachelier, Gansel's Ber-
gamot, Souvenir du Congres, and Josephine de
Malines ; indeed, Mr. Horton thinks that success
with Pears is a matter of soil rather than
climate.

The centre walk, and the walk in front of the
main range of vineries, are broadly girt with her-
baceous beds.

Mulberries, curiously enough, are grown on
walls: one very old tree is loaded every year
with fruit — the younger trees do not bear
so freely. The soil is a red loam on a
gravel subsoil, and there are 15 acres enclosed. The
Apricot-case, the huge length of which has
already been given, is glazed on Rendle's system,
and contains a border under the glass in front
where are grown early dwarf Peas, such as
American Wonder, Potatos, French Beans, early
Cauliflowers, Carrots, Parsley, and salad plants,
thus enabling the supply of vegetables to be kept
up all the year independent of seasons. Since it is
probably the longest wall of Apricots in the world
room has been found to plant a great many of
the French varieties, such as Luizet and Peche
de Nancy, but none of them equal the old Moor-
park. The Royal drops its fruit under glass as
much as it does on the open wall. Every tree
was in robust health, and the crop promised to
be enormous, as I was informed it has been
every year hitherto. As the lights in front are
removable, the wood gets thoroughly hardened

in the autumn. The Peach-case, which is only
1-0 yards shorter, was a most gorgeous vista of
pink, for there is a line of pot trees all down as
well as trees on the back wall ; these trees are
also in the best of health. Waterloo is the
earliest Peach, and is succeeded by Alexander,
both of which varieties together with Hale's
Early, and the splendid late variety Desse Tar-
dive are largely grown. Numbers of trees of
Calville Blanche Apple also find a place. It was
interesting to notice how distinct the flowers of
the different varieties were.

We now come to the ranges of glass on the
right hand side as you approach Mr. Horton's
house, which although they contain equal fea-
tures of interest, space will only allow to be
described briefly. The main range on this side
exactly corresponds to the one described before,
with the exception that most of the houses are
devoted to Muscats. The conservatory, however,
is a cool one, and is devoted to greenhouse Rho-
dodendrons and Azaleas. On the roof is a
luxuriant Fortune's yellow Rose. Built on to
the back of the wall are a long Mushroom-house
and the house for keeping Grapes. The stand
in the centre of the latter is so punctured that
the bottles face alternately to either side. The
ventilation and heating are so perfectly under
control, that Grapes will keep sound to the
middle of April. Between this range and the
tan gallop are the Pine-pits, Cucumber and
Melon-houses, long lines of frames, and numerous
span-roofs for growing flowers for cutting pur-
poses. The Pines are still affected with the scale,
as they have been at Welbeck ever since
Speechley's time. The favourite Melon for early
work is Albert Victor. Orchids are very little
grown ; but on the other hand, Carnations are a
great feature. There were hundreds of strong
plants of Souvenir de la Malmaison (the pink
variety), Miss Joliffe Improved, Rising Sun, Mrs.
Henwood, and Grace Wilder.

Nearly all the winter crops were destroyed
by the frost, but there were some splendid
rows of Gilbert's Late Queen Broccoli, which
bids fair to be a valuable late sort.

I have only one criticism to make with regard
to this well-devised garden, and that is, there is
no house devoted to aquatics. In a place of this
size it is a great omission, for there is no house
so lovely when well managed ; the one at Eaton
Hall might well be taken as a model. Mr.
Horton must be, indeed, Argus-eyed to keep his
charge in the high state of cultivation and pat-
tern neatness he does. Without good foremen,
it would be impossible, and it will be the wish of
anyone who has seen the gardens under his
guidance, that these he may never lack. Vagabond.

(To be continued.)

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CORADINEIIx.
A htbrid, as is supposed, between O. Lindley-
anum aud crispum, with both of which it grows in
the neighbourhood of Bogota. It is very variable,
but flowers freely in the winter under the same
treatment as O. crispum. The flower-segments are
pale primrose-yellow, with broad spots of a rich
reddish-brown, and the lip is of a delicate hue, with
a long rich brown blotch in the centre. Beichenbachia,
ser. 2, t. 21.

O. WlIXKEANUM VAE. KoTHSCIIILDIANUM X .

A natural hybrid between O. crispum aud luteo-
purpureum, being found in the same localities as the
two parents, and having intermediate characters,
now more resembling the one, in other instances the
other parent. The segments are like those of a fine

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

187

variety of 0. crispum, with rich chocolate-crimson
blotches on a primrose-coloured ground. Culture
like that of crispum. Rcichenbachia, ser. 2, t. 22,

CyPRIPEDIUM" Lawrenceanum var. Hyeanum.

The history of this fine variety is given in the
Gardeners' Chronicle for May 8, 1886. This is an
albino form, or, rather, a green-flowered variety of
C. Lawrenceanum, a discovery of Burbidge's in North
Borneo. Iieichenbachia, t. 23.

Cattleya intekmedia punctatissima.

A Brazilian species, very variable in character.
That represented at plate 24 of the second series of
the Rcichenbachia is one of the most distinct. The
sepals and petals are broad ; the lip also is of good
shape, and all are profusely dotted with rose on a
lighter ground.

Catasetum Bungerotiiii ? .

The female of this handsome Catasetum has
appeared on several occasions. First, with Messrs,
Linden, of Brussels, in December, 1888, when it was
figured in these columns (April 13, 1889, p. 401,
fig. 83), then with Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St.
Albans ; 11. B. White, Esq., of Arddarroch ; and
Messrs. Backhouse & Son, of York, successively (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, October 20, 1889, p. 460; May 17,
1890, p. 618; Rcichenbachia, ser. 1, vol. ii., p. 91,
t. 90 ; C. pileatum, Rchb. f). Within the last few
days it has been received from Mr. J. Woolford, gr.
to A. Palmer, Esq , East Thorpe, Reading, and from
Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans. The latter
specimen is very interesting. It is a four-flowered
raceme, though the lowermost flower has been
removed. The next one is a female, and the upper-
most a male, both quite perfect, but the intervening
flower is somewhat intermediate. It is, for the most
part, a female one, both in shape and colour, but
one side of the lip shows a slight approach to the
male form, while the short stout column, quite like
the female in this respect, is rostrate, as in the male,
and has a rudimentary antenna on one side, and a
more developed one, of two lines long, on the other.
The difference in colour in the two sexes is as
remarkable as is that in form. The male is pure
white, except the base of the spur, which is deep
yellow ; but the female has greenish-white segments
and column, aud the lip wholly deep "yellow inside,
and pale dull yellow outside, with light greenish
nerves, if. A. R.

Cattleya oioas.

An exceptional form of this handsome Cattleya
has lately flowered with E. Gotto, Esq., The Logs,
Hampstead Heath. From tip to tip of the petals it
measures fully 9 inches, while the front lobe of the
lip and the petals are each over 2J inches in diameter.
It is exceptionally fine, both form and colour beiDg
equally perfect.

Odontoglossum purcm.
A plant of this rare Reichenbachian species has
just flowered with Messrs. F. Sander & Co., at St.
Albans. It much resembles O. Lindleyanum, both
in form and colour, though it may be easily distin-
guished by its possessing a four-lobed crest, not a two-
lobed one ; also by the longer, more chirrose column-
wings. A peculiarity, which has before been ob-
served is, that some flowers have a purple blotch on
the lip in front of the crest, while in others, on the
same raceme, this part is wholly white. It is also
near O. Wallisii, though specifically distinct.

Cymbidium Lowiancm var. concoloh.
This is a very striking variety, in which every trace
of red has vanished from the flower, which thus
becomes of an almost uniform light greenish-yellow,
and forms a strong contrast with the ordinary form.
An excellent photograph shows that it possesses no
other peculiarity. It is a fine plant with four
racemes, which has appeared with Mr. Charles East-
wood, Lane House Nursery, Luddenden, Manehester,
A Bingle flower also came from the Liverpool Horti-
cultural Company without any note of its origin.
R. A. R.

Cymbidiums.

These thrive well in the temperature of the
Cattleya house, and even a little less warmth will
suit them well, especially during the winter. In the
summer months they enjoy an abundance of water,
both to their roots and over-head in sprinklings from
the syringe, but they should not be exposed to the
mid-day sun when the foliage is wet, as this will cause
the leaves to become spotted ; in this condition they
do not present a nice appearance. In the winter
much less moisture is necessary, but the plants must
not be allowed to become dry at any season. They
are very large-rooted plants, and therefore require
larger pots than the majority of Orchids, but this need
not be carried to excess. The soil we find to suit
these plants best is about two parts good turfy loam,
one part fibrous peat, and one part good leaf-mould,
adding a little sharp sand and some medium-sized
nodules of charcoal to help in keeping the soil in a
porous condition. Orchid Album, vol. ix., part 108.

Cattleya Eowiana aorea.

This requires to be kept dry and cool immediately
after its growth is completed, and it should not be
allowed to stand in strong heat until growth starts
again, as we recently observed had been the case with
one grower of these plants, which had half made
growths in the middle of winter. Such growths never
can flower, and by such treatment the plant gets the
character of being a shy bloomer, but this it does not
deserve if it is carefully handled in the autumn, and
the winter growth is avoided. It enjoys an abund-
ance of sun and light, and to obtain this we grow it
in a basket, so that it may be hung up near the roof-
glass, the basket being thoroughly well drained. The
soil should be good fibrous peat and a little chopped
sphagnum moss, mixing a few medium-sized nodules
of charcoal with the soil during potting for the pur-
pose of keeping it open ; during the growing season
it is a plant which likes a liberal supply of water,
hence the necessity of providing ample drainage, for
although Cattleyas like water, they cannot long sur-
vive or keep in a healthy condition if it remains in a
stagnant state about their roots. Orchid Album, vol.
ix., part 108.

HAEDY FRUIT CULTURE IN
SOUTH WALES.*

The climate and the soil and situation in many
places in South Wales are admirably adapted for
the cultivation of all kinds of hardy fruits. With
these natural advantages, and the increasing demand
for fruits of all kinds in our large towns and popu-
lous mining districts, it is surprising that some of
our intelligent and energetic market gardeners have
not long since made fruitgrowing a specialty on a
large scale in the neighbourhood of Cardiff. After
eighteen years' experience of growing fruit in this
district, I am thoroughly convinced that as fine
Apples, Pears, and Plums, and other kinds can be
grown here in the vales of Glamorgan, and in many
other places all over the country, as those produced
in the best fruit-growing counties in England, if
proper care be taken in selecting and cultivating
the most suitable varieties.

There are few orchards in Glamorgan, and what
few I have seen are (and have been) much neglected.
To judge from the stunted sickly appearance of some
of the trees, and the bushy mass of branches in
others, nothing has been done to them in the way of
pruning and manuring the soil since they were
planted. The planting, no doubt, in the majority of
cases, was crude, and consisted simply of digging a
hole without any previous preparation of the soil,
putting the roots into it and covering them with
earth, after which the tree was left to its own
resources— nothing beiDg done to it afterwards.

To be successful in the cultivation of fruits of any
kind the best sites should be chosen, and the ground
thoroughly prepared, when necessary, by draining,

* A paper read by Mr. A. Pettigrew, at the Cardiff Con-
ference of the British. Fruit Growers' Assocation, August 12,
1891.

trenching, digging, and manuring before planting the
trees. In orchards, Apple and Pear trees should not
be less than 30 feet apart each way, and none but
the best trees — worked on the free stock — with
straight clean stems of 6 feet before branching, and
not more than three years old from the time of
budding, should be planted.

I may say here that I remember an intelligent
farmer telling me in all earnestness, that his father
was a successful cultivator of the Apple in this
district, that he grafted his own trees, and those he
grafted on the Grey Willow stock— which I take to
be Salix caprea — succeeded the best on his heavy
soil — the lias clay. It is needless for me to tell the
members of the British Fruit Growers' Association
that I have had no experience of that stock !
Plants that have stood in nursery rows for years,
and have been pruned repeatedly to keep
their heads within bounds, seldom make good
trees. When lifted they have scarcely any
fibrous roots, and after replanting become stunted,
and fail to make much growth for several
years. On the other hand, young vigorous trees,
planted at the age mentioned, start into growth
at once, and soon become large aud fruitful. In
planting, the varieties must be kept by themselves
as much as possible for the sake of uniformity of
growth, and convenience in gathering and storing
the fruit. Make the pit large enough to hold the
roots without being cramped, and a strong stake
driven into it to tie the tree to. After which place
the tree close to the stake, spread the roots out on
all sides before filling in the soil, which should be
made firm, but care must be taken not to plant it
deeper than it was when growing in the nursery row.
When planted secure the tree to the stake, prune it,
and mulch the surface with manure to exclude air
and to keep down evaporation. All that is required
now is to protect it from cattle, sheep, and horses.
Barbed wire guards I Had the best ; they are cheap,
durable, and answer the purpose better than any
other kind of protection that I know. The principal
culture of orchard trees is during the first few years
when they are young. It consists of pruning and
cutting out all weak useless branches and those that
cross each other, keeping the trees clean and free of
insect pests, and top-dressing the ground with good
manure to keep them in a vigorous and fruitful
state.

Fruit Gardens.

The cultivation in the fruit garden is different
from that of an orchard. Apple and Pear trees may
be planted here a little closer, say, from 18 to
20 feet apart, and trained in pyramidal form, and
the ground worked and cropped between them with
Gooseberry, Raspberry, Currant, and Strawberries,
or vegetable crops, until they have filled their allotted
space. I have recommended that the orchard trees
be three years old from the time of budding ; but
for planting in the garden I prefer maidens or plants
of one year's growth from the bud to those of four
or five years' growth. They soon establish them-
selves, and grow faster than older trees, and can be
trained to the form desired much easier. I repeat
that too much care and attention cannot be taken
in planting, and none but the very best trees should
be planted to ensure successful cultivation.

There are several fine Apple and Pear trees in the
Castle gardens here, both on walls and in the open
quarters of the garden, which are much admired by
gardeners and others visiting the place. They were
all planted, pruned, and trained under my supervision,
and perhaps I could not do better than describe the
mode adopted in growing and training them. To
avoid repetition, I may say that most of the trees
were planted when maidens of one year's growth.
The Pear trees on the walls are planted at the dis-
tance of 21 feet apart, and trained in fan-shape with
a leader up the centre. When planting them they
were kept away 6 inches from the bottom of the wall to
allow room for the stem to swell ; the roots were spread
out carefully and covered, the ground made firm,
and mulched with manure afterwards. The leaders
were then cut back to within 18 inches from the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

ground, and fastened loosely to the wall. In the fol-
lowing year they produced from three to five shoots
each, which were carefully but loosely nailed to the
wall as required during the growing season, and
allowed to growtheir full length withoutbeingstopped.
At pruning time the centre shoot of each tree was
cut back to within 18 or 20 inches from where it
started, according to the strength of the growth, and
to two or four remaining shoots, as the case might
be, were nailed to the wall their full length ; the
two lower shoots horizontally, one on each side of
the main stem, and the others at a slight angle up
the wall. From this time on, until the trees had
occupied their full space, they were examined
regularly every spring shortly after starting into
growth, and all the superfluous buds rubbed off the
leading shoots, and a few of the buds near the ends
of the permanent branches picked off to strengthen
the terminal bud. I never shorten the points of the
permanent branches until they have grown their full
length, unless they have met with an accident, or the
wood happens not to be sufficiently ripe to remain.
The breastwood is taken off two or three times during
the season, but I never pinch and stop the growths
during the summer, as recommended by some
writers.

To build up young trees and furnish the wall with
them in the shortest time possible, I have stopped
the leading shoot of the current year's growth after
it had grown about 2 feet in length, which caused it
to send out lateral branches. These in good Beasons
ripened wpII, and a year's growth was gained by
adopting this method ; but I do not recommend it in
a general way, as the success mainly depends on the
seasons being good to ripen the wood thoroughly.

Pruning.

The trees are pruned as soon after the leaves fall
as possible, and the roots mulched with enough
stable litter for a breadth of 3 feet from the bottom
of the wall, after which the branches are syringed
with awineglassful of petroleum to a gallon of water.
All is thoroughly mixed by the syringe, continually
churning it up during the operation. The petroleum
thus applied, kills scale, and all insects it comes in
contact with, and it gives the bark of the trees a
smooth and healthy appearance. This finished, the
branches are then secured in their proper position
for the year.

Pthamidal Trees.

These, though differently trained, are built up
much in the same way as wall trees. When newly
planted they are cut down to within 18 inches from
the ground, and the following year they produce
from three to five shoots each. One of the strongest
of these is selected for a leader, which ultimately
becomes the stem of the tree, and all the others are
rubbed off except three of the best placed, which are
retained to form the base and framework of the
tree. The shoots are allowed to finish the season's
growth without being stopped in any way. When
they are being pruned in the autumn the leading shoot
is left from 18 inches to 2 feet long, according to
the strength and ripeness of the wood (but as the
trees get older the leading shoots may be left even
longer), and the side branches a little shorter. This
system is practised year after year, cutting out all
cross and superfluous wood, and training and furnish-
ing the tree with well-arranged branches until it has
filled its space, after which, the growth is spurred in
the nsual way close to the permanent wood every
season to form fruit buds. I do not believe that
stopping and pinching the young shoots during
summer adds to the productiveness of the tree ;
besides, it is impossible in large fruit gardens, where
there is a great number of trees, to find time to
do so.

I do not advise root-pruning to be practised ex-
cept in cases where the roots have penetrated a cold
wet subsoil, in which the trees produce strong rank
unfruitful wood. When such is the case, and the
trees are young, they should be lifted entirely, the
strong roots cut back, and the fibrous roots spread

out near the surface ; but when the trees are large it
is advisable to dig a trench 3 or 4 feet distant from
the trunk all round, cut back the strong roots, and
add some good soil to encourage fibrous roots to grow
near the surface.

The Apple is more liable to the attacks of insect
pests and disease than the Pear. The canker is the
most difficult to deal with, and some varieties are
more subject to it than others. When planted in
low damp situations, the trees get covered with moss
and lichen. They are also subject to the attacks of
American blight, and this, in my opinion, is one of
the principal causes of canker; but there is a great
diversity of opinion about this. When once a tree
is attacked with canker it is almost impossible to cure
it, and the sooner it is grubbed out and a new one
planted in its place the better. I think it is a mis-
take to lose time and valuable space with a sickly
tree from any cause whatever, when trees can be
bought so cheaply from our nurserymen. Moss and
lichen can be destroyed by dusting the trees with
newly-slacked lime on damp mornings during the
winter months, and American blight by scrubbing
the bark of the affected trees with a hard brush and
soapsuds, and by frequent syringings of petroleum
mixed in water as previously described.

Of Apples there are more than forty varieties, and
of Pears about the same, grown in the Castle
gardens. But the following twenty-four of each are
amongst the most useful, both culinary and dessert.
Apple : Devonshire Quarrenden, Irish Peach, Lord
Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Pott's
Seedling, Blenheim Pippin, Beauty of Hants, Cox's
Orange Pippin, Ecklinville, Emperor Alexander,
Gloria Mundi, Golden Noble, Hawthornden, Annie
Elizabeth, Sturmer Pippin, Alfriston, Beauty of
Kent, Dumelow's Seedling (Wellington), Lane's
Prince Albert, Rymer, Warner's King, and Rushock
Pearmain.

Of Pears, the following twenty-four varieties are
grown successfully, both on walls and pyramidal
trees in the open. Duchesse d Angouleme, Jargo-
nelle, Summer Bergamot, Beurre^ Magnifique, Beurre1
d'Amanlis, Beurre' Diel, Beurr6 Ranee, Beurr6
d'Esperen, Durondeau, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Pit-
maston Duchesse, Uvedale's St. Germain, Thomp-
son's Brown Beurrfj, General Todtleben, Doyenne
du Cornice, Glou Morcjeau, Winter Nelis, Marie
Louise, Beurrfj Bosc, Beurre' Clairgeau, Williams'
Bon Chretien, Vicar of Winkfield, and Gansel's
Bergamot.

Plums.

The trees in the open quarters here are treated
much in the same way as the pyramidal Apple and
Pear trees, aud those on the walls are pruned and
trained the same as the Pear trees in that position.
The Plum, like most of the stone fruits, is subject to
the attacks of aphides, red-spider, honeydew, mildew,
gum, and canker. The aphides generally show
themselves first on the points of the young vigorous
shoots, which they cause to curl. As soon as they
are observed, the points of the shoots should be
nipped off, to keep them from spreading over the
tree, except in the case of the main shoots of wall
trees, when the affected leaves should be picked off
to preserve them entire. Syringing the trees with
soap-suds and tobacco-water keeps them in check,
but once the trees are badly affected — as
they are iu some places this season — it is
not easy to get rid of them by any means. Honey-
dew is the effect of aphides' attacks. Red-spider is
difficult to master in dry seasons, and some districts
are worse for it than others. All kinds of deciduous
trees are subject to it in warm close confined situa-
tions like the Castle gardens here. If once they
get a strong footing, it is almost impossible to
eradicate them by any means. Mildew may be
destroyed by sulphur in some form or other. Gum
and canker cause the leaves of the affected trees to
silver, and the branches to die back. When such
is the case, I know of no remedy except taking the
trees out and planting young ones in their place.

There are many varieties of Plums to choose from,
culinary and dessert. The following are what are

chiefly grown in the Castle gardens : Victoria,
Denniston's Superb, Nectarine, Prince Engelhart,
Bryanstone Gage, Transparent Gage, Kirk's Purple,
and Coe's Golden Drop.

I have thus endeavoured, in as plain and practical
way as I could, to deal with the subject I was invited
to speak upon ; and I trust the remarks I have
offered may have the effect of causing more atten-
tion to be paid to the culture of our hardy fruits.

THE GENUS BROWALLIA.

The great botanist Linnreus had among his numerous
acquaintances a certain friend named John Browall,
who was very humble in his relations with Linnaeus,
end, having adopted his new sexual system of botany,
wrote an article against Siegesbeck defending that
system. Linnaeus, in acknowledgment of his friend's
services, dedicated to him a genus of a single species,
naming it Browallia demissa. Shortly afterwards
Browall, having been made Bishop of Abo, assumed
the pomp and dignity of a great magnate, and Lin-
neus having discovered a second species of this genus
named it B. exaltata.

This excited the wrath of Browall, and he pro-
ceeded to write pamphlets against Linnaeus, denounc-
ing him in the m ut severe language. Later on,
Linnaeus discovered a third species differing slightly
from the original outline of the genus, which he
named alienata. The two men wfre never after-
wards reconciled to each other, and thus we have
preserved in the nomenclature o. this genus a
historical incident to which future generations of
botanists will look back with considerable interest.

Speaking from a botanist's point of view, it is a
genus of half-hardy shrubs or herbs belonging to the
order Scrophulariacese, and bearing white or blue
and in one species orange flowers. The corolla is
salver form in general outline, but becomes twisted
through the contortion of the upper end of the
peduncle. X.

SOME CAUCASIAN MAPLES.*

1. Acer Volxejii. — Some years ago, as we have
already had occasion to mention, M. J. Van Volxem,
of Brussels, was good enough to send us three young
trees raised from seed, that he bad himself gathered
in the Caucasus.

One, the form that we named A. Volxemi, a
second received under the same number as the pre-
ceding, and a third quite distinct from either, and
labelled velutinum. The one we named Volxemi
grew very rapidly, and made splendid foliage, of a
silvery hue on the under surface. As the materials
for a full examination were wanting in the first
instance, it was natural that some considered it only
a form of A. pseudo-platanus, others of A. insigne.
For our own part, we have had the tree under (or
rather over!) our eyes almost every day for fourteen
years, and, moreover, we have had the advantage of
communicating with various authorities on Cauca-
sian trees, and especially with M. Boisster, who
forwarded us type specimens of his insigne and other
species for comparison. This year the tree in
question flowered in the collection of M. Van
Volxem. The flowers, as will be seen from our
illustration at p. 189, settle the question that it is no
form of pseudo-platanus, in spite of M. Wesmael's
opinion to the contrary in the recently-published
Mtnwires de la Soctitt Royale de Botanique de Belgique,
t. 29, 1891, p. 36, an opinion formed, of course, before
he could have seen the flowers.

* Acer Volxemi, Mast., in Gard. Ckron., 1877, p. 72, f. 10 ;
fnl. etfruct; 1891, p. 189, fol. et flores. Nicholson in Gard.
Ckron., 1881, p. 10.

? = A. Trautvetteri, Medwedjeffs, Mitt, et in Kaukasichen
landwirthschaftlichen Gesellscbaft, heft iv. and v., Tiflis. 1880
(ex Wittmack in Garten Flora, 1891, p. 263). Pax. in Just. Bot.
Jahrb., 1880, 2, p. 80.

A. insigne, Bois9ier et Buhse Aufz., p. 46. Boissier, Flora,
Orientahs, 1, 18. p. 917 ; Garten Flora, 1881, p. 120 ; Pax. Mon.
Acer in Kngler Bot. Jahrb., vii., 193, We*mael-excl. synon. ft
velutinum, Boisaier, folia subtvn velutino tomentosa. — A.
velutinum, Boissier. Diagnoses [nee hort.J, ser, 1, vi., p. 33,
Wesmael (see fig. 24).

August 15, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

189

It is possible that A. Volxemi is a form of insigne;
all that we can say upon that point is, that it was
not recognised as insigne by Boissier himself nor by
other botanists who have collected in the Caucasus.
Neither does it agree with any specimen of insigne
that we have seen in the London herbaria. With
great deference to our colleagues who hold different

2. A. Trautvetteri.
This was described from the Caucasus by the
Russian botanist, Medwedjeffs, in 1880. From the
remarks and figures on this species by M. Wolf of
St. Petersburgh, Dr. Dieck and Professor Wittmack,
in the Garten Flora, 1891, p. 2G3, we were led to the
conclusion that this might be the same as our A.

is quite different from insigne, and moreover that
our A. insigne velutinum was rightly so named.

3. Acer insigne var. velutinum.
The next Maple of which we have to speak was
received from M. Van Volxem, under the same label
as A. Volxemii. It was obvious from the first that

Fig. 24. — a hardt Caucasian maple : Acer insigne, var. velutinum. leaves eownt on the under-surface flower ;

immature and mature seed-vessel.

views, we nevertheless retain our opinion as to the
specific distinctness of Van Votxem's Maple. For
avenue planting, or where hardihood, rapid growth,
and noble foliage are desiderata, we advise a trial of
this tree ; with us it is growing in garden soil over-
lying thick clay, and grows so rapidly that as our
space is very limited it has to be headed back every
year. On the sand at Kew it does not thrive so well,

Volxemi. To settle this point, we applied to Pro-
fessor Wittmack, the Editor of the Garten Flora,
who kindly sent leaves of our Volxemi and of A.
insigne velutinum to Dr. Dieck, who travelled in the
Caucasus last autumn, and saw both trees in their
native country. We are now in possession of Dr.
Dieck's reply, which is to the effect that our Volxemi
is probably the same as A. Trautvetteri, and that it

it was quite different from that, being of much
slower growth, with smaller foliage, slightly downy
on the under surface. Our own impression originally
was that it was a form of pseudo-platanus, but last
year and the year before it flowered, and its affinity
to A. insigne was then at once revealed. This year
it has flowered again more freely, and the young
inflorescence is figured at fig. 24, together with a

190

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Aogust 15, 1891.

ripe fruit from Caucasian specimens. This tree,
planted at the same time in the same garden as
Volxem's Maple, has attained a goodly size, but it
has never required heading down, and might, when
not in flower, readily betaken for a variety of the
common Sycamore. On comparing it with Boissier's
specimens communicated by that eminent botanist,
and on consultation with Dr. Dieck, and also with
Dr. Stapf, now at Kew, and who is familiar with the
plant in the Caucasus, there is no doubt remaining that
the tree is A. insigne var. velutinum of Boissier.
Mr. Nicholson also kindly sends ns specimens of
ordinary insigne as received from M. Max Leichtlin
from Turke6tan.

4. Acer sp. ? ( = A. insigne, Bot. Mag., nee Boissier).
The third tree sent by Mr. Van Volxem, under
the name velutinum, is altogether different from
either of the preceding. It flowered soon after
planting, and repeated the process annually till
killed. Its prominent characteristic, from a horti-
cultural point of view, lies in the brilliancy of its
crimson bud-scales. With us it was always more
or less spring-tender, and during one of the recent
severe winters, our tree declined the unequal contest,
and succumbed. This is the species figured in the
Botanical Magazine as A. insigne. We suspect,
however, some displacement of labels, for the name
velutinum, under which we originally received this
from M. Van Volxem, and also other specimens
through the good offices ot Mr. Nicholson, from MM.
Simon Louis Freres, of Metz, applies more properly to
the variety of insigne previously mentioned. What
the Bot. Mag. insigne may be, we do not at present
venture to say. We incline to the belief that it is a
new species, but, in any case, it is certainly not the
insigne of Boissier. M. T. M.

KEW NOTES.

Sauracja spectabilis. — An example of this fine
tropical shrub is now in flower in the T-range at Kew.
It was received from the Royal Botanical Gardens of
Brussels under the name of S. macrophylla, and it
was figured in Regel's Gartenjlora, t. 534, under this
name. It has handsome foliage, nearly a foot long,
lanceolate-obovate, serrate, and dark green. The
flowers, which are fragrant, and not unlike those of
the Tea plant, but a little smaller, are borne in
large branched panicles from the axils of the leaves
near the end of the shoots. There is a figure of this
species in the Botanical Magazine, t. 3982, made
from a plant " raised by Mr. Knight, of the Exotic
Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, from seeds imported
from the Republic of Bolivia in 1838. ... Its beauty
is of long duration, and we scarcely ever saw any
stove plant more truly elegant and graceful."

Aristolochia grandiflora is now flowering freely in
the Victoria House. Although introduced and
figured in the Botanical Magazine nearly fifty years
ago (t. 4368—9). this species had long ago disap-
peared from cultivation, until it was re-introduced
three years ago by Mr. E. D. Sturtevant, of Bor-
dertown, New Jersey, who kindly sent a plant of it
to Kew. The leaves are large and heart-shaped, the
stems climbing, and extending along the rafter to
a length of about 15 feet. Already over thirty
flower-buds are formed, and the first one has
expanded this morning (August 8). In shape the
flower is not unlike the popular little A. elegans,
but the corolla measures 17 inches in width, by
5 feet in length, over 3 feet being narrowed into a
long tail. The colour is rich cream-yellow, thickly
mottled with black purple, and the mouth of the
tube, which is nearly 5 inches across, is wholly
black velvety-purple, the same colour surrounding
the rim. In my opinion, this species is at least as
interesting as A. Goldieana, and it is a much better
garden plant.

Mariecus nmbilensis, C. B. Clarke. — This is the
correct name of the plant known in English gardens
as Cyperus natalensis ; so says Mr. Clarke, who is at
present engaged in working up Cyperacea; for the
Flora of India, and to whom flowering and fruiting

specimens of this plant have lately been submitted.
The old genus Mariscus was sunk in Cyperus both
by Bentham and Bceckler ; but Mr. Clarke proposes
to reconstitute Mariscus as a good genus, but on
totally different characters from those of the old
Mariscus.

Mariscus umbilensis appears to be common in
extra-tropical South Africa; it has been named
Cyperus umbilensis by Bceck. in MS. in a collection
from Umbilo, in the Walfisch Bay Territory.
There is a true Cyperus natalensis of Hochst., which,
however, differs very widely from the garden plant
of that name, and which, so far as I know, is not in
cultivation. M. umbilensis has long, arching, grass-
like, glossy green foliage, and erect flower-heads,
2 to 4 feet high. The spicule are deciduous, proving
it to be a Mariscus and not a Cyperus, in which the
spicule are persistent, the glumes only being
deciduous. It is a very elegant foliage plant,
retaining its foliage for months in a healthy green
state in an ordinary room. It may be raised in
quantity from seeds, which are ripened in abundance
by cultivated plants.

Crinum Moorei (white variety). — This is now in
flower in the Bulb frame at Kew. It has flowers
quite as large and substantial as the best forms of
the pink- flowered type, and of the purest dazzling
snow-white. Regel published a figure of it in Gar-
tenjlora under the name of C. Schmidtii. The Kew
plant was received from Mr. Woodall of Scarborough,
who had obtained it from someone as C. giganteum.
It is a beautiful Crinum, and from the fact that it is
almost hardy it is certain to find much favour. As
a greenhouse Crinum, it has no equal among white-
flowered kinds.

Lilium Henryi is much finer this year than it was
last. It is an orange-coloured L. speciosum simply.
L. chloraster is a much better garden Lily than its
name would suggest; it is quite as large as L. Brownii,
to which it bears a resemblance. Lily fanciers should
see this plant now represented by strong flowering
specimens in various parts of the garden. W. W.

Lysimachia paridiformis, sp. nov. — This interesting
new species has just flowered in the Royal Gardens,
Kew, the plants having been raised from seeds sent
home by Dr. Henry from Central China. It was
first described by Franchet in Bull. Soc. Linn., Paris,
1884, p. 433, along with its varieties L. stenophylla
and L. elliptica, from specimens collected at Kweichan,
Dr. Henry's specimens being found in Ichang and
the immediate neighbourhood. It has also been
found in Kwangtung by Mr. Ford, and his specimens
differ in the stems being leafy instead of only scaly,
as in the specimens now flowering at Kew, and
which rightly appears to be Franchet 's var. elliptica.
In habit L. paridiformis closely resembles the broad-
leaved variety of Trientalis, and also, as its name
suggests, Paris quadrifolia. The stems are from 1 foot
to 18 inches high, blight red, and with three or four
pairs of opposite scales instead of leaves. The
leaves proper, which are elliptic tapering to both
ends, are in opposite pairs, but so close together as
to suggest whorls of four, and hence the striking
resemblance to the Paris. They are yellowish-
green when young, but assume a deep purple tint as
they become older. Flowers numerous, axillary, as
large as those of L. vulgaris, bright yellow, with eye
of a deeper tint. So far as we are acquainted with
the habit and flowering of L. paridiformis, it will
make a very useful rock plant ; and as the plants
withstood the late severe winter without any protec-
tion whatever, no fear need be felt about its not
proving hardy anywhere in England.

L. Bahurica, which botanists say should rank as a
variety of L. vulgaris, we also notice in flower in
the Kew rockery. It is a very common plant from
Dahuria to Mandshuria. and proves of much value
as an autumn-flowering rock plant. To the gar-
dener it differs widely from L. vulgaris — first, in its
later flowering season ; and second, and which is of
much more importance, it does not produce run-
ners like L. vulgaris, is more graceful in habit, and
lasts longer in flower.

Erysimum Wahlcnberqii, which is now flowering

in the herbaceous grounds at Kew, is new to us, and
promises to be of much interest and value as an
early autumn-flowering plant. With the exception
of E. Perowskianum, it is the handsomestof the taller-
growing species, the flowers are as large as those of
E. ochroleucum, and very showy. It grows l.J to
2 feet in height, much branched, and with numerous
lanceolate, entire, or slightly and irregularly toothed
or notched leaves. The flowers are ovtr half an inch
in diameter, of a bright deep yellow, and when in
full flower a very striking object.

Primula Poissoni, which flowered at Kew for the
first time in England two months ago, is still
flowering vigorously. This, without exception, is
the most persistent flowering Primula we know, and
as the seedlings have shown a great variety in the
shade of purple, we may expect something very fine
from the seedlings raised from the plants now in
flower. It is found in marshy spots, and if grown
in pots, they should be stood in saucers of water.

Crocus Sharojani is now in flower in the her-
baceous grounds at Kew, and the novelty of an
orange-flowered Crocus in early autumn is, indeed,
pleasing. It varies in time of flowering in England,
from the end of July until August 10 or 12 ; the
past severe winter does not seem to have interfered
with it much, as it shows as much vigour now as
when first imported. It is a native of the North-
west Caucasus, and the mountains south of Trebi-
zond, where it is found at an altitude of 7000 feet,
and usually associated with C. vallicola, to which it
is nearly allied, and which flowers three weeks
later. C. Sharojani is one of the two species in
which the previous year's leaves remain until the
autumnal flowering time, and although apparently
perfectly hardy, it is a species that resents lifting
and storiDg more than any other species. The flowers,
as already noted, are of a bright deep orange, and
very showy. D.

DOES IT PAY TO GROW
APPLES :j

This was the heading of an interesting and
instructive article in Gardeners' Chronicle, of May
2, 1891. The remarks therein are none too severe
upon the shiftless fruit farmers of England or
America, who take no pains, and spend no money to
keep their fruit trees in a free-bearing condition.
I felt strongly tempted to pen a few remarks on
this important subject after the sudden change to
ungenial weather on Whitsun eve. Our uncertain
climate no one can fight against in any other way
than by adopting good cultivation ; and herein lies
the difficulty with English farmers — they seem to
have a rooted aversion to spade husbandry ; they
will scratch their fields lengthways and across,
harrow the clods up and roll them down as often as
you like, yet the best of it does not loosen the ground
more than 8 or 9 inches deep, and the sole of the
plough forms a compact hard floor at that depth. But
good gardeners know well that this method of
culture will not do for Apple trees; and when it
comes to handling the spade, verily a shoemaker or
a tailor can do better work than the average farm
labourer — or, to use his new election name, journey-
man farmer.

In these progressive times the fruit farmer is not,
and ought not to be, dependent upon the old-
fashioned broad-soled plough and horse labour to
bring his land into good cultivation for fruit farming ;
if he does depend upon such, he is leaning upon a
bruised reed. What is wanted in the ordinary culti-
vated farms is some sort of cultivator that will stir
the soil to the depth of 15 or 18 inches, without
bringing the subsoil to the surface, and thus break
through the hard pan formed by centuries of plough-
ing— sometimes, as I have ascertained by measure-
ment, less than 6 inches below the surface. For
this purpose the steam cultivator is specially adapted ;
it crashes through the hardest clay subsoil with
ease, stirring it up throughout to any required depth.
The work may be done for about 15s. an acre, the
farmer finding coals for the engine, which is not a

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

191

Tious expense. The surface could then be well
shaken up with the harrow, and a good foundation
laid, upon which to plant the trees. I am no advo-
cate for burying much manure in the ground, but all
my experience goes to proves that stirring it up well
to the depth of about 15 or IS inches is absolutely
necessary, if success for a good term of years is to
be looked for. The right way to apply the manure
is in the form of surface- dressings, put on in the
winter and lightly forked in, in the early spring-time.
In dry summers, a mulching of decayed manure is
excellent to place over the roots, especially if the
soil is light, and the sub-soil infertile.

Drainage is sometimes, but not always, necessary.
In a garden of which I had charge for twenty years,
we could grow excellent Apples, and it was not
drained. Where my lot is now cast, drains 3 feet
deep, with a good outfall, are quite as necessary a
part of the culture of the trees as pruning and
manuring.

As to the sort of trees to plant, the varieties best
adapttd for the district, and the distance they ought
to be asunder, are matters which may well lead
practical men to grave discussion.

I had recently a long drive through the Kentish
orchards near Swanley (where, by the way, Mr. Cannell
has been successfully urging the farmers to drop the
plough and take to spade husbandry), and a few
days ago I was shown over the large orchards planted
at Sawbridgeworth by the Messrs. Rivers, father and
son, and in Kent as well as in Hertfordshire, standard
and half- standard trees have been planted at a
distance of some 16 feet apart, the intervening
spaces being planted with Currant, Raspberry, and
Gooseberry bushes, or in some instances Strawberries.
In each case the larger proportion of the trees were
Plums. The Sawbridgeworth soil is better adapted
for Plums than for Apples, it being a good holding
loam with a chalky subsoil, excellent for growing
Wheat. I am in favour of the bush form for
Apples, and prefer the best culinary varieties, these
being as a rule the best paying crop, generally
bringing in the London markets 7s. or 8s. a bushel
fresh gathered from the trees. Everyone wants
Apples, and would like to have good fruit, if it can
be obtained, and the demand for fruit of the best
quality increases every year. Therefore, the old
scrubby orchards do not pay, and as the quantity of
good fruit sent into the market goes on increasing
at a rapid rate, the money obtained for fruit
of inferior quality will be less and less.
The American writer says truly that " neglected
orchards, like neglected children, are rarely a
pleasant heritage." The word " never " might have
been substituted for " rarely " in the case of orchards.
Children have a power of will, which, if exerted, may
raise them above the consequences of neglect and
down-troddenness, but there is no volition in an
Apple tree. This question has been much before
the public lately, and there has been a moving
amongst the dry bones, but it is not a new thing.
Nearly a hundred years ago, Mr. Thomas Andrew
Knight was concerned about the decay of the Apple
orchards, but Knight and other leading cultivators
did not hit upon the true cause of the decadence of
the fruits, in which they were certainly intensely
interested. One grand idea of Knight's, in which
there is probably a little truth, and some super-
stition, was, that trees of a certain age tended to
decay even in their young state. Referring to
some of the popular Worcestershire varieties of
Apples, he says : — " The Moil, and its suc-
cessful rival the Redstreak, the Masts, and Golden
Pippin, are in the last stage of decay, and
the Stire and Fox-whelp are hastening rapidly
after them;" and after a dissertation on experi-
ments with the old sorts of Apples, he believed he
was "justified in the conclusion that all plants of
this species (the Apple), however propagated from
the same stock, partake in some degree of the same
life, and will attend the progress ot that life in the
habits of its youth, its maturity and decay,1' and thinks
it necessary to add, "though they will not be
any way affected by any incidental injuries, the
parent tree may sustain after they are detached from

it." Loudon thought Knight's doctrine contrary to
the general analogy of plant life, and remarked that
" Vines, Olives, &c, have been propagated by exten-
sion for ages, and are still, as far as can be ascer-
tained, as vigorous as they were in the days of Noah
or Pliny." Speechly, and other good gardeners of
the time, blamed the climate, and supposed "that
the return of genial seasons will restore to us, from
old trees, as good fruit as heretofore." I nowhere
find that the cultivation was supposed to be at fault.
We know better now, and if the old gnarled trees,
picturesque with lichens dangling from every branch,
are anywhere retained, it can only be for their look
of antiquity, as old-world curiosities, or for the
study of the parasitic lichens, silvery, green, and
gold, which are beautiful exceedingly to the students
of these interesting plants.

The fact remains, and is sufficiently clear to those
who will study the signs of the times, that for the
production of a paying crop, the old trees must go.
Plant young trees of the best varieties after the soil
has been prepared by good cultivation, and on land
that can be bought from £50 to £100 an acre.
Apples will then pay, and give the cultivator much
pleasure, as well as being a good investment for his
money. J. Douglas.

CASTLE HILL, ENGLEFIELD

GREEN.

This compact estate, the property of G. C.
Raphael, Esq., is of fifty acres in extent, and mainly
consists of gardens and pleasure grounds. It is
embellished by noble trees, which tell of the site
having been a garden for a great many years,
although the old homestead and its occupiers have
long since passed away. On the spot where that
building stood, a massively-built modern house of
the present owner now stands. From the verandah
of the mansion, which is furnished all round with
tall tree Ferns, placed at intervals of a few yards,
and brightened by hanging-baskets of bright flowers,
the eye lights upon an arch of single white Roses
of great beauty, which is turned over the walk bor-
dering the flower gardens. In front of the house are
two lawns, divided by a piece of water ornamentally
treated ; further on is a stretch of garden, with
another lake beyond. Here, at the edge of the
water, are several giant Taxodium distichum
of great beauty, the largest having a circum-
ference of 12 feet round the trunk: the delicate
green tint of their foliage, and their noble propor-
tions, make them striking objects. On the other
side are some very large Alder trees, and beyond a
very large Tulip tree, which is an especially free-
flowerer. Another object of beauty is a large
spreading tree of the Lebanon Cedar, whose girth of
bole at breast- height is IS feet; and near it is a
huge specimen of a Cedar, resembling the Lebanon
in some particulars, but with finer foliage, of a
bluish tint, something like that of Cedrus atlantica,
but certainly not the same as any of the speci-
mens of that species, which are planted near,
and may be compared with it. The Firs at
Castle Hill are also of great size and beauty,
and about the grounds are large trees of things
not generally found of any size in gardens, such
as the Gleditschia triacanthos. Near the house are
some very neat looking carpet beds, and beyond
these a geometrical flower garden, the centre very
effectively arranged with Ficus elastica in the middle,
then variously tinted Ricinus, amongwhich are clumps
of Phalaris anmdinacea variegata, or Gardener's Gar-
ters, and the whole broadly banded by dwarf-clipped
Golden Yew. The radiating beds are chiefly of
brilliant scarlet, pink or crimson Pelargoniums, each
with an appropriate edging, and the whole forms an
admirable combination. For a further supply of
flowers there is the Rosery by the lower lake, and
everywhere in convenient spots are borders and nooks
of showy herbaceous perennials, judiciously planted,
with a view to getting a show, even until the hard
frosts come.

The KiTCHENGABDENsare neatand well cropped, the
fruits on the walls and in the orchard being good and

fairly plentiful, indeed much beyond the average this
season. Among the Peas, Champion of England is
stated to have produced marvellous crops of fine
quality, and Veitch's Perfection is still the favourite
in its class. Under a shady wall in the open garden
is a bed of Watercress, growing simply in the garden
border, after the manner so often spoken of by the
late Mr. Shirley Hibberd, and which is said to be a
very successful mode of keeping up an almost un-
failing supply if properly carried out. The method
is spoken highly of at Castle Hill, and it might cer-
tainly be practised with advantage in many other
gardens. Everywhere in these gardens, both outdoors
and under glass, the neatness and order which Mr.
Swan, the gardener, preserves, is very remarkable.

The Glasshouses. — Some new Orchid-houses
have recently been added, and Orchids form a special
feature, but they are not allowed to elbow out other
good and showy classes of plants. The collection of
Cattleyas in the large new house are in excellent
condition, and as small weak pieces are never
bought, there is a very uuiform collection of all the
leading species, such as Cattleya aurea, C. gigas, C.
Warocqueana, the forms of C. labiata, &c. ; here,
too, are some noble masses of Laslia anceps, both
white and coloured, and all the other Laelias, in-
cluding some stout plants of autumnalis alba, of
which there are said to be two distinct forms
among the different specimens. In this house also
Vanda Kimballiana and V. Amesiana grow far
more vigorously and are flowering better than
they do where more heat is given them, and
specimens of Ccclogyne cristata alba pass over
their flowering season without the wrinkling
of the pseudobulbs which no many growers
complain of. Among the Cattleyas in bloom are
some good forms of C. Gaskelliana and C. gigas and
C. Mendeli, as well as others of the smaller species,
and also the bright yellow-flowered Sobralia xantho-
leuca, Chysis aurea, Angrajcum falcatum, Calanthe
natalensis, and several forms of Miltonia Roezlii and
M. vexillaria.

Here, as in many other places, the Saccolabiums
and Aerides, and some of the Vandas are the least
satisfactory, but an alteration in the interior of the
house is contemplated which will probably lead to
better results. In this house, as iu many of the other
houses at Castle Hill, foliage Begonias, Selaginellas,
Maidenhairs, and other plants not liable to insects
are planted under the stages and on the end walls,
and while assisting to keep a healthy atmosphere in
the houses they are pleasing to the eye. Here a fine
fine form of the showy Denbrobium McCarthys is in
bloom, also Vanda Roxburghii, Oncidium Papilio,
and various Cypripediums, of which a promising lot
of home-raised crosses are also coming on.

The Phal.tsnopsis House is a success, and that is
more than most collections can boast. It is a small
house, with bare earth basement, and fitted with a
brick bed, such as is found in Melon- houses. This
bed has a little bottom heat under the moist cocoa-
nut fibre with which it is covered, and is utilized for
striking Dracanas, Crotons, Aralias, and other plants
wanted for decoration. From the roof are suspended
the plants of Phalosnopsis, and with them the com-
pact-growing species of Angrfficum, and the whole
of the plants flourish exceedingly, and bloom in the
most satisfactory manner, the foliage increasing in
size and substance year by year. Angroscuru articu-
latum and A. Ellisli grow here with the PhaUenopsis
to perfection, and are sending down their long flower-
spikes almost as stout as a cedar pencil. It takes
time to produce such plants, but it also requires
something else, viz., continued good culture.

In the cool houses the Odonto^Iossums are in fine
condition, and some are furnished with bloom ; here,
too, among a batch of Epidendrum vitellinutn inijus
is a plant of a perfectly double-flowered form of it,
which has proved constant by producing five spikes
of double flowers last year and four this season. It
is a very remarkable variation, and of consider-
able beauty (see fig. 18, Gardeners' Chronicle for
August 1, 1801). With the Odontoglossums are the
cool-house Oncidiums such as 0 macranthum, 0.
lamelligerum, &c, some of them with flower-spikes,

192

TEE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

[A'iqust 15, 1891.

and a stout plant of the new 0. Leopoldianum. The
Masdevallias and Pleiones are crown for the summer
in cold frames, and that method of culture seems
very successful, and the Dendrobes, of which there
are a large number grown, are now growing vigorously
in two of the warmest and most moist houses.

The Greenhouse, in which the flowering plants
are placed, is always a pleasant sight here all the
year round, and at the present time there is a mar-
vellous show of flowers on the Pelargoniums, Hydran-
geas, Lantanas, Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums, Tuberoses,
Begonias, Lilies, &e. Of the last-named there are
many very li only- dowered L. Wallichianum, which
,is a species not often seen doing so well. Celsia
cretica, too, is a pretty and useful plant here, and
the baskela of Torenia and blue Lobelia are very
pretty. In the numerous other houses are divisions
rilled with i-jjcharis, Poinsettias, Coleus, Crotons,
Dracaenas, and other decorative plants, and the large
Camellia-house has specimens well furnished with
bu la, while tile Melon-houses, vineries, and other
fruit-houses are well in keeping with the rest of
these fine gardens.

Notices of Books.

" La MOSAICULTURE."— This title will be a little
confusing for English readers, who would hardlv
suspect that it referred to carpet-bedding. This
style of garden decoration is very popular on the
Continent, and indeed, with many persons in this
country. Whatever we may think of the want of
taste generally exhibited, there is no doubt that
these beds do possess many attractions, and some
employers demand the construction of them by their
gardeners. M. Mottet's little book, published by
Octave Doin, Paris (London: Williams & Nor-
gate), affords a very useful guide as to the selection
and propagation of the plants, the designing and
preparation of the beds. Even to those who do not
read French, the book will be serviceable, as it fur-
nishes not only ample lists of suitable plants, bat
also a large number of plans and diagrams showiDg
the method of planting. We are pleased to see an
absence of the absurd butterflies and other objects
which have in some cases brought this style of
decoration into ridicule.

" Les Plantes d'Appartement et les
PLANTES DE FENtTRES."— Under this title II. 1).
Bois has published a handy little volume on window
plants. The first part comprises some elementary
notions as to the conditions favourable or unfavour-
able to plant life, the ordinary cultural operations, and
the like. Some useful hints are given as to the pur-
chase of plants in the public markets or flower-
shops. Descriptive notices of suitable plants are
supplied, together with a glossary of terms and an
alphabetical index. The work is published by J.
Bailliere et fils, 19, Rue de Hautefeuille, Paris, and
for all to whom the language presents no difficulties
we commend it as a very serviceable little book.

Foreign Correspondence.

BUENOS AIRES.
With this I send an Oak plant, with a few details
respecting it, thinking that a record of the rapidity
of growth, compared with the growth of same plant
in the " old country," may be of interest to your
numerous readers. The acorns, from one of which
the accompanying plant was produced, were gathered
with others in the month of March, 1890, and sown
on the 12th of the following month (April); the
plants appeared above-ground towards the end of the
following September. During the months of October
and November we had some severe frosts (unusually
severe fortius locality), consequently the plants were
cut down several times, but "broke away again."
Compared with other seasons, the past has not been
one at a!l conducive to rapid growth, being extremely

dry until quite la'.e in th? season; but the accom-
panying plant when pulled from the seed lines
yesterday measured, from the pjint of the roots to
point of growth, 7 feet l.V inch.

We have here: common Ash, seeds of which were
sown in October, 1887 ; present measurements : —
height, 15 feet 8 inches ; circumference, 1 foot from
the ground, 14 inches. Carolina Poplars, which were
put in as cuttings (where the trees now stand) in
July, 1S86, and were headed back in July, 1890,
stood from 40 to .50 feet high, and in circumference
were 29 inches ; some of same trees were cut down,
sawn into boards, and boxes made. Lombardy Poplars,
four years from cuttings, 43 feet high, circumference
30 inches. Eucalyptus globulus, sown in October
1887, present height 42 feet, circumference 29
inches. Golden Ash. budded on the common
Ash in February, 1889, bud started in the second
week of the following November, and by the end of
March following had made 7 feet 10 inches. Casua-
rina stricta, not yet four years from seed, are over
17 feet high and 12 inches in circumference. Apple
trees, only four years from grafts, are giving good
crops of fruit, fruit large and sound, but not so
weighty or such good flavour as our English Apples.
A great many British forest trees do well here.
Horse Chestnuts, Beech, and Sycamore very in-
differently. What would some of the home gardeners
think of budding Roses, and in five weeks having a
growth of 17} inches ?

We have, of course, a very long growing season
and a glorious climate ; with some trees growth com-
mencing early in September, older plants of Oak and
Ash and other trees not making any movement until
well into October. Growth generally begins to de-
cline towards the end of April, excepting the Euca-
lyptus and Casuarina, these continuing to grow well
into May and frequently into June. Our hottest day
the last two years has been 95° Fahr. in the shade.
Chateau Parry, Quilmes, Buenos Aires, S. America,
June 10, 1891.

PLANT PORTEAITS.

AruNisiA ionopteba, Nicholson. — Originally
known as Koellensteinia. Lindenia, t. 287.

Anoigaxthhs breyiflorus, Garden, July 18. — A
yellow-flowered Amaryllis, native of Natal.

Arbutus arizonica, Garden and Forest, p. 317.

Caladium adamantinum, L. Linden, Illustration
Horticole, 1. 132 — A Peruvian importation, with long-
stalked, hastate leaves, deep green, with white veins,
and numerous small white spots.

Cattleya Dowiana aurea, Orchid Album, t. 432.

CATTLEVA LABtATA VAR. ScHRODEB.-R, Gurdr-l,

July 1 1. — Segments lilac, lip also deeper lilac, with a
central orange blotch.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES. — The earliest
house should now be gone over, if at all thick, and
abundance of light admitted into the trees, so as to
ripen the wood. Many of the shoots that have borne
fruit should have been removed early, to give room
for next year's wood to get well ripened ; and though
removal of all useless wood is now recommended,
shortening back must be deferred for a time, as
the removal of too much wood at one time causes
the shoots to make new growth — but much mav
be done by removing branches not required, and
early-fruiting wood that may have been left. If at
all dirty, no time should be lost in thoroughly
cleansing with sulphur and water or tobacco-water
and soft-soap, with a little sulphur, all well mixed
together. The roots should never be allowed to get
dry, so that a mulching of decayed manure will
check evaporation. Now is a good time to make a
note of varieties, and to determine what removals
may be required, as it is often necessary to lift
young trees that grow too much to wood ; these
must get attention as soon as possible after the fall
of the leaf. In Peaches for early fruits there is a
wider range than in Nectarines. I will give a list

of what I have found tha best early next month, so
that new additions may be made if required.

THE SUCCE3SIONAL HOUSES that have had the
fruits just cleared should get a thorough soaking of
liquid manure, removing all old wood that has
borne fruit, and thinning as recommended for the
earlier trees, giving a good mulch of decayed manure,
and syringing daily, and also cleansing if red-spider
be present. Give abundance of air in those houses
that do not get plenty of sun, and a little warmth in the
pipes to assist in finishing up the wood. In modern
houses with a south aspect, and the foliage kept
thin, this is only necessary with the latest trees.

LATE HOUSES will now be giving plenty of fruitr,
and these must get sufficient moisture at the roots
to prevent premature ripening. The syringe must
also be kept quiet when the fruits commence to
soften ; much can be done to retard or hasten the
fruit by ventilation, and the use of fire-heat. Abund-
ance of air greatly adds to the flavour of the fruit,
but too much at night must be avoided by closing
the front ventilators, as cold draughts prevent the
fruits swelling. A mulch of spent Mushroom-
manure will assist the roots and keep them from
drying. The wood must also be removed as soon
as the fruits are gathered, as advised for earlier
houses. In unheated Peach-cases much can be done
to forward the fruit by closing early, and by careful
airing in dull weather, for if not pushed forward, the
crop comes in with the early varieties on a south
wall. Trees in cots that have borne crops must
not suffer for moisture ; these may be removedto an
open sunny position, the pot plunged up to the
rims, and the surface covered with decayed maDure,
and in dry weather given a good syrioging nightly
with the garden engine, and kept clean. G, Wythes,
Syon House, Bi entford.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

DWARF AND SCARLET RUNNER BEANS. — The
early and late sowings in light soils should be
mulched heavily with manure, but on heavy soils
less so. Water them thoroughly when the soil be-
comes dry. Beans of all kinds require good rich soil,
and should not at any time be allowed to suffer for
want of water, or the flowers will not set well. The
plants should be kept in vigorous growth by picking
all pods when large enough, allowing no seeds to
ripen ; if it is desirable to save seed from any special
variety, the smallest pods should be removed, retain-
ing the longest and best-shaped ones only. In case
of a glut, the green pods may be kept in a fresh con-
dition for several days by putting the stems in vessels
of water, and placing them in a cool shed.

To prolong the supply of French Beans as long as
possible, seeds should be sown in 8-inch pots, five or
six plants in a pot, and sufficient space left for
earthing up. The pots may be stood out-of-doors
until established, removing them into suitable
quarters later.

LETTUCES. — Sow the Hardy Cabbage varieties
on raised beds to stand the winter; and again, a fort-
night later, another sowing should be made. These,
if afforded some slight protection in very severe
weather, will come into use long before spring-sown
ones. When the plants are large enough, they
should be thinned sufficiently so as to stand clear of
one another. The thinnings can also be pricked out
in other beds.

EARTHING CELERY. — The main crop should
soon be ready for the first earthing. This is
best done in three times, at intervals of a fort-
night, and when the plants are perfectly dry;
all small leaves and side shoots should first be
removed, and the tops drawn tightly together with
a piece of matting just under the green leaves.
This must not be tied too low, or in any position
that will cripple the growth of the young heart of
the plant, as it should remain until after the second
earthing. Be careful to ascertain that the plants
and the soil at their roots are in a thoroughly moist
condition before the soil is added. If worms and
slugs are likely to be troublesome, a good dressing of
lime and soot mixed should be siven before any soil
is placed around the stems. If it be necessary to
give any more water or liquid-manure, it should be
given a day or two before commencing to earth.
The foliage and soil should also be in a fine and dry
condition at the time of earthing, and the latter
prevented from entering the centre of the plants.
Where fish guano or other artificial manure is applied,
it should be sprinkled iu the trenches, and incor-

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

193

porated with the soil in the first stages of earthing-
up. If any heads are required for show purposes, they
should be first wrapped round with brown paper
before any soil is put against them, as a further
preventive against discoloration. Care must be used
not to earth too deeply the first time, as the young
leaves must be allowed to continue their growth
freely. The soil should be broken up with the
spade, and pressed around the stems. In order to
have it well blanched, and of good flavour, the light
must be excluded from the stems as much as pos-»
sible, and this will apply more especially to the last
earthing.

Chervil, Radishes, and Mustard and Cress, should
still be sown at short intervals if they are in constant
demand. Herbs of the various kinds should, if not
already done, be cut and slowly dried, and the
required winter stock bunched, placed in paper bags
to keep them free from dust, and hung up. Make
plantings at intervals of Endive and Lettuces for
autumn use. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

HABROTHAMNUS— The varieties II. carminata,
H. elegans, and II. Newalli make very useful plants
for forcing during the winter, if they are properly
prepared. Have the shoots cut well in during the
summer, so that the plants have time to make young
growths before autumn. Stand the plants out in the
open on a bed of coal-ashes, from the present time
to the third week in September, which will cause
the young shoots to break strong and sturdily. When
taken indoors, place them ia a greenhouse; after-
wards, bring them in heat as required. The larger
the plants are, the more flowers they will produce.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — These will now require
daily attention, in the way of tying in the shoots,
and also disbudding. Plants which are intended
to produce exhibition blooms should have all
side-shoots pinched out as soon as they appear.
Those which have filled their pots will require
abundance of water at the roots, and the early
varieties which have set their heads should be
assisted occasionally with clear manure-water, or
some well-tried fertiliser. Any plant which may
have been potted late should be staked, so that no
damage may be done to the roots later on. Syringe
the plants overhead twice each day, when the weather
is bright, to keep them in a healthy state,

INDIAN AZALEAS.— The latest of these should by
this time have completed their growth, and if not
already done, should ba shifted from their growing
quarters into the open air at once, so as to perfectly
mature the young wood and develop the flower-buds
for another season. Plants which have been grown
under the shade of Vines or Peach-trees, should have
a gradual course of exposure to the full rays of the
sun, lest the young foliage should become burnt, and
a great check thus be given to the formation of the
flower-buds. Keep a sharp look-out for thrips, as at
this season of the year they increase very rapidly,
and will quickly do irreparable injury to the plants,
and on their first appearance, either fumigate, or
thoroughly syringe the plants with a solution of soft
soap and tobacco-water, and also syringe freely with
clear water every evening when the weather is bright.
Should any of the plants require re-potting, they
should have attention at once. Fibrous peat of the
best quality, also some charcoal, broken to the size
of Hazel-nuts, with a liberal addition of silver-sand,
will suit their requirements. Potting must be done
thoroughly, and they will amply repay any extra
labour bestowed upon them. Make the fresh
material quite firm round the old ball, avoid giving
large shift", one clear inch around the old ball will
be quite sufficient. After potting, stand them on a
bed of coal-ashes and be careful to place them level,
so that water can be equally distributed. R. Milner.
Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE HARDY FRTJIT GARDEN.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.— These trees, al-
though later than usual, have made good growth,
the foliage being strong and healthy, and iree from
insects. The season being backward, every possible
attention should be afforded the trees, especially
late kinds, pinching back as fast as they appear all
sublaterals. Keep the leaves from overhanging the
fruit, and so fully expose each to the full influence
of the sun. Lose no time in removing any of the
shoots where too thick, cutting them bick to two or
three eyes, ia case a fresh shoot may be required

another season for keeping the body of the tree
filled with young fruitful wood. If the roots
have been heavily coated with manure, no time
should be lost in removing it, so that the sun
may strike the soil direct, warm the roots, and
help along the fruit. Do not over-syringe the
trees, once or twice weekly is ample in dull sunless
weather; but should the days be hot and dry,
syringe more frequently, and not later than '2 30 p.m.
Midseason sorts, such as Noblesse, Royal George,
Stirling Castle, Goshawk, &c, should, if the
crops be heavy, receive attention at the roots, and
if the wood is weak a few more fruits may be taken
off, and then feed well with liquid manure. All
cropping 3hould in a great measure be regulated
according to the strength and vigour of the trees.
Dymond is again thiB season cropping well, and is,
in my estimation, one of the best Peaches ever sent
out. Early sorts, such as Alexander, Waterloo,
Amsden, Early Beatrice, will be over, and the trees
should not be neglected, but partly pruned, this
time removing wood which has borne fruit, refilling
with shoots trained for that purpose ; also syringe
once or twice weekly, and let this be thoroughly well
done, while a few applications of liquid manure at
the roots will be a great help to large and fruitful
trees, especially if the soil is light and dry.

Earwigs, in many gardens, will be found very
numerous and troublesome, eating the fruits at the
points, and thus spoiling probably the very best and
most handsome Peaches. They should be trapped
by placing pieces of Bean stalks, or anything hollow,
in 6-inch lengths at intervals amongst the branches.
Earwigs find their way down these, and should be
blown out over a pail of hot water daily. With
constant attention these creatures may be kept in
check, ana the fruit spared from injury.

APRICOTS. — The laterals must ba pinched, and
all the leading shoots made secure to the walls.
After the fruits are ripe and gathered, lose no time
in bringing the garden-engine into use, thoroughly
washing the leaves, and dislodging any insects. Do
not be led astray by the frequent rains ; the borders
are apt to get very dry where sheltered. If the borders
are well made, and the trees are in good bearing, a
deluge of manure-water will also prove very bene-
ficial to the trees, and help them to plump up strong
fruitful buds ; in the meantime, soil and other mate-
rial should be got in readiness for top-dressing and
renewing all fruit borders in need of it. H. Mark-
ham, Mercworth Castle, Maidstone.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE. — OJontoglossum
grande does well in this house, and at present has
about half made up its new growths. This Olonto-
glossum does not like too much water at any time,
even when growing strong; if at all overdone, the
young growths will go spotted, and the plants
quickly lose its roots. Any plants that are now
growing clean and strong will be improved by a little
gu9.no rubbed into the water before using, at the
rate of about 'I oz. to the gallon of water; this, if
followed for the next two months, will improve the
size of the flower-spike. Miltonia vexillaria that
have not already been repotted should be done at
once. Our own plants are always repotted during
the early part of August; this gives the plants
plenty of time to get established before the winter
sets in. The most proper way to water these plants
is by the syringe, and the only time when care is
necessary is immediately after repotting. If the pot-
ting compost, which should consist of peat, sphagnum,
and either coarse silver saud or potsherds, broken
small, is moist at the time of use, no water will be
required at the root for a week or two, that which
falls from the foliage of the plants being ample
to keep the roots sufficiently moist. Pleiones must
now receive an ample supply of moisture at the
root, also manure-water should still be given the
plants until they are taken from their growing
quarters for resting purposes. Much depends upon
when these plants are required ia flower, they are
easily kept back to a late date by keeping them
growing, but once they are taken out into a resting-
nouse, nothing that does not materially affect the size
of the flowers will keep them back afterwards. These
plants are ia many cases even yet kept dry when
resting ; this is undoubtedly a great mistake, for if the
roots are allowed to die entirely, the size of flower
and the healthy condition of the corms will both
suffer. Vanda cccrulea is now sending up spikes ;
this is one of the most unsatisfactory plants to grow
of the whole genus, and yet one of the most beautiful.

I have grown this plant for a number of years with
varying success ; for two, three, and in souiv; c t^es
four years after these plants have been imported
the growth and the flowering have been per-
fectly satisfactory, then when the right treatment,
has seemed to have been found the plants refuse to
grow, but if placed into a warmer house, spotting of the
foliage quickly ensues. The best plants I ever grew
of this Vanda was in a position where the door could
be thrown open upon them for five months
in the year, the side and top ventilators
also being open ; the plants were frequently
syringed overhead. Vanda tricolor and V. suavis
will now likely send up spikes of flower. Tnese
become very useful now that Orchid flower is short,
but should these plants be required to make a good
show during the spring, or for exhibition purposes,
the spikes should be removed as soon as they show
themselves. Few plants are likely to suffer more
than Vandas from being allowed to over-flower
themselves. Tnese plants should now receive a
good syringing at least twice daily ; more especially
is this necessary where plants have lost several
leaves after the last season's flowering. This will
assist in getting a larger number of roots from the
bare stems. The plants may be cut down to bring
the foliage down to the level of the pot when the
potting season comes round. No change will be
necessary in the temperature for the different
departments from that given in a previous Calendar.
A. G. Catt, ParkUdd, Hallow.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS. — The recent rains have
greatly benefited herbaceous plants. Plants of early-
flowering varieties of the Potentillas, which were
cut down as soon as done flowering, are now sending
up a profusion of dwarf sturdy flower-spikes which
are well furnished with their pretty green leaves.
Cut out all decayed flower- stalks and leaves from
among the fresh foliage, and gather seeds of choice
flowers as they ripen. Continue to tie up flower-
stems that require support, and train climbers over
the space allotted to them, the points of the shoots
being allowed to hang somewhat loosely and in-
formally. Rock plants should be kept within their
limits, the same remark applies to the tall strong-
growing ones, as each plant should be allowed due
space to develop and show to advantage its special
features,

ARRANGING THE COLOURS FOR 1892. — The
present or any time within the next few weeks will
be a good time to note down any alterations con-
templated being made in the floral picture next year.
My practice is to make a plan of the flower garden,
and, when the display of flowers is at its best, enter
thereon the names of the plants which are to be put
into each bed the following summer. The beds on
one side of the central walk in our Italian garden
being a facsimile of those on the other, they are,
therefore, filled alike in pairs, so that one side of the
plan is devoted to the arrangement or composition of
the beds for the ensuing summer, and the other half
to that of the spring-flowering plants, noting down,
in April, what description of plants are to replace the
summer occupants of the beds the following Octo-
ber or November. We then propagate the several
kinds and varieties of the needful plants, in pro-
portion to the arrangements thus nude ; and when
planting time arrives, there is no time lost in
determining " what we shall put in this bed, and
what in that," and in wondering whether we have
enough of such and such plants to do so. There is no
working in the dark. The necessary quantity of
each kind is previously known, and propagated
accordingly, with a liberal allowance for any mishaps
that may occur before planting time arrived. One
plan made on stout drawing paper will last several
years, as the pencil writing of the previous autumn
and spring can be easily erased.

GENERAL WORK —This will consist in clipping
Box edging, Thorn hedges, &c. The latter are not
always cut into so good a shape as they might and
should be. In some few cases it is necessary to cut
\*ew hedges square at sides and top, so as to be in
character with surrounding objects ; but in a general
way they should be cut into a rounded point on the
top, sloping gradually from mid-height of hedge,
giving a section representing a semi-elliptical figure.
Hedges thus cut, as they are on this estate, and in
most of the nursery grounds in Edinburgh aud
further north, are always thick and well furnished
from the ground, and look well. B. W. Ward, Long-
ford Castle, Salisbury,

194

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Acgust 15, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

LETTER9 FOR PUBLICATION. — All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer . If desired, the tignature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Plants, &c, to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

ILLUSTRATIONS. — Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
flowers, trees, #c. ire solicited.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending nencspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
hut to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SHOWS.

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY.

SATURDAY,
SUNDAY,

MONDAY.

WEDNESDAY.

Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.

Aug.
Aug.

Trowbridge.
Shrewsbury (three days).

20 — Aberdeen (three days).

Brechin (two days).
Devon and Exeter.

22-
23 1

SA
»i

19— Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms,

Cercle Van Houtte, Ghent, opens
(eight days).

Special trade sale of Dutch Bulbs at
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

THURSDAY. AUG. 20

FRIDAY,
SATURDAY,

Aug.
Aug.

Special trade sale of Dutch Bulbs at
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

Orchids in Flower, at Stevens'
Rooms.

i Imported and Established Orchids
| at Protheroe and Morris' Rooms.
-Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.— 61°.8.

The extension and improvement
Growing. °^ fruit culture in this country are

attracting great attention just
now. When the subject was first started, the
fair prospects were well nigh ruined by exag-
gerated statements and theories based on imper-
fect or defective evidence. A more wholesome
state of things now prevails. People are be-
ginning to find out that the Royal Horticul-
tural Society has for many years past done ex-
cellent service, and that a very large proportion
of the information we have about fruits and
fruit culture has emanated fiom Chiswick ;
whilst the Fruit Conferences that have been
held there, as well as in Edinburgh and else-
where, and the reports that have been published
since, have placed in the hands of the public a
vast amount of trustworthy information. The
Fruiterers' Company, by giving publicity to Mr.
Wright's prize essay, has greatly helped on the
work. The British Fruit- Growers' Association
has also been most active in diffusing informa-
tion of the right kind, and publishing it in the
right quarters. The proceedings of the Bed-
dington Conference, held under the auspices of
the last-named Society, have already been noted
by us. Arising out of that, a scheme of
education comprising an elementary knowledge
of plants and their ways of life, and gradually
passing on to the technical details of cultural
operations, has been prepared by the Society
for submission to the Education Department,

and there is every probability that it will
be adopted in the rural schools. If this
scheme works well, as we believe it will do, a
very important step will have been taken, and
one which will grow and develop, so that we
shall eventually have a trained band of teachers,
capable of going from place to place to demon-
strate to the cottagers and small cultivators the
best methods of cultivation, the best sorts to
grow, and other matters of interest to them. In
fine, we shall be adopting what Belgium, France,
Germany, and other countries have already done,
to the great benefit of the country districts.

At Cardiff also, this young and energetic
Society has this week shown evidence of its
power for good. Mr. E. J. Baillie's paper on
" Fruit Growing as an Industry," was an excel-
lent sample of an introductory address. Mr.
Baillie dealt with facts which we need not
repeat here at length, as our readers are familiar
with them — facts, however, which need repeated
presentment on the spot in the rural districts.
We may, however, extract a few sentences
which show that Mr. Baillie is on the
right track. " Fruit-growing as an indus-
try," said he, " is working for a living, not
riding a hobby, or playing with a fad ; "
moreover, it is a productive industry, not an
employment or occupation that can run itself,
or that can be run under the so-called super-
intendence of a lazy fellow, or of one who lacks
method, or lacks knowledge of a particular order.
" In these days," continued Mr. Baillie, " it too
often happens that spasms of speculation are
indulged in instead of sustained occupation. A
nibble at some commission in the morning, a
juggle with a share list at noon, a manipulation
of some mining venture, or a transfer of some
stocks, characterise rather than caricature phases
of what come to be called (for show of respect-
ability) modern commerce."

Mr. Baillif. further pointed out, that this
matter of fruit culture is much more horti-
cultural than agricultural — the fruit cultivator
must be a good gardener. The lecturer then
proceeded to expatiate on the requirements of
the case, both as regards men, trees, and soil,
and insisted on the necessity for growing the
best of its kind in the best way. First-rate
quality should be aimed at, and fruit should be
bought by sample as grain and other produce of
the earth is sold. The method of dealing with
orchards infested with insects was expatiated
upon, and the lecturer ended with an eloquent
peroration, laughing at the foolish fears and
doubts of the pessimist, and advocating the
rational extension of fruit-culture not only for
financial reasons, but also on the higher grounds
of the physical and mental welfare of the
cultivator.

"There are weary eyes aching over the needle
night after night, to these there is little to look at
of this beautiful world — only the dull dim street.
There are heavy hearts which hear no semblance to
music, save the dinner-bell at the factory ; there are
languishing spirits in close crowded courts fainting
for the breath of the breeze. Toilers these in the
towns whose lives are almost without hope. Open
the gates of Arcadia! Lead the children out into a
peopled paradise ! How grandly then would every-
thing go in the way which those who had eyes to
see know must be right ? Coming face to face with
the fair freshness of Nature, how we can strike off
the chains that bind humanity down to the dull
routine of a mechanical existence of a sunless life,
when smoke and chimneys take the place of sunlight
and trees, and the hissing of steam and the fumes of
chemicals torment and stifle those who might find
freedom and fulness of life in work of the orchard
and the garden, or rest in the shelter of the grove."

Mr. Pettigrew's paper, thanks to the courtesy
of the Hon. Sec, is given in full in another
column, where its thoroughly excellent quali-
ties will commend it to the notice of practical

men.

English Orchid growers, it ap-
"Growi/0 pears, must hide their diminished
heads. The editor of the Journal
des Orchidees has paid several of our establish-
ments, public and private, a visit, and has arrived
at the conclusion that on the continent, and
especially in Belgium, there are much better
cultivators of Orchids than are to be found (bar-
ring exceptions, such as that of Mr. Measures)
in London. M. Warocque's collection, for
instance, is extolled at the expense of that of
Baron Schroder.

As to the commercial establishments, the
impression made on our visitor was one of " bad
cultivation, want of system (ordre), and cleanli-
ness. The majority of the houses are badly
kept, the pots and stages are dirty .... the
culture is not good, and is not to be compared
with that of the principal commercial establish-
ments of Belgium." Odontoglossums in par-
ticular excited our colleague's animadversion —
pseudobulbs not larger than pigeon's eggs,
feeble inflorescence, flowers badly developed, and
of bad shape. We should have supposed the
visit had been paid in the course of ODe of our
November fogs, but the writer attributes our
deficiencies to want of air, too high a tempera-
ture, and to the employment of peat. Some of
the best specimens he saw in England were of
Belgian origin, whioh is, he says, not surprising,
as it will not be easy to find in London Odonto-
glossum cultivation corresponding to that of the
Horticulture Internationale, or of MM. Vervaet,
Vincke, Vuylsteke, Peeters, and Morren, in
Belgium; or that of Duval and Truffaut in
France. Such slashing criticism has, ipso facto,
an element of weakness about it, and it will cer-
tainly not be entirely acquiesced in. The paucity
of new plants also struck our contemporary. All
of which donne a penser ! Our Orchid growers
are well able to take care of themselves.

Ancient Society of York Florists.— Under
the auspices of the Society, commemorative services
were held on Sunday last, in the church of St.
Michael le Belfrey. The handsome interior of the
edifice lends itself admirably to floral decoration,
and in the skilled and willing hands of several of the
members of the Society, was made to assume a very
beautiful appearance, in fact, pronounced most beau-
tiful by very many appreciative admirers. In the
morning, the vicar, Rev. E. S. Cabtek, preached,
basing his discourse on the words " Consider the
Lilies.", In the afternoon the chaplain of the Society,
Rev. F. Umplebt, preached from the words, " If
God so clothe the grass, which is to-day in the field."
The Very Rev. the Dean of York preached in the
evening, from the words, " the fruit of the Spirit,"
the several discourses being made appropriate to the
occasion. The choir also rendered good service,
being specially augmented ; the anthem " The
Wilderness " (Goss), was sung in the afternoon and
again by desire in the evening, the soloists being
Messrs. Wilkinson, Hagyard, Sutcliffe, Cox, and
Master Lee, of the Cathedral choir. At the close of
the evening service, Mr. A. Sample, the organist,
gave an organ recital, which most of the congrega-
tion remained to hear, with manifest appreciation,
A great number of people remained in the church
until quite a late hour, seemingly charmed with the
scene presented. The offertories at each of the ser-
vices were in aid of the County Hospital and York
Dispensary, about £10 being realised, which makes
no less a sum than £30, which this Society has
obtained for charitable purposes within the last three
years.

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

195

The Silva of North America.— The second

volume of Professor Sargent's classical publication
on the trees of North America is before us. It is
devoted to the description and illustration of trees
belonging to the following orders : Cvrillaceie, Cela-
strace.T, lihamnaceu;, and Sapindaceas, some fifty in
all. We have already expressed our opinion of the
substantial value of this work, both as regards the
text and the illustrations. The value of illustrated
works is often quite disproportionate to the cost and
labour expended in their production. To those who

ample index of these notes given us hereafter.
The plates are remarkable for their faithfulness,
and for the careful presentation of those details so
serviceable to the botanist, but which are, not
unnaturally, ignored by the non-botanical artist.
One of the most interesting genera treated of in
the present volume is Acer, or Maple, of which sixty
or seventy species are known, the largest number
being found in Japan. In North America, with
which alone the present volume is concerned, there
are nine, five of which belong to the Atlaatic, two

palmatum, liafinesque, New Flora, 1.48 (183G), not
of Thunberg." The additional trouble to the author
would be trifling in comparison to the convenience
conferred on the reader. The true Sugar Maple is
referred to as A. barbatum, of Michaux, and a long
footnote gives details as to the preparation of the
sugar from its sap. The Acer saccharinum of
Linnajus, it appears, is the Maple, best known to us
as A. dasycarpum, or sometimes as A. eriocarpum,
otherwise Sir Charles Wager's Maple, an excellent
town tree. A. negundo is also an excellent town-tree.

Fig. 25.— palm bouse, welbeck gardens, (see p. 185.)

only aim at the production of a drawing-room table
book, and to those who desire nothing else, this may
not be of consequence, but when a, more serious
purpose is in view, the result is vexatious.
Professor Sargent's book is intended for use and re-
search. It abounds with information, the notes in
particular being replete with curious and valuable
observations. Among them we may note bio-
graphical notes on the principal botanists of past
limes connected with the plants described.
It is to be hoped that we shall have an

to the Pacific region, one is peculiar to the central
mountain ranges, and one extends across the Con-
tinent. The Sycamore, A. pseudo-platanus, does not
thrive in the United States, nor are the Japanese
ones capable of adapting themselves permanently
to the climate. The Norway Maple, A. pla-
tanoides, makes itself quite at home. It would
be useful if Professor Sargent would, in suc-
ceeding volumes, give the date of the original
establishment of each species thus, " Acer macro-
phyllum, Pusth, Fl. Am. Sept. 1.267 (1814); A.

The white-leaved Maple, so common now in our
gardens, is only a variegated form of this species,
although many people speak of it as of Japanese
origin.

MESSRS. LAING & SONS.— The employes, num-
bering eighty, of the firm of Messrs. Johx Laing &
Sons, nurserymen, Forest Hill, had their annual
beanfeast on the 7th inst. Journeying from Forest
Hill Station, they reached Eastbourne shortly after
10 am , when each one amused himself according to

196

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

his own fancy until 1 o'clock, when all assembled at
the Lamb Hotel to dinner. After dinner all again
went their own way, meeting at Eastbourne Station
at 8.30 p.m. for the return journey, reaching Forest
Hill about 10.30 p.m., all being thoroughly satisfied
with the day 8 outing.

The Congress of Hygiene and Demo-
graphy.— At this important meeting, papers were
read on town smoke and fogs, open spaces,
heating towns by steam, preventible diseases, &c.
The very large proportion that the latter bear to
the total is a disgrace to our civilisation, and fur-
nishes the best answer to those who, with a want
of due sense of proportion, endeavour in all honesty
to obstruct the progress of knowledge, and to per-
petuate disease and misery which might be obviated.

Mr. W. J. GRANT.— We understand that this
gentleman, so well known in the Rose world as
a very successful amateur grower and exhibitor,
has been appointed by the Monmouthshire County
Council to superintend the department they have
created for Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry.
Mr. Grant for some years managed the fine estate
of Hope End, Ledbury, and the knowledge that he
there brought to bear on every kind of farming, the
management of stock, &c, combined with his well-
known business habits, have no doubt been the
cause of his obtaining this honourable and responsible
position. He will devote himself to developing the
resources of the county, and we are sure that all who
have known him will wish that he may be many
years spared to fulfil the duties of the post to which
he has been appointed. Since leaving Hope End,
he has been connected with the English Fruit and
Eose Company ; but his present position is one much
more suited to his varied talents and acknowledged
ability.

Decaying of Peaches.— We have received

samples of Peaches and Nectarines which prema-
turely dropped, and which discoloured and rotted
without any signs of fungus, except the mould which
is usually found on rotten fruit. The stone was in
some, but not all cases, split. Can any of our Peach
growers suggest a cause and remedy for this not
uncommon malady ?

The Brighton and Sussex New Horti-
cultural and Mutual Improvement Society,
and the Brighton and Hove Chrysanthemum So-
ciety, will amalgamate for their annual outing on
August 18, when they intend visiting some of the
leading places at Kedhill and Reigate, including
Gatton Park, Wray Park, the Great Doods, Wood-
hatch Lodge, High Trees, &c. Weather permitting,
the party will leave Brighton at 7.50 a.m.

The Treatment of Disease in Plants by
Means of Copper Compounds.— The salts and
other compounds of copper appear likely to occupy a
place in horticultural science, next in importance to
that of manures. A mixture of lime and blue
vitriol (copper sulphate) has been employed for
some time with success as a germicide in the
treatment of the diseases of the Potato, the Tomato,
and the Vine. Within the last few months, Mons.
Aimk Girard has been applying this mixture to the
bugar-Beet, in cases where the roots have been
attacked with the disease known as Peronospora
bchachtu. Solutions of lime and copper sulphate,
each containing three per cent., are mixed and then
sprayed over the crop, and there is evidence to show
that the disease has been effectually checked, for
the fungus to which it is due appears unable to live
after being damped with this solution. The use of
lime along with the copper-salt has been supposed
by some to be quite unnecessary; but this is not the
case for some recent experiments made by Signor
E Formento, show that the copper cannot reach
the inner parts of the plants by dialysis, except
when the salt is mixed with lime. He made experi-
ments with the Vine and other plants in determin-
ing the manner, and the extent of the absorption of

copper by vegetable tissues. Since it is now estab-
lished that plants can assimilate metallic compounds
with readiness, the effect of using copper-salts
for germicidal and insecticidal purposes should be
watched with care in the case of food-plants like
the Sugar- Beet, the Potato, cereals, &c, for copper
is known to exercise a toxic effect upon the human
economy. Of course, in the case of plants which are
not used as food materials, it does not matter.

Theory and Practice.— Nothing is more

common than to hear the " practical" man denounce
theory, and loudly asseverate his opinion that an
ounce of practice or of fact, as he calls it, is worth a
ton of theory. Of course, the value of a theory is
directly proportionate to the accuracy with which the
facts have been observed and correlated ; but. as a
general rule, it will be found that the practical man
is the wildest theorist. The explanations he gives,
say, of the phenomena of plant-life, are often
astounding — the deeds of the sap being'something far
beyond the comprehension of the physiologists. We
append a good illustration of the practical man's
theory. Evidently the writer had to deal with
Plums diseased and distorted by a fungus (Exoascus
pruni), so often figured and described in these
columns. But here is the explanation given of these
bladder- Plums : "In the Hon. Captain Cochrane's
garden at Redcastle, some Beans are growing under
a Damson Plum tree, and, while both were simul-
taneously in blossom, the bees appear to have carried
the pollen from the Beans to the Plums, with the
result that a large quantity of the fruit is a hybrid
between Damsons and Beans. The Plums are
shaped like Bean pods, being elongated and hollow,
but containing neither stones nor beans. One or
two of the pod-Plums, which we have seen opened,
showed what appeared to be the rudiments of what
might be either a stone or a bean. Of course the
fruit so changed is entirely useless for any purpose."
Similar theories are invoked to explain the cup-
shaped Foxgloves— these are generally attributed
to crossing with a Canterbury Bell. A lady corres-
pondent, year after year, used to send us specimens
of Violets affected with the parasitic fungus, vEci-
dium viola;. These Violets grew beneath the
shadow of some Ferns, ergo, the Violets were crossed
with the Ferns. Were not the brown spots con-
clusive evidence ? We ventured to think not, but
our correspondent returned to the charge, and
refused to be convinced that her interpretation was
not the correct one. These persons belong to a
class who vehemently oppose evolutionary theories,
but nevertheless formulate theories of their own, so
baseless that not the wildest of speculative evolu-
tionists could entertain them.

The Relative Activity of Green and

Red LEAVES. — Mons. Jumelle, of the Paris
Academy of Sciences, has been comparing the rela-
tive activity of green and other coloured leaves by
exposing them to sunlight under comparable condi-
tions in a closed atmosphere containing a known
quantity of carbonic acid gas, and then determining
how much of this gas was decomposed. The results
show that in trees with red or coppery leaves, the
chlorophyllian assimilation is always lower than in
the same tree with green leaves. This explains the
well-known fact that trees of the former class
increase in size much more slowly than those of the
latter. In some cases the differences are very great ;
thus, the assimilation of the green Beech is about
six times as great as that of the copper Beech, and
there is the same difference between the ordinary
and the purple Sycamore trees.

The Acquisition of Atmospheric Nitro-
gen BY PLANTS.-A large number of experiments
has been carried on during the past few months by
Atwateb, which confirm the view that nitrogen is
readily absorbed from the atmosphere by certain
plants when treated with "soil-infusion," and that
the gain of nitrogen is dependent on the number of
root-tubercles which the application of this liquid

induces. Schloesing and Lacerent have also been
carrying on an investigation into the same subject,
and with similar results. In commenting upon the
results of these researches, Berthelot states that
he regards them as a final proof that under the
influence of microbes, leguminous plants can utilise
and fix the gaseous nitrogen of the atmosphere.

Damage from Alkali Works.— An important

case affecting the alkali trade was concluded at
Chester Assizes lately, after a two days' hearing.
William Boosey, nurseryman, of Middlewich, sued
the Cheshire Alkali Company to recover damages
for injuries done to his nursery by powders and gases
given off by the defendants' works. Plaintiff has
12 acres of nursery ground at Middlewich, and along-
side these the defendants constructed alkali works.
It was proved that the bicarbonate of soda escaped
from them and seriously damaged the nursery. The
jury awarded plaintiff £500 damages.

Fumigating Fruit Jars. — Mr. Warren of
Isleworth, as a large fruit grower, has of course at
times considerab'e surplus fruit, which he finds it
needful to utilise himself rather than send it to
market, when the returns are practically nil ; hence
he boils down much of it into pulp and preserves it
in large but narrow-mouthed jars for the jam makers
in seasons when the scarcity of fruit creates a
demand for pulp. Formerly, Mr. Warren did
bottling largely, but the introduction of the canning
process in America has materially discounted the
value of bottled fruits. The jars in question hold,
perhaps, about six or eight quarts ; they are all
thoroughly cleansed and stood for use when needed.
But as no sugar is added to the pulp, and as it is
important that all fungoid germs be fully destroyed
before the jars are filled, it is the rule to dip into a
solution of sulphur long strips of calico, one half their
length ; these strips are, when dry, ignited at the
sulphur end and dropped into the jars, but the other
ends are kept in the mouths by the large corks or
bungs which are fixed into the mouths immediately
the jars are filled with the sulphur fumes. These
fumes are so powerful as to destroy all fungoid life
within the jars, and so soon as found to be ready for
use the corks are removed, the strong sulphur fumes
rushing out check the ingress of air, and the vacuum
thus created is immediately filled by the boiling
pulp. This is at once tightly corked down, and will
in that state keep for even a couple of years in good
condition. Soft fruits, such as Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Raspberries, Strawberries, and Plums are
thus preserved. Market dealers object often to
Saturday-gathered fruit, hence most of this is
boiled down.

Mr. Bowerman, Hackwood Gardens.—

Many of our readers will, with us, regret to learn
that this estimable gardener has been compelled to
give up his supervision of the fine gardens at Hack-
wood Park, Basingstoke, for three months, his medical
advisers having ordered absolute rest.

Smoking in the Botanical Gardens,

REGENT'S PARK. — At the annual meeting of the
Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, on Monday
last, Mr. Edward Ledger, a Life Fellow of the
Society, protested against the restriction against
smoking in the gardens, and pressed on the Council
the necessity of removing the objectionable rule.

Messrs. Laird & Sinclair, of Dundee. —

The employes of this firm held their annual pic-nic
on Wednesday, Aug. 5, in the grounds of Craighall,
Blairgowrie, Perthshire, the residence of Gen. Clark-
Rattray. The party to the number of forty pro-,
ceeded in brakes from Dundee, where a very eDJoy-
able day was spent.

Orchids TO NAME.— We learn that the number
of Orchids named at Kew for orchidists amounts to
about nineteen in each week, the total thus approxi-

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

197

mating to a thousand a year. That so great use
is maile of the herbarium by the gardening frater-
nity is very satisfactory — we could wish that others
besides orchidists would avail themselves of their
opportunities in equal proportion. But as the neces-
sary researches often occupy much time and labour
on the part of skilled experts, it is obvious that if
the work of the department is to be carried on, a
considerable increase in the staff must take place.
For onr own parts, we should like to see a staff of three
or four trained assistants told off to act solely as the
go-between the herbarium and the garden — to ascer-
tain the correct names of the plants in the garden,
as well as of those submitted to them by the public,
to see that the plants of all descriptions were kept ade-
quately and correctly labelled, that specimens were
preserved for drawing or for drying, and to prepare
an authoritative Hortus Kewcnsis with the assistance
of the other members of the staff.

STRAWBERRIES.— Ninety-four tons of Straw-
berries were conveyed to Glasgow in two recent
consecutive days by the Caledonian Railway
Company.

Researches on the Manuring of Soils.

— A German contemporary gives some account of
recent researches by T. Leone on the manuring
of garden soils. From a series of exhaustive expe-
riments, this scientist concludes that the phenomena
of nitrification and denitrification in soil are due to
the activity of certain bacteria or micro-organisms,
and they occur in alternation according to the
amount of nutriment capable of sustaining the life
of these tiny beings present in the earthy matters.
Thus, when an abundance of nutritive material is
at hand, the rapid development of the bacteria is
accompanied by the oxidation of substances which
are called proteids, and this takes place partly at
the expense of the oxygen in the nitrates present,
with the result that ammonia and nitrites are
formed. On the other hand, nitrification commences
as Boon as the decomposable nitrogenous products
are either assimilated or are converted into ammonia
compound. If this be true, then the effect of
manuring soil would be in the first instance to sus-
pend the ordinary process of nitrification, and to
convert part of the nitrates present into nitrites,
nitrification only recommencing when the organic
matter was decomposed, and the formation of
ammonia had attained a maximum. The manuring
of soils, therefore, gives rise to a cycle of phenomena,
and the destruction of the nitrates or nitrites in the
soil is complete or partial according as the supply
of manure is abundant or otherwise.

The Formation and Properties of

HUMUS. — The black organic matter of soils called
humus is due to the decay chiefly of vegetable
matter. This decay is brought about by the attacks
of moulds and bacteria, the former alone causing the
production of dark-coloured matters. P. A. Kostv-
tcheff has recently been investigating this subject,
and has been experimenting with various kinds of
vegetable debris, c g., grass, Oak, Elm, and other leaves.
He found that as these matters decayed, there was
invariably no loss of nitrogen. Now grass and
leaves contain proteids, and these decompose into
ammonia, a gas which partly consists of nitrogen,
and since there is no loss of nitrogen, it follows that
the ammonia must be reconverted into other sub-
stances, and this appears to be done by the agency
of living organisms, which find their nourishment in
the decaying matter. Ammonia and similar sub-
stances serve as nutriment to moulds, in the proto-
plasm of which their nitrogen is stored up, and this
decomposing in its turn serves as food to bacteria,
which still retain the nitrogen in proteid combi-
nations. The soil, with its estimated 60,000,000 of
organisms per gramme, must contain much nitrogen
in the proteid form, and one set or other of ^orga-
nisms will predominate according to variation in the
conditions. In general, the first development in
decaying vegetable matter is that of bacteria, the
\ medium becoming acid; then follow the decay of these

Dacteria, the ammonia produced neutralising the
acid, and moulds growing in the neutral medium ;
afterwards bacteria and moulds develop together.
Thus, humus always contains easily decomposable
matter, and consequently, the rate of decompo-
sition observed at any period of the decay
is about the same. In humus produced above
the water-line, all trace of vegetable structure
is destroyed by the leaves being gnawed and
passed through the bodies of earthworms, cater-
pillars, wireworms, &c. ; under the waterline, the
vegetable structure is preserved, and peat results.
Experiments with dead leaves pulverised by the
action of these animals, in comparison with the same
leaves not attacked by them, show that little or no
influence on the rate of decay results from their
action. After passing through their bodies, the
organic matter is still fit to nourish moulds and
bacteria, and when these have multiplied sufficiently
to accumulate a fresh stock of protoplasm, the earth-
worms, &c, attack it again, and so destroy all trace
of structure. The soil of black lands is permeable
to a small depth only by water, and this circum-
stance retards decomposition, and accounts for the
accumulation of bumus. The decay of humus is
fastest in the best drained and most open soils ; for
this reason, the presence of clay in a soil promotes
the accumulation of humus. Woods promote
drainage by loosening the soil and abstracting water,
and hence in plantations the accumulation of humus
is retarded, and the earth becomes lighter in colour.
Inferior organisms are a means of diffusing organic
matter throughout the soil — the mycelia of fungi,
for instance, growing on a dead root, ramify laterally,
and thus carry organic matter a little outward ;
succeeding organisms extend this action, and the
soil becomes darkened in proportion. The humic
acid of black soil is almost exclusively in combina-
tion with lime; this lime is, according to Kostvtcheff,
carried to the insoluble humus as acid carbonate
dissolved in the water, and the acid carbonate is
decomposed by contact with the moist humus.
Kostvtcheff is a member of the Society of Natu-
ralists of St. Petersburgh, and his paper, which is a
long one, has been reproduced in several of our
German contemporaries.

A NEW INSECTICIDE. — Hydrazine, a substance
hitherto unknown outside the chemical laboratory,
is stated by < >. Lobw in the Berichte der Deutschen
Chemiscken Gesellsckaft, xxiii., p. 3203, to exert an
extremely poisonous action upon tiny organisms of
the most varying description. A solution, containing
only one-fifth of a gramme of hydrazine sulphate per
litre of water, rapidly kilied alga:, fission organisms,
moulds, schizomycetes, and lowly types of water
organisms. The substance, however, appears to be
poisonous in its effects upon more highly-developed
animals, such as dogs and guinea pigs, and there
seems to be some reason for supposing that except
in extremely dilute solutions, the effect of hydrazine
upon the young shoots and buds or plants is dele-
terious. It would, however, be worth while making
a series of experiments with solutions of known
strength, in order to see whether hydrazine and its
compounds may be turned to practical account in
horticulture.

Sugars in Mushrooms. — Lovers of fungi

may be surprised to learn that several species
have been found to contain certain of the sugars.
Bourquelot has recently been examining these
fungi chemically. He finds that Lactarius pipera-
tus, Scop., contains, immediately after it is gathered,
a considerable auantity of a sugar called trehalose,
and also a little of another sugar called by chemists
mannitol. If, however, the fungus is dried before
being examined, and then treated with water, no
trehalose is obtained, mannitol alone being present.
The same phenomenon is observed if the Mushrooms
are merely kept for a few hours after being gathered,
and hence the disappearance of the trehalose is a
result of the continuance of the vital processes of the
Mushrooms. Examinations of various species of

Mushrooms at different stages of growth show that
when young they contain trehalose and no mannitol,
in the middle period they contain both these sugars,
and when mature they contain mannitol only,
Amanita mappa is an exception, since in all stages
it contains mannitol and no trehalose. The con-
version of trehalose into mannitol is a process of
reduction, and is probably connected with the for-
mation and maturation of the spores. In many
species the phenomena are complicated by an
increase in the amount of glucose (Grape-sugar)
that they contain, and in others by the appearance
of glucose which is not present in the earlier stages
of their growth.

Plants as " Chemical Laboratories."— In

a paper on the assimilation of mineral salts by green
plants, published in one of our German contempo-
raries, A. W. F. Schimpeb states that the nutritive
salts of the soil do not af once reach those parts of
the plant when they are wanted, but are generally
stored up in the root-stems and in the woody parts
of the stems which are above ground. The seeds
contain large quantities of salts, especially of the
phosphates ; they exist here as organic compounds,
but during the process of germination they are again
split up, and return to their original inorganic con-
dition. The power possessed by plants of storing
mineral substances differs very much qualitatively
as well as quantitatively. The assimilation of nitric
acid takes place in the green cells, and the nitrogen
migrates chiefly in the form of amides and amido-
acids, which can be detected in the leaf parenchyma.
The function of the lime appears to be to convert
the poisonous potassium oxalate, which is found in
considerable amount, into harmless calcium oxalate.

Presentation to Mr. John Bagaley — This

gentleman, who for many years has been connected
with Mr. Boll's nurseries at Chelsea, and who has
now joined the management of the Liverpool Horti-
cultural Co. (John Cowan, Limited), was on Thurs-
day evening, the 30th ult., entertained at the Pier
Hotel, Chelsea, to a farewell supper by bis friends
and members of the Chelsea Bicycle and Tricycle
Club. He was presented with a beautiful gold
demi-hunter watch in a case, and an address hand-
somely illuminated and framed.

" Botanical Magazine."— The August number
contains figures of the following plants : —

Faradaya splendida, t. 7187. — A very handsome
tropical climber belonging to the Verbenacea. It
has large ovate-stalked leaves, and terminal many
flowered cymes of irregularly 4-lobed funnel-shaped
white flowers, from which the four stamens project.
It is a native of North Queensland, and flowered last
year for the first time in the Palm-house.

Cypripcdium californicum, t. 7188. — A species with
plicate leaves, flowers in terminal racemes, each
about 1} inch across, with greenish-yellow segments,
and a white bag-shaped lip with a red spot. It
flowered in the gardens of W. E. Gohbleton, Esq.

Pleurothallis immersa, t. 7189. — A purple-flowered
species, the scape of which is concealed at its base
in the channel formed by the depression in the
middle of the upper surface of the leaf.

Synanthcrias silvatica, t. 7190.— A very curious
Indian Aroid with a single pedately cut leaf, the
lobes of which are irregularly pinnately divided.
The spathe is relatively short, widely tubular, acute,
cream-coloured with green spots, the spadix with
female flowers beneath, separated from the males by
a single ring of neuter flowers, the apex of the
spadix prolonged into a long slender cylindric cream-
coloured appendix destitute of flowers. Kew.

Eehmannia rupestris, t. 7191.— A trailing her-
baceous perennial covered with thick white hair ;
leaves stalked, ovate ; flowers sessile, '2h inches long,
with a short bell-shape toothed calyx, and a long
curved, tubular, pale yellow corolla, expanding at
the top into a somewhat irregularly 5-lobed limb.
It is a Scrophulariaceous plant introduced from the
Mountains of Hupeh, Central China, by Dr. Henry.
Flowered at Kew.

198

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

Home Correspondence.

MORELLO CHERRIES — Some of your corres-
pondents, when giving particulars of hardy fruit
crops in their districts, remarked upon the failure
of their Morello Cherries, which they attributed in
part to attacks of black-fly. I infer they cultivate
them on conventional lines, upon north - aspect
walls, a system which, however well it may answer
in giving crops in a general way, is not of neces-
sity the only one suitable to this invaluable fruit.
A "system which, in all probability, has become
established owing to the fact that no other kinds
of hardy fruit will succeed so well against such
sunless cold walls. Though under proper culture
very fine fruit of the Morello Cherry can be and is
generally grown upon such aspects, it must Dot
be forgotten that severe late frosts and attacks of
aphis play more powerfully upon trees growing in
such a position than upon others enjoying sunshine
in larger degree. Though such adverse cropping
conditions as I have noted above were given in a
garden of repute little more than a mile distant from
my own garden, I am bound to confess I never had
a heavier or finer crop than this season. My trees,
however, enjoy a sunny position upon an east wall.
Black-fly attacked the tips of the shoots certainly in
the month of June, and I had them dipped in tobacco-
water, with the result that they disappeared, and I
was no longer troubled by them. So much for the
two crops, growing on dissimilar aspects in the same
neighbourhood. What I am more anxious to advance,
however, is the suggestion that all but certain crop-
ping fruit could be made much more useful by vary-
ing the place of culture, i.e., planting the necessary
quantities against north-aspect walls as before,
also a fair number of trees upon east or west-
aspect walls. My contention, as regards the latter,
is that they crop more certainly and give supplies of
ripe fruit for kitchen use, or bottling, some consider-
able time before those grown against shady walls are
ready. I have thought it strange gardeners have not
more generally planted standard Morellos. Not only
are they most ornamental when in bloom, but most
constant in cropping, and though in the ordinary
way the fruits are small, even this may be readily
remedied by somewhat severe pruning or tbinning-
out the young shoots each season. Moreover, stan-
dard Morellos commence fruiting freely the second
year after planting, giving abundance of culinary
fruit at a most acceptable season. Villa gardens
having low walls which are not suitable to other
fruits, because, whether Pears, Peaches, or Plums,
the trees will not bear unlimited restraint, and are
prone to advance their growth upwards beyond the
limits of such low fencings, proving in a very few
years how useless all attempts at dwarfing them has
been. Against such low fencings, whether of brick,
or wood, the Morello Cherry will succeed well. At
least I have four such dwarf trees against a 6-foot
high wall, covering a length of 17 feet, from the ground
upwards, which have been planted between fifteen
and twenty years. They have never missed fruiting
heavily, the large Cherries often from sheer weight
of crop hanging upon the grass verge below. From
these trees I have just gathered 2.5 lb. of well ripened
fruit; the circumference of their boles is 10 inches,
a gravel-walk adjoins the wall and rests upon their
roots. My pruning practice has been to lay in all
short young shoots, shear back the facing so
as to form fruiting spurs, and against the centre
of each tree I have thrown an arch from the wall
over the walk whereon strong shoots are permitted
to grow, which are laden with flowers at one time,
and with fruit at another. By contrast with the
miserable attempts made at dwarf fruit-tree culture
in suburban and other gardens, I maintain Morello
Cherry trees stand prominently useful, and worthy
the attention of all having low parting fences
between limited gardens. Whilst upon this subject,
I may add, that horses appear to do little or no injury
to Cherry trees growing totally unprotected in or-
chards, wherein they are constantly turned loose.
The wall and archway-grown Morellos I have before
referred to are a boundary to ray grass-laid orchard,
there being no protection given them whatever ;
besides which I have other standard Cherry trees,
including the Morello, whose numerous branches,
densely laden with fruit, sweep downwards towards
the grass, yet are never interfered with, though
occasionally my two last ponies would nibble at the
lower branches of the Apple trees, and occasionally
rub the lower fruit off whilst grazing benea'.h the
trees. William Early.

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN PLUMS.— British fruit
growers for market not only seem destitute of
resource, such as is necessary to checkmate the
success of early sales by foreign co - growers,
whereby they may be better enabled to hold
their own in the home markets, but also so
wedded to old stereotyped practices, they appear
incapable of taking advantage of facts but too
plainly forced upon them by the same foreign rivals.
Unhappily, I could prove my case, and uphold my
contention too successfully in regard to the majority,
if not all, the different kinds of fruit sent to British
markets by these separate and several growers.
Suffice it, that I take Plums as the crop which has,
hitherto, afforded foreign salesmen the most perfect
means whereby to hoodwink British growers. That
this is a startling statement I am willing to admit. I,
nevertheless, leave it to the reader to determine
whether I do not prove it. Our markets are filled
with very green Greengages, packed neatly in effec-
tive boxes, and are glutted with foreign Plums
annually for a month or two before an English Plum
finds its way into market, so that the edge of the
demand is worn off before British fruit appears. If
we admit during the last fortnight the foreign Gages
have become passable dessert fruit, it is as much as
can be admitted, as previously they were wasted as
regards all but cooking purposes. During the
second week in July, foreign consignments of
ordinary Plums (really very common varieties)
reached our shores, and found ready markets, and
were sold retail very freely at id. per lb. Now these
examples were really as hard as bullets, being little if
any more advanced than were home crops at the same
date ; since which our native Plums have been
rapidly advancing to maturity ; yet, strange as it
may appear, the last market reports up to the time
I write make no note of the receipt of home-grown
consignments. Has the British Plum-grower yet
to learn that green Plums — aye, green as the home
crops were a fortnight ago — make the best of
puddings and pies — that, in fact, for all culinary
purposes, they are as good, or superior at such green
stage than subsequently, when the foreigner has
mulched our markets with inferior hedgerow samples,
and carried off another year's harvest. Why do
British growers let such crops hang until they are
ripe, the trees thoroughly exhausted, and the finest
varieties, with best-grown fruits in the world have
to go begging for customers at unremunerative
prices? to say nothing of the destruction by crush-
ing in transit of over-ripe fruit. Our Plum crops
are so excessively heavy it would have been chari-
table to the trees to have commenced thinning and
marketing thpm two or three weeks ago, to say the
very least. Even should these facts fail to rouse
growers, is it too late for them to take lessons from,
at least, their superiors in strategy — continental
consignees ? William Earley, August 6.

WHAT IS A SEEDLING PLANT ?— Referring to
your article on this subject, and looking at the
question from a florist's point of view, it is, so far as
my observation goes, customary with us, in Scotland,
to speak of new varieties of florist's flowers as
" seedlings " until they are catalogued and offered
for sale. The variety, say it is a Pansy, may be one,
two, or three years old before being sent out, and,
during that time, it may receive certificates as a
seedling ; but, as soon as it is sent out, no more
honours of that description are awarded to it. Per-
haps some of your readers may be able to suggest a
better definition of the term seedling ; yet, I think
the above is capable of practical application without
much friction. M. C, Rothesay, N.B.

FORCING LILIUM CANDIDUM.— Where white
flowers are in great demand in the early part of the
year, few plants for forcing better repay the trouble
incurred than this old favourite. If it is desirable
to force them regularly, it is best to have two sets of
bulbs, forcing each set alternate years. I find that
the same bulbs do not give such good results if
forced annually. The best time to commence is as
soon as the stems of those planted out begin to
decay. Take the bulbs up carefully, shake all the
soil from the roots, select the largest, and remove
any small bulbs that may be attached to them. The
pots for growing them in should not be less
than 9 inches ; plant in good turfy loam, with
one-third part well-decayed manure, or spent Mush-
room bed, a liberal amount of sand being added.
Pot firmly, placing the bulb 1 inch beneath the
surface, watering well to settle the soil about thera.
They may then be plunged in coal-ashes, or in the
ground, until required for forcing. If it is desirable
to get them in flower by Easter, a commencement

should be made early in November, by placing them
in a house or frame with a slight warmth, giving
them a good watering if at all dry ; let them remain
until showing signs of growth, hard forcing in
the early stages not being conducive to strong
growth and flue heads of bloom. When growth has
fairly commenced, a light position in an early
vinery is a good place for them, the increasing beat
of which suits them admirably, aud they may receive
supplies of weak manure-water at each alternate
watering, increasing in strength as the flower stems-
advance, and supporting them with sticks. By the
end of February they will be showing buds ; a sharp
look-out being kept for green-fly, which will effect a
lodgment among the young buds, and quickly spoil
the prospects of flowers. Dust with tobacco-powder.
They will now require large supplies of water. As
soon as the flowers begin to expand, place them in
the conservatory or greenhouse. It is best to re-
move the' anthers as the flowers open, because the
yellow pollen soon spoils their appearance. After
flowering they may be hardened off in a cold frame,
or warm corner, finallv planting them out-of-doors.
W. H. Stephens, The Gardens, Prescot House, Stour-
bridge.

MELONS. — I only grow four kinds, which I think
are first-class to keep up a succession through the
season. All had the same treatment, the seeds
being sown the same day — February 16, 1891. High
Cross Hybrid ripened eighteen days earlier than the
other three kinds, and I think it the best aud earliest.
Melon that is grown for first crop. I have grown
it for five or six years. It is a round netted fruit,
with fine green flesh, good flavour, and free setter.
The next to ripen was Sion House, oblong, a
netted yellow skin, and scarlet flesh — a first-rate
Melon. The Countess was ready a few days later.
The fruit of this variety is beautifully netted, the
flesh white, a free setter, and good Melon. Monarch,
the latest of the four, keeps a long time in good
condition after it is cut. It is a netted oval fruit,
green flesh, exquisite flavour, and free setter. Alt
the above Melons were grown in 10-inch pots in
good turfy loam, with a small quantity of fresh horse-
droppings, potted very firmlv, then plunged in a bed
of leaves. W. Smythc, The Gardens, Basing Park,

POTATOS IN LANCASHIRE.— Both early and late-
Potatos were cut to the ground by the frosts of
May 16 and 17, when 13° was registered on the last
date. Growth recommenced quickly, and excellent
crops of early Ashleaf have been dug, very clear, and
free from disease. A patch of Snowflake has been,
lifted to-day (August 10), of good-sized tubers, and
not a diseased one to be seen. Late kinds look
healthv, and promise well. Wm.Fo.v.Holker Gardens.

THE POTATO CROP. — If we get no unusual
attack of the disease, there will be this year ai
enormous crop of Potatos. That qualifying "if"
may seem a large one after some previous years'
experience, but, generally, I do not think it is in
any degree large this year. How rarely has it been
the case that we have had such healthy leafage on
the Potato plant on the 8th of August as we see
this year ! A day or two since I looked over the
Potatos at Chiswick. Remembering the stormy
nature of the weather we have recently passed
through, and how in past years such weather wouM
have generated the disease rapidly, I could not but
think that, for the time of year, the crop there never
looked better, even the very earliest varieties show-
ing freshness and vigour of an unusual kind. Only
in one place, evidently where one of the recent
heavy storms had led to a temporary flooding of the-
row, was there any evidence of decay in the plants.
Of course we may yet have the disease badly, because
there is ample time, but all recent experience has
shown that, be the attack ever so virulent, only a
very small proportion of the tubers are now affected, sw
that comparatively little harm is done to the general
crop. With the weather keeping finer and warmer
the tuber development now made every week is
wonderful, indeed August is the great month for
tuber making, and every day both helps to increase
the tuber bulk and minimise the effects of*
the disease should it appear. Sulphate of copper
is being employed at Chiswick to prevent disease
attacks, if possible. In one of the Tomato-houses,
disease is very evident in the plants, but dressings of
this assumed fungicide fail to check or cure it ; tba'.
does not look hopeful for the Potato crop, especially
that every shower and storm must wash the plants
clean of the powder. But the question which natu-
rally arises in relation to the non-app-arance ol th«
Potato disease so far is, does it come from thj

August 15, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

199

exceeding severity of last winter, which helped
to destroy the spores, or is it failing to find
in the weather those atmospheric conditions which
usually favour its development? So far as prices
are concerned, Potatos are plentiful already at £-1
per ton. Some growers think that better prices
will rule later, because the corn harvest may be but
a moderate one, and the foreign crop is less than
usual. So far as present appearances go, the home
-corn crop will not be a moderate, but rather a plen-
tiful one, only late in being harvested. Even if
we have some shortcomings, it seems evident that
these will be more than neutralised by the abundant
Potato crop, so that our main articles of food seem
certain to be both plentiful and cheap this season.
On the whole, the food outlook is an excellent one.
A.D.

SEXUALITY OF ACERS. — In the Gardeners'
Chronicle for July 4, 1891, p. 11, you illustrate male
and hermaphrodite Acer Volxemi. Judging by our
Maples, you will not find the flowers functionally her-
maphrodite. The stamens never mature in the fertile
flower. The anthers are pollenless and functionless,
and do not think it worth while to produce a filament.
This is our experience, and it looks like it there. The
plant is moniBcious, not polygamous. That. Mcehan.

THE COPYRIGHT VALUES OF SOME GARDENING
BOOKS. — It is not often that the public have oppor-
tunities of judging the copyright values of well-
known gardening books. The bankruptcy of the
old-established firm of Groombridge & Sons, result-
ing in a general " selling-up " at Puttick & Simpson's,
on Tuesday, has resulted in one of these opportuni-
ties, and readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle will be
especially interested in the under-mentioned prices.
The results will, at first sight, appear insignificant,
especially when it is remembered that these books have
run into many and large editions ; but it is precisely
this fact which had a very appreciable influence in
.gauging the prices. They are not necessarily behind-
hand in their information, or antiquated in their
ideas. But gardening is essentially a progressive
science, and the general public hesitates to buy a
book unless it has the imprint of to-day upon it —
but it must be candidly admitted that the preference
is not at all uniformly wise. In the case of the
numerous books of the late Shirley Hibberd, it will be
generally admitted that there is, to use acolloqualism,
" plenty of life in them yet." They are charmingly
written, for Shirley Hibberd's style and manner of
imparting information on the most recondite subjects
had a brilliancy and perspicacity entirely peculiar to
himself. To come, however, to the books themselves :
Fifteen were catalogued under Shirley Hibberd's
name, and the one most highly apprised was The
Amateur's Rose Book, the copyright of which (with
stereo plates and wood blocks) sold for £22 ; at
which sum The Amateur's Flower Garden was also
disposed of, but »he latter lot included also about
500 copies " in quires." The copyright of The
Amateur's Greenhouse (with stereo plates and blocks)
went for £20 ; and The Amateur's Kitchen Garden
(including 106(5 coloured plates), for £15. All these
are nominally 6s. books, the last one being illus-
trated, as will be inlerred, in colours. The copy-
right of Brambles and Bay Leaves (with eight wood
blocks) went for 20s. ; whilst Garden Favourites did
not secure a bid. Better, but only comparatively so,
was TlteFern Garden, which went for £9, the purchaser
securing not only the copyright, 151 plates, 8 colour
blocks, and twenty wood-blocks, but about 1000
copies in quires, and an assortment of 250 coloured
plates ; Field Flowers, with all the stereo plates,
colour blocks, 200 copies in quires, and 2950 various
coloured plates, realised £10, at which sum was also
sold the Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste,
aid a large number of coloured plates. The
copyright and wood-blocks of the Book of the
Aquarium and Water Cabinet fetched £8 ; the
same of Profitable Gardening, £8 10s. ; the copy-
right, blocks, and 590 coloured plates of The Ivy
sold for £1 10s. ; of the Sea-weed Collector, £7 ; of
the Town Garden. £1 ; and of the Greenhouse and
Garden Frame, £0 15s. Besides gardening books
by Shirley Hibberd, there were two Is. pamphlets
by Mr. J. Cuthill, one on Market Gardening, £2,
and a Manual on the Cultivation [of the Mushroom,
&c, £3 5s. ; these prices including not only copy-
right, but blocks, plates, and much more than a
sufficient number of printed copies to cover the
outlay. The copyright and so forth, with 2171
numbers and 400 double numbers, and over 1000
coloured plates of Greenhouse Favourites, sold for
£17; the copyright, &c, with fifty copies in quires
of the Rev. J. S. Henslow's Dictionary of Botanical

Terms, went for £6, which was 20s. more than was
given for J. R. Mollisou's Window Gardener (with
300 copies in quires) ; II. J. Slack's Marvels of Pond
Life, copyright, blocks, 200 copies in quires, and
2300 coloured plates, sold for £10 ; and Sara Wood's
The Dwellers in our Gardens, £8 10s. W. Roberts.

NOVELTIES.

The tacks, of which we give an illustration, are of
steel, well and uniformly made, sharply pointed, and,

Fig. 28.— grooved tacks.

owing to their grooved sides, they " hold well." They
may be had from Messrs. Nettlefold & Sons, 54,
High Holborn.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

August 11. — The ordinarily gloomy-looking Drill
Hall was lighted up on this occasion with a large and
miscellaneous assemblage of plants, exhibited for
the judgment of the several committees and for the
admiration of the visitors. The chief things ex-
hibited were the Carnations, of which we give a
special note, a few t Irchids and herbaceous plants,
and a fine collection of Peaches, Apples, Goose-
berries, Plums, &c, which are duly noted in the
following columns. The Floral, Orchid, and Fruit
Committees had plenty of work before them, the
last-named making an endeavour to settle the knotty
points connected with the selection of the best
varieties to recommend for cultivation in various
districts for cottagers and small growers. As the
committee consists principally of trade growers and
professional gardeners, with a few amateurs, it was
evidently difficult for them to realise adequately the
requirements of cottagers. The assistance in various
counties of the local clergy interested in horticulture
might be invoked with benefit. The Scientific
Committee failed to furnish a " quorum," and no
meeting was in consequence held.

Mr. Hudson gave an excellent lecture on " Stove
Plants"atthe 3 o'clock meeting, but for the majority
of people its excellence will have to be taken for
granted till they see it in print. The acoustic pro-
perties of the hall are bad enough in all conscience,
and it does not make matters any better to place the
audience under the gallery where the speaker ought
to be, and via rend ; neither does it facilitate the
comfort of the reader, nor help his auditors, to deprive
the reader of a reading-desk. Under present cir-
cumstances the best place to hear would probably be
under the table, supposing the non-conducting cloth
were removed. But as such a position would hardly
be decorous, we trust that speakers who wish it,
may be provided with a desk whereon to lay
their manuscript. This would serve as a useful
reminder to the speaker to lift up his head, while
he would not be compelled to address his remarks
to the table. In the course of his observations,
Mr. Hudson commented on the improvements
manifest during the last quarter of a century, and
dealt with many of the leading decorative plants
such as Palms, Crotons, Dipladenias, and many
others. In' connection with this subject, he men-
tioned the history of D. Brearleyana, raised by a
mechanic and eventually purchased for £150 by a
London nurseryman. Mr. Bunyard, Mr. Wythes,
and the chairman, Mr. Douglas, contributed to the
discussion.

An effective group of Campanula pyramidalis,
white and blue, and C. p. compacta, surrounded by

C. carpatica, was exhibited by Mr. G. Wythes,
gr. to the Duke of Northumberland, Syon House.
The plants were in 7-inch pots, and full of flower ;
this gained a Silver Banksian Medal. Mr. Wythes
also showed three large white flowers of Cereus
hexagonus.

A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded to Mr.

C. F. Bause, Morland Nursery, South Norwood,
S.E , for a beautiful group of Caladiums, two new
ones gaining First-class Certificates, viz., Louis Van
Houtte, a rich bronze-crimson, and M. Leon Say,
metallic-crimson ; the varieties Duchesse de Monte-
mart, cream with green veins ; Raymcnd Lemoinier,
crimson centre and cream border; and Madame
Imbert Koechlin, yellow with crimson spots, were
conspicuous.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, United States Nursery,
Hextable, had a double white Achillea, The Pearl,
which will be useful for wreaths.

A silver-gilt Flora Medal was awarded to Mr. H.
B. May, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton,
for a collection of well-coloured Crotons and dwarf
Ferns, Sunset, Magnificent, Bergmanni, and Comte
de Germiny were some of the best Crotons. Mr.
May also showed a basket of Buuvardia Purity,
which has already been certificated, the flowers are
waxy-white, large, and stand erect and compact. A
clear piDk Bouvardia, Mrs. Robert Green, was also
in this exhibit.

Messrs. James Veitch & Son, Chelsea, obtained a
silver Banksian Medal for a collection of plants for
table decoration, which consisted of small Palms,
Azaleas, Sarracenias, Nepenthes. Yucca filamentosa
variegata, Y. f. aurea variegata, Ferns in variety, &c.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Mr. James O'Brien in the chair ;
Messrs. H. M. Pollett, H. Ballautine, E. Hill,
H. Williams, Jas. Douglas, A. H. Smee, Lewis
Castle, and Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son, Royal Exotic Nursery,
King's Road, Chelsea, exhibited two hybrid Cypri-
pediums in Cypripedium Corningianum X (C. super-
biens, seed-bearer, and C. Philippinense, whose
features somewhat resemble those of the favourite C.
Morgana; x , but with long and densely spotted
petals; and C. macrochilumx (C. longifolium, seed-
bearer, and C. (mopedium) Lindenii, male). The
result has been very extraordinary in several ways,
and notably in the crossing with a species in which
the lip is very rudimentary, resulting in the lip in the
progeny being almost twice the length of the seed
bearing one — the only one of the two which
can be said to have a pouch or lip. The
plant, which had the usual bright green leaves
of the Selenipedium section, had a four-flowered
scape equal in size to those of C. caudatum. and much
the same in colour as C. caudatum Wallisii. The
petals are after the manner of C. caudatum, but as
seen in the young specimen exhibited, not so long.
The peculiar feature is the long and beautifully-
marked labellum. Messrs. Veitch also exhibited
their C. Cleoine x , whose flowers were something
like those of C. Sedeni candidulum, but smaller.

Thomas Statter, E<q, Stand Hall, Whitefield,
Manchester (gr., Mr. R. Johnson), exhibited Den-
drobium Statterianum (not to be confounded with

D. Phalsenopsis Statterianum), a supposed hybrid
probably between D. crystallinum and D. Bensonia;.
The flowers were something like, bat richer in colour
than those of D. crystallinum, and the rich yellow of
the lip seemed to tell of D. Bensoniie. The absence
of nodes on the pseudobulbs prevented its being
considered a form of D. Boxallii (a reputed cross be-
tween D. crystallinum and D. crassinode). D. Stat-
terianum is a pretty and showy variety, and is stated
to last in flower for nearly two months. Mr. Statter
also exhibited a grand foim of Bollea cnelestis,
Phajus Ilumblotii rubescens, a fine spike of Lselia
elegans Turnerii, and a spike of a good variety of
Cattleya velutina.

C. J. Lucas, Esq , Warnham Court, Horsham, sent
a well-grown plant of Angrsecum Ellisii, with twenty-
one flowers; a plant in flower of Thrixpermum
Berkeleyi, and a cut spike of Ccclogyne pandurata.

F. Wigan, Esq., Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr.,
Mr. W. H. Young), showed a plant of Lycaste
tetragona, and one of Dendrobium longicorne.

Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, 112, Lordship Lane,
East Dulwich, exhibited Cattleya Gaskelliana var.
speciosa, a variety with well-formed flowers. Sepals
and petals pure white, lip edged with white, and
having a bright purplish-crimson blotch, with yellow
at the base.

Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co., of Park
Road, Clapham, and Heaton, Bradford, showed

200

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Acgcst 15, 1891.

the curious Iitt'e brown-and-yellow Odontoglossum
Hennisii, described in the Gardener/,' Chronicle,
Aug. 8, p. 158. F. M. Burton, Esq., Highfield,
Gainsborough, sent a hybrid Ovpripedium (supposed
parentage C. barbatum and C. venustum var.), but
exhibiting very little change from one of the poorer
forms of C. barbatum ; and from the gardens of His
Grace the Puke of Devonshire, Mr. Owen Thomas
came other examples of his fine culture of Disa
grandifiora, to which a medal was awarded at the last
meeting. The flowers were very large and fine in
colour, one spike bearing eleven flowers. A special
vote oi thanks was passed with regard to this exhibit.

Fruit Committee.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent seventy-
nine dishes of ripe Gooseberries, some of the best
being Warrington, Lancashire Lad, Ironmonger,
Highlander, Pretty Boy, and Keen's Seedling. There
were twentv-four' dishes of early Apples, the best
being Mr. Gladstone, Red Astrachan, and Lord
Grosvenor ; four dishes of Cherries, four of Pears,
including excellent Citron des Carmes; also seven
dishes of red, white, and black Currants. The
collection was given a vote of thanks, though a
Silver Medal would have been unanimously awarded,
had not this been given at the last meeting for a
collection of Gooseberries.

Two nice boxes of Cucumbers, named Matchless,
from Mr. S. Mortimer, Swiss Nursery, Farnham,
were awarded a First-class Certificate; they were of
a good colour, with scarcely any neck, and not too
large, with very few spines ; this should make an
excellent exhibition Cucumber.

A Bronze Banksian was awarded to E. M.
Nelson, Esq., Hanger Hill, Ealing, for twenty-two
dishes of Gooseberries and one dish of Early Pro-
lific Plums, the best of the Gooseberries being
Smiling Beauty and Lady Leicester. A Cultural
Commendation was also awarded to a fine dish of
Humboldt Nectarines, from the same exhibitor.
Mr. Chadwick, the gardener at Hanger Hill, grew
the Plums on walls.

A nice dish of an early yellow Flum, named St.
Etienne, was contributed from the Society's Gardens,
Chiswick, and received an Award of Merit ; this Plum
should make a good companion to Early Rivers.

Messrs. Burton & Sons, The Peacheries, Bexley,
sent eight large boxes of Peaches and Nectarines,
containing about 250 fruits of great excellence, some
having been grown on standards. The Peaches were
Dvmond, Sea Eagle, Royal George, and Alexander
Noblesse. The Nectarines shown were Elruge,
Pine- apple, and Humboldt, the two latter of a
splendid colour, this collection being awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal.

Mr. C. Ross, Wei ford Park, Newbury, sent a large
Melon, named Meritorious, of good shape, and with
a thick scarlet flesh and pale green lining near the
outside, it was good flavoured, considering the small
quantity of t unshice of late ; this received an Award
of Merit. Melons were also sent from Syon House,
and Mr. Cannell sent a new one named Eynsford
Gem, but it was past it best.

Grapes were sent from Mr. Maher, Yattenden
Court, Newbury, anew seedling, beinga cross between
Hamburgh and Alicante, but not in good condition
as to colour or ripeness. A bunch of Himburgh was
also sent for comparison.

New Peas were sent called Leeton's Excelsior, a
cross between Duke of Albany and Veitch's Auto-
crat, but these were too far past their best for
favourable comparison. H. Balderson, Esq., Comos
Hall, Hemel Hempstead, sent a new Pea. a cross
between Veitch's Perfection and Ne Plus Ultra, an
improvement in size of pod and Peas, with the deep
green colour of the latter, with good flavour. This
the committee desired to be sent to Chiswick for
treatment as to its cropping qualities.

The Carnation Show.

The Sapp'ementary Carnation Show, which the
priz.e given by Martin R. Smith, Esq., for Border
Carnations occasioned, was much more extensive
than was to be expected from the lateness of the
season, all classes of the Carnation being well repre-
sented. The conditions under which the flowers
were shown appeared in full last week ; so far as
could be perceived these conditions were observed,
and Mr. Smith must he congratulated upon the
success of his experiment.

In the class for the best border variety of self-
coloured Carnation, not fewer than twelve trusses, the
1st prize was awarded to Mr. W. H. Divers. The
Gardens, Ketton Hall. Stamford, for Ketton Rose,
bright rosy-pink, with good shell-shaped petals, a
little inclined to cip, not without the suspicion of a

tendency to burst its calyx ; 2nd, Mr. C. Blick, gr. to
M. R. Smith, Esq., The Warren, Hayes Common,
Kent, with Alice Newman, a large, dull deep scarlet
flower, apparently a very strong grower,of fairly dwarf
habit; 3rd, Mr. A. Searing, The Gardens, Oak Lodge,
Si-venoaks, with an unnamed white Self, with a slight
tinge of sulphur in the centre, apparently also a little
inclined to split its calyx. Other flowers exhibited
in this class were Gloire de Nancy, white ; and Mrs.
Reynolds Hole, from Mr. E. C. Goble, Walcot
nursery, Ryde, Isle of Wight, both with split pods ;
Carolus, a pale form of Mrs. Reynolds Hole, of a
soft salmon colour, but not perfect in the calyx ;
and Cotin, dull orange crimson, a strong grower,
large and rough as shown, from Mr. A. Herrington,
The Gardens, Shrubland Park.Needham Market.

Mr. G. H. Sage, The Gardens, Ham House, Rich-
mond, exhibited a pleasing pink self, a strong grower,
but a little rough. Mr. John Walker, nurseryman,
Thame, had a deep pink self, flushed in the centre
with bright rose, also of vigorous growth. Mr.
Shoesmith, gr. to Mrs. Hodgson, Shirley Cottage,
Croydon, showed a deep pink self, flushed with pale
rose, the flowers somewhat coarse. Mr. J. Douglas,
gr. to Mrs. Whitbourn, Great Gearies, Ilford, had a
soft pink self, delicate in colour, good petal, and a
strong grower. From Mr. William Robinson, Grave-
tye Manor, East Grinstead, came Gravetye Rose,
bright rose, the petals inclined to cup, even in what
appeared to be young flowers.

The class for twelve self-coloured border Carna-
tions, not less than six trusses of each variety,
brought a very fine collection from Mr. C. Blick,
showing varied colours, good quality of bloom
and sturdy growth, which was awarded the
1st prize. It consisted of Clovis, bright crimson,
fine in petal ; Lady Gwendoline, deep rosy-scarlet ;
Etna, bright scarlet; Mrs. Muir, white ; Dr. Hodd,
bright purple ; Iona, sulphur ; Dainty Dick, soft
pink ; Maroon, bright crimson shaded with maroon ;
Roma, bright rose; Marion, maroon-crimson; Louisa
Jameson, rosy - scarlet, very fine; Albatross, pure
white, small, good petal ; and Mary Morris, pink.
The foregoing showed the effects of the weather less
than any other collection, and was characterised by
better quality of bloom throughout. Mr. A. Her-
rington came 2nd, having Ovid, pink ; Sport, of a
port wine colour ; Comtesse de Paris, blush ; M.
.lanssen, maroon ; Carolus; Jean Armstrong, deep
pink ; Madame de Lafausse, white with sulphur
centre ; Merchant of Venice, rosy-scarlet ; and
Colin. The 3rd prize was awarded to Mr. John
Walker, nurseryman, Thame, who had unnamed
seedlings of various colours, generally small and
compact in flower.

Mr. C. Blick also gained the 1st prize in the class
for eighteen varieties of flake, bizarre, or fancy
Carnations, staging a fine lot of flowers, including
Sir Beauchamp Seymour, yellow, flaked with salmon
crimson; Lady Hermione, a rose-edged Picotee,
much barred ; Lucretia, blush, flaked with purple
maroon ; Phosbe, crimson bizarre ; Lady Grimston,
white, having a very light edge of rose ; Sir Gran-
ville Egerton, scarlet flake, with slight lines of
maroon ; Miss Constance Graham, scarlet flake,
very fine ; Alice Ayres, white, with slight flakes
of red ; Mrs. Fanny Fane, crimson bizarre ; Orego,
a purple-edged Picotee; May Queen, rose flake;
Archie Dougall, a heavy red- edged Picotee; and
some unnamed seedlings. The second prize went
to Mr. J. Douglas, with an unnamed collection of
bizarre and flaked Carnations with Picotees.

Other contributions of Carnations helped to make
up one of the most interesting displays of this
popular flower ever before seen at a meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society. Mr. C. Turner sent
from his collection at Slough, a number of grand
plants in pots, of named varieties ; boxes of cut
blooms of border varieties, and stands of exhibi-
tion blooms ; a highly meritorious contribution.
There were six plants of Romulus, yellow ground,
heavily flaked with deep rose and flushed with
mauve (Award of Merit); four plants of King
of Scarlets, brilliant scarlet, large, and very hand-
some (Award of Merit) ; six plants of Lord
Rendlesham, yellow giound, suffused pale red and
flaked with dull slaty-purple ; six plants of Victory,
yellow ground, heavily flaked with pale scarlet and
flushed with crimson (Award of Merit) ; six plants
of Ruby, very rich bright ruby-rose, extra fine
(Award of Merit); twelve plants and two boxes of
cut-blooms of Queen of Bedders, deep dull scarlet,
dwarf erect growth, very fine in the flower and
remarkably strong grower (Award of Merit) ; and
three blooms each of Rose Wynne, bright maroon
self; Salamander, a salmon-pink self; Rose Unique,

very soft deep pink, extra fine; Lady Walker, buflr-
yellow ; Golden Fleece, pale yellow ; Duchess of
Sutherland, heavy rose edge Picotee ; Mrs. Harford,
medium rose-edge, fine in petal ; Lady Emily Van
de Weyer, light rose edge Picotee ; Purity, light red
edge Picotee, a large flower of fine quality, mas-
sive in petal ; Edith M. Wynne, yellow ground
edged with maroon and crimson and slight
stripes of scarlet (Award of Merit); Countess
of Jersey, bright yellow, edged with rose —
very fine (Award of Merit); Madeline, a beautiful
light rose-edged Picotee (Award of Merit); Mrs.
Walford, yellow ground, with slight lines of rosy-
purple at the points of the petals ( Award of Merit) ;
Old Coin, yellow, delicately flaked with salmon and
crimson ; and Lady Mary Currie, rose flake — a fine
variety, but with too much colour on the petals.
Mr. J. Douglas staged two of his fine new yellow
grounds, viz , Mrs. R. Sydenham, pale yellow, edged
with rose — a beautiful flower of fine quality (Award
of Merit) ; and Lily Henwood, heavily edged and
flaked with bright purplish rose— very fine.

From the Society's garden at Chiswick came a
very interesting collection, consisting of The Moor,
deep bright crimson ; Guiding Star, scarlet ; Fire-
ball, bright crimson ; Theodore, heliotrope colour,
highly fragrant, distinct, and novel ; Chiswick Red,
very bright ; C. J. R. Allinson, deep pink ; Dante,
scarlet- flake ; Madame Van Houtte, yellow ground ;
Sam Toplis, scarlet-flake; Alida, a very fine fleshy
pink self ; Mrs. Reynolds Hole, Van Dyck, rose-
flaked with slaty-blue ; Caractacus, crimson-b:zarre ;
Romeo, purple-edged Picotee ; J. B. Bryant, red-
edged Picotee ; Redbraes, purple-edged ; Brockhaus,
yellow ground, heavily flaked with slate ; Snowdrift,
white; Caledonia, purple; and Edith, pale ground,
flaked with scarlet.

Mr. E. C. Goble staged twelve bunches of Car-
nations, including Lady Sutton, a bright buff self ;
Boulanger, deep bright scarlet ; Mrs. Frank Watts,
white; Germania, Mrs. Reynolds Hole; Rosy Morn,
deep bright Rose; James Bennett, yellow ground,
edged rosy-purple ; Alice Ayres, &c.

Mr. Martin Rowan, Manor Street, Clapham, sent
six boxes of town-grown Carnations and Picotees,
showing how well they can be cultivated within easy
distance of the City. The collection was awarded a
Silver Flora Medal.

From Mr. F. Bull, florist, Wormingham, Col-
chester, came twelve blooms of a very bright yellow
ground, a seedling from Pride of Penshurst. Messrs.
James Veitch & Sons, Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea,
had four large boxes of cut blooms, including some
very fine self's, such as Germania, Florence, John
TWnet, deep purple ; Rose Celestial, rose ; The
Bride Brilliant, bright scarlet; Dr. Parke, deep
pink ; Raby Castle and Chailes I., yellow ground,
heavily edged and flaked pale rose ; Lothair, delicate
pink ; Mrs. Combie, yellow, flaked with rose ; and
William Toby, maroon self.

Other florists' flowers comprised superb lemon and
orange African and striped French Marigolds from
Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay ; also selected
garden Marigolds, Violas, in bunches, and fine fancy
Pansies from the same. From Messrs. Paul & Son,
Cheshunt, came a collection of hardy flowers, Ches-
hunt Scarlet Iiedder Rose, shaded scarlet ; Tea,
Kaiserin Frederich, a very pretty pale variety ; H.P.'s,
T. B. Haywood, deep crimson; Charles Gater,
bright crimson, fine and full (Award of Merit) ;
Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, pale rose ; and
Bruce Findlay, bright shaded-crimson. Messrs. J.
Peed & Son, Roupell Park Nurseries, Streatham,
had a large collection of blooms of handsome
Gloxinias. Messrs. Hurst & Son, seed merchants,
152, Houndsditch, sent some double varieties of
Chrysanthemum carinatum. Mr. Arthur Rawlings,
Florist, Romford, had a stand of new Dahlias,
among them, Mrs. Mcintosh, deep yellow, with
cerise reverse, a very promising flower, which the
Floral Committee desired to see again ; George
Hurst, bright crimson-scarlet ; and Mrs. Ocock,
yellow, tipped with pale brownish-red and mauve ;
and a stand of twelve excellent show Dahlias.
Messrs. Henry Cannell & Sons, nurserymen, Swanley,
had a collection of Cactus and decorative Dahlias,
including Oban, salmon, flushed with mauve, which
the committee wished to see again ; Wm. Pearce,
yellow ; Beauty of Arundel, bright crimson and
purple ; Panthea, Duke of Clarence, Black Prince,
Sydney llollings, &c.

Okchih Committee Awards.
First-Ctass Ceitifica'.e
Tj Cvpripeilium Corninguinum x, from Messrs. James
Veitch & Sod.

To Cypripedium macrochilum X , from Messrs. James Veitch
&Son.

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

201

Awards of Merit.
To Dendrobium Statterianum, from Thos. Statter, Esq.
To Cattleya Gaskelliaoa speciosa, from Messrs. Seeger
& Tropp.

Botanical Certificate.

To Odontoglossum Hennisii, from Meisrs. Charlesworth*
Shuttleworth & Co.

Cultural Commendation.
To Angrrecum Ellisii, from C. J. Lucas, Esq.

Special Vote of Thanks.
To Mr. O. Thomas, for group of Disa uniflora (grandiflora).
Floral Committee.
Awards of Merit.
To Carnation Pride of Sevenoaks. from Mr. W. A. Searing.
To Carmtion Ketton Rose, from Mr. VV. H. Divers.
To Carnation Mrs. R. Sydenham, from Mr. J. Douglas.
To Caladium M. Leon Say, from Mr. F. Bause.
To Caladium Louis A. Van Houtte, from Mr. F. Bause.
To Rose Charles Gater, from Messrs. Paul & Sons.
To Carnations Romulus. King of Scarlets, Victory, Ruhy,
Queen of Bedders, Edith M. Wynne, Countess of Jersey, Mrs.
Walford, Madeline, from Mr. C. Turner.

Medals.
Silver-gilt Flora.
To H. B. May, for group of foliage plants.

Silver gilt Banksian.
To J. Veitch & Sons, for group of foliage plants.
To F. Bause, for group of Caladiums.
Silver Flora.
To Mr. Rowan, for group of Picotees.
Silver Banksian.
To Mr. G. Wythes, for group of Campanulas.
To C. Turner, for group of Carnations.
To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for group of Violas, &c.

Bronze Banksian.
To Paul & Son, for group of herbaceous plants.

Fruit Committee.
First-class Certificate.
To Cucumber Matchless, from Mr. A. Mortimer, Swiss
Nursery, Rowledge.

Awards of Merit.
To Seedling Melon Meritorious, from Mr. Charles Ross, Wel-
ford Park.

To Plum St. Etienne, from the Royal Horticultursl Society's
Gardens.

Medals.
Si'ver Banksian.
To Thomas Burton & Sous, Bexley, for Collection of Peaches
and Nectarines,

Bronze Banhsian.

To E. Chadwick, gr. to E. W. Nelson, Esq., for Collection of
Fruit.

ST. NEOXS HORTICULTURAL.

The twenty-seventh exhibition of this Society
took place in Priory Park on August 3, and was in
all respects a good one for the district. St. Neots
being in the centre of a great market gardening
community, prizes are offered for farm and market
garden produce. A few classes for cut flowers
are open to all comers. In the class for
twenty-four Roses, E. B. Lindsell, Esq., Hitchin,
who has been very successful this season, was 1st,
with a very fine lot of blooms.

In the class for twenty-four bunches of flowers,
Messrs. Wood & Hunt, Girtford, were 1st, with some
very fine hardy herbaceous flowers, making an im-
posing display. Messrs. Wood & Hunt were also
1st with twelve bunches of hardy herbaceous flowers,
staging another fine lot.

In the member's class for twelve cut Roses, Mr.
Lindsell was again 1st, with good blooms. Mr.
Lindsell was also 1st with twelve blooms of tea-
scented varieties. Other cut- flowers included tine
Stocks, charming bunches of hardy flowers and half-
hardy annuals, Zinnias, Phloxes, &c.

In the plant classes, Mr. Redman carried oft" most
of the 1st prizes. In the class for four tuberous-
rooted Begonias, Mr. R. J. Towgood, St. Neots, was
1st; tricolor zonal Pelargoniums are well grown at
St. Neots, and it is stated that they are becoming
much more popular.

Fruit was somewhat sparingly shown ; but vege-
tables were a great feature.

ATHERSTONE HORTICULTURAL.

Monday, August 3. — The annual exhibition of
the above Society was held in the Merevale Park.
The show itself was one of the best the Society
has ever held ; the number of entries exceeded
that in former years, and the quality of the ex-
hibits was marvellously good considering the
season. Especially was this the case in the cot-
tagers' classes, in which there is generally fierce
competition. In the open classes some grand exhibits
were to be seen. The large collections arranged for
conservatory effect were again a centre of attraction.
The 1st prize of £8 and a silver medal was won

by Mr. R. Allum, of Tamworth. There was a
number of very choice stove and greenhouse plants,
the principal prize-takers being Mr. Allum. Mr. H.
Townshend, Mrs. Dugdale, Mr. Alderman Kenrick,
Mr. R. Stafford, Mr. H. Cunliffe Shaw, Canon
Thornton, Mr. G. Moore, &c. In the classes for cut
flowers, there were some beautiful Roses shown by
Messrs. Perkins Brothers, of Coventry ; and Mr.
Woodford and Mr. Durno, of Atherstone ; and many
of the other exhibits in this tent were exquisite
specimens of floriculture. The fruit was particularly
fine and good. The amateur's division was well
represented, and brought together some remarkably
good stuff, worthy in many cases of better prizes.

THE CARNATION AND PICOTEE
UNION, OXFORD.

Tuesday, August 4. — The annual exhibition was
held in Mr. Dod well's garden in the Stanley Road.
There was a large display of flowers in the competition
classes, and many of the blooms were of fine quality.
It was a field day for the southerners, for no flowers
were forthcoming from Lancashire, Yorkshire, or the
north, for the simple reason that the plants were not
in bloom, the long spell of damp, cold, and sunless
weather being the cause. The Midland growers were
also hors de combat from the same cause.

In the class for twelve Carnations, Mr. Read and
Mr. M. Rowan were placed equal 1st : and for twelve
Picotees, 1st, Mr. Read. For six Carnations, 1st,
Mr. J. Kean ; and for six Picotees, 1st, Messrs.
Thomson & Co. For twelve selfs and yellow grounds
— 1st, Mr. M. Rowan ; and for six selfs and yellow
grounds — 1st, Mr. Nutt.

For six of the Kilncurry yellow-ground flowers —
1st, Mr. Read ; and for six yellow-ground varieties —
1st, Mr. Read. In all these classes from five to seven
other prizes were awarded. There were a large
number of blooms staged in the single classes, many
of them of considerable merit, and all the prizes
were awarded.

The premier blooms were — Carnation George Mel-
ville, P.F., in Messrs. Rowan's stand of twelve ;
Picotee Mrs. Payne, medium rose-edge, in Mr.
Read's stand of twelve ; Self Carnation Germania, in
Mr. Nutt's stand of six ; and Fancy Picotee Tourna-
ment in Mr. Read's stand.

Certificates were awarded to Martin R. Smith,
Esq., for border Carnations ; Ninhetos, white ; Mrs.
Louisa Jameson, scarlet; Lady Gwendoline, a paler
scarlet ; Abigail, warm rose colour ; Royal George,
rosy-purple ; and Athane, light purple.

Certificates also were awarded to the following new
varieties staged by Mr. Charles Turner : — Dr. Hogg,
bright scarlet bizarre ; Charles Turner, a grand
scarlet flake ; Charles Henwood, a fine purple flake ;
and a Sidf-yellow ; Lady Walker, similar in colour
to Germania, and not superior to it ; Ruby, a
superb self, rich rosy-carmine, of fine form, is a
beautiful variety, but was not certificated.

The following new Picotees of Mr. Turner also
received Certificates: — Madoline, heavy rose edge —
a very fine flower; Lady Emily Van de Weyer, a
light rose edge, with first-class petal and form ; Lord
Rendlesham, deep salmon ground, suffused with
bright shaded mauve, and should be amongst the
Carnations noticed above; Sunset, pale salmon, with
bright lilac-tinted red markings; Apollo, creamy-
yellow, with faint carmine markings ; Romulus,
creamy- yellow ground, with rich pale carmine
markings — very fine; Mrs. Henwood, a fine flower,
with pale yellow ground, and pale scarlet markings.

In addition to the competitive display, Mr. Dod-
well's well - grown collection of over 3000 pots
of plants were in fine condition ; and the number
of various coloured self and fancy varieties, so suited
to general decorative work, and raised by Mr.
Dodwell, were objects of general admiration.

ANNUAL EXCURSION OF THE ROYAL
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL.

Wednesday, August 5. — Over fifty members of
this Society started from Edinburgh on the annual
excursion at 6.55 a m. Drumlanrig, Terregles and
Kirkconnel, Dumfriesshire ; Munches, Kirkcudbright-
shire ; and Castle Kennedy, Wigtonshire, were the
principal places on the programme to be visited
during the three days' excursion.

The party, on leaving Princes Street Station,
included, among others, the President (Professor
Bayley Balfour), Messrs. Malcolm Dunn, Jas. Kay,

Jas. Buchannan, Geo. McKinnon, J. Methven, D.
Thomson, D. P. Laird, Alex. Milne, A. Kerr, T.
Williamson, J. Henderson, and W. Robertson.
Abington, on the upper waters of the Clyde, was the
destination of the party. The number of members
was increased by the time they sat down to break-
fast to seventy.

From Abington the party started in vehicles for
Drumlanrig, over the Lowther Hills via the Pow-
trail Glen and the Dalveen Pass, a distance of about
24 miles. The road at first traversed a purely
pastoral country, extremely bare of woodland. It
would have been more profitably occupied with trees
than with the sparse flocks of sheep that grazed on
them. " A grand field verily for reafforesting," was
the general comment. All that was wanted to
render the district perfect for the purpose of dairy
farming was the shelter of judiciously planned plan-
tations. Soon after passing the boundary of Lanark-
shire into Dumfriesshire, the Dalveen Hills, clothed
with pasture to the summit, rose into view. The
sides of some of the deep gorges were lined with
dense masses of Allosorus crispus, while on the
short close-cropped turf appeared wide-spread
patches of dwarf Ferns.

The party was met at Carron Bridge, immediately
outside the northern boundary of the Drumlanrig
policies, by Mr. Fingald. head forester on the
Drumlanrig estates, and by Mr. Doughty, who
occupies the same position on the estates of
the Duke of Buccleuch at Langholm, and were
thence conducted through the northern part of
the grounds. They were here struck with the
immense extent and the thriving condition of
the woodlands, and the varied features of the exten-
sive landscape opened up to view in the progress
towards the Castle. In 1883 and 1884 we were in-
formed by Mr. Fingald this portion of the grounds
and others which we were unable to visit were
devastated by gales, uowards of 300000 trees having
been blown down. The effects at the time must
have been extremely depressing to the proprietor as
well as to his chief forester, who had planted many
of the fallen trees and fostered all during his fifty
years of service. The gaps so made were visible
only by the presence of wide groups of Abies Albert!
and other trees of a younger race than those sur-
rounding them which had weathered the storms.
These younger trees had been planted immediately
the ground was cleared of the wreck, and are now in
many cases rivalling those which remain of the older
plantations. There are about 11,000 acres of en-
closed woods on this property.

Arriving at Drumlanrig Castle, the party was
met by Mr. David Thomson, the head gardener,
and had its numbers augmented by other prominent
members of the Society — Mr. James Watt, Carlisle ;
Mr. Paton, Kilmarnock; and others having arrived
by other routes. At this stage the company were
hospitably entertaiued to lunch by the Duke of
Buccleuch, for which his Grace was warmly thanked
on the motion of Professor Bayley Balfour.

The remainder of the time here was occupied in
noting the larger trees around the flower gardens
and the Castle, some of which were among the oldest
and the largest on the estate. Among those
measured, the largest were — a fine Oak, which
girthed 15 feet 4 inches at 5 feet from the ground ;
some grand Limes, the largest of which girthed
16 feet 1 inch at the same height; a Sycamore,
girthing 17 feet 2 inches at the same height, with an
elevation of 97 feet ; a Silver Fir, 13 feet in girth,
and 96 feet high ; a Beech, 15 feet 7J inches in
girth, and perfect in symmetry as a park tree ; two
specimens of Pinus pinaster, 60 feet high, and within
an inch of being equal in girth to the largest, being

7 feet 8 inches ; a Hornbeam girthing 8 feet 2 inches,
with spread of top of 74 feet ; and a Douglas Fir

8 feet 2 inches girth, and 80 feet high, planted
about forty years.

In the flower garden a specimen of Cupressus
Lawsoniana lutea attracted the attention as being
probably the finest in Scotland. It was 10 feet high,
and perfect in shape and colour.

The party then drove via Thornhill, direct to
Dumfries, the head-quarters of the excursion for
the first night. On arriving at Dum'ries, the
company was further increased by the arrival of Dr.
Somerville, of Durham, late Lecturer on Forestry in
Elinburgh University, and by others from the
locality.

The Annual Dinner of the Society took place in
the Commercial Hotel at 8 30 p m., Professor Bayley
Balfour presiding, and Mr. John Methven croupier.
Further particulars will be given in our next issue.

202

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

Trade Notices.

THE ENGLISH FRUIT AND ROSE COM-
PANY (CRANSTONS).

When this Company wa6 formed, we are told that
debentures to the extent of £11,000 were issued, pay-
ment of which was guaranteed by the Law Guarantee
and Trust Society, which is responsible to the
Debenture holders. To secure itself, the Law
Guarantee Society agreed with the English Fruit
and Rose Company to execute a deed enabling the
Society to take possession of the Society's business
in certain contingencies. Some of these contin-
gencies have come to pass, and the result is that the
Guarantee Society is now in possession of the Com-
pany's property. The Guarantee Society, we believe,
intend to carry on the business ; practically, there-
fore, there are no assets for general creditors. The
Guarantee Society have, as we presume they were
entitled to do, laid their hands on everything, and
the oidinary creditors are not likely to get any-
thing. Such a state of affairs should put the trade
on their guard how they give credit to similar
societies.

Messes. Peter Lawson & Co.

At the seventh annual general meeting of the
shareholders of Peter Lawson & Co. (Limited),
held to-day, the Report as issued to the shareholders
was adopted, and a dividend of 7J per cent, per
annum was declared, carrying forward the sum of
£2801 4s. \U.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contitued for
tweuty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright
Sun.

V
A be

±> a

Accumulated.

3 ^

1 a

T-*

■v

•■a

»a

r-
/

Hi!

> o3
S a>

-a
■w

o .

u
o .

„- v

O 4,

8 a

£ *-> .
3 = —

»ss
sa

-D o

0 a

£ a _;
*S '5J a-.

3 a

£ 2

sis

2 u

°o
-7* «
+ v

^^
O

o3
<n>
a
u

.9
"3

0 a,
be—

CI. 33

0 «,

tD.2

33 33

£ 0

b. ~
43

Day-

Day.

Day-

10th3

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

i —

+ 153

+ 79

5 +

136

26.B

i —

- 33 + 101

3 +

13.0

2 —

103

- 104+ 95

3 +

11.6

4 —

104

— 127 1+ 128

3 +

106

13.2

3 —

— 105 + 116

1 +

13.7

4 —

111

— H3 + 149

2 +

13.7

0 aver

10S

+ 86'+ 46

1 +

101

16.5

2 —

103

- 2'+ 35

7 +

14.6

3 —

100

— 81'+ 118

1 +

17.5

1 —

103

+ 35 + 29

1 —

116

14.1

3 —

102

+ 12 + 31

7 +

105

16.9

4 —

114

— 29+40

3 +

100

14.1

The districts indicated by number in the tirst column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. j
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincif.al Grating, $c. Districts— 7, Scotland, W.
England, N.W.; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands.

S.
N.;

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending August 8, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather has continued in a very unseason-
able condition generally. Frequent falls of rain,
occasionally accompanied by thunder and lightning,
have occurred in all districts, and the intervals of

clear sky have been (excepting in the extreme S.W.)
very brief.

"The temperature has just equalled the mean in
' Scotland, W.', but has again been below it in all other
parts of the Kingdom. In ' England, E. and S.', and
in the ' Channel Islands,' the deficit has been as
much as 4°. The highest of the maxima, which
were registered either on the 2nd or 8th, ranged
from 73° in ' England, S.\ to 67° in ' England,
N.W.' and the ' Channel Islands.' The lowest of
the minima, which were recorded on somewhat
irregular dates, varied from 36° in ' Scotland, E.', and
38° in ' England, S.W.', to 47° in ' Scotland, W.',
and 49° in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been considerably in excess of
the mean over the Kingdom generally, but in
' Ireland, N.' a slight deficit is shown.

" The bright sunshine has been less than the
mean in nearly all districts, the deficit being
greatest in the northern and eastern parts of
England. The percentage of the possible amount
of duration ranged from 54 in the ' Channel
Islands,' and 43 in ' England, S.W.', to 37 in
' England, S.', 21 in ' Ireland, N,', and 19 in
' England, N.E.' "

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. _ s. d. s.d.

Lemons, per case ...15 0-25 0

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, August 13.

Market well supplied, and quotations the same as

last week. Janus Webber, Wholesale Apple Market.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Asters, French,
12 buDches

— English, per
dozen bunches

Bouvardia, per bunch
Carnations, 12 buns.
Carnations, 12 blms.
Cloves, perdoz. blms.
Cornflower, 12 buns.
Eucharis, per dozen
Gaillardias, 12 buns.
Gardenia, per dozen
Ghidiolus, 12 bunches
Heliotrope, 12 sprays
Lavender, doz. bunch
Lilium candidum,
12 blooms

— various, 12 bun.
Lilium Harrisii, doz,
Liliums, various, doz.
Maidea Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Marguerites, 12 buns.
Mignonette, doz. bun.
Myosotis, 12 bunches

s.d. s.d.

. 6 0-12 0

0 4-06
0 6-10
4 0-60
0 9-16
0 6-10
16-30
2 0-60
2 0-40
2 0 4 0

4 0-12 0
0 3-06

5 0-70

0 4 0 9

6 0-12 0

2 0- 4 0
10-30

4 0-90

3 0-60
16-30
2 0-40

. d. s. d.

Orchids : —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6
Odonto g 1 ossu m
crispum, 12 blms. 3
Pansies, 12 bunches 0
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 3

— 12 spays 0

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches ... 2
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 1
Pyrethrum, 12 buns, 2
Roses, Tea, per dozen 1

— coloured, dozen 2

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 2

— red, per dozen ... 1

— various, doz. bun 1
Stocks, per doz. buns. 3
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 2
SweetSultan, 12bun. 2
Tuberoses, per dozen

blooms 0

0-6 0
6- 1 6

0-6 0
6-0 9

0-2 0
O- 3 0
0-3 0
0-4 0

0-6 0
0-2 0
0-6 0
0-6 0
0- 3 0
0-3 0

3-0 6

Orchid- bloom in variety.

Plants in Pots.— Aver

s.d. s. d.

Aralia Sieboldi, doz. 6 0-12 0

Aspidistra, per doz.18 0-42 0

■ — specimen plants,

each 7 6-10 6

Asters, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Bouvardia, per dozen 9 0-18 0
Caladiums, per doz. 9 0-15 0
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-12 0
Dracaena terminalis,

per dozen 30 0 60 0

— viridis, perdozenl2 0-24 0
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-18 0

Evergreens, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-24 0

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4 0 18 0

Ficus elastica, each 16-70
Fuchsias, per dozen 4 0-90

age Wholesale Prices.

5. d. s. d.
Foliage- plants in

variety, each ... 2 0-10 0
Heliotrope, per doz. 4 0-80
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0-18 0
— paniculata, per

plant 16-20

Ivy Pelargoniums,

per dozen 3 0-60

Liliums, various, per

dozen IS 0-30 0

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Marguerites, perdoz. 6 0-12 0
Mignonette, per doz. 4 0-60
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6 0-12 0

Palms in variety,

each 2 6-21 0

Pelargoniums, doz. 8 0-12 0
— scarlet, perdoz. 2 C- 6 0
Spiraea, per dozen .,, 6 0-90

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

s.d. s, d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 3 0-40
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Cirrots. per buorh... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4-06
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per buuch ... 0 4- ...

Potatos. — Supplies still very heavy, and a blight show of
blight amongst most simples Buyers hold aloof, except at
very low prices. Beauties, 60s. to 65s.; Roses, 605. to 65s;
Snowdrops, 75s. to 80s, ; Kidneys, 85s. to 90s. /. B. Tkomas,

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 10-16
Mushrooms punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4- ...
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-09
Turnips, per bunch . U 6- ...

Apples, i-sieve ... 10-30
Cherries, £ sieve ... 4 0-80
Currants, red, £-sieve 3 3-40
— black, £-sieve ... 7 6 ...
Gooseberries, £-sieve 13-26
Grapes 13-26

Melons
Peaches, per dozen...
Pine-apples. St. Mi-
chael, each
Plums ^-sieve

10-20
16-80

2 0-80
2 0-36

Heavy supplies to hand, more particularly of hard fruit.
Prices lower all round.

Notices to Correspondents.

Ants : B, Kent. These insects may be expelled by
dusting ilowers-of-sulphur about the nest; strong-
smelling mineral oils may also be used. Carbolic
acid diluted with ten times its bulk of water, then
squirted in their haunts, will dislodge them. They
may also be trapped by bones or sponge soaked in
treacle, periodically visiting the traps, and dipping
them in boiling-water.

Carbolic Acid to Vines : In the issue for July 25
" A. W." inquires what proportion of carbolic acid
to water should be used on the roots of Vines ? I
am now enabled to inform him that it is best to use
one bushel ot stone lime, one teacupful of crude
carbolic acid, and enough water to slack. Apply
the mixture with a brush. J. J. Willis, Harpendcn.

Double Flower: J. H. If the flower be absolutely
double, no seed can possibly be produced, but it
comparatively rarely happens that the flower is in
this sense perfectly double.

Eehatdm. — In our report of the Southampton Show
on p. 174 of last week's issue, we stated that Mr.
Kumsey, of Waltham Abbey, was 1st with 24
Rose blooms ; it should have been, Mr. S. G.
Rujisey, Wrotham, Kent.

Fungus in Mushroom Beds : G. P. D. The fungus
is too small, imperfect, and undeveloped for de-
termination ; doubtless it came from the spawn.
It seems to be a little stunted form of the Mush-
room, by some means arrested in growth, but so
very young that there are no spores. M. C. Cooke.

Gloxinias : J. T. The white flower is good, and if
the habit of plant is satisfactory, would be worth
propagating ; the others are fine, but more
common.

Grafting : Inquirer. The Art of Grafting, by
Charles Baltet, English Edition (1873), to be had
of William Robinson, 37, Southampton Street,
Strand, small 8fo, pp. 230, with numerous illus-
trations. We do not know the price ; a few shil-
lings, probably.

Grapes : J. S. H. Your Grapes are " shanked,"
which condition generally arises from faulty
cultivation.

Guatemala Seeds : W. F. § Co. The only names we
recognise are Papaya, the Papaw (Carica papaya),
Mammel Apple (Mammea americana), Guava
(P8idiuni pomiferum) ; all these require moist
stove treatment. We can send out to our
correspondent in Guatemala to inquire about the
others, but you might have to wait a long time for
an answer.

Insects : H. % C. Caterpillar of the Wood Leopard
Moth. Does great injury by boring into and feeding
upon the wood of fruit trees, &c. They may be
pulled out of their burrows by means of a hooked
wire, or injections of tobacco water or soft-soap
may be employed.

Melons : W. A. So far as we can tell, in the absence
of information as to culture, we believe your
leaves have been scalded by sun-burn when wet.
Give more air.

Names of Plants : Pleione, 1, Odontoglossum crista-
U Hum ; 2, Epidendmm alatum ; 3, Catasetum
galeritum. — G. P. Campanula. Send better
specimen with root leaves. The bud In the axil
of foliage leaf of Tulip is not a rare occurrence.
The ordinary bulbs are buds in the axils of scale
leaves. — A. B. S. W. Verbascum nigrum. —
J.H.J. Peach Noblesse; Gooseberries — 1, Golden
Drop ; 2, White Champagne ; 4, Whitesmith.
The Gooseberries were not ripe, and it is difficult
to name without seeing them growing, many are
so much alike. — A. H. B. Allium Scbcenoprasum
var. sibiricum. — Subscriber. 1, Hedychium flavo-
suni ; 2, Prancoa ramosa ; 3, Miinulus glutinosus ;
4, Salvia patens. — A. H. A. 1, Cedrus atlantica ;
2, Viburnum lantana — wayfaring tree. — C. St
8, K. 1, Campanula alliari»folia ; 2, Ac»na

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

203

inermis ; 3, Athyrium f.-f. Frizellte, as near aa
possible ; 4, Origanum vulgare aureum ; 5, Bal-
lota nigra ; 7, Anagallis tenella; 8, Parnassia
palustris ; 9, Campanula isophylla alba. — J. R. H.

I, Campanula pyramidalis; 2, Galega officinalis;
.'5, Berberidopsis corallina ; 4, Ceanothus azureus ;
5, Hibiscus syriacus ; 6, Phygelius capensis ; 7,
Malva moscbata alba. — J. C. 1, Eiicodendron
orientale; 2, Selaginella Willdenovii ; 3, Epi-
phyllum truncatum ; 4, Dracaena nigrescens ; 5,
Selaginella cresia arbore ; G.liochea coccinea ; 7,
Panax laciniatum ; 8, Cereus coccinea ; 9, Cyano-
phyllum magniticum; 10, Acalypha Macafeeana ;

II, Selaginella Mertensi ; 12, Kondeletia specioa.
The Heaths should be sent to some nurserymen
who makes a specialty of them. Another time do
do not send more than six. Our time is valuable.

Onions Diseased : C. E. The Onions are badly
attacked by a parasitic fungus named Peronospora
Schleideniana ; the latter is an ally of the fungus
of the Potato disease, and starts rapid putrifac-
tion. As this pest appears with you every year,
it would be instructive if you would furnish us, in
more detail, with your experience. The fungus is
known to arise from resting-spores, which hyber-
nate in rotten Onion-refuse and in the earth,
therefore ground tainted with the disease should
on no account be used for Onions a second season,
and all Onion refuse should be burnt or deeply
buried. Some Onion growers evade the disease
by early seed sowing, and by hastening the growth
of the Onions, just as early Potatos escape the
Potato disease. W, G. S.

Orchid Houses: T. L. C. We do not recommend
any of the dulled or ribbed glasses for glazing
orchid bouses. For all purposes of plant culture,
good clear glass is the best, as it admits as much
light as possible during the dull season, and can
conveniently be shaded in summer. If dull glass
were used, much needed light is excluded at night
aud in winter. We advise you to adhere to the
old and proved method for glazing the Orchid
house you are about to erect.

Orcuid Insects: S. if T. The insect which has
gnawed the leaf of your Aerides maculosum is
identical with our Eunalcus albo - costatus,
described and figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle
for July 25, 1891. It is to be noticed that your
insect was fouud injuring an oriental plaut, whilst
the one we previously described had attacked a
Mexican one. We believe your insect was also
an inhabitant of the New World.

Potatos v. Potatoes : 5. An old story — our spel-
ling was originally accidental. A question wa9
raised and submitted to one of the foremost
authorities of the day, who decided that our
method was as correct as the other, and that we
were only in advance of the time in adopting it, so
we retained it.

Tomato Fungus : J. 8. $■ Sons. Destroy as many
of the affected leaves as you can. and dust the
remainder with Tait's Anti-Blight Powder.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

James Backhouse & Son, York — Flower Hoots,
Spring-flowering Plants, &c.

Dickson & Robinson-, Old Millgate, Manchester —
Dutch Flower Roots.

Dickson, Brown, & Tait, Corporation Street, Man-
chester— Flowering Bulbs.

Van Meerbeek & Co., Hillegom, Haarlem — Dutch
Bulbs, &c.

J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell, Nottingham-
Dutch and other Bulbs.

William Baylor Hartland, 24, Patrick Street,
Cork— Daffodils, &c.

William Paul & Son, Waltham Cross— Bulbs and
Winter Flowering Plants.

James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea — Hardy Trees and
Shrubs, also Bulbous Roots.

Communications Received.— Professor Balfour.— Professor
Meehan, Philadelphia.— W. H. B.— W. S.— J. M.— R. D —
W. W.—l. M., Birmingham.— Loke Nath Ghoae, Calcutta.
— Professor Cornu, Paris.— Hurst & Son.— F. B.— H. W. W.
— W. F. & Co.— R. G. L— J. L.— J. H. C— E. C.— J. B. F.—
Amateur.— H. W— A. S.— Lady Gardener— W. E.— C. C—
W. A. C— J. S.— Erectus.-G. W. J. (next week).

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, beat materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25ft. by 13 ft., £50; 30ft. by 15ft.. £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, ji >efc-free.

Superior Portable Frames large stock ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, glazed with
31-OZ.glaes, carriage paid : — 1-lieht frame, 4 X 6, 36j. 6rf. ;
3-light frame, G 8, 58s. : 3-light frame, 12 :< 6. 85'. Sd.

Span-roof Frames, 12x(,£l 7s. «rf. ; 9 x 5, £3 15s. ;
16 ■ 6. £6 10

Graham
Street,

HARDY BRUIN « CO., Wf LEICESIER

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £

1-light, 4 ft. by 6 ft. . .
8 ft. by 6 ft...

CASH

PRICES,

\ CARRIAGE

12 ft. by 6 ft.

16 ft. by 6 ft.

20 ft. by 6 ft. .. I

24 ft. by 6 ft... ) PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL horticultural works,
MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Ag< nt, Mr. H.Skklton", Seedsman. &c. 2, Holloway Rd.,N.

S. W~! ROBINSON,

Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge.

rV H O
-L l

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,

SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &o.
1 Cwt., and OU Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, fco.
Prices. Patterns, aud Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.;

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

Sold in Packets, 6d. and Is. each, and in

Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb., 2/6; H lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 561b., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD. LONDON, E,

TO HTJRSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova JScotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
A-^k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTEES' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

\*\. fLVaW,K\\S "tkONS.™

iNflVfatflm

jgjw

™ h EAPEST '& BEST---.

- _ y*A

FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &c,

On CARRIAGE DRIVES,
GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS,

WALLS, STONEWORK, &c.

Saves more than twice Its cost in Labour. No Smell.

One application will keep the Walks and Drives

clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.

Mr. W. Q-. Head, Crystal Palace, says : — " We aresosati>fied
with your composition and its price that we have u*ed it abso-
lutely. I have every confidence iu recommending it."

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge, says :—** There can be no question with regard to ita
efficacy."

Prices:— In 1 and 2-gallon Tins, 2s. per gal. (Tins included);

in 5-gallon Drums, IS- 6d. per gallon. 10 and 15-gallon

Drums, Is. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger

quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

rfg° Used in the proportion of one gallon to Uventy-five ga'lons

of water.

For particulars of ANTI-FUNGI POWDER for TOMATO
DISEASE, ZINC LABEL, INK. GARDEN MANURES, WORM
KILLER, Sec, write to the Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers,

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY,

Tunbridge, Kent;

and Carlton Street, Bolton, Lancashire.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

GA 0QII IC^Q BEDFORDSHIRE

AflulUL u coarse and finb
iBadmittedbythe oil i/rp QARin
^ssisr oiLYLii OMIiaU

Quality obtainable iu tbe Trade.

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus saye half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag senton application to
QEO. GARSIDE, Jun., F.R.H.S., LelghtoD Buzzard, Beds.

204

THE GAB DENE ItS' CHRONICLE.

[Ausust 15, 1891.

THE JUBILEE YEAR

OF THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PRESS.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle has faithfully held to
its promises. It is still, to-day, the best gardening
journal, being indispensable equally to the practical
gardener and the man of science, because each 6nds
in it something useful. We wish the journal still
further success." — Garten Flora, Berlin, January 15.

"The Gardeners' Chronicle, one of the most justly
renowned horticultural journals of the world, cele-
brates the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation.
The career of this publication, which is an authority
in scientific as well as in practical matters, has been
most successful and interesting. . . . With such a
past, there can be no doubt as to its future."— Berne
Horticole, Paris, January 16.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle is known wherever
intelligence in horticulture is appreciated."— Meehan's
Monthly.

"The first issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle for
the year is a jubilee number devoted largely to a
commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of that
journal's first appearance. Founded by Dr. Lindley
and Sir Joseph Paxton, its policy has always been
directed by men of accurate knowledge and scientific
temper. Its trusted correspondents have been
among the foremost of skilled cultivators and recog-
nized authorities in the sciences related to horticul-
ture. During its life of half a century, its influence
has tended to elevate and dignify the art of horti-
culture, not only in England, but throughout the
world, and it was never more worthy to command
respect than under its present management. Our
venerable contemporary is to be congratulated on the
possession of so honourable a history, whilst its
future is bright with the promise of ever-increasing
usefulness."— Garden and Forest (New York), Jan. 21.

" We wish to give ourselves the pleasure of recog-
nizing an event in the career of a respected con-
temporary. ... The Gardeners' Chronicle is the
senior by only seven years of the Journal of Horti-
culture, and, to speak paradoxically, we may venture

" The Jubilee of the 'Gardeners' Chronicle.' —
On January 2, 1841, appeared the first number of a
weekly paper which, thanks to the scientific research
and practical knowledge of its editors, soon became,
and has ever since remained, the principal horti-
cultural medium in England." — Illustration Horticole,
Brussels, Jan. 1891.

"One of the best conducted English horticultural
papers, the Gardeners' Chronicle, celebrated the fiftieth
year of its existence on January 2. This journal was
called into existence by Dr. Lindley and Joseph
Paxton. Two of the first and most industrious assist-
ants were the recently-deceased landscape gardener
Marnock in the practical part, and James Bateroan,
who published a series of interesting articles on
epiphytal Orchids. Of other eminent writers, there
are mentioned the names of Charles Darwin, Dean
Herbert, Sir W. Hooker, who, in 1841, was appointed
Director of the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew ; Sir
J. Hooker, Professor Daubeny, Dr. Royle, Henslow,
Macintosh, Curtis, Phillip Frost, Robert Thompson,
Robert Fortune, and Berkley." — M oiler's Deutsche
Gartner Zeitung, Erfurt, February 1, 1891.

"For the past half a century, the Gardeners'
Chronicle has been the leading horticultural and
botanical newspaper in the United Kingdom. . . .
With such a talented proprietary and staff of
editors, it is not surprising that the paper was at
once recognized, and took up a leading position as
the first horticultural journal of the kingdom. Its
success has been very great. . . . Very few of the
first working printers on the paper are left to
witness the prosperity of the venture, except the
writer of these lines (the editor of the Press News).
.... The Gardeners' Chronicle is still recognized as
the leading horticultural journal of the kingdom." —
Press Neva, January, 1891,

" The Gardeners' Chronicle has just celebrated its
jubilee, its first number having appeared January 12,
1841. The founders were Dr. Lindley and Sir

" This important journal renders great service in
acting as an intermediary between botanists and
horticulturists, impressing on the one the true prin-
ciples of classification and nomenclature, and on the
other, the fact that the observation of living plants
in the garden teaches many thiDgs which cannot be
learnt, either in the herbarium or the laboratory,
facts which the new generation is disposed to over-
look."— Alphonse de Candolle, Geneva.

" Let me offer my best felicitation on the spmi-
centenary jubilee of your splendid Chronicle, which
you have edited with so much talent, knowledge,
and discrimination, for so long a while as the
worthy successor of the great Lindley. Wishing
the Gardeners' Chronicle also in futuie a splendid
success under your able leadership, I remain, Ferd.
von Mueller, Melbourne."

" You have brought the Gardeners' Chronicle into
an admirable condition of prosperity and authority.
Of all analogous publications, the Chronicle, with no
possible reservation, takes the lead. It is more
widely read than any of the horticultural journals,
owing to its wider circulation. The matter is the
most varied, and the illustrations the most correct
and elegant. What I wish is, not the continuance
and enhancement of your success, for that is cer-
tain, as the future will prove, but the continuance
of that marvellous energy which has had such
excellent results already." — Maxime Cornu, Director
of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

" In 1841, Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton enriched
horticulture with this high-class periodical, in which
science has always taken an equally important part
with practical information. The isBue for the 3rd of
last January was devoted to the celebration of the
anniversary. The Gardeners' Chronicle cannot fail
to prosper under its present management, which is
conducted with unusual ability and skill." — Le Jardin,
Paris, March 20, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

("Trie Times of Horticulture").
A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL,

CONTAINS

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION & SEASONABLE INFORMATION in ALL DEPARTMENTS of CARDENINC

Notices of all Horticultural Matters of Current Interest, Reports of Exhibitions, Reviews of Books, arid

Home, Colonial, and Foreign Correspondence.
Original Illustrations by W. H. FITCH, F.L.S., W. G. SMITH, F.L.S., W. J. WELCH, JOHN ALLEN, and Others.

August 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

205

THE STOTT

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR,
PATENT SPRAYER,
PATENT SYRINGE,

KILLMRICHT,

BEST Insecticide for Destruction of Citerpillar and
all Insect Pests, and Prevention of Mildew.

Mr. NORMA V, gardener to the Right Hon. the Marquis

Of Salisbury, writes as follows under date April 20, 1891 : —
Mr. Stott. The Girdens, Hatfield House, Herts.

Sir,— I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention for mixing your Insecticide Killmright
as it passes through the hose, supplied by gravitation.

Your Sprayer is the best I have used. It is very easy to
damp a large house of plants with Insecticide without it
running into the soil to da cage the roots. The Sprayer may
be used on either garden engine pipe, or on pipes where the
water is laid on.— I am, yours truly, G. NORMAN.

Retail from Ironmongers, .Seedsmen, and Wholesale and Retail
from The Stott Distributor Co. Ltd., Barton House, Manchester.

THE CHEAPEST & BEST OF ALL.

RRTREE01L

INSECTICIDE (soluble)

FOR PLANTS.- To niake a solution for washing or
cleansing purposes — Half-a-Pint of Fir-Tree Oil to ten
gallons of water.

For Green and Black Fly, Thrip, American Blight, Woolly
Aphis, &c. — Half-a-Pint <>f th<j Fir-Tree Oil to two or four
gallons of water, or two or three tablespoonfuls to the pint.

For Red Spider and Caterpillar— Half-a-Pint of the
Fir-Tree Oil to two gallons of water, or three tablespoonfuls
to the pint.

For Mealy Bug, Brown or White Scale — Half-a-Pint of
the Fir-Tree Oil to four or six quarts of water, four to eight
tablespoonfuls to the pint.

For Mildew and Blight on Fruit or Foliage — Half-a-Pint
of the Fir-Tree Oil to a gallon of water, or six tablespoonfuls
to the pint.

For Ants, Grubs, Worms, Wood Lice, &C, in the Soil —
Half-a-Pint of the Fir-Tree Oil to two gallons i f water.

The most efficacious way to use Fir-Tree Oil in small
quantities is to apply it with one of Hughes' Aphicides.

Soft or rain water is necessary, and Applied in Wood, Tin,
or Pot Vessels. — Galvanised Iron Vessels must not be used.

FOR NITS IN CHILDREN'S HAIR. Mix one part of
Fir-Tree Oil with three parts of Warm \\ .iter and apply
with a Comb or Brush, the Hair can be washed shortly after.

FOR WASHING FLANNELS &UNDERCLOTHINC-

Put a wine-glass full in ten gallons ol water for steeping;
the same may be put into the boiler. Common Soap may
be used but no other preparations.
Sold ill Bottles, half- pints, l'X>; pints, 2J6 ; quarts Jp;
half-gallons ; . each.

Drums, s and to gallons each, at ///- per gallon,
A Treatise on FIR TREE OIL as an insecticide,
its application to Plants and Animals, sent post free
on application to the Manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-at, Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK.— A. Roura & Sons.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
WonnB, Wood Lice, &c.

^ DTPOY7M A > ' THE UNIVERSAL
rivIlCilXAj INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 18S7.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
FJy immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
1^0°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest iDjury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syriDge, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or t.pray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January!, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Pierena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. Gd., 2s. Gd,, and 3s. Gd. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. Gd. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,
Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM ELWAKDa and SON, 157, Queen Viotoria
Street, London.

"PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on

Garden Walks, Carriage Drives,

Stable Yards, etc.

Recommended by the entire Horticultural Tress.

Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works.

and used regularly nt Kew Gardens, etc.

Price—

CmII.hi 2/, 5 p^l. 1/9, io gel. ]/G, 40 gal, 1/1 per gal.

Carriage paid on 10 gallons mid upwards.

Used in the proportion of 1 gallon to 25 gallons of Water,

Sole Manufacturers: The

HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.

Works: 97 MILTON ST., GLASGOW.

Caution. — Please carefully note our name, address,
and tra>l>' mar/:, and do not be deceived by mutations and
apparently lower prices of inferior articles. Our manu-
factures cannot bt obtained genuine at Tunbiidge, Kent,
except from our Agents* Messrs. Wibjier «fc Wakdlky,
Chemists there.

SL U G I C I D E (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
Bprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. 6d. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6, Maryleport Street. Bristol.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Gd. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). Ixmrion.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; 6 for 47s. id.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c. 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. 6d.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FE3ROCS LOAM, each

2s. 6rf. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, is.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.

All Sicks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.

Special Terms to theTrade. GARDES STICKSof all descriptions

For Pkice List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,

JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, bv sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF- MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N' FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM, PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD. HANTS.

ORCHID BASKETS,

RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL

GARDEN

8KND FOB A

SUNDRIES.

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

GOLDSMITH

DRURY LANE, W.C.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags. Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Inper,
and Shading. Pricesfree. — 4 and 5, Wormwood Street, E.C.

STOCK

^!S

iuft;

iiH

ff-

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet Miner.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY " Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Leap, Glass, Gil. ami Colour Merchants,

34, St. Joan Street, West Smithneld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

HEATHMAN & CO.,

2, Endell Street, London, W.C.

GRAND BARROW PUMP.

3-inch, £t 10s.

Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6

50 feet Delivery Hose, 25/-

Price Lists Fkee.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack, Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s" BAMBOO CANES. 31 feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet: CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA, SULHHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUSTand other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Sonr.hwark Street. London, S.E.

Special Reductions.

GARDENEKS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coar>e and Fine). GARDEN MATS. COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. Sic, before ordering el-ewhere should send for
our Special Quotations. Carriage Paid to any Railway station.
BMNKWORTH AND SONS, Reading.

nAKDKN HEyUlSlTE S.—

\JT Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia. Mats, Bamboo
Cane*. Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AND SCULL, 90. Lower Thames Street. London. E.C.

New Edition, corrected up to date.

THE COTTAGER'S CALENDAR of

J. GARDEN OPERATIONS. By the late Sir Joseph
Pixton, M.P.
W. RICHARDS, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, Loudon, W.C.

206

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

BOILING WATER OR MILK, i

P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

To Gardeners and Otners.

THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL is
about to APPOINT SUPERINTENDENTS of BROCK-
WELL PARK, Heme Hill, and WATERLOW PARK,
Kighgate, and is prepared to receive APPLICATIONS for
these APPOINTMENTS. The Salary of the Superintendent of
Rrockwell Park will be £luU a year, rising £b every year to a
maximum of £125; and the Salary of the Superintendent of
Waterloo Park will be £31) a year, rising £5 every year to a
maximum of £105 per annum. In each case a residence, free
of rates and taxes, aud supplied with gas and water, will be
provided ; but there are no other allowances.

Applicants, whose age must not b^- less than 35 or more than
45 years, must be practical gardeners, and also capable of
managing men and dealing with the public.

Applications must be upon Forms, which can be obtained at
this Office, aud must be accompanied by copies of not more
than three recent testimonials.

Particulars of the duties will be supplied the same time.

Applications must be sent in to me on or before September
13, 1891, after which date none will be received.

H. DE LA HOOKE, Clerk of the Council.

Spring Gardens, S.W., August 13, 1891.

W"- A.NTED, a HEAD GARDENER, in
Hertfordshire.— An energetic, practical, and obliging
Mao, He must thoroughly understand his business, and be
able to produce a constant supply of the very finest Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegetables; also Early and Late Forcing of
them. Cut Flowers aud Decorative Plants for house and
table are wanted all the year round. About eight men are
employed. There are between two and three acres of Kitchen
Garden, with the usual Tomato, Stove, Cucumber, Grape,
and Greenhouses, Conservatories, &c. It is hoped that no one
will reply to this advertisement unless he has tilled a similar
situation before, aud is capable of managing the men, and
thoroughly well looking after what is usually done iu a first-
class piace. Preference will be given to a middle-aged man,
without family. — Letters, with all particulars, must be
addressed to Mr. W. H. BINGHAM-COX, 26, Southampton
Street, Strand, London. W.C.

WANTED, a GARDENER, vithin twelve
miles of London.— A strong, active man, about 25 or
30 years of age, as Second Gardener, where three are kept.
Must understand the management of a first-class Kitchen
Garden, and have a practic d knowledge of Houses, Vines, and
all general work.— Write, iu first instance, stating age, experi-
ence, and other particulars, to C. li. H., Medical Battery Co.,
Ltd., 52, Oxford Street, London, W.

WANTED, a GARDENER, at Martinmas
(November), to work smalt Market Garden. — Apply,
No. 13S, Keith & Co., Advertising Agents, Edinburgh.

WANTED, a first-rate WORKING GAR-
DENER. Must thoroughly understand Greenhouses,
Frames, and Flower and Kitchen Gardening. Small Orchard.
No Forcing. Single-hauded, w:th occasional help ; married.
Wages, 21a-. per week. — M., Ivy House, Cbertsey, Surrey.

WANTED, a SECOND C4ARDENER and
WIFE, good Laundress. — Address, with full par-
ticulars, Mr. CRAMOND, Knoyle Gardens, Salisbury.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, who
thoroughly understands Glass Work.— Apply by letter
to O. H., Southend Cottages, Fareham, Hants.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, in a
Gentleman's garden, not under 24, who is a first-class
Grower of Soft-wooded Plants, Orchids, Ferns, &c. Wages,
22s. per week.— C. KERSHAW, Sleed Syke Nurseries, Brig-
house, York*.

WANTED, a young MAN as PALM and
FERN GROWER. —State experience and wages ex-
pected, toW. FROMOW and SONS, Sutton Court Nursery,
Chiswick.

WANTED, a good ROSE-BUDDER for
a few thousand stocks.— State particulars to GEO.
BOLTON, Euntiugtord, Herts.

WANTED, a good FRUIT GROWER. Well
up in Cucumbers. — II. HUXFORD, Anchor-in-Hope
Lane Nursery, Charlton.

WANTED, a first-class WORKING
FOREMAN, well up in growing Flowers, Plants
Tomatos, Cucumbers, Melons, &c, for Market. Good wages
will be paid to a good man. Apply, with references, &c, to
MR. TRAVIS, Plymouth Koad, Penarth, Cardiff.

WANTED, a young MAN, for Lawn and
Kitchen garden. One used to mowing machine and
scythe preferred. Bothy and vegetables.— CHAS. BARNETT,
Hilton Park Gardens, Wolverhampton.

W~ "ANTED IMMEDIATELY, an experienced
MAN in the Nursery, Vinery, Cucumber Growing, &c.
—Apply, stating wages, A. DUCKERfNG AND SONS, East
Barkwith, Lincoln.

WANTED, AT ONCE, TWO young MEN,

V T with some experience as IMPROVERS, in the Houses.
Wages to commence at 16s. per week.— J. CARTER, Wharton
Grange, Framfield, Sussex.

WANTED, a young MAN, for Flower and
Kitchen Gardeu.— One used to Spade and Scythe, and
about 23 years of age. Wages, 145 and lodgings.— Mr. HALL,
Shiplake Court Gardens, Henley-on-Thames.

WANTED, for a Gentleman's establishment,
strong country LAD.— Used to Cows, first-rate Milker,
aud fond of animals. Bothy provided; highest references
required— State wages, to RONALD SCOTT, Esq., The Elms,
Acton Hill. W.

WANTED, a reliable MAN, for the Houses.
A good Grower and Propagator of Bedding and
general Soft-wooded Stuff, Ferns, Chrysanthemums, &c. Un-
exceptional references a3 to ability, character, &c, required.
—State wages (moderate), and full particulars to LAXTON
BROTH ERS, Bedford.

Sfipd Truds

WANTED, a young MAN, having connection
with Gardeners round London, to Travel.— Address,
SEED, Deacon's Advertising Offices, Leadenhall Street, EC.

WANTED, a strong, active single MA N, for
Kitchen Garden work ; 155. a week and bothy. Also
a strong active LAD, from 17 to 18, for general Garden work ;
wages, 12s. and bothy. Must be Roman Catholics. — Apply to
the GARDENER, Frensham Place, Farnham, Surrey.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a smart COUNTER-
HAND, with experience in executing Bulb and Seed
Orders. Wages, 20s. per week. — Apply, by letter, to B.,
12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, TWO respectable married MEN,
as STOKERS. Wages, 24s. 6<. per week— Apply,
FOREMAN. Turnford Hall Nurseries, near Broxbourne, Herts.

WANTED, a young MAN, to assist in the
Office as NURSERY CLERK. Must be a good writer,
and understand Book-keepiDg, and willing to make himself
generally useful. Good testimonials indispensable. — J-t:ife
age and wages required to GEO. JACKMAN AND SON, Woking
Nursery, Woking.

WANTED, a young MAN as SHOPMAN,
with a knowledge of Seeds and Bulb=, and assist in
Nursery occasionally. —Must be strictly honest and persevering.
—State particulars and wages, to W. FROMOW and SONS,
Sutton Court Nursery, Chiswick.

WANTED, as" STOKER^ a steady married
MAN, without family, and to make himself useful in
the Nursery. Preference given to one who can Paint Green-
houses. Situation permanent to steady man. Wages, 20s.

per w^ek. with cottage, tire, aud light.— State full particulars
to TURNER BROS., Florists and Nurserymen, Garston,
Liverpool.

WANTED, an experienced SALESWOMAN,
for the Floral Department.— Apply, THE FLORAL
DEPOT, Market Place, Nottingham.

WANT PLAGES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, CHESTER."

RICHAKD SMITH and Ca
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars. &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

SANDEK8, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

T^HE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladies and Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Siugle-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

Gt ARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver can
3T with the utmost confidence recommend an exceptionally
high-class man, as above; of long experience in Fruit and
Plant-growing, and the general management of a large estab-
lishment. The highest references as to both character and
ability.— Streatham aud Norbury Nurseries, London, S.W.

J VERT, Audley End Gardens, informs over
• fifty applicants (with thanks) that he has ENGAGED
a FOREMAN.

G1 ARDENER (Head) ; age 30, married.—
r W. Richardson, Gardener to Major J. S. Goldie Taub-
man, S.H.K., The Nunnery, Isle of Man, wishes to recommend
his Foreman (James Rodman) to any Nobleman, Gentleman,
or Lady requiring a good steady respectable man, well up iu
all branches of Gardening, good Manager of Men.— RICHARD-
SON or BODMAN, Nunnery Gardens. Isle tf Man.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 30; married
when suited. Fifteen years' experience in all branches
of the profession. Midland Counties preferred. Excellent
testimonials.— ASHW ELL, Bedford Read, Morhauger, Sandy,
Bedfordshire.

GARDENER (Head). — A gentleman is
desirous of recommending his late father-in-law's Head

Gardener, who was with him between seven and eight years,
during that time giving entire satisfaction, being a thoroughly
competent man, with seven under him. Married, with grown-
up family ; Wife had charge of Dairy and Poultry. Can have
personal character.— R. KING, 8, Whiteley's Cottages, Hil-
lingdon Heath, Uxbridge.

GARDENER (Head).— Particulars of Adver-
tiser, nearly nine years in present appointment. With
testimonials, three in number, on application. Staying until
engaged.— ROBERT NELSON, Hwith House, Ravenstonelale.

G*~ARDENER (Head). — Age 29, single;
last five years Head Gardener at Quinta d'Achada,
Madeira. Thoroughly understand* the Cultivation of Vine-
yards, Sugar-cane, Arrowroot, Fruits, and Flowers. Speaks
Portuguese and German. First-class character. — WELLS,
Barry Cottage, Stanley Road, Pokesdown, Bournemouth.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three are
kept. — Age 38; thoroughly practical in all branches.
Leaving for no fault, with first-class character.— G. COLLINS,
Storrington, Pulborough.

ARDENER (Head); age 41.— Experienced

in a'l branches, including early and late forcing and
management of good establishment. Five years' recommenda-
tion.—F. W , 13, Castle Street, Hertford.

i>1 !Z will be paid to anyone furnishing the

cwA»r Advertiser with information of any Gardening
changes that will lead to obtaining an engagement as
HEAD GARDENER iu a good establishment; Highest
references from previous employers. — HORTUS, Messrs.
Brown, Gould & Co.. 54, New Oxford Street, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 44 ;
a a good all-round Hand. Married, with family. Eight
years in present situation, nine and ten previous. Wife could
do Laundry-work if required. — S, RENDELL, Hawkwell Place,
Pembury, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept ; age 40. A GENTLEMAN wishes to

recommend his Head Gardener as above, to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring a thorough good all-round steady and
reliable man.— Apply, E. M. HUTTON RIDDELL, Esq., The
Bank, Newark-on-Trent, Notts.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 33,
married.— A Gentleman wishes to recommend his
Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the
services of a thoroughly practical man. Seveu years' excellent
character.— J. C, 2, Weston Cottages, Pembroke Road, New
Southgate, N.

ARDENER (Head Working); age 33,

single.— Mr. FERRIS, The Gardens, Moat Mount, Mill
Hill, Henoon. will have much pleasure in recommending his
Foreman, J. Jones, to any Lady or Gentleman who may requir
the services of a thoroughly practical and competent man.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Fifteen
years' practical experience. Grape*, Peaches, Melons,
Plants, Orchids, Flower and Kitchen garden, also laying out
new grounds. C. Ranch, late of Haudcross Park, can with
confidence recommend J. H., who has lived with him about
seven years. — 26, Salisbury Road, Highgate Hill, N.

GARDENER (Head Working), where not
less than three are kept. — Age 40, marriel, no family;
fifteen years as Head, the last three and a half years with
Lord Tennyson. Experienced in Vine", Cucumber, Melon-,
Tomatos, Stove and Greenhouse, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen
Garden, Flower and Vegetable Forcing, &c.— F. PAY, Hawk's
Hill, Bourne End, Maidenhead, Berks.

GARDENER (Head Working), or good
general FOREMAN ; age 28.— Mr. Fhiend, gardener to
the Hon. P. C. Glyn, Rooksnest, Godstone, can confidently
recommend a thorough practical man as above; fourteen
years' experience, including Orchids and Chrysanthemums for
exhibition.

ARDENER (Head Working), where five

or six are kept.— Excellent experience and character;
abstainer.— GARDENER, 29, Stadium Street, Ashburnham
Rjod, Chelsea, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
married, one child (1 year) ; abstainer. Life experience
in Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, Stove
and Greenhouse Plauts, Flower Gardens, Chrysanthemums,
&i. Kitchen Garden a specialty, and Early aud Late Forcing.
Excellent references as to ability and trustworthiness. —
GARDENER, Little Erickhill Manor, Bletchley, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28;
married, no family. Fifteen years' practical experience
in all branches. Excellent character.— A. C, Me i way Villa,
Paddock Wood, Kent,

Auoust 15, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

207

GARDENER (Head Working). — Age 32
married; seventeen years' good and varied experience
in all branches. Good references from pre.-ent and previou3
employers.— J. K , Albert Road North, Keigite, Surrey.

G J. ARDENER (Head AVorking).— Age 39
* married; a thoroughly good, practical, and competent
Gardener. Tweaty-three years experience in Growing Grapes
Poaches, Figs, Melons. Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Toulatos'
Stuve and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardening'
and Early and Late Forcing. Abstainer; highest references'
— GARDENM), Oakwood. Chichester. Sussex

C;i ARDENER (Head Working or good
I Sixule-handed).— Age 32, married ; seventeen years
thorough experience. Four yeirs' character from last s'itua-
tion.— A. G , >, Lime Tree Cottages, Lower Mitcham, Surrey.

ARDENER (Head Working, or good

SisttLE-HAXDED). — Age 37, married. Thoroughly
practical m every branch of the profession. Good character —
J. ARM' 'LP. Cotesbach Hall Gardens. Lutterworth .

GARDENER (Head Working). — Married,
two children, (youngest age 2) ; thoroughly experienced
in Early and Late Forcing, &e. Highest reference from pre-
sent employer.— T. W., 7, Effingham Road. Reigate.

GARDKNER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept.— Age 38. mirried, live children.
Sixteen years' character.— W. RIGDEN, 31, Bedford Eoid,
Ealing Dean.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 40,
married, three children.— A Gentleman wishes, to recom-
mend a trustworthy man, who has been with him eleven years,
as above. Thoroughly experienced in Forcing, and in all
branches; also Land and Stook. Total abstainer. — W. C. B„
Coo n be Priory, Shaftesbury; for character and ability to
Mirk Beaufoy, Esq., M.P.. 1. Holme Lea Terrace, Lyme Regis.

G J. ARDENER (Head Working). — Thoroughly
M understands his work in all its branches. Wife could
do Cooking or D ,iry, if required. Good character.— F. BAKER,
TeUisfOrd Rectory, near Bath.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
A CLERGYMAN desires to recommend his present
Gardener to a Clergyman or Private Gentleman. Flowers

and Vegetables, Greenhouse. &c. Twenty vears' experience.
Good character; abstainer.- H. MILLER, Gardeners' Lodge,
R A. College, Cirencester.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
HANDED). —Age 30, married ; six years in Duke of

Bedford's Gardens, three in pr ni situation. Good characters

from both.— W. H. KEEN, Berry End, Everabolt, Woburn.Beds.

GARDENER (Working), where help is
given.— Middle "age, mirried, no family. Wife could
qelp in the house. Four years' good character. E. B.,l,Bath
Cottages, Eastworth, Chertsey.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 37^
married, three children. Five and a half years' good
character. No objection to horse or cow.— J. E., 98, Dorset
Road, Clapham, S. W.

GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF.— Mr. F. H. Cbasi-. Canford Mancr, Wim-
borne, can strongly recommend a first-class man as above.
Excellent Grower of Fruit, Plants. Flowers, and Vegetables,
and a good and economical Manager of a gentleman's place
generally. Unqualified testimonials and h gue^t references.

GARDENER, where two are kept, or Single-
handed. — Ag>* 28; ten years' experience. Gocd character
and references. — S. W., East Norton, Leicester.

GARDENER.— Age 40, married, no family;
good all round. Wife a good Cook.— R. F., 4S, St.
Gjthard'8 Road, West Norwood.

GARDENER (Second), or FOREMAN, in
a good establishment.— Age 24, single. Bothy preferred.
First-class references from past and present employers.—
STEPHEN MALLETT, Morpeth House Gardens, Ipswich.

GARDENER (good Single - handed, or
where help is given) —Age 40, married. Thoroughly
understands Vines, Fruit. Flower, and Kitchen Gardens.—
H. S. BARLEY, near Royston, Herts.

GARDENER (Second or Under).— Age 22;
two years' good character.— A. LONGHURST, Mr.
Gatward, We.>t Street, Ewell, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second), where three or four
are kept.— A ge 24, single. Ten years' experieoce Inside
and Out. Good references.— W. M., 39, Pope Road, Bromley,
Kent.

GARDENER (Second), where four or five
are kept ; or JOURNEYMAN, in a good establishment ;
InsMe preferred. — Age 25; two and a half years' excellent
cha-acter. — W. ABBOTT, 55, Peckwater Street, Kent sh
Town, London, N.W.

ARDENER (Second or Under).— Four

years' experience Inside and Out, under a Gardener.
Good character. State particulars. — A. MOORE, Lynsted,
neir Sittingbourne.

/^ ARDENER (Under), Inside and Out. —
V_J A young man. age 19. Six years' experience. Good
character.— J. MILLS, 'Ihe Gardens, Kenton Court, Sunbury,
Middlesex.

GARDENER (Under), or SECOND in the
Houses. — Age 22; cm be well recommended. Five
yenrs' experience in piivat- establishment.— A. J., Ladds*
Nursery, Swanley, Kent.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 20 ; willing to
make himself useful, in Gentleman's Garden preferred.
Good references.— DIX, The Cottage, East Sheen Lodge, Sheen,
Surrey.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed).
— Age 31. Good character; can he well recommended.
— W. T., 3. Collin Street, Blackheath, Kent.

GARDENER (Under.).— Age 22; five years'
experience, Inside and Out, and can have five
years' references, if required.— H. YOUNG, Bidley Road,
Winton. Bournemouth, Hants.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed).—
Age 28, single ; good character. Willing to be generally
useful.— H., 7, Chatham Koad, Camberwell, S.E.

GARDENER (Under).- Age 21; under
Glass. Six years' experience. Good character.— J.
TULK, Watergore. near Ilminster. Somerset.

/^.ARDENER (Under), in a Gentleman's

VI Establishment.— Age 23; can be well recommended.
Eight years' experience Inside and Out. Good character.—
W. BROWN, Colley Cottage, Eeigite Heath, Surrey.

GARDENER (Under), age 20.— Wishes to

VT gain experience in Gentleman's establishment ; good
character; bothy preferred.— W. A. POLLARD, 4, Hatlield
Grove, Douglas, Isle of Man.

\;I AN AGER.— Situation wanted in a first-class

ItX Seedsman's, Florist, and Fruiterer's Business. Well up
in all branches. Buying and Selling.— Apply, by letter, stating
wages. &c. to A. R., .Mr. H. H ittey, 46, Averil Street, Fulham
Palace Koad, Hammersmith, W.

\JANAGER and GROWER (Working).—

-l'J- Permanent situation; twenty years in a Market
Nursery.— Apply by letter, in first instance, to X. Y., 41,
D.irlish Road. Stonleigh, South Tottenham.

MA NAGER or SHOPMAN.— Age 27, mar-
ried ; well np in all branthes of the Trade. First-class
band at Wreaths, Bouquets, Ladies' Sprays, &c. Good know-
ledge of Plants, Seeds. Nursery Stock. B;ok-keeping, &c.
(ioud references. -FLORIST. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street. Strand. W.C.

MANAGER.— Market Nursery, under Glass,
■well up in Strawberries, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and
Mushroom Growing, Gardenias, Carnations, and Soft-wooded
Plants.— DULLEY, Charlton-by-Shepperton, Middlesex.

MANAGER, in a Gentleman's establishment,
where stuff is grown for Market. Well up in Fruit and
Cut Flower growing.— S. D., Lock Road Cottage, Ham
Common, Surrey.

PROPAGATOR (Assistant), or PROPA-
GATOR and GROWER,— Age 25; used to Wreaths,
Crosses, and Bouquets, and general routine of Nursery. Ab-
stainer. Excellent references.— W. H.. The Poplars, Brook
Lane, Cheshtint, Herts.

PROPAGATOR, or ASSISTANT.— Age 25;
used to propagating Stove and Greenhouse plants, and
general Nursery Stuff. Good references.— AUGUST REISER,
5, Peploe Street, Bishop;field, Chester.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft-
wooded Stuff; also experience in Palms, Ferns, &c,
and the general routine of Nur^erv Work. — Age 27 ; four-
teen years' practical experience.— W. R., 32, Charlton Road,
Harlesden, N.W.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Well up in
Pelargoniums, Cyclamen, Fuchsias, Primulas, Calceo-
larias, Cinerarias, Genistas, Hydrangias, Bouvardias, Ficus,
Ferns, and General Market Plants, Vines, Tomatos. Cucumbprs,
Forcing Lily of Valley, Bulbs, &c. Good reference.— H.. Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

ORCHID GROWER, &c— Married ; excep-
tional references from present employer as to ability,
&c. — W. L., Pme Apple Nursery. Mdida Vale, London, W.

GROWER or FOREMAN.— Age 31 ; well-up
in Growing Tomatos, Cucumbers, Plants. Cut Blooms
in quantity for Market ; also understands the Building and
Heating ot Plants-houses for Market purposes.— J. N., Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

NURSERY FOREMAN and MANAGER.—
A thoroughly practical man in every respect. Good
Correspondent. Would Manage a Branch Nursery, and give
security with reference.— C. !>., Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN (Inside, or General in a first-
class garden). — Age 24; highest references as to ability
and persoual character. — PEDICLES. Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR and SALES-
MAN, Indoors. — Thoroughly practical in all Plant-
growing. Fourteen years Foreman at Messrs. Jas. Veitch
& Sous, Chelsea. — C. SWIFT, 340, North End, Walham
Green, S.W.

FOREMAN. — Age 25; twelve years' expe-
rience in good establishments; also Furnishing, &c.
Well recommended.— FOREMAN, The Firs, Acton Turville,
Chippenham.

FOREMAN, Inside. — Age 25 ; experienced in
all branches. Well recommended. — DIXON, 6, Priory
Road, West Hampstead, N.W.

FOREMAN, or good JOURNEYMAN.— F.
Ross, Pendell Court Gardens, Bletchin^ley, Surrey,
would be glad to recommend three excellent men as above.
Leaving entirely through establishment being broken up. All
at liberty after 22nd lust., or before if required.— All parti-
culars of F. ROSS as above.

T\)REMAN PROPAGATOR and GROWER

-*- in Nurseries. —Age 30 ; fifteen years' experience in Fruit
and Plant Calture, Cut Flowers, &c. Thorough knowledge
of the business.— R. B., 15, Narcissus Road, West Hamp-
stead, N.W.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20;
good character. Bothy preferred.— W. NASH, Salterns,
Sea View, I3le of Wight.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Six years'
experience in good establishments in the Houses. Can
be well recommended by present employer.— HENRY TOZER,
Eversfield, Grove Park, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN (First) ; age 23.— Mr, Exlkr,

fJ Head Gardener, Bovingdon House, Hemel Hempstead,
wishes to highly recommeud W. Cooper, as above. He has

b'j«u h-rv two and a half years, giving every satisfaction. —
W.COOPER, Chinnor, Tetsworth, Oxon.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.—

£J Age 25 ; three and a half years in last place. Highly re-
commended.—E. HENEAGE, South Somercotes, Louth,
Lincolnshire.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20.
Good character. Seven years' experience. Leaving
through breaking up of establishment.— Mr. ADAMS, Head
Gardener, Brownsea Castle Gardens, Poole.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out in a Gentle-
man's garden. — Age 2D. Excellent character. Two
years in present and four in last situation.— A. BARNES,
Lordswood, Shirley, near Southampton.

IMPROVER.— Mr. J. Friend, The Gardens,

X Rooksnest, Godstoue, can confidently recommend a strong,
handy, and willing youth aa Improver.

TMPROVER in a good Garden; age 20.—

J- Edwd. G. Taylor. Gardener, Manor House, Alton, wishes
to recommend an industrious young man, as above. — Address
the above ; or GEORGE BURN, Ampfield, nr. Romsey. Hants.

IMPROVER, in gardens, under Glass. — Age
18. Five years' experiei.ee. Good character.— E.
GARDINER, Ballard's Hill, Goudhurst, Kent.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted, in a
good Garden, by a youDg man (age 18). Inside work
ami bothv preferred. Good reiereuces.— R. WAINWRIGHT,
The Gardens, Fernclough, Bolton.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted, for a
young man (age 19), under a Foreman, in a Gentleman's
Garden. Four years' experience in the Houses. Used to
Fires. Good character.— C. ASHBY, Hampton Park, near
Tonbridge.

HTO SEEDSMEN, NURSERYMEN, and

J- FLORISTS.— Wauted by a young man, age 24, with
eight years' experience, a situation in ihe above; competent
to take any department; first-class references. — C. E., Gar-
dtntrs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymen and Gentlemen Gardeners.

GLAZIER and PAINTER, handy at repairs,
Estate preferred ; own tools. Good references from
previous employers. State wages. — G. P., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN (Assistant); age 25. — Good
knowledge of Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, and Nursery Stock.
Good references. — • M. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

CHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

NURSERY CLERK.— Age 32; thoroughly
competent. Proficient Bookkeeper, Correspondent. &c. ;
Long experience, highest references. — DELTA, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TO FLORISTS, FRUITERERS, and NUR-

JL SERYMEN.— Required by a young lady, a SECOND
HAND'S engagement, where a first-class business is done.
Good knowledge of Floral Work, Book-keeping and Corre,
spondence. Well acquainted with Fruit and Plants. Unex-
ceptional references. — E. F. WILSON, Royal Nurseries,
Merriott, Somerset.

TMPROVER, for the FLORIST'S BUSINESS.

JL — A young Lady seeks an engagement a? above about
August 24.— F. C, Mrs. Mee, 54, Long Row, Nottingham.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Hale Constitutions.
— When the human frame has become debilitated from
the effects of exposure, excesses, or neglect, these Pills will
repair the mischief. If they be taken according to the lucid
directions wrapped round each box. Holloway's Pills exert the
most exemplary tonic qualities in all cases of nervous depres-
sion, whereby the vital powers are weakened, and the circula-
tion is rendered languid and unsteady. They improve the
appetite, strengthen the digestion, regulate the liver, and act
as gentle aperients. The Pills are suited to all ages and all
habits. A patient writes: — " Your Pills to be valued require
only to be known. During many years I sought a remedy in
vain, was daily becoming weaker, when your Pills soon
restored me."

208

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 15, 1891.

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In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few mlnuteB,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, 8LACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

TelegTaphic Address— "HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

Established ieis.

65,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

CONWAY G. WARNS,
Koyai Potteries, Weston-super-Mare

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

T?j of Greenhouses & Garden

Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bbadbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 11, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, August 16, 1891. Agent for Manchester— J ohm Heywood.

Established

No. 243,-Vol.X. {&TrE:.}

SATUKDAY, AUGUST 22, 1891.

CONTENTS.

Apiary

221

Societies-

Carnations for conserva-

Cardiff

228

tory decoration

223

Clay Cross

228

Chiswick notes

:ms

Maidenhead

229

Chrysanthemums in New

Midland Counties Car-

Zealand

219

nation and Picotee...

228

Daphne Cneorum

218

National Chrysanthe-

Eucryphia pinnatifolia...

220

mum

230

Flower garden

221

National Co-operative

230

Fruit garden, hardy

1*20

Newcastle and District

221

Fruits under glass

221

Koyal Horticultural

227

Holly Fern, Home of ...

216

Royal Scottish Arbori-

James O'Brien ...

225

cultural

227

Kitchen garden

2J0

Shropshire

230

Leiophyllum buxifolium

218

Stock-taking for July ...

224

Lilium longillorum and

Strawberries in Kent ...

223

L. Browni

225

Trade notice

231

New and noteworthy

Trees and Shrubs

2L7

plants

215

Walnuts

219

Oni'idium Forbesii var.

Weather, the

231

Measuresiaua

2 37

Week's work ... ...

220

Orchid-houses

2JI

Welbecb Abbey Gardens

215

Orchid nomenclature ...

214

Winter of 1890-91, and

Plants under fahade of

the birds

213

trees

218

Winter, effects of, on

Plants under glass

220

essential oil crops

220

1LLUS7

RATION8.

Eucryphia pinnatifolia .

217

James O'Brien ...

225

Strawberries in Ktnt

223

[Regt. as a Newspaper. < PRICE 3d.
Post-free, 3>tf.

■"HE BEST CABBAGE for PRESENT

SOWING.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING. —
Remarkably early, eompact habit, having few outer
leaves; firm hearts, of excellent quality. One of the very
best for spring use. as there is no fear whatever of its running
to seed. Per packet. Is., post-free. Mr. Joseph Zealey,
Gardener to J. A. Tilleabd, Esq., says :—" I planted your
Flower of Spring Cabbdge in AuguBt, and began to cut on
May 1 good firm heads from 4 to 6 lb. each. I have found it an
excellent Cabbage, and it has been a great boon this spring."

FOR THE BEST LETTUCE, ONION,
RADISH, TURNIP, &c, for present sowing, see
SUTTON'S LIST of SEEDS, sent post-free on application.

SUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
reading.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Builiing, New York, to whom
American orders mag be sent.

Now Readg, in Cloth, lis. Qd., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third iSeries, Januarg
to Jimie, 1891. The Publishes, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

THE GARDENERS' VHROSICLE and
the GARDEN, complete from first issue to the present
time, for Sale cheap. For particulars and price, apply to
J. E. EWING, "Sea View," Havant. Hants.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will flower the best. Write for Trade Price of strong
Forcing Pips to—

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
Lendon, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

CHARLES TURNER'S New and Descriptive
PRICED LIST is now ready, post-free, on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA. — Extra
strong plants ready for48's, 20s. per 100.
SMITH AND LARKE, Nurseries, Ashford, Middlesex.

ED. PYNAERT VAN GEERT,
Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium.
AZALEAS CAMELLIAS, RHODODENDRONS, CLIVEIAS,
PALMS, FERNS, ORCHIDS, and all other best stuff for the
Trade. Apply for the SPECIAL PRICE LIST.

FOR SALE, cheap, exceptionally fine
AMPELOPSIS VEITCHI1 ; also bushy Fielder's White
AZALEAS, in 48's. Price on application.

JOHNSON AND CO.. Tangley Park Nursery, Hampton.

ARNATIONS — Souvenir de la Malmaison,

9s. per doz. ; Gloire de Nancy, 6s. per doz. Very strong;
mike grand plants for spring-flowering. Cash with order.
JOHN BURCH, Staple Hill Nursery, Bristol.

Bulba for Early Forcing.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
have just received, and offer iu splendid condition —
HYACINTHS. Single White Roman, 12s. and 14s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single White Italian, 10s. W. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single Blue Italian. 8s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Double Rose Italian, 10s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Double Roman, 6s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Large-flowered Paper White. 7s. per 100.
Carriage Paid. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

OKCHIUS, &c— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
• Ghent, Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market. Coveot Garden, W.O.

WANTED, five or six thousand of Bronze
Marshal MacMahon GERANIUM CUTTINGS, in
large or small quantities. Sample and price addressed to
J. J. WILSON, Home Farm Nurseries, Enfield Highway, N.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS, 3,000
H. Jacoby. 3,000 Vesuvius, 2,000 MacMahon, 1,000
Master Christine, 500 Lady Sheffield, 500 C. P. Gem, and
500 Vaucher. Sample and price to

G. PHIPPEN, F.R.H.S., The Nurseries, Reading.

WANTE D,~~ GERANIUM ~ CUTTINGS.
5,000 Geranium Cuttings of Henri Jacoby.
5,000 ,, ,, John Gibbons.

10,000 ,, ,, Vesuvius.

Quote lowest price per 1,000 to—
ROBERT NEAL, The Nurseries, Trinity Road, Wands-
worth, S.W.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS,
Leading Bedding Kinds. Lowest price per 100 or
1000 to—

J. W. SILVER. Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.

WANTED, a few hundred GERANIUM
CUTTINGS, Mrs. Pollock, or other tricolour.
Apply, BAILEY, Florist, Upper Tooting.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS. —
500 Vesuvius, 500 Henri Jacoby, 200 Mrs. Pollock,
200 M. McMahon. 200 Brilliantissima.— State lowest price to—
W. WENMAN, Heckleton, Doncaster.

WANTED, a quantity of COMMON BEECH
for Autumn planting, with clean straight stems,
6 to 7 feet high, and not less than 9 inches in circumference.
Must be thoroughly well-rooted. Apply, stating prices, to
R. STANLEY. The Gardens, Rushmore, Salisbury.

ANTED, BEDDING GERANIUM CUT-
TINGS. State sorts and price per 100 or 1000.
GEO. BOLTON, The Nurseries, Buntingford, Herts.

ARTERS' TESTED SEEDS FOR

PRESENT SOWING.

ABBAGE. — CARTERS' EARLY

HEARTWELL.
Pronounced to be the finest early Cabbage in cultivation.
Very distinct. The heads are extremely firm, weighing
from 4 to 6 lb. In Bealed packets only— Per packet, Is.
and 6d. ; per ounce, Is. %d. All post free.

ETTUCE.— CARTERS' GIANT

WHITE COS LETTUCE

Dunnett's Giant Winter Cos Lettuce
Carters' Longstander Cabbage Lettuce ...
All the Year Round Cabbage Lettuce

Post free,
peroz. perpkt.
2s. <od. Is. Qd.
2s. Gd. is.Od.
Us.tJd. ls.Od.
ls.&d. 6d.

NION.— CARTERS' GOLDEN per of. P™ePkt.

GLOBE TRIPOLI 2s.6«\ U.ed.

GiautRocca U.Ud Sd.

Giant White Tripoli Is. 0i. 6a.

Early White Naples 9rf. —

Giant Madeira ls.Od. —

CARTERS', Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to
H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 2 .18. HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

S~ UPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

Strawberries
FINE COLLECTION of the best varieties

can be supplied. Orders should be booked now.

Descriptive CATALOGUE post free.

THOMAS RIVERS AND SON, sawbridgeworth.

FOR SALE, Cash only, Eight Years of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 1814 to 1861, well
bound, half calf, gilt, good preservation. What offers?

Address, G., H. Green, Stationer. Thetford.

TO be SOLD, Cheap, Wholesale or Retail,
1,200 DOUBLE and SINGLE BOUVAKDIAS. 2-yr. old,
well headed with flower buds, in various colours. Would
EXCHANGE some for choice STRAWBEKKY PLANTS.
W. COOMBES, Belstone, Devon.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

Hand F. SHAKPE'S Special Priced LIST
• of Choice VEGETABLE SEEDS for Autumn Sowing,
is now ready, and may be had on application. It comprises
Selected Stocks of Cabbage. Onion, Lettuce, Turnip, &.C.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

TO BE fcOLD, 7 LARGE CROTONS, fit for
Exhibition ; and 20 HALF SPECIMENS. Have gained
severaLFirst and Second Prizes. Can be seen.— Apply

J. R. BIRD, 32, New Croxted Road, West Dulwich.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

STRAWBERRIES.— All the best of the New
and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections in the
Trade Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
issued'. Special quotations for quantities to grow for Market.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.
JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withingtou,

Hereford .

^TISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are

V cordially invited to vi~it the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors. Messrs.
J LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, fcc. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

T- HOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carnage
naid London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

210

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

SALES by^AUCTION.

Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday nest.

EXTENSIVE IMPORTATIONS of BULBS from HOLLAND,
SPECIALLY LOTTED for the TRADE and other LARGE
BUYERS. .„ „„T T ,

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Kooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.O., on MONDAY, WEDNESDAY . and SATURDAY
NEXT, August 24, 26, and 29, at half-past 12 o Clock precisely
each day. exten-ive importations of BULBS from some of the
be»H.no»n farms in Holland, .just received in splendid condi-
tion, comprising molt of the best sorts of Double and Single
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, SNOW-
DROPS. SCILLAS, IRIS, &c. &c, specially lotted to suit
the Trade and other large Buyers. Af-o EARLY WH11E
ROMAN HYACINTHS. PAPER WHITE and DOUBLE
ROMAN NARCISSUS, 5000 LILIUM HARRISII for forcing,
6000 Home-grown LILIUMS, &c.

On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Pendell Court, Bletcnlngley, Surrey.

MR. J. 0. STEVEiNS will SELL by
AUCTION on the premises, as above, on WEDNESDAY
September 2 and following day, at 1 o'clock precisely each
day by order of the executors of the late Sir G. Macleaj,
the' COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, including many of the
well-known kinds; Specimen PALMS, TRF.E and other
FERNS, GREENHOUSE PLANT, SUCCULENTS, EUCHA-
RIS, LILIES. &c. Also two COWS, Horse, two Carts, two
Ricks of Hay, Iron Tanks, Garden-seats, Vases, Lawn-mowers,
Greenhouses, &c, &c.

On view ihe day prior, and mornings of Sale; and
catatogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneer.
Offices and Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Monday and Thursday Next.

DUTCH BULBS. SPECIAL TRADE SALES.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms. 67 and
GS, Cheapside, London, E.C., on MONDAY and THURS-
DAY NEXT, large consignments of named Hyacinths, Tulips,
Crocus, Narcissus, and other Dutch Bulbs, together with
white Roman Hyacinths and Paper White Narcissus, received
direct for unreserved sale. These early auctions have been
specially arranged in lots to suit the trade, aud other large
buyers. The Auctioneers will be pleased to enter the names of
intending purchasers in their permanent lists, who may desire
a regular supply of catalogues for these sales.
Auction Rooms and Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Friday Next.

CATTLEYA AUKEA.
LiELIA PR.ESTANS.

MESSRS. PROTHEKOE and MORRIS have
received instructions from Messrs. Charlesworth,
Shuttle-worth & Co., Heaton, Bradford, and 213, Park Boad,
Clapham, S.W., to SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale
Rooms, 67 and 68. Cheapside, E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT,
August 28, at half-past 12 o'clock, a remarkably fine lot of
CATTLEYA AUREA, brought home personally by the Col-
lector. The plants were collected in the same locality, whence
came the plants we had the two previous years, and which
turned out such an exceedingly fine lot, amongst which flowered
C. aurea marmorata, C. Massaiana, C. Hardyana, aud other
choice forms. Many good things may be expected out of this
importation, we cau assure intending buyers the plants are
well-leaved and without doubt the finest lot ever offered.

Also a very healthy lot of L.ELIA PR.ESTANS, ONCIDIUM
VAMCOSUM BOGERSI, CATTLEYA SCHOFTELDIANA,
ODONTOGLOSSUM RAMOSISSIMUM, a pretty winter-
blooming Orchid ; these are a grand lot. CATTLEYA
LODDIGESI, just to hand ; HOULETTIA, new species, semi-
established ; COLAX JUGOSUS, ONCIDIUM DASYTYLE,
Bee Orchid; O. PIIYMATOCHILUM, O. MICROPOZA.
CATTLEYA LEOPOLDI, ODONTOGLOSSUM HARRY-
ANUM. in bud, ZYGOPETALUM GRAMINIFOLIUM, &c.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

The Nursery, London Road, Croydon.-Expiration

OF LEASE.
CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the STOVF. and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, by order of Mr. T. Butcher.
Preliminary.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUCTION, on the Premises, on
TUESDAY, September 8, at 12 o'Clock, without reserve.
Further particulars will appear next week.

Auctioneer aud Estate Offices, 67 and (W, Cheapside, E.C.

Dyson's Lane Nursery, Upper Edmonton.

GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, by order of Mr. H. B. May.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to announce that the above ANNUAL SALE will take
place on MONDAY, September 14.

Descriptive Advertisement will appear next week.

Lea Bridge Road Nurseries, Leyton, E.

GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of WINTER BLOOMING
HEATHS and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, by order of
Mr. J. Eraser,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS re-
spectfully give notice that the above ANNUAL SALE
will take place on WEDNESDAY, September 16.

Burnt Ash Lane Nursery, Lee.
GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of WINTER BLOOMING
HEATHS and GREENHOUSE PLANTS by order of
Messrs. B. Mailer & Sons.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have
been favoured with instructions to conduct the above
ANNUAL SALE on TUESDAY, September 15.

The Brimsdown Nurseries. Enfield Highway.

ANNUAL TRADE SALE cf WINTER HLOOMING HEATHS
and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, by order of Mr. J. Mailer.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS de-
sire to notify that the above ANNUAL SALE will take
place on the Premises on THURSDAY', September 17.
Full particulars will appear next week.

Acton, W.

IN BANKRUPTCY re JOHN REEVES.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE, without the slightest

Reserve. By order of the Trustee

IMPORTANT TO THE TRADE.— PRELIMINARY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nurseries,
Acton. W., in SEPTEMBER NEXT, the whole of the exten-
sive STOCK, including 100,000 FERNS. 4000 EUCHARIS
(large plants), a great stock of ASPARAGUS TENUISISSIMUS
and PLUMOSUS, the entire stock of the new Single Pink
PELARGONIUM, ETHEL; 3000 MISS JOLIFFE CARNA-
TIONS, the finest in the Trade; 8000 ditto in store-pots ; 300
Specimen Fielder's White AZALEAS, 1000 POINSETTIAS,
5000 CYPERUS, 10,000 Golden and Green EUONYMUS, 800
White PiEONIES, 3000 Irish IVIES in pots, the Erections of
30 GREENHOUSES, thousands of feet of HOT-WATER
PIPING, &c.

Catalogues of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
Loudon, E.C.

Great Sales of Nursery Stock.

IMPORTANT totho=e ENGAGED LARGELY in PLANTING.

\ [ ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

LVl now ARRANGING with NURSERYMEN AUCTION
SALES of NURSERY STOCK in all parts of the country for
the coming season. Several important Sales have already
been booked, and, with others now being arranged, will be
ANNOUNCED in this PAPER NEXT SATURDAY.

Instructions of any other Nursery Stock Sales should be
forwarded not later than WEDNESDAY NEXT, to be included
in this preliminary notice.
Auction Rooms and Eitate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Acton, W.

Priory Nursery, Acton Lane. Proprietor, Mr. J. C. Jennings.
To NURSERYMEN, GENTLEMEN, and OTHERS. The

SECOND ANNUAL SALE of 20,000 SURPLUS STOCK of

PLANTS.

MESSRS. W. EYDMANN and SON have
received instructions from the Proprietor to SELL by
PUBLIC AUCTION, on the above Premises, on THURSDAY,
August 27, 1891. at 1 for 2 o'Clock. the SURPLUS STOCK of
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, consisting of Maiden-
hair and other Ferns, Eucharis, Azaleas, Cyperus, Carnations
of sorts, Chrysanthemums, Poinsettias, Roses in pots, Double
Primulas, Pelargoniums, Marguerites, large Eupholia splen-
dens, specimen Lapageria alba, Orchids, Agapauthus, Liliums,
&c. Useful Floret's Van.

May be viewed day prior to Sale. Catalogues to be
obtained on the Premises, and at the Auctioneer's and Valuer's
Offices, High Street, Acton.

N.B. — Immediately upon the conclusion of the Sale of
Surplus Stock, the FREEHOLD NURSERY will be submitted
for SALE by PUBLIC AUCTION, on the Premises, contain-
ing a total area of over 3 acres, with the following erections
thereon : — 28 well-built Greenhouses, containing about
45,000 feet of glass and woodwork ; iKiOO feet of hot-water
Piping, driven by 14 boilers; Stabling for 4 Horses, 2 Coach-
houses. Potting, Packing Sheds, &c.

WANTED, a Small FLORIST BUSINESS,
or GARDEN end GLASS, suitable for same; or
would rent a good Private Garden.

Particulars to AGRUS, 192. Uxbridge Road, London.

WANTED/.to RENT, Part of a Hothouse, for
1500 Orchids, with attendance, for a short time only.
J. E. WILLIAMS, Great Eastern Hotel, Liverpool Street, E.C.

E\)R SALE, an old-established NURSERY,
SEED, and FLORIST BUSINESS. Good connection.
Close to two railway stations. Greenhouses and other
Erections at valuation. Stock optional.
J. BICK, Biekntll Park Nursery, Acock's Green, Birmingham.

FREEHOLD LAND for SALE, about 3 acres,
laid out as Recreation Grounds. Suitable for Glass
Buildings or Nursery Purposes. 500 feet of frontage. £600
for the whole will be accepted to an immediate purchaser.

Apply to Mr. JOHN EMBLETON, Suffolk House, Hampton ;
or, A. C. HILLMAN, Esq., Solicitor, 86, Terminus Road,
Eastbourne.

FREEHOLD ORCHARD LAND for SALE,

-L about 3 acres, now crowded with Fruit. Five minutes'
from Hampton Station. To an immediate purchaser, £}Jo per
acre will be accepted, the Fruit Trees inclusive.

Apply to Mr. JOHN EMBLETON. Suffolk House, Hampton
HiU ; or. Messrs. KENT AND SON, Solicitors. Hampton.

ORKSH1RE (on the borders of), an

excellent FREEHOLD NURSERY FOR SALE, the
owners retiring from business. A compact Nursery, all under
Glass. Six Greenhouses, nearly new; dwelling house aud
buildings. Also Leasehold Nursery, nearly 3 acres.

Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE AND MORRIS,
67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

FOR SALE, AMERICAN ERUIT EVAPO-
RATOR, complete, in good condition. Also a superior
IRON PRESS, with RESERVOIR complete.

Address R. R. C, 15, Blossom Street, Norton Folgate, E.

OILERS to be SOLLV-Three 60-inch Cast-

Iron BOILERS; sound, and have been but little used.
Replaced by others, to burn Anthracite.

BOILERS. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• ENGINEERS to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department. War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.
King's Road. Chelsea, S.W.

rfHE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY

X (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

EXHIBITIONS.

NEWCASTLE - ON - TYNE AUTUMN
FLOWER SHOW. AUGUST 26. 27. and 28. 1891.
Entries close August 19. For Schedules. &c, apply to —

Cross House Chambers. JA3' J' Q"-LESPIE, Secretary,

SANDY (Bedfordshire) FLORAL and Hor-
ticultural SOCIETY— Twenty-third Great Autumn
Show of Plants, Flowers, Fruit, Vegetables. Dogs, Poultry,
Pigeons, Rabbits, and Cage Birds. Prizes JE32U. • FRIDAY,
August 28. W. GREEN. Sec., Sandy.

BATH AUTUMN SHOW,
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, September 2 and 3.
Amongst the Prizes offered are for : — 1st ind 3rd

l^Foliageand6StoveorGreenhousePlants £12 £$ £1

6 Stove or Greenhouse Plants £t £i 10s. £1 10s-.

6 Orchids £3 £1 —

Group of Plants not less than 100 sq. feet £6 £l £2

Collection ol Fruit, 12 dishes £3 £1 £1

8 Bunches of Grapes, 4 varieties £5 £1 £2

And 5 other Classes for Grapes in varieties. Prizes in propor-
tion. Entries close August 28. For Schedules, &c , apply to —
2, Northumberland Buildings, B. R. F. PEARSON, )<,„„.
Bath. W. JEFFERY. f-ecs.

CASTLE DOUGLAS HORTICULTURAL
SHOW, THURSDAY, September 3, 1891. OPEN COM
PETITION, The following are a few of the PRIZES offered :
Six Bunches GRAPES (2 Hambro. 2 White, and 2 Black, any
variety). — 1st Prize, £5, given by the President. Provost
Thomson; 2nd Prize, 50s.; 3rd Prize, 25*.; 4th Prize,
12s. lid. by the Society. Entry monty, 2s. tid.
COLLECTION of CUT FLOWERS (quality may take pre-
cedence of variety), 5 feet by 4 of Tabling. — 1st Prize, 3us. ;
2nd Prize, 20s. ; 3rd Prize. 10s.
TABLE of POT PLANTS (arranged for effect). 15 feet by
5 feet of Tabling.— 1st Prize £1; 2nd Prize, £2; 3rd
Prize, £1.
All information can be had by applying to

56, King Street. Castle Douglas. WM' BLACKWOOD, Sec

pRYSTAL PALACE,

KJ GREAT FRUIT EXHIBITION,

SEPTEMBER 4 and 6, 1891.
For Schedules and Entiy Forms apply to Mr. W. G. HEAD,
Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace. S.E.
Entries close onAugust 28.

BRIGHTON HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION.
GRAND AUTUMN SHOW of PLANTS, CUT FLOWERS,
and FRUITS. September 9 and 10.

TWENTY POUNDS offered for EIGHT STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower. Schedules may be had of

E. CARPENTER, Secretary.
96. St. James Street, Brighton.
1892, — The Summer Show Schedule will include Classes for
Stove and Greenhou-e aud Fiue Foliaged Plants, Pelar-
goniums, Ericas. &c.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY7'

ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

EXHIBITION OF EARLY CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

DAHLIAS, GLADIOLI, &c ,

Wednesday and Thurspav. Sept. 9 and 10.

Schedules of Prizes, and all information, to be had of —

RICHARD DEAN. Secretary, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W.

Royal Parks &c— Grass Seeds.

THE COMMISSIONERS of H.M. WORKS,
&c., are prepared to receive TENDERS for the SUPPLY
of GRASS SEEDS for use in the Royal Parks. &c. during the
jt-ar 1892. Forms of Tender, containing full particulars, may
be obtained at this Office, any day except Saturday, between
the hours of 12 and 3.

Tenders are to be delivered before 12 o'clock. Noon, on
TUESDAY Hie 8 h proximo, addressed to THE SECRETARY,
H.M. Office of Works, li. Whitehall Place, London. S.W.,
and endorsed, " Tender for Grass Seeds, Royal Parks, &c."

The Commissiouers do not bind themselves to accept the
lowest or any tender.

H. W. PRIMROSE. Secretary.
H.M. Office of Works, &c, 12, Whitehall Place. S.W.
Augn-.t 19, 1891,

Cheap Palms ! Palms I ! Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of ail kinds; t'ORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHCENIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries. S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

DAFFODILS!! South of Ireland Grown.
Bulbs never better than this season. See Garden,
June 6f 1891. Please write for Illustrated CATALOGUE, and
INSIST on AUGUST delivery.

W. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R U.S., Seedsman, 24, Patrick
Street, Cork. Daffodil Grounds, Ard Cairn, Cork.

"JOHN RUSKIN" STRAWBERRY.

The earliest Strawberry of the Century. Trials in North and
South prove it extraordinary for Eariiness, Productiveness,
Flavour, Size, and worthy to be classed with "Sir Joseph
Paxtou," " Garibaldi," " President," &c.

Order now, Extra Strong Runners, 4s. per doz., 20s. per V0,
delivered in August. True, direct from raisers.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment,

CARLISLE.

August 22, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

211

DOUBLE WHITE PRIMULAS, in 3-inch
pots, ready for 48's, 6». per doz. ; 35s. per 100. Free on
rails, fur cash only.

G. BENNETT. Florist, Han well.

Hyacinths, TuJips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TU1SERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERKAD AND SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Cruiched Friars, E C.

N.B. — Many new. rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

B.V 11 R'S CATALOG U E~s7—
Free on Application.
LIST of AUTUMN-FLOWERING CROCUS and MEADOW
SAFFRON. BULU CATALOGUE of cheap, rare, b-autiful
hardy Imlhs, Bus . for all seasons. DAFFODIL CATALOGUE.
iUu-ir.ted. contains the only complete li*t of these beautiful
hardy -King Hovers. PLANT CATALOGUEof fr>e llowering,
beautiful hardy perennials, for flower bor.lers and for cut
flowers. SEED CATALOGUE, ready January 1, 1892.

11 AllR AM) SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

FW. KRAUSE, Neusalz, Silesia, Germany,
• Wholesale Grower of LILIES OF THE VALLEY
(true Berlin variety) on 10 acres of sandy soil. In autumn of
each year selected 3-yr. old Crown", large-flowered, for Early
Lowest Price and Terms on demand. Testimonials
from Great Britain for unsurpassed quality. Established 1870.
Telegrams: KRAUSE, Gardener, Neusalzoder. Germany.

T~OVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.

-Li — Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble. Paxton, anil President. Price, 4s. rer 10 '. carriage
paid- 30s. per 1000 on rail. Sample dozen, (W. LIST free.
W. LOVEL AND SON. Driffield.

VIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
"a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, Id , Is. .and 2s. <£d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
AND CO , Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

f> MALLER and SONS bejf to offer to the

iy» Trade a very extensive and unusually well growu
Stock of ERICAS (Hvemalis and other varieties). EPACRIS,
SOLANUMS. GENISTAS, CYCLAMEN, BOUVARDIAS of
sort- ADIANTUM CUNEATUM, and other FERNS; PALMS,
in variety, GARDENIAS, STEPHANOTIS. FICUS ELASTICA.
OROTOSS, GREVILLEAS, TEA ROSES (in pots), BORONIA
MEGAST1UMA, VINES (in pots), &c.

An Inspection is invited.

Trade CATALOGUES forwarded on amplication.

The ANNUAL SALE by AUCTION will be held ou Tuesday,
September 15.

Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries, Leo. S.E.

pALADIUMS.— For SALE or EXCHANGE,

\^J Eight fiue Plinth, ia 8-ioch pots, of the following
varieties: — 1 Princess Royal, 1 Madame de U Devaonsaye,
,"i Minus Erubepcens, and 1 Comtesse de Condeixa. Fine
Specimens. Apply,

II. P. O., Obelisl Park, Blackrock, co. Dublin.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! 1 ! — Trade.
In 23 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantum cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, tQs. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety. 46s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-poU, 6s. per dozen, 45j. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH, The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

LAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES.— Noble, the
king of Strawberries; Scarlet Queen and White
Knight, te?t new, loth Certificated Fruit Conference— quality
first rate; Commander, best flavoured mid-season ; Albert, fine
Continental, late; Crescent, King of Earlies, J. Ru^kin,
A. Ktcaiae, Vicomtease, Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, La
Crosse Sncree, Paxton, President, A. F. Barron, James
Veitch, British Queen, Dr. Ho/g, Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo,
Loxford, Jubilee. Latest of All, and 150 best varieties, true to
name. Price LISTS fr< <\

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

ARRIVED ! AUKIVED !
From the EAST I X DIES,

IN SPLENDID CONDITION, consisting of the following
varieties : —

CtELOGYNE SPECIOSA, BULBOPHYLLUM LOBBII,
DENDROBIl'M MACKANTHUM. P. VEITCHUNTM, D.
OCKREATI'M. GRAMMATOPHYLLUM SPECIOSUM. CA-
UNIHE VERATRIFOLIA (grand). AKUNDiNA BAMBU-
H.TSFOLIA (grand). CYPRIPEDIUM BARBATUM (grand),
PHAICS BLUMEI (grand), VANDA TRICOLOR and SUAVIS,
ARALHNANTKE MOSCHIFERA, COZLOtiYNE DOLGO-
ROUCKII, CCELOGYNE SPP. Also—

4000 PALM SEEDS,

Comprising Cocosoleracea.C. roronata, Kentia costata. Livis-
lona Hogendorpii, Kentia McAithcri, Martin. zia ercsa. Kentia
moluccana, Livislona JekeDSis. L. rotuudifolia, Licuala
Kumphi1, Livistona olivceformis, L. subglobosa.

Any one wishing to inspect or make an offer for part or
whole, please communicate with —

J. E. WILLIAMS,

GREAT E&STERtf HOTEL, LIVERPOOL ST., LONDON.
["AND-LAID RUNNERS

and PLANTS in POTS of the
. best varieties.
PLANTS. ( Descriptive Catalogue on application.

DICKSON'S, NURSliRIES, CHESTER.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

PALMS— For Special Low Offer of PALM
SEEDS and SEEDLINGS, all the leading kinds, write to
H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

Dutch, Caps, and Exotic Bulbs.
A NT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE

/A for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plant* (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on application to their Agents, Messrs. MERTENS iXD CO.
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-HiU, London, E.C. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other rirm of the same name.

COOLORCHIDS A SPEGIALTY.

ODONTOGLOSSTJM ALEXANDRA.

Imported plants, collecled by Albert Millicau, in the best
Pacho district, fine healthy plants, all with good growths,
from two guineas per dozen. Special prices per 100.
ALBE T MILLICAN,
24, ST. JOHN'S ROAD, TUNBRID.iE WELLS.

EARLY ROMAN HYACINTHS.

WE Grow Thousands for our own Cut Flower
Trade, and can offer a few selected heavy Bu'bs, at
8s. per 100. Cash with order.

PRITCHARD & SONS, Florists,
SHREWSBURY.

AGENCE GENERALS HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECXER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Due/eld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams— STRECKER, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCE

Very large size

Splendid Seedlings for Potting
(1$ Year).

Pbice, 12s. Gd. per 100.

SAMPLES FREE OX APPLICATION.

I MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded),
\ The best of all for Forcing. Thousands
s , for Disposal.

! CROUXetFILS,

1 NrK.sKRYMEX,

a >■ LE VAL. D'AULNAY, PRE3 SCEiL'X
J- 'lj?~ (SEINE), FRANCE.

Great Specialty in Trained Fruit

Trees lor Immediate Planting.
C A T A L O (i D E S free on application.

Jrw1

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whoae Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden ia grown and
supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price*, consistent with correctness and superior
character. SeDii for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY. KENT.

STRAWBERRY JJF

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Slock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

CONWAY O. WARNS,
Roval Potterie». Weston-super Mars

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. 1 er

sack ; 5 for 47s. <&d.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

jSs. per eack ; 5 for 22s. 6rf.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS. &c, is. per sack; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

S for 12s. 6a".
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. 6rf. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, is.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.

All S .cks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.

Special Terms to tlieTrade. GARDEN' STICKS of all descriptions

For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,

JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns,, and Rhododendrons, hv sack, vard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CH ARCO 1L, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SVHAGNUM.PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD. HANT3.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. 6d. per sack ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 6s. per sack, 5 sacks, 22s. ; sacks
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d . per bushel ; 15s. por half
ton ; 26s, per ton. in 2-bushel bags, id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H G SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lane I lately called 17a, Coal Yard), W.C.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 racta for
12s 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
301. BAMBOO CANES, 3£ feet to 12 feet; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet ; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE c.f
SODA, SULfHATE of AMMONIA. GUANO. BONES, RONE
DUSTand other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS.
10s. to 18s. per dozen; LEAF MOULD. SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses, South wark Street, London. S.E.

SL U G I C I D E (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. (M. per box. All Seedsmeu
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6. Maryleport Street. Bristol.

GISHTJRST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2onnces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 115 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, ia lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
super-ede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Hd. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

212

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Price Is. Gd. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, 1*. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.

m _. _ __ Every Cask bears the above

CA V T 1 0 iV . Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
anr ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

■with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,

and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO

CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

RICHARDSON'S

ii^iiillil

.-••

Wk&&^gM&

Many
Prize Medals.

WARMIVG and

VENTILATION of

Churches and Public Buildings

(as well as Greenhouses).

ORTICULTU^AL
BUILDINGS.

Conservatories, Greenhouses.

Vineries, Peach Houses.

~ Stove and Orchid

/>\^ Houses, &c. Al-o

>,^/\ Boilers, Pipes,

*-* _^\ Fittings.

W. RICHARDSON & CO.,

DARLTN-GTOTT.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any oue.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide\

6 feet
12 feet

6 feet
12 feet
12 feet

4 feet

5 feet

6 feet

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London ^en(,Mr.H.SKELTON1Seedsman,&c.,2,Hollo\vay Rd.,N.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

From

THE PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Strand,
LONDON, w.c.

.1801.

Pleaie send me " This Gardeners' Chronicle " for .
commencing .. ._ . .for which 1 enclose P.O.O,

Months,

B" Please Note tnat all Cople3 sent Direct from tills Office must be paid for In advance. .B

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15j.; 6 Months, Is. 6rf. ; 3 Months, 3s. 9d.; Post-free,

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. id. for 12 Months. India and China, 19». M.

Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for.

P.O.O. to be made pat/able at the Post Office,

No. 42, DRURY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN.

Cheques should be orossed " DRUMMOND."

G. C ,
Aug. 22, 1891.

Auuust 22, 1891.]

THE GAM DENE US' CHRONICLE.

213

DUTCH and CAPE BULBS and PLANTS,

DIRECT FROM THE GROWERS AT
GROWERS' PRICES,

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Delivered entirely free in Aberdeen, Belfast. Bristol, Cardiff,
Cork, Dover, Dublin, Edinburgh. Glasgow, Gloucester, Goole]
Grangemouth, Greonock, Grimsby, Guernsey, Harwich, Hull]
Isle of Man, Leith. Limerick, Liverpool, London, London-
derry, Middlesbro', Newcastle-on-Tyne, Plymouth, Portsmouth,
Southampton, or any other port in direct communication with
Rotterdam or Amsterdam.

Orders over £2 10s. sent free to destination to any plare in
England. Scotland, or Ireland. Club (Joint) Orders for the
same amount also delivered free to destination. No charge for
packing or packages.

Full particulars of our enormous Collection of Bulbs, with
List of splendid Novelties, will be found in our NEW LIST
for 1891. eighty-eight pages in English, which will be sent to
all applicants, post-free.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS
TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c , free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders

abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, One Shilling and Sixpence, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE. MANCHESTER.

SEEDLING PLANTS

OF CHOICE

Florists' Flowers.

We have much pleasure in offering the following in Strong,
Healthy, Transplanted Young Stuff, from our superb strains.

Free by Post, at prices quoted. Per doz. s. d.
Auriculas, Alpine, very choice strong young plants,
for blooming next season 2 6

Calceolarias, herbaceous, sp'endid strain 2 6

Carnations and Picotees, from choicest named

flowers pCT 100, Vt. 6d., 1 6

Cinerarias, large-flowered, very fine, per 100, 10s. 6d., 1 6

Hollyhocks, choicest double 6 for 2s., 3 6

Primulas, Alba magnifica, Splendid Pure White ... 3 6
,, Crimson King, deep Crimson, magnificent

colour 6 for 2s., 3 6

„ Choicest Red, White, or Mixed, per 100, 10s. M. 1 6

Hyacinths, Early White Roman, fine selected

bulbs Per 100, 10s. 6d.,

Narcissus, paper White 7s. 6d.,

,, ,, New large-flowered ,, 10s. 6^.,

,, Double Roman ,, 7s. 6rf.,

Lilium Harrlsii, fine bulbs 56s. Od.,

>, ,, Extra fine ... ,, 80s. Od.

Primulas, double Pure White, splendid for furnishing an
abundance of Cut Flowers throughout the Autumn and
Winter. Well-rooted, strong young plants, from 3-inch pots.
Per 100, 42s. ; per dozen, 6s. ; 3 for Is. 9d.

Our Fine Illustrated CATALOGUE of DUTCH and other
FLOWER ROOTS. NEW and CHOICE ROSES.
FRUIT TREKS. SfC, should be read by all intending
purchasers before Ordering. Post-free, 3d., or Gratis to
Customers.

DANIELS' BROS:,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

FORCING BULBS

Well Ripened and Heavy Bulbs of

ROMAIC HYACINTHS,

EARLY WHITE,
Per 100, 15s. and 21*.

PAPER-WHITE NARCISSUS,

Per 100, 6s.
From 5 inches to fi inches in circumference.

Large-Flowering Paper-White NARCISSUS,

I'er 100, 10s. 6d.

DOUBLE ROMAN NARCISSUS,

Per 100, 6s.
From 5 inches to 6£ inches in circumference.

LILIUM CANDIDUM,

PURE WHITE.
Extra strong, per 100, 15s. to 20s.

LILIUM HARRISII,

Very fine bulbs, per doz., 7s. 6d. & 12s.

B.S. WILLIAMS & SON,

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries,
UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

TWO CRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE

JACKMANII.— The flowers are paper-white, about the
same size as those of the old purple Jackmanii, but pro-
duced in even greater profusion. It is unrivalled for beds,
and also for climbing. Ready in August. 7s. 6d. each.

PTERIS TREMTJLA SMITHIANA.— This

is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
Bhould be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6d. each.

BULBS. — The best procurable.

STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds. De-
scriptive LISTS free.
Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
planting out.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

THE

(lardcncrs' flJJtnmicle.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 22, 1891.

THE WINTER OF 1890-91,
AND THE BIRDS.

TNUSUAL movements of the European bird
*-^ population took place daring the past
winter, and many sportsmen and naturalists
in all parts of the country reported the
visitations of rare birds. The taxidermists, too,
everywhere received for preservation species
of birds which do not often reach them. A
taxidermist at Manchester, for example, stuffed
a whooper, or whistling swan, from the Isle of
Man, and a bittern from Warrington.

Swans of several kinds were exceedingly
numerous in many districts, and flocks of ten or
a dozen, and even of a hundred, appeared
in several parts of Ireland, especially in the
north. In Pevensey Marsh, Sussex, birds of this
noble species were seen, and shot during the
winter. Heron Court, Christchurch, Hants, the
residence of the >arl of Malmesbury, was always
noted for wildfowl, but if we may judge from
the past winter's record compared with that of
1838, wild swans were not so numerous in
that part of the country as they were half a
century ago.

The great bustard was the most con-
spicuous of the rare birds that visited this
country during the long frost. The extensive
moors and heaths which used to tempt the bus-
tard to reside and breed in England have long
since been cultivated, the marshes which har-
boured the bittern have been drained, and both
these species have since become winter visitors,
neither of them venturing to nest here. They
are both occasionally met with, but the bustard
especially is now a very uncommon bird. The
immigration of bustards, however, during the
winter months was greater than in any winter
since that of 1879-80. In that season nine
specimens were reported in the pages of
the Field and Zoologist, since that date
the only specimen reported, but not procured,
was seen in Dorsetshire in 1888. In the Pro-
ceedings of the Dorsetshire Natural History and
Antiquarian Field dub, this bustard of 1888,
which appeared in the unusual month of May, is
described (vol. xi.) as having been seen by a
keeper in the employ of Sir Richard Glyn. " It
could run," said the keeper, " at a fast rate, but
did not seem to fly with ease." A descrip-
tion coinciding exactly with an account of the
flight of bustards witnessed a hundred years ago
on the Downs, near Salisbury, by Chafin, and
noticed by him in his History of Cranbourn
Chase.

In the recent visitation of bustards, not less
than seven were reported in the Field as having
been seen and mostly shot by various persons in
different distriots. If these big birds had found
their way to our fields by virtue of what is called
"hereditary memory," they would certainly

214

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

revisit their old haunts, such as the heaths and
downs of Norfolk and Dorset, and the wide
expanse of Salisbury Plain— and they would
come in the breeding season. But the instinct
of season and locality, which brings back the
nightingale and swallow every year to the same
copses and chimneys, almost to a day (about
April 13), may be lost, it seems, in about a
hundred years. This kind of instinct is at any
rate extinct in the bustard, the bird having wan-
dered hither and thither without the least know-
ledge of its habitats of the last century. One
■was shot near Southminster, Essex, another in
Christmas week in Carmarthenshire weighing
8 lb., another near Eomsey, Hants, by a gentle-
man who was out partridge shooting when he
6aw a wild goose, as he imagined, rise from
the centre of a field and fly slowly away. It was
afterwards bagged when flying 20 yards above
the sportsman's head, and it proved to be a female
bustard weighing 10 lb.

The neighbourhood of Wincbelsea also con-
tributed its bustard to the season's bag ; so has
the country near Norwich and the Chipping-
ham district, Wilts, the bird shot in the last-
named locality measuring 5 feet from tip to tip
of wing, and weighing 0 lb.

All the bustards of the present visitation were
females, as they were, save one male, at the time
of the immigration of eleven years ago ; so it
would seem that the male birds are either more
wary and keep out of harm's way, or that the
sexes do not travel and consort together, or did
not do so in visiting the terra incogni'a of
England last winter. In the case of several
species of birds, the sexes sometimes separate
during migration, the hen chaffinches, for in-
stance, remaining in the north of England when
their past and future mates have departed for
the south.

On the road between Stratford-on-Avon and
Warwick, and within a mile of the former town,
a golden eagle, mobbed by rooks, was seen grace-
fully wheeling above a small covert near the
road. After perching on an Elm tree, and
affording a spectator, a naturalist, an opportunity
of observing its markings, it sailed away north-
wards, in the right direction for the craigs and
peaks of Scotland, where, we may hope, it found
a much safer sanctuary than it could look for in
"Warwickshire.

Two species of wild swans, Bewick's and the
whooper, took up their winter quarters in Scilly,
on a sheet ol water in front of the windows of
Tresco Abbey, remaining for months, whereas
wild swans in Scilly have usually remained only
a few hours. In November five were seen, but
they wended their way without being identified.
On December 5 two whoopers appeared, were
shot at, and were not seen again. Then twelve
swans settled on one of the two pools at the
Abbey, and, as wild swans are not often met
within the limits of the British Islands, the
sportsmen of Scilly found the opportunity too
good to be lost, and four of the Bewick swans were
shot. Four of the remaining eight were not seen
again, the other four reappeared next morning,
apparently unperturbed, though they were found
on the very spot where they had been shot at
the night before.

We may presume that these intelligent birds
understood the exigencies of such a winter as
the last, and they preferred grass in Scilly, and
abundant water weeds, taking their chance of
powder and shot, to the certainty of starvation
in the frozen waters of the North. The hospi-
tality they seemed to crave was granted them,
and, finding themselves unmolested, they settled
down for the winter, and in a few days they were

joined by six whoopers which had been previously
observed flying about the islands.

An excellent opportunity was now offered of
observing some of the habits and characteristics
of wild swans, at home on a sheet of water only
200 yards or 300 yards from a window, where
their movements could be minutely observed by
means of a mounted telescope. Mr. Jenkinson,
of Crowborough, Sussex, who told the story of
this rare inspection in the Field, has been all his
life an enthusiastic.collector of birds and observer
of their habits, and has enjoyed some thrilling
moments when engaged in these pursuits, but he
admits that he never experienced so keen a sense
of delight, amidst his natural history inquiries,
as when, during several weeks, he watched the
habits of the wild swans at Tresco Abbey.

Two whoopers were reluctantly shot to add
to the collection, but the swans had become so
accustomed to the place that they seemed only
slightly scared by the attack. For a few days
only they remained on the sea in the daytime,
and then settled down for the winter, with the
telescope as the only tube turned in their
direction. There were now eight wild swans
under inspection, four Bewick's and four
whoopers, a graceful group — the last-uamed
members of which, in the eyes of all the
spectators, quite outshone their companions for
grace and beauty. The longer neck and body of
the whooper, and its more elegant head, gave
the other species in companionship with it,
almost a common appearance by comparison.
Wild swans differ from the tame, or mute
species, by swimming with the necks erect, and,
however graceful a curved neck may be, there is
a fascination, such as tame birds do not inspire,
in seeing the wild species wary and watchful,
with necks erect and heads lifted to detect the
approach of danger. The tame swan, under
similar conditions, would probably carry his
head as high as he could. He is a beautiful
bird, but after all, when one compares him with
his wild congener, that habit of sailing about with
the neck curved, looking out for biscuits, fussy,
and inclined to hiss, savours rather of a poultry-
yard. The charm of the wild swan may be partly
due to the fact of its being wild and rare, and
an altogether unusual object to be seen from
the windows of one's own or any other house.
Such an inspiring spectacle was seen last winter
by a very few persons in Great Britain, less
perhaps than a dozen, and it may be worth
noting for its novelty, and not likely to be again
witnessed for years.

The two species, Bewick's and the whooper,
kept near together, sitting all day in the shallow
water near the edge, only a few yards apart, but
never mixed up for more than a moment or two.
To their credit, be it said, they were perfect
friends,associatingon termsof social equality,but
with great good sense, they clearly obeyed some
unwritten law of precedence, and if any question
of being in each other's way arose, the Bewick
always gave way to the whooper. They proved
very tolerant of other birds, and even when
feeding took no notice of the numerous coots
moving about in their midst, and sometimes
swimming close to their beaks, helping them-
selves apparently to the weeds which the swans
dragged to the surface of the shallow water.
They all fed most at night, and the whole of
them would often remain in the shallows the
greater part of the day, standing on one leg with
their heads turned over their backs, as if in
sleep. But it seems to have been a very
wakeful and a watchful sleep, for the
telescope invariably revealed one eye always
open, and the heads were up the instant man or

beast appeared in sight. The native place of the
visitors, was, of course, unknown, but it must
have been in high latitudes, where agriculture
does not flourish, for it was observed that cattle
excited their fears as much as man himself.

They soon became accustomed to the passing
of carts at a reasonable distance from the banks,
and to the loud talking of the drivers. Every
evening they all flew away to a larger pool over
the hill, where they passed the night, returning
in the morning. The whoopers were in the
habit of starting into flight without a cry, but
the other party made a little ceremony of the
matter, first one uttering a musioal cry, then
another, and presently all would join in chorus,
like a pack of hounds in full burst, and then
they were off. In the morning the whoopers, on
alighting, would spend some time in splashing
and flapping about, and in daintily dressing their
plumage. One could see at a glanca that the
neck of the wild swan is more slender than that
of the coarser mute. The alighting of the birds
after flight was a fine sight. One after the
other, the two parties would sweep down out of
the air, and settle on the water — a performance
not to be forgotten by any whose good fortune
has enabled them to witness it.

A very large number of other unaccustomed
birds of a less conspicuous kind might be named,
but they only read the same lesson of the
freezing out of these birds in their usual haunts,
and of their wanderings in search of food. A
sadder story, with the same moral, might be told
of the enormous mortality amongst our native
birds, starved and frozen, as they were, on
their perches, in rabbit burrows, or in the crevices
or the ivy of old walls, during the great frost of
1890 — 01. Gilbert White said of the remarkable
frost of 1776, that the partridges were so thinned,
that few remained to breed the following year
H. E.

ORCHID NOMENCLATURE.

The August number of the Kew Bulletin
contains a pronouncement as to what Kew is,
and what it is not prepared to do with reference
to the naming of Orchids. A general review of
the situation before and after the death of Pro-
fessor Keichenbach is given, and then comes this
statement : — " It is the business of botanical
science to furnish such plants with names under
which they can be recognised, and with technioal
descriptions, by means of which the names can
be fixed, and the plants identified."

In these days of " cultural strains " and
hybrids, however, it is obvious that something
more is required, and this something more Kew
is, as we understand, not prepared to undertake;
indeed, when the Kew authorities were asked to
appoint a representative to act on a committee
appointed by the Koyal Horticultural Society
to consider the rules, which in the opinion of
the committee should be followed in the naming
of Orchids for garden purposes, the application
was met with a distinct refusal from the
Director: — "This is a task," he wrote, "which
the .... Orchid Committee is well
qualified to take up. But the principles of
botanical classification have nothing to do with
the matter, and botanists should, in my judg-
ment, not meddle with it. It appears to
me that Orchid growers will create their
own standards of excellence with regard to
the cultivated varieties of Orchids, just as with
any other florists' flowers. Such a standard
will be a matter of taste and judgment, not
of soience, and horticulturists are entitled to
name on a purely horticultural basis anyaform

August 22, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

215

which they wish to recognise as distinct when
they have secured adequate evidence of its per-
manence. . . . Such forms should be distin-
guished by vernacular names, so that they may
be no longer confused with botanical varieties,
and the Committee should register such names
as having its authority, accompanying the
name in each case with such distinctive marks as
may serve to define it. In the work of the Com-
mittee, as above defined, I do not see that any
member of the Kew scientific staff could give any
effective assistance. I must further point out
that our officers are already hard-worked, and
the absence on extraneous duties of those who
work during prescribed official hours is contrary
to the regulations of the Civil Service."

It is well to have definite statements like this,
and it is easy to see that from the writer's stand-
point they are perfectly reasonable, but the
matter must be looked at from other points of
view. The interest of varieties and of hybrids cf
known parentage is assuredly as gieat as that of
so-called species, and an accurate description and
record, under existing circumstances, is just as
great from a scientific point of view as that of
assumed species, if not more so. The horticul-
tural value, or the importance, of Orchids as
"florists' flowers" is quite another matter, and one
which, as the Director says, is entirely within the
competence of the Orchid Committee, although
that body as such is not competent to decide upon
the intricate scientific questions above mentioned,
and is, as we believe, not disposed to meddle with
them. In the meantime, a new departure has
been taken in the Bulletin, by the publication of
the first decade of " New Garden Orchids," by
Mr. Rolfe, some notes relating to which are
subjoined.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

Botanical descriptions of the following ten species
are given in the August number of the Kew Bulletin
by Mr. R. A. Rolfe :—

Physosiphon goatemalensis, Rolfe.
A small species, which appeared with Odouto-
glossutn gramle, in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden,
where it flowered in June, 1890, and again during
the present year. On each occasion it was sent to
Kew by the Curator, Mr. F. W. Moore, for deter-
mination. It is nearly allied to P. Loddigesii,
Lindl., and ha9 similar deep yellow flowers, but is
smaller in all its parts, especially in the much
shorter tube of the sepals.

BoLBOPnVLLUM DENTICCLATUM, Rolfe.

A email species from Sierra Leone, sent to Kew
by Mr. James O'Brien in May of the present year.
The flowers are about 3 lines long, and are borne in
a somewhat drooping spike. The sepals are pale
purple-brown, the petals white, with strong purple
mid-nerve, and very narrow purple denticulate
margin, and the lip orange. The name is given in
allusion to the denticulate petals.

BuLBOPHYLI.T.'JI NIGEIPETALUM, Eolfc.

A very distinct and remarkable species, which has
the petals and lip of a uniform purple-black, in
allusion to which the name is given. It was origi-
nally introduced from West Africa by Messrs. F.
Sander & Co., of St. Albans, and grown by Mr. J.
O'Brien, with whom it has flowered on two or three
occasions. In habit it somewhat resembles the pre-
ceding, but has longer racemes ; the scapes and
ovaries are glaucous-green, and the sepals pale
yellowish-white, with light maroon lines.

Megaclinium Claekei, Rolfe.

A native of West Africa, which has flowered in

the collection of Major Trevor Clarke, of Daventry,

duriDg May of the present year. It is allied to M.

oxypterum, Lindl., but differs in certain botanical

details. The flattened rachis, which is the most
remarkable feature of the genus, is four lines broad,
light green down the centre with purple-brown spots,
almost wholly purple-brown near the margins, and
the flowers somewhat similar in colour.

Megacliniuji leucohachis, Rolfe.
A remarkable species, with the rachis nearly
white, quite unlike any other, and therefore named
in allusion to this character. The flowers are deep
yellow. It appeared with Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., M.P., of Burford Lodge, Dorking, and like
other species is probably a native of some part of
Africa. It was sent to Kew for determination in
May, 1890.

PHOLinOTA KEPENS, Rolfe.

A small species with light flesh-coloured flowers,
sent to Kew by Mr. J. O'Brien in June, 1890, and
again during the present year. It is a native of
some of the hills of India. It is allied to P. Griffithii,
Hook, f., of which it may be an usually procumbent
variety, with differently coloured flowers.
Epidendeum Moobeanum, Rolfe.

Over 200 species of Epidendrum have been de-
scribed since the publication of Lindley's Folia
Orchidacca, but the genus does not appear to be yet
exhausted. The present novelty exists in several
collections, and has been sent to Kew for determina-
tion, by Mr. F. W. Moore, Mr. W. Bull, Messrs.
Hugh Low & Co., and Sir Trevor Lawrence. It belongs
to the section Eacyclium, and is allied to E. stellatum,
Lindl. The flowers are very fragrant, the sepals and
petals light green, and the lip deep purple with light
green margin. It is said to be a native of Costa
Rica, and is named after Mr. F. W. Moore, of Glas-
nevin, who first sent it to Kew.

Polystachya buluophylloides, Rolfe.

A minute and very anomalous species, with the
habit precisely of Bulbophyllum. It is a native of
West Africa, and was sent to Kew by Mr. J. O'Brien,
in July of the present year. The small diphyllous
pseudobulbs are borne at intervals on slender creep-
ing rhizomes. The flowers are white except two
orange spots on the lip, and a light purple margin to
the column. The petals are reduced to a pair of
minute fleshy tubercles, but otherwise the flowers are
identical with those of Polystachya.

Renantheha Imschootiana, Rolfe.

A handsome species, allied to K coccinea, Lour.,
and R. Storiei, Rchb. f., but with flowers in simple
racemes, and various structural differences. It was
sent to Kew by M. A. Van Imschoot, of Gand,
Belgium, during July of the present year, with the
information that it was received with Aerides Gode-
froyse, Rchb. f., from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St.
Albans, and is believed to be a native of the same
country. The flowers are chiefly of a reddish-
vermilion shade.

Pelexia olivacea, Rolfe.

A native of the Andes, sent to Kew by Messrs.
Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co., of Heaton, Brad-
ford, in April 1890, where it flowered about a year
later. It is one of those plants formerly referred to
Neottia, though erroneously. The leaves are dull
olive-green, with a broad irregular silvery band on
either side of the midrib, the scape, ovary and sepals
also olive-green, the petals and lip white, with some
yellow on the mouth of the tube formed by the union
of the column with the stalk of the lip. R. A. Rolfe.

Scilla bifolia vae. Whitallii, Baker.
Mr. E. Whitall, of Smyrna, has just sent to the
Royal Gardens, Kew, bulbs and dried specimens of a
very distinct new variety of Scilla bifolia from the
heights of the Taurus. It has as many as a dozen
bright blue flowers in a dense raceme. The leaves
are three or four in number, instead of two, as in the
type, and they are narrow, linear (not above a
twelfth of an inch broad), channeled down the face,
and fully developed at the flowering-time. I propose
to name it as above, in recognition of the many
interesting plants which Mr. Whitall has sent from
various parts of Asia Minor to England during the
last few years. J. G. Bakir.

"VVELBECK ABBEY GARDENS.

(Continued from p. 186.)

It would be interesting to trace the history of this
place, and how it came to be connected with the
Dutch family, the Bentincks, but the place has so
many claims from a horticultural and landscape
point of view, that it will be better to plunge in
medias res at first. The park has been a park from
time immemorial, of which fact some of the old Oaks
are the best proof. The Greendale Oak, as it is called,
must be 800 years old, it used to be 33 feet in girth
at the bottom, and its branches used to cover a space
of 2700 square yards. Other famous trees are the
Duke's Walking-stick, the Two Porters — so-called
because there is a gate between them, and a clump
of gigantic specimens called the Seven Sisters. The
park is 10 miles in circumference, and contains forty-
one lodges, all goodly houses built of Streetley stone.

I must ask my readers to start where I started.
This, was from the quadrangle outside the garden
walls, an open space, with substantial stone buildings
all round, the most prominent of which was an erec-
tion that looked somewhat like the Crystal Palace, and
used as a riding-school. The central aisle is roofed
with glass, and the two side aisles, with their fine
groined roofs, look like a cathedral. A tunnel,
well lighted, leads from this to the Abbey, a distance
of a mile and a quarter. This was the work of
the late Duke, as waa the work of tunnelling the
public footway through the park. The underground
passage leads out into a glass corridor HO yards
long. Along the whole length of this, Roses are
planted out in tubs, which are 2.} feet every way.
The Roses have not covered the roof yet except at
the top ; when they all grow up, the effect will be
one of the most magnificent floral displays to be seen
anywhere. I believe that as many as 400 MareJchal
Niel blooms have been cut off from these plants in
one day. As Roses on such a scale have hardly been
imagined before, a list of those mostly used may be
welcome. They are Madame Lambard, W. A. Richard-
son, Madame de Watteville, Rubens, Marie Van
Houtte, Souvenir d'un Ami, and Anna Olivier. Near
this corridor is a sunken Rose gardeu 2 acres in
extent; there is a wall all round planted with
Creepers, the one with a south aspect being covered
with Marie Van Houtte. In front of the wall all
round is a herbaceous border, enriched with all the
treasures of Mr. Backhouse's collection. There are
twenty-four large beds cut in the lawn in the centre,
each devoted to a single variety of hybrid perpetual,
the colours being grouped so as to contrast. The
sorts used are Etienne Levet, La France, Madame
Victor Verdier, Anna de Diesbach, Marshall Wilder,
Dr. Andry, Marguerite Brissac, Madame Gabrielle
Luizet, Marie Finger, La Rosiore, E. Y. Teas, Mer-
veille de Lyon, Mrs. Harry Turner, Madame Eugene
Verdier, and Baron Haussmann. On account of being
so well sheltered by their sunken position, they never
fail to do well in any season.

Emerging from this pleasant retreat, one comes
upon a broad gravel walk, with close-cropped lawns
on either side, and leading to the west front of the
Abbey. A pretty effect is given by the graceful
curves of the shrubberies which accompany the walk.
Close to the Abbey are the chapel and library, and
a fountain. In front of the house, on the south
side, is a broad stretch of green sward, which is used
as a cricket ground, and in the background the old
Oaks of the park. On the left the lake seems like
a wide silvery river disappearing among the trees ;
the outline of the lake is very effective and bold.
On the east side the lawn slopes down to the lake.
There is a tablet here erected to the memory of
Jane Cavendish, who held out against the Parlia-
mentary army, and was treated with great courtesy
by old Noll.

It is on the remaining side, however, that the
great beauty of Welbeck Abbey lies. Here pleasure
grounds have been laid out on a scale only found in
one or two places besides, and thousands of Rhodo-
dendrons and shrubs planted. There are avenues of
nearly every well-known speciea of Conifer. The
longest avenue is of young Limes. On either side of

216

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

the path leading down this, are flower .beds and
circular clumps of Rhododendrons, more than 100
of each ; the blaze of colour from such an enormous
number of beds simply defies all description. This
walk ends in a Laurel bank, close to the foot of the
lake, which with great taste has been formed into an
aquatic garden. Here Nuphars and Nymphasas have
been naturalised, together with nearly all the hardy
aquatics. The bank above has been utilised as a
rock garden, and planted with a choice collection
of suitable plants, many rare species being
represented. Running parallel with the avenue
of Limes is a grass walk, leading to the
Rhododendron valley. Near this walk are some
underground greenhouses, which one could easily
pass without noticing. These are in connection
with the longest tnnnel, and are used for growing
the bedding plants, in order to save the trouble of
transporting them from the kitchen garden. The
number of plants required is, as may be imagined,
enormous, but the able foreman of this department
seems well able to cope with the demand. The
most used 1'elargoniums are Corsair, Crystal Palace,
Black Prince, and Mrs. Holden. The glass roof is
on a level with the ground ; underneath this, on
a trellis, is spread about 6 inches of leaf-soil,
in which the young Geraniums and Fuchsias are
taken out of their small pots and plunged.
Being so near the light, they were growing most
luxuriantly, and would evidently make finely-rooted
plants by the time they were wanted. One had to
approach to look at them from the tunnel by a trap-
door and ladder. The number of Lobelias and
Sunray Fuchsias grown, I am afraid to say, lest I
should be accused of exaggeration. The Rhodo-
dendron valley, leading back to the Abbey, must have
been an enormous undertaking. On either side is a
wide shelving bank of Rhododendrons, and as the
natural soil is not suitable, thousands of loads of
prepared soil had to be carted into position. Where
this soil has been renewed, the plants are more
vigorous — so much so, that it is intended to renew the
soil all along. This valley forms the approach to two
most perfect glasshouses. The first is a Palm-house,
see fig. at p. 195 ; it is almost square, of a great
height, and supported by two rows of pillars. Huge
Livistonas, Chamoeropses, Cycads, and Dicksonias are
growing in sunken tubs. The walls are all covered
by Begonias and Ferns growing out from soil, held
to the walls by wire-work ; and so well tended that
there is not a weak place anywhere. Of the Ferns
the different Blechnums and Stenochlfeaa scandens,
with long dimorphous fronds borne on scandent
rhizomes, were very conspicuous. At the base of the
wall is Ferngirt rockwork, and in the corners there
are Creepers on the roof, a cinnabar-coloured Abu-
tilon being gorgeous with colour at the time of
my visit. A large plant of Medinilla magnifica
was also loaded with pink blossoms.

The second house is constructed in the same way as
its fellow house, but is devoted to Tea Roses. It was
impossible not to parody Coleridge's line, and
exclaim, " Roses, Roses, everywhere." Roses hanging
in wild abandon from the roof, Roses jealously
entwining the pillars, Roses garlanding the arches,
and Roses planted out, covering all the ground-floor.
The effect of this large house of Roses was entranc-
ingly lovely. The plants were in most robust
health, without a sign of mildew, and covered
with blooms. As in the garden of hybrid per-
petuals, the Teas are planted out in this house
in beds of one variety, and great taste has been shown
in the grouping of the colours. Madame Lambard,
which is the duchess' favourite colour, is perhaps the
most grown, but any quantity almost of blooms of
Etoile de Lyon, Souvenir de Madame Pernet, Pre-
sident, Souvenir d'un Ami, and Niphetos could have
been gathered. The house has been termed a
"paradise of Roses" — it really deserves the name.
A third house, not quite so large, is devoted to
Camellias, which are also planted out. As these
flowers are only gay for a small part of the year,
Japanese Maples have been planted among them,
and have a very enlivening effect. Round the house

is a staging for florists' flowers, occupied at the time
of my visit by Cinerarias.

The other features of the grounds on this side,
where they are most extensive, would be well worth
detailed description, if space allowed. They chiefly
consist of a series of avenues with broad grass walks
between. The Btyle is a little formal perhaps, but
their great length always gives them an air of
dignity in keeping with the place. The most striking
of these avenues is a triple one, the back row are
towering slender Thuia gigantea, the centre bushy
Yews, and in front a row of dense dwarf golden
Retinospora obtusa. These fine avenues are quite
close to the three houses described above, but they
are so sunken and hidden away that not a trace of
them is visible.

No one should leave this orderly and magnificent
estate without going to see the "The Winnings'
Almshouses." They were built at the Duchess'
request from the winnings of Ayrshire, Donovan,
and Memoir. They made one envy the lot of the
employes ; no horticultural scribe foresees such a pro-
vision for his declining days. Vagabond.

THE HOME OF THE
HOLLY FERN.

Not being an ardent climber of mountain summits,
it has long remained an unfulfilled wish to visit the
Holly Fern (Polystichum lonchitis) in its native
haunts, for although we have frequently been within
eyeshot of the rugged hillsides which we knew it
frequented, the one element of an experienced and
congenial guide had always been lacking. Hence
the fear of bogs, bad weather, or unlooked-for slips,
had invariably " sicklied resolution o'er with the
pale cast of thought," and confined ambition to
lower levels. On July 1, however, of this year,
fortune combined to vanquish every difficulty, as not
only did the clerk of the weather smile most
decidedly upon our plans, but no fewer than three
congenial companions were to the fore, all familiar
with the district. Among them was Mr. D)nald
Haggart, of Killin, an incomparable guide, as he not
only knows every foot of Ben Lawers and his less
lofty neighbours, but what is even more essential to
true enjoyment of such a trip, he has a thorough
acquaintance with the thousand and one gems of
alpine vegetation which cover in a myriad forms the
seemingly barren slopes as well as the rocky boulder-
covered peaks, seamed with a thousand tiny cascades
into which they gradually merge as the cairn-crowned
summit i.- neared. Leaving Aberfeldy shortly before
8 o'clock, we drove along the lovely road leading thence
to Kenmore, a name meaning literally the " big end "
of the lake. There, after getting a splendid view of
Taymouth Castle, the home of the Breadalbanes,
through a vista of matchless trees, the road suddenly
turns to the right, and brings us into full view of
Loch Tay stretching westward for some 15 miles,
and bounded on either side by steeply sloping hills,
backed up by the boldly swelling shoulders and
sharper culminating peaks of such giants as Ben
Lawers, Ben More, Ben Voirlich, and others of that
ilk. To the right, the densely wooded Drummond
Hill stretches for several miles along the loch, and
forms an admirable contrast to the opposite heights
which are almost treeless, bare green slopes only
dotted here and there with farms and fields, mere
oases of cultivation on deserts of moorland, and
seamed with glens and watercourses, which in the
distance look the merest wrinkles on the face of
Nature. Following the lakeside road along the foot
of Drummond Hill, we drive for miles under the
shadow of its trees, through which we enjoy a con-
stant series of glimpses of the silver surface of the
loch. Here, as indeed all along the road, the stone
dykes and shady slopes absolutely teem with Ferns,
though the species, as compared with the southern
counties, are few. The three predominating species
are the Lady Fern (Athyrium filix - fcemina) ; the
Male or common Buckler Fern in two of its forms

(Lastrea pseudo-mas and L. filix - mas) ; and the
lemon-scented Buckler Fern (L. montana). These

literally swarm in every sheltered spot, and as the
result of two days' hunting in the district, we have
added to our collection L. montana truncata, a
curious variety in which the frond and all the pinna;
end abruptly with a small thorn protruding by way of
finish ; and L. montana congesta, a remarkably pretty
variety, dwarfed to a quarter of the normal size.
The truncate form, curiously enough, we found twice
in spots nearly a mile apart, after a special hunt for
it on the strength of a previous find of a frond par-
tially affected on an otherwise normal plant, which
led us to believe in the existence of the constant
form in the locality, and thus to hunt specially for
it. We are, however, off the track of the Holly
Fern, in thus digressing. About 10 o'clock, after a
slight shower, the sun came out brightly, and drove
away every vestige of cloud, Ben Lawers himself
deigning, after a suitable dignified delay, to divest
himself of his nightcap just as we descended from
our machine (Anglice dogcart) at the " Lawyer's
Inn " at his foot. Putting up our horse here, and
arranging for the due satisfaction of mountain appe-
tites on our return, we sallied forth and began the
ascent. Striking at first straight up the slope, we
speedily reached a peat road of a very rough-and-
tumble description, plentifully rutted with little
streams, which we manfully ignored, the certainty
of acquiring two shoes full of water per man beforu
long, rendering us callous to the risk of wet feet.
In a few minutes a brawling burn full of water
from the heavy downpour of the previous night was
crossed, and afforded a short spell of hunting among
a dense fringe of L. montana, intermingled with the
Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant) which covered its
banks profusely at intervals. " Excelsior," how-
ever, was the constant cry of our guile, and leaving
this hunting field, we speedily reached the grassy
rushy moorland slopes above, where Ferns were con-
spicuous by their absence, the tiny Moonwort (Bo-
trychium lunaria) alone rewarding our search.

Saxifrages, Sedums, various Potentillas, a Gentian,
and an infinite diversity of grasses, rushes, sedges,
mosses, and lichens now covered the ground, or
rather formed it, to an indefinite depth, building up
in their decay the very peat upon the surface of
which, coral fashion, they were throwing and forming
their colonies, alternately bathed in cloud mists and
sunbeams, which can be seen from a distance sweep-
ing, billow- like, over hill and vale. Here and there
among the coral-like Lycopods and Staghorn mosses
various species of sphagnum do their best to ape
the sponges. Here is a dense ruddy hemispherical
moss, dotted here and there with the pretty but
horrible little Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), side by
side with its equally murderous insect-devourer,
Pinguicula vulgaris throwing up its innocent-looking
violet flowers from a cluster of leaves which apes
the star fishes. Yonder, another member of the
sphagnum family forms for some yards an emerald-
green carpet of enticing softness, of which a warn-
ing cry from our guide bids us beware, for this is a
trap of a larger sort, and woe to the human fly who
puts his foot upon its treacherous surface, which
covers a boghole of unknown depth and unlimited
swallowing powers, and for all its apparent verdancy,
is capable of "taking in even the canniest in a:i
Scotland," which is saying a great deal for it.

Avoiding the snare, however, and following our
guide, who punctuates every anecdote with a (to u«)
new discovery at his feet, we gradually approach the
2000 feet level, and here we are told to look out for
the first true alpine Fern, viz., Polypodium alpestre.
Scarcely a dozen yards further we espy a fine little
bunch of plants under the lee of a big boulder by
the side of a small stream we are skirting, a Lady
Fern to all appearance, but somewhat more soft and
succulent in texture. The lens, too, reveals speedily
the naked sporeheaps, which, botanically, rank it
with the Polypodies, despite its undoubtedly stronger
claims to kinship with the Athyrium. More and
more we found as we proceeded, its presence alwavs
being determined by that of loose lying boulders,
under the shelter of which the plants could nestle.

A few hundred yards further, and we found our-
selves on a slight declivity, leading down to a shallow

August 22, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

217

tarn or loch, which lies in the midst of a bold
amphitheatre formed by the topmost ridges of Ben
Lawers, whose cairn-crowned summit rose some 1500
feet to our right. The cliffs and slopes were spark-
liDg with long tortuous lines of snowy cascades,

for the species was over, and that our special search
for varieties was beginning. Most of the plants were
fairly hidden in deep crevices, due, we imagine, to
partial depletion by visitors, as, later on in our
search, in less accessible spots, we found it growing

was bagged, forming, with the normal, a very fair
quartette, considering the reputed constancy of the
species. The Holly Fern here was accompanied by
a profusion of small plants of the Hard Fern
(Blechnum spicant),the Broad Buckler Fern (Lastrea
dilatata), in a very lax and delicate condition ; L.
montana, very small ; and here and there a diminu-
tive L. filix-mas. All these species were obviously
very near the border of their possible existence.
Polypodium alpestre, the Oak Fern (P. dryopteris),
the Beech Fern (P. phegopteris), and the brittle
Bladder Fern CCystopteris fragilis) were, however,
quite at home, while two plants of Woodsia ilvensis
were unexpectedly found among the rocks, instead
of in the steep cliffs to which it was supposed to
be confined, but on which it could not be dis-
covered after long search. The green Spleenwort
(Asplenium viride) literally swarmed in every
chink, and even in the grass close to the rocks.

From the position and conditions in and under
which the Holly Fern was thriving in this habitat,
it is clear that the essentials for its cultivation are
constant moisture at the roots and thorough pro-
tection of the crown from the sun. In all cases we
found the crown well away from the light, and the
deeper the chink the better. The roots were gene-
rally embedded in a loose mass of rock debris and
vegetable mould of a peaty character — a compost
implying perfect drainage. The climatal conditions
at this high level imply constant aerial humidity,
as almost every passing cloud means a Scotch mist
of a more or less drenching character. In the drier
counties of Great Britain, therefore, it is obvious
that a sheltered moist position must be selected, and
in our own experience we have found a close frame
facing the north to suit it admirably, while if planted
in the open and left to itself, a dry spell was apt
to be fatal even to well-established plants. As the
species has afforded very few decided varieties as
compared with the two other indigenous species of
Polystichum (P. aculeatum and P. angulare), which
have yielded an extraordinary large number of
forms, our short experience leads us to surmise that
this is largely due to its much greater inaccessibility
and consequent immunity from examination by
varietal experts. Among the plants we secured
there were very distinct departures from the recog-
nised normal tjpe, and even that type was nearly
equally divided into two forms, one distinctly spiny
and Holly-like and the other smooth-edged, the
spines being quite rudimentary except at the
apices of the piniiEe. A crested form has been found
on Ben Qui by Dr. Craig.

A subsequent search on the hills nearer Aberfeldy,
resulted in the discovery of a fair number of Holly
Ferns at a level of under 2000 feet in a habitat,
otherwise of similar character to that of Ben Lawers
and here, curiously enough, we found two plants of
the Moonwort (Botrychium lunaria) growing on a
narrow ledge of a perpendicular cliff where we ex-
pected to find Woodsia ilvensis.

On our return journey southwards, we were for-
tunate enough to find in Strathblane a very distinct
and beautiful new form of Lady Fern ( Athyrium filix-
fcemina revolvens), in which the apices of frond and
pinnse are curved backwards into semi-circles, the
pinnse well rounded, and the pinnules convex. It is
certainly one of the most graceful types we have
seen. Charles T. Druery, F.L.S., Fernholme, Forest
Gate,

Trees and Shrubs.

Fig. 27. — eucryphia pinnatifolia, hardy SHRun: flowers white, stamens yellow.

rushing down to feed the lake, upon the hither side
of which, among a myriad huge rocks which were
heaped up around its margin, we found the home of
the Holly Fern. Immediately we came within eye-
shot, a plant here and another there, peeping out of
the chinks and crevices, announced that our search

openly in the grass ; full-grown plants, too, were
very rare, only one, with 18-inch fronds, coming
under our notice. Not long had we searched when a
very promising seedling, with distinctly confluent
pinnse, was observed. A densely imbricate form next
attracted notice, and finally a very spiny foliose type

EUCKTPHIA PINNATIFOLIA.
A few weeks ago some one was inquiring if this
shrub was still in cultivation, and if it was hardy
enough to flourish in this country. So far as I know,
it has not been lost to cultivation since it was first
introduced by the Messrs. Veitch from South Chili,
some fifteen years ago, and has since become slowly
distributed throughout most of the good gardens in
England and Ireland, and parts of Scotland. Evi-
dence of its perfect hardiness and adaptability to our

218

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

climate is afforded by the flourishing specimens in
the Coombe Wood nursery in Surrey, where the
shrub is at present in flower, and very beautiful
it is with its great white blossoms, reminding one of
St. John's Wort (Hypericum calycinum) in their
form, though not so large. It is a deciduous bush,
some 4 or 5 feet high at Coombe, but grows taller in
Chili. The leaves are pinnate, and of a very deep
glossy green. The flowers are produced in clusters
on the upper parts of the young shoots, and their
snowy whiteness, with the feathery tuft of yellow-
tipped stamens, is very striking (see rig. 27). It lasts
a long time in flower, and as it blooms at this season,
when so few other hardy shrubs do, it is the more
valuable in the garden. At Coombe, it is fully ex-
posed, and has withstood quite unprotected many
severe winters, and even the last did not affect it in
the least. It is a beautiful shrub to have in one's
garden, and quite out of the ordinary run. W. G.

Daphne Cneorum.

Daphnes are plants well fitted for decorating the
conservatory, shrubbery, or rockery of any garden ;
the indica section are specially valued on account of
their delicious odour, combined with the brightness
and usefulness of their flowers, either in a cut state
or remaining on the plants, lasting in perfection a
considerable time. D. Cneorum is one of the most
pleasing and desirable of small trailing hardy shrubs
we have ; it is particularly adapted to serve as an
edging to taller-growing plants, just before the
Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Cytisus burst into
bloom — a time when there is a dearth of showy-
coloured flower8. A very important point is
drainage ; if this is neglected, and the plants kept in
a very damp situation, it will be almost impossible
for them to thrive. They delight in a moist soil,
but on no account should the water become stagnant
at the roots. The soil which favours it best is of a
peaty nature, mixed with well-decayed leaf-mould,
but it does tolerably well with loam and peat.
Another purpose for which it is suited is forcing, for
with but very little coaxing it can be had in bloom
at the end of February. For this purpose they should
be grown in pots, and kept plunged outside all through
the summer, freely supplied with water, especially
about the foliage ; and liquid-manure given to the
roots occasionally will greatly add to the strength
of the plants. Very little heat is necessary to have
them in bloom by the time stated, and one advantage
it enjoys over some plants that are forced, they will
keep a long time in full beauty, and can be used
either for button-holes, bouquets, or table-decora-
tions. The flowers are borne in terminal clusters on
almost every shoot, the colour being of a rich rosy-
pink, and delightfully scented. It rarely exceeds
9 inches to 1 foot in height, and is best propagated
by division, which should be done in spring, or by
layering; for the latter, all that is necessary is to cut
the shoots on the underside and press a little light
soil into the cut, and then with a peg make it fast in
the soil, and water occasionally.

Leiophyllum buxifolium.
Although this ericaceous plant has been in culti-
vation since 1736, it is very rarely met with in gar-
dens. It is occasionally found under the name of
Ledum myrtifolium, or more popularly as the Sand
Myrtle. It is one of the best shrubs that can be
found for an edging to small borders or beds, being
very seldom more than 1 foot to 15 inches high, and
as it is of slow growth it can be used for this purpose
for years without the necessity of pulling up the
plants. The foliage is neat, being of a dark -green
colour, and much resembling a small-leaved Box,
hence the name buxifolium. It is in every
respect a neat free-flowering Evergreen, but to a
great extent has been overlooked by planters ;
it looks well associated with Rhododendron hirsutum
or Kalmia angustifolia. Rhododendrons blooming a
week or two later than Leiophyllums, the bed is kept a
pretty show of flowers for about six weeks. As a rock
plant it is quite at home, it yields a supply of pretty
flowers in May and June, and like Daphne Cneorum
the flowers keep a long time in full beauty ; the

flowers, which are borne in dense terminal clusters,
are tinged with pink in the bud state, but when fully
expanded they are almost white. It grows wild on
the mountains of Virginia and New Jersey ; it is
rather difficult to increase the stock by cuttings, as
they do not root freely. In August, young shoots that
are thoroughly ripened should be taken with a heel
of old wood, removing the bottom leaves ; they should
then be placed in clean cutting pots, with drainage
half-way up, the soil being good peat and coarse
silver sand, and then stood on ashes in cold frames,
and providing each pot with a bell-glass, which must
be wiped out at least every other morning, care being
taken to have them shaded from the sun. When a
callus is formed, they may be removed to a house
with a temperature of 55°, which will greatly assist
root formation. It is propagated more extensively
by layers, and whenever seeds are procurable they
should be sown as soon as possible in soil similar to
that recommended for the cuttings, and the pots
placed in gentle heat. H.

Plants fob Shaded Places below Trees.
The St. John's Wort, Hypericum calycinum, is
indigenous to Scotland and Ireland, where it seems
to thrive best and reproduce itself with the greatest
of freedom on dry banks and bushy places along the
margins of woods and fielda, and seems perfectly at
home under the shade of trees. As it is a hardy
native shrub, it is highly suitable for planting on
bare shady places under trees, where it is desirable
to establish a covert and improve the scenic beauty
of the spot. The plants to be used had better be
prepared in a home nursery or elsewhere, by trans-
planting them several times in order to promote the
formation of bushy roots, which is a matter of much
importance as a means of attaining success when they
are planted out where they are to remain. The spots
where the plants are to be inserted should be broken
up with a pick, and a little fresh soil added, which
will prove beneficial in promoting their growth at
the start. The plants may be successfully planted
out any time during fresh genial weather, after
they have matured their growth in autumn. The
common Irish Ivy (Hedera helix), and the Peri-
winkle (Vinca minor and V. major), are likewise
suitable, and may be treated in a similar way. In
a mixed plantation in the Lough Neagh district
of Ireland, some of the sedge tribe of plants make
capital covert below the trees, namely, Carex dirisa
and C. divulsa; these are growing in dense masses,
and sometimes in isolated patches, and in many
cases they are quite at home on decayed roots and
stumps of old trees. In one case, I find the Spurge
Laurel (Daphne laureola) growing and reproducing
itself from seed at the base of a Scotch Fir tree.
The trees in this plantation consist principally
of Oak, Ash, Beech, Birch, and Scotch Fir.
The common tree Box, Butcher's Broom, and
Cotoneasters of sorts do tolerably well in such
places, and are worthy of a trial. In the natural
forests in the Highlands of Scotland, the Whortle-
berry (Vaccinium Vitis Idaja) forms fine close covert
under the shade of the Scotch Fir, Birch, Willow,
Aspen, and Poplar, and in some places the Blueberry
(V. myrtilus) is also conspicuous. In many parts the
common Juniper (J. communis) forms the best of
covert, and is utilised for shelter by the roedeer and
woodcock during a gale. This Juniper, being a
hardy native shrub, reproduces itself from seed on
the spot ; but in cases where it is desirable to extend
its culture, its seeds or berries when ripe may be
sown in the chinks of rocks and elsewhere in the
recesses of the hills, and covered with a small
quantity of soil. As the Juniper is not apt to be
eaten by hares and rabbits, and affords good
shelter, it is one of our best covert plants. On
bare rocky places the hard Fern (Blechnum boreale)
seems quite at home, and never fails to impart a
lively furnished appearance to the spot. On damp
boggy places along the margins of lakes and rivers,
the Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) thrives very well
under the shade of trees, and makes excellent covert,
and in Ireland it reproduces itself from spores on the
spot with facility. When the extension of this Fern

is desirable, young seedling plants should be dug up
with a little mossy soil attached to their roots, which
will promote their growth and success when planted
in their new quarters. Several of our hardy native
grasses make excellent covert under trees, such as
Cocksfoot-grass (Dactylis glomerata), Wood Meadow-
grass (Poa nemoralis), Rough-stalked Meadow-gra3S
(P. trivialis), Yorkshire Fog (Holeus mollis and H.
lanatus), all of which, and others, may be raised
from seed on the spot where they are to remain.
J. B. Webster.

CHISWICK NOTES.

Grape Duke of Buccleuch. — How seldom do we
see this undeniably handsome Grape well done! It
is subject, for some unknown reason, to " spotti-
ness " in the berries. We, however, noted some
good bunches, minus this objectionable character, at
Chiswick lately. The Duke has tender flesh, with a
sprightly Hamburgh flavour.

Madresfield Court.
Another most valuable Grape with a complaint
(that of cracking), is Black Muscat. At Chiswick
it is free from this blemish. Its very large oval
berries, of high Muscat flavour, present a handsome
appearance.

Godetias.

Some beds of Godetias are just now very striking
at Chiswick, giving quite a glare of colour. Note-
worthy sorts are : Duke of Fife, reddish crimson ; and
Duchess of Fife, blush, with large carmine blotches
(fine), both newish forms. Bocconia japonica stands
out in the herbaceous border, with its large glaucous
sinuate foliage, and a profusion of small whitish
flowers in panicles.

Beoonias.

We noticed a few beds of these in various colours
at Chiswick recently, just coming nicely into flower,
and labelled as coming from one of the homes of
the Begonia— Swanley to wit. For such purposes
as bedding, these beautiful flowers are slowly but,
nevertheless, surely coming into favour. They seem
to stand better such weather as we have been
experiencing of late, and have a longer period of
flowering than the once (and still in places) popular
Pelargonium.

Chrysanthemums.
Two good annual varieties recently noted at
Chiswick are C. Sibthorpi, bright golden-yellow,
very free-flowering, and therefore most useful for
cutting purposes ; and C. mulicaule var. aurea, a
very useful dwarf form, yellow.

PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR
FRUIT CULTURE.*

The nature and condition of the soil is of the
greatest possible importance in relation to fruit cul-
ture, as the Boil is the principal medium through
which the building-up of the tree and the formation
of fruit takes place. The soil serves not only as a
basis upon which the tree fixes itself and maintains
its position, but it is the medium through which it
draws its food supply, as well as that wherein many
of the chemical changes take place in the prepara-
tion of the various elements of plant-food.

Before determining what preparation may be re-
quired, it will be needful to ascertain the present
condition of the soil. To do this, in the first place
the natural condition or strength of the land must
be ascertained ; that is, what are its component
parts, how much does it contain of the elements of the
food required, or what ingredients may be deficient.
A chemical analysis is the only means of ascertain-
ing this accurately, but where only small quantities
of trees are to be planted by a cottager, allotment-
holder, or small farmer, this might entail too great
an expense, but a fairly accurate estimate of the
quality of various soils may be formed by any prac-

* Read by Mr. Joseph Cheal at the British Fruit Growers'
Association's Beddington Park Conference, August 3, 1891.

August 22, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

219

tical man, and the elements that are likely to be
deficient may be artifically supplied.

But the object of this paper is not to deal with the
composition of soils, so much as to give a few prac-
tical hints as to the cultivation required to render
the land fit for planting.

The present state of the land to be planted must
first be considered. As to whether it is freshly
broken-up pasture, whether ordinary arable land, or
whether it may have received any better treatment
than that given in ordinary husbandry. The first
consideration should be that of drainage. Nothing
can be worse for fruit trees than to be planted in
land, the subsoil of which is close and water-logged.
There are of course many soils that do not require
draining. A test as to its nature in this respect
may be made ia the following way : — If, on digging
to the subsoil, you find it porous and perforated by
worms, you may conclude that there is sufficient cir-
culation of water and air through it. If, on the
contrary, you rind the soil close and retentive with
no worm-holes, you may conclude that it ought to be
drained ; and let me here emphasise the importance
of proper drainage. If the land be water-logged, it
is impossible for the trees to thrive and maintain a
healthy condition upon it, or for it to perform its
proper functions in preparing plant-food. The fruit
trees will consequently become moss covered and
subject to canker, and many other diseases, and in-
stead of producing good profitable crops, will become
so stunted and unhealthy, that what fruit may be
produced will be comparatively worthless.

The next consideration is the breaking up of the
land. If it has been used for ordinary husbandry, it
should, in the first place, be broken up to a greater
depth than has hitherto been the case. Where there
is no great extent to be planted, this would probably
have to be performed by hand. This should be done
by what is ordinarily known as bastard trenching, or
the breaking-up of the land two spits deep, but in
doing this, on no account mint the subsoil be
brought to the surface, but merely broken up and
turned over, turning the next spit of surface-soil on
to the top of the subsoil thus broken up.

Where large breadths are to be prepared, a steam
cultivator may be used to advantage, or it may also
be prepared with the subsoil plough. These imple-
ments should be used in dry weather only, and, if
possible, used in two opposite directions, to ensure
the whole of the subsoil being moved. If the land
can be thus prepared a few months before planting,
so much the better, as the constant moving of the
land in dry weather, and fully exposing it to the
action of the sun and air, is highly beneficial, and it
enables the soil to absorb from the atmosphere many
fertilising elements.

In the case of planting standard trees upon grass-
land in the old style of farm orchards, it will be
needful to dig holes for each of the trees. In these
single holes, however, there is always a great danger
of water lodging and becoming stagnant, which will
be greatly to the detriment of the tree. Where,
therefore, it becomes necessary to dig these single
holes, always be careful to provide some proper
means of drainage from each hole, or disappointment
will probably ensue to the planter.

As to the condition of the land best suited to
planting, probably that from which a root-crop has
been taken will be found one of the best. The land
will then of necessity have been well worked in prepa-
ration for the roots, and well-manured, much of the
strength of which will still remain in the soil in the
best condition for the newly-forming roots to feed
upon. If planting is to succeed a corn crop, the
land will be in a more exhausted condition, and
will require more manure applying at the time of
planting.

It is most desirable to select land that is clean and
free from weeds. Otherwise, if the trees are planted
where the land is at all encumbered with" them, and
they should become buritd amongst the roots of the
trees, great annoyance and expense will ensue for
many years, and some of the more tenacious weeds

cannot be afterwards extracted without injury to the
roots of the tree.

If the land to be planted is naturally good,
and has been well cultivated for any considerable
time, it will not require much cultivation before
planting ; but if the land is not naturally so good,
and is in a poor condition, it will be better to defer
planting for a time, in order to thoroughly clean and
give good preparation. In some cases it will pay
well to take a clear summer fallow, and to break up
the land, and thoroughly clean and pulverise it
through the summer, applying a good coat of manure
in the autumn before planting. This will really be
no loss of time, but a saving in the end, and the en-
deavour in planting should always be to put the tree
into the soil under such conditions that it will have
a fair opportunity of growing and thriving after it is
planted.

WALNUTS.

The Walnut season is approaching, and a few
remarks on their consumption in various countries
may not be out of place. When about half or three
parts grown, the Walnut is used for pickling. There
are many varieties of these Nuts, such as the oval,
round, double, large and small-fruited, early and
late, tender thin-shelled, and hard thick-shelled.
An almost huskless variety occurs in the north of
China. Walnuts always command a ready sale at
market in large towns, where, at their first coming
in, in September, they are brought in their husks and
sold by the sack or bushel ; but afterwards, cleared
of the outer husk, they are sold both by measure and
by the thousand. The larger portion of the Walnuts
consumed in England are of foreign growth, and
average in quantity about 250,000 bushels. The
bulk of these come from France and Belgium, and
small quantities from Germany, Holland, and
Italy.

The aggregate exports from Bordeaux are about
65.000 cwt. yearly. Small quantities find their way
from Chili to Europe. Walnuts are a notable pro-
duction of Perigord, in France, the annual produce
there being estimated at £40,000 in value. The
best, which are large, and called " Marrons," come
from the canton of Luc, in Provence. To obtain
first-class fruit, the tree is grafted in France.

The culture of the common Walnut (Juglans
regia) is diffused all over Italy, from the Alpine to
the Sicilian valleys ; however, the number of these
trees has lately somewhat diminished, on account of
the incessant demand for its timber, which is much
used in carpentry — but in general, the tree is
more valued on account of its fruit. When the
nuts are fully ripe, which is in September and October,
the kernel, deprived of its investing skin, is eaten
in great quantities. As long as the skin can be
easily removed, they are a nutritious and healthy
article of diet, but when they get dry, so that
the adhering skin sticks to them, they become
indigestible.

Walnuts in the shell yield about one-third their
weight of picked kernels, which are the crumpled
cotyledons, or seed-leaves. In some northern dis-
tricts, particularly in Piedmont, the Walnut tree
has always been held in great estimation for the
production of oil, which, when newly made, has a
very agreeable taste, and can be employed in cookery,
as well as in the preparation of varnish. The
Canadian Walnut, although double the size of the
English Walnut, contains a much smaller kernel,
with a different flavour, being strong and slightly
pungent. The seeds of the black Walnut of North
America (J. nigra) are more oily than those of the
European Walnut. A large tree will yield 15 to 20
bushels in a season, selling at 4s. a bushel.

The Butter-nut, or grey Walnut, of America (J.
cinerea) has a taste similar to the Brazil-nut. The
kernel of J. Sieboldiana of Japan has a taste like
the Butter-nut, but less oily, and the shell is not so
thick as that of the black Walnut.

The nuts of J. Mandschurica, allied to J. cinerea,
are also available for the table. The kernels of the

Butter-nut in former times were pounded by the-
Indians of North America and boiled ; this opera-
tion separated the oily substance, and was used by
them as we use butter, hence its common name. The
Persian Walnut is about a third, or a half, larger
than the English Walnut ; of an elongated shape,
with very rich meat or kernel, and the shell as thin
as paper. It is not an unusual thing for a tree eight
to twelve years old to bear 30,000 nuts, or 12,000 lb.
There are four kinds, the kanate, the wanter,
the denu, and the kagkazi, the last of which is the
finest nut grown. The Walnut grows abundantly
in Kashmir, Nepal, and other parts of India, where
the fruits are largely used. It forms also an im-
portant article of consumption in Japan, quantities
being eaten in a raw state. They are also much
used there for making a kind of confection, by
cracking and removing the shell, without hurting
the kernel, which is afterwards coated with white
sugar, thus making an attractive and agreeable
sweetmeat.

The Walnut also furnishes there a bland oil, used
for domestic purposes. Iu China it seems to be
specially pressed for oil, as in some years over
12,000 tons of Walnut pulp are exported from the
port of Tientsin in the year. The Walnut is ex-
tensively cultivated in the Punjab, Himalaya, and
Afghanistan, a large annual supply being brought to
the plains of India by the KaouU and other traders
from the hills. The nut ripens there from July to
September. There are several well-known forms of
this nut met with, the soft-shelled kind from
Kashmir and Chamba being regarded as the best.
A bushel of Walnuts will yield fifteen pounds of
peeled kernels, and these will produce half that
weight of oil.

The Hickory-nuts (Carya alba) are very generally
eaten in the United States, and highly esteemed. It
is a fine nut, peculiarly shaped, encased in a thin but
strong shell. The kernel in flavour and formation
resembles pretty closely that of the English Walnut.
The nuts of C. microcarpa, closely related to C. alba,
is of pleasant taste, but smaller. Those of another
species, the shell-bark Hickory (C. amara), are thin-
shelled, and, being exceedingly bitter, are not eat-
able. The nut of C. sulcata is of a sweet pleasant
taste. The Mocker-nut (C. tomentosa) is small but
sweet and very oily. A variety produces nuts as
large as a small Apple, which are called King-nuts.
The Peccan-nut (C. olivosformis) is considered a
delicacy superior to the common Walnut. It breaks
easily, and has a nut entirely free from divisions.
The nuts keep long, and do not turn rancid, and are
exported to the West Indies. Texas annually
exports these nuts to the value of over £10,000.
The Peccan begins to bear at about ten years, and
the yield annually increases in quantity until the
full growth of the tree is attained. P. L.
Simmonds, F.L.S.

Colonial Notes.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN NEW ZEALAND.

Ik reading the Gardeners' Chronicle out here, we
are able to observe that the rage for these showy
flowers still exists, and we, out here, are always on
the look-out for new varieties, which of late have been
somewhat numerous. These flowers may be said to
have fairly " caught on " the colonials, who are now
devoting a large amount of attention to their cultiva-
tion. Our annual show of the Horticultural Society
was held on May 7 and 8, at Christchurch, Canter-
bury, and it surpassed all its previous exhibitions, both
in cut blooms and pot plants. The classes were more
numerous, and the number of exhibitors was far in
excess of previous years. The attendance of the
public was uncomfortably great to be pleasant, the
hall being crowded each day, thus showing that the
love for these flowers is on the increase. Of course
there was a class for the " largest bloom," some of
which (Japs) measured 10 inches in diameter, and

220

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Auocsr 2?, 1891.

the incurved were remarkably good. Amongst the
varieties of recent introduction we noticed : —

Incurved.— Charles Gibson, Emily Dale, Alfred
Lyne, Lady Dorothy, Lord Eversley, Violet Tomlin,
Miss M. A. Haggas, and many others.

Japanese. — Charles Dixon, Condor, Lilian B. Bird,
Chasta, Sunflower, Anna M. Payne, Avalanche,
Etoile de Lyon, Eynsford White, Gloriosum, George
Daniels, Mrs. Andrew Carnegie, Mrs. J. Wright,
Meg Merrilies, Mons. W. Holmes, Onward, Stan-
stead Surprise, Mr. Ralph Brocklebank, L'EbourifK,
Mrs. E. W. Clark, Mrs. Falconer Jameson, Moon-
light, Mrs. Alpheas Hardy, Tokio, Fair Maid of
Guernsey, Mons. Juan Cruz de Eguileor, and many
other varieties, too numerous to note.

Seflexed.—T>i, Sharpe, Garibaldi, King of Crim-
sons, Mrs. Forsyth, Annie Salter, Chevalier Domage,
Elsie, Golden Christine, Amy Furze, Cullingfordi,
Putney George, Sceur Melaine, Cloth of Gold,
Talford Salter, and others.

Pompon. — Lady Margaret, Perle, George Sand,
Marie Stuart, Gluck, Fleur de Marie, Mr. Astie,
Queen of Anemones, Calliope, Antonius, Marabout,
Sreur Dorotbee Souille, Sunflower. This class does
not appear to come well to the front, although they
are so well adapted for cutting. It is the Japs that
seem to be most sought after, and one grower that I
am acquainted with is now growing upwards of one
hundred varieties of this class.

The pot culture is not carried ont on a very large
scale, possibly owing to the high price of the pots
and the extra attention that they require during the
growing sp.ison. W. A. C. Sumner, Canterbury, N.Z.,
May 20, 1891.

The Week's Work.

THE EFFECTS OF THE LAST
WINTER'S FROST ON THE FRENCH
AND ITALIAN ESSENTIAL OIL
CROPS.

Illustrations of the damage done by the severity
of the late winter continue to crop up in various
directions. Thus, we learn from the Chemist and
Druggist that the plants cultivated in Italy and the
South of France for the yield of essential oils have
suffered so severely as to considerably impair the
market supplies. Reports from Italy state that oil
of B?rgamot is exceedingly scarce, and realising
higher prices after every transaction. The principal
plants cultivated in France for these essential oils,
which are said to have been so much damaged by
last winter's frosts, are Thyme, Rosemary, Lavender,
and Pennyroyal. News from Spain also state that
the output of Geranium oil will this year be a very
small one, in consequence of the plantations having
suffered greatly from frost.

With regard to English oil plants cultivated at
Mitcham, a considerable acreage of the Peppermint
crops is said to have been winter damaged, espe-
cially on the heavy damp soils and on the more
exposed positions, so that some of the plants were
taken up. Lavender, also, has suffered severelv,
especially the old plants, of which the frosts have
apparently made short work, nearly all being
killed. With regard to the young plants, it is
yet too early to speak. During the closing week
or ten days of April, the price of the oil advanced
from about 35s. to 40s. per lb. The Camomile plants
have also suffered from the severe weather, and
wireworm made its appearance amongst the roots
to a considerable extent.

In connection with the subject of essential oils
it may be stated that the trade report for the
week ending May 2, states that the first consign-
ment of Cassia pomade shipped from British India
was recently received in London. It was only a
sample shipment, but if successful, it may be the
precursor of large quantities, as the flowers (Acacia
Farnesiana) are found growing wild in abundance.
It is claimed for the Indian pomade that it is
very considerably stronger than the strongest
French.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

PEAS. — Should dry weather occur, see that the
advancing rows of Peas do not suffer for want of
water, especially those coming into bloom ; and in
applying water to the soil, see that the rows are
thoroughly soaked. Those coming into bearing
should be supplied with liquid manure, and on light
soils heavily mulched ; and to keep them in bearing
as long as possible, the pods should be kept picked
off. Should mildew make its appearance, as it fre-
quently does at this time of year, the plants should
be dusted over with sulphur while moist with dew in
the early morning, avoiding the pods as much as
possible.

CAULIFLOWERS, such as Veitch's Autumn
Giant and the Autumn Mammoth varieties, are now
forming their flower-heads ; the whole beds should
therefore be carefully gone over, and the most forward
have their leaves gathered together and tied with
matting, to protect the heads from being discoloured
by the sun ; if mulched with partly-decayed manure,
the soil will be kept moist and cool, and the plants
assisted in developing fine solid white heads. Where
the soil is light they should be afforded frequent
waterings of sewage or liquid manure, otherwise the
heads will be small and ill-shaped.

Sowings of the various kinds of Cauliflowers to be
wintered in cold frames ehould now be made for
planting out next spring. I find a south border the
best place for making these sowings ; the border
should be well dug and dressed with soot, but avoid
using strong manures unless the ground is very poor, or
the plants would make too strong growth, whilst they
are at all times liable to form button-heads soon after
they are planted out in spring, and often even before
they are planted out, thus causing much disappoint-
ment. The various sorts should be sown in beds by
themselves, and carefully labelled. The soil should
be made moderately firm by treading the beds over
with the feet before sowing the seed ; this has the
effect of producing more fibrous roots than when
sown in loose soils. Loss of seeds by the birds is
best prevented by putting nets over the beds, resting
on forked stakes about a foot above the surface.
When the plants are large enough, they should be
pricked off into their winter quarters at G inches
apart, and when established, should be fully exposed
at all times, only putting the lights on to protect
them from heavy rains or severe weather. In
case the first lot raised should get too forward,
it is advisable to make a second sowing,
at an interval of about ten or twelve days.
Whatever may be said in favour of raising Cauli-
flower plants from seed sown in heat in January, I
still follow the old practice of raising a good stock of
plants at this season of the year for wintering in cold
frames or handlights. Plants thus treated, if they
are not deprived of air in fine weather, and not
covered up except in very hard seasons, seldom fail
to bring fine heads in the first or second week in
June. Walcheren, Early London, and King of the
Cauliflowers, are three good varieties for sowing at
this time. Magnum Bonum, First Crop, and Snow-
ball are not suitable for sowing now ; they are so
apt to button before they are planted out, but are
very valuable for early spring sowing. Where it is
intended to winter the plants under handlights, these
should stand on beds, 4 feet wide, and the handlights
formed in line down each bed at 3 feet apart. In the
spring, all the plants but three in each may be
planted elsewhere, those remaining will form the
earliest heads. C. J. Waite, Glcnhurst, Esher.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

RASPBERRIES. — These, as with many of our
useful fruits, are not unfrequently left growing on
the same plot of ground for a number of years, and
annually coated with rich manure till the ground
becomes as it were " sick," while the crops of fruit
are miserably poor. In all such cases I would urge
that a change of crop be made, and if the ground to
be planted is now at liberty, to lose no time in getting
it in readiness for the reception of the canes in
October. Land well drained, or that which rests on
a gravelly subsoil, may be left for a few weeks longer,
and then it should be trenched and well manured.
But in the case of heavy soils, preparations should
at once be commenced by deeply trenching.
There is no necessity to bring the bottom spit to the
top, but it should be thoroughly turned up and broken.

Heavy soils will be greatly benefited by working in
with the soil, as the trenching is being done, abund-
ance of road-scrapings, leaf-mould, or spent Mush-
room-beds, burnt earth, potting-bench refuse, &c.
If done at once, in about five weeks' time it should
againbe thoroughly stirred. Ground well prepared will
produce good Raspberries for several years. Plant-
ing may be done in a variety of ways, each of which
may have something special to recommend them.
Trained on wires, and planted in rows 6 feet apart,
answers well, but the method usually adopted by
market growers is to plant at about 5 feet in clumps
of threes, triangular, 12 inches from cane to cane ;
these are never staked, but shortened back to
4 feet in spring, and the results are very satisfactory.
It must also be borne in mind that the Raspberry is
a surface-rooter, and in consequence the soil for at
least 1 foot deep should be reasonably porous and
good. Newly-made plantations should not be allowed
to fruit the first year, but the canes should be cut
down to within a few inches of the ground-level so
soon as growth commences in spring. All fruitful
stools should now be gone over, cutting out the
canes which have fruited, making room for those
intended to bear next year, plenty of light and air to
ripen the wood being greatly needed this season.

STRAWBERRIES. — All planting to be done should
be completed at once, or the crops of next year will
be poor. Runners rooted on turves or in 60-pots
should fruit well next year, if got out at once on
deeply-tilled ground and made firm, but this should
be regulated according to the nature of the soil. It
is almost impossible to over-consolidate light land,
but that which is heavy should be very sparingly
trodden upon, especially in wet weather. Give the
final trim to all late sorts cleared of fruit, so that
each may produce good fruitful crowns by the end
of the season, and in making new plantations, only
plant those good and useful, in preference to growing
numerous varieties. H. Markkam, Mereworth Castle,
Maidstone.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

AMARYLLISES.— Plants of these that bloom first,
will have completed their growths some few weeks
since, and the leaves will now be showing signs of
decay ; but so long as they have any signs of life in
them, the soil must not be allowed to get so dry as to
hasten their dying off, as anything which destroys
the vitality of the foliage before its natural time
always tends to weaken the bulbs, and will also
affect the next year's bloom. It may often be seen
that Amaryllis, and also other bulbs, do not receive
a like amount of attention after they have done
flowering to that which is given tbem previous to
blooming, especially in the matter of keeping them
free from red-spider and thrips. The most effectual
remedy for these pests is to dip the leaves in a
solution of Gishurst's Compound. If the syringe is
used freely during the summer, so that the water
reaches both sides of the foliage, it is very seldom
that these pests will give much trouble. When
these plants are allowed to come on with little
more than sun- heat, the plants after blooming may
be placed in a cold frame to complete their growth,
and there is less danger from the attack of red-
spider and thrips than there was early in the
summer.

WINTER - FLOWERING CARNATIONS. — Plants
which have been grown in the open ground during
the summer should now be potted; it is a mistake to
leave the potting until later on, because Carnations
do not care for too much fire-heat, and when the
lifting is deferred until the growing season is over,
the roots are not able to make the progress necessary
to enable the plants to bloom well. Use great care
in lifting the plants, so as to secure as many of the
roots as possible without damaging them. The size
of the pots must be determined upon by the size of
the plants, as it is advisable to retain as much of the
soil intact as possible around the roots. When the
plants are potted, stand them in a pit so as to en-
courage the plants to make fresh roots, keeping them
rather close for several weeks till they get estab-
lished, when air should be given freely in the day-
time. After potting, be careful not to give water
until the plants require it, as Carnations at all times
are very impatient at having their roots kept too
moist.

FUCHSIAS. — The soil in which plants have
been kept stopped back have been growing in, will
be impoverished, and will require assistance in the
way of weak manure-water, as Fuchsias will not bear

August 22, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

22i

it so strong as most soft-wooded subjects, and where
concentrated fertilisers are used, the same care should
also be taken. Cuttings which were inserted some
time back will now be ready for potting into 5-inch
pots, they will make useful plants for blooming early
next spring. Good loam, rotten manure, leaf-soil,
and sand will be found a suitable compost for them.
Grow them in a pit close to the glass in an inter-
mediate temperature, and syringe freely to keep down
spiders. Plants which are struck during the summer
and kept growing slowly through the autumn and
winter, bloom much earlier in the season than
cuttings which are struck early in the year. E. Miner,
Penrioc Castle, Swansea.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIAN-HOUSE.— Although this is
not the season in which one usually expects to find a
large show of flowers in the warmest houses, still,
there are a goodly number of things of great beauty
that come in now. Foremost amongst these must be
placed Cattleya Dowiana and its congener, C. D.
aurea; these plants never fail in commanding the
attention of visitors who are not orchidists. Another
most useful plant, and one, too, that is sufficiently
cheap for any amateur to buy, is Saccolabium
Blumeimajus; it is one of, if not really the best
grower, of the whole genus. They do well when
planted either in pots or baskets, and grown in the
warmest and shadiest part of the house ; plenty
of moisture must be kept about the plants
during the growing season, which is from February
to November — during the winter no water should
be given unless the bottom leaves begin to feel limp
to the touch. Oncidium Krameri is a most useful
plant for summer flowering, commencing to send out
its flowers in the month of May ; the plants, when
strong, will continue flowering until late in the
autumn. These plants will be found to flourish in
about three parts peat to one of sphagnum moss,
and potted very firmly ; the pots should be as small
as it is possible to get the roots into, pinching of the
roots of this plant making a material difference
in its growth. Paphinia grandis is nearly
always in flower, and almost earns the name
of being a perpetual flowerer. I find theplant does
well when planted in baskets in peat, sphagnum
moss, and broken potsherds intermixed ; the roots,
which grow very fast, soon adhere to the hard sub-
stances in the potting compost, the plants growing
very fast. The flowers are sent out from the base of
the pseudobulb usually in pairs; they last about a
week in perfection. Epidendrum dichromum ama-
bile is now flowering; this plant has been given up
years ago in despair, as being such a bad doer.
Whether the plants that have been introduced
during the last few years are from the same
locality 1 know not, but they are certainly better
grown now than formerly, it being nothing unusual to
find it blooming freely now. Ccelogyne Massangeana
is blooming freely ; this is a very lovely Orchid when
grown strong and in small plants. They may be grown
either in baskets or hanging-pans, the litter I prefer
for several reasons, more especially for the facility
they give for breaking the plants up and repotting.
No settled wea'.her now seems likely, and the
orchidist must be continually upon the alert, for
cold nights come upon us quickly, and unless the
heating apparatus is in proper order, so that heat may
be at once turned on, checks will sure to follow, and
result in the spotting of the foliage, more especi-
ally so in the case of the Moth Orchids. It is a mis-
take to close the house entirely, with a well-meant
idea of keeping down the bill for fuel ; it is penny
wise and pound foolish. A. G. Catt, Parkfield, Hallow,
Worcester.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

MELONS.— It has been a difficult matter to get
Melons of excellent flavour with such changeable
weather of late, especially in damp houses ; but much
may be done by maintaining a brisk atmosphere and
free ventilation where the fruits are ripening. With
little sunheat and excessive moisture, either at the
roots or in the houses, the flavour of Melons is
greatly impaired, the fruits crack and decay before
properly ripe, so that when the fruits cease to swell,
great care is necessary, as a poor-fiavouted Melon,
however well it mav look, is very disappointing when
cut. It is also difficult to get well-ripened fruits in
houses or frames with plants in different stages.
Plants in frames, on a bed of manure, will have

made a gross growth if kept too moist, and to get
well-finished fruits, the growths must be kept well
thinned, so as to admit light and air. I advise careful
use of the watering-pot for some time towards the
finish, and if the plants show signs of rot at the
collar, apply fresh lime and powdered charcoal, and
syringe lightly for a time ; indeed, in frames, the use
of the syringe must be guided by the weather.
Every opportunity must be taken to hasten the
growth of Melons in cold frames, to get good fruits
by early closing, and due attention to ventilation,
not admitting cold air in large currents, as by doing
so, prevents the fruits swelling properly, and green-
fly and other pests make their appearance. Late
houses should be planted at once if good flavour is
required, as I do not care for Melons planted later
than the middle or third week in August, and even
these require good weather to get well-finished fruits.
I like pots for late and early Melons, as less top-
growth is made, and liability to canker is less ; and
they fruit sooner also with the roots restricted.
Feeding can also be better attended to than when
the plants have a large root space. I also advise a
variety with thicker skin for late fruiting if the
fruits are required to be kept for a time when ripe,
as late in the year they will keep longer when cut
and placed in a cool room.

CUCUMBERS. — If seed has been sown for winter
fruits, these will soon be ready to transfer to their
permanent quarters, and I need hardly add, to grow
them well a clean well-heated house is essential to
success. If, by chance, the seed-sowing has been
neglected, no time should be lost in sowing at once
in a nice bottom-heat, as the plants soon grow
rapidly, and cover their trellis, if not allowed to fruit
before winter. A few plants should be grown for
autumn fruiting, to save cropping those required for
winter work. A good light turfy loam is what they
like. I prefer loam stacked a few months, with
layers of horse-droppings placed at the time of
stacking. If the house is lofty, use 18-inch pots for
winter work, as these can be elevated, and fresh
fermenting materials placed round the tops to
encourage new roots in the winter, standing these pots
on a warm, thoroughly drained bottom, giving a day
temperature of 70°, and 10° lower at night for the
present, G. Wythes, Sion House, Brentford.

THE APIARY.

MARKETING HONEY.— Much less would be heard
about the trouble of disposing of honey if more care
were taken by bee-keepers in getting it up for sale in
a clean and attractive manner. It is more trouble,
perhaps, but trouble in this direction pays for itself,
and helps to create a greater demand for an un-
doubtedly wholesome and palatable article. Glazed
cases for sections are made in great variety, and
sections have the best appearance by being placed
in those having glass on both sides, so that, if held
up to the light, the clearness of the honey and finish
of the section on both sides can be seen. Glazed
cardboard cases are very good, and so are the
enamelled ones, made of zinc or tin. The latter are
now made in one piece, so as to fold up, after the
fashion of a wooden section, and are, therefore,
handier for transit from the manufacturers. They
can be had in various tints— light shades of pink or
blue are, perhaps, the best colours to set off the
honey. Mr. Howard has a one-piece section case
made of wood, to fold up precisely in the way of an
ordinary section. It is grooved on each side, to
admit of glazing, and the dovetail at one corner
makes all secure. Before being placed in the cases,
the sections should have all the propolis scraped off
them, and they should be graded, those not so well
sealed or finished being sold a little cheaper than
the perfect ones. If shopkeepers do not seem dis-
posed to buv, an arrangement can often be made for
them to take the honey on sale or return, a com-
mission of, say, fifteen to twenty per cent., being
allowed on that sold. Extracted honey should be
put into suitable bottles, the tall ones showing it off
to the best advantage. Screw caps are a little more
expensive but are to be preferred, as they look the
best, and are less trouble than the tie-over ones.
Bottles are now made to hold exactly a pound of
honey, the ones previously obtainable being some
ounces short.

ROBBING.— The robbing season has now com-
menced, and care must be taken not to leave any
honev or sweets about, so as to encourage the evil, as
oncefairly started, it is often a difficult matter to

stop it. Entrances should also be contracted, and
any opening of hives that may be necessary should
be deferred till late in the evening. RobbiDg may
often be stopped by hanging a cloth in front of the
hive attacked, that has been steeped in the carbolic
solution, or by some of the latter being sprinkled on
the alighting board.

FEEDING UP. — The following is the recipe for
making Byrup for autumn feeding, and the sooner
this job is finished the better, so that all may be
stored and sealed over before the colder weather
comes on : Five pounds of sugar to one quart of
water, boiled for a few minutes. Expert.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

BEDDING PLANTS. — Here the display, as viewed
from the Castle windows and from the terrace walks,
is very telling; the masses of crimson (Henri
Jacoby Pelargonium), pink (Christine Pelargonium),
yellow (Calceolarias floribunda and amplexicaulis),
mauve (Tom Thumb Ageratum), deep blue (Lobelia
pumila magnifica and Salvia patens — the latter the
most distinct shade of blue). White Verbenas, silver-
leaved, bronze, and tri-coloured Pelargoniums, inter-
mixed with yellow and blue Violas, Phlox Drum-
mondii, Heliotrope, Mignonette, Cineraria maritima,
and Morning Glory Clarkia, with its pretty reddish-
purple flowers, the petals of which are tipped with
white, showing to great advantage when contrasted
with the display made by the twenty-four oblong and
hexagon-shaped beds tilled exclusively with carpet bed-
ding (foliage) plants of various shades of colour. The
above-mentioned kinds of bedding plants may be ac-
cepted as being thoroughly reliable and good all-round
subjects for beading purposes, affording the distinct
and telling shades of colour ; and those readers who
have not got the kinds and 7arieties referred to
above, should obtain cuttings and work up a stock,
as cuttings are now plentiful, and their removal a
matter of necessity, in order to preserve a uniform
growth in plants filling the several beds, &c. This
cutting into shape and trimming of every description
of bedding plants, the picking off of yellow leaves
and spent flowers, must receive frequent attention,
as neglect of these simple, though highly necessary,
cultural details for four or five days would con-
siderably mar the effect of what might otherwise be
a good floral picture. By following a judicious
system of pinching and removing spent flowers and
seed-pods from the plants forthwith, the flowering
period of all subjects may be prolonged, as the
young shoots resulting from the pinching process
yield a succession of flowers. When Pentstemons,
Phloxes, Antirrhinums, and such like plants are
pinched or cut back, they break into fresh growth
lower down the main stem, and flower much
later than do the shoots that were not pinched,
and although the side or lateral growths do not
produce so fine flowers, what is lost in size is made
up in quantity.

FOLIAGE BEDS.— These are rich in softness and
brilliancv of tints, the silvery or creamy-white
foliage "of the Mesembryanthemum cordifolium
variegatum contrasting most effectively with the
bright-foliaged Alternanthera amoena and A. versi-
color grandis, which blend with the soft golden-
yellow Pyrethrum, the grey Echeveria secunda
glauca, and the green and silvery Sedums. These
need frequent thinning out, clipping into shape so
as to confine each colour to its own panel or boun-
dary-line, so as to properly define and preserve the
character of the several designs, perfect neatness of
the whole being the great charm of carpet or
geometrical bedding.

GENERAL WORK. — This consists in pushing
forward the propagation of all kinds of bedding
plants that are not yet put in, the completion of the
layering of Carnations, and insertion of pink pipings
in handlights or frames placed on a gentle hotbed,
prepared as recommended at p. 103 of Gard. Ghron.
for July 25, and treated in the manner there described.
Cuttings of Alternantheras, Verbenas, Mesembry-
anthemums, Salvia patens, and such like, will strike
best in a close, moist frame, the young growths
from the bases of the plants being only used. Attend
to the watering of large plants growing in tubs and
pots about the flower-garden, also vases, and keep
yellow leaves and over-blown flowers picked off the
plants. Keep Dahlias, Castor-oils, Sunflowers.and
the like, well tied to their supports. H. W. Ward,
Longford Castle.

222

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, shou'd be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be -written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and. duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the tignature will not be
printed, but kept as a gu arantee of good faith,

LOCAL News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which, it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
hut to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY

SHOWS.

t Royal
I hibit
O.r,' Frnii

' Royal Horticultural Society's Ex-
I hibition of Gladioli, Orchids,
Aug. 2bJ Fruit, &c.

j Lecture by Rev. H. H. D'Ombrain

on " Gladioli," at 3 p.m.

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 26 { g^^ET*'™ ^ ^

THURSDAY,
FRIDAY,

Aug. 27— Oxfordshire.

Aug. 28

( Falkirk.

) Sandy and District.

SALES.

/"Special Trade Sale of Dutch Bulb?,
„„,,„.,, .,.„ ,.) at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

MONDAY. AuG- 24S Dutch Bulbs. Liliums, &c, at

\ Stevens' Rooms.

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 2b-j sterns' Rooms.

murra-niv «„^ oi S Special Trade Sale of Dutch Bulbs,
IMUKbDAl, Ais-^j at Protherce & Morris' Rooms.

■cT>Tr»A\' A,.^ oa f Imported and Established Orchids

*RWA\, AIG. .iS-j at protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

AUG. 29

.ici f Dutch Bulbs, Liliums, &c,

"( Stevens' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 60°.9.

Attention has frequently been

Things " going ., , , . , ' ,

. r „ , called, m this place, to the un-

to be done. ' . r '

equal distribution of green spots

in and around London, as shown on a coloured
"guide" map, and, amongst other things, the
hope was expressed, that parks and open spaces
might increase and multiply-- not such great
spaces as the Regent's and Hyde Parks, but those of
-. the " little and good " order. At that date, one
could from the top of the Monument see many
quiet nooks in the heart of the City, with its one
or more trees and greenest of green turf. To-
day, looking from the same coign of vantage, some
trees are still to be seen in the " square mile of
the City," but, like unto the Dodo, trees threaten
to become extinct. Were space allowed for their
growth, the enormous piles of buildings shutting
out the sun would act as life extinguishers.
Since the time we speak of, five-eighths of the
City's population have been dislodged and driven
off to the circumference of greater London, and
the recent census shows also that the parishes
immediately adjacent to the " government " of
the Lord Mayor are either gradually losing
their inhabitants, or are stationary as to number
of population. Those who sighed for and,
Falstaff-like, "babbled o' green fields," have
been driven nearer and nearer to the old limits
of these only to find streets, and squares, and
terraces, and " groves " without trees, filling up
the once-green margin of the metropolis.
Where the population have not been drafted off
in a wholesale manner, so-called " models " have
been erected — huge blocks of barracks from some
of which the sunlight appears to be quite ex-
cluded. There are large playgrounds in most
of these " model " groups, but there are no

trees in them — even where there is any
chance of their living. We have seen one ex-
ception, near the Surrey Theatre, and there the
trees — part of an old garden — were doing well
when last we saw them.

Driven far away from the heart of London,
the displaced inhabitants have been earnest in
their endeavour after open spaces, and to-day the
record is a very promising one indeed. Commons
have been taken in hand by the metropolitan
authorities, and various generous individuals
have either given open spaces free of cost for
the good of all, or have made the terms of
acquisition so easy as to make them irresistibly
tempting. One among the latest of such " bits "
is Clissold Park — dear to Stoke Newington.
The other day, as recorded, a magnificent
addition was made to Epping Forest, which is
now almost at the end of some of our London
streets. The myriad beauties of that " cockney
elysium " are becoming well known to thousands
who are not of the class devoted to tea and
shrimps, or to frequenting the huge " taps " at
the so-called " hostelries." Of its great work in
connection with Epping Forest, the Corporation
of London has every reason to be proud ; all the
reading world knows the story, and visitors from
all parts of the world yearly feast their eyes on
the beauties of Nature now so well cared for. The
following is a brief record of things done, some
of which, a score of years ago, were not even
thought of. Placing on one side the older
Parks, and adding to them Victoria and Battersea
Parks, we have : — Finsbury Park, Ilornsey ;
Southwark Park, Dulwich Tark, Brockley Park,
West Ham Park, Kennington Park, Clissold Tark,
Stoke Newington. Mention ought also to be
made of Highgate Woods, Hadley Common,
New Barnet ; Clapbam, Streatham, and Mitcham
Commons, Peckham Rye, and Parliament Hill,
Hackney ; Plumstead Common, West Smith-
field Garden (in front of St. Bartholomew's
Hospital) ; and one or two open squares ; all
the old churchyards open for children to play in,
and other places for recreation in crowded
neighbourhoods, such as the Tower Gardens ;
and lastly, there is going to be opened, one of
these fine days, the new Park called Highgate
Park.* It will be seen that the newest of
open spaces and parks are situated just where they
are required ; and the success of the agitation
began many years since is great indeed.

From time to time attention has also been called
to the paucity of markets for the sale of fruit,
roots, and vegetables to the Londoner. As it
was a quarter of a century since, so it is to-day ;
there are five markets in greater London — the
Borough, Covent Garden, Farringdon, Spital-
fields, and Stratford markets, the latter the most
modern accession. The population to be provided
for, numbers between four and five millions — at
any rate well into the fifth million ; in a few
years there will be five millions, and as possibly
there will then be no more markets than now,
there will then be one market for each million
of inhabitants ! Who has been to blame for
this, need not be noticed here— who will be to
blame ten years hence if the number of market
places be not doubled may be asked of County
Councils. Were it not for the greengrocer, the
ubiquitous " coster," whose carts and barrows
are everywhere to be found, London would be
much worse off than it is now. The ground got
over by the coster in a morning is something to

* As we write, negotiations are being carried on between
the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and the Fulham Vestry, in
which the London County Council has been joined, with the
object of securing for public use at Fulham several acres of
land, to be laid out in proper style. There seems every possi-
bility of the negotiations ending in the way desired.

think of. All the same, the distribution of our
green stuff in London is on a most barbarous scale,
and constitutes a " crying " evil. Of course,
there are many little street markets much fre-
quented— not always by the very poor alone ;
but these are simply allowable under existing
circumstances. Of late years, the City of London
has been moving wisely and well in the matter
of markets, and on the City's verge, close to
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, are meat, poultry,
fish, and provision markets, in which an enor-
mous business is done day by day. The old
Farringdon vegetable market having long since
been condemned, the Corporation is now having
a new structure erected — one of the great
market blocks. The situation is somewhat near
the bed of the long-diverted Fleet river (or ditch ! ),
almost midway between old Field Lane, well-known
to the Turpins and Jack Sheppards of the period,
and the ancient Bear Garden close by Mount
Pleasant, when, on occasion, lady (!) pugilists
" put up their hands " for a purse. Pepys, in
his Diary, tells of this precious bit of Old
London. The site of the market is near to that
Ely Place of which our readers have on occasion
read in these pages ; it is also easy of approach
from all parts of London, and beneath and
around it are lines of railway, stretching away
on every hand. Surely a fitting site for one of
those things which were " going to be done " so
many years ago, and which, whatever its size
may be, promises to be well done. The con-
tractors for the sub -structure — now finished —
are Messrs. Rtjdd & Son, of Grantham, and
their foreman, Mr. R. Campbell, gave us a few
particulars concerning this part of the con-
tract, which are of interest. He stated
about 25,000 yards of earth were removed from
the site ; that there are about 1300 tons of
steel in the girders and columns ; about 600,000
stock bricks used in the arching to form the floor
of the market ; about 6000 yards of concrete
used in the formation of the same — all in
cement. He states that the site is about 200 feet
square ; the sub-basement to be used by the
Great Northern Railway as a goods depot. The
superstructure will be the work of Messrs. Perry
& Co., of Bow, and will be composed chiefly of light
cast-iron work on cast ornamental columns ; the
surbase being of Aberdeen granite, with a red-
brick wall rising to window-sill line. The roof
will be composed chiefly of light ironwork and
glass. The architect is A. Peebles, Esq., and
the new market will be opened early in 1892.
The total cost will be about £60,000.

It may be objected that the new Farringdon
Market is not half large enough — the proper
objection is, as to the number of markets in the
metropolitan area. Possibly when gas and water
have been seen to by the folks at Spring Gar-
dens, the subject now under consideration here
may be placed in the hands of a Council Com-
mittee, with a result which surely cannot but be
of value to the long-suffering inhabitants of the
metropolis — and things in the market line now
" going to be " done become accomplished facts.

STRAWBERRIES IN KENT.— Strawberry picking in
Kent is done mainly by the London poor ; the women
earn about 27s. per week, but men considerably less —
as a rule, girls beat boys by long odds at Strawberry
picking. Fig. 28 represents a field of 50 acres, at
Swanley, which has produced a large crop of Sir
Joseph Paxton Strawberries. At Wood's jam factory,
which is close to the field, about 50 tons of the fruit
were daily made into pulp. The crop this year was
heavy, and the advantage of a factory on the spot for
such fruit is manifest. For our illustration we are
indebted to the kindness of Mr. Cannell.

August 22, 1801.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Carnations for Conservatory Decora-
tion—The Committee of the Midland Counties
Carnation and Picotee Society, desirous of en-
couraging the cultivation of these plants in pots for
indoor decoration, offered liberal prizes at their
exhibition on the 8th inst., for twelve plants grown
in pots, not exceeding C inches diameter inside
measurement, and only one plant in a pot. Unfor-
tunately, the season is such a late one for these
flowers, that the display of plants in pots was not of
such an extent and character as it would have been
ten days later, for Mr. C. H. Herbert, the manager
of Messrs. Thomson's nurseries, Birmingham, had

they can be grown easily in 5 or 6-inch pots quite well
in the smaller size. The soil should, if possible, consist
of good turfy loam in three parts, the other fourth
of good leaf-soil and very rotten manure with a little
coarse sand may be added, and potting very firmly.
The plants should be kept in a well-aired frame, and
watered only very lightly at first until they have
root-hold, then more frequently, but always taking
care not to over-water them, as it produces spots
in the foliage. Of course aphis and any other
pests should be well looked after. The Carnation
and Picotee in pots for indoor decoration richly
deserve a little attention, and I hope these plants

Constance Heron, Campanini, Clara Penson, Mrs.
Herbert, Mrs. Payne, Lyddington's Favourite,
Novelty, and Brunette. Mrs. Sharp and Cam-
panini are very beautiful varieties for decoration.
Then, amongst yellow-ground varieties with rich mark-
ings, Almisa, Annie Douglas, Rachel, and Stadrath
Bail may especially be mentioned, but there are so
many others also which are valuable as pot varieties.
Amongst Carnations possessing the habit and
qualities named were : — Selfs: Olivette, lovely pale
rose ; William Spinks, crimson ; Dazzle and Gentle
Jackie, both bright scarlet ; Germania, pale yellow ;
Blushing Bride, a very fine variety ; Mis. Muir,

Fig. 28. — hardy fruit culture : strawberry pickers at work at swanley. from a photograph, (see p.

potted up about 100 plants in 5-inch pots so as to
make a considerable display upon the occasion, but as
it was he could only muster the dozen plants in flower
with which he took the 1st prize. " I have just seen
his collfction," writes a correspondent; "the plants
potted-up are in full bloom, and I regret that they can-
not be seen at a large exhibition as an example of the
suitability of these plants for greenhouse and indoor
decoration ; a plant of Mrs. Herbert, a new variety,
pure white with a wide margin of bright rbse, has
eleven blooms now open, and is a charming decora-
tive plant. For growing on in pots, good sturdy
plants which show side growths of 'grass,' should
be selected and potted up by the end of March, and

will have more of this care devoted to them. The
best varieties for this purpose are those which are
not the tallest growers and are free-bloomers, and
do not possess a split pod or calyx, and have a good
constitution. Souvenir de la Malmaison and Mrs.
Reynolds Hole are both well-known varieties. We
have now a host of beautiful kinds, which are equal
in colours to the two named, and have form, quality,
and well-formed pods, and some of them fragrant. I
noticed at Spark Hill the following varieties as
possessing the qualities I have named above, and
therefore suitable for small -pot culture, viz. —
Picotees, having a white ground colour with rose,
purple, or scarlet edging; Dr. Epps, Mrs. Sharp,

Mrs. Ford, and Annie Lakin, all three very fine
white selfs ; Mary Morris, pink ; Mrs. Hewson
Morris, scarlet ; Cleopatra, rich purple. Others are,
Terra Cotta, shaded salmon and maroon ; Delicata,
white, flaked with rose ; Florence Nightingale, white,
flaked with purple ; and Alismonde, white, with
bright scarlet flakes. This list can easily be added
to, for we are now so well off for splendid self and
fancy-coloured varieties ; and those who had the
privilege of inspecting Mr. Dodwell's extensive col-
lection at Oxford must have been struck with the
great headway our florists are making in these
favourite flowers. Then we are fast losing the
rough edge of so many of our border flowers, still

224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

prized by those who know little or nothing of our
greatly improved forms, with endless lovely shades
of colour. We are also getting perfume in many of
the kinds, and this is a great desideratum to those
especially who do not grow for exhibition. Mr.
Dodwell's bright lovely rose self, Euphrosyne, has a
delightful Clove fragrance ; and Mr. C. H. Hebeert's
grand new scarlet and yellow Picotee, A. W. Jones,
has a strong Clove Carnation-scented perfume, and
is a fine pot decorative variety in the bargain.
Others also are fragrant, a quality which will find
favour with the ladies."

CAUTION.— We have lately been informed of
more than one instance in which access has been
obtained to nurseries and private gardens by
persons representing themselves to be members of
our staff. The last instance of the kind occurred on
the 15th inst. at Croxteth Gardens, Liverpool. We
do not, as a rule, send any member of our staff to
make such visits without previously ascertaining
whether or not such visit would be convenient ; and
the reporter, if a stranger to his host, should, more-
over, present his card of introduction from the
editor.

DEODAR Coning.— We have received from Mr.
Hebrjn, of Dropmore, and from Mr. Mayne, of
Bicton, cones of the Deodar. The only other we
have seen is one produced a year or two ago at Kew.
We hope to give a figure of the cone shortly, as it
differs slightly from that of the Atlas and the
Lebanon kinds.

The Conference of the British Fruit
Growers' Association at Cardiff on Aug. 12

was held in conjunction with the local horticultural
society's exhibition in the Sophia Gardens. A large
tent was devoted to the Conference, which was
largely attended, the Marquis of Bute presiding,
and being supported by the Rev. G. A. Jones,
Alderman Lewis (Deputy Mayor), Mr. T. F. Rivers,
Mr. E. J. Baillie, F.L.S., of Chester ; Mr. Black-
more (Secretary of the Cardiff Horticultural Society),
Mr. G. Gordon, and Mr. Lewis Castle (Hon. Sec).
After a few words from the Chairman, Mr. Gordon
gave a review of the work of the Association, and
the extension of fruit culture. Mr. A. Pettigrew
then read his excellent paper on "Hardy Fruits for
South Wales," and Mr. E. J. Baillie an address on
"Fruit Culture as an Industry," both printed in our
last issue.

Fruit Congress at Manchester.— Prepara-
tions are now being made for holding a large exhibi-
tion of hardy fruits in the Royal Botanical Gardens,
Manchester. The exhibition will open on October 20 ;
the congress meeting on the following day.

Begonias. — Messrs. Laing send us some
Begonias grown by Mr. Gold, The Gardens, High
Ashurst, Dorking, from seed supplied by Messrs.
Laing, and sown in January last. In point of size
and doubleness these are very remarkable. In some
the petals are regularly disposed as in a double Balsam,

4 inches across, another in which the column of
stamens has been replaced by a long series of petals

5 inches long. In another flower a globular mass
more than 4 inches in diameter is remarkable for
the production of several centres. In other words
several adventitious flowers are developed within the
first flower. As malformations these are very extra-
ordinary, very showy, and of great botanical interest;
but they can hardly be called Begonias !

Stock-Taking : July.— The barometer of
the " Stock Exchange " is a ready record of political
and monetary disturbances, which fluctuates from
day to day— nay, according to the evening papers,
from hour to hour ; the permanent record is surely
that now before us in the Board of Trade Monthly
Returns. It was evident at the close of last month
that there were " in the air " such disturbances as
affect trade and commerce ; what was " in the air "
is now chronicled, and we have to record a decrease in
our imports for July of some £258,518, and in the
exports of British and Irish products of £2,376,224.

Some of the nations of Europe are playing at " brag,"
and Russia is in the early throes of a serious deficit
in her corn crops. Surely reason sufficient all this
for the figures above recorded. It may be noted
here that the imports for the first seven months of
the year show an increase over the same period
last year of £5,085,164 ; and that the decrease in
exports over the same period is placed at £5,865,937
— £3,489,713 being the drop for six months, all as
compared with the first seven months of last year.
The exports of foreign produce show an increase in
the month of July amounting to £660,800 — and a
decrease in this export of £476,253 for the seven
months. The following figures are abstracted from
the " summary " of exports for the month last
recorded : —

1890.

1891.

Difference.

Total value for month

£.

£J3,082,629

£.
£32,824,111

£.

—258,518

$11.— (A.) Articles of
food and drink —
duty free

11,969.090

12,103,213

+134,123

(B.) — do., dutiable-

2,023,790

2,183,195

+159,405

$VI. — Raw materials
for textile manufac-
tures (including
Flax, Hemp, and
Jute)

3,407,637

4,107,537

+699,900

$VTI. — Raw materials
forsundry industries
and manufactures
(including wood and
timber, hewn, sawn,
split, dressed ; vege-
table materials, for
paper-making, &c.)

4,492,390

3,967,914

—524,476

$IX. — Miscellaneous
articles (including
Clover, Grass, Flax,
Rape, Linseed)

915,029

905,328

— S9.701

(B.)— Parcel Post ...

41,928

45,938

+4,010

The increase in the amount placed to the credit of
the Parcel Post is worthy of note : it shows an
increase of £4010 over the record for July, 1890.
There is a not very pleasant note to make with
respect to the imports from some portions of Greater
Britain — recent correspondence in an evening con-
temporary stating that the fruits of their harvests
go into the exchequer of the money-lender. This
is very much to be deplored — and we think the
fostering of agricultural banks in the districts
affected by this not very modern parasite deserving
the attention of statesmen in the localities affected.
It is pleasant to record the increase in the corn-
producing area of our sons across the water — of the
cattle ranches and their fruit orchards ; it is in pro-
portion pitiful to note the prevalence of such a blight
as the money-grub. The following are our usual
extracts from the general returns, of interest to all
growers, large and small : —

bush.

1890.

1891.

Difference

J II. Fruit:—
Apple9, raw

12,453

27,055

+ 14,602

Unenumerated, raw

402,392

495,737

+93,395

Onions

191.606

265,984

+74,378

Potatos

Vegetables, raw, unenu-
merated

cwt.
value

368,049
£99,594

900,319
152,747

+532.270
+53,147

There can be no time better than the present for
considering an aspect of " stock-taking," which has
not, so far as we are aware, presented itself to any of
our contemporaries. The Board of Trade presents
us month by month and year by year with very com-
plete returns of our imports and exports. We know
all about what the foreigner and the colonist send us
in the shape of provisions and raw and manufactured
materials. All things from and including Onions
and gold, once a year we get to know as nearly as
returns can tell us how much of all this huge mass
is intended for London. Though, of course, much
of this is manipulated and then started off to
provincial towns, such as pork, which, after being
passed through the " stove " is sent into the country
as bacon. Who can tell what all the railways with
a terminus in London draw from the country for

consumption in the^Metropolis ? All day and night,
all the year round, provisions of every description,
including fruits, roots, and vegetables, are being
poured into London by nearly a dozen principal
railway companies. What is it they bring, and
how much is there of it ? The companies cannot
tell us this— rather, they state their inability to do so.
We may, under these conditions, be forced to work
out a system of averages, in order to get at a possible
total. Thus, there are so many men, women, and
children in Greater and Lesser London, each on
the average consume so much fruit, roots, vege-
tables ; so much beef, mutton, pork ; so much cheese,
butter, milk, spirits or malt liquors ; and thus we
get into the land of probabilities, which is the
country of big figures and often of extravagances.
But is the obtaining even correct aggregates an
impossibility? A contributor to these pages during
the last score of years essayed to have this ques-
tion answered, so far as the commodities with which
our readers are mainly concerned, and the results
of his essay may be thus briefly summarised. He
wrote to the traffic managers of all the great
lines, and of their principal feeders, asking
for the weights of the fruits, roots, and vege-
tables carried over the various systems to the metro-
polis as the consuming centre — also, if pos-
sible, and for purposes of comparison for the
totals of 1890. All the traffic managers appealed to
replied in the most courteous terms, some excusing
themselves on one ground or another quite under-
standable, a few sent representatives or invited our
contributor's personal explanation ; the result, how-
ever, is — the figures respecting the food supply of
London, so far as can be given by our railway com-
panies, are not to be had ; and it follows that,
though quite able to give all the information re-
specting the supplies from foreign lands, we are in
the dark respecting our home production. One
official informed our representative that their
system of entry was practically perfect, boasting
that, did his company carry Sheffield wares,
he could furnish not only the number and gross
weight of cases or packages carried ; but also the
various items of contents ! The representative of
another line pooh-poohed the idea of any company
being able to do such a thing. Evidently, however,
there was a willingness to furnish all information
come-at-able ; and we can only hope that this depart-
ment of " Stock-taking " may receive their early and
kind attention. We may note that any day there
may be found in the daily papers the " traffic
returns " from all railway companies — so much for
passengers, and so much for goods ; this, doubt-
less, has its influence on share and stock trans-
actions ; Buch information as we require would help
to " popularise " railways — make them more and
more to appear as necessities of life, as most un-
doubtedly they are in a marked degree to the
denizens of this great metropolis.

Newcastle and District Horticultural
Mutual Improvement Society.— The inaugural

meeting of this Society was held at the Literary
and Philosophical Institute on the 14th inst. The
chair was occupied by Wsr. Angus, Esq., who de-
livered a very appropriate address. Mr. Bernard
Cowan, of South Shields, proposed a resolution
pledging the meeting to do its utmost to further the
interests of the Society, and in supporting it spoke
of the numerous advantages to be gained by mutual
intercourse. He also advocated the establishment of
a Botanical Garden in Newcastle, and spoke of the
rapid development of public parks in the district.
This was seconded by Mr. A. Heslop, and sup-
ported by Messrs. Smith and Irvine, each of whom
urged gardeners and horticulturists generally to
support the Society. The resolution was carried
unanimously. There was a good attendance, and a
great interest was manifested in the proceedings
throughout. The following officers were elected : —
President, Norman C. Cookson, Esq. ; Vice-Presi-
dents, Alderman Thos. Bell, and Wm. Angus,
Esq.; Chairman, Mr. B. Cowan; Vice- Chairmen,
Mr. A. Heslop and Mr. Irvine ; Treasurer, Mr. R,

August 22, 1S91.]

THE GAB DE NEBS' CHBONICLE.

225

Moffatt, Leazes Park ; Secretary, Mr. J. Hood, jun.,
West Parade, and a committee of four gardeners,
four under-gardeners, and four amateurs.

THE FORMS OF L ILIUM
LONGIFLORUM AND BROWNI.

We have had this year at Kew a far more extensive
set of forms of these two species than ever we
possessed before. So far as present information
goes, I should classify them under two species as
follows : —

Lilium loogiflorum as a species is distinguished
from L. Browni by its flowers being more narrowly
funnel-shaped when fully expanded, and by its more
slender linear anthers and yellow pollen.

The typical longiflorum is so well known that I
need not describe its peculiarities. It is now flowering
in quantities at Kew, in full perfection at the middle
of August in beds behind the Palm-house and south

Bouth end of the temperate-house. In the rockery,
it is now (August 12) in full flower. The stems
are Ik to 2 feet long, the leaves linear, conspicuously
three-nerved, 4 to 5 inches long, half an inch broad.
The one to three flowers are half a foot long,
tinged conspicuously with reddish-brown to the top
on the outside, with the connivent funnel 4 inches
long and 1} inch in diameter; at the top, the
outer segment is 1 inch broad, the inner \h inch, with
the yellow anthers of the type, and pale stigma. In
the temperate-house it has flowered a fortnight
earlier, reached a height of 5 or 6 feet, with leaves
6 or S inches long, flowers but little tinged with
brown outside, and an oblong capsule 3 inches long.
L. Browni as a species is distinguished by its more
open flower, the connivent funnel of which is 2 inches
or more in diameter at the top, when it is fully
expanded by its stouter anthers with bright red-
brown pollen. We used to think this was the
japonicum of Thunberg, but when Mr. Elwes was
preparing his Monograph the authorities of the

JAMES 0 I1BIEN.

of the Cactus-house. In the type the stems are Ik
to 2 feet high, upper leaves glossy, an inch or more
broad ; the flowers are few in number, with no brown
on the outside, 5 or 6 inches long, with a connivent
tube, 3 or 4 inches long, and 1.} inch in diameter at
the throat ; inner segments li to 2 inches broad,
outer much narrower.

Takesima differs from the type by its brown stem,
and flowers tinged with brown on the outside.

Eximium and Wilsoni differ from the type by
their taller stems, more numerous broader leaves,
and more numerous flowers, with a connivent tube
5 to 6 inches long, not tinged with brown ou the
outside, but, as in the type, faint green in the bud
stage ; the outer segments, when expanded, faintly
tinged with green, and the inner with a narrow faint
green keel. There is an excellent ligure of eximium
in Elwes' Monograph. Harrisii only differs from
eximium by its more robust growth and more
numerous flowers.

We have had formosanum this year at Kew, both
out-of-doors in the rock garden, and indoors at the

museum at Upsala kindly lent us Thunberg's type
specimen, and we found, to our surprise, that it was
not this species, but what we had been calling
Krameri, so that we had to fall back upon the next
oldest name for the present plant, which is Browni.

The typical L. Browni is well known. It is widely
cultivated, and is well! figured in the Monograph of
Elwes, and in the Flore des Serrcs. The name
Browni was first published in 1845 by Miellez, after
a nurseryman at Slough. We have not at present
in cultivation at Kew the Oderum of Planchon in
Flore des Serres, t. 876, 87". This is the plant that
is figured under the name of japonicum by Dr.
Gawler in the year 1813 in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 1591, and was described as such in my paper in
the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1871. It is more delicate
than typical Browni, with flowers less tinged with
brown on the outside, a whitish or yellowish bulb,
not a brown one, with narrower scales, green, not
reddish-brown stems, and thinner, less glossy leaves.

Dr. Henry's Chloraster, I now think, must be
placed as a variety of Browni. The following is an

amended description of the plant that flowered this
year in the open air in Kew Gardens : —

Stem, 3 feet long, brownish towards the base. Leaves about
forty, lanceolate, rather glossy, about 3 inches long, ^ to 5 inch
broad, 3-nerved, the upper broader. Flowers 3 or 4 onspreadiDg
peduncles, 3 to 4 inches long. Perianth about o inches long,
beginning to reflex an inch from the top, the throat of the
funnel 2^ inches diameter in the expanded flower. Seg-
ments all showing a distinct green keel both inside and out-
side, tinged with brown on the outside towards the base, both
sets much narrower than in typical Browni, the outer an inch
broad at the top of the funnel, the inner an inch and a half .
Stamens an inch shorter than the perianth, filaments
pubescent; anthers \ inch long, with bright red pollen. Style
more slender than in typical Browni, and the stigma smalhr
and brownish.

The bulbs were sent, with those of Lilium Henryi,
by Dr. Henry from Western China. There is a fourth
form amongst Dr. Henry's bulbs which may be dis-
tinguished as var. platyphyllum. The flower of this
resembles the last, but the stem is not more than a
foot long, the leaves are broader and the anthers an
inch long.

Var. viridulum. Baker, in Gardeners' Chronicle,
1885, pt. ii., p. 131, is a fifth form of Browni, with very
short broad leaves and flowers cream-coloured,
hardly at all tinged with brown on the outside. It
was introduced by Mr. T. S. Ware. Dr. Henry states
that in the provinces of Ichang in Western China
where it grows wild amongst the mountains, L.
Brownii produced, when cultivated, as many as
fifteen flowers. The inner segments in the cultivated
plant are often a couple of inches broad.

I find in all these forms the style grows longer as
the flower expands. When it first opens, the stigma
is about on a level with the top of the anthers, but
by the time the flower fades it overtop s them. J. G,
Baker, Kew, August 12.

JAMES O'BRIEN.

James O'Beien, born at Llanelly, Wales, January
26, 1S42, belongs to a family of gardeners and
Orchid growers, and although brought up for the
civil service, a visit to his brother, who was gar-
dener to Mr. East, at Lee in Kent, where there
was one of the best collections of Orchids, and
especially Angracums and Phalrcnopsis of the time,
caused him to run in the old groove. He stayed
there three years, and then went to Messrs. Parker
& Williams, Seven Sisters Road, Holloway, to take
charge of the Orchids and Perns, and in a great
measure, of the exhibiting. Afterwards he was with
Robert Warner, Esq., in charge of the Orchids ; then
for a time with Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., among the
Orchids. Subsequently he was for between two and
three years Orchid and plant foreman at Robert
Stayner Holford, Esq., Westonbirt, Tetbury. Then
for a like time and in a like capacity with Robert
Hanbury, Esq., Poles, Ware. On leaving the Poles he
became manager for many years, during the palmy
days of the concern, to Messrs. E. G. Henderson &
Son, Wellington Road and Maida Vale, St. John's
Wood, since leaving which firm, about 1882, he has
taken no appointment. During all this time he has
always been glad to give any information regarding
Orchids, and has consequently had a large corre-
spondence ; among his correspondents being Charles
Darwin and many other scientific men. Reichenbach
scarcely let a week elapse without writing to him,
and we, ourselves, are under great obligations to
him for constant assistance in this department.

Mr. O'Brien, during his career, has had a good
many men under him, who have turned out men of
mark, and who are now occupying good positions in
private gardens, and also as curators in colonial
botanic gardens. His knowledge of garden plants,
and his recollection of a plant once seen, have
acquired him the reputation of knowing more plants
at sight, and especially Orchids, than any man in
Europe. Mr. O'Brien has for many years been a
member of the Floral, Scientific, and Orchid Com-
mittees of the Royal Horticultural Society, and has
acted as Secretary to the Orchid Committee ever
since its formation.

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONIGLE.

[August 22, 1891.

Home Correspondence.

TURNIP FIELD PE8T. — Since my letter of the
30th ult. to the papers on the above subject, I
have received numerous inquiries about Brentini's
" Lessive." Will you allow me to state through
your columns, that full particulars may be obtained
from the Secretary to the Evissel Syndicate, Lmtd.,
76, Finsbury Pavement, E.C. George P. Ivey.

FUCHSIA TR1PHYLLA.— This singularly distinct
and charming species is now in flower in one of the
temperate homes at the Botanical Gardens, Bir-
mingham. Mr. Latham states that in order to flower
it a little warmth is required — more than can be had
in a cold greenhouse at this season of the year. It
is a shrub-like plant of somewhat horizontal growth,
the small orange- scarlet flowers banging down from
the branches. Of more botanical interest perhaps
than of decorative value, it is yet a plant well worthy
of cultivation, though possibly very scarce. Mr.
Latham states some have failed to flower the species,
but under the treatment given to it at Edgbaston it
flowers fairly well. R. D.

SETTING UP CARNATIONS FOR EXHIBITION.— I
hope we are fa3t nearing the time when the practice
of setting up these flowers with paper collars will be a
thing of the past. This sentiment will be echoed by
many, whilst some will cling to the idea that the " paper
collar " is still desirable, and flowers cannot be shown
off properly without them. I think this formal and
unnatural method cannot be too strongly condemned,
and along with it the manipulation and mutilation
termed " dressing." A good example of setting up
Carnations for exhibition was given at the Royal
Horticultural Society's show, held in the Drill Hall,
Westminster, on August 11, by the Royal nursery,
Slough, the flowers being set up after the manner of
single Dahlias, about six in a bunch, with a little
foliage ; the effect was grand. Needless to say, this
system is far preferable to that of the " paper collar,"
which the sooner it sinks into oblivion the better.
George Phippen, Reading. [We cordially agree. Ed.]

AMARYLLIS HALLl (see p. 172) is a garden
synonym of Lycoris squamigera, a plant of which
there is a good figure given in Garden, and Forest
for April 9, 1890. It is there said to have been
originally brought from China by Dr. George It.
Hall, of Bristol, Rhode Island. The bulb of this
perfectly hardy Amaryllid is large and globose, with
a long neck ; the leaves, which are about 1 foot long,
wither in early autumn, and when the bulbs are
strong enough the flower-scapes will appear. The
colour of the flowers, numbering five on an average,
is a light rose colour, with pencillings of a peculiar
bluish-grey. C. G. van Tnbergen, Jun , Haarlem.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— I have sent you two
dozen Lilies of the Valley. We cut for the Henley
Regatta 2000 spikes, have been cutting eight
dozen a week since then, and have still a few more.
For the last three years I have kept them till July,
and find them most useful during the London season.
For one dinner party last July, I had over 2000 on
the table at once, which were much admired. Henry
Perkins, Greenlands. [These were received on the
6th inst. Such fine fragrant racemes of pure white
flowers are always useful. Ed.]

STOCKS.— It is an acknowledged fact that stocks,
procured as suckers from trees, are prone to send up
(however well dressed and disbudded) numerous
suckers, particularly so in the case of Plums worked
on the Mussel, Brussel, and Brompton stocks,
gradually producing more as they increase in age,
however carefully they may be removed. The cause
of it, I have thought, may be the manner in which
they are propagated, as the Plum, Myrobalan, St.
Julien, Black Damson stocks, &c, which are pro-
duced by seed and cuttings, do not throw up suckers
as do the other stocks. R. G. L.

THE BLACK DIAMOND MOTH— Several fields in
the vicinity of Falkirk have been ploughed down
owing to the total destruction of the Turnips. The
method generally pursued for their destruction is
brushing, by means of branches of Broom and Spruce
tied to the sides of small harrows, these drawn be-
tween the rows sweep the underside of the leaves,
displacing the caterpillars which are buried by the
teeth of the harrow, and leaving the leaves upturned.
Where this operation has been followed at an early
date by heavy rains, the Turnips have been so far
freed of the pest that no permanent harm to the
crop is feared. R. G. L.

MILDEW. — In these gardens, and hereabouts
generally, mildew seems very prevalent; in some
instances, several crops of Onions have entirely dis-
appeared. One bed has been slightly attacked,
but fortunately not to such an extent as to make
the crop useless. I attribute this in a certain
degree to the liberal dressing of soot when the seed
was sown, and after it was up a few inches above-
ground. Peas have become very much affected, and
these in some cases close at hand so much affected
as to render them perfectly useless. On one plot in
these gardens the crop has failed to open the
flower toward the tops of the sticks, and later
crops appear as though they would be useless.
All sorts seem, upon this plot, to be affected.
Upon another plot, where I have them more espe-
cially cared for, and where they are growing in
trenches, they seem to have escaped, since they are
growing as freely as possible. This indicates that
deep cultivation is probably an essential part of Pea
cultivation. Chrysanthemums have taken the mil-
dew rather badly, but in this case it can be attacked
rather more forcibly than the kitchen garden crops.
Roses and Vines have also suffered somewhat, the
latter case those with outside borders being the
worst. I think the wet, cold nights we have expe-
rienced all through the season have had a great deal
to do with it, and previous extreme drought. W. A.
Cook, Compton Bassett, Wilts.

MR. MARTIN SMITH'S CARNATION PRIZES —
So much has been said of late concerning these
prizes, and the consequent competition, that it was
very natural public attention should be called, as it
was called, at the James Street Drill Hill on Tues-
day of last week, to the singular action of the donor
of these prizes in allowing his gardener to partake
in the competitions. That course seems to me to
evidence a strange sort of exhibition ethics. True,
I have met with it before elsewhere, but have always
found the practice condemned, but I had never seen
it in such rampant form, as in this particular
instance. I can very easily understand now why the
proposals that the prizes should be given to Carna-
tions grown and flowered at Chiswick were not acted
upon. Had such been the case, every competitor
and every plant sent for competition would have
stood upon its own merits, and the flowers would have
been seen in all their real character, and not as grown
under protection from heavy rainstorms. Only in
one instance did I hear the practice of the donor
of the prizes in competing for them himself ap-
proved. Almost universally it was condemned. That
Mr. Martin Smith may have desired not only to show
Carnations, but how to stage them, was but natural
and right; but certainly, in my estimation, it would
have been better to have done so in an honorary
collection. The late period of the competition quite
destroyed the chances of some intending exhibitors.
A. D.

"BEATING THE RECORDS."— I emote this phrase
from a communication recently received from Mr.
Samuel Barlow. Stakehill House, Castleton, near
Manchester. He stated, in a letter bearing date
August 3, that he was sending a stand of Pinks to
the exhibition of the Carnation and Picotee Union
at Oxford on the following day, August 4, and he
remarked, " I think we have beaten all records this
season ; it has scarcely ever happened that Tulips
were shown in London on June 23, and Pinks on
August 4." And then Mr. Barlow went on to describe
the week as one of the worst ever experienced
in Lancashire during the summer-time, and
especially to finish July with ; temperature, 38° on
two or three nights, no sunlight, wind north-east;
much use of gas during the day-time in works and
house at Stakehill, and at the warehouse in Man-
chester; day temperature, 46° to 58°. One scarcely
wonders that Mr. Barlow should regard as possible
the exhibition of Carnations in October, should
some of the blooms escape the rot which is de-
stroying so many of them in the bud state. R. D.

NOTES FROM OAKWOOD.— We have this year
bloomed a number of plants of the Lily which is
known in Japan as I. ilium odorum japonicum; it
has by far the pl-asantest smell of any Lily I know,
that of a sort of refined Tuberose. Our first plants
bloomed in a shady Lily house in the cottage
garden ; these were pure white, both inside and out-
side of the petals. A well-known amateur gardener,
who went to see them in the evening, first called my
attention to the delightful smell. The next in order
of blooming were in the conservatory here ; these
hal a slight brown tinge on the back of the flowers.
Then those which bloomed in the open border in the
Wisley garden, had the bicks so dark, that at first

sight they might have been taken for L. Browni ;
these last have the back of the flowers very much
darker when grown in the open air than when grown
in a house. My gardener here has been in the habit
of planting Tuberoses in pots, and then bedding
them out ; these give finer flowers than those kept
under glass. Last year, on December 4, he planted
six bulbs in the border under my window ; all six.
have come up : one has a good flower spike, another
shows that it will flower, the others are doubtful.
I should not have thought they could have survived
the severe winter; they had no protection. At
Oakwood, under a gable of the cottage, there is a
martin's and a wasp's nest side by side, and touching
each other. The inhabitants do not seem to inter-
fere with one another. George F. Wilson.

ADIANTUM FARLEYENSE.— I have a big plant of
this Fern, of which I am a great admirer, and have
grown a specimen nearly 5 feet through. This plant
has always produced a fine lot of young foliage in
the spring, and never showed any abnormal growth
until last spring, when it produced a great many
abnormal fron ds, specimens of which I forward by
this post for your inspection. The fronds look as if
they are fertile, and by examining them through a
microscope, I believe I have seen sori and spores.
Is this not of very rare or almost unique occurrence
with the Fern in question ? I see in an issue of the
Gardeners' Chronicle for August 18, 1888, an article
of Mr. T. M. Shuttleworth's, running as follows : —
" It is the first I ever had, and Mr. Goldby's commu-
nication was highly interesting to me, all the more
so, as I have on several occasions, in past years,
written on this subject in your columns, having failed
after more than twenty years' experience of growing
this Fern in all sizes, to find even a trace o' fructifica-
tion. C. G. Van Tubergen, Jan., Haarlem. [We found
a few abortive sporangia, and nothing more. Ed]

INCreasng PiNKS— The present is a capital
time to raise a batch of n^w plants of the various
kinds of Pinks, either for flowering in pots or for
planting in the borders for next season's display.
All that is needed is to pull some old roots into-
pieces, chop out a trench about 3 or 4 inches deep,
according to the length of the slips, place a layer of
sand and decomposed leaves at the bottom of the
trench, place the pieces in the trench 4 inches apart,
fill in the soil, making it firm about the plauts. In>
a few weeks nice little tufts will be obtained. A.

GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.— It is a good
plan for gardeners to give a little of their prize-
money to this excellent Institution. I have occasion
to go about a good deal, acting as judge at flower and
fruit shows, and whenever I have appealed to the
prize-takers, they have invariably promised to send
the sum (only 5s) to make them a member. I
trust someone will put up a box in the Waverley
Market, Edinburgh, on the occasion of the great In-
ternational, where there will be so miny gardeners
who would doubtless spare something towards the
orphans. My little protege, whom I successfully
carried at the top of the poll, was of Scotch parents,
and born in Ireland, so that there is no partiality
shown to any particular nationality. J. Ricst, Fridge
Castle.

POLEMONIUM FLAVUM HYBRID.— Polemonium,
flavum, said to be a distinct species from P. cceru-
leum, produced last year seedlings so like it that I
took especial care in gathering and marking some
seed of typical P. flavum, which I sowed early in the
spring of this year. About twenty seedlings are now
in flower, and two-thirds of them are producing
white flowers not distinguishable from those of P.
cceruleum var. alba. One only has blue flowers.
The habit of these plants is far more branch-
ing than that of typ'cil cojruleum, the stems
being divaricate, anJ producing axillary flowering
branches nearly to the base. I take them to be
hybrids. The appearance of the plants is an im-
provement on the type of cceruleum, and they are
quite barren, while the type produces seed on every
flower-head. A small proport on of the seedlings
came true P. flavum, but very weak, and nearly
smothered by the robust hybrids. I enclose speci-
mens. C. Wolley Bod, Edge Hall, Mulpis.

DECAYINGOF PEACHES— Kefe ringt thMnquiry
on p. 106 of your last issue, re d> c ying of Peaches,
I have always found the cause h is been an insuffi-
cient supply of air. Some Peach-houses have a very
humid atmosphere, which causes mildew, damp, and
decay. If the house is kept sweet, and abundance
of air admitted, decay in unripe Peaches w.ll not be
heard of. Constant syiinging, aid k eping the
house close-!, is the caus.\ If a gr eu moss appears

August 22, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

227

on the soil, or anywhere in the house, then be
assured there is excessive moisture, and an insufli-
cient supply of air. Thrumpton.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ONCIDIUM FORBESII, Hook., yar.
MEASURESIANA.
This very distinct variety flowered for the first
time in the collection of R. H. Measures, Esq.,
Streatham. It differs from the type in the following
characters : — The flowers are of a pure golden-
yellow colour, except the very narrow border, which
is of a very singular colour — intermediate between
yellow and purplish-brown. The tubercles of the
lip are arranged in a manner which, in contrast with
that in all other of the same section, may be very
easily described. There are two tubercles in the
base of the lip, which run together, and form a
big rose-like crest, at both sides of which are two
converging lines of smaller tubercles, at the same
distance one from the other. The wings of the
column are not quite identical with those on the
plate in Bot. Mag. t. 3705, but the differences are not
sufficient to establish a new species, inasmuch as the
descriptions of the previously-described species of
this very polymorphous Brazilian group must be
pointed out with more accuracy, and will require a
careful re-examination by the author, who will devote
his time for many years to the Orchids of this
country. The appearance of the raceme of the large,
full, expanded, bright golden-yellow flowers, is very
brilliant, and we may congratulate Mr. Measures on
this enrichment of the midsummer Orchid flora.
Dr. Krdnzlin.

Three Marks.
Sweet Peas. Mrs. Sankey (Eekford). pure white, fine.

„ Mrs. Gladstone, delicate pink standards, wings blush,

edged with pink.
,, Captain of the Blues, standards bright purple blue, wings

pale blue.
,, Princess of Wales, shaded and striped mauve, on white

ground.
,, Isa Eekford, creamy white, suffused witti rosy pink.
,, Senator, shuded and striped chocolate on creamy ground,

fine.
„ Countess of Radnor, pale mauve standards, wings pale

lilac.
„ Monarch, bronzy crimson standards, rich deep blue

wings, fine.
Fuchsia, Flocon de Neige (Cannell), single white corolla.
.. Berlines Kind. Gustave Dore (Cannell). double white.
,, First of the Day, Adolphe Legour (Cannell), siogle red.
,, Earl of Beaconstield, Aurora superba (Cannell), salmon.
,, President Grevy (Lemoine), fancy.
Pentstemou, La Foudre (Lemoine), fine scarlet.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

A meeting was held at Chiswick on this date.
Present : P. Crowley, Esq., in the chair ; Dr. Hogg,
Messrs. Lee, Rivers, Warren, Dean, Bates, Balder-
son, Willard, Cliffe, Denning, Reynolds, Hudson,
and Wythes.

The Committee inspected the collections of
Runner and Dwarf French Beans, &c, growing in
the gardens, and made the following awards : —

Three Marks.
Dwarf French Beans, Mohawk, Smyth's Speckled Hybrid,
Fulmer's Forcing, Sion House, Ne Plus Ultra, Dark
Dun. Ne Plus Ultra (Veitcb).
,, Ne Plus Ultra (Harrison).

,, Wax Mont d'Or, yellow-podded Butter Bean, found to be
of excellent quality (Vilmorin).
Pea, Sequel (Laxton), dwarf, deep green Marrow.

Societies.

SOTAL HOETIOULIURAL.

Wednesday, August 5. — The Floral Committee
met at Chiswick on the above date. Present :
W. Marshall, Esq , in the chair ; Messrs. Dean, May,
Paul, Furze, Ilerbst, Leach, Jefferies, Gordon, Wat-
son, Fraser, Goldring, Noble, Baines, and Phippen.
The Committee examined the collections of Carna-
tions, Violas, Pansies, Fuchsias, &c, growing in the
gardens, when the following awards were made : —

Three Marks.
Carnation, White Queen (Fisher, Son, & Sibray), white self.

,, Snowdrift (Fisher, Son, & Sibray), white self.

,, Edith (Fisher, Son, & Sibray). pale pink, spotted scarlet.

,, Penelope (Hooper), white self.

,, Dante (Hooper), rose tlaked.

,, Maggie Laurie (Dicksons & Co.), delicate blush self.

,. Guiding Star (Ware), scarlet self.

,, Kowena (Dean), bright scarlet.

,, The Moor (Dean), dark crimson.

,, Mrs. Reynolds Hole (Veitch), terra cotta.

,, Alice Ayres (Veitch), white, rose edge.

,, Achilles (Novelty Seed Company), deep red streaked.

,, Hogartner Schaffner (Benary), scarlet striped.

,, Albrecht Duesser (Benary), deep rose, crimson ilake.

,, Madame Van Houtte (Benary), yellow ground.

,, Professor Virchow (Benary), rose flaked.

,, Dan Godfrey (Turner), scarlet flake.

,, Agues Chambers (Turner), yellow ground, lilac edge.

,, No. 97 (Douglas), yellow, faintly striped.

,, No. 64 (Paul & Son), crimson flaked.

,, Grandiflora (Veitch), deep rose.
Picotee. Margaret Rueder (Benary).

„ Redbraes (Benary).

„ Romeo (Paul & Son).

,, Mr. Rudd (Turner).

,, Favourite (Turner).

,, Mary (Turner).

Tico Marks.
Carnations, Rosy Morn (Douglas), pink.

„ J. R. Allinson (Ware), rose self.

,, Feurball (Benary), deep scarlet self.

,, Horace (Dau), scarlet self.

,, Beatrix (Fisher, Son, & Sibray), buff self.

,, Terra Cotta (Turner), streaked.

,, Van Dyck (Benary), slate and crimson flaked.

Three Marks.
Godetia, Duches9 of Fife (Daniels Bros.), blush with large

carmine blotches.
Chrysanthemum (annual), Sibthorpi (Dean), bright yellow,
very free flowering.
,, (annual), multicaule aureum (Dean), yellow, dwarf.
Viola, The Mearns (Dobbie & Co.), lower petals dark purple,
top pale lilac. *.

„ Croft House (Dobbie & Co.), white, fine habit.
Pausies for strain (Dobbie & Co.).
Pansies for strain (Hooper).

Two Marks.
Viola, virgiualis (Dobbie & Co.), large pure white.

ANNUAL EXCURSION OF THE ROYAL
SCOTTISH ARBORICOLTURAL.

(Continued from p. 201.)
Messrs. Kennedy and Co.'s Nurseries, Dumfries.

A number of the company paid a visit to these
nurseries before breakfast on the morning of the
7th. The nurseries are between 50 and GO acres in
extent, and are well stocked with forest trees, fruit
trees, and ornamental shrubs. In some aspects, Ash,
Hazel, and Silver Fir appeared to have suffered
considerably from a severe frost which occurred on
the 15th and 16th of May last. The frost appears to
have been general throughout the district.

At 10 o'clock the party, over seventy strong,
started for Kirkconnell, the seat of R. Maxwell
Witham, Esq. A drive through a rich agricultural
district, and along an avenue of Oaks, remarkable
for great girth of bole, but low elevation, and many
branched, wide-spreading tops, brought the party to
Kirkconnell, where they were cordially welcomed by
Mr. R. Maxwell Witham, Mr. Maxwell Witham,
Jun., and Captain Stuart, of Shambellie.

Kirkconnell

is situated on the estuary of the Nith, the park is
extensive and abounds in old well-preserved trees.
There appeared to be few young plantations, and
scarcely any of the trees so numerously introduced
within the past forty years; the whole place has thus an
ancient air about it. The date of the old square tower
in the mansion is of the troubled time of Edward I.
Of the age of the venerable Oaks that surround the
house on all sides no record is known, but their size
betoken great age, although there is no sign of decay
in any of them. Both varieties, sessiliflora and
pedunculata, of the British Oak occur in the park.

Among the few trees that were measured was
an Oak, 16 feet 5 inches at 3 feet up, and at 5 feet,

14 feet 3 inches, while several were 13 feet and
12 feet odd. One Spanish Chestnut at 5 feet gave

15 feet 9 inches, another 17 feet 1 inch. A splendid
Walnut, for Scotland, girthed 10 feet 8 inches at
5 feet. The widest spread Oak was one with a
perfectly symmetrical head, which measured in two
directions at right angles 98 feet; the bole was
10 feet 10 inches at 5 feet. Near this latter, and close
by the bank of the estuary, stood the Salmon Oak,
so called because the monks of an abbey near by were
accustomed to receive their tithes of salmon under
its shade. The bole of this tree was one of the
longest we noted, being 18 feet; the girth 9 feet
5 inches. A Fern-leaved Beech of rather unusual
proportions near the house is worthy of mention —
the stem girthed 8 feet at 5 feet from the ground,
and the top was lofty and widespread, but it was
observed that the leaves on some of the upper limbs
were reverting to the typical form of Beech. A
Sycamore, with hollow trunk, near the rear of the
house, measured 15 feet 9 inches. At the conclusion
of the inspection of the park and trees, the com-

pany were conducted to the dining-room in the old
tower, and were served with refreshments. Professor
Bayley Balfour cordially thanked Mr. Maxwell
Witham in the name of the Society for his kind and
hospitable reception.

The excursionists then started southwards by way
of Shambellie, the road passing through some extent
of very fine Scotch Pine and Larch plantations on
that estate. A halt was made at New Abbey to
inspect the remains of Sweetheart Abbey, one of
the most complete ruins of the kind in the south
of Scotland. It was founded in 1275, by Devorgilla,
wife of Baliol, and the ruins of her tomb still
remain in the chancel.

Passing along the eastern base of the Criffel
Hill, well in view of the Solway, the Cumberland
shore of which was clearly visible, Southwick, the
seat of Mr. Mark Stewart, M.P., was reached.
Although invited to stop and inspect the woods
here, which, judging by such portions as came under
the view of the party, would have afforded con-
siderable interest, the time at disposal did not permit
of more than a drive through the heart of the
policies en route to

Munches,

which was 20 miles off, but was reached about 4 p.m.
Here the party were met by Mr. Maxwell, of Munches,
Mrs. Maxwell, and their three sons, and several
guests of Mr. Maxwell, among whom were Mr. Mark
Stewart, M.P., and Dr. Cleghorn, of Strathvithie,
Vice-President of the Society. Mr. Maxwell
led the way to a large marquee erected on the lawn
for the occasion, in which a luncheon was provided
and partaken of with zest by the hungry visitors.
Mr. Maxwell presided, and proposed the toast of
" The Queen — our Patron," which was warmly
received. Mr. Maxwell then gave the toast "Pros-
perity to the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society."
He need say little regarding the objects of the
Society after the addresses of the President in Edin-
burgh on this subject. They had, no doubt, all
heard the saying, " Be aye stickin' in a tree, it will
be growin' while ye're sleepin." But in many dis-
tricts there had been a great deal of ' stickin' ' in of
trees where they would never grow if their planters
slept for ever, and it was one of the great objects of
this society to disseminate knowledge as to what
trees were suited for the different parts and condi-
tions of the kingdom. For want of that knowledge,
great loss had been caused and great mischief done.
They had no grand woods around here such as the
Society may have seen elsewhere, and what they
had, had suffered greatly from the storms about
eight years ago. Their great object for several
years past had been to repair that damage. It was,
however, very discouraging to planters to find their
young woods attacked by disease. Again, they were
discouraged by that curse of all their forests —
rabbits. In his boyhood, rabbits did not exist here ;
now, one of the great questions they had to solve
was, how to preserve their young trees from rabbits.
He had great hopes that the Corsican Pine, which
rabbits did not touch, would yet take a good
place in their woods. Personally, he had planted
out a good many of this Pine, and was satisfied
with it.

Professor Balfour in reply said, he was sure that if
all proprietors were as liberal minded as Mr. Max-
well and other members of the Society, forestry in
Scotland would have been in a different position to
what it was to-day.

The company then dispersed in several groups
under the guidance of Captain Stewart, Mr. Donald-
son, forester, and Mr. Murray, gardener, to inspect
the woods and pleasure grounds. The latter were
rich in ornamental trees and shrubs, such as Acer
negundo variegata, Ptelea trifoliata, Quercus cerris
variegata, Shepherdia canadensis, Japanese Acers
in great variety, and in most instances doing
well, and quite hardy ; and Prunus Pissardi,
the latter fruiting in the open on a wall. It may be
noted that a fine dwarf standard, in a pot, of this
Prunus had a dozen or more ripe fruits upon it, the
plums being perfectly round, and nearly the colour
of the foliage. Several fine clumps of Rosa rugosa
were noticed, one in particular, measuring 9 feet
through. A considerable collection of Loniceras, in
groups, in the woodland part of the grounds, some,
such as L. tartarea splendens being very bright, with
its twins, or pairs, of crimson shiny berries.

Phormium tenax and P. t. variegata are perfectly
hardy here, many grand clumps of it in the pleasure-
grounds having stood out for years ; some of them
had the remains of the flower-stems of last year still
attached. As mentioned in the note at p. 173 ot

oo<

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

onr last issue, one clump showed the remains of nine
great flower stems.

Among Conifers there were some remarkable speci-
mens, one of Wellingtonia gigantea pendula, the most
perfect that many of the company had seen, was about
20 feet high ; Cryptomeria japonica about 25 feet high
by about the same diameter at base ; Abies Alberti,
69 feet high ; Sciadopitys verticillata, 9 feet high, in
beautiful dark green colour, indicative of perfect
health. The largest Scotch Fine girthed 10 feet 6
inches ; the largest Corsican Pine, about thirty years
old, girthed 3 feet, and the height was about 45 feet.
There are throughout the woodlands many speci-
mens of the older arboreal occupants, in the shape
of grand old Oaks and Scotch Pines, many of the
contemporaries of which were wrecked in the storms
alluded to in Mr. Maxwell's speech at Munches

4 feet ; these names and figures show what has been
accomplished here in establishing tender things in
the open. The foregoing species, and many others,
flower freely every year. A fine specimen of Eu-
calyptus amygdalinus, with spreading rounded top,
and 20 feet high, growing on an elevated site, is
another indication of the mildness of the winters
here. Dense sturdy bushes of Fuchsia coccinea and
F. Riccartoni, intermixed with Rhododendrons,
and other shrubs ; in the clumps of Phormium tenax,
some of them bearing the stems of last year's
inflorescence to the number of thirty, each laden
with plump seeds, which will ripen in due course.
Splendid specimen trees of Quercus Ilex, and hedges
of the same, were much admired. Approaching the
new kitchen garden, is a noble avenue of Golden
Queen Holly. A hasty inspection of the kitchen

and the shelter of many of these is taken advantage garden and hothouses satisfied everyone of the com-
of to rear splendid specimens of Thuia gigantea and pleteness of the equipment of that department of

/-, r„m„~.,;„.,« ,, l.,..l, arc at.foinino- aroat t.hin rpmftrbfihle nlftfe. and the Solendid CrOP8 Of

Cupressus Lawsoniana, which are attaining great
Bize ; the largest of the latter was 50 feet high, and a
perfect specimen of its kind. Several specimens of
Abies Douglasii Stairii met with had a very pleasing
effect, in contrast with more sombre-tinted things ;
the largest, and it is the largest in these parts, was
about 12 feet high. The well-appointed gardens
deserve more extended mention than space will
allow on this occasion. After tea, the company
drove to Dalbeattie Btation and took train to
Stranraer, where they were to rest for the night.

Next morning, a considerable number of the
members visited the nursery of Messrs. Smith &
Sons, of Stanraer, which extends to about 40 acres,
and which was occupied with a miscellaneous stock
of ornamental trees and shrubs and fruit trees,
but largely also with the specialty of the firm
(Roses), for which they are so well known through-
out the country.

Castle Kennedy.
After breakfast the party started for Castle Ken-
nedy. Arriving at the entrance to the Castle
grounds on the New Luce Road, the party made the
circuit of the White and Black Lochs, two splendid
expanses of water, divided by the peninsula on which
the old Castle stands. The company walked to the
south front of Lochinch Castle, where they were met
by the Earl of Stair. From this point could be seen
extensive terraces, with the noble sheets of water in
the background, encircled by a panorama of richly
wooded slopes all round in the distance. The terrace
garden, stretching from Lochinch Castle southward
to the grand ruin of Castle Kennedy, richly mantled
in Ivy, cover between 70 and 80 acres. It is chiefly
on this space that the famous collection of Conifers
is arranged in avenues and in groups ; viewed from a
distance the characteristic forms of Cupressus macro-
carpa, Abies nobilis, Araucaria imbricata, Picea
morinda, Pinus insignis, and others had a most
charming effect. Closer inspection, however, revealed
that many of the specimens which had reached noble
proportions were on the decline, and whole avenues
were marred by the gaps made by deaths. Exhaus-
tion of the soil, which was never very suitable
for Conifers, combined with the fierce gales of brine-
laden winds that frequently sweep across the narrow
neck of land on which Castle Kennedy stands, from
Luce Bay to Lochryan, have a debilitating effect
upon these splendid forms.

Many of the Abies nobilis had reached the height
of from 40 to 50 feet, and one could realise from
those that remained intact and healthy in the great
avenue formed by this species, what a noble feature
it would have been. Picea morinda, of which
another avenue is formed, has suffered less, but
Cupressus macrocarpa has reached splendid propor-
tions, but also Bhows the effects of the saline winds.
In more sheltered parts there were to be found grand
specimens of such species as Pinus macrocarpa, P.
Lambertiana, and P. insignis. Araucaria imbricata
appeared to hold its own against the unfavourable
conditions better than any other Conifer. The
avenue formed of it was perfect in its way, the trees
averaging about 40 feet high, with ample spread of
branches from near the base. Many also were
bearing splendid cones.

On the walls of Lochinch Castle we found Euca-
lyptus globulus, Aloysia citriodora, Eurybia ilici-
folia, Arbutus Andrachne, and Eriobotrya japonica,
well-developed plants, which had never received
protection in winter since they were planted out
years ago, thus testifying to the mildness of the tem-
perature. Further evidence of this was found in
clumps of Sikkim Rhododendrons, which had been
planted out many years, and had attained to great
size : — R. Aucklandi, 10 feet spread, by 9 feet high ;
R. barbatum, 7 feet; R, glaucutn, 5 feet; R. niveum,

this remarkable place, and the splendid crops
Grapes, Peaches, Figs, &c, indoors, and the crops
out-of-doors all bore testimony to the skill of Mr.
Cruden, the gardener. The party had been increased
here by the arrival of Sir Wm. T. F. Wallace, Bart.,
of Lochryan ; Mr. Maxwell, of Munches ; Dr. Cleg-
horn, the Rev. Thomas Barty, D.D.. Kirkcolm ; Mr.
Thomas Easton, M.D., Stranraer. The guidance of
the party over the extensive grounds and policies
was undertaken by Mr. Hogarth, the forester ; and
Mr. Cruden spared no pains in making the inspection
interesting to all.

The company returned to Stranraer by a different
route, the road chosen skirting the shore of Lochryan.
On reaching Stranraer they were entertained to
luncheon by the Earl of Stair— Mr. Greig, his lord-
ship's factor, presiding. A vote of thanks to
Lord Stair was proposed by Professor Bayley Balfour
for the high intellectual treat he had given them.
After luncheon the party dispersed, some few re-
maining to visit Lochnaw Castle, the residence of
Sir Henry Agnew, Bart., and Galloway House, the
seat of Lord Galloway ; the majority taking train to
their several destinations, north and south, and all
entirely satisfied with their outing, which had been
managed by Mr. Moffat, secretary of the Society,
without a hitch, and with comfort and pleasure to
everyone.

THE MIDLAND COUNTIES CAR-
NATION AND PICO TEE.

Saturday, August 8. — The first exhibition of this
newly-formed Society was held in the Birmingham
Botanical Gardens, and was a marked success in the
display of blooms and gathering of well-known
cultivators. The southern growers responded gene-
rously, and brought a goodly number of flowers, but
the northern growers were not in bloom, and the
midland flowers are very backward, so that few of
them were forthcoming.

In the class for twelve Carnations, Messrs. Thom-
son & Co., Birmingham, were 1st, with clean good
blooms, and this stand included fine blooms of C. H.
Herbst, S. B. and S. S. Thomson, two fine new
varieties raised here.

For six Carnations. — 1st, Mr. Robert Sydenham.
For twelve Picotees. — 1st, Mr. E. H. Dodwell,
Oxford, with a fine lot, viz., a very superb Norman
Carr, Lyddington's Favourite, a new variety ; Mrs.
Coldridge, very fine indeed ; Annot Lyle, Little
Phil, Imogen, Mrs. Payne, Mrs. Sharp, Nellie, Royal
Visit, and John Smith.

In the class for six Picotees, Mr. Robert Syden-
ham was a good 1st. The yellow ground and fancy
Picotees were a most attractive feature, and these
beautiful varieties are becoming very popular. In
the class for twelve blooms, Mr. Charles Turner
was 1st, with a grand lot, and the Gardeners'
Magazine Silver Medal was also awarded to this
stand. The varieties were : — Romulus, Mrs. Wal-
ford — aseedling. Edith, Mrs. Wynne, Apollo, Victory,
Almira, Lord Rendlesham, Madame Van Houtte,
Countess of Jersey, Distinction, and Mrs. Henwood.
A class for twelve self varieties was well filled,
and many beautiful flowers were staged. Mr. Dod-
well was 1st, with Germania, the finest yellow
known ; Queen of the West, and ten seedlings.

In the class for six fancies or selfs, Messrs.
Thomson & Co. were 1st, having blooms of their
two new fine varieties of A. W. Jones and Blushing
Bride.

There were several other classes, all well filled,
and the class for twelve border varieties, five blooms
of each, had three exhibits, Mr. J. Walker, of Thame,
was 1st ; and for a bouquet of Carnations and
Picotees, Messrs. Thomson & Co. were 1st.

The premier prizes for the best blooms throughout
the exhibition were awarded as follows : — Princess
Bizarre, Robert Houlgrave, to Messrs. Thomson &
Co.; Princess Flake, Thalia, to Mr. C. Turner;
Heavy edge Picotee, Mrs. Coldridge, to Mr.
Dodwell ; light-edged Picotee, Baroness Burdett-
Coutts, to Mr. C. Turner ; yellow-ground Picotee,
Countess of Jersey, to Mr. Turner ; Self Carnation,
Germania, to Mr. Dodwell.

First - Class Certificates were awarded to Mr. J.
Douglas, Ilford, for fancy Picotees, Lily Henwood
and Mrs. Robt. Sydenham.

Amongst the honorary exhibits were a fine display
of Mr. Eckford's superb new Sweet Peas; a handsome
group of plants from Messrs. Thomson & Co. ; fancy
Pansies from Mr. William Sydenham ; new Pansies,
and Carnation and Picotee bloomB, from Mr. Camp-
bell, Blantyre; a newCaladium " Raymond Lemoine,"
and herbaceous blooms from Messrs. Hewitt & Co. ;
a fine collection of Begonia blooms from Mr. B. R.
Davis, Yeovil ; Viola and Pansy blooms and cut
herbaceous blooms from Mr. J.Forbes, Hawick; and
a collection of cut herbaceous plants and border
Carnations from Messrs. Dicksons, Chester.

CLAY CROSS FLOWER SHOW.

Tuesday, August 11. — The great feature this year
was the groups of plants, each 300 feet, arranged
in circular form down the middle of the marquee,
with the smaller groups on the sides in semi-
circles. The 1st prize was won by Mr. A. Ward,
gr. to T. H. Oakes, Esq., Biddings House, Alfreton,
with an elevated group, undulating to near the
outside of the circle to smaller groups. The
centre was composed of Palms, different varieties
of Lilies, Crotons, and the graceful Eulalia variegata ;
between the smaller groups were some perfectly-
coloured Crotons, and interspersed on the ground-
work were fine Nepenthes, raised sufficiently to show
their grown pitchers; Cattlejas, Cypripediums,
Odontoglossums, and Tuberoses. Mr. Ward also
gained the Silver Medal given by the proprietors of
the Gardeners' Magazine for special culture.

Mr. W. Haslain, Hardstoft, took 1st prize in the
smaller 150-feet groups, with a tastefully-arranged
lot of plants, closely followed by Mr. Shaw, gr. to
W. Turbutt, Esq., Ogston Hall, Chesterfield. One
group out of seven in this class was disqualified, the
exhibitor having potted up some cut flowers.

The collections of fruit made a spl>-ndid show,
Black Grapes being especially good. Mr. Goodacre,
Mr. Edmunds, Mr. Webb, Mr. Ward, and Mr. Read,
were the principal prize-takers.

Roses were well shown by Mr. Proctor, Chester-
field, and Mr. Wilson, Handsworth. Wreaths and
bouquets came from Messrs. Pearson, nurserymen,
Nottingham. Some very attractive baskets and rustic
vases tilled with Ferns, for table decoration, were
shown by Mr. Edwards, Nottingham. Amateurs
and cottagers' classes, displayed in two separate
tents, were well filled. A good incentive to cottagers
is the great number of prizes given by the Clay Cross
Coal Co. in the different parishes within a radius of
0 miles, for the best cultivated gardens.

CARDIFF HORTICULTURAL.

August 12 and 13. — This was the third annual
Bhow of a reorganised society, and promises to be
one of the largest and most popular in the West of
England. Several large tents were required to take
the contributions, and while in the plant and cut-
flower departments there was a decided growth since
last year, in the fruit and vegetable departments the
increase, both in extent and quality, was something
remarkable.

In Division I. were nineteen classes, open to all
England. The leading class was for twelve stove
and greenhouse plants, and here Mr. J. Lockver, gr.
toJ.C. Hanbury, Esq , 1'ontypool, beat Mr, Jas. Cypher,
of Cheltenham, the former staging some very good
specimens, chief among them being Bougainvillea
glabra, Clerodendron Balfourianum, Ixora Pilgrimi,
1. regina, Allamanda grandiflora, A. nobilis, Dipla-
denia amabilis, Erica obbata purpurea, E. Farrieana,
Anthurium Scherzerianum, &c. Mr. Cypher, who
took the 2nd prize, had as his leading specimens,
Ixora Pilgrimi, I. Fraseri, I. Williamsii, Allamanda
Hendersoni, A. nobilis, Erica tricolor major, &c.

Flowering plants included some very good Fuchsias,
especially the six specimens which won the 1st prize
for Mr. T. Clarke, gr. to Colonel Hill, MP., Llandaff,
who had mainly dark varieties, Lye's Charming,
Thomas King, and Beacon being the best. The 2nd
prize went to Mr. Thomas Hillard, a shoemaker of

August 22, 1891.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

22y

Cardiff. The be9t varieties shown were Lye's
Charming and Lye's Thomas Kiug, and another
dark variety named Beacon.

Thomis Ilillard was 1st with six very fine plants
of zonal Pelargoniums, large, admirably grown and
bloomed; the doable varieties, Mirk Twain in par-
ticular being admirable. Begonias were fairly good,
but compared with last year an improving feature,
and six excellent Achimenes were staged by Mr.
Thomas Malpass, Cardiff.

Orchids were represented by four good specimens
from Mr. Cypher, the fragrant Dendrochilum fill—
forme diffused a sweet perfume ; he also had Onci-
diura incurvum, Cattleya Gaskelliana, and Cypripe-
diuni barbatum.

Groups of plants arranged for effect, with one con-
spicuous exception, were not so good as they might
have been, and as the 1st prize was withheld in the
class for the largest, exhibitors will not be slow to
take the hint given.

Fine-foliaged plants were very good from Mr.
Cypher, his Croton Thomsoni, C. Warreni, and C.
Countess were finely-grown and well-coloured. Mr.
Hockley, gr. to Col. Page, Cardiff, had the best
eight exotic Ferns, a well-coloured example of
Adiantum Farleyense being prominent. Good
table-plants were exhibited, and Caladiums also.

In the cut flower classes some fine Roses were
shown bv the English Fruit Company, Hereford,
and the Rev. F. R. Burnside, of the same city. The
Tea-scented varieties from the latter were exquisite,
and he was 1st with twelve blooms. Messrs.
Perkins & Son, Coventry, also had good flowers.
Messrs. Heath & Son. nurserymen, Cheltenham, had
the best twenty-four Dahlias, and Messrs. Jones &
Son, nurserymen, Shrewsbury, were 1st with twelve
bunches of Cactus varieties.

Hardy flowers were a very good feature indeed, es-
pecially the bunches shown bv Messrs. Jones & Son,
and Mr. A. Pettigrew, Cardiff Castle gardens.

Annuals were a very pretty feature, and well ar-
ranged bunches showed off the subjects to the best
advantage.

Quite a large tent was filled with bouquets for bride
and drawing-room, wreaths and crosses, with vases and
baskets of flowers, and tables laid out for eight
persons, and this department of the exhibition
promises to become a very important one at Cardiff.
The best table came from Messrs. Jones & Son,
Shrewsbury ; Mr. C. Wmstone, The Mall, Clifton,
was 2nd.

Fruit was a fine feature. Mr. E. Gill, gr. to W.
M. Franklin, Esq., St. Helens, was 1st with six
bunches of Grapes, having finely finished examples
of Black Himburgh, Golden Queen, Muscat of Alex-
andria, and Foster's Seedling. There were classes
for three bunches of Grapes, a class each for all the
leading varieties. Black Hamburgh, Muscat of
Alexandria, Gros Maroc, Golden Queen, Madresfield
Court, and Foster's S.-edling were particularly good.
Mr. Pettigrew was placed 1st, with two very fine
Pines, Melons, collection fruit, dessert and culinary
Apples, Peaches, Nectarines, &c, were both plentiful
and good.

And the same with the vegetables, and especially
so in reference to cottagers' exhibits. Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, Reading, and Messrs. Clibran & Son,
Manchester, offered special prizes for collections
which brought a keen competition.

In the way of miscellaneous contributions, Messrs.
Clibran & Sins, florists, Altrincham, had plants,
hardy flowers, &c. Messrs. B. S. Williams & Sons,
Victoria Nurseries, Holloway, had a collection of
plants arranged with excellent effect. Messrs.
Dobbie & Son, seedsmen. Rothesay, had a collection
of Violas, in bunches, fine African Marigolds, Scz.
Mr. John Watkins, Pomona Gardens, Hereford, had
a collection of Apples, Gooseberries, &c. ; and Mr.
A. Pettigrew sent from the Castle gardens a col-
lection of forty varieties of Apples, and thirty
varieties of Pears, as a contribution to the Fruit
Conference.

MAIDENHEAD HORTICULTURAL.

August 13. — The past exhibition was in every
respect an excellent one. Great improvements have
been made of late years, so that now this show has
become a most important country show. The quality
of both plants, fruits, and vegetables was first-rate,
and in many classes the competition was very keen.

For the large group, Mr. Aitken, grA to Major
Meeking, Richings Park, was 1st, with a well-arranged
group, composed of plants suited to the purpose, the
flowering part consisting of a good proportion of

light colours, which greatly aided in setting off the
bright colours of Crotons and other foliage plants.
Air. Lindsay, gr. to the Duchess of Buccleuch, Ditton
Park, was a good 2nd, with not quite such a bright
display as his more fortunate rival.

Fuchsias were shown remarkably fine ; in fac1"., it
is rare nowadays to see them so go>d. Mr. Lockie,
gr. to G. 0 Fitzgerald, E«i., Oikley Court, Windsor,
was 1st, with plants of extra size, cirryiug fiae
flowers, and in robust health ; Mr. Hughes, gr. to
H. Paravicini, Esq., Heathfietd, Bracknell, was a
very close 2nd, the plants lull of flower.

For fine-foliage plants iu pots, limited to 8 inches
diameter, Mr. Lickie was again successful, with a
healthy lot, consisting of Crotons, Draeajias, Dieffen-
bachias, and Palms ; Mr. Hughes again coming
in 2nd.

For six specimen plants (three foliage, three in
flower), Mr. Aitken was 1st, with large well-grown
plants, being also 1st for the best specimen in flower,
with an excellent Clerodendron Bilfourianum. The
same exhibitor showed six good Ferns, comprising
an exceedingly fine plant of Gymnogramma peru-
viana argyrophylla, another of Davallia fijienais
plumosa, and Pteris scaberula, also in excellent
health. Mr. Lindsay was 2ad, with an even lot of
plants. For a specimen foliage plant, Mr. Cook, gr.
to Mrs. Fitzadam. Windsor was easily 1st, with an
immense Croton Queen Victoria, finely coloured.

Mr. Lockie was the most successful with table
plants, having useful-sized examples, taking also the
1st for half a dozen well-grown dwarf plants of
Cockscombs.

Tuberous-rooted Begonias were exceptionally fine,
Mr. Lockie again being to the front, the plants in
full flower. The same must be said of the plants in
another class, from Mr. Lindsay. These latter were
the dwarfer of the two.

Zonal Pelargoniums were shown in profuse bloim,
the plants, dwarf and bushy, from Mr. Aitken, who
was a good 1st.

Orchids were not shown in classes, but one plant
showed by an amateur grower as a specimen plant
deserves pirticular notice. It was a very healthy
example of Cypripediura Parishii, from Mr. Silver,
Altwood Road, Mtidenhead. This plant bore seven
spikes, with forty-live flowers, and was growing in a
6-inch Dot. It took the 2nd prize in its class.

Cut flowers were not represented by many classes,
but these were filled with exhibits. Mr. Walker,
Thame, Oxon, wis one of the most successful com-
petitors, taking lsts for Rises, Dahlias. Zinnias, and
Asters, receiving as prizes two Silver Flora and two
Silver Banksian Medals of the Royal Horticultural
Society. Of these classes the Roses and Dahlias
were the best. Other classes open to amateur growers
only, contained some excellent exhibits, in these
Mr. Paxton was 1st for Rises, Mr. Wheeler, Henley,
for Dahlias. Mr. Pond, gr. to W. Ling, Esq,
.Miidenhead, for Qiilled Asters; Mr. Hughes for any
other kinds, with by far the best exhibits.

Fruit ani Vegetables. — These contained some of
the best proiuctions in the show, and brought out
some very keen competition.

For a ollection of six dishes. Mr. Goodman, gr.
to Miss llimmersley, Ahney H)use, Bjurne E id,
wis 1st with a good all-round lot, black Grapes,
Nectarines, Plums and Peaches, being some of the
best ; Mr. Aitken came a close 2nd, having excellent
Muscats and Nectarines. Mr. Goodman was also
1st for a collection of outdoor fruits, again shoving
strongly, Eirly Rivers Ptum, Gladstone Apple, M>or
Park Apricot, and Doyenne d'Ece Pears, being his
choice. Mr. Osman, Ojtershaw Park, Chertsey, was
a near 2nd, showing Peaches and Cherries, very good.

For Grapes there was a close competition. Mr.
Marcham, gr. to Miss Arnott, Englefiald Green,
being 1st with Black Hamburgh, the berries and
bunches large, the colour good ; Mr. Johnston, gr.
to A. Gilliat, Esq., Stoke Poges, coming 2nd, taking
also the 1st prize for any other black with first-class
bunches of Midresfield Court, fine in berry. For
Muscat of Alexandria Mr. Osman was an easy winner,
with well-finished examples; taking likewise the 1st
for anv other white kind with Buckland Sweetwater.
With Peaches Mr. Johnston won with highly-coloured
fruit ; and with Nectarines Mr. Paxman held the
same position ; Mr. Goodman being 2nd in both
instances. Mr. Sage, gr. to the Earl of Dysart, Ham
House, was 1st for a Pineapple, with a well ripened
fruit. In a strong class for Melons, Mr. Aitken took
1st place ; and Mr. Lockie the 2nd. Apples, both
culinary and dessert, were well shown, Mr. Aitken
being 1st for the former, and Mr. Goodman for the
latter. Mr. Lockie won for Cucumbers easily, and
was very successful in the collection of vegetables,

winning the 1st place for Messrs. Carter & Co , and
Webb & Co.'s prizes, showing superior produce.
Mr. Wilkins, gr. to Lady Theodora Guest, Hens-
tridge, won 1st for Messrs. Sutton's prizes, being
also 2nd for Messrs. Carter's. The amateurs show
well in this locality, the exhibits being excellent, the
8 me should be saidol the cottagers' classes, in which
the competition was very keen, the different classes,
particularly Potatos being very well filled.

TAUNTON DEAN HORTICULTURAL.

August 13. — -Despite the adverse season, this
giant show appeared to be shorn of but little of its
fiir proportions ; there were, perhaps, fewer specimen
plants than we have seen in previous years.

Plants. — As is usual, Mr. James Cypher was to
the fore with some of his superb specimens. He
had far away the best twelve stove and greenhouse
plants in flower, staging a hugePhcenocoma prolifera
Birnesi, Kalosanthes coccinea, specially fine in
colour; Ixoras Pilgrimi, Regina, and Williamsii, Bou-
gainvillea glabra, Stephanotis floribunda, Allamauda
grandiflora, A. nobilis, Statice profusa, and three
good Ericas. Mr. Rowland, gr. to W. Brock, Esq.,
Exeter, was 2nd, his best plants being Dipladenia
Brearleyana, Clerodendron Balfourianum, Stepha-
notis floribunda, Ixora Prince of Orange and Prin-
ceps, &c.

Mr. Cvpher also had the best six, Allamanda
nobilis, Bougainvillea glabra, two Ericas, and two
Ixoras making up the number.

In the amateurs' class for twelve plants, foliaged
and flowering, Mr. Rowland was 1st, with some fine
specimens, such as Latania borbonica, Cycas revo-
luta, Dipladenia amabilis, Allamanda Hendersoni,
&c. ; Mr. J. Currey, gr. to Col. Pepper, Salisbury,
was 2nd.

Orchids were represented by one collection of four
plants from Mr. J. Cypher. He had Epidendrum
prismatocarpum, Oncidium macranthum, and Catt-
leyas Gaskelliana and Sanderiana. The best newly-
introduced plant in flower came also from Mr.
Cypher — one of Cypripedium cenanthum superbum ;
and the newly- introduced foliaged plant was Pteris
tremula Smithiana, also from the same exhibitor.

Begonias have become favourite exhibition plants
at Taunton, and they are done well. The best eight
in the open class came from Mr. G. Hawkins, gr. to
W. H. Fowler, Esq., Taunton.

In the amateurs' division for six single flower
specimens, Mr. W. Cavill, gr. to H. F. Manley, Esq.,
Bishop's Halt, was 1st ; and in that for six double-
flowering, Mr. A. Godfrey, West Moulton, was 1st ;
and Mr. W. H. Fowler, 2nd. Zonal Pelargoniums
were very good, large, well-grown and bloomed
plants being staged. In the open class, Mr. G. Way,
gr. to G. E. Colthurst, Taunton, was placed 1st, with
six single as also with four double-flowered ; and he
was also 1st in the amateurs' class for six plants.
Mr. S. Bruford, gr. to Mrs. Hancock, Hales, being
1st, with four double varieties.

Fuchsias were not so good as usual, though they
are always shown so finely at Bath, on the other
side of the county ; but Cockscombs, Petunias,
Balsams, Gloxinias, Achimenes, &c, were generally
well done, and made pretty patches of colour. Lilies
were a good feature, shown as single plants and as
collections of four; the white form of L. speciosum
preponderating.

Groups. — There were two classes for groups of
plants arranged for effect, and in each case the 1st
prize was taken by Mr. J. Currey, gr. to Col. Pepper,
Silisbury, who has made great headway as a deco-
rator.

Foliage plants were well represented by 1st priz >
eight from Mr. James Cypher. He has, as is usual,
richly-coloured Crotons. the old angustifolius being
finely shown ; Kentia Fosteriana and Belmoreana
Cycas revoluta, Latania borbonica, &c. ; Mr. J.
Curry was 2nd. In the amateurs' divison, Mr. Row-
land came 1st with similar subjects to the foregoing.

Exotic Ferns were presented by a good collection
from Mr. J. Lloyd, gr. to Vincent Stuckey, Esq ,
Langport, who had fine bold specimens, Pteris um-
brosum, Adiantum grandiceps, and Davallia Moore-
ana, being the most noticeable ; and Mr. Rowland
was 2nd. Mr. Cuerry was 1st with six plants.

There was but one collection of hardy Ferns — a
very good one — from Mr. Huxtable, gr. to F. W.
Newton, Esq,, Barton Grange ; and Mr. Huxtable
was 1st alao with four exotic mosses.

Despite the late season, the cut flowers were yet a
good feature. The best forty-eight Roses came from
Messrs. Perkins & Son, nurserymen, Coventry, a

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

very good lot, the deep-coloured flowers being very
bright; and Dr. S. P. Biidd, Bath, was 2nd. Messrs.
Perkins & Son were the only exhibitors of twenty-
four varieties, three trusses of each, showing very
good flowers in this class also. In the amateurs'
division, Dr. Budd was 1st with twenty-four blooms,
twelve blooms, and twelve Teas, all very good ; and
to these three collections the judges awarded the
Gardeners' Magazine Medal for special excellence in
culture. Mr. Thomas Hobbs, Lower Eiston, Bristol,
and Mr. W. H. Fowler also showed good blooms.

Dahlias were not so numerous as usual. In the
open class, Mr. Thomas Hobbs won the 1st prize
with a clean and well-finished dozen ; Mr. Joseph
Nation, Staplegrove, was 2nd ; while the latter was
the only exhibitor of twelve fancy Dahlias. No
single flowers were forthcoming, but the Cactus
varieties were shown by Messrs. Nation and Fowler.
Asters were numerous, especially the flat-petalled
varieties. Gladioli were very fine. Mr. W. H.
Fowler, Taunton, is an amateur grower of high skill.
He was placed 1st, with a very fine stand of twenty-
four spikes, and also with six ; Mr. H. Godding was
2nd in the former class. Carnations and Picotees
were fairly well shown, and cut blooms of Begonias,
both double and singlp, were of fine quality.

The best stands of twelve and six bunches of stove
and greenhouse cut flowers came from Mr. W. Iggul-
den, gr. to the Earl of Cork, Marston, Frome.
Hardy flowers in bold bunches were finely shown by
Mr. A. A. Walters, nurseryman, Bath; and Mr.
K. H. Poynter, in the open class ; and by Mr. J.
Cording, gr. to Dr. F. H. Mead, Bishop's Lydeard ;
and Mr. W. E. Hall, Yeovil, in the amateur's division.
Special prizes were offered by Mr. B. R. Davis,
nurseryman, Yeovil ; and Mr. R. H. Poynter, for
their strains of Begonias.

Fruit made a very fine feature, being both
numerous and good. The best twelve dishes came
from Mr. W. Iggulden, who had excellent Madresfield
Court and Foster's Seedling Grapes, Sea Eagle
Peach, Lord Napier Nectarine, Shipley Apricot,
Oullin's Golden Gage Plum, Smooth Cayenne Pine,
Brown Turkey Fig, Golden Gem Melon, &c. ; 2nd,
Mr. James Lloyd, with Madresfield Court and
Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, the latter uDripe ;
Queen Pine, Dymond Peach, Pine-apple Nectarine,
Moor Park Apricot, &c.

The best four dishes came from Mr. J. Brutton,
Yeovil, who had good Black Hamburgh Grapes,
Dymond Peaches, Pine-apple Nectarine, and Hero
of Lockinge Melon ; 2nd, Mr. W. Iggulden, who
had Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, Grosse Mignonne
Peaches, Stanwick Nectarine, and Melon.

The best three bunches of Black Hamburgh Grapes
came from Mr. C. Warden, The Gardens, Clarendon
Park, Salisbury, who had excellent fruit ; Mr.
Iggulden being 2nd. The best three bunches of any
other black were Madresfield Court, finely finished,
from Mr. W. Datfurn, gr. to D. Cox, Esq., Weston-
super-Mare ; Mr. Iggulden being 2nd. Mr. Connelly,
er. to J. R. C. Talbot, Esq., Lyme Regis, had the
best three bunches of Muscat of Alexandria; Mr. J.
Lloyd was 2nd. The best three bunches of any
other white were those of finely-finished Buckland
Sweetwater, from Mr. C. Warden ; Mr. T. Crossman,
gr. to Earl Poulett, Chippenham, was 2nd with the
same. The best Melon was Sutton's Monarch, from
Mr. A. Turner ; Mr. J. Lloyd came 2nd with Hero
of Lockinge. Mr. J. Brutton had the best dish of
Peaches, staging very fine Dymond ; Mr. Iggulden
coming 2nd with Sea Eagle. Mr. R. Huxtable, gr.
to F. W. Newton, Esq., had the best dish of Apricots
in Smith's Large Early ; Mr. Iggulden being
2nd with Moor Park. Mr. Brutton was 1st with
Nectarine, having fine Pineapples ; Mr. Datfurn
coming 2nd with Elruge.

The best dessert Pear was Jargonelle, some good
fruit being shown by Messrs. Datfurn and Brutton.
The best light-coloured Plum was a very fine
Oullin's Gage from Mr. Brutton ; and he had also
the best dark-coloured in Duke of Wellington ; Mr.
Iggulden coming 2nd with Da Montfort. The best
Cherries were Governor Wood and Morello ; the
best dessert Apples, Beauty of Bath and White
Astrachau; the best kitchen Apples, Lord Sullield,
Ecklinville, and Hawthomden. Currants of all
colours and Gooseberries were very fine.

Vegetables were a remarkable feature, and not
less fine were those shown by cottagers. The
fertile vale of Taunton produces these in perfection,
and the Potatos were especially clean, bright, and
of the finest quality in appearance. Special prizes
were offered for vegetables by Messrs. Jarman & Co.,
seedsmen, Chard, Messrs. E. Webb & Sons, seeds-
men, Stourbridge, and Messrs. Sutton & Sons,

seedsmen, Reading. Very fine vegetables were
shown, but the competition was decidedly the
keenest in the case of Messrs. Sutton's prizes. Mr.
Henry Moore, Minehead, won the 1st prize in this,
and also in Messrs. Webb & Sons' classes. He also
had the best six dishes of Potatos, twelve tubers of
each, staging superb examples of The Dean, Reading
Russet, Satisfaction, Magnum Bonum, Purple Per-
fection, and Abundance. Mr. J. Greedy, gr. to
Major Birton, came 2nd, with a very fine collection
also, having Schoolmaster, The Dean, Satisfaction,
Prizetaker, Cosmopolitan, and Windsor Castle.
Mr. H. Moore had the best dish of a round Potato,
showing The Dean, King of Russets ; Mr. H. F.
Manley was 2nd. The best white Potato was
Abundance, also from Mr. H. Moore. Parsnips,
Celery, Cauliflower, Carrots, Turnips, Peas, Beans,
&c, were wonderfully fine and numerous throughout
the show.

Table decorations, bouquets, &c, quite filled a
tent. The best arranged table was set up by Mr.
James Cypher, in that charming style for which
he is so famous. Mrs. Macalister, Taunton, was
2nd. Mr. Cypher also had the best stand or vase,
admirably done; and Mr. Thomas Meakin, Clifton,
was 2nd. Mrs. Lee, of Taunton, had the best hand-
bouquet, Messrs. Perkins & Son taking the 2nd
prize. Pretty stands of wild flowers were shown by
Miss Jones, Taunton, and Mrs. Macalister ; also
bouquets of wild flowers and button-holes.

Contributions of plants and flowers, not for com-
petition, were made by Messrs. Kelway & Son, nur-
serymen, Langport, who had a superb lot of spikes
of Gladioli and other cut flowers; by Messrs. R.
Veitch & Son, Nurserymen, Exeter, who had plants
and cut flowers ; a very interesting contribution by
Messrs. J. Jarman & Co., seedsmen, Chard, who
had plants and a large assortment of cut flowers ;
and by Mr. B. R. Davis, seedsman, Yeovil, who had
a fine lot of his prize strain of Begonias. All the
foregoing were highly commended, and Certificates
of Merit awarded to Messrs. Kelway & Son for
Gladiolus Lord Wolseley, brilliant crimson, and A.
G. Swinburne, primrose-blush and pink.

NATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE FLOWER
SHOW AND FESTIVAL, CRYSTAL
PALACE.

August 15. — The flower show was but one
element of this annual festival, but it was a very
important and conspicuous one. As it draws exhi-
bitors from all parts of England and Wales, it is not
to be wondered at that nearly 4500 entries were
made, and 500 tables, 8 feet long, were required to
accommodate the exhibits. The flower show filled
the whole of the eastern part of the nave, but in
many parts of the building something was going on
relative of the festival, and in the grounds of the
Palace also. The task of arranging all these exhi-
bits was a very onerous one, but it was well carried
out by Mr. G. Waugh and a staff of assistants ; Mr.
E. Owen Greening, the Managing Director of the
Horticultural and Agricultural Association, taking a
general oversight of all the engagements of the day.
The schedule of prizes, which included some 261
classes, was divided into two main sections, from
one of which all professional gardeners were ex-
cluded, and the competition confined to work-
ing people only ; in the other, gardeners, if
members of industrial societies, or their employers,
members of the horticultural and agricultural asso-
ciations, were able to compete. Bearing in mind
that it is only six years since the first co-operative
flower show was held, the conservatory of the Royal
Horticultural Society at South Kensington sufficing
to take the exhibits, it is remarkable how rapid it
has grown in extent, and still more in the quality of
the productions. At the first show the exhibitors
had a very elementary knowledge of quality in
garden productions of all kinds — even the gardeners
who were among the exhibitors from the very first ;
but they have been quick to learn, and we can say
that the quality of the exhibits generally which were
staged at the Crystal Palace on Saturday was worthy
of any exhibition held throughout the country, and
it is obvious that the cultivators of vegetables and
flowers are keenly alive to the necessity of growing
the very best strains. It was noticed more particu-
larly this year that the competition becomes keener
in the leading classes as the quality improves, and
it was no easy task to select from thirty to fifty
dishes of Peas or Potatos, Beans, Carrots, &c. ; five
worthy awards, where the average merit is so good.

Some of the most trying work judges have expe-
rienced was got through on Saturday last, and on

the whole the awards appeared to give great
satisfaction.

Plants are, of necessity, one of the smallest
features. Vegetables, flowers, and hardy fruits, can
be brought safely from long distances if carefully
packed; not so plants. Hence they come from points
near to the place of meeting; but they improve if
not over large. Such a display of annuals has per-
haps never before been seen at the Palace, and the
most attractive among the bunches were the Sweet
Peas ; even Mr. Eckiord's new varieties were pre-
sent. African Marigolds were magnificent; and the
number of cut Roses shown, as well as their general
good quality, testified to the lateness of the Rose
season.

Hardy fruits were a great feature, especially the
Gooseberries and Currants; and in the gardeners'
class for six dishes of fruit, very good Grapes,
Peaches, &c, were staged.

Potatos were beautifully clean and bright, and
while large generally, yet very handsome. In the
Potato, Carrot, Pea, Runner Bean, and Onion
classes, there was a close run among numerous
aspirants to honours.

The best collection of farm produce, fruits, vege-
tables, plants, and flowers, arranged as a trophy,
came from the Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society,
at Woolwich — in every way highly creditable ; Mr.
T. Osman taking the 2nd award.

That this annual exhibition is leading many of
the working-classes to take an interest in their
gardens cannot be doubted. That surely is good,
looked at from any point of view ; and if they can
be led to take an interest in and associate themselves
with self-governing industrial enterprises, in the
management of which they can assist, and share
in any pecuniary advantages derived therefrom,
surely the good is augmented, and the community
benefited. The movement is on the side of industry,
sobriety, self-reliance, and thrift, and, as such, it
seems to be deserving of every encouragement.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

A meeting of the committee took place on the
17th inst., at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet Street, Mr.
Robert Ballantine in the chair. The Secretary
announced that he had received notice of the death,
in May last, in the 71st year of his age, of Mr.
Nicholas J. Bott, formerly so intimately connected
with the culture of the Chrysanthemum. A letter
was read from Mr. H. Briscoe-Ironside, of Sidcup,
resigning his seats on the General, the Floral, and
the Catalogue Revision Committees of the Society,
having, through failing health, been ordered abroad.
The Secretary was instructed to convey to Mr.
Briscoe-Ironside the great regret of the committee
at his resignation, and their hearty sympathy with
him in his illness. The vacancy on the General
Committee was filled up by the appointment of Mr.
J.Williams; on the Floral Committee, by Mr. Norman
Davis ; and Mr. Taylor to the Catalogue Revising
Committee. The Secretary announced that he
had made arrangements for a conference on Chry-
santhemum sports, to take place in connection with
the exhibition at the Royal Aquarium in November
next, and that the Rev. Professor Heuslow, M.A.,
would deal with the question from the botanist's,
and Mr. Norman Davis from the cultivator's point of
view. It was resolved that the conference take place
on the first day, November 10, at six o'clock in the
evening, and cultivators were requested to send as
many sports as possible, and the varieties from which
they had originated, to the conference meeting. The
Evesham Chrysanthemum Society and the St. John's
Gardeners, Amateurs', and Cottagers' Society were
admitted into affiliation, and fifteen new members
were elected, including one fellow. The secretary
reported there were now 72 Fellows of the Society,
651 ordinary members, and 83 affiliated societies.

SHREWSBURY.

August 19 and 20. — This celebrated Society held
its annual exhibition of plants, fruits, vegetables,
and flowers, on the above dates, and may be pro-
nounced as the best hitherto held by the Society,
the entries exceeding 2500 this year.

The show was held in The Quarry, the beautiful
grounds of the Shropshire Floral and Horticultural
Society. The attendance of visitors was exceedingly
good. Want of space prevents us giving more than
a brief notice of this excellent show, and there-
fore many praiseworthy exhibits, including a grandly
flowered lot of zonal Pelargoniums, cannot be noticed

Auoust 22, 1891.]

THE GAR DENE ES' CHRONICLE.

231

in detail. The following is a synopsis of the leading
exhibits, which were all admirably staged.

Plants. — In the class for sixteen stove and green-
house plants Mr. Finch, gr. to James Marriott, Esq.,
Coventry, and Mr. Cypher, Cheltenham, were placed
equal 1st. In Mr. Finch's collection was shown the
finest plant of Ixora Duffii hitherto seen here, having
seventeen trusses of its bright orange-red flowers,
about nine inches in diameter ; also a fine plant of
Sobralia macrantha, having seventeen well-deve-
loped flower spikes and plenty of healthy foliage;
and splendid plants of Kentia Fosteriana, Stepba-
notis floribunda, and Allamanda Hendersoni.
Mr. Cypher's best plants were Cycas circinalis,
Croton Queen Victoria, of great size and tine colour;
Latania borbonica, Phceaocoma prolifera Barnesii,
grandly-flowered ; and Ixora regina.

In the class for six floweriug plants, Mr. Finch
was 1st, staging good plants of Ixoras, &c.

Ferns. — 1st, Mr. Huberts, gr. to C. H. Wright,
Esq., Oswestry, with a fine half-dozen plants, among
which may be mentioned Microlepia hirta cristata
and Davallia Mooreana.

Groups. — These were arranged differently from
what one usually meets with at shows — a series of
mounds, composed of Maidenhair Ferns, various
kinds of Orchids and bright foliage plants, with a
Palm in the centre of each, the ground between
being covered with moss and dwarf foliage plants,
the background consisting of a good bank of Palms,
Crotons, Lilies, Masdevallias, &c, Mr. P. Blair, gr.
to the Duke of Sutherland, securing 1st in the
leading class, and 2nd in another. Mr. A. Webb,
gr. to J. H. M. Sutton, Esq., Newark-on-Trent, was
2nd in the principal group.

Fruit. — A fine show. Out of four collections of
twelve kinds staged, Mr. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of
Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby, was a good 1st,
showing good Black Hamburgh, Barbarossa, Muscat
of Alexandria, and Poster's Seedlings Grapes, two
buuches of each, extra fine Lord Napier Nectarines,
Barrington Peaches, Countess Melon. Brown Turkey
Figs, Moor Park Apricots, Kirk's Plums. Queen Pine,
and Circassian Cherry, a good all-round lot.

Five good collections of nine kinds were staged,
Mr. H. E. Kennedy, gr. to Sir C. II. Rouse Boughton,
Bart., Ludlow, being 1st. His collection included
a dish of Frogmore Pine Strawberry and good Pine-
apple Nectarine.

Grapes. — These, on the whole, were deficient in
colour. Out of seven stands of black, six bunches
in three varieties, two bunches of each, Mr. Banner-
man, gr. to Lord Bagot, Battlefield, Rugeley, was
1st, staging good bunches of Alnwick Seedling,
Black Alicante, and Black Hamburgh ; 2nd, Mr. J.
Baker, gr. to J. W. Raynes, Esq., Rock Ferry ; 3rd,
Mr. Igsulden, gr. to the Earl of Cork, Marston
House, Frome.

Eleven stands of Black Hamburgh, three bunches
on each. — Mr. J. Langley, gr. to Rev. Bulkeley
Offen, Tedsmore Hall, was a good 2nd, showing
large, well-coloured bunches.

Eight stands were shown in the any other black
class. Mr. Crawford, gr. to Jas. Thorpe, Esq., Cod-
rington Hall, Newark-on Trent, was 1st, with grand
bunches of Black Alicante. Four bunches of white,
in two varieties : Mr. Middleton, gr. to R. Pilling-
ton, Esq , Rainford Hall, Birkenhead, was 1st with
g)od bunches of Muscat of Alexandria and Foster's
Seedling. With three bunches of Muscat
of Alexandria, Mr. Middleton was 1st out
of six stands put up, showing handsome solid
bunches of a good coloui, and large in berry.
Any other white Grape, Mr. Iggulden was 1st out of
ten lots staged, with Foster's Seedling ; Mr. Goodacre
being 2nd. Out of eight stands of Black Hamburghs,
Mr. Langley was 1st, staging large, well-finished
bunches. Any other black than Hamburgh, Mr.
Pearce, gr. to S. K. Mainwaring, Esq., was 1st, with
fine examples of Gros Maroc ; eight lots being
staged. Finest specimen of black Grape, Mr. J.
Crawford was 1st, with a good bunch of Barbarossa —
61b.

Peaches were largely represented, Mr. Iggulden
being 1st, with large fruits of Sea Eagle.

Vegetables. — Seven good collections of twelve
kinds were staged, Mr. T. Wilkins, gr. to Lady
Lady Theodora Guest, Inwood House, Blandford,
was 1st, his Lyon Leek, Ailsa Craig Onion, Satis-
faction Potato, new Intermediate Carrots, Perfection
Tomato, green Artichokes, and Duke of Albany Pea,
were his best dishes ; Mr. Waite, gr. to Col. Talbot,
Glenhurst, being 2nd, with a good all-round lot.

Potatos. — Out of seven collections of six varieties,
six tubers of each, Mr. Combes, gr. to the Earl of

Dudley, was 1st, showing fine specimens of Windsor
Castle, Early White Beauty, Cole's Favourite,
Sutton's Abundance, Edgecote Purple, and Satis-
faction. Mr. Waite had the best three dishes, in a
good competition, of Pride of Ontario, Queen of the
Valley, and Sutton's Seedling.

Tumatos. — Out of nine dishes staged, Mr. J.
Squibbs, Gresford, Derbyshire, was 1st, with
Perfection.

Peas. — Thirty dishes of Peas were staged, Mr.
A. E. Payne, Wellington, being 1st, with good
examples of Duke of Albany.

Onions. — Mr. Wilkins was 1st, in a good compe-
tition, with Ailsa Craig, sprina-sown. Mr. Waite
being 1st, with autumn sown, showing Lemon Rocca.

Cut Flowers were shown in large quantities. Messrs.
Perkins & Sons, of Coventry, being 1st, in a strong
competition, choice Orchids, Pancratiums, &c, being
used in most of the arrangements.

Roses. — Several good stands of 'twenty-four
blooms were put up. 1st, Messrs. Perkins & Sons,
in whose collection the Earl of Dufferin, Her
Majesty, Niphetos, Mrs. John Laing, and Harrison
Weir were conspicuous.

REPORTS OF THE FOLLOWING SO-
CIETIES HAVE BEEN RECEIVED.

National Carnation Society. Old Trafford ; Lang-
cliff and Stainforth Cottagers' Horticultural Society;
Marton Horticultural and Industrial Society ; Crick
Flower Show ; Denley Flower Show ; Bovey Tracey
Cottage Garden Society ; Boulevard Amateur Hor-
ticultural Society, Radford, Scorton and District
Floral and Horticultural Society ; Malmesbury
Flower Show; Arlington and District Horticultural
Show; Shirehampton Fiower Show; Pilrig Amateur
Floral Society ; Pollokshiels Society ; Stirling Park
Gardens Horticultural Society ; Wilts Horticultural ;
Moor Park.

Trade Notice.

THE AFFAIRS OF MESSRS. HOOPER & CO.
This firm, which carried on business many years in
Covent Garden and Maida Vale as seed and horti-
cultural manufacturers and merchants, was formed
into a company in 1886, with a nominal capital of
£100,000, and was ordered to be wound up in May.
Under the winding-up order, the summary of
accounts, &c, has just been issued by the provisional
liquidator, and shows gross liabilities £19,601, with
assets disclosing a surplus of £1,231. The con-
tributories' deficiency is £23,347 10s. It appears
that the Maida Vale Nurseries were purchased in
1887, the purchase-money for the whole being
£23,610, of which £6,610 was paid in ;cash. The
liabilities were satisfied by the vendors,' and the
business was carried on at the Central Avenue and
the Piazza, Covent Garden, at 83, Regent Street,
the Maida Vale Nurseries, and at Paris. The failure
is attributed to the expenses having exceeded profits,
and to loss by the purchase of stock at Maida Vale.
From the deficiency account it appears that the
expenses have been £16,958, salaries, &c. £3,307,
and miscellaneous expenses £10,819; loss on Paris
trading, £1,108; and depreciation of property,
£8,406. At present a receiver is acting on behalf of
the debenture-holders.

Enquiry.

" He that questioneth much shall learn much."— BACON.

Staff Required.— Will you kindly ask one or two
of your able contributors to give the labour required
to keep the following sized garden in decent order :
— There are 2 acres of kitchen garden, 1 acre
enclosed within the walls, which are covered with
the usual supply of fruit trees, and about the same
outside, cropped with vegetables. Flower borders
in kitchen garden for a good supply of cut flowers,
&c. There are three vineries, Peach, Fig, and
Tomato-houses, and a good supply of pits and
frames. These are a quarter of a mile from the
mansion. Near the mansion-houBe there is a con-
servatory, stove and forcing house, fully 1J acres of

grass, including two tennis greens aud mathematical
flower garden, consisting of thirty-six good-sized
beds, walks, &c. A Perplexed Gardener.

Cactus. — Will any reader give a few hints as to
the best method of getting these plants to bloom.
Should they be kept in a moist or dry heat ? They
seem to bloom them at Kew easily. Do they bloom
every year ? Epiphylium.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " 13 meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
Darned ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contioued for
tweuty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

1>
- SD

^ a

Accumulated.

01
00

a ■

Om-

ai-J

4) °°

E-i

*- % 3

v a

O .

a,
XI

0 .

0" 3i

0 a

- '■ v.

S a

is*

a
a

«
a

- a

= .2

0 d

p. 3

O j,

£1

x> 0

mi!

llav-

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

1 —

+ 153 + 79

4 +

142

27.9

0 aver

— 39 + 101

0 aver

101

13.7

1 —

114

— 104 + 95

0 aver

100

12.2

0 aver

130

— 123!+ 128

1 —

110

13.6

1 +

126

— 102|+ 116

1 —

104

14.3

} aver

137

— 121 + 149

1 —

14.1

1 aver

105

+ 83^ 46

2 +

107

17.9

0 aver

115

— 3+35

6 +

15.9

0 aver

120

— 82 + 118 0 aver

104

18.3

1 +

114

+ 11 + 29

4 +

122

15.3

1 +

125

+ 21 + 31

1 —

110

17.6

1 —

135

— 28 + 40

2 +

104

14.8

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — I, Scotland, N. ;

" 2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;

5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.

Principal Grazing, eye. Districts— 7. Scotland, W. ; S.

England, N.W. ; 9. England. S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;

11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending August 15, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather has continued in an unsettled con-
dition very generally. Heavy rain has fallen in
the more north-western and northern parts of the
Kingdom ; but, in the south and east of England,
the rain has been comparatively slight, and several
fair intervals have been experienced. Thunder-
storms occurred in many parts of the Kingdom on
the 10th.

"The temperature has not differed materially
from the mean. The highest of the maxima, which
were recorded on irregular dates in Ireland and
Scotland, and on the 14th over England, varied
from 77° in ' England, S.', and 76° in ' England, E.\
to 67° in ' England, N.W.', and 64° in ' Scotland, N.'
The lowest of the minima were registered in most
places on the lltb, and ranged from 42° in the north
and east of Scotland, to 50° in ' Scotland, W.' and
■Ireland, N.', and to 56° in the ' Channel Islands.' _

" The rainfall has been less than the mean in
' England, E.'\ the ' Midland Counties,' 'England, S.',
and also in ' Ireland. S.\ and equal to it in ' Scot-
land, E.', ' England, N.E.', and ' England, S.W.'; in
the other districts a somewhat decided excess is
shown. A very heavy fall is reported to have
occurred in some parts of Lancashire, between the
13th and 14th.

"The bright sunshine has been less than the
mean in all districts, except ' England, N.E.' The
percentage of the possible amount of duration
ranged from 35° in ' England, S.W.', and 33° in
• England, S.', to 21° in ' Ireland, N.', and 14° in
' Scotland, N.' "

232

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

Markets.

CO VENT GARDEN, August 20.
[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It must be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]
Heavy supplies of hard goods to hand, prices ruling
low. Kent Filberts in good supply. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s.d.
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontogl ossn m
crispum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pansies. 12 bunches 0 6-16
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 3 0-60

— 12 spays 0 6-09

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0-40
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 1 0- 2 0
Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-
chals),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 10-60
Stocks per doz. buns. 3 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 2 0-30
SweetSultan.l2bun. 2 0-30
Tuberoses. 12 blms. 0 3-06

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunches 6 0-12 0

— English, per

dozen bunches ... 0 4-06
Bouvardia, perbunch 0 6-10
Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Cloves, per doz. blms. 0 3-06
Cornflower, 12 buns. 16-30
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardiaa, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Gladiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lavender, doz. buoch 5 0-70
Lilium var, 12 bun. 6 0-12 0
,, Harrisii, doz, 2 0-40
Lilmms, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern ,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerite?, 12 bun3. 3 0-60
Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-30
Myosotis, 12 bunches 2 0-40

Orchid-bloom in variety.

Plants in Pots.— Aver

s. d. s. d.

Aralia Sieboldi, doz. 6 0-12 0

Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-42 0

— specimen plants,

each 7 6-10 6

Asters, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Bouvardia, per dozen 9 0-18 0
Caladiums, per doz. 9 0-15 0
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-12 0
Dracaena terminalis,

per dozen 30 0 60 0

— viridis, perdozenl2 0-24 0
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen 6 0-18 0

Evergreens, in var.,

per doten 6 0-24 0

Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4 0 18 0

Ficu* elastica, each 16-70
Fuchsias, per dozen 4 0-90

age Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2 0-10 0
Heliotrope, per doz. 4 0-80
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0-18 0

— pamculata, per
plant 16-20

Ivy Pelargoniums,

per dozen 3 0-60

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18 0-30 0

Lobelia, per dozen ... 3 0 6 0
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0 12 0
Mignonette, per doz. 4 0-60
Myrtle, per dozen

pots 6 0 12 0

Palms in variety,

each 2 6-21 0

Pelargoniums, doz. 8 0-12 0

— scarlet, per doz. 2 0-60
Spiraja, per dozen ... 6 J- 9 0

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices
s. d.

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0 16
Mushroom*, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, perbunch... 0 4 0 6
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6 ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-09
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 3 o 4
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bum-h... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4-06
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herb*, per bunch ... 0 4-

Potatos. — The end of last week's trade was a very bad one.
Many parcels had to be cleared at 35s. to 45s. per ton, and
those not sold have since been disposed of for cattle use, being
so badly diseased. The orders to stop sendiog this week has
had the effect of shortening supplies, with an upward tendency
in prices for sound parcels. During the next month markets
are likely to be unsteady. Best samples 70s. to 80s. J. B.
Thomas.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Spitalfields : Aug. 18.— French Beans, 2s. 6d. to 3s. per
per bushel; Scarlet do., 3s. to 4s. do.; Peas, 3s. to 4s. per
sack; Cabbages, 2s. to 4s. per tally ; Marrows, 9d. to Is. 3d.
per dozen; Broad Beans, Is. per bushel.

Stratford : August 18. — There has been a good supply o
all kinds of produce at this market during the past week, and
a fair trade was done at the undermentioned prices : —
Cabbages, 3s. to 5s. per tally; Carrots, household, Is. 6d.
to 2s. &i. per dozen bunches; Mangels, 30s. to 34s. per
ton; Onions, Egyptian, 100s. to 110s. do.; do., Oporto,
6s. to 7s. per case; Apples, English, 3s. to 7s. per bushel;
Scarlet Beans, 4s. to 5s. per sieve; French Beans, 3s. to 4s.
do.; Windsor Beans, 2s. 3d, to 2s. 6<f. do.; Bed Currants,
3s. to 4s. Qd. per half-sieve; Black Currants, 7s. to 7s. &d.
do. ; Plums, 2s. to 3s. 9d. do. ; Marrows, 3s. to bs. per tally.

s.d. s. d.

Apples, i-sieve ... 10-30

Currants, red, £ -sieve 3 0-36

— black, i-sieve ... 7 6 ...

Gooseberries, £-&ieve 13-26

Grapes 10-26

Kent Filbert, 100 lbs. 45 0-50 0

j. d. s. d.
Lemons, per case ...20 0-35 0

Melons 10-20

Peaches, per dozen... 16-80
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0- 8 0
Plums, i-sieve ... 3 0-40

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Borough: Aug. 12.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. Bd. to
4s. 6d. per tally ; Onions, 2s. 6d. to 3s. per dozen bunches, and
4s. 6'/. to 5s. per cwt. ; Carrots, 2s. to 2s. 6d., Turnips, Is. 6rf.
to 2s. (jd. per dozen bunches ; Marrows, tid. to Is. per dozen;
Peas, 2s. to 3s. per bushel, and 3s. to 5s. per bag. ; Scarlet
Beans, 2s. Qd.t French Beans. 2s. to 2s. 6d. per 12 lb.
Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per dozen bunches ; Carrots, Is. Qd. to
2s. 6rf. do. ; Parsley, Is. to 2s. do. ; Horseradish, 12s. to 14s.
per dozen bundles ; Cos Lettuc, id. to $d. per score ; Endive,
Is. to Is. Qd. per dozen ; Mustard and Cress, Is. 6d. to 2s. per
dozen baskets ; Beetroot, 3d. to 6d per dozen roots ; English
Apples, Is. 6d. to 3s. Qd. per dozen bushels ; Gooseberries,
2s. 3d. to 3s. per half-sieve; Green Gages, 2s. 9d. to 3s. 9d.
per flat; OrleanB Plum3, 3s. per half-sieve; Red Currants,
3s. to 3s. 6d. do. ; Black do., 7s. 6rf. to 8s. do. ; Black Cherries,
4s. to 5s. do.; Raspberries, 37s. Qd. to 40s. per cwt. ; English
Tomatos, 3s. to 6s. per 12 lb.

Notices to Correspondents.

Address Wanted. — Will Mr. H. Alcock, late of 35,
Ordish Street, Burton-on-Trent, kindly furnish his
present address ?

Advertisements : E. A. M, Unless you give us
more details we cannot answer your question.

Apple Leaves : G. B. The fungu3 on your leaves
is the same that causes Apples to crack on the
surface. The Americans are using sulphate of
copper in fine powder or solution, but we have no
experience as to its value in this disease.

Books: F. G. M. Oliver's Lessons, Masters' BotoMy
for Beginners (Bradbury, Agnew, & Co.), or
Edmond's Elementary Botany, Read Darwin's
Works ; do not attempt to learn the natural
orders without specimens in hand ; start with
British plants, first looking over the descriptions
given in British Flora. — A. E. Epitome of Gar-
dening (Black & Co.), is suitable for an amateur
gardener.

Bush Chrysanthemum Buds : Amateur. If the
plants upon which buds have already formed
belong to the Japanese family and are late flower-
ing kinds, such as Boule d'Or, Grandiflora, or Etoile
de Lyon, for instance, I would advise that they be
retained, except they have had their buds set for
two or three weeks. All plants belonging to this
family should have their buds left now. Should
any of the medium or early-flowered kinds have
set their buds, they should be removed, the shoots
disbudded to one on a branch, and wait for the
next bud. The same remark applies equally to
the incurved section. From this date onwards,
any buds which form of any variety should be
retained. Promptly remove all growths which
cluster around the buds and down the stem, which
will concentrate the whole energy of the plant
into the few selected flower buds. E. Molyneux.

Chrysanthemum Buds : A. S. The centre bud is
what is known most generally as the " crown "
bud, being placed in the centre of the young
shoots, which spring from the base of the flower-
bud. In the case of the Japanese family, if large
exhibition blooms are required, " crown " buds
which form at this time are the best for producing
them, and also many of the incurved section
succeed best from that bud. In fact, all do north
of London; but south of that point, "crown"
buds forming during the early part of this month
are too early to give the best results in the
" Queen " family. In that case remove the bud
and all shoots but one, and wait until another
bud is formed. E. Molyneux.

Flower Shows : Anxious. It is impossible to report
all of these, or even to give full accounts of any
but the most important. We have before us as we
write, notes of more than fifty such Shows held
last week alone.

Grapes: Hortus, Wales. — Your Muscat Grapes are
very fair samples— might be better set; more heat
at the time of setting is most likely required.
There are some spider outlines, which would
account for some of the rusty appearance. Have
you syringed them ? Your Black Hamburghs are,
no donbt, overcropped. Dress them in the
autumn with good fresh loam and Thomson's
Manure. — Subscriber. The berries you have sent us
are curiously damaged, as if by mildew, but we
are not quite sure of this, and will examine them
more fully.

Grapes not Colouring : A. Cox. Judging from
your statement, and the samples sent us, which are
quite ripe and sweetly flavoured, the failure we
should attribute to the maintanance of a too close

and warm atmosphere during the colouring period.
Give more air night and day, keeping the piping
warm to promote circulation — a much lower tem-
perature would suit better ; also give more water,
much more, we should say, than a quarter of a
gallon per foot. You should read Vines and Vine
Culture, if you have not done so.

Ivy : A Subscriber, Ivy cuttings may be put in now
in shady places ; pieces with roots do better, but
they will succeed without.

Names of Fruits : M. J. 1, Sea Eagle ; 3, War-
rington ; 5, Whitesmith ; 6, Poicupine ; other fruits
unfortunately smashed. We have no note of any
other parcel being received. — C. K. It is some-
what too early to name late Apples with any
degree of certainty. Their characters are not yet
fully developed. Of those sent, No. 1 may be
Gloria Mundi, No. 2 Warner's King, No. 3 Beauty
of Kent ; others cannot be recognised.

Names of Plants : Ercctus. l.Laureliaaromatica; 3,
Eucryphia pinnatifolia ; 5, Cephalotaxus Fortunei ;
8 or 9, Eugenia apiculata ; 10, Myrtus sp. We
cannot identify more from the species sent. Send
better specimens. — W. D. H. Sparganium ramo-
sum. — A. E. R. 1, Centranthus ruber ; 2, Lysi-
machia vulgaris ; 3, not recognised. — Bedalt. 1,
Veratrum nigrum ; 2, Lysimachia vulgaris; 3, not
recognised. — E. C. C. D. Populus alba, or one of
its varieties. — W. Higgle. Potentilla fruticosa. —
J. E. Pernettya mucronata. — A. G. L. 1, Thuia
occidentalis var. ; 2, T. o. var. plicata ; 3, Reti-
nospora plumosa ; 4, R. pisifera ; 5, Juniperus
virginiana. — J. W, Pittosporum tenuifolium. —
G. W. J. 2, Ficus Parcelli ; 3, Piles muscosa ; 4,
Begonia fuchsioides ; 5, Dipteracanthus affinis,
probably — send when in flower ; 6, Begonia me-
tallica (incarnata) ; 7, Begonia, garden variety ;
8, Bomaria Carderi ; 9, Trachelospermum jas-
minoides ; 10, Anthericum linearum variegatum.
— Subscriber. 1, Campanula isophylla ; 2, Yucca
aloefolia variegata ; 3, Francoa appendiculata ;
4, Begonia argyrostigma. — R. P. Zephyranthes
atamasco. — J. H. Hedychium Gardnerianum. — ■
T. H. E. 1, Sednm spectabile; 2, Helianthemum
vulgare, var. Fireball ; 4, Veronica spicata varie-
gata ; 3, next week.

New Pea : C. Sharpe if Co. A dwarf Pea of compact
habit, with about eight or nine large, well-coloured
Peas in each pod. The variety seems very produc-
tive, but the flavour of the sample sent is only fair.

Onion Fly : A Subscriber. Your Onions are attacked
by the maggots of the Onion fly (Anthomyia
ceparum). Take up the whole of the infested
plants at once with a knife or spud, and burn
them. Try soft-soap suds to destroy any maggots
which may remain. In winter, trench the ground
two spits deep, so as to bury the chrysalids, as the
fly cannot reach the surface if deeply buried.

Raspberries : W. Wilson. There are several sorts of
Raspberries which fruit in the way you describe.
Belle de Fontenay may be named as one. It is
well worth growing.

Second Flowering of Apples : Westmoreland. Not
uncommon. The flowers are produced on the
Bhoots of the year, as in a Rose. A similar thing
happens in Laburnum and many other plants.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

W. Fromow & Sons, Sutton Court Nursery, Chis-

wick, W. — Dutch and other Bulbs.
William Bull, King's Road, Chelsea — Tuberous

and Bulbous-rooted Plants.
Jules de Cock, Ledeberg, near Ghent — Azaleas,

Palms, &c.
B. S. Williams & Sons, Upper Holloway, London

Bulhs, Roses, &c.
Thomas Laxton, Bedford — Strawberries.
C W. Cousins, High Street, Wood Green, N.—

Bulbous Roots.
James Carter & Co., High Holborn, London — Bulbs.
Sutton & Sons, Reading — Bulbs.
B. S. Williams & Sons, Upper Holloway, London —

Bulbs and Fruit Trees.
E. P. Dixon & Sons, Hull— Bulbs.

Communications Received. — W. S. — E. T.— J. H — R. D.—
W. E. G.— Carbolic. -C. N.— G. D.— Professor Henriques,
Coimbra.— R. A. R.— Alfred Wallace.— D. MeAlpine. Mel-
bourne.—H. H. D'O.— J. C. S. (next week).— Profeesor Tre-
lease, St. Louis. — A. G. C. — Viscomte de St. Leger, Rio
Janeiro.— M. Coomans, Brussels. — A. O. W.— G. B — J. M.
— O. W.— W. F.— J. B. F.— M. D.— F. W. Burbidge.— 9. C.
—J. T.— D. T. F.— W. R. W. (wilh thanks, but furnished by
our own correspondent).— G. P. D.— A, O. — J. H. M.— H. E.
— W, S,— James Dwglas,--E. W, G.— Stuart &. Mela.

Abocst 22, 1891.]

THE GAR DENE B S' CHRONICLE.

233

FRUIT, &c, EVAPORATOR.

New Improved System Patent Ryder.

DRYING APPLIANCES,

FOR MANUFACTURE OF CONSERVES,

DRYING APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, &c.

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURE. Newest Amen, :,„
Patent FRICK secures first-class drying produce and
highest saving in maintenance expenses.

PH. MAYFARTH & CO.,

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY MANUFACTORY,
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN; BERLIN, N.

Londonoffice : 16, MINCING LANE, E.C.

REPRESENTATIVE :

Mr. A. LUDWIG, F.R.H.S.

Illus'rated CATALOG UES on application, post-free.

The Apparatus is placed and working in the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, at Chiswick (close to Turnham
Green, London, W.), when? it will be opeu to inspection
by all interested in Fruit Evaporating.

21-02. and 15-02. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

frte and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

HEATING APPARATUS

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, 9to.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ;

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

THE STOTT

SPECIALTIES for DESTRUCTION OF INSECT PESTS.

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR.

Letter received from The Eirl Of Lisbume.

S. Wales, Juoe2J, 1890.
Sir,— Am very well pleased with the Distributor; it does its
work well, and is a most useful invention. — Yours faithfully,

LISBURNE.

PATENT SPRAYER.

Extract from letter from Mr. G. Norman, Gardener to
The Right Hon. The Marquis of Salisbury.
The Gardens, Hatfield House, Herts, April 20. 1891.
Sir, — I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention.

PATENT SYRINGE.

Extract from letter from R, White, Esq., Arddarrock,
Gareloch Head, Dtii/iburtonshtre.

July 20, 1891.
I consider the Syringe bought from you one of the cheapest
and best I ever had. It is especially good for spraying Odouto-
gloss urns.

KILLMRIGHT.

Extract fron letter from Mr. J. Young. Head Gardener to
the Zoological Society, Hegtnt's Eark, London.

July 22, 1891.
It is the best Insecticide I have ever used, and the cheapest.

FEED1YI RIGHT.

Extract from Letter from Mr. T. Wise, Gardener to
F. Taylor, Esq., Ash Lawn, Heat m, Bolton.

September 20, 1S90.
Your Patent Manure has given us every satisfaction.

TESTIMONIALS and PRICE LISTS on application.
Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and
Retailfrom the STOTT DISTRIBUTOR CO. Ltd., Barton
House. Manchester.

i*n ■JTTV.Ti

FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &c,

On CARRIAGE DRIVES,

GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS,

WALLS, STONEWORK, &c.

Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No Smell.

One application will keep the Walks and Drives
clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.

Mr. W. G. IIk ad. Crystal Palace, says : — '■ We are so satisfied
with your composition and its price that we have used it abso-
lutely. I have every confidence in recommending it."

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator. Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge, says : — " There can be no question with regard to its
efficacy."

Prices :— In 1 and 2-gallon Tics, 28. per gal. (Tins included) ;
in 5-gallon Drums, 1b 6d. per gallon. 10 and 16-gallon
Drums, la. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger
quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

1^° Csed in the proportion of one gallon to twenty- five ga' Ions
of water.

For particulars of ANTI-FUNGI POWDER for TOMATO
DISEASE, ZINC LABEL. INK, GARDEN MANURES, WORM
KILLER, &c, write to the Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers,

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY,

Tunbridge, Kent;
and Carlton Street, Bolton, Lancashire.

Bona
Fide

BENTLEY'S

Bona

Fide

WEED DESTROYER.

Mr. J. Hudson, Gunnersbury House Gardens, writes : — " I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

Mr. A. Ward, Stoke Edith Park Gardens, writes :— " I am
pleased to tell you that I am exceedingly gratified with the
results of your Weed Destroyer, as it desiroys both Weeds and
Moss on the walks most effectually, and gives the gravel a
bright appearance."

In the following sizes, carriage paid: —

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 19s. 0d.

6 ,, „ 10s. 0d. I 18 „ ,, 27s. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 50s.

SOLE MANUFACTURER.—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

TRADE

MARK.

FOR PLANTS.

QUICK. LASTING. ECONOMICAL.

The Gardens, Seacox Heath, Hawkhurst, Kent, March 11, 1891.
Dear Sir, — Having used your "Clay's Iuvigorator"for some
time, I am exceedingly pleased with the results obtained from
it. As an Exhibitor I have used it upon most sorts of Vege-
tables with great advantage; also upon many sorts of Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Pot
Strawberries. Chrysanthemums. &c. For Lawns it has a quick
and beneficial effect. For Amateurs and those with small
gardens, where there is a difficulty in obtaining stable or farm-
yard manure, your "Invjgorator" ought to be of special value,
as it is clean in use, easy of application, and reasonable in
price.— Yours respectfully, J. GILMOUR, Gardener to the
Right Hon. G. J. G0SCHEN, M.P.

Hold by Seedsmen, Florists, and Nurserymen, or direct fom the
Works, in 6d- and Is. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:—
7 lba. 14 lbs. 28 lbs. 56 lbs. 112 Us.

2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s.

The above Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag,
and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth
of each Bag.

A Sample Packet will be sent post-free on receipt of
One Shilling by the MANUFACTURER—

S. C. CLAY,

Marsh Island, Stratford New Town, London, E.
NO CONNECTION with ANY OTHER FIRM

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
A<^k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. E.C.

"PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on

Garden Walks, Carriage Drives,

Stable Yards, etc.

Recommended by the entire Horticultural Press.

Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works,

and used regularly at Kew Gardens, etc.

Gallon 2/, 5 gal. 1/9, 10 gal. l/t>, 40 gal. 1/4 per gal.
Carriage paid on 10 gallons and upwards.

Used in the proportion of 1 gallon to ~5 galto/is of Water.

Sole Manufacturers: The

HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.

Works: 97 MILTON ST., GLASGOW.

Caution. — Please carefully note our name, address,
and trade mark, and do not be deceived by imitations and
apparently lower prices of inferior articles. Our manu-
factures cannot be obtained genuine at Tunbtitlge, Kent,
except from our Agents, Messrs. Wibmer .fc Waudlkt,
Chemists there.

To Market Gardeners.
ORSE MANURE,

from about Forty Horses.
Apply, 119a, Jermyn Street, S.W.

234

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

[August 22, 1891.

The BeBt Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The moat complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6d.

A. V. BARROX, Royal Horticultural Society. Chiswick.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coar-e and Fine), G*RDEV MATS. COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. Sec. before ordering el>e\vhere should send for
our Spe' ial Quotations. Carriage Paid to any Railv.ay Station.
HIUNKWORTH AND SONS, Reading.

/ 1 A K D E JN KEQUlaiTE S.—
vJT Sticks, Labels, Virgin Coik, RafBa, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON ANT> SCULL. SO. Lower Thames Street. London. B.C.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than anyolher hou^e in the trade; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags. Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free. — 4 and 5, Wormwood Street. E C.

HEATHMAH & CO.,

2, Endell Street, London, W.C.

GRAND BARROW PUMP.

S-inch, £4 10s.

Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6
50 feet Delivery Hose, 25/-
£t Price Lists Free.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. William Lowther, for the last five
years Fruit Foreman at Eaton Hall Gardens,
Chester, as Head Gardener to Captain Caht-
wright, Eydon Hall, By field, Northampton.

Mr. Geo. F. Brotherston, late Foreman at
Marquis of Anglesea's, PlasNewydd, as Head
Gardener to Mrs. Titus Salt, Milner Field,
Bingley, Yorks.

Mr. W. Tilling, who has occupied the position
of Foreman for the past nine years, has been
appointed Head Gardener to the Right Hon. the
Earl of Wilton, Heaton Park, Manchester, Mr.
Jackson, the late Head Gardener, having retired
on a pension.

Mr. E. H. Caterer, formerly Oardener at
Brookside, Headington Hill, Oxford, as Gar-
dener to Acton T. Griffith, Esq., Elmsfield,
Hertford.

Mr. William Parks, who has been Gardener
at Fernside, Bickley, for seven years, has been
appointed Gardener to William Parker, Esq.,
Whittington Hall, Chesterfield.

Mr. William Crane, late of Springfield, co.
Antrim has been appointed Head Gardener to
T. W. Gubbins, Esq., Dunkathel, Glanmire,
co. Cork.

Alexandeb Adams, formerly Foreman at
Normanhurst C urt, has been appointed Head
Gardener to the Baron Henry de Worms,
Ilenly Park, Guildford.

Mr. Patehson, late Foreman to Mr. Wool-
ford, Gardener to G. Palmer, Esq., M.P.,
Reading, as Gardener to II. M. Pollett, Esq.,
Fernside, Bickley.

George Pendred, as Head Gardener to
Mrs. Robinson, Holmwood, Sydenham Rise,
Sydenham.

Mr. John Lindsay, late Gardener at Bon-
nington Bank House, Edinburgh, as Gardener
to Walter H. Wilson, Esq., Stranmillis,
Belfast.

Mr. W. Willatts, for the past four years
Foreman at Cuffnells Park, Lyndhurst, Hants,
as Head Gardener to Mrs. Common, The Manor,
Minstead, Hants.

Mr. Eldon Quantrill, late Foreman at Por-
ter's Park, Shenley, has been appointed Head
Gardener to Mrs. Holt, Waratah, Chislehurst.

Mr. W. Smith, for eleven years Head Gar-
dener to the recent Bishop of Winchester,, at
Farnham Castle, as Gardener and Bailiff to Mrs.
Lilton, Ingersley, Lord's Wood, Southampton.

Mr. J. H. Gunter, recently Foreman at
Whitfield, near Hereford, has succeeded in ob-
taining the situation as Gardener to G. W.
Hadfield. Esq.,Moraston House, Ross, recently
advertised in our paper, out of 173 applicants.

DUBOUHI

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE i CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY USD IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report "London County Council v. The New Wire
Wore Roojing Co.y Lii." May and June iSgr.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.K.I/. The Prince of
Wti/es, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LO.

75a, Queen Vioioiia Street, LONDON, B.C.
CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
EighUr ch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for is. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. 6d. ; 100 for .3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten davs you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29, Ludgate hill, London.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

BOILING WATER OR MILK

E P P S '

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING

COCO

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER

Borough of Rothernam.

THE CORPORATION REQUIRE the services
of a GARDENER, between 30 and 40 years of age. to
take charge of Clifton Park. *'ages, 30*. per week, with house
rent free. One with a knowledge of Forestry and Landscape
Gardening will be preferred. Written applications, endorsed
" Park-keeper," to be sent in to me on or before the 29th inst.
By order, H. H. HICKMOTT, Town Clerk,
Council Hall, Rotherham, August 13. 1891.

WANTED, September 14, a HEAD WORK-
ING GARDENER, married, without family, about 35.
Three Vineries, Melon, Cucumber, and Peach-houses, Stoveand
Greenhouse. Two others in Garden. Churchman, thoroughly
understanding Vines, &c. Wages, 25s. a week, cottage and
milk. Interview required.— Letters stating nge, wages, family,
experience, references, and all particulars, to S. F. STONE,
Esq , Kirby Frith Hall, Leicester.

WANTED, at end of September, for Corn-
wall, a good WORKING GARDENER, for a Single-
handed place; married. Wages, 18s. per week, with seven-
roomed Cottage and large Garden. Must be steady, honest,
and reliable; none without a good personal crnracter from
last employer need apply. His Wife might do the Laundry-
work for the family, if she is competent, should she desire. —
Apply. CARTER, PAGE, AND CO., Seed Merchants, 53,
London Wall, London, EC.

'ANTED, a GARDENER.— Small Glass-

houses. General Work. Wanted to play harmonium,
or sing Sankey's Hymns at Sunday n-ght small village meeting;
abstainer.— Address, HOMESTEAD, Melling, Camforth.

WANTED, for Southport, a thoroughly com-
petent GARDENER, having good testimonials and
thorough knowledge of his business to take the entire charge
of the Glass Department. Must be goud Salesman and used to
Growing for Market, as he will be required to make the same
pay. —Apply, wages, &c, by letter, to JOHN SHAW, Land-
scape Gardener, Bowdoa, Cheshire.

WANTED, a GARDENER, where a boy is
kept. Must be thorough both as to Flowers and
Vegetables. Abstainer preferred. Wife must be able to take
Laundry.— Apply by letter to Mrs. COLLINSON, Hatfield,
Herts.

WANTED, a steady MAN, as SECOND
GARDENER, married, to take charge of Glass, and
assist Outside. Must have a good knowledge of Vines and
Plant-growing. Abstainer preferred. Wages, 18s. per week,
cottage, and garden. — Apply, H. HATCH, Fa!eonhurst,
Cowdeu, Kent.

WANTED, a good ROSE-BUDDER, for
a few thousand stocks.— State particulars to GEO.
BOLTON, Buntinsford, Herts.

WANTED, a young MAN, not under 22, as
SECOND GARDENER. -Must be well up in his work,
both Indoors and Out. — Apply to H. HOWELL, Fredville
Park, near Dover.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, a thorough
good CARNATION GROWER. State w.-ges. ex-
perience. &c. — Address GARDENER, Loudwater House,
Rickmaosworth, Herts.

WANTED, shortly, a first-class WORKING
FOREMAN. — Well up in Growing Grapes. Flower*,
Cucumbers, Tomatos, Ferns, &c, for Market. Geo 1 wages
will be paid to a steady, reliable man. — Address, with refer-
ence, wages, &c, F. M.. 47, Hart Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, a practical Man as WORKING
FOREMAN, SALE-MAN, PROPAGATOR, &C, Must
have thorough knowledge and experience. State age, wage's
expected, where trained and last t-mployed, to THOS. STblAD
& SON, Holly Nurseries, Bold, near Warrington.

WANTED, for private place, where part pro-
duce is sold, a young MaN, as FOREMAN, under Glass,
two under him. and in Bothy. Character for steadiness and
industry, with some knowledge ia Orchids. Wages, 17s.
weekly.— HEAD GARDENER, W'hii field, near Hereford.

WANTED, a first-class WORKING FORE-
MAN, thoroughly competent to grow quantities of
Choice Flowers, Plants, &c, for Market; ateo Cucumbers,
Tomatos, Melons, &c, with a good knowledge of Nursery Work,
Applicai.ts must have filled similar positions before, and te
capable of managing a place. Total abstainer preferred. —
Applv, with tefer uees, and salary required, E. GRIFFIN and
CO., 4, Queen Street. Cardiff.

WANTED, AT ONCE, young MAN for the
Houses. One that has some knowledge of Orchids,
and could undertake the Sale of Cut Flowers.— J. PREWETT,
Swiss Nursery, Harnmersmiih. W.

WANTED, a young MAN in a Market
Nursery, ued 10 Tomatos, (.ucumbers. &c, to work
under a Foreman. —Apply, by letter, to LOMARIA, Pos I Office,
Hextable, near Swanley, Kent.

WANTED a young: MAN (Scotchman pre-
ferred), for Out-donr Work, with experienc1 of Siraw-
berrips and Tomatos under Glass. State age.-R. TURNER,
Northbourne Abbey, Deal.

WANTED, a young MAN, in a Nursery.
Must understand Propagating ^oft-wcoded Plants.
Wages, 15s., with rise if suitable. — Apply, 192, Haveratock
Hill, N.

WANTED, a sharp, active young MAN.
Must be quiik at Potting, and careful at Watering.
18s. par week. — State age, with references, to TURNER
BROS., Florists, Garston, Liverpool.

WANTED, a MAN thoroughly acquainted
with all kinds of Forcing, in Houses, for Market
purposes.— Apply, J. P., West Hall, Mortlake.

Sfipd Trad fi

WANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN,
for a good Provincial hous*\ One with some know-
ledge of Plants preferred. State age. experience, and salary
expected. — H. C, Messrs. Nutting & Sjns, 105, Southward
Street, Londtn, S,E.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, at all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

RICHARD SMITH and CO.
' beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

npHE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

JL CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids ; unexceptional
references in each case.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SUNS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
nnd practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladies and Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for firsMate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
tit ulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S E.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S ON S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), axe always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DIcKSONS, CHESTER."

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

August 22, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

235

ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several firstclass HEAD GARDENEKS.

STEPHEN CASTLE, F.K.H.S., has on his
List, among others, a HE1D GARDENER, of thorough
good reputation, with high-class characters, which will Lear
strict investigation. Full particulars on application. —
Ashford Vineyard, Fordiijgbridge, Salisbury.

GARDENER (Head), and ORCHID
GROWER. — Age 31; seventeen years' experience in
Orchids. Stove and Gieeuhonse Plants, early and late Forcing,
hardy Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens. — WILLIAM!
LAKER. Quorn Lodge, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

Gi ARUENER (Head).— Particulars of Adver-
T tiser, nearly nine >ears in present appointment. With
testimonials, three in number, on application. Staying until
engaged.— ROBERT NELSON, Hwith House. Ravenstooe lale.

GARDENER (Head).— Middle>age ; ener-
getic. Skilled all-round, including decorations. A
succe^siul Grower of Choice Fruit-*, Flowers, Vegetables,
Orcliids, &c. Had the management ot twelve Houses. Large
Garden. A Gentleman recouitnencs.— GAKDENEK, 20, Oxford
Terrace, West Norwood, S.E.

ARDENER (Head).— Age 30, married when

suited ; fifteen years' experience in all branches of the
profession. Midland Counties preferred. Excellent testi-
monials.—ASH WKLL, Bedford Road, Morh inger, Sandy,
Bedfordshire.

GARDENER (Head), where one or two
Under ones (or more) are kept.— Age 29. married.— Mr.
PLl'MTRE recommends his Second Gardener (of hve). Nearly
six years here. Thoroughly knows his work.— Fredville, near
Dover.

GAHDENER (Head).— J. B. Jones, Head
Gardener to Sir Robert Affleck, Bart., Dalham Hall,
Newmarket, and previously Head Gardiner over twelve years to
T. J. Provis, Esq., J. P.. late of The Grange, Ellesmere, Salop!
desires a re-erg i^.-nifiit to any Nobleman, Lady, or Gentle-
man. Disengited early in September. Please address as
above, with all particulars.

GARDENER (Hf>ad) ; age 41. — Experienced
in al branches, including early and late forcing and
management of good establishment. Five years' recommenda-
tion.—F. W., 13, Castle Street. Hertford.

GARDENER (Head).— A Gentlemen wishes
to recommend a Head Gardener, age 41. who has been
in his employ for the last fifteen years. Well up in forcing
Fruit. Flowers, Vegetables. Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse
pi mis, &c— Apply, in first instance, to E. S.,20. Argyle Koad,
Bognor.

GARDENER (Head Working).— married,
two children, (yourgest age 12) ; thoroughly experienced
in Early and Late Forcing, &c. Highest relerences from pre-
sent and former employers. — T. W., 7, Effingham Road.
Reigate.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Age 36,
married; twenty j ears' experience in Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens, Early and
Late Forcing. Leaving through change in establishment.
Good chara ters. — B. S., Croxley, Rickmansworth.

C^ ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39,
X" married; a thoroughly good, practical, and competent
G irdener. Twenty-three years experience in Growing Grapes,
Peaches, Fig-*, Melons, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Tomatos,
St)veand Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardening,
Orchids; Early and Late Forcing. Abstainer. Highest
references. — GARDENER, Oakwood. Chichester, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working), or good
general FOREMAN ; age iS. — Mr. Friend, gardener to
the Huu. P. C. Glyn. Rooksmst, Godstone, can confidently
recommend a thorough practical man as above ; fourteen
years' experience, including Orchids and Chrysanthemums for
exhibition.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 26;
married, no family. Sixteen years' practical experience
in all branches. Excellent character. — A. C, Meiway Villa,
Paddock Wood, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age SO;
thoroughly practical in all branches, and character will
bear strict investigation. — A. B., 59, Faulkner Street, BUhop-
tields, Chester.

GARDENER (Head AVorking).— Age 32,
married. Seventeen years' experience in Stove, Green-
house, and Flower and Kitchen gardening. Seven years and
nine months in last situation. Good characters from last and
previous employers.— SAUNDERS, Cul-de-Sae Road, Molesey,
Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
HANDED). — Age 32; married, two children; seventeen
years' experience; three years' good character from present
situation, seven previous. — GAttDENER, Trentham, Ems-
worth, Hants.

GARDENER (Head AVorking), or would
not object to a good Single-handed place. — Age 40,
married, two children; practical knowledge of his work both
Inside and Out. Can have good references, and be well recom-
mended as a hard-working, trustworthy man. — WOOD, Holme-
thorpe, Redhill.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33,
married; nineteen years' practical exoerience in the
growth of Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables. Indoors and Out.
Seven years in present situation as Head. Excellent cha-
racter.—G. I,, V, Weston Cottages, I embroke Rjad, New
Southgate.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
married, one child (1 year) ; abstainer. Life experience
in Peaches, .Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos. Mushrooms, Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Flower Gardens, Chrysanthemums,
&t. Kitchen Garden a specialty, and Early and Late Forcing.
Excellent references as to ability and trustworthiness.—
GARDENER, Little Brickhill Manor, Bletehley, Bucks.

GARDENER (Working).— Age 36, married;
twenty years' experience in Glass, Fruit, Flowers,
and Vegetables ; Land ami Steck, if required. Six years' good
character from present s tuation. — A. SMITH, 24, E'gin
Terrace. Maida Vale, London, N.W.

GARDENER (Single-handed). —Age 29,
married, one child ; abstainer. Understands Vines,
Melons, &c, and the general routine of Gardening. Excellent
references.— H. GRE&N, Culwortb, Banbury.

GARDENER (good Single-handed, or with
assistance). — Situation wanted as above next month ;
highest reference. Wife thorough Laundress, if required. —
C. H., Wickin, Newpjrt, E-sex.

GARDENER, good. —Age 44; understands
his duties. Could manage Land, Stock, and Poultry.
Wife good Laundress. — JAMES CARLTON. New Town,
Hatfield, Herts.

GARDENER (Scotch) ; age 29.— AV. Mackay
can highly recommend a thorough good practical man
as above; fourteen years' experience; first-class testimonials.
— 60, South Audley Street. Grosvenor Square, W.

GARDENER, where assistance is given. —
Middle age; married, no family. Thorough in all
branches; upwards of four years in last situation.— E. B.,
1, Bath Cottages, East worth, Ciiertsey.

/ GARDENER (Second), where three or four

\J are kept. — Age 23. single; eight years' experience In-
side and Out. Goou character.— W. BROWN, Cjlley Cottage,
Rebate Heath, Surrey.

r\ ARDENER (Second), or FOREMAN, in a

^ J good establishment. — Age ;4, single. Bothy preferred.
First-class references from past and present emplover^. —
STEPHEN MALLETT. Morpeth House wardens, Ipswich.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 22; five years'
experience. Inside and Out. and can have five
years' references, if required. — H. YOUNG, Bid!ey Road,
Winton, Bournemouth, HaDts.

p ARDENER (Under), in a Gentleman's

V.T Establishment. — Age 23; can be well recommended.
Bight years' experience [aside and Out. Good character. —
W. BROWN, Colley Cottage, Reigite Heath, Surrey.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed),
where there is no Glass ; no objection to a small Green-
house— Single; highest references.— M J ell MY, Eaton Croft,
Newmarket Road, Norwich.

To Nurserymen and Others.

MANAGER, or FOREMAN, in a small
Nursery, or as MARKET GROWER, where a steady,
reliable man, interested in his work, is required.— Age 30,
married. South preferred.— W., 48, Elm Park Road, Oxford
Road, Reading.

NURSERY MANAGER.— Many years' prae-
tical knowledge in Leading Nurseries. Wbuli take
occasional journey, if required. First-class references from
late employers. — ORCHIS, The Vineyards, Gars ton, Liverpool.

Market Growers.
TANAGER.— "Well up in Tea Roses, Ferns,

FOREMAN, in a Market Nursery, under Glass.
—Well up in Carnations, Roses, Garden-as, Cucumbers,
Tomatos, Strawberries, and Soft-wooded Plants.— A. B , Lock
Road Cottage, Ham Common, Surrey.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 22; seven years in
good Fruit Establishment. Can be well recommended. —
H. HOLMES. Manor Nursery, Normandy, Guildford.

JOURNEYMAN, under a Foreman, in a
private place. — Experience in general work and Fruit
forcing. Well up iu packing— HEaD GARDENER, Whit-
field, near Hereford.

Cut Flowers, Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c,
quantity for Market. Twenty years' experience. Good
references.— ALPHA, 1, Grove Road, Upper Mitcham. S.W.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Well up in
Pelargoniums, Cyclamen, Fuchsias, Primulas, Calceo-
larias, Cinerarias, Genistas. Hydraogias, Bouvardias, Ficus,
Ferns, and General Market Plants. Vines, Tomatos. Cucumbers,
Forcing Lily of Valley. Bulb-*, &c. Good reference.— H.. Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 11, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

PROPAGATOR and GRO AVER. — Twelve
years* experience, several years in leading London
nurseries. Fiist-class references. — W. H. CHAPLIN, 35,
Stamford Road, Fuiham. London, S.W.

PROPAGATOR and GROAVER for Market.
All Soft-wooded Stuff, Cut Flowers, Tomatos, and
Cucumbers. No objection to take charge of a Branch Nursery.
—FOREMAN, Ashford Nursery, Staines.

OREMAN ; age 25.— O. Cattling, The Gar-

dens, BayfordDury, Hertford, will be very pleased to
recommend a young man, as above. Painstaking and trust-
worthy ; two and a half years in present situation.

FOREMAN and GROWER.— Age 30 ; fifteen
years' experience in Fruit and Plant Culture, Cut
Flowers, &c. Highly recommended from good firms for
ability and industry.— R. B., 15, Narcissus Road, West Harop-
stead. N.W.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, or ORCHID
GBOWER. — Thoroughly experienced. Excellent re-
ferences.—K. A.. Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son's Bookstall,
WHltham Ornss Station.

iu iiui^e j men and Florisls.

FOREMAN.— Age 30, married. — Advertiser
see^a re engagement as ab^ve. Good all-round Trade
experience. Knowledge of Bulb*, Seeds, L<-c. G^od at Wreaths,
Houquets, and General Furnisl ing. Go d rereren.-e«. — A. T*..
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, \N .C.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 23; good references.
— T. JIOORE, Post Office, t rimplesham, Downham
Market.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 22.

fj Good character. Eight years' experience. Bothy pre-
ferred.—J. P., Mr. Wilier, 3, Roman Road. French wood, Preston,

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out, or Outside.
—Age 21; seven years' experience; good character. —
W. D., 94, Olinada Road, Stamford Hill, N.

JOURNEYMAN (First-class), in a leading
Nursery. — A German Gardener, 2\ years of age, well up
both Inside and Out, fix years' experience (twelve months in
England), seeks a situation as above ; m or near London pre-
ferred. Best testimonials; string, willing, and pain-taking. —
G. N., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

IMPROVER. — Age 22; seven years previous
experience. Inside and Out, under Head Gardener; well
recommended. — SCHURE, care of Mr. Hawkins, We liugton
Road, Ilkley, Yorks.

To Gardeners.

IMPROVER. — Age 18; three years' experience
in Nursery; abstainer; good reference. — ERNEST, 9,
Custom S'reet, Victoria Dock Road, E.

"IMPROVER, or SECOND, under Glass.—

JL Age 22; four and a half years' good character from
P e^ent employer. No objection to pay premium. — S.
POPNELL, 160, Oldbury Road West, Smeihwick.

IMPROVER, in the Houses.— Age 18. Market
or private. Five years' experience. Good character. —
O. FOX, The Firs, lambley, Notts.

ri\) GARDENERS and OTHERS.— Situation

-I- wanted for a young man (18) in eood priva'e Gardtn.
Three years' excellent character from a Nursery.—" 'PONICA, *
Stourvale Nursery, Christchurch, Hants.

TO GARDENERS.— C. Sutton, Gardener to
the Right Hon. Earl Stanhope. Chevening Park, Seven-
oak?, Kent, wishes to recommend a youth (age 1(5). Twelve
months' experience. Premium given.

TO~NURSERYMEN, &c— Situation wanted
in a Market Nursery ; u-ed to Palm*, Ferns, Carnations,
and general soft* wooded stutf ; age 21; seven years* experience.
— G. H. '!',, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a
young Man (age 20) in a Market Nursery. State
wages, &c— B. BIGGS, 53, Tauntcn Road, Lee. S.E.

WOODMAN, or to make himself useful in a
Nursery or Kitchen Garden. Wie good Laundress.
No family. Ten years last Situation. — J. BARNFIELO,
Brownsea Island, Poole, Dorset.

COWMAN. — A Gentleman wishes to recom-
merd middle aged married man. Height. 5 feet 9 inches.
Thoroughly understands Stock.— D. ALCOCK, French's Nur-
sery, Camberwell Green.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of Seei, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammer wond, E ist Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN. — Age 30 ; seventeen years' ex-
perience. Thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, and Plant
Trade. —ELDER, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN (Assistant). — Age 25 ; good
knowledge of the trade in all branches. Good references.
—J. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C. ____

CLERK. — Accustomed to Bookkeeping, &c. ;
many years in the Nursery and Seed Trade Offices; good
references. —J. F., Girdtners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymen, ftc

CLERK (age 32) desires situation, where the
services of a thoroughly competent and reliable Clerk are
required. Long experience. Highest references — ALPHA,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, i\, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

HOLLO WAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.—
Rheumatism and Neuralgia.— Though the former
disease remorselessly attacks persons of all ages, and the latter
ruthlessly selects its victims from the weak and delicate, the
persevering use of these remedies will infallibly cure both
complaints. After the affected parts have been diligently
fomented with hot brine, and the tkin thoroughly dried. Hoi-
lowaj's Ointment must be rubbed in firmly and evenly for ten
minutes twice a day, and his Pills taken according to the
printed directions wrapped round each box of his medicine.
Both Ointment and Pills are accompanied by instructions
designed for the public at large and no invalid whoattentively
reads them caD now be at any loss how to doctor himself
successfully.

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Accost 22, 1891.

BOULTON & PAUL,

H0B£SSSL™" NORWICH.
WINTER CARDEHS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

GARDEN FRAMES ^Sk* VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

NOW

READY.

CARTERS

5 NOW

READY,

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.

THE FINEST OF THE YEAR.

Yery large Bulbs ... price 3s. per dozen; 21s. per 100.

Good flowering Bulbs ... price 2s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100.

All Carriage Free. Special Quotations for Large Quantities.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME.

CiSH PHICES.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. by 6 ft.

No- 7L»?#?°7?aniei,,i •£ S « «■' % " e

similar to No. 75. ) 12 ft bJ 4 ,t. 3 0 0

All Frames made of Selecte 1 Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

14a. each.
5s. 6d. each.

is g

B CO

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet .
UNGLAZED LIGHTS „

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always In Stock.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including Horti-
cultural Buildings, Frames, Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling,
Kennel-*, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT- WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c, constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equalled. We only do one class of work,
and that the veby best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our firm,
from the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed

in all cases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT. 59, FARRINGDQN ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

ORCHID HOUSES— AS THEY SHOULD BE,

J, W LLiKS Ob v/C/m give their special attention to the proper construction of Houses,
in which to produce these beautiful flowers, and use only the latest improvements in Ventilation, Heating, and

Forms of Stages.

The drip of condensation from the roof-bars is successfully provided against.

PLANS AND ESTIMATES FREE ON APPLICATION, also latest edition of general book of desicns.
J. WEEKS & CO., F.R.H.S.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, WARMING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS,
CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in tlr* County of Middlesex, and published by

ArthurJSeorge Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, August 22, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

Established i84i

No. 244.-YoL.X.{sTErE:.}

SATURDAY, AUGUST 29, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper,

■{

Price 3d.

Post-free, 3Jd

CONTENTS.

Adon Mount Gardens ... 230
Asparagus, experiments

with 243

Auricula 24>i

Blanching 248

Ghiswlck notes 242

Co-o;ierative llower show 230

Crii4\im Moor* i album ... 254

Devonshire Ferns ... 246

Ferns at Colwyn Bay ... 254

Florists' dowers 216

Forestry 247

Fruit, bottling 244

,, farm notes 244

,, garden, hardy ... 249

Fruits under glass ... 248

India 248

Kitchen gardening ... 249

Obituary : —

Mr. Samuel Bradley ... 256

Mrs. Miles 256

Mr. Joseph Fyfe Mes-

ton 266

Orchid-houses 249

Orchid notes and glean-
ing'

Plant portraits

Plants under glass

Plants at Messrs. J.
Will h & Son's, Chelsea

Roses

Societies : —

Antwerp

British Fruit Growers'

Associaiion

East London Amateur
English Arboncul-

tural

Ghent

Royal Horticultural ...

Trowbridge

Wilts Horticultural ...

Spinach

Stocks, Plum

The Dell. Esham

Trade notice, Messrs.
Herd Bros

Week's work

Woolpit9

ILLU8TRATION8.

Woolpits

Adon Mount Gardens

The late Mr. Joseph Fyfe Meston

243

*4-*
24S

243
146

252
252

256
247
254
255
:55
214
252
244

256
218
211

245
251
253

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is %-i. 30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Builiing, Neio York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

Now Beady, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to Jime, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

VIOLAS (TUFTED PANSIES), resemble
"a spray of Western Pine," in having a beauty and a
fragrance all theirown. Try them. Seed, 7d., Is., and 2s. 6d. per
pkt., post free. Sow now for next year's blooming. DOBBIE
ant> CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 45. per 100. carriage
paid ; 30s. per 1000 on rail. Sample dozen. 6rf. LIST free.
W. LOVEL AND SON, Driffield.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

DOUBLE WHITE PRIMULAS, in 3-inch
pots, ready for 48's, 5s. per doz., 35s. per 100. Free on
rails for cash only,— G. BENNETT, Florist, Hanwell.

Bulbs In Perfection, from Holland.

HC. HARTEVELT. Bulb Grower, at
• Lisse, near Haarlem. Holland. SUPPLIES PRIVATE
CUSTOMERS with the very best quality of BULBS. CATA-
LOGUES on application. Orders for Si and over, freight paid
to nearest English seaport.

CHEAP PALMS and FERNS, in 48's.—
LATANIAS, SEAFORTHIAS, strong, £5 per 100; PTERIS
TREMULA, ARGYREIA, MAJOR, and CRISTATA. good stuff,
45s. per 100. Terms, cash with order. Special offer of small
Stuff on application.

STROUD, BROS., 182, Green Lanes, Finsbury Park, N.

ARTERS' TESTED SEEDS FOR

PRESENT SOWING.

ABBAGE. — CARTERS' EARLY

HEARTWELL.
Pronounced to be the linest early Cabbage in cultivation.
Very distinct. The heads are extremely firm, weighing
from i to 6 lb. In sealed packets only— Per packet, Is.
and 6rf. ; per ounce, Is. 8d. All post free.

T ETTUCE.— CARTERS' GIANT per^perpkt.

A-i WHITE COS LETTUCE 2s, 6d. Is. Od.

Dunne tt's Giant Winter Cos Lettuce ... 2s. 6d. Is. Od.

Carters' Longstander Cabbage Lettuce ... 2s. 6d. Is. Od.

All the Year Round Cabbage Lettuce ... ls.Sd. lid.

NION.— CARTERS' GOLDEN pefot' p« pkt.

GLOBE TRIPOLI 2s. 6rf. Is. 6<C

Giant Rocca Is. Od. 6d.

Giant White Tripoli Is. Od. 6if.

Early White Naples 9rf. —

Giant Madeira Is. Od. —

CARTERS', Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to
H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 2:<8. HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON, 26, Savage Gardens,
Cruiched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

Strawberries.

FINE COLLECTION of the best varieties

can be supplied. Orders should be booked now.

Descriptive CATALOGUE post free.

THOMAS RIVERS AND SON, sawbri.lgeworth.

Choice Vegetable Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

B~~ Si WILLIAMS and SON have
■ posted their BULB CATALOGUE for 1891, to all
their Customers. Another copy will be forwarded on appli-
cation to any who may not yet have received one.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES. &c. Good references.

OR SALE, 1000 Mdlle. Carl CARNA-
TIONS, in 48's, strong healthy plants. 60s. per 100.
BIFFEN, Mill Road. Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

ANTED, CUTTINGS of GERANIUMS!

H- Jacoby, Gibbons, and Vesuvius.

F. HOLLICK. 1. Bay Tree Cottages, Streatham.

XXJ ANTED, about 1000 Golden Tricolors,

▼ ' Mrs. Pollock, &c. Also MacMahon, Bronze. Apply,
stating price per 1< 0 or 1000, to

J. J. WILSON, Sen., Home Farm Nurseries, Enfield High-
way, Middlesex.

ANTE D.— Several thousand Bedding

GERANIUM CUTTINGS. State Varieties and price.
J. C. M., Market Weighton, Yorkshire.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS, 3,000
H. Jacoby. 3,000 Vesuvius, 2,000 MacMahon, 1,000
Master Christine, 600 Lady Sheffield, 500 C. P. Gem, and
5U0 Vauoher. Sample and price to

G. PHIPPEN, F.R.H.S., The Nurseries, Reading.

^TTON'S EARLIEST CABBAGE. — A

O splendid variety for present sowing. Mr. H. de Ville,
gr. to W. Lees, Esq., sajs:— "Not only the earliest, but the
most compact variety; just the Cabbage for a geutleman's
table." Price of seed per packet, Is., post-free.

CUTTON'S SEEDS Genuine only direct
*0 from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Bulbs for Early Forcing.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
have just received, and offer in splendid condition —
HYACINTHS. Single White Roman, 12s. and 14s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single White Italian, 10s. id. per 1U0.
HYACINTH i. Single Blue Italian. 8s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Double Rose Italian, 10s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Double Roman, 6s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Large-flowered Paper White, 7s. per 100.
Carriage Paid. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

FW. KRAUSE, Neusalz, Silesia, Germany,
• Wholesale Grower of LILIES OF THE VALLEY*
(true Berlin variety) on 10 acres of sandy soil. In autumn of
each year selected 3-yr. old Crowns, large-flowered, for Early
Forcing. Lowest Price and Terms on demand. Testimonials
from Great Britain for unsurpassed quality. Established 1870.
Telegrams : KRAUSE. Gardener, Neusalzoder, Germany.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, !5s. per 1000~
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI. 25s. per 1U00, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

CUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands

O to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUB,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

large tub,

covering 40- feet house. Worth £5. What offers? Cash ;
or, would EXCHANGE for choice ROSES, WALL FRUIT
TREES, and AZALEAS.

W. COOMBES, Belstone, Devon.

PALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM
SEEDS and SEEDLINGS, all the leading kinds, write to
H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

rrHE CREAM of all STRAWBERRIES will

-L be found in the Four Varieties named : —

RUSKIN. for Forcing Early, in pots. 25s. per 100.
BRITISH QUEEN, for Forcing Late, in pots, 15s. per 100.
LATEST OF ALL, LAXToN'S. Runners, 15s. per 100.
OXONIAN, a Topper, 6s. per 100.

Plants Guaranteed best in the Trade.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

TMPORTANT PRIVATE SALE. — 70,000

A Fruit Trees, Roses, Rhododendrons, Shrubs, &c, trans-
planted young trees. Catalogues gratis. The Hardy Flowery
in Half-guine<i Assorted Hampers of 15 doz. ; many cost 5s. per
dozen. Removing. Estate Agent, Hon. GERTRUDE JONES,
Churchfield, Cradiey, near Malvern.

A : STEPHANl

BARR'S CATALOGUE S.—
Free on Application.
LIST of AUTUMN-FLOWERING CROCUS and MEADOW
SAFFRON. BULB CATALOGUE of cheap, rare, beautiful
hardy bulbs, &c, for all seasons. DAFFODIL CATALOGUE,
illustrated, contains the only complete list of these beautiful
hardy spring flowers. PLANT CATALOGUE of free- flowering,
beautiful hardy perennials, for flower borders and for cut
flowers. SEED CATALOGUE, ready January 1, 1892.

BARB AND SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

■yiSITORS TO THE CONTINENT are

V cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L' HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCLEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B,

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers, .„„„,,•

CENTRAL AUCTION BOOMS and ESTATE OFFICES, G7 and 68, 0HE4PSIDE, E.C. CATALOGUES ('l)K ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs.-Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL bv A IRTION at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London E C FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
II o'clock each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRA.

ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. F. Horsman & Co. to SELL by
AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, EC. on
FRIDAY NEXT, September 4, at half-past 12 o'clock, a
spleudi.l importation of ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRA, all
specially selected pieces; together with a large number of well-
gr.iwn ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, including several tine species
The Sale will also include a quantity of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS from other owners.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Croydon. Expiration of Lease.

Three minutes' walk from We.-t Croydon, and ten minutes'
from East Croydon Scatioos.
CLEARANCE SALE of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
by order of Mr._ T. Butcher, whose Lease expires at
Michaelmas next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

IVi SELL bv AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nursery,
London Hoad, 'Croydon, on TUESDAY, September 8. at 12
o'clock precisely, 1W0 PALMS, in variety ; 2000 ADIANTUM
CUNEATUM, 5 0 AZALEA INDICA, well set, mostly white;
loO CAMELLIAS, chiefly white; 200 ORCHIDS, in variety;
Specimen RAYS, ORANGE TREES, FERNS and PALMS,
TEA ROSES, EUCHARIS, 1 00 CHRYSANTHEMUMS, extra
tine plants, all named, and well grown; FLOWERING and
DECORATIVE PLANTS, r.OYAS, STEPHANOTIS, and a
large as-ortment of other plants.

May be viewed one week prior to tre Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises; of Mr. T. BUTCHER, the Station hoad
Nursery, South Norwood; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London. E.O.

Tatsfield, on tne borders of Surrey and Kent.
Two ni.b's fiom Westerham Station.
IMPORTANT to FRUIT GROWERS and LAND SPF.CU-
LATOES. Immediate possession. Free conveyances.
Payment, by instalments.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, in a Marquee on the Estate
on TUESDAY, September 8, at half-past 1 o'clock, 200 Plata of
FREEHOLD LAND, with frontages of 30 to 150 feet, and
dentils of 2u0 to 4u0 feet, on the Manor House Estate, Tats-
neld, Surrey, commanding most beautiful view.-, and specially
alap'ted for Vila Residences and Fruit. Growing. A special
train v, ill leave Cannon Street on the morning of Sale, and
Luncheon will be provided.

Particulars had of T. DURANT, Esq., Solicitor. 5, Guild-
hall Chambers, Basmghail Street, E.O. ; and, with tickets, of
R, VARTY, Ef-q. (the Vendor), 90, Leadenhall Street, EC.;
arid of the Auctioneers and Land Agents, b7 and 68, Cheapside,
London. K.C., and Leytoustone, E.

Upper Edmonton.

The Dyson's Lane Nurseries about, five minutes' walk from

Angel Road, and eight minutes from Silver Street

Station on the G. E. R.

SIXTH. GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of about 60,000

GREENHOUSE and other PLANTS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
. instructed by Mr. H. B. May to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises as above, on MONDAY, September 14, at
11 o'clock, punctually, owing to the large number of lots,
about

60,000 STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,

exceptionally well grown, and in the best possible condition,

the principal items comprising —

: 20,000 Ferns, all the most

10, "CO Tree Carnations, in-
cluding Mrs. Moure, Duke of
Fife, Fiorain. Winter Cheer,
Mrs. Reynolds Hole, and
muiv other first-class va-
rieties

2,0(0 Tea Roses in pots, ext'a
.strong, amongst them Ma-
reehal Niel, Gloire de Dijon,
W. A. Richardson, and
others, with well-ripened

" growths, 12 to 15 feet long

Ficus elastica variegata
Can.ellias, English-grown (a

splendid lot), well set
Lapageria alba

marketable sorts, many
n velties
10,00 ) Bouvardias (including
Purity (new white). Pre-
ent ( leveland, Mrs. Robt.
Green, Candiuissima, and
the best double and siDgle
varieties
5,000 young Palms
3,000 Genistas, fine bushy

plants
Kentias (good plants), Cro-
tons, Eucharis, Aralias, Cle-
matis, Ivies, Ampelopsis,
Azaleas, Solanums, and.
other plants.
May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C.

Derby.— The Mile Ash Nurseries.

CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, 600 CAMELLIAS, including many
specimens, large PALMS, &c.

MESSERS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, September i9ani 30, the whole
of the GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS.

The outdoor NURSERY STOCK will he sold in October.
Auction and Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

East Grinstead.— Without Reserve.

IMPORTANT to the TRADE and PRIVATE BUYERS.

SECOND ANNUAL SALE of WELL-GROWN STOVE and

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, fit for immediate sole.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. Roberts Bros., to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Moat Nursery. East Grin-
stead, close to the Railway Station, on FRIDAY, September 11,
at half-past 11 o'Clock precisely, the following unusually well-
grown stock : —

2000 Roses in pots 150 Specimen Eucharis,

5000 Bouvardias grand plants

800 Azaleas lr0 Half specimen Eucharis

2500 Palms, in variety 1500 Double White Primulas

| 2000 Adiautum cuneatum
Cyclamen, Begonias, Callas, Gardenias, 2000 Lilium Harrisii
and 2U0 i L. candidum (bulbs), &c.
May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Lee, Kent, S.E.

GREAT ANNUAL SALE of WINTER BLOOMING HEATHS

and other PLANTS— the stock this season being unusually

well-grown and in splendid condition — to commence

punctually at 11 o'clock, there being upwards of 1300 lots.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. B. Mailer & Sons to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Burnt Ash Laue Nurseries,
Lee, Kent, S.E , adjoining the lee Railway Station S.E.R.,
on TUESDAY, September 15. without reserve, a grand collec-
tion of remarkably well-grown

WINTER-BLOOMING HEATHS and STOVE and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, Comprising :-
20,000 Erica hyemalis 1.000 Adiantum cuneatum

5,000 ,, gracilis i 1,000 Lomaria gib a

2^000 ,, Cavendishii 800 Tea Roses, in pots

1,000 ,, coccinea minor I 1,000 Cyclamen persicum
600 ,, caffra ' 500 Crotuns, beautifully

All the Eneas being unusually | coloured

well set with flower. 500 Acacia armata

5.000 Genistas j 1,000 Boronia megastigma,

4,000 Solanums, well-berried i and others

1.500 Epacris to name 1.00:) Grevillea robusta

2,000 Bouvardias of sorts | l,0u0 Arnpelopsis Veitchii

And a large quantity of young Erica hyemalis, Cavendishii,
gra<-iliJ, ami utners; also Genistas and Epacris, all in 60-pjts
for growing on.

The Stock may now be viewed. Catalogues obtained on the
Premises; at the ?eed Waiehouse. 61. High Street, Lewisham;
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 6tf, Cheapside,

Loodon, F..C. __

Enfield Highway, N.

The Brimsdown Nursery, adjoining Biimsdown Station, G.E.R.
TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL TRADE SALE of STOVE and

GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

The Sale to commence punctually at 11 o'Clock, there being

upwards of 1300 lots to sell in one <iay.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. J. Mailer to SELL bv AUCTION, on
the premises as above, on THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1801,
without reserve, upwards of 1300 lots of remarkably well-
STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ':•&£

mostly in 48 pots, and tit for immediate Sale, consisting of:—

15,000 winter- blot mi ng

Heaths, the best lot offered
at this Nursery for many
years, including hyemalis,
gracilis, Cavendishii, ventri-
cosa, in variety, &c.

3000 Tree and other Carna-
tions, leading varieties, in-
cluding Mrs. Moore, Duke
of Kite, Duke of Ciarence,
Winter Cheer, Germauia,
&c.

5.0i 0 Bouvardias, best vars.

2.000 Grevillea robusta

5000 Genistas

500 Double White Primulas

Chrysanthemums, new varie-
ties, including Louis
Boehmer

M'i ny thousands of small
Ericas and Ferus

5000 Solauums, splendidl y
grown, and unusually well
berried

5000 Ferns, Adiantums, Ld*-
marias, Pteris &c.

500 Euphorbia jaequinaflora

1000 Stove and Greenhouse
Climbers, including Dipla-
denias of sort-, A lla-
ma mlas, Bougainvilleas,
Stephanotis, Taxouias, &c.

1000 Passinuras

1000 Ampelopsis Veitchii

503 Crotons, beautifully
coloured

Large Azaleas for cutting,
Palms, Ficus

Also quauti ties of Epacris to name, Callas, Poiu'ottias, Golden
Euonymus, Gardenias, Geraniums. &c.
May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the .premises; at the Brunswick Nur>ery,
Tottenham ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

N.B.— The whole of the Stock is in hrst-rate condition. The
Ericas and Solanums are unquestionably the finest lot efferej
at this Nursery for manv years. The Ericas being especially
well set for flower, and the Solauums unusually well-berried.

Sutton.— Camden House Gardens.
IMPORTANT SALE of the whole of the valuable Collection
Of ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLA.NT8,
which are so well known at the local shows —Preliminary.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
The Gardens, Camden House, Sutton, without reserve, on
THURSDAY. September Xi, the whole of the valuable Col-
lection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising
about 500 lots, and including beautifully-grown Specimen
Azaleas, large Lapagerias, choice-named Regonias, many
Specimen Plants, Stephanotis, Crotons, fine-trained Exhibition
Fuchsias, Camellias. Palms, &c.

Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS desire to call special
attention to the ORCHIDS, which include numerous tine
varieties, the greater portion cf them having been purchased
in flower.

May be viewed. Catalogues of Mr. COOK, the Gardener, on
the. Premises ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Lea Bridge Road, E.

ANNUAL UNRESERVED SALE of fine WINTER-
FLOWEKING HEATHS. &e.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. John Fraser to SELL by AUCTlO-N,
on the premises, the Lea Bridge Nurseries. Lea Bridge Road,
Leyton, E. (close to the Hoe Street station, Great Eastern
Railway), on WEDNESDAY, September 1«, at 11 o'Clock
precisely, in consequence of the large number of lots, a large
quantity of —

WINTER -FLOWERING AND OTHER PLANTS,
including : —

20,000 Erica hyemalis
1.000 Tree Carnations
4.0U0 Erica gracilis
6.000 Genista fragrans
0,000 Ampelopsis Veitchii,

4 feet
1,000 Epacris
2,000 Lapageria ro-ea

superba
6 000 Cjclameu per»icum

((Tracer's superb

strain)
2,000 Passiflora Constance

Elliott and ccerulea
10,0}0 Clematis Jackmannii

and otner best named

sorts
1,000 Deutzia gracilis, estab-
lished in pots for

2,000 Variegated and other
Ivies

2,000 Marechal Niel, Gloire
de Dijon, 8 to 10 It. ;
Niphetos.LTdeil.and
OtherTea-scentedand
Noisette Rose* in
great variety

6.000 Bouvardias, including
a lot of. " President
Cleveland "

5,000 Solanums, beautifully
berried

1,000 Ivy-leaved Geraniunn,
best double kinds

1,000 Early flowering and
other Chrysanthe-
mums, fine strong
stuff
500 Grevillea robusta

earliest forcing

And a great number of Erica ventricosa, Cavendishii, caffra,
large- flowering white Jasmines, Stephanotis tloiibunda, Buroma
megastigma, EsCallo:.ia macrantha, Japanese Honeysuckles,
Ceanothus, Aralia Siebuldii, Abutilons, Plutnbigos, Lapageria
alba, Bignonias, Magaolias, of sorts; Hgs stroug, in variety ;
India-rubber plants. Palms, Ferns, Fkus elastica variegata,
and other plants. Also a large quantify of young Heaths and
Genistas, tor pottina on.

The whole of the Stock is in the best condition, and re^dy
for immediate sale.

Hoe Street Station, on the Great Eastern Railway, is within
a short di-.ta.uee of the Nursery. Trains from Liverpool Street
every ha If- hour.

May he viewed. Catalogues had on the premises, and of
the Auctioneers, 67 and 65, Cheapside, Loudon, E.C, and
Leytoustone, E.

Acton. W.

IN BANKRUPTCY re JOHN REEVES.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE, without the slightest

Reserve. By order of the Trustee

IMPORTANT TO THE TRADE.— PRELIMINARY.

VfESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1VL SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nurseries,
Acton, W., on MONDAY. Sept 21, and following dn\s, the
vhole of the extensive STOCK, including 100,000 FERNS,
4000 EUCHARIS (large plants), a great stock of ASPAKAG US
TENUISISSIMUS ana PLUMOslls, the entire stock of the
new Single Pink PELARGONIUM, ETHEL; 30u0 MISS
JOLIFFE CARNATIONS, the finest in the Trade; bOiiO ditto
in store-pots; 300 Specimen Fielder's White AZALEAS, 1000
POIMSETTIAS. 5000 CYPKRUS, 10,000 Golden and Green
EUONYMUS, 800 White PJEONIES, 3000 Irish IVIES in pots,
the Erections of 30 GREENHOUSES, thousands of feet of
HOT-WATER PIPING, &c.

Citalogues of the Auctioneers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Southgate.

By order of Mr. W. Davies.— Preliminary notice.

About a mile from Oakleigh Park Station, G. N. Railway.

IMPORTANT to FRUIT and PLANT GROWERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Mart, Tokeuhou-e Yard,
Loudon, E.C, on FRIDAY, September 25, at 2 o'Clock, in one
lot, a compact and valuable Freehold Market Nursery, known
as the Oak House Nursery, Enfield Road, Southgate, com-
prising an area of nearly 2 Acres, with trick-built Dwelling-
house, 9 Greenhouses and Vineries, 14 brick Pits, Stabling, and
suitable Buildings.

The Property possesses a commanding Frontage ti Hie High
Road, whicn can be utilised tor Builaiug. Possession will be
given on completion of the purchu-e.

May be viewed. Particulars had on the Premises; at the
Mart, E.C; of W. F. WATSON, Esq., Solicitor, 4'i, Sm<h-
anjpton Buildings, Chancery Line, W.O.; and of the Auc-
tioneers and Surveyors, 67 and 6*, Cheapside, E.C,

The Collection of Established Orchids formed by the

late H. J. Buchan, E.sq., of Wiltun House, Southampton.
By order of the executors.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL the above by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, on FKID\Y. September 25

Sunningdale.— Preliminary Notu e.

WITHOUT RESERVE.— SIX DAYS- ABSOLUTE ui EAR-
ANCE SALE of several acres of beautifully [;rown and
thriving young NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mr.
Charles Noble.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to give notice that this ANNUAL SALE is tixtd for
MONDAY, October 5, and five following days.

Further particulars will appear in future advertisement'.
The Stock may now be viewed, and catalogues had. > h^n
ready, on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers and J an 1
Agents, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C

Acqtjst 20, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

239

Bagsbot.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT THREE DAYS' UNRESERVED
SALE of beautifully-grown and well-rooted NURSERY
STOCK, which has been carefully prepared for removal,
and specially selected for this Sale, by order of Messrs.
John Waterer & Sons, Limited.

MESSRS. PKOTHEUOE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the celebrated
Bagshot Nurseries, on WEDNESDAY. September 30, 1891, and
two following days, without reserve, several acres of NUR-
SERY STOCK, grown to the highest perfection, and exceedingly
well- rooted.

There will be included very fine specimens of Gold and
Silver varieg ited HOLLIES; 3u00 named RHODODENDRONS,
best and newest kin-s; a large quantity of splendid specimen
CONIFERJE, particularly adapted for effective planting;
and other isTOCK, fuller particulars of which will be duly
advertised.

Purchasers will be allowed until December 31, 1891, for the
removal of their lot*.

May now be viewed. Catalogues obtained on the Premises,
and of the Auciioneers.67 and t58, Cheapside, E.C.

GREAT SALES OF NURSERY STOCK.

Preliminary Notice of Forthcoming Auctions.

IMPORTANT TO THOSE LARGELY ENGAGED IN
PLANTING.

MESSRS. RROTHEROE and MORRIS have
been favoured with instructions to conduct the fol-
lowing

EXTENSIVE SALTS of NURSERY STOCK.:—

SEPTEMBER 30. OCTOBER 1, 2 —At the celebrated BAG-
SHOT NURSERIES, BAGSHClT. by order of Messrs. John
Waterer & Sons (Limited). Three days.

OCTOBER I.— At the NURSERIES, CHILWELL, NOTTS, by
order of Messrs. J. R. Pear.^on & Sons. One day.

OCTOBER 5 to 10.— At the SUNNINGDALE NURSERIES,
SUNNINGDALE, BERKS, by order of Mr. Charles Noble.
Six days.

O0TOBER 8.— At the WOOD LANE NUKSFRY, ISLE-
WORTH, by order of Messrs. C. Lee & Soil. One day.

OCTOBER 13 to 17.— At the WOKING NURSEKIES,
WOKING, SURREY, by order of the Trustees of 1 he late
Mr. George Jackruan. Six days.

OCTOBER 18— At Ihe COLE HILL NURSERY. MUNSTER
LANE, FULHAM. by order of Mr. M. M. Smith. One day.

OCTOBER 15— At the NURSERY. FELTHAM, MIDDLESEX,
by order of Mer-srs. C. Lee & Son. One day.

OCTOBER 19 to 22.— At the WINDLESHAM NURSERIES,
BAGSHOT, SURREY, by ordi r of Mr. R. Mason. Four
days.

OCTOBER 19 to 22.— At CUNNINGHAM'S OAK VALE
NURSERY, OLD SWAN. LIVERPOOL, by order of the
Executors of the late Mr. George Cunningham, Four
days.

OCTOBER 21. -At the CASTLE BAR NURSERY, EALING,
hy order of Messrs. Hart Bros. One day.

OCTOBER 26 and 27.— At the NURSERIES, WIMBLEDON,
l.y order of Messrs. D. S. Thomson & Sons. Two days.

NOVEMBER 3— At the HALE FARM NURSERIES, TOT-
TENHAM, by order o! Mr. T. S. Ware, One day.

NOVEMBER H —At the NURSERY. PERRY HILL CLIFFE,
ROCHESTER, by order of Mr. W. Hume. One day.

NOVEMBER 25 and 26.— At the SEA-VIEW NURSERIES,
11AVANT, by order of Messrs. Ewing & Co. Two clays.

DATES NOT YET FIXED.
At the GOLDSMITH'S PARK FARK NURSERIES. GROOM-
BRIDGE, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, by order of Mr. E. Hol-
lamhv. Two days.
At the MILE ASH NURSERIES, DERBY. One day.
At Hie NURSERY, WANSTEAD, E , by order of Mr. T. East.

Other Sales are b ing arranged, and the dates be will notified
in future announcements.

The Auctioneers desire to call the special attenticn of those
about planting largely duiiog the season to these important
Sales. They are nuw revising their permanent Lists, and will
be pleased to add the names of tho-e who may wish to have
Catalogues forwarded of all the above, or any particular
Auction.

Auction Rooms and Estate Offices, 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Monday and Wednesday next.

EXTENSIVE CONSIGNMENTS of BULBS from HOLLAND,
LILIUMS, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38. King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on MONDAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT,
August 31 and September 2, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely
each day, exten ive consignments of choice-named HYA-
CINTHS. TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, SCILLAS,
IRIS, COLCHICUMS, Double and Single SNOWDROPS, &c,
just received from well-known Farms in Holland, and
specially lotted to suit the Trade and other Buyers. EARLY
WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS. LILIUM HARRISII, grand
roots. Also Homegrown LILIUM GLADIOLI (.The Bride),
PAPER WHITE NARCISSUS, &c.

On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday and Thursday Next.

PENDELL COURT, BLETCHINGLY, SURREY.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION on the premises, as above, on WEDNESDAY
NEXT, September 2 and following day, at 1 o'clock precisely
each day, bv order of the executors of the late Sir George Mac-
leaj , the COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, comprising most of the
well-known kinds; Specimen PALMS. TRIE and other
FERNS. AQUATIC PLANTS. ORNAMENTAL. STOVE, and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, LILIES, SUCCULENTS, MJCHA-
RIS, &e.

On view Ihe day prior, and mornings of Sale; and
catatogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneer's
Offices and Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Eeechneld, Doncaster.

To COLLECTORS of ORCHIDS, NURSERYMEN, and
OTHERS.

MESSRS. HEPPEK and SONS are favoured
with instructions from Richard Morris, Esq., ,T.P , who
is leaving Beechfield, to SELL by AUCTION, on the Pre-
mises, on MONDAY, TUESDAY, and WEDNESDAY, Sep-
tember 14, 15, and 16, commencing at 12 o'Clock each d*y, the
Magnificent COLLECTION of ORCHIDS aud STOVE
and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
Which comprises : —

IN ORCHIDS. — PhaUenopsis Luddemanniana, Amabilis,
Schilleriaua, Sandenaua, and Grandiflora; Cymbidium ebur-
neum, a very fine specimen with eight (lowering growih^ and
live new growths; Cymbidium Lowianum. Cattleya Meudelii
delecta F. C. C. from the R. H. S ; Cattleyas Eldorado
(Wallisii), Gigas, Imperialis, Sanderiaua, Aurej, Mossiae,
Trianse, Schilleriana, Amythystoglosia; Angraecum. Sesquipe-
dale and Sanderiaua ; Aerides Fieldingii, A (fine, and Sauderi-
ana ; six dozen of Odontoglo^sum crispuno, and 2 dozen O.
Peecatorei, all selected, when in (lower, as being of the best
type$, and nowio vigorous health ; Odontoglo^-om triumphans,
Grande, Harryanani, Cirrhosum, Coronarium, &c. ; Cypripe-
dium Grande, Elliotianutn, Argus, Hirnutissimum, Spicier!*
goum, insigne, aud Barbatum ; Ceeloyyne cristata ; Dendro-
biura Wardiauum, Thyr.siflorum, Crassinode, Aurea, &c. ;
Lycaste Skionerii ; Oncidiums; Masdevallia ; Maxillaria;
Miltonia, Vanda suavis, and Tricolor, &c.

IN STOVE and GREENHOU-E PLANTS. — Nepenthes,
Curtisii Superb i, D;cksoijiana, Hookenaua, Morgame, Mas-
teraiaoa, and Raffles ana; Anthurium Andreana sanguinea,
A. Thellusonii, Madame Ed. Pynaert (finest white),
S. herz rianuni Wardu and S. Maxima ; Anthurium Crystal-
inuiu, 5 feet diameter, in robust health; Alocasia Lowii,
Sanderiaua and Metallica ; Pancratium Speciossima and Fra-
graus (the foregoing are all larg* specimen plants and in
splendid condition); four magnincent Lapagerias, Alba and
Rubrum, each showing hundreds of flowers; Tillandsia Liu-
deuii, Medeuilla Magnilica, PhyllottEnium, Carludovica Pal-
mata, CUvias in good varieties ; twenty sp cimeu greenhouse
Rhododendrons, irom 2 feet to 4 ieet in diameter, in all the
leading kinds; a very fine lot of Crotons. Caladiums. and
Dracaenas, Asparagus Pluniosus, and A. deflectus; Palms;
Tree and other Feri,s; Camellias and Azaleas of the best sorts;
a grand assortment of Amaryllis; Liliunn ; Gloxinias from
the beet strains; New Holland plants ; upwards of tiUO Chry-
san'heniutns, be>t named varieties, aud many other plants
which i annot be enumerated in the space available in an
advertisement.

Catalogues (Is. each), which will be ready ten days before
the Sale, miy be had of the Auctioneers, Ea^t Parade, Letds,
and holders thereof only will hn admitted to view the collec-
t on on WEDNESDAY aud THURSDAY, September 9 aud 10,
from 10 to 4 o'clock.

N.R-Mr. MORRIS" valuable collection of Pictures, English
and Foreigu Silver, and the extensive assortment of rare
Bronzes, China, Ivoiies, Curios, Cabinets, &c. collected by
him on a tour in the East, as well as the excellent appoint-
ments of the residence, and the Horses. Carriages, Cow, and
outdoor effects, will be sold on WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and FRIDAY, September 16, 17, and 18; and on MONDAY,
TUESDAY, and WEDNESDAY. September 21, 2it and 23.

The Pictures and other art property may be inspected on
SEPTEMBER 9 and 10. on presentation of address card, and
Catalogues (Is. each) may be had. The public view of the
whole of the contents of Beechfield will be SEPTEMBER 14
and 15.

WANTED to RENT, a SMALL NUR-
SERY, with DWELLING-HOUSE, all in good Repair.
Apply to W. BRUNSWICK, Church Passage Nursery. Lee,
Keut.

FOR SALE. — Old-established Leasehold
FLORIST'S aud JOBBING BUSINESS; main thorough-
fare. North London ; doiug a good nil-round trade. Eight-
roomed Dwelling-house tnd Stable, four span-roofed Houj.es,
well-heated aud s-tucked. Satisfactory reasou for disposal.
Price moderate. Apply —

G. L. WEBBS. News Agent. Grove Road, Holloway, N.

FOR SALE, the twelve years' LEASE of a
NURSERY (2 acres), seven Glasshouses, all heated.
Within 10 miles of Covent Garden, anil close to two stations.
Apply, F. H.,5, Gladstone Villas, Fairfield Road, Edmonton,

Middlesex.

NURSERY for DISPOSAL.— Open to fair
Offer. Cottage, four Greenhouses, &c— Tenant's pro-
perty, half an acre of Land. Nine years' Lease, Ground-
Rent £15.
E. CORLISS, Effra Nursery, near Gipsy Road, West Norwood.

UOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, six miles

-i- from Bristol Market, one mile from a Railway Station,
an EXCELLENT MARKET GARDEN, about 7 acres in extent,
comprising Dwelling house, three New Greenhouses, 91 feet
long; one useful Pit, 'Al feet long; and a number of Frames,
well-stocked with Flowering Plants, Ferns, Tomatos, Cucum-
bers, &c. ; 3 acres Fruit Trees, Strawberries, Vegetables, Sec. ;
4 acres Grass Land (which could be broken up). Lease, 7, 14,
or 21 years. Price of Lease, Greenhouses, Stock, &c., £5"0,
payable by easy instalments, if desired. This is a capital
opportunity for anyone desirous of commencing business.
Apply, THE MANAGER. 32, Nicholas Street, Bristol.

rPO LET, on Lease, or otherwise, a SMALL

-L NURSERY, in good neighbourhood, 10 miles from
London. South-Eastera Loop Line.

Apply, C. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

TO FLORISTS or NURSERYMEN.— Large
BUSINESS PREMISES of atnut 2 Acres, comprisiug
8 Large Greenhouses, and a.l the necessary appliances. Hot-
water arrangements perfect, and every convenience for a
sound Business. Highgate neighbourhood. Willi or without
cottage.— Apply to J. M., 26, Hornsey Rise Gardens, Crouch
End, N.

EXHIBITIONS.

CRYSTAL PALACE,

V-/ GREAT FRUIT EXHIBITION,

SEPTEMBER 4 and 5, 1891.
For Schedules and Entry Forms apply to Mr. W. G. HEAD,
Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace, S.E.
Entries close on August 28.

GLASGOW and WEST of SCOTLAND
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
GRAND AUTUMN SHOW, St. Andrew's Hall, Glasgow, on
WEDNESDAY, September 2, 1891.

Pfize Schedules m^y be obtained from anv of the Directors,
from CHARLES MACDONALD WILLIAMSON, Treasurer.
194. We*t George Street, Glasgow, or Lorn FRANC G1BB
DOUGALL, Secretary, 167, Cnnuiug Street, Glasgow.

BRIGHTON HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION.
GRAND AUTUMN SHOW of PLANTS, CUT FLOWERS,
and FRUITS, September 9 and 10.

TWENTY POUNDS offered for EIGHT STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower. Schedules may be had of

E. CARPENTER, Secretary.
96. St. Jame9 Street, Brighton.
1692.— The Summer Show Schedule will include Cla9se9 for
Stove and Greenhouse aud Fine Foliaged Plants, Pelar-
goniums, Ericas, &e.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY,

ROYAL AQUARIU.H. WES I MINUTER. S.W.

EXHIBITION OF EARLY CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

DAHLIAS, GLADIOLI, &c„

Wednesday and Thursdav, sept. 9 and 10.
Schedules of Prizes, and all information, to be had of—

RfCHARD DEAN, Secretary, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W.

BRADFORD CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW,
NOVEMBER b and 7, 1891.
Schedules post free.
GEO. R. TAYLOR. 102. Godwin Street. Bradford.

1 E E D S P A X T O N SOCIETY'S

i-J CHRYSANTHEM UM SHOW.

Schedules now ready, and mav be had on application to (he
Secretary, JAS. SMITH, Asket Hill, Leeds.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit withuut
Security. Purchaser- have the choice of 100 Wholesale Homes.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address. SECRETARY, 43. Oreat Tower Street, E.C.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H R.H. the Prince of
Wales. H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, aud Public Buildings. Patentees of the Uuplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road. Chel«oi, S.W.

Landscape Gai denlug.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEAN p,LL, (Author of
the Ihtory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
brii gs experienced and careful personal attentiou lo ine
arListic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, K.S.O., Herefordshire.

Roval Parks, &c— Grass Seeds.

THE COMMIfeblOiNKRS of H.M. WORKS,
&c, are prepared to recei> e TENDERS for the SUPPLY
of GRASS SEEDS for use in the Royal Parks, &c. during the
year 1892. Forms of Tender, containing full particulars, may
be obtained at this Office, any day except Saturday, between
the hours of 12 and 3.

Tenders are to be delivered before 12 o'Clock, Noon, on
TUESDAY the 8ih proximo, addressed to THE SECRETARY,
H.M. Office of Works, 12, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.,
and endorsed, " Tender for Grass Seeds, Royal Parks, &c."

The Commissioners do not bind themselves to accept the
low est or any tender.

H. W. PRIMROSE, Secretary.
H.M. Office of Works, &c, 12, Whitehall Place, S.W.
August 19, 1891.

I? UK ORCHIDS, and O A R L> E M K R S

I. to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancraa.

ED. PYNAERT VAN GEERT,
NuRSERYHfAN, Ghent, Belgium.
AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS, RHODODENDRONS, CI.IVEIAS,
PALMS, FERNS, ORCHIDS, and all other best stuff for the
Trade. Apply for the SPECIAL PRICE LIST.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

OKCHIDS, &c— At LOW PRICES.

PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
• Ghent. Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of —
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their inimense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Kulbsand Plant* (104 pages
in Engli-h) is now ready, and will, as usunl. be sent, po-^t-free,
on application to their Agents. Me-srs MERTENS and CO.
3. Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.U. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection withauy other rirni of the same name.

240

THE GA/?DE NE I? S ' C 11 1? OXTC I, F.

f Atrorst 23, 1891.

MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded).

Tho best of all for Forcing. Thousands

for Disposal.

CROUXetFILS,

NOKSERYMES,

D'ATTLNAY, PK^S SCEIUX

(SEINE). FRANCE.

Great Specialty in Trained Fruit

Trees lor Immediate Planting.

C A T A L O G IT E S free on application.

LE VAI,.

BMALLER and SONS hrg to offer to tho
• Trade a very extensive and unusuillv well grown
Stock of ERICAS ( Hvemalis and other varieties). EPACRIS.
SOLANUMS. GENISTAS. CYCHMEN, ISUUVAKDUS of
sorts. ADIANTUM CUNEATUM. and other FERNS; PALMS,
in variety, GARDENIAS, STEPHAXOTIS. FICUS ELASTICA.
CROTONS, GREl'ILLEAS, TEA ROSES (in pots). BORONIA
MEGASTIGMA, VINES (in pots), &c.

An Inspection is invited.
Trade CATALOGUES forwarded on application.
The ANNUAL SALE by AUCTION will be held on Tuesday,
September 15.

Riirnt Ash Lane Nurseries, Lee. S.E.

"JOHN RUSKIN" STRAWBERRY.

The earliest Strawberry of the CeDtury. Tri:iU in North and
South prove it extraordinary for Earlint-ss. Productiveness,
Flavour, Size, and worthy to be classed with "Sir Juaeph
Paxton," "Garibildi," " President," &c.

Order now, Extra Strong Runners, 4*. per doz., 20>'- per 1 0.
delivered in Augu-t. True, direct from raisers.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

Roy a

Nursery and Seed Establishment,

CABLISLE.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars write to

MOBITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING!!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

Undertake the oomplete ereotion of HEATINO APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the
largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspeotion of same.

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc. ; VENTILATING CEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS,

Telegraphic Address— "HOT-WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

LONDON, S.E.

FOSTER & PEARSON,

Established i84i. 22 FIRST PRIZES. BEESTON, NOTTS.

Estimates on Application

FOB

VINERIES,

ORCHID HOUSES
PEACH HOUSES,
CONSERVATORIES,
" PLANT HOUSES,

WALL COVERS,

CARDEN FRAMES,
HEATINC APPARATUS

&c, &c.

CARNATION HOUSE, 18 feet wide.

All Timber thoroughly
Seasoned.

August 29, 1891.]

THE GA BDENEBS' CUB OX 1 CL E.

241

SEEDLING PLANTS

OF CHOICE

Florists' Flower?.

We have much pleasure in offering the following iu Strong,
Healthy, Transplanted Young Stuff, from our euperb strains.

Free by Post, at prices quoted. Per doz. $. d.
Auriculas, Alpine, very choice strong young plants,

for bloommg next season ...

Calceolarias, herbaceous, sp'endid strain

Carnations and Plcotees, from tboice-t named

flowers per 100, Vs. fid..

Cinerarias, large-flowered, very fine, per 100 10s. 6rt.,

Hollyhocks, choicest double 6 for 2s ,

Primulas, Alba magniflca, Splendid Pure White ...
„ Crimson KlCg, deep Crimson, magnificent

colour 6 for 2s ,

„ Choicest Red, White, or Mixed, per 100, 10s. Gd

Hyacinths, Early White Roman, fine selected

bulbs ... i-er 100, Vs. tirf.,

NarclSSUS, paper White 7s. 6rf..

,, ., New large-flowered ,, 10s. 6d.,

„ Double Roman ,, 7s. fid ,

Llllum Harrisii, fine bulbs 56s. Qd.,

,, Extra fine 80s. Qd.,

Prima) as, double Pure White, splendid for furnishing an
abundance of Cut Flowers throughout the Autumn and
Winter. Well-rooted, strong young plants, from 3-inch pots.
Per 100, 42s. ; per dozen, 6s. ; 3 for Is. 9d.

Our Fine Illustrated CATALOGUE of DC TCH and other
FLOWER ROOTS, NEW and CHOICE ROSES,
FRUIT TREES, 8[C., should be read by all intending
purchasers befo'e Ordering. Post-free, Zd„ or Gratis to
Customers.

DANIELS' BROS,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.
DUTCH and CAPE BULBS and PLANTS,

DIRECT FROM THE GROWERS AT
GROWERS' PRICES.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Delivered entirely free in Aberdeen, Belfast. Bristol, Cardiff,
Cork, Dover, Dublin, Edinburgh. Glasgow, Gloucester, Goole,
Grangemouth, Greunoek, Grimsby, Guern-ey. Harwich, Hull,
Isle of Man. Leith. Limerick, Liverpool, London. London-
derry. Middlesbro', Newcastle-on-Tyiie, Plymouth, Kortsmouth,
Southampton, or any other port in direct communication with
Rotterdam or Amsterdam.

Orders over £2 10s. sent free to destination to any place in
England. Scotland, or Ireland. Club (Joint) Orders for the
same amount also delivered free to destination. No charge for
piching or packages.

Fu'l particulars of our enormous Collection of Bulbs, with
List of splendid Novelties, will be found in our NEW LIST
for 1891, eighty eight pages in English, which will be sent to
all applicants, post-free.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS SMITH'S SNOW - WHITE

PXERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.— This

is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. fid. each.

BTJLBS.— The best procurable.

STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds. De-
scriptive LISTS free.

Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
planting out.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

E D I N B U R G II.

In our n*xt number will be publish d a series of

b ief Notes on the Obj cts of Interest to Gardeners in a> d
about Edinburgh, together with llhi i'tations, jet the use of
intending Visitors to the

GREAT INTERNATIONAL FRUIT and
FLOWER SHOW,

To be htld in the Waver let/ Market, S<) ttmber9, 10, 11,

In the /allowing week will also be pub i bed a Report of the

Exhibi ton, t--gdhr with

Numerous Portrait ; of the Officials of the

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

including that of the Presidtnt,

The Most Noble the MARQUIS of LOTHIAN K.T.

As a large e.rtra circulation of these numbers is
anticipated, they will be excellent mediums for advertising.
Advertisers should communicate at once with Mr. A. G.
MARTIN, the Publisher, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W C.

THE

SATURDAY, AUGUST 29, 1891.

WOOLPITS.

/^iNE of the most charming walks in Surrey
^^ is to start at Gomshall, from the range
of hills striking east and west between Dorking
and Guildford, and going almost due south
through Peaslake. Passing over the next line
of hills to Ewhurst and Cranleigh, at a point
just west of Holmbury Hill, we come close to the
site of Sir Henry Doulton's new house, Wool-
pits, which is now complete, and possesses interest
for both architects and the public as the work
of Messrs. Ernest George & Peto, and as the
residence of a great director of English industry.

The road passes by the half-timbered entrance
lodge, which has a beautiful outlook to the
south-west, from which the carriage-drive winds
up to the site of the mansion, which is on apiece
of level ground on the hillside. The view from
the windows, looking down the valley and over
the long stretch of level country to the South
Downs, is beautiful. On the right, the view is
bounded by the steep ascent of a fir-covered hill,
on the side of which Woolpits is built ; and, on
the left, rises Holmbury Hill, also well wooded.
On the further side of the road, and rising
partly up the hill of Holmbury, are extensive
ornamental grounds and a lake.

The lake is connected with the grounds by two
walks, one leaving the house at its south-eastern
corner, crossing the park and the public road by
a steep descent, with sets of wooden steps ; the
other passii.g from the main entrance through
a wooded hollow, on the opposite side of the
road, to a different side of the lake. After
skirting the water, and crossing over two rustic
bridges, a branch walk descends the embankment
at the lower end, and leads into the road, which
gives access to AVooIpits Wood. This sheet cf
water has been formed in a valley within sight
of the house.

The enclosure has been planted with masses of
Rhododendrons and other shrubs, whose flowers
and forms are reflected pleasingly in the water.
A shelter or summer-house, with a beautiful
prospect over the lake and park, with its masses
of old trees, has been constructed over the boat-
house, and is itself decidedly picturesque. The
beautiful situation of Woolpits can be fully
appreciated from this side. The two best views
of the house are one from the carriage-drive,

242

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

north-east, and one from the side of ;the hill to
the south-west. A branch road from the
carriage-drive to the right leads to the stables
and coachman's cottage, supported by a bold mass
of old Oaks. This is the nucleus of a planta-
tion, which extends thence along the northern
boundary, and completes the needful shelter and
enclosure. A continuation of the stable road
co .ducts to the back of the kitchen garden,
which is walled on three sides, and fenced by a
Holly hedge on the south. It abuts closely to
the stables, being shut off from the carnage-
d-ive by a sullicient breadth of shrubbery. A
f .vourable position for Roses occurs in a border
t. the south of the garden; and the walks on
entering the kitchen garden at both ends are
spanned by Rose arches.

The spot where the kitchen garden stands is
a fairly level one, being almost the only bit of
flat ground on the property. There is a range of
glasshouses against the north wall, with garden
sheds in the rear ; and supplementary forcing-
houses and pits further behind. At the time of
writing, November 20, there were two houses
—which are used for Cucumbers, Melons, and
Tomatos in the summer— filled with a fine collec-
tion of winter-flowering zonal Pelargoniums, one
blaze of colour of very fine trusses of flowers.

By permission of Sir Henry, the houses and
grounds are occasionally thrown open to the
people of the neighbourhood. The houses are
in autumn very gay with Chrysanthemums, &o.
A quantity are grown in 32 and 48-pots, for
house and table decoration from 1 to 2 feet in
height, and prove to be most useful where exhi-
bition blooms are not required.

Besides the somewhat uncommon gathering
of herbaceous plants, there is a fine collection of
trees and shrubs, comprising nearly everything
that is really worthy of cultivation that will
stand the climate in the grounds, Rhododendrons,
Hollies in great variety, ornamental Thorns,
elegant flowers, graceful forms, and striking
foliage being freely intermingled. Roses and
other climbers grow on the walls of the mansion,
cottages, and buildings.

The southern part of Woolpits Wood, sloping
to the west, and looking out into a charming
country, has been planted with a collection of
Conifers, with clusters of Birch and other
deciduous trees, the standard trees being chiefly
Oaks. From this part of the Woolpits estate.
and looking east, we see the well known Leith
Hill, about four miles away, said to be the only
eminence from which St. Paul's Cathedral and
the sea are both visible. A noted landmark on
the Downs is the Chanclebury, or Chanctonbury,
ring which was set out by Mr. Charles Goring of
Wiston, in 1760. He lived to record in verse
the success of his plantation in 1828. To the
left is Shoreham Gap, through which, under
favourable atmospheric conditions, the sea is
discernible. By passing round the ends of the
two half-encircling hills, an expanse of country
with other hills in the west becomes immediately
visible, while there is really no limit to the many
happy aspects whioh travelling a few yards in
almost any direction may not develop.

The house (see fig. 30, p. 245), built of red
brick and cream-coloured terra-cotta facings, is
all the more picturesque, because, although on
high ground, it is backed up by higher hills and
woods from every leading point of view, and this
takes away much of its appearance of newness.

The grounds were laid out by the late Edward
Kemp, of Birkenhead. Although he had then
retired from the active pursuit of his profession,
it was as a mark of personal regard and friend-
ship that Mr. Kemp in 1S84 undertook to lay out

and develop the beautiful estate of Woolpits, in
Surrey.

In 1886, Sir Henry Doulton secured the ser-
vices of Mr. H. W. Perrin to take charge of the
gardens and grounds generally.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CATASETUM CILIATUM.
This elegant little Catasetum has just flowered,
probably for the first time in Europe, in the collec-
tion of M. Robinow, Esq., Hawthornden, Palatine
Road, Didsbury. It has recently been imported from
the Amazon district. The species was described by
Rodriguez (Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov., i , p. 130), with
which description I have succeeded in identifying it.
It belongs to the section Pseudo-Catasetum, but is
very distinct from C. roseo-album, its nearest ally.
The sepals and petals are greenish-white, the former
reflexed, the latter erect and larger. The lip is
triangular, acute, and concave ; whitish, tipped with
deep maroon-pnrple, with purple bristle- like hairs
half an inch long on the sides near the base, and
with light purple transverse lines on its basal half.
The pedicels and short column are purplish, the
latter without antennae, as in this section. The
flowers, which are just over an inch across, are
remarkably like some peculiar bees on the wing.
According to Rodriguez, it is a native of Pard, and
grows on the Palm, Mauritia armata.

Odontoglossum Wattianum.
This handsome Odontoglossum has already im-
proved on becoming established, as an eight- flowered
raceme has been received through Messrs. Veitch, of
Chelsea, with flowers fully 3j inches across their
broadest diameter. The sepals and petals are
yellow, the former with large, the latter with smaller
chocolate blotches. The lip is lemon-yellow, with a
large purple blotch in front of the nearly white
crest, and numerous similar spots on the stalk and
basal half of the subpandurate limb. The column
and stalk of the lip are each 8 lines long, and form
an angle of 45° with each other. It is wonderfully
distinct; indeed, its exact affinity is still doubtful,
and probably is the finest species which has appeared
since the advent of O. Harryanum.

Dendrobium steeblocebas var. Rossiana.
A variety of this remarkable Dendrobium, in
which the lip is wholly white, appeared soon after
the introduction of the typical form, and received
the above name from Professor Reichenbach. It has
considerably improved on becoming established, for
Madame E. Gibez, Sens, Yonne, Prance, now sends
a raceme bearing seven of its remarkable flowers.
The under-part of the undulate sepals is green, as
are also the spirally-twisted petals. These latter are
very curious. They are erect, quite parallel, 24 inches
long, and have precieely the appearance of a pair of
twisted horns, as the name implies. The species is
closely allied to D. stratiotes, and equally attractive.
The flowers remain several weeks in perfection.

Sobralia Lowii.
This species closely resembles a dwarf form of S.
sessilis, Lindl., except that the flowers are of a
uniform bright purple, or rose-purple shade. What
appears to be the same thing has just been received
through Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea,
though it is even dwarfer than before, flowering on a
stem under 10 inches high. The fugitive flowers of
this genus often coupled with a rather tall habit, has
to some extent, affected their popularity as garden
plants, though travellers are unanimous in praising
their charms as seen in a wild state. The present
species is sufficiently dwarf, brightly-coloured, and
floriferous to be worthy of attention. At present
few plants are known.

Catasetum Naso ? .
On two or three occasions a plant of Catasetum
Naso at Kew has produced a raceme of its singular

male flowers, whose general appearance may be
readily seen by a glance at t. 4792 of the Botanical
Magazine. This year it varies its proceedings in a
very interesting way, by the production of a female
raceme. Perhaps it is only called a raceme by courtesy,
for the single flower now expanded has absorbed all
the nutriment, leaving a number of bracts and
abortive buds above it. It is, however, a case of the
greatest interest. The flower is about as large as iu
the other sex, light green, the sepals and petals
three-quarters of an inch broad, and the lip an inch
in diameter, with a narrow purple margin, and a few
teeth. This organ is superior, as in every other
known case ; and, of course, the column is very short,
without antenmc, and, like the ovary, very stout.
One such flower appeared at Syon House, when the
above-cited plate was prepared, and is represented
by Mr. Fitch in the original drawing, but omitted in
the published plate. The omission is significant.
In fact, the drawing was sent to Lindley, who
labelled the plant " Catasetum naso," but the de-
tached female flower "Monachanthus viridis." Pro-
bably this circumstance explains Sir William
Hooker's suspicion that it might be a sport of
Catasetum tridentatum, for in those days only this
vague term could be applied to the curious phenomena
occasionally observed in the genus. B. A. Rolfe.

Mormodes Rolfeana, L. Linden.
Sepals and petals light brown on a light grefn
ground, and with darker green stripes. The face of
the very fleshy rigid lip is brownish crimson, also the
back of the column, the front of this organ and the
back of the lip being greenish yellow. The species
require the same treatment as the Catasetums. A
sunny situation suits them best; nevertheless, they
should be shaded when the sun is too hot. After
flowering, all the species lose their leaves, when the
amount of water given should be considerably
reduced for a period of several weeks, while the
plants are in a state of semi-repose. When the
new growth appears, the amount of water should be
gradually increased, ia order to restore the plant to
full activity. Lindenia, t. 289.

LiEMA GRANDIS, VAR. TENEBROSA.

Sepals and petals, dull copper- coloured ; lip,
purple ; disc, black-purple ; edge, white. Lindenia,
t. 290.

Dendrobium leucolophotum.

A north Queensland species, with elongated pseudo-
bulbs ; flowers, white, in many- flowered racemes;
sepals, ligulate ; petals, oblong acute; lip, trifid.
Lindenia, t. 291.

Cattleva bicolor.
An autumn - flowering species. Segments, clear
brown ; lip, amethyst-violet. Lindenia, t. 292.

L.ELIA l'LAVA.
Flowers, yellow; segments, linear narrow; lip,
convolute; anterior lobe, flat- fringed. Orchidophile,
June.

CHISWICK NOTES.

The representatives of the Ware and District
Horticultural and Mutual Improvement Society
visited the Chiswick gardens of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on Wednesday in last week, and
derived much pleasure from the visit. The old
garden was looking well, and this gardening con-
tingent doubtless derived information as well as
pleasure in their round of the garden, looking at the
various trials, &c, that are now in operation, both in
the vegetable and floral way.

In the former the Runner and Dwarf French
Beans, Onions, Turnips, Tomatos, &c, furnished
much interest. In the floral way, may specially be
noted the masses of Carnations then in flower, Sweet
Peas, Violas, and Pansies, showing the wealth of
material at hand for the outdoor embellishment
of our gardens. Perennial Asters and Sunflowers,
whose nomenclature will probably cause burning
questions to arise, deserve a passi ng note. The house of
those useful decorative plants ( Fuchsias) would be tha

August 29, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

243

means of note-books being called into requisition, to
jot down the names of the striking sorts ; and to
admirers of zonal Pelargoniums for house decoration,
the claims of these plants would not be overlooked.

In the fruit department, attention was arrested
(outdoors) by the crops of Apples, Pears, Plums, &c,
which are fairly good ; whilst indoors, the big con-
servatory promises a good supply of Grapes, as usual ;
and the long vinery looks well with its fine bunches
of Gros Colmar, Alicante, &c, which will be seen to
greater perfection as the season advances.

The fruit-evaporator in operation furnished an
excellent item in the day's programme ; the machine
for paring Apples evoked interest. Altogether,
associations of gardeners might do much worse than
include Chiswick in the programme of their annual
horticultural outings.

The serious storms have recently played some
mischief with the Carnations, a few of the best of
which may be noted amongst the following varie-
ties : — In the whites, good, were Snowdrift, White
Queen, Penelope, and Mrs. Frank Watts ; Comtesse
de Paris is a very free-blooming pale blush ; Maggie
Laurie is a beautiful delicate blush. Scarlets furnish
bright and pleasing patches of colour, the more note-
worthy sorts being Rowena, bright scarlet; Guiding
Star, good strong habit of growth ; The Moor, a fine
dark crimson ; Feuerball, deep scarlet ; Dan God-
frey, scarlet flake ; Albrecht Duesser, deep rose,
crimson flake; Edith, pale pink, spotted scarlet.
The now well-known Mrs. Reynolds Hole, terra-
cotta, was seen in capital condition. Amongst the
yellows — obviously a showy and useful class — may
bs mentioned Will Threlfall, bright yellow ; Ger-
mania, the latter perhaps more suited to pot culture ;
Canary, pale yellow; Theodor claims attention on
account of its peculiar colour, which may cause it to
be valued by some, this being a dull slate. Notice-
able amongst the Picotees were Redbraes, Romeo,
Favourite, Mr. Rudd, and Mary.

Eckford's Sweet Peas form quite an attractive
feature. Of fine quality are the following : — Captain
of the Blues, the standards bright purple-blue, with
pale blue wings— a very striking and fine variety ;
Queen of England, white, of large size and good
substance; Mrs. Gladstone, delicate pink standards,
the wings blush, edged with delicate pink — a singu-
larly pretty and pleasing variety ; Senator, a large
bold flower, finely expanded, standards shaded and
•triped chocolate on creamy ground — a charming
variety; Princess of Wales, a beautiful variety,
shaded and striped mauve on a white ground ; Isa
Eckford, creamy-white suffused with rosy-pink.

A house of well - grown and flowered Fuchsias,
before referred to, deserves a few additional notes.
There is nothing startling in the way of novelties to
record ; we seem to have almost reached perfection
in this particular flower. The old Rose of Castille
is still a favourite flower, and is here well represented.
First of the Day is a good single ; Red Spitfire is a
showy variety, having bright scarlet sepals, corolla
well- formed, and of deep magenta ; Phenomenal is a
very fine double with scarlet tube and sepals, a
dark purple and blue corolla. Another good double
ij A lolphe Legour, sepals large and well reflexed,
corolla violet rose.

Amongst the yellows may be mentioned Aurora
superba, tube and sepals rich salmon, corolla large,
spreading, orange scarlet suffused with yellow, fine free
habit of growth, a distinct variety. Earl of Beacons-
field, one of the best for decorative purposes ; the
flawersare produced in large clusters, and constant
bloomer. Mr. Rundell, somewhat similar to the
preceding, for general decorative purposes a capital
variety. Winifred Glass has a blush tube and
sepals, rich carmine corolla, shaded magenta; small,
but very free. Flocon de Neige, white corolla, large,
and well formed, sepals, clear carmine. Mrs. Mein,
tube and sepals bright crimson scarlet; a well-
reflexed flower, and of good 9hape.

Iu the Fancy sectiou, worthy of note is Erecta var.
Novelty, novel and distinct, tube and sepals stained
white, sepals broad, corolla light pink, margin rose,
free; a plant of strong habit, the flowers erect, and
thrown well above the foliage.

Early Froits, &c.

The young trees are bearing fairly well this
season. A small but excellent sort, of fine aromatic
flavour, is Irish Peach (sometimes known as Early
Crofton). Some of the pomological authorities
recommend the tree to be lightly pruned, as it bears
at the points of the shoots. A very handsome
dessert Apple, but a somewhat " shy " bearer, may
be noted in Red Astrachan ; whilst " good cropper"
must be applied to that excellent culinary sort,
Lord Suffield.

A very small Pear, but useful on account of its
being the earliest, is Doyenne d'Ete, of refreshing
flavour, and withal, of very pretty appearance.

Two decidedly good early Plums are the following ;

River's Early Prolific, a valuable market 8ort. It

is good for dessert, and also possesses the merit of
being one of the best flavoured when cooked. St.
Etienne, brought into notice by receiving Certificate
honours at the meeting of the Fruit Committee on
August 11, is an excellent cooking yellow variety of
small size.

Among Tomatos Perfection is, of course, good ;
and Chemin, of recent introduction, may be noted as
one of the best and distinct sorts, its fruits being
large, smooth, red.

Salvia patens.

A large bed of this is very conspicuous just now,
being indeed a sheet of its very large intense blue
flowers. A mass such as this has a striking effect in

a border.

IIelianthus doronicoides.

This is a good border species, a good-sized bed
here of its fine large yellow flowers presenting quite
a glare of colour.

POLTQONUJI SACHALINENSE.

This is a grand plant of immense size. A happy
spot for it is on a moist herbaceous border, or
fringing some water.

BoCCONIA CORDATA.

This is a bold and handsome hardy foliage plant,
suitable for planting in the wild garden, or in iso-
lated positions on the lawn, where its ornamental
foliage is seen to advantage ; it bears a spike of
creamy-white flowera.

Oleauia IIaastii.

A large bush of this good shrub has been very
noticeable, crowded with a profusion of its sweetly-
scented star-like flowers.

Ivies.

To lovers of these (and they are many), the inter-
esting, and comprehensive collection at Chiswick
will present many and various features of in-
terest, as the various character of the plants develop
some delightful bits of colour— green, gold, and silver.

Lastly it is satisfactory to find, that owing to
the improved financial condition of the society,
something is being done to reinstate the houses
and frames which were allowed perforce to get
into a sad state of dilapidation during the Kensing-
ton regime.

PLANTS IN FLOWER AT

MESSRS. JAS. VEITCH AND SONS.

In addition to a good show of the ordinary
Orchids which flower at this season, there are many
very rare and beautiful species and varieties in
bloom at the Royal Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea.
Among them should be noted a plant of L;«lia
Amesiana (L. crispax Cattleya maxima), and which
even surpasses the favourite Lielia exoniensis in
beauty. The plant in question is a noble one, with
five leading growths and several flowers. The new
Lue'.io-Cittleya Proserpine X (L. Dayana X Cattleya
velutina) is in bloom, and proves to be a neat-
growing plant and a profuse bloomer ; the whole
flower is of a delicate shade of lilac, closely veined all
over with crimson in a manner not seen in any other
Orchid. Among the Cypripediums, the new C.
macrochilum X (C. longifolium seed-bearer X C.
Lindenii) has a four-flowered scape of blooms, re-
sembling in colour those of C. caudatam Wallisii,
bat with a curiously large and elongated pouch, which

is beautifully spotted inside. The rare C. Aylingii
(niveum X ciliolare), too, is in bloom ; also the
handsome C YoungianumX, of which the variety
raised by Messrs. Veitch is a specially fine one,
rivalling in beauty the favourite C. MorganseX ;
C. tonsum superbum also exhibits its large and
curious flowers; and C. Canhainianumx, C. or-
phanum X , C. Tautzianum X , and other rare kinds, are
in bloom.

Among other noteworthy plants here in flower are
several examples of Saccolabium ILndersonianum,
and specially good, S. cceleste, Renanthera matu-
tina, Ccelogyne Cumingi, Dendrobium rhodos-
toma X , Subialia xantholeuca, a large Peristeria elata,
and Lajliacrispa, with fifteen spikes, bearing together
105 flowers. There are, too, some excellent vani-
ties of Cattleya velutina ; and among the C. gigas,
one approaching to C. Hardyana, and with a
peculiarly pretty yellow marking at the sides of the
labellum.

A noble bank of Lilies, chiefly made up of the
newer forms of Lilium auratum, exhibits them at
their best. The showiest are the specimens of L.
auratum rubro-vittatum, with a broad crimson band
down the middle of each petal. L. a. virginale is a
very fine pure white. Two of the best in habit, and
in size and form of their flowers, are L. auratum
macranthurn, a noble variety, with large pure white
flowera with the middle of each petal rich yellow,
but without chocolate spots ; and L. a. platyphyllum,
which resembles L. a. macranthurn, but has reddish-
brown spots along the middle of the segments.

EXPERIMENTS WITH
ASPARAGUS.

In a recent Bulletin from the Ohio Agricultural
Station, Professor W. J. Green reports an experi-
ment on "Seed-bearing and Non-Seed-bearing
Asparagus." The male and female flowers of the
Asparagus are borne on separate plants ; hence, as
is well known, all the plants do not produce seeds.

Seed-bearing is an exhausting process, and, as
might be supposed, those plants that yield seeds
have less vigour than those that do not. In order
to determine the difference in vigour between the
seed-bearing and non-seed-bearing plants, fifty of
each were staked off in a plantation of about half
an acre. When the cuttings were made, the shoots
taken from male and female plants were kept
separate, and the weight of each recorded.

Observations upon the two kinds of plants were
extended through the seasons of 1889 and 1890, and
cuttings were made in the ordinary manner. The
results are as follow : —

Asparagus, products from Male and Female Plants.

Fron fifty

Froai fifty

oaale

female

plants.

plants

Oances.

Ounce*.

First period, tea days

Secoad period, ten days

101

Third period, ten days

26a

161

Fourth period, ten days—

2)3

151

Total for the season

610

107

The total average gain of the male plants over the
female was a little more than 33 per cent., while in
the first period the gain was 43 per cent. The
greatest difference between the two lots occurred
durin" the first period, showing that male plants are
earlier than the others. The shoots from the male
plants were alao larger than those from the female.
Male plants can be secured by dividing old roots or
by selecting such two-year old seedlings as do not
bear seeds.

Tub Use of Rubber bands in BuNcaiNa
Asparaous.
India-rubber bands are found to be superior to
string or netting, for bunching Asparagus, because
they hold the stalks in place better, and they are
also cheaper when the labour of putting them on is
considered.

244

THE GAL' DE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

The method employed in bunchiDg with^rubber-
bands is to slip a band over an ordinary tea-cup —
one with straight sides and without a handle — fill
the cup with Asparagus shoots, the heads downwards,
then slip the band from the cup to the bunch. This
makes a bunch of about the right size, and gives the
upper end a nicely rounded appearance.

All that remains to be done is to slip on another
band and to square the butts with a sharp knife.
Possibly a metallic cup would answer better, being
thinner, but a tea-cup is not objectionable in this
particular. If smaller bunches are desired than the
smallest cup that can be found, it is not necessary to
fill the cup. Two thousand bands suitable for bunch-
ing will weigh about one pound. Two bands are
used for a bunch. ./. J. Willis, Harpenden.

FRUIT FARM NOTES.

Fbuit farming and jam-making have been much
advocated of late, but that the former is no new
industry is evidenced by what is to be seen at
Ramsey, near Harwich, on the eastern coast, where
Mr. Ward has many acres of trees, most of which he
planted over forty years ago; some of the Apples
and Pears being of very large size, as they are not
restricted, or subjected to much pruning. This will
readily be understood when it is stated, that a single
tree of the latter has, in a single season, yielded
over a ton of fruit, the sort being Golden Knap (Drop),
a Scotch variety ; the Pears are small, and not of
good quality, although they seem to sell in the
market. Other kinds that are largely grown are
Williams' Bon Chretien, Conseiller de la Cour, and
Madame Treyve. But strange to say, one of the
greatest favourites, Louise Bonne, is hardly repre-
sented, as it is found to canker so badly, that it is
almost given up as a failure.

Of Apples, Mr. Ward has upwards of one hundred
kinds, but he says that twenty would be better ;
those he thinks most highly of are Keswick Codlin,
Lord Suffield, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Warner's
King, Tower of Glamis, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Blenheim, Alfriston, and Mere de Manage.

Plums are grown in immense numbers, there being
acres of them, in thickly planted rows, and all
literally laden with fruit, some so much so as to
have the branches quite borne down by their weight.
It is plain, therefore, that the frost, so fatal in many
parts, did not reach Ramsey; but then the land lies
near the sea, directly between two tidal rivers, the
Handford water and the Stour, the elevation being
about 50 feet, but quite open and somewhat wind-
swept, as there is little shelter near. The Plums
most in favour are the following:— Early Orleans
and Early Rivers, the first-mentioned being larger
and a little earlier in ripening, therefore a very
desirable kind ; Victoria was, of course to be seen
in quantity, as well as Prince of Wales and Jefferson.
Mr. Ward thinks very highly of Autumn Compote,
and a sort the writer of this is unacquainted with,
the fruit being large, oval, bright red, and hanging
thickly on the trees.

Damsons, from some cause or other, have been
neglected at Ramsey, as only a few old trees were to
be seen ; but two years ago Mr. Ward had 200
planted, the sort being the Farleigh, and they now
are crowded with fruit, and look the picture of
health. The ground under the trees is all occupied
with Gooseberries, Currants, and Raspberries, the
chief kinds among the first-mentioned being Golden
Drop, Crown Bob, and Warrington.

Strawberries are all in the open, exposed to sun
and air, the rows being about 2 feet 6 inches apart,
and the plants in the lines half that distance, and
strong and well they look, with finely-developed
crowns, as they ought to have, from the treatment
they receive, there being no denudation of foliage
beyond that just outside the plants when the runners
are cut away and remr.ved. and the land cleared after
the fruit is all gathered. When fresh plantations are
made, the praotice with Mr. Ward is to crop between
the rows with Onions or Lettuce the first year. Sir
Joseph Paxton and British Queen are the chief sorts

Mr. Ward cultivates, and both seem quite at home on
the land.

Being so far away from any great city, I was
curious to know where all the fruit on the place
went to or could be disposed of, and in reply to the
query, Mr. Ward said, " [ hardly know, but it all
goes — some to London, Tiptree, Walton, Dovercouit,
Harwich, and other parts ; " and he seemed to have
no fear of foreign competition, for, said he, when I
mentioned the subject, " where should we be without
the foreigner, as up till now we have had nothing but
soft fruit in the market ? " A good deal of conti-
nental produce is landed at Parkstone close by.

Besides being a fruit cultivator, Mr. Ward is also
a farmer and a market gardener in a large way, and
has great breadths of Potatos that look remarkably
well, and at the time of my visit (August 14) there
was not a diseased leaf to be seen. Ashleaf is the
kind grown for early work, followed by Satisfaction
and Magnum Bonum, the last-mentioned forming
the bulk. The tubers lifted for me to see were
remarkably clear and fine, and the crop heavy and good.

The Celery at Ramsey is grown in trenches, and
three rows of Pari9 Cos Lettuces along the ridges
between, thus turning all the land to account. Cu-
cumbers are sown in the open ground, and were
just coming into bearing, the bulk of produce being
sent away in barrels to market. That Ramsey must
be a favoured spot as regards climate is shown by
the Broccoli standing last winter as well as other
green-stuff, which was killed elsewhere, or so cut as
not to be of much use. The soil is a good greasy
loam, resting on the London clay, and therefore
well adapted for the purpose to which it is put. J. S.

Bottling of Fruits.

Fruit can be had all the year round nearly equal
to fresh-picked fruits. Those who possess a small
garden, often waste small perishable fruits, of a
tender nature, especially where the market towns
are some considerable distance away, the prices
sometimes very low, and the market glutted. To
prevent this loss, bottling of small fruits will be of
great advantage to the grower, as bottled fruits
meet with great demand ; in fact, they are much
preferred to jams, possessing more the natural
flavour of the fruit. To have fruit either for bottling
or preserving, it must be manufactured on the
ground. Bring the factory to the fruit — it saves
carriage, and unnecessary packing and handling.
Pick your fruits, such as Currants, Gooseberries,
Plums, Apricots, Cherries, and all kinds of small
fruits, straight into the bottles from the trees.
The fruit should uot be dead-ripe, but rather under
ripe, as it keeps whole, and adds much to the
appearance after cooking. Put as much fruit into
bottles as possible, giving them a shake occasionally,
so as to get them packed firmly together, taking care
not to have them broken. After the bottles are
well-filled with fruits, pour clean water into them
until it runs over the rim ; see particularly to this,
as nothing looks worse than a bottle not being
full. The corks should be of the best quality, free
from holes; and fitting tightly. They will require
some force to drive them down; place small
pieces of tin on the top of the corks, about the
size of a shilling, to keep the wire from cutting
them. As a certain amount of expansion takes
place in the cooking, and is apt to raise the cork, if
not tightly secured, wire as you would an ordinary
soda-water bottle.

Place the bottles in cold water into an ordinary
fish-kettle or pan, upon the bottom of which a cloth
has been placed to keep the bottles from touching the
pan. The water must be poured in within 1 inch or
so of the top of the bottles. The process must be
slow at first with the fire, otherwise the bottles are
apt to crack. Have your thermometer in the pan
so as to be able to watch the rising of the tempera-
ture. Let it rise gently until 165° is attained, which
must tike one hour — thus the process is very slow.
Let them cool gradually. Take a mixture of resin
and a small quantity of oil boiled together, then dip
the end of cork into the mixture while hot, which
seals over any minute holes, making the bottle quite

air-tight, otherwise fungus spores will enter and
develope. Place the bottles on their sides in any
cool place. For home consumption the flavour is
much better when no water is added ; for trade
purposes, adding water to them gives the bottles a
better appearance. Wheu no water is added the
fruit shrinks, and consequently the bottle is not full.
Their flavour, when prepared in this way, is equal to
fresh-gathered fruit. When cooking for use never
add sugar to them until served up, as sugar tnuuhens
the skins, especially of Plums and Cherries. J. T.

Vegetables.

SPINACH.
Last winter again gave convincing proof of what
a valuable vegetable this is, for when almost every-
thing else in the kitchen garden was killed, Spinach
seemed to bid defiance to the weather, and passed
safely through. This immunity from injury, no
doubt, arose in some measure from its lowness of
growth, and the friendly covering of snow that laid
over it so long, thus protecting it from the hard
frost, to which other vegetables were more exposed,
and from the effects of which most of them perished,
as we had no wind all through the season. To make
sure of having a good supply through winter and
spring, it is necessary to sow twice, as sometimes, if
the autumn is warm and open, the first sowing runs
or becomes too forward for the leaves to be of much
use for picking. For spring use, the best situation
for Spinach is a sheltered border facing south,
although for first gatherings beds or rows on the
open quarters do very well. Wind is often more
fatal than fro9t, and on a warm sunny border
Spinach grows away freely as soon as the days begin
to lengthen, and affords many gatherings before
much can be had from that in the open. For the
first supply to pick during late autumn, the third
week in August is the time to sow, while that for
spring should be got in towards the end of Septem-
ber. In many gardens it is a very difficult matter
to grow good Spinach, on account of wireworm in
the laud, and I used to experience much trouble
from these, till I applied soot, which I can most
strongly recommend; the way to use it is to
sow just enough over the ground to blacken
it, and then dig it in. If the land is poor,
rotted manure should be used ; for to get fine
leaves, Spinach must be well fed, aud then it
is succulent and tender. The old prickly-seeded is
far surpassed now by the Victoria, which produces
larger leaves and of a much more fleshy sub-
stance, and should therefore be grown instead of tho
other, as besides the superior qualities it is quite as
hardy and not so apt to run as the prickly. The
Victoria is a stronger grower, and needs more
room ; the rows should be at least 18 inches
apart, and the plants not nearer than half that dis-
tance, as then they will have space to develop. la
preparing for sowing, it is important to have the land
firm and the surface raked fine, and when brought
to that condition the drills should be drawn, making
them about 1.} inch deep, and sowing the seed very
thin, which will save labour and time in pulling up
plants. Not only is soot good for digging into the
land, but it is also first-rate a3 an early spring dress-
ing to scatter between the rows and hoe in bafore
the Spinach has made much growth, and if that is
done its beneficial effects will Boon be apparent in
the improved colour and the greater crop of fine
leaves. J. Sheppard.

THE DELL, EGHAM.

The beauties of Baron Schroder's gardens are well
known to most gardeners and garden - lovers in
Europe, and many in America doubtless call to
mind with pleasure the sights they have seen there
when visiting England. Year by year the liberality
of the Baron, and the care and ihou^htfulness of his
gardener, Mr. H. Ballantine, add new beauties to

Accost 29. 1801."

TEE GA R DENER S' CER ONI GL E.

245

it, the last, the extensive rockeries, being one of
the most attractive. In these a defective spot has
been beautified, and in their construction Pulhani has
done his work well, artistically winding and sinking
or raising the rockery as the situation required, and
introducing pieces of water in several places with
considerable effect. Beyond these circumstances,
the rockery has been fortunate in being skilfully
planted ; the capping of these massive rocks, which
cannot be carried up beyond a certain height, being
especially well done.

It is needless to enumerate the beautiful alpines
and herbaceous perennials in flower, suffice it to
mention a few. In one of the pieces of water is a
charming view, in which the flower is given by a
huge mass of white Iris Koempferii, another of
Mtnyanthes trifoliata, the surface of the water being
studded with the fine leaves and flowers of the Water
Lilies, and in the foreground a large masB of Sarra-
cenia purpurea. Beyond are large patches of the

The Orchids.

Turn we, then, to the Orchids in the extensive
blocks of houses devoted to them, after the manner
of visitors to The Dell generally. In them we find
several important changes, evidently for the better,
have taken place. For sora? subjects new houses
have been erected, and for others a change of
quarters has been given, which, in most cases, has
had a salutary effect. The fine collection of specimen
Cattleyas still inhabits the large structure built for
them, and in which there are some fine blooms on
the different forms of C. gigas, C. Gaskelliana, and
C. Mendeli. Here, too, is a large specimen of
Sobralia Warscewiezii in flower, also the handsome
Lselia callistoglossa, the pretty Dendrobium lineale,
and the fine crimson Broughtonia sanguinea, which
is said to bloom from early spring onward.

In the Fernery, with its stately Tree Ferns, we
find the specimen of Sobralia xantholenca, so often
noted, in flower'; it is now some 8 feet across, and

we find a good show on specimens of Anguloa
Ituckeri, Zygopetalum Gautierii, Odontoglossum
bictonense album, Oncidium panchrysum, O. haema-
tochilum, Mormodes luxatum eburneum, and some
charming specimens of the lovely orange-scarlet
Lselia monophylla, one of them with twelve flowers.
This gem of an Orchid puzzled every one to grow
until cool treatment was tried with it, and then it
was found to be a very free plant and wonderfully
floriferous.

In the East India House, which has the collection
of Phalsenopsis on one side and growing Dendrobes-
on the other, the noble Aerides Sanderianum, A.
nobile, A. affine, Vanda Roxburghii, Catasetum
Bungerothii, Platyclinis filiformis, with fifty spikes ;
the perennial flowering Dendrobium rhodostomax,
with fourteen spikes ; D. crystallinum album,
Ccelogyne Massangeana, some Phalaenopsis, and
some grand specimens of Utricularia montana and
U. Endresii are in flower, the last named literally

Tig. 3?. — .tool: its: si:: henet dotlton's seat in subset, (see p. 241.)

different Heaths, Campaaulap, EpimeJiunn, and
other dwarf plants, and amoDg them the elegant
spikes of Foxglove, the scarlet Kniphofia, Meco-
nopsis Wallichii, with 5 feet spikes of large pale blue
flowers; large clumps of Ferns — the Adiantum
pedatnm being especially fine — and other things in
beauty and size beyond what is generally met with.
Here, too, are planted all the compact-growing
Coniferoe, such as Golden Yews, Retinosporas, Thujas,
&c, and which it is intended to keep to the form
required by the use of the knife after the manner
carried out at the entrance-gate, and about the
gardens generally, with so much success.

The magnificent Araucarias, Sequoias, Cedars,
Abies, and other Conifers and shrubs with which
these gardens are beautified, seem not to have
suffered by the late severe winter, and the clumps of
flowering perennials in various parts of the garden
seem more than usually bright, their show being
considerably enhanced by the brilliant display of
summer flowers bedded out near the mansion, and in
which the several beds of tuberous Begonias play
an important part.

beirs a profusion of its large pa'e yellow blooms. It
commenced to flower in May, and it will be a fine
sight for some time to come yet. In the firat
division of the next range of lean-to houses, the
forms of Masdevallia chimtera are good. In the
second, among well-grown Odontoglossums, in flower,
were a fine tuft of Promeneea xanthina, a superb
and large form of Odontoglossum Wallisii, and some
fine forms of Odontoglossum Harryanum. In the
third division the most prominent objects are a
specimen of Maxillaria venusta, with over fifty
flowers; Nanodes Medusae, Masdevallia Gaireanax,
M. racemosa, Epidendrum vitellinum, Cochlioda
vulcanica, sending up over thirty spikes, &c, and in
this cool house the Filmy Ferns seem to thrive well.
In the next range the rare Cypripedium Fairrie-
anum and its hybrids are doing well, and some large
masses of Dendrobium longicornu are in flower.
Here the collection of Vanda tricolor varieties are
in grand health, with some of them in bloom, as
well as fine specimens of the elegant Ionopsis
utricularioides, Miltonia Schroderiana, and Zygo-
colax leopardinax ; and continuing along the range,

sending out a shower of pretty sky-bine flowersTall
around the baskets in which they are growing. The
large collection of Cypripediums in bloom have
some fine forms of C. Harrisianum X , C. Cnrtisii, C.
superbiens, C. chloroneurnm X , C. numa x , C.
Volonteannm, C. Dominianum, C. orphannmX,C.
ojnanthumx, C. EuryandrnmX, &c. ; and in the
Nepenthes house are some well-bloomed Galeandra
Baueriana. The Odontoglossum-honse, which con-
tains, without doubt, the handsomest and most valu-
able specimens in the world, although not at its
showy season, is far from bare of flower.

In the large stove, among the handsome scarlet
Anthuriums, &c, are the Dendrobiums of the D. den-
siflorum section, and among those in bloom a fine
specimen of D. Guibertianum with three spikes,
In the other plant-houses the AchimenfS are good.
Begonias very showy, Carnations well bloomed, and
all the other things in the usual condition expected at
The Dell ; whilst the vineries and other fruit-houses,
which equal in extent the Orchid part of the esta-
blishment, and are as neatly kept, are in crop and
condition all that conld be desired.

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

Florists* Flowers.

THE AURICULA.

Gbowees are always anxious to compare notes
with each other, even if it has to be done by
letter ; and, so far as I can gather, this year the
growth and appearance of the plants are better
than usual. Mr. Horner, writing this week from
Lowfields, Kirkby Lonsdale, says the growth is very
vigorous ; he uses the word " proud." Our own
plants are also vigorous, and a large number of them
have produced, and are producing, autumn trusses.
With us this free-blooming character generally fol-
lows a good autumn growth, but the plants have
time to form a new heart again before the winter ;
when they flower later, the chances of a good spring
trnss is more remote. In the north, the growers
have not much trouble with autumn blooms. Mr.
Horner rarely has more than five per cent, which
throw up trusses ; whereas in our own collection, and
also in that of Mr. Henwood, at least fifty per cent,
of the full-sized plants will flower. Neither of ns
try any special syBtem of culture to prevent it, for
whether the plants are kept moist or dry at the
roots, the results are the same. We have finished
repotting the whole of the full-grown plants. The
alpines came last ; generally they are not repotted
until September, but I thought it better to see
to them at the earliest possible opportunity,
which for us this year was the last week in July.
We finished the show varieties early in the same
month.

The repotting of the plants affords an opportunity
to remove any offsets that are ready. These are
planted at once in thumb pots, which are filled about
two-thirds with the ordinary pottiug soil, the top
portion being made up of quite sandy loam and leaf-
mould. In this the offsets rapidly establish them-
selves, and I find these small thumb pots are much
better for the purpose than the larger small 60's are.
Tbe best position for them is in handlights on the
north side of a wall.

Seedlings to flower next year should be potted on
as the plants increase in size. They make the most
growth in August, September, and part of October.
We have sown the seeds saved this year both from
the show varieties and the alpines. We expect a
few plants to appear between the time of sowing and
the last days in October. A larger number vegetate
in February. I have ofcen urged the raising of
seedlings, as affording an inexhaustible fund of in-
struction and amusement to amateurs, and I find
that the advice has in numerous instances been
followed. This is not the time to describe the
system of crossing, which will be alluded to in its
season, but advantage should be taken to obtain the
very best varieties in the various classes.

There are four classes of show Auriculas, and the
best three in each would give the twelve best
Auriculas. The following are the best, as recorded
by the vote of the leading growers in the spring of
the present year: Green edged, Rev. F. D. Horner,
Simonite ; Colonel Taylor Leigh ; Prince of Greens,
Trail. Grey-edged: George Lightbody, Headley;
Lancashire Hero, Lancashire ; Mabel, Douglas.
White-edged : Conservative, Douglas ; Acme, R-ad ;
Smiling Beauty, Heap. Selfs: Heroine, Horner ; Mrs.
Potts, Barlow ; Black Bess, Woodhead. The twelve
best alpines are Edith, Turner; Sunrise, Unique,
Mrs. Ball, Pallas, King of the Belgians, Mungo
McGeorge, Diadem, Gorton; Love-Bird, Douglas;
Philip Frost; Mrs. Meiklejohn, Meiklejohn; and
Placida. Most of the above were raised by Mr.
Turner, of Slough.

The Carnation and Picotee.
This has been a very late season. Our own flowers
were not of a high order of merit this year, the flowers
small, and the petah thin. The plants themselves did
not suffer, and layering was completed by Aug. 11,
so that we will hope to have a good lot of plants for
next season. I find it is rather difficult, to save seeds
of the best double varieties, the petals are too much

crowded together, and pollen is not easily found. Such
varieties have also a tendency to burst the calyx,
and it is a question whether seedlings should be
raised from them, even if it were easy to do so.
The demand in these days is for varieties with
broad, well-formed, shell-like petals, which are
regularly arranged in the calyx. Such varieties
should be selected as seed and pollen- bearers,
if the flowers are well-marked with flakes and
bizarres of rich purple-rose and scarlet, or if they
are selfs of bright and decided colours. The pollen-
bearing flowers should be of good form, as well as of
the most desirable colours and markings. The seed-
bearer should be of vigorous habit ; this is of the
greatest importance, as the Carnation and Picotee
are required to winter out-of-doors, and to bloom
in the flower garden. Amateurs are anxious to
obtain varieties of yellow-ground Carnations and
Picotees, as well as good self-coloured yellow
varieties, that will succeed out-of-doors. The best
yellow self for the open border, is Pride of Penshurst.
There are numerous new varieties still untried.
[Germania seems to be a good hardy yellow self. Ed]
The seed-pods now forming on the plants must be
protected from wet by a glass shade, as the pods,
unless protected, are likely to rot. All the seeds I
have saved have been from plants grown in an airy
glass-house. Encourage the growth of seedlings by
keeping the ground clean between the rows with the
Dutch hoe. Seedlings a year older should be marked
and layered as the flowers develop. J. Douglas.

Roses.

Pot-grown Roses. — The full beauty of the Rose is
best appreciated in the open garden, where they are
planted in groups and well cultivated by rich feeding
and deep working of the ground, so that during the
summer months pot Roses are not needed ; this is
quite true, as most cultivators and admirers of the
Rose will admit. Although the plants are not
wanted for flowering at present, this is no reason
why they should not be carefully looked after, in
order that they may be well prepared for flowering
when the time comes. I wrote about the spring
treatment of pot Roses in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
April 11, 1891, p. 471. Our own plants produced
many very fine flowers under the treatment there
recorded, but the flowers passed away in April and
May, and the Rose bushes are now in an open posi-
tion out-of-doors. They usually retain their healthy
appearance out-of-doors without much trouble if the
leaves can be daily syringed, and the roots are sup-
plied with water as often as they need it. We have
no accommodation for very large specimens, and the
moderate-sized examples seem to succeed best with
annual re-potting ; and as the future success of the
plants depend upon the constituents of the material
and the quality of the work, the utmost care is
necessary.

The more vigorous growing hybrid Perpetual
Roses and hybrid Bourbons delight in fibrous turf
from an upland pasture with a clayey loam under-
neath ; this should be enriched with a fourth part of
decayed stable manure, and as much leaf-mould,
with a little coarse white sand to keep the whole
porous ; some bone-dust may be added to the extent
of an eight-inch potful to each barrow-load of the
compound. Any of the Rose plants that have well
filled the pots in which they are growing with roots,
may have a good shift, usiDg clean flower-pots
between 2 and 3 inches wider than those in which
the plants were growing in previously. Some
varieties, owing to their less vigorous habit, or some
constitutional derangement, do not make many roots,
and when the time for repotting comes round, we
may find the soil rather sour owing to the roots not
runniDg freely through it; these require rather dif-
ferent treatment. The poor soil may be removed,
and the plants may be returned into the same-sized
flower-pot as that from which they have been re-
moved. In all cases perfect drainage is necessary,
clean crocks should be used, and over them a thin
layer of the fibrous part of the turf loam from which
the clay particles have been well shaken out. The
difference between careless potting and a careful
attention to even the smallest details of the work,
is not much as regards labour, but it is a great deal

when we come to count the advantages to the plants.
The one may mean the drainage choked up a
month or so after re- potting, and the other a
clear outflow for the superfluous waters until the end
of the season; in the one case unhealthy growth,
and in the other a vigorous healthy development
with the production of well- formed handsome
flowers. The plants in our garden have a good
position out-of-doors, and both the hybrid perpetual
and the Tea Roses produce some nice flowers in, the
autumn ; but as the cold damp nights set in the
flowers do not open well, unless the plants are
placed under glass. They do not need an artificially-
heated atmosphere, as the dry airy greenhouse pro-
tects the flowers from damp, causing them to open
beautifully. I need not say that all insect pests
and parasites must be kept from the leaves. They
are so liable to be attacked by mildew, that, pro-
bably, no collection of Roses is ever free from it.
If the Rose bushes are not large, dipping them
in a tobacco liquor and sulphur mixture, destroys
red-spider, thrips, greenfly, and mildew at once.
Once only were the leaves attacked by the Orange-
fungus, which came to us with some pot Roses that
had been purchased ; it was detected on its first
appearance, and all the portions of leaves attacked
were cut off and burned. The Roses were dipped in
the mixture indicated above, and this was the first
and last of the Orange-fungus in our garden, either
from pot Roses, or Roses in the open garden. The
hybrid perpetual Roses do not suffer much as regards
the health of the plants by being left out late in
the autumn. If continuous rains set in, which are
likely to drench the roots too much, we lay the pots
on their sides. The Tea-scented Roses are more
tender in respect both of the plants and the flowers,
and if left out late, the leaves sometimes drop off,
and at other times they become plentifully be-
sprinkled with black fungus spots. I ought also to
add, that the Tea Roses succeed better with a more
open compost, and if some brown fibrous peat can be
obtained to add to the potting soil, the Roses will
be the better lor it. When well grown in the
summer and autumn, they flower well later, and more
profusely, than most of the hybrid perpetuals. We
have had beautiful blooms and buds with the Chry-
santhemums. The autumn flowering does not mili-
tate at all against their flowering well in the spring
and early summer the following season. Some
varieties of Roses are much better adapted for pot
culture than others; indeed, some are not adapted
to it at all, and those who are desirous of cultivat-
ing Roses in pots, and have but little knowledge of
the subject, would do well to entrust their order to
a dealer who thoroughly understands them. The
Tea-scented Roses are the most esteemed for
the purpose, and a few of the best are
Alba rosea, Amazone, Anna Ollivier, Belle Lvon-
naise, Catherine Mermet, Comtesse de Nadaillac,
Devoniensis. Etoile de Lvon, Gloire de Djon,
climbing; Hon. Edith Gilford, Madame Berard,
climbing; Madam» Falcot, beautiful in bud; Ni-
pbetos, Souvenir d'Elise Vardon, Souvenir de S. A.
Prince, Sunset, and The Bride. Hybrid perpetuals
are hardier Roses, and more easily managed by the*
inexperienced cultivator. The better varieties for
pot culture in this section are :— Alfred Colomb,
Alphonse Soupert, Boule de Neige, Captain Christy,
Charles Lefebvre, Dr. Andry, Duke of Edinburgh,
Eiienne Levet, Francois Michelon, Heinrich Schul-
theiss, Jules Margottin.La France, Madame Gabriel
Luizet, Madame Victor Verdier, Marie Baumann,
Mrs. John Laing, Senateur Vaisse, Victor Verdier,
and Violette Bouyer. J. Douglas.

DEVONSHIRE FERNS.

It is but natural that the county of Devon with
its luxuriant Ferns, and possessing a surface terri-
tory of, at least, 2500 square miles, comprising
a great number of fertile valleys and sheltered
combes, and an extensive coast line — should be un-
usually rich in flowering and Uowerless plants. These
number many hundreds of species ; in fact, it has been
said that quite two-thirds of the kinds known as
being indigenous to Britain, are to be found there ;
moreover, there is no spot in the land where the
birds sing so sweetly. I was, however, not prepared
to receive the information given in the notes con-
tributed by " The Strolling Devonian "in the cnunty-
chat column of the Devon Weekly Times recently, that
the kinds of Devonshire Ferns were so numerous
that the admirers of those interesting plants were in

August 29, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

247

fad trouble and perplexity as to their identification,
and that there was no Fern book in existence which
gave plain English descriptions and illustrations.

Things must have strangely altered since I left
Alphington, unless the " Strolling Devonian " has
erred. There was a time in past years when I found
delight in the study of the Ferns of my native county,
and made a hobby of it, searching out their haunts in
every district, and, so far as I am aware, there were
only about a score of species, including some
extremely rare ones, which ere now I fear have
been annihilated, for, of late years, the advertise-
ments of the Fern stubbers have been continuous,
and every issue, of one newspaper in particular,
reveals tempting offers from persons — especially
females — who practise this work of destruction
and vandalism. I, for one, do not see much
harm in the removal of a few of our native Ferns
by the amateur or student; and, with a view of
helping the " Strolling Devonian " and his puzzled
f iends, I may say that cheap, trustworthy, illus-
trated books on Ferns are easily obtainable,
remembering that many species are known by
different generic names, which, I suspect, has con-
tributed to the confusion he speaks of, because some
authors adopt one and some another. For example,
the common Male Fern according to a recent publi-
cation is named Nephrodium Filix-mas, and by
another authority Aspidium Filix-mas, whereas
most people know it as Lastraja Filix-mas. The
Lady Fern was known as Athyrium Filix-fccmina,
Out this has been altered to Asplenium Filix-fa-mina,
and the hard Shield Fern has long enjoyed the title
of Polystichum aculeatum, but now is styled Aspi-
dium aculeatum. Moreover, the old scaly Fern
known everywhere as Ceterach officinarum is cata-
logued a9 Asplenium Ccterach. These are but a few
of the changes, and so the world goes rolling on,
which goes to prove that in Fern lore, at any rate,
i: is necessary to keep in close touch with " to-day,"
lor it seems the lesson gained yesterday stands in
danger of being reckoned a farce and a delusion.

The Ferns most frequently found growing wild in
Devonshire are:— the Brake Fern (Pteris aquilina);
the Male Fern (Nephrodiurn Filix-mas), the Lady
Fern (Asplenium Filix-fcemina), the Hart's-tongue
(Scolopendrium vulgare), the common Polypody
(Polypodiurn vulgare), the rough Spleenwort (Lo-
inaria spicant), the MiidenhairSpleenwort ( Asplenium
Trichomanes), the black Spleenwort, known in
Covent Garden as the French Fern (Asplenium
Adiantum nigrum), the Scale Fern (Asplenium
Ceterach), the hard Shield Fern (Aspidium aculea-
tum), the lioyal or Fiower Fern (Osmunda regalis),
the wall-rue Spleenwort t Asplenium Kuta-muraria),
the crested Snield Fern (Nephrodium spinulosum,
the great crested Shield Fern (Nephrodium spinu-
losum dilatatum), the soft Shield Fern (Aspidium
angulare), the sja Spleenwort ( Asplenium marinum),
the Beech or Mountain Polypody (Polypodiuin
PhegopteriB), the common Moonwort (Botry-
chium lunaria), the Adder's Toague (Ophio-
glossum vulgatum), and the Filmy Fern (Hymeno-
phyllum tunbridgense), &;. ; but some of the last-
named were very scarce years ago, and can now, I
expect, be only found in private gardens, where,
latterly, the various forms of British and exotic
hardy Ferns have been manipulated and many
seedlings raised, so that now we have in cultivation
hundreds of garden varieties, many being extremely
novel and beautiful. W. Sapper, Chelsea.

Forestry.

SEASONABLE WORK— AUGUST.
Notwithstanding the cold backward weather
which we experienced in many parts of the country
during the spring and early summer, yet od the
whole vegetation and trees have made satisfactory
progress, and in Ireland I think I never saw things
looking better — many of the trees, both forest and
ornamental, are actually loaded with fruit and due

healthy-looking foliage. There appears to be a fine
crop of haws, hips, and wild fruit generally, which
will prove useful and valuable in due course. Haws
gathered and sown at once at this season of the year
generally vegetate next summer, by which means a
great deal of trouble, expense, and timed are saved.
Sow the haws broadcast upon well-worked ground
in good condition, such as has carried a crop of early
Potatos, and formed into beds about 4 feet wide. A
bushel of fresh collected haws should be allowed for
about 20 lineal yards of a bed the size specified.
The haws should be sown in a regular and uniform
manner on the surface, pressed down with the back
of a spade or roller, and covered with about half an
inch of fine soil. In cases where the haws are sown
in autumn, the covering should be rather deeper
than the former, but as these do not vegetate the
first summer, a crop of surface-rooting plants may
be raised on the same ground without interfering
with the haws below.

This is a very proper time of the year for pruning
forest and ornamental trees where requisite. What
I mean by pruning is, the removal of double leaders
at the top, cutting back strong unwieldy side branches
in order to lessen the risk of fracture by wind,
and promote the formation of a uniform well-
balanced top. Trees that are apt to bleed
at the wounds where branches have been
cut off, such as the Sycamore, Birch, &c,
may be pruned at this season with impunity, as
the wounds made at present soon heal up without
any injurious effect. It is a mistake to neglect the
pruning of young trees until such time as the
branches or leaders to be removed have acquired a
large size. Pruning should always be executed when
the branch or leader to be removed can be cut off
with a sharp pruning-knife ; but in cases where the
work has been neglected, and where the pruning-saw
has to be used, the lips of the wound had better be
pared and made smooth with a sharp knife, to pre-
vent the lodgment of water, and in some cases it
will be an advantage to dress the surface with a
coat of thick paint, the same colour as the bark of
the tree. The pruning chisel, fix-d to the end of a
strong pole is a very efficient implement for cutting
off rival leaders at the top, as it not only saves the
trouble of climbing, but likewise leaves a smooth
sloping surface to the wound, which soon heals up,
without any injurious effect whatever.

When trees are well managed in this way in early
life, they seldom require much pruning in after years,
aud in order to promote the formation of clean
timber, free of knots in the trunk, this should be
brought about, as far as possible, in the course of
thinning. Trees should always bs allowed space for
their full and healthy development, at the same time
they should be thinned in such a way that the side
branches gradually lose their vitality and fall to the
ground of their own accord, by which means by the
time they attain maturity the stems present fine
clean shafts almost of a cylindrical shape, and free
of knots or stumps for a distance of about two-thirds
of the length of the stem. Isolated trees, however,
and such as are growing around the margins of plan-
tations, should have their dead branches cut off,
otherwise they will become carbonised and as hard
as horn, and thus lay the foundation for a loose knot
in the timber. Pruning should always be conducted
iu such a way as to direct the whole energies of the
tree to the formation of wood in the trunk, and thus
prevent them from wasting their substance in the
support of several stems aud large unwieldy side-
branches. Bush trees are very ornamental as speci-
mens on the lawn or elsewhere, but as timber trees
for utility they cannot be compared with such as has
been pruned in early life and kept to one stem.
Early and judicious pruning leaves no mark or
blemish of any kind upon the tree ; but when large
branches or limbs are cut off the case is quite
different, as large wounds often lay the foundation
for rot and decay, and thus reduces the valne of the
timber to a large extent, and in many cases brings
about the premature death of the tree. This system,
however, of removing large limbs and branches from
trees cannot be called pruning — mutilation is the

proper term, and in order to prevent confusion these-
term9 should be always kept in view and well defined,
the former is beneficial, and the latter destructive.

Young plantations should be examined frequently,
and superfluous growths of whatever kind should be-
cut back or removed altogether according to circum-
stances. In my early days, Oak was often pruned
in such a way as to promote the formation of crooks
and bends for ship-building, but as iron is now being
largely used for that purpose the training of Oak
seems to command less attention, although at the
aame time knees and bends for boat- building gener-
ally meet a ready sale and good prices. From this it
is to be gathered that large Oak trees with massive
limbs are often very valuable for that purpose, and
in training trees to one stem the Oak in a great
measure may be exempt, and allowed more latitude
to form bulky heads. Trees of this kind require
considerable space to ramify, and should be grown
along the margins of plantations and similar situa-
tions, where they have plenty of field to extend their
limbs without crushing their neighbours. J. 3.
Webster.

Belgiu

GHENT.

At the August horticultural meeting at Ghent,
the plants shown were not very numerous, but
were all noteworthy. Certificates were awarded for :
— 1, Asparagus trichophyllus, from M. L. Desmet-
Duvivier, an excellent variety ; 2, A species of Cat-
tleya, a natural hybrid, to MM. Edm. Vervaet et Cie. ;
3, Adiantum palmatum, from MM. Desbois et Cie.,
very rare and elegant; 4, Cypripedium concolor var.
Girdenianum, from the same exhibitors, a hybrid of
Godefroyoe and C. concolor, with a fiower like the
latter, but of a paler shade ; 5, Lilium auratum om-
entum, from M. Ed. Pynaert Van Geert, with
splendid flowers, which were much admired ; 6,
Dracasna argentea striata, from the same exhibitor.
The following Certificates of Merit for good culti-
vation and blooming were awarded : — 1, To Pteris
serrulata densa, from M. L Desmet-Duvivier, a
charming specimen, exceeding!) well cultivated ;
2, to Cattleya gigas atropurpurea (unanimously
awarded;, from MM. Vervaet et Cie., with fifteen
superb flowers; 3, toClianthus Dampieri, from MM.
Desbois et Cie., grafted on C. puniceus, an! of dwarf
habit ; 4, to Impatiena Sultani, with variegated
foliage, from the same exhibitors, a very pretty
specimen.

Antwerp International Exhibition.

The gardens of the Rojal Athenseum, where this
Exhibition is located, are transformed into a magni-
ficent garden, which has been lavishly stocked with
representatives of the different floras of the globe.
The large and fine Chamoerops excelsa of MM. Aug.
Van Geert and G. Vincke-Dujardin, Chamserops
humilis, a fine plant of Phormium tenax, and a
splendid Dracaena lineata, from the last-named ex-
hibitor; EK-eagnus Fortunei foliis marginatis, Testu-
dinaria elepbantipes.an immense Euonymus japonicus
argenteo variegatus, from M. Louis Desmet ; Chama>-
rops excelsa, and a specimen Clethra arborea, from
Madame Osterrieth ; Cassia floribunda and Haman-
thus grandif)oru8, from Madame G. Grisar ; Acer poly-
morphum palmatifidum, and a splendid Doryanthes
Palmeri, from MM. Desbois & Cie.; Phcenix canaden-
sis and Phormium tenax, from M. D'Haene ; and some
pretty Bouvardias, bloomed by M. Vermeulen, are all
remarkable for sturdy growth and excellent cultivation.

I would commend to the notice of amateurs the
pretty Japanese plants from MM. Desbois, those
Irom China and Japan from M. Ch. Van Geert, and
his fine group of Yuccas and Agaves ; Araucaria
excelsa from M. G. Vincke Dujardin, and especially
the splendid collection of Japanese and Californian
Conifers; very pretty also are the plants of Acacia
paradoxa, sent by M. Jules De Cock.

M. Pauwels shows some fine specimens of

248

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

Orchids ; especially noteworthy is an Oncidium
divaricatum, with an enormous cluster of flowers.
The fine collection of Mexican Cacti from M.
Vermeulen, the Japanese Lilies from MM. De Herot
and Strecker, and the cut Gladioli from Madame
Osterrieth, are all interesting.

Cultural Notes.

BLANCHING.

This means the whitening of the leaf or leaf-stalk
of the plants. Blanching is effected in plants by
growing them in darkness for a period ranging from
ten days to a fortnight, according to circumstances.
Celery is blanched out-of-doors by drawing the leaf-
stalks together at the top and covering them with a
few inches thick of soil on both sides up to the heart
of the individual plants, repeating the operation two
or three times during the progress of growth. Car-
doons may be blanched in a similar manner as
Celery. Lettuce plants are blanched by tying the
leaves together near the top with bands of matting
when nearly full grown. Home varieties of the Cos
Lettuce, owing to the infolding habit of the leaves,
blanch naturally. Endive is frequently blanched by
covering the plants where they are growing with
Fern, pieces of slate, and boards ; but in the event
of wet weather setting in, a large number of the
plants become a prey to damp. Endive and Lettuce
plants are also blanched by lifting them from frames
and transplanting in shallow boxes, pots, &c, putting
them in MuBhroom-houses, cellars, and such-like
places, from which daylight can be shut out, putting
fresh plants in at short intervals — say, every fort-
night or thiee weeks, to keep up the succession.
Chicory and Seakale are blanched in the same way,
the roots being put into pots and boxes, and soil
packed round them after they have shed their leaves
in late autumn, or by covering the roots with pots
or long narrow boxes, and again covering them with
fermenting leaves, &c. H. W. W.

India.

— • —

The authorities at Kew, in conjunction with the
Government of India, have devised a scheme for the
organisation of a botanical survey of India, and the
welding of the scattered departments into a federa-
tion with the Calcutta Botanic Garden as the centre.
The details of the scheme are given in the current
number of Nature, from which we condense the fol-
lowing particulars, noting, by the way, that this
is only another illustration of the general principle
upon which the Director of the Royal Gardens,
Kew, is working to secure a regularly organised
Botanical Department for the whole empire, varied
in detail according to circumstances and require-
ments, and of which the staff shall be so selected,
that any man who enters may rise by successive
steps to the higher positions.

The Botanic Garden, Seebpur, Calcutta, is officially
recognised as the acknowledged centre of the Bota-
nical Survey of India, to which should be referred
the solution of all problems arising out of the prac-
tical or scientific study of Indian botany. Dr. King,
the Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta, thus becomes, henceforth, the Director of
the Botanical Survey of India. Dr. King will
specially undertake the direction of the botanical
survey of Burma and Assam.

The investigation of the Flora of the Madras
Presidency and of the Hyderabad and Mysore
States, has been entrusted to Mr. M. A. Lawson, the
Government Botanist and Director of Cinchona
plantations.

In Bombay, Dr. Cooke, Principal of the College of
Science, Poona, is officially recognised as in charge
of botanical research in that presidency.

The Director of the Botanical Department,
Northern India, is Mr. Duthie. formerly the Super-
intendent of the Botanic Garden, Saharanpur. Mr.

Duthie accompanied the Black Mountain Expedition,
and acquired information concerning the flora of the
country, which had, hitherto, not been botanically
explored. Daring the last three years, Mr. Duthie
has also been deputed to Simla, in the hot weather,
to assist in the preparation of the Dictionary of the
Economic Products of India, and during the same
period he has been actively engaged in the botanical
exploration of Rajputana and the central provinces.
Neither the Straits Settlements nor Ceylon are in-
cluded in the scheme, they being Crown colonies.
The arrangement is, therefore, as follows : —
Under the Superintendent, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta (Dr. King) —

The provinces of Bengal, Assam, and Burma ;
the Andamans and Nicobars, North East Frontier,
expeditions.
Under the Government Botanist of Madras (Mr.
M. A. Lawson) —

The Presidency of Madras, the State of
Hyderabad, and the State of Mysore.
Under the Principal, College of Science, Poona
(Dr. Cooke) —

The Presidency of Bombay, including Sind.
Under the Director, Botanic Department, Northern
India (Mr. Duthie)—

The North- Western Provinces and Oudh, the
Punjab, the Central Provinces, Central India,
Rajputana, North- West Frontier expeditions.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

AioRIDES AFFINE VAR. GoDEFROYANUM, Rei'UC de

V Horticulture Beige, August 1, 1891.

Cvdonia japonica alba, Garden, Aug. 8.

Cymbidium elegans, Orchid Album, t. 430. — A
handsome species, with a pendulous, densely packed
raceme of yellow flowers.

Cypeipedium Engeuiardt.e X , Lind. — A hybrid
between C. insigne Maulei and C. Spicerianum. The
upper sepal has the colouring of the first-named, but
the petals and lip are of a golden-yellow. A
remarkable plant. Lindenia, t. 285.

Cyprifedium Lawrenceanum var. Hyeanum,
Orchidophile.

DlPELTA YDNNANENSIS, RcVUC Horticolc, p. 247. —

A shrub allied to Diervilla, and a native of Central
China. It is described by M. Franchet as having
white flowers veined with brown.

Dipladenia Thomas Speed. — Flowers white, with
a golden throat, Revue de C Horticulture Beige.

Drymophleus olivifobhis, Garden and Forest,
July 15. — A representation of a fruiting specimen of
this Palm.

Fr anciscea calycina grandiflora, Garden, July 26.

Geranium armenum. Revue Hortieole, August 1.

Iris alata varieties, Gartenflora, July 15,
t. 1351.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

PINES.— Any potting that is required should be
done as soon as possible, so as to get root growth
made, for unless the plants have plenty of roots they
can hardly be expected to make much progress when
required in the early part of the year. Newly- potted
plants should get plunged in a mild bottom heat of
80 J to 85°, and not have much moisture at the roots.
I like a frame or pit with a steady heat for plants at
this stage, as if unduly excited now they often throw
imperfect fruits. Suckers should still be potted up,
using the stronger stock for the purpose, and not too
large pots. A frame may be used for a time, cover-
ing it at night so as to maintain an even temperature.
In frames, the great danger arises from excessive
moisture, so that only those suitable should be used
for the young stock.

Successions coming into fruit may get occasional
supplies of liquid when in robust condition. Less
shade will now be required, and therefore lets
moisture ; still, a mokt growing atmosphere must be
maintained, with fire-heat in dull weather. Those
swelling up need similar treatment, avoiding too
much moisture overhead. A batch of late fruiters
should now be selected from the Cayennes, Roths-

childs, and others, and, if possible, a pit or house
devoted to them, so as to give them more atmo-
spheric moisture, with less air than those plants that
are to fruit next spring, closing early, and only
shading for a short time, if necessary, in the middle
of the day. Some fresh manure-water should be
placed in the evaporating pans, for the next few
weeks, once or twice a week. Ripe fruits should be
removed to a cool room ; if required to keep some-
time, they should be suspended by the stalk. Queens
that are finishing their fruits should get a dry cool
atmosphere, and a free circulation of air to prolong
the fruiting period as long as possible.

LIFTING UNHEALTHY VINES— This period of the
year is a good time to undertake this work, if the
crop is secured, and the wood matured. In the case
of Vines which shank, weak foliage, or exhausted bor-
ders with the roots at the bottom, now is a good time
to begin lifting. The old soil should be removed with
a fork, beginning at the outside, and the old mate-
rial taken away ; the roots all carefully preserved by
laying them in damp mats, and keeping them moist,
taking care to save all fibrous roots, and if found in
a bad state, the work should be vigorously pro-
ceeded with, the border remade all through, if neces-
sary, with new drainage, not omitting to put in
drain pipes to secure fresh air to the drains, to keep
them sweet — this is readily done as the work pro-
ceeds. The old decayed roots must be cut back to
a live part, and the small fibrous roots carefully
spread out, and all kept as near the surface as pos-
sible, making the new compost firm, and in doing
so, taking care in ramming not to injure the roots.
If the roots are very bad, the border can be narrowed,
and not made up to the allotted space ; this can be
completed another season. A layer of fresh stable
litter should be put over the surface when finished,
the border being well saturated with tepid water,
and the house kept shaded and close, also syringed
several times daily. In most cases a restricted border
will be best, adding soil as the young roots come to
the outside in after years. In lifting, the important
part of the work is to get the roots re-covered with-
out exposure, to keep the air close and moist, and
to give the roots a good compost of turfy loam, old
mortar, crushed bones, and charcoal or wood ashes.
Loam being the principal material, it should be as
sound as possible, not too light or poor ; and it is
also advisable to use plenty of wood-ashes, charcoal,
and old mortar, in preference to a large quantity
of decayed manure — the latter, when used to
excess, especially with a deficiency of roots, causing
the new material to become sour before the young
roots can take hold of it. I find Thomson's Vine
Manure the best and safest for this purpose, and
would only use the animal manures as a top-mulch
on the surface. With newly-lifted Vines a little
extra care is required for a few weeks by careful
airing and shading, and as the foliage assumes an
erect, firm state, more air and less shade will be
required. It is surprising how soon old Vines take
to their new conditions if kept moist by syringing
and damping all parts of the house. The greatest
difficulty is with very late Grapes, or in unheated
houses, but these may successfully be operated on
just before the Vines break, but it is a delicate work,
and requires despatch and experience. I would
rather advise starting much earlier, and getting the
crop taken, and doing the work in the autumn, as
there is a certainty of success at that season ; besides,
when done early in the year, the Vines flag in the
summer, and do not do nearly so well. It is also
advisable to crop very lightly the first season, and
not force hard, allowing them to break naturally,
as forcing and cropping heavily would certainly undo
the good that had been secured by lifting them. They
should be permitted to grow freely, and the terminals
allowed free run, stopping the laterals when they
touch to prevent crowding. G. Wythes, Syon House,
Brentford,

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

80UVAROIAS. — Young stock planted out in pits
or frames will have made much more growth than
those grown in pots, and where it is intended to take
the plants up and pot them, there should be no
delay in doing it, or the roots will not take sufficient
hold of the new soil, and the plants will not bloom '
satisfactorily. Care will be necessary not to injure
the plants in any way when potting or lifting them.
A compost consisting of three-fourths good loam,
one-fourth rotted manure and leaf-mould in equal
quantities, and sand in due proportion, will be found
suitable for these plants. The potting should be done
moderately firm, and the plants stood in a house

August 20, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

249

where they will gJt sufficient light, ail enough heat
to induce aims amiunt of top an 1 root growth.
Keep the h >use or pit rathar close for a few days,
and use a thiu shading during the middle of the day
when the weather is bright. Syriuge lightly overhead
in the afternoons at closing-time, but avoid giving
too much water before the roits begin to take to
the fresh soil. B mvardias in pats, which have been
kept in pits or frames during the summer, should
be shut up early in the afternoons, so as to induce
them to grow freely during the next few weeks ;
and, if possible, have them placed in a pit where a
little fire-heat can be turned on at nights, and in the
day time also in cold wet weather. A small quan-
tity of weak manure occasionally will assist them.
Keep all flowers picked off for the present.

MIGNONETTE. — At the present time sow seea of
Mignonette for flowering in the winter, later sowings
not having sufficient time to get well established
before winter sets in. The seeds may be sown in
32's, using a compost consisting of half good loam,
and a quarter each of rotted manure and leaf-mould,
and a lair sprinkling of sand and old mortar broken
small, mixing the whole well together ; have the pots
well drained and filled with the above com-
post to within 1 inch of the rim, sowing
the seed evenly, but not too thick on the
surface, afterwards covering the seed lightly
with the finer portions of the compost. Place the
pots in a cold frame, in a sheltered but sunny posi-
tion ; damp the soil lightly with the syringe till the
seedlings appear, and shade them when the sun is
bright. Tnin the plants as soon as th"y are large
enough to handle, but it is always advisable to leave
a few more plants than will remain finally, when
about four plants should b) left in each pot. Tne
plants may be grown in frames till there is danger
of severe frost, when they should be removed to a
light position in the greenhouse.

CAMELLIAS — All these plants should now be
examined, the leaves cleared of dirt and scale. The
white scale is one of the worst of plant foes to deal
with, as but lew plants can bear so strong an
application of an insecticide, as is necessary to kill
the insects. Plants having this species of scale in-
sects, should have the strong wood cleaned with a
hard brush, and the leaves with a sponge or soft
brush. Now that the baneful practice of cutting the
shoots of Camellias when taking the flower is
generally discontinued, the extra vigour which is
thrown into the plants by the side shoots being left
intact, causes the bloom-buds to set in much larger
quantities, and calls for more thinning of the flower
buds. This operation of bud reduction should be
done at once, two or three buds only being left on
each shoot.

Plants growing in beds and borders sometimes
make a second growth at this time of the year in-
stead of setting their flower-buds, but this is usually
caused by over-much water being afforded them ;
and any plants which show signs of this should have
water withheld entirely for a time, which they will
bear without dropping their buds, as would follow
this course of treatment were the plants growing in
pots. S. Milncr, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

WINTER CROPS. — Now that the various plantings
of Brussel Sprouts, winter Greens, Broccoli, &c,
have obtained a good start, they should be gone
over, all discoloured leaves removed, and the ground
thoroughly cleared of weeds. The plants should be
supported by having the soil drawn up to the stems.
Continue to plant out on rich ground more Early
London Coleworts and the hardy green variety ; also
early kinds of Cabbage of those sown in June.

CARDOONS. — Keep the stems of these plants in
an upright position by gathering them together and
tying them with matting. A stake should be put to
each plant to prevent injury by rough winds.

GLOBE ARTICHOKES. — Remove all old flower-
heads and stems, as these by remaining imooverish
the plants. Those planted out in spring should be
afforded liquid-manure, and, on light soils, should be
mulched with decayed manure. These plants, if
liberally treated, will produce fine heads in Sep-
tember and October.

CRESS — A few rows of American, Australian,
and Norman iy Cress should now be sown. These
take the place of Watercress in winder. Sowings
should be made in such a position that they can be
covered with glass or mats in severe weather. The
leaves should not b; cat like curled Cress, bat the

ourer ones should be picked at short intervals, and
the plants will then continue to push forth fresh
ones. There is but little danger of it running to
flower at this season.

RADISHES. — A good sowing of these should be
made on well-prepared soil. Slugs are very partial
to them. Dustings o( soot and wood-ashes will be
found good preventives ; but it is b^st to catch
th-m, which is not a difficult task, if a few Cabbage
or Lettuce leaves be laid about, and every morning
examined, and the slugs killed.

PARSLEY. — The rougher leaves should be cut off,
in order to induce robust growth. To enable the
plants to withstand the winter, transplant the
thinnings into blaak spaces in the lines. Dust the
plants with soot, and keep the hoe plied amongst
them. Put some at once into cold frames or pots, so
that in the event of hard weather, there may be some
leaves to pick. When Parsley is swept clear of snow
to obtain a picking, many of the plants perish. A
sowing on a warm and rich border may yet be made,
and should it withstand the winter, it will be found
of much value in the early part of the summer.

TURNIPS. — In favoured districts these may still
be sown. Tnin out the plants of earlier sowings,
and ply the hoe amongst these and all other crops
until they cover the ground.

ENDIVE. — Plant out from the seed-beds at inter-
vals sufficient quantities to form a succession. These
plantings should be available for giving a supply
through >ut the winter; both for bleaching on the
ground, and also for lifting anl storing into frames.
More forward plants should ba prepared for use,
either by bjing tied up or by having flower-pots put
over them whilst dry ; these will ba bleached and
ready for use in about eight or ten days from the
date of covering. Where suitable accommodation
exists, another small sowing can be male in a cold
frame, to be afterwards transplanted into others for
very late spring use. In making provision for the
winter supply of Endive, preference should be given
to the Bataviao variety; it stands frost better than
the curled one, keeps longer in a usable condition,
and, being ten ler and less bitter in llivour, is gene-
rally in great request for salads during the winter
months.

LETTUCES. — Good provision should also be made
of these, by planting out from the seed-beds all the
most forward and strongest plants. Both Lettuces
and Endive should be allotted warm, sheltered
borders, and good, light, rich ground.

ONIONS— These should be taken up when the
tops and necks drop and begin to shrivel, and
allowed to remain on the ground for a few days in
fine weather, turning them over frequently, so that
they may become thoroughly ripe and tirm, choosing
a bright sunny day to store them ; an airy dry shed
should be selected, wherein to place them for a time
on open shelves, spread out thinly, afterwards to be
sorted and cleaned. This is a suitable time for
harvesting seeds ; when they are not sufficiently
ripe and matured at the time of gathering, they
should be placed under conditions favourable for
drying slowly. C. J. White, Glenhurst Gardens, Esher.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

All fruit trees pruned early will now require the
young shoots to be stopped and trained. The
double and single lateral cordon Apoles, trained to
wires for an edging, should have the leaves over-
hanging the fruits snipped off, so as to obtain good
colour and size. These tiny trees usually crop heavily
when prop-rly root pruned, &c, and they should
be freely thinned, and some assistance afforded them
to produce tine samples. Repeated applications of
liquid manure, guano, or other suitable manures,
should be given them early, and if the soil be light,
surface rooters should be mulched with manure, and
subsequently deluged with slightly tepid water to
wash down the manurial properties. As the young
growths appear pinch them, while the ends which
miy not have filled their allotted space should ba
carefully tied to the wires with soft bast, taking
great care not to tie them too tightly, or they may
get injured.

UPRIGHT CORDONS, which usually, or ought to,
consist of the choicest Prars, should receive all
necessary attention, keeping the soft breast-wood
stopped hard back, while some of the leaves may be
clipped backed to freely expos* the fruit to the light.
Do not over-crop, but thin freely, to allow the trees
to build up for another season's crop. Trees planted

on a well-prepared border, if limited, should be
mulched, and frequently deluged with slightly tepid
water ; this will greatly improve the size of the fruit,
as well as the flavour. Clapp's Favourite, Williams'
Bon Chretien, and Beurre dAmanlis Pears may
be gathered a few at a time, and put aside to ripen.
Do not let these Pears hang too long on the trees ;
the flavour is never so good, neither do they keep so
well as when gathered a trifle nnder-ripe. To follow
these, Madame Treyve, Triomphe de Vienne, Eon-
dante d'Automne, Louise Bonne of Jersey, &c, will
be found capital sorts, but these will not be ready
to gather yet.

HORIZONTALS AND E8PALIERS trained should
also be gone over again, and the young sappy
growths cut off. But any which may not yet have
been summer pruned should be shortened closer
than those done early. Let all this work be finished
off as fast as possible, going over young standards
and thinning out the heads where too thick, spurring
in the inner shoots to four buds. The shoots of
Nuts should also be shortened if not done — not too
closely, while the suckers and all useless spongy
wood should be cut away entirely.

Grafts will also require looking after, and if the
scions have taken well, and made good growth, they
should be shortenel back, especially standards, thus
lessening the danger of breakage by wind. Re-
move the ties, ani strip the stems of useless young
wood. See that good labels are provided, and a note
kept of all the sorts. Remember where there is any
grafting to ba done in the coming spring, to reserve
shoots of the most suitable and best kinds expressly
for that purpose. H. Markhurn, Mireworth Castle,
Maidstone,

THE ORCHID HOU3E3.

THE CATTLEYA HOUSE. — In this house are
grown usually, the Liclia purpurata and L. elegans
in variety, the chief rooting season for which is now
coming ; and any plants which may be in an unsatis-
factory state should be repotted, great care being
observed in the carrying oat this work, especially in
getting well-rooted plants out of the pots. I always
break the pots gently, and with a thin knife detach
the roots from the sides of the pots, the best knife
for this purpose being a painter's pallet-knife ; but
roots which are attached to the crocks are allowed
to remain intact, and carefully placed in the new
pots, other potsherds being placed around them so
as to secure proper drainage. Good fibrous peat and
sphagnum moss are all that is necessary for packing
about the plants, inserting here and there pieces of
clean crocks. But small quantities of sphagnum
should be used with these Loelias, juat inserting a piece
here and there upon the top to serve as a tell-tale
when the plants are getting dry. After re-potting,
tha plants should be kept from the direct rays
of the sun until it can be seen that the new roots
are pushing into the new material; water should then
be afforded, and not before, observing always to use
the materials in a moist condition.

THE ODONTOGLOSSUM HOUSE. — The season has
a^ain come when preparation should be made for re-
potting the whole of the occupants of this house,
clean pots — new ones if possible — clean potsherds,
and good fibrous peat, being employed. If in turning
the plants out, they should be found to be very
firm in the pots, it is better to break the pots than
sacrifice the roots. When the plants are taken out
of the pots, every particle of the old material should
be removed from the roots with a pointed stick,
rinsing the latter in rain-water. In repotting a
well-rooted Odontoglossum, the new pot must not
have the crocks for drainage placed in first, but one
piece only should be placed over the hole, then
the roots should be carefully placed in, and
other crocks added, one at a time, taking care not
to crush the roots when doing this. Although
this may seem a rather tedious operation, it is
not in reality, and a large number of plants may
be got over in a day with a little practice. As the
potting of each plant is completed, the pot should be
just dipped quickly under water np to the pseudo-
bulbs, this will moisten the top of the compost
without making it soddened. I should have pre-
viously remarked that Odontoglossums mnst be
potted firmly. Abundance of air should be afforded
at the top of the house at night, when it will be
found that the plants, in the early morning, are
covered with condensed moisture. The temperatures
in the warm house may remain as given in my
former calendar, but no fire-heat should be employed
for Odontoglossums for some time to come. A. G.
Catt, Parlcfield, Hallow.

250

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE.

[August 29. 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication-.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden. London. Communica-
tions s/lOuld be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

FRIDAY,

WEDNESDAY Sept.

THURSDAY, Sept.
FRIDAY, Sept,

MEETING .

.(National Fruit Growers' Associa-
I tion. at the Crystal Palace.

SHOWS.

r. I — Kelso.

Stirling (two days).

Paisley (two days).

South of Scotland, at Dumfries.
2/ Glasgow and West of Scotland.
\ Bath (two days).
I Royal Caledonian, at Edinburgh
\ (three days).

.3— Dundee (three days).

, f Crystal Palace Fruit and National

'( Dahlia, held together (two days).

MONDAY,

TUESDAY.

WEDNESDAY.

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

Aug. ;

Sept.

Sept.
Sept.
Sept.

ALES

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Dutch Bulb*, at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.
Liliums, &c, at Stevens' Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'

Room*.
Imported and Established Orchids,

at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-59°.8.

Thf. very successful festival, to

The Co-operative ,. , ,, . - , _

Flower Show, which we alluded last week,
marks an era in the history of
horticulture. This show was verv large, the
entries reaching to about 4500, and the quality
is improving as each successive exhibition comes
round. But important as these qualities are,
they are the least important of the many that
give to this festival of labour its peculiar value
and special importance. For at this annual
exhibition there was not only a muster of the
trophies and the successes of co-operative pro-
duction and distribution, but we had horticulture
in its most charming guise as a handmaid to
industry.

These annual festivals tend directly to the
ennobling of labour. Continued and extended,
they will do much to abate the sweating system,
and substitute homes for hovels wherever the
latter still exist in town or country. Many con-
siderations powerfully impressed us at the festival,
such as the position of the exhibitors, and the
quality of their products, considering the cir-
cumstances and conditions of tbe growers. Could
the histories of these conditions be revealed, some
of them would prove as pathetic, and far more
instructive than many novels. Here are cases
of defeat, of success, and of non-showing, as
illustrative of the spirit of these co-operative
workers: —

A man was holding up his Turnip3 — enormous
samples of green-topped farm ones, and by far the
largest in the show— in evident surprise that
they could have been prizeless. " Too big and
coarse, my friend, for the Palace, but capital for the
cow on the three acres," dissolved the gathering
frown into a cheery smile. It seemed he had
taken twelve firsts, and was rather apologising to
his group of friends for defeating them so often.

A third, a railway guard, was deeply absorbed

among the Begonias. " Have you been suc-
cessful ? " " No, sir ; having to run up a special
this morning, I could not attend to them myself
on the journey nor here, and so I left them at
home, though I could have beaten the best here
easily; for you must know, Begonias are my
hobby, though I have to grow and train them
almost wholly by lamp-light, and an hour or so
among them rests me so after my long runs."

And so on inquiry it will be found at these
festivals that the miner, the weaver, the
millhand, the bricklayer, the jblacksmith, the
carpenter, the mason, the mechanic, find rest
from their monotonous toil among their flowers,
fruits, and vegetables. Nor is rest only found
in such pursuits, but greater power for labour
and life in industrial enterprise. For as was well
pointed out by Mr. D. T. Fish and Mr. Wright,
in declaring the Co-operative Flower and Fruit
Show open, at the request of Mr. Greening,
this was a great technical school for making the
heads of all these industrial workers more wise,
and their hands more skilful. If such is the effect
on those most familiar with plants and their
products, who shall estimate their education and
influence on practical workers, seeing them for
the first time F Certain it is there was no sign
in that great busy hive of industrial workers in
the Palace, of those apathetic dullards of whom
the poet contemptuously sang —

" A Primrose by the river's brink,
A yellow Primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more."

Now these flowers, fruits, leaves, vegetables,
were Roses, Stocks, Mignonette, Apples, Pears,
Plums, Gooseberries, Currants, Peas, Potatos,
Beans, Tomatos, Marrows, &c, to these hard-
headed, horny-handed co-operatives, and they
were much more — furnishing for example,
higher ideals, purer pleasures, better health,
greater plenty, and purer life.

So much has been said of the exhibitors, that
there is little time left to praise their products.
It may be said of them in the mass what George
Eliot said of the women, that they matched
the men — that is, in this case, the exhibitors.
Improvements on former shows were chiefly in
two directions. There were fewer bad exhibits,
and greater variety in the good samples. In
most classes there were still a few samples staged
that ought to have been left at home or rejected
by the committee. But on the whole, the exhibits
in all departments were excellent, and there was
no one interested in the food question but must
have marked the enormous increase, in the entries
of Tomatos, Vegetable Marrows, Cucumbers,
Peas, Runner and French Beans, Shallots,
Beet, Lettuces, and even Onions, with special
pleasure. When these shows were first started,
Potatos, Broad Beans, Cabbages, and Onions
largely occupied the space. Besides collections of
Vegetables in competition from the northern
southern, and western districts of England, there
were in one class of the great show alone, that
from members of industrial co-operative societies
only, sixty-seven dishes of Runner Beans, forty-
two of French Beans, forty-five of Broad Beans,
sixty-nine of Beet, seventy-nine of Onions, eighty-
six of Peas, forty-six of Shallots, forty-nine of
Vegetxble Marrows, and twenty-six of Tomatos.
Carrots, Turnips, and Potatos were plentiful, and
fine as usual ; while Celery and Cucumbers were
more numerous, and there were no fewer than
forty-eight dishes of Lettuces. These facts
suffice to show great changes in the food supply
of the people, and if it be true, to some extent
at least, as some affirm, "that as a man eateth, so
is he, " it follows that these great industrial
exhibitions and festivals of labour must have

a material influence on the physical health and
industrial development of the nation.

This is situated on a hill overlook-

m'JET*' inS Doiwich Park, commanding
extensive views of the country.
The situation is bleak, and the soil poor, being
London clay, with outcrops of Woolwich and
Reading gravel. Many thousands of tons of
turfy loam from neighbouring fields, which are
being rapidly built upon, have been brought
here, and this will account for the luxurious
growth and wealth of flowers to be seen in the
garden, which covers about 4 acres.

The garden, with the exception of small spaces
reserved for lawns for tennis-ground, is one huge
herbaceous border. One long vista, a green path
overlooking Dulwich Park, is very effective.
The apparent confusion of flowers has, however,
been studied, for we see a large mass of Tro-
pseolum canariense growing up a stump along
with Clematis Jackmanii ; and beneath these
clumps of Coreopsis and Gaillardias, associated
with blue Cornflowers, the blue and yellow for-
ming a pretty contrast. The great mass of the
plants consists of the hardiest herbaceous plants,
such as Foxgloves, Harpalium rigidum, Rudbeckia ,
(Enothera, seedling Hollyhocks, both double and
single ; Helianthus, Anemone japonica, &c, as
well as hardy annuals, e.g., Poppies, in great pro-
fusion and variety ; Campanulas, Delphiniums,
Phlox Drummondii, Godetias, Nasturtium, &c.
Excepting in the places occupied by spring-
flowering bulbs, where Asters and Pelargoniums
are planted, the whole of the ground is com-
pletely covered by herbaceous plants, which are
allowed to grow without any attention beyond
removal of dead leaves and flowers. Such gar-
dens as this are almost independent of the
weather, for in this wet month the Phloxei
are looking splendid ; whilst, if it had been
hot and dry, the Gaillardias and similar
plants would be far better. In spring, a nook
outside the ubiquitous border is filled with
Daffodils and Primroses, and hereabouts a little
pool suffices for the culture of water-plants.

Our illustration (fig. 31, p. 250), represents the
most formal portion of the garden ; it is a view
of the south side, and shows a series of terraces
formed by walls of concrete. These terraces are
planted with Poppies, Foxgloves, Heaths, Tha-
lictrums, Iris, and other plants, the walls being
covered with variegated Ivies, which being slow
in growth, are very suitable for such places.
The seeds of the annuals are mixed with soil,
and simply scattered about and allowed to grow
almost in any place.

There is, of course, a kitchen garden, though
the vegetables are well nigh crowded out with
the Poppies and other herbaceous plants.
There are several glasshouses, one conservatory
being built over the billiard-room, which is
lighted by a window in the middle of the floor
of the conservatory ; another, a cold vinery facing
south is planted with Black Hamburgh grapes
and is utilised as a smoking-room — good crops c f
grapes were ripening at the time of our visit.
Tomatos are grown in a house devoted to them ;
when they are turned out of thumb-pots they
are planted upon a stage made of concrete, and
the roots just covered with soil, which never ex-
ceeds 3 inches in depth, but more is added as the
rots appear on tbe outside. Judging from the
crop, this plan appears to answer well.

If we might venture to suggest any change in
this remarkable garden, it would be that a larger
admixture of the best hardy evergreen coloured-
leaved and deciduous flowering shrubs be made.

AoaosT 29, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

251

Her Majesty's Gardener.— We are informed
that Mr. Jones, who for many years has had the
direction of the gardens at Windsor and Frogmore,
is retiring from his arduous duties. We were under
great obligations to Mr. Jones at the time of the
publication of our illustrated Windsor Supplement,
as well as subsequently. We are glad to be able to
congratulate Mr. Owbm Thcmas, of the Chatsworth
Gardens, on his appointment to succeed Mr. .Jones.
The task is, no doubt, onerous and difficult, but Mr.
Thomas w, we believe, thoroughly fitted for the post,
and we wish him all success in his new undertaking.
Mr. Thomas enters on his new duties on October 1.

G"rmania, and has not one at all resembling the
parent; and amongst the seedlings are heavy red-
edged, rose-edged, scarlet-edged, a fancy crimson-
maroon Carnation, and a very large yellow-ground
fancy Picotee. He also exhibited several varieties,
including his fine seedings, as well as the new sorts
of Benary's and others. Mr. Robert Sydenham also
sent a fine collection. A good discussion followed.

Stories of Sentiment.— By H. Kains-Jack-

son (Elliot Stock). — This little book contains six
or seven tales, all relating to various forms of the
tame " sentiment " — love. All are readable and inte-

Itiacus, we find no mention of the remarkable work
of the late Professor Alexander Dickson.

" MEEHAN'S MONTHLY."— The second number
opens with a coloured plate of Nuphar advena, the
American representative of our common yellow
Water Lily. John Bartbam's garden has, at the
instance of Professor Meehan, been secured as a
public nark for the citizens of Philadelphia. Many
of the fine trees planted by Bartram still remain.

FLORA OF CHINA.— Tne last issued part of the
Journal of the Linnean Society (vol. xxvi., n. 176),
contains the continuation of the enumeration of all

Fig. 31. — flower garden at adon mount, dolwich : terraces on south side, (see p. '250.)

W. T. Thiselton DYER, PhD.— We are

please 1 at the opportunity of offering our con-
gratulations to the Director of Kew on the occasion
of his receiving the honorary degree of Doctor of
Philosophy from the Imperial Leopoldine-Caroline
Academy of German Naturalists, the oldest Scien-
tific Society north of tbe Alps. The compliment is
proportionate to the merit of the recipient.

Birmingham Gardeners' Association. — At

a special meeting, August 19. Mr. C II. Herbert, of
the Sparkhill Nurseries, read a paper on *the Car-
nation and Picotee. giving details of cultivation,
propagation, and his results of fertilising. Mr.
Herbert saved seed from Benary's superb yellow

resting; some would be still more so, were they less
burdened with incidents bearing but slightly upon
the plot. The characters are cleverly sketched, the
scenery domestic yet not too commonplace. The
book is clearly printed, on good paper, the cover neat
and legible, and not gaudy or disfigured by a crude
coloured illustration.

"DlCTIONNAIRE DE BorANlQ. JE."— Two num-
bers of this very useful publication are before us,
hearing testimony to the|diligence and care of Mr.
Baillon. The third volume is now complete, and
the fourth volume opens with a part which carries
the text as far as "Smer." Under the head of

known Chinese plants, by J. B. Forbes and W. B.
Hemsley. The present part brings the work down
to the Daphnes (Thymelac^oa). Chinese Rhubarb is
the produce of Rheum officinale and R. palmatum.
Several new Lauracete are described and illustrated
by Mr. Hemsley. The " Enumeration " is very
serviceable to all who are concerned in the flora
of China, and we trust that when it is completed, a
supplement may speedily be given containing the
species described in France and elsewhere since the
publication of the earlier parts.

Mussel, Brussels, and Brompton Plum

STOCKS.— Frequent enquiries reach us concerning

25:

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

the origin of these various stocks, employed by
nursenmen for Plums, Peaches, &c, and but little
seems to be known with certainty about any of them.
Mr. W. Paul, of Waltham Cross, in reply to our
inquiry, says: — "I am quite unable to tell you when
the Mussel, Brompton, and Brussels stocks origi-
nated, nor have I seen it stated in any work on
gardening from what source they have been derived.
Rogers, in the Fruit Cultivator, third edition (1837),
p. 359, says of the Mussel :— ' It is a wild sort, but
where it was first found is unknown ; it has, how-
ever, been used as a stock for Peaches and Necta-
rines for the last 150 years.' I have not the least
doubt that all these stocks were originally selected
from sowings, natural or artificial, of seeds of
cultivated Plums. Certain seedlings appeared to
the eye and mind of the experienced horticulturist
likely to prove of value for stocks, and were conse-
quently preserved, propagated, and, confirming the
anticipations of their possessors, handed down for
general use."

Fruit Crops in Kent. — A correspondent at

Sittingbourne reports that there are enormous crops
of Pears and Plums in that district, but only a
short crop of Apples.

The GENUS MasdevaLLIA.— The second part
of this monograph, issued by the Marquess, of
Lothian, with the assistance of Miss Woolward,
has just appeared. It is uniform with Part I., re-
viewed in this journal last January, and contains
drawings and descriptions of the following ten
species, — Masdevallia civilis, M. corniculata, M.
cucullata, M. infracta, M.leontoglossa, M. maculata,
M. picturata, M. Reichenbachiana, M. Schlimii, and
M. Tovarensis. The beautiful hand-coloured plates
and the full and accurate scientific descriptions, with
the interesting historical and biological notes of each
species, from Consul Lehmann and others, are all
of as high a standard as those we criticised early in
the year. The present number includes M. infracta,
the oldest species after M. uniflora. on which Ruiz
and Pa von founded the genus in 1798. M. infracta
was discovered by Descouktilz, a French traveller
and botanist, in 1809, but it was not till 1833 that
Lindley published the first description in his Genera
and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. It is of great
interest to the student of geographical distribution,
for its only known habitat is the Organ Mountains
in Brazil, about 60 miles north of Rio Janeiro, and
according to Mr. Veitch's Handbook, " upwards of
2,000 miles from its nearest ally in the Peruvian
Andes." Miss Woolward is also very clear about
M. picturata, a species once confused by Reichen-
each with M. meleagris of Lindley, which, how-
ever, appears to be quite distinct. This charming
little plant grows as far North as Costa Rica, thus
representing almost the Northern limit of the genus
as M. infracta does the Southern. We shall look
forward with renewed interest to the appearance of
Part III.

Flower-Beds at Kew.— In the Royal Gardens
may be found, as is most appropriate, various modes
of bedding to illustrate various styles, and to gratify
different tastes. The old style of bedding is happily
much less rampant throughout the country than it
used to be, and those who wish to know what to
substitute for it should see the numerous beds at
Kew. Among them we may mention one of Gal-
tonia candicans, intermixed with a small-flowered
Fuchsia, beds of Lilum longiflorum by itself, and
associated with dark foliage beds of Anemone japonica
and other select Hjpericum MoserianumX plants,
as Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. It is in such
matters that Kew should set an example, furnish
object lessons, and leave the authorities of the parks
to follow their own more hackneyed course.

HOLLYHOCKS.— Messrs. Stuart & Mein send
samples of a fine collection of Hollyhocks, the
flowers are large, well-formed, globose, full, and
varied in colour. Among them are Cremona, prim-
rose flushed with buff; John Findley, dark red;
Cygnet, white; Pride of Laxton, cream-coloured,

flushed with pink ; Robert Martin, pale red ; and
Conquest, deep red.

Presentation and Farewell Supper to
an Edinburgh Nursery Employe— Mr. John
Davidson, for a number of years foreman of the
fruit tree department of Messrs. Dicksons & Co., was
entertained at supper on Saturday last in the Royal
Exchange Hotel, Edinburgh, prior to his leaving
Scotland to try his fortune as a fruit grower in
California. The occasion was taken advantage of
by numerous professional friends and brethren of
the British Order of Ancient Free Gardeners— in
which order Mr. Davidson has been an able worker
— to give tangible expression to their appreciation
of his worth. By the Grand Master of the Order he
was presented with a cheque for a handsome amount ;
by Mr. Pealino, florist, Edinburgh, with a purse and
money on behalf of the Eden Lodge of the Order,
and on behalf of the members of the east of Scotland
district with a gold albert chain and appendage. Mr.
Davidson is an enthusiastic pomologist, and carries
the best wishes of a wide circle of friends and pro-
fessional brethren with him to the land of his
adoption.

Reichenbachian Orchids.— Owing to the

peculiar restrictions imposed by the late Professor
Reichenbach in his will, it is not possible to consult
the original specimens which formed the materials
upon which many of his species are described in our
columns. Under these circumstances, any grower
who may happen to have flowering specimens of any
plant named by the late Professor, will confer a great
benefit on horticultural science by transmitting a
specimen for preservation to the Herbarium of the
Royal Gardens, Kew. Such specimens should be sent
to the Director, Royal Gardens, Kew.

The Jardin des Plantes— The Director,
Professor Cohnu, has issued a list of plants offered
in exchange to other botanic gardens and institutions ;
amongst them are some undetermined species from
Tonkin and Yunnan.

"Agricultural Gazette" of New South

Wales. — The May number contains illustrated
articles on the grasses of the Colony, by Mr. F.
Turner, Botanist to the Department of Agriculture.

Cardiff Chrysanthemum and Fruit Show
will be held on November 18 and 19 next, not on
November 11 and 12, as in National Chrysanthemum
Society's schedule.

THE AVOCADO PEAR has fruited this season
in the open air at Golfe Juan, Nice, and a figure of the
fruit is given in the Revue Borticole.

The Shrewsbury Flower Show. — The

gross receipts of the exhibition from all sources,
amounted to the large sum of £3000 ; including
gate-money, on the first day, £351 16s. ; and on the
second day, £1413 lis.; tickets sold beforehand, £625;
subscriptions £400. Fifteen thousand visitors
attended on the first day, and 45,000 on the second.

Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium.— The last part contains a
list of the plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer
in western Mexico and Arizona, diawn up by Mr. J.
N. Rose. Eleven plates illustrate the report.
Tabebuia Palmeri is a beautiful flowering tree with
large Paulownia-like flowers, light mauve at the
base with white and yellow patches. The wood of
this tree is hard, and is used for building purposes.

Mishaps to Flower Shows.— The Newcastle

Show, which was to have been held in the Leazes
Park, promised to be a great success, fifty more
entries than at any previous show having been
received. A terrific gale raged all the previous
night, and towards the morning it increased in
violence ; about 6.30 a.m. the tents were blown
over with a terrific crash. The devastation was
such, that the whole had to be cleared away.
Fortunately, few exhibits were staged. The
large Palms, Conifera?, and some hardy trees

and shrubs, had been laid on their Bides.
A collection of plants from Mr. Watson of New-
castle, received some damage ; but the ruin every-
where to the tents, &c, was so complete that the
committee, after holding a meeting on the grounds,
at which the Mayor of Newcastle was present,
determined not to hold the exhibition in any form.
The plants in vans, and fruit, flowers, tee., sent by rail-
way were returned unpacked ; and at the time when,
the judging usually commenced, the torn canvas,
split poles, &c, were nearly all packed up ready for
removal. The tents at four other local exhibitions
in this neighbourhood have been blown down during
the last three weeks ; but none has been so com-
pletely ruined as that of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Tne storm raged also along the Irish coast. The
annual flower show of the Royal Horticultural
Society of Ireland, which was opened on Tuesday,
August 2.5, in Lord Iveagh's grounds in Stephen's
Green, Dublin, and was to be continued on the follow-
ing day, was completely ruined by the storm. The-
grounds presented a sad spectacle, the four large-
tents in which the exhibits were displayed, being
uprooted from their fastenings, and the flowers and
fruits scattered about in all directions.

British Fruit Growers' Association.—

At the Conference to be held by the above Associa-
tion in the Crystal Palace on September 4, at
4 p.m., the subjects for discussion will be —
" Pruning," and " Gathering, Packing, and Storing
Fruits," to be introduced by practical addresses. At
Edinburgh, the Conference is to be held in con-
junction with the International Show on the second
day, namely, September 10, at 3 p.m. The pro-
gramme will include an address on the " Present
Condition and Prospects of Fruit Culture," "Fruit
Culture for Profit in Scotland," " Strawberries for
Market," " Gathering, Packing, and Storing Fruits,"
and several other important subjects. Further par-
ticulars can be had on application to the Hon.
Secretary, Mr. Lewis Castle, Hotham House,
Merton, Surrey.

Mr. D. T. Fish. — We hear that our well-known
and energetic correspondent, Mr. D. T. Fish, is
leaving Hardwicke, the gardens of which he has
directed so ably for years, and means to devote his
time to the duties of judging at large shows, land-
scape gardening, and literature, and we and all our
readers will heartily wish him abundant success in
his new career.

A Flower Show at Bethnal Green.— Of alt

places in which to look for a flower show, Bethnal
Green would appear to be one of the most unlikely,
and yet a Society known as the East London Amateur
Floricultural and Chrysanthemum Society has just
been established there, for the purpose of creating a
love for and extending the cultivation of flowers in
East London. Many agencies are now being set on
foot to raise the level of the social life in the East of
London, and one of them is the Society just alluded
to. Bethnal Green is a great district for cabinet
making, and a considerable majority of the members
of the Society are engaged in this work; but it is
only those who are strictly amateurs who are per-
mitted to compete for prizes. The radius covered by
the Society's operations, is about four miles from
Bethnal Green Museum in each direction, but of the
many plants staged for competition at the first exhi-
bition held on the 24th inst., all came from within a
half-mile radius of the Museum ; the farthest point
west was Brick Lane, and eastward was Globe Road.
There are 110 members, and each subscribes half-a-
crown annually. The officers and committee are all
working-men, managing their own affairs in their own
way, and it must be admitted, with considerable pro-
mise of success. Many of these working-men have
small greenhouses in their back gardens, in which
they grow the plants they exhibit. Some of them
are very homely structures, with means of artificial
heating set up in a rough-and-ready fashion,
but suited to the purpose intended. It is during
their leisure hours from labour — generally after
the day's labour is over, that time is found in which
to give attention to the plants. One member in-

August 29, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

253

formed us that he worked fourteen hours per day, and
found refreshment from labour in attending to the
few subjects he grows. It is during winter, when
the days are short, light wretched, and fogs abound-
ing, that the pressure of difficulties in cultivation are
most severely felt, and when the utmost the cultT
vator can do is necessary to maintain his plants
alive. Plants are also grown in windows to a much
larger extent than is imagined by any one walking
along the main thoroughfares of Bethnal I Green.
The most striking window-plant shown was a huge
Fuchsia trained to a homely trellis in the shape of
a tennis bat, just as much as any one could com-
fortably lift ; it was feathered with foliage to the
very bottom, and considering the circumstances
under which it is grown, well bloomed. In all pro-
bability this plant was at least four or live years
old. The Fuchsia is the favourite plant of the
Eastender ; next comes the zonal Pelargonium,
and the Paris Marguerite, Chrysanthemum Iru-
tescens, but probably being out of bloom, not
a specimen put in an appearance. Cannas, in
the form of fine plants; Coleus, a few well-flowered
examples of Plumbago capensis, Begonias of the
Rex type — one in particular was very good ; Lilium

competition were sent by Mr. Smith, gardener to
S. Gaedineb, Esq., Clapton, which included two
most remarkable specimens of Webb's Sensation
Tomato in pots, bearing magnificent fruit ; and
some very fine specimens of Adiantum cuneatum ;
a good collection of ornamental-foliaged plants from
Mr. Wyatt, the gardener at the French Hospital in
Victoria Park ; and a large and tasteful group from
the President, Mr. J. Andeews, florist, Cambridge
Heath.

Park Superintendents.— In consequence of

the death of Mr. Cocheane, Mr. Melville has been
appointed to the care of Finsbury Park, which,
under Mr. Cocheane's management, had become well
known for good gardening and for the growth of
Chrysanthemums. Mr. Mooeman, of Brockley Park,
has been appointed in place of Mr. Melville, an
account of whose work at Dulwich was given in a
recent number. Superintendents lare now required
for Brockley Park, Lewisham, and for Waterlow
Park, Highgate. A small salary and a residence
are offered in both cases. Application should be
made to the Clerk of the County Council, Spring
Gardens, W., before September 13.

THE LATE ME. JOSEPH FYFE MESTOX.

auratum, Petunias, succulents, the Onion Plant of
the Londoners, Gloxinias. Castor-oil and India-
rubber plants, Musk, Cyperus alternifolius, and
others, were present, but the Fuchsias largely pre-
ponderated, and, on the whole, they were well grown
and flowered. There were classes for collections of
foliage as well as flowering plants, and groupa of mis-
cellaneous plants. There were enough to fill the
Oxford Hall, a building connected with the Oxford
Mission at the East of London, which was placed at
the disposal of the Flower Show Committee, free
of charge ; and a little bunting and hanging-baskets
made the interior quite cheerful, though the light
was bad for showing off the flowers to the best
advantage. Cut flowers were represented by Dahlias
grown at Clapton, also by Asters, Pansies, &c. The
best plant selected from the show was one of Ficus
elastica, shown by W. Richaeds, a cabinet-maker,
so healthy, clean, and well-feathered with leaves to
the base of the pot that it would have done credit
to any conservatory. Collections of plants not for

Home Correspondence.

AMARYLLIS HALLI OR LYCORIS SQUAMIGERA —
In the month of November, 1SS7 (as I am inlormed
by my label), I purchased at a comparatively high
price, from a leading firm in Haarlem, what pur-
ported to be a lull size flowering bulb of the above-
named plant, which was sent under the first of the
two names above cited. I was given to understand
that the plant was a hardy Amaryllis from North
China, with blue flowers. During the three inter-
vening summers my bulb, much to my disappoint-
ment, only produced ea.ch year from eight to ten
strap-like leaves, and no following bloom spike in
the autumn, as I, each year, expected it to do,
so that I almost began to despair of ever
seeing what its supposed flower was like.
About the middle of Julv of this year, however, it
produced a fine healthy flower-spike, which quickly
grew to the height of 2 feet, and exactly resembled
in appearance that of a strong-growing Nerine.
There were five flowers on the spike, which, when

fully open, were about twice the size of the largest
Nerine bloom, and of a faint lilac-pink shade, with a
bluish flush down the centre of each petal ; but to
describe the flower as blue, as I was informed it was,
required a considerable exercise of the imagination.
As I had heard from my friend Mr. Baker that A.
Halli was only a garden name, and not the correct
botanical name of the plant, I sent him one of the
flowers for identification, and now hear from him
that he has identified it under the second name
above given. I consider it to be a plant of merely
botanical interest, and of very little merit from a
horticultural point of view. W. E. Gumbleton.

AN EXTRAORDINARY CROP OF PEACHES.— The
largest crop of Peaches which it has ever been my
fortune to see, I met with the other day at Whitehall,
Hawthornden, Midlothian, the residence of R. G.
Warner Ramsay, Esq. The trees were standards
growing in a lofty and otherwise roomy span-roofed
house. One tree of Bellegarde had a spread of about
16x12 feet, height about 15 feet. It is impossible
to say precisely how many fruits this tree bore at
the time of my visit, but there cou'd hardly be less
than from sixty to seventy dozen. The probability is
there were considerably more ; the branches were so
over-weighted by the crop, that they had to be slung
up and supported by wire hooks. A Stirling Castle,
of rather smaller size, bore an almost equal weight
of crop to that of the Bellegarde. The individual
fruit was very fine and large. Many exceeded six
ounces in weight, and few were much less than that
respectable weight. The colour was superb, and the
flavour and texture faultless. Royal George, and
others in the same house, also standards, though
inferior to the two trees named in point of crop and
the size of the fruit, were yet bearing splendid crops.
In other compartments of the same range of houses
were other Peach trees, trained in the usual way, to
trellises, all bearing splendid crops of grand fruit.
The exceptional healthiness of the trees was very
notable. There was no extreme luxuriance of
annual growth ; the great crops, which are a yearly
occurrence, prevent that, but the compact short-
jointed shoots, and the clean shining bark of stems
and older limbs, without a vestige of gumming or
gnarl of any kind, betokened the most perfect health.
The excellent management of Mr. Leyden, who has
had charge of the gardens for over twenty years,
along with the advantage of a very superior soil, can
alone account for such splendid results year after
year. W. S.

THE POTATO CROP.— In spite of 7° of frost
which was experienced on May 17, when the haulm,
which was 6 inches high, was cut down to the
surlace, and nearly a fortnight elapsed before there
was the slightest attempt at a secondary growth, the
Potato crop is an abundant one — in fact, I never
saw the yield better amongst mid-season varieties ;
but, unfortunately, slight sigus of disease are apparent
in the tubers. There are so many really first-class
cooking varieties, and which at the same time
possess excellent flavour, that the wonder to me is,
that any other sort is grown. Some people appear
to be satisfied, providing the tubers cook well ; they
never seem to notice the flavour at all. In addition
to Sutton's Seedling, Lady Truscott, and Reading
Russett, which can always be depended upon for
their good qualities, I grew this year Sutton's Fifty-
fold ; I must say, that for good cropping and cooking
qualities, I have not seen its equal as a midseason
variety. It has but a shallow eye, the flesh quite
white, and the tubers of good size. I think people
generally are now alive to the ill-advised opinion of
some in the matter of growing so many kinds of
Potatos. It is more generally found that about six
sorts is enough for the largest establishment, where
nothing is needed beyond meeting the home con-
sumption. E. Molyneux.

THE VARIEGATED ENGLISH ELM.— One of the
arboreal features of Ealing at the present time is a
variegated English Elm. standing in the private
garden of Mr. William Clark, at Ashton House, on
the north side of the Green. The tree stands in one
corner of the grounds, close to the Green, and some
of the branches hang over it. It is a lofty specimen
probably nearly a century old ; and every portion of
it, from the suckers, which are thrown up from
the roots, to the top of this splendid tree, have
the leaves broadly margined or thickly blotched
with white. It is acknowledged to be one of
the finest examples of variegation in our common
English Elm known; while it is strikingly pic-
turesque aud handsome. As to the history of
the tree, I can get no information ; but, I am told

254

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Acgust 29, 1891.

by old inhabitants, that many years ago, when
Ealing was the village Thackeray knew as a school-
boy, and before modern Ealiog was commenced, a
brook ran along by the side of this Elm, and there is
reason to believe it is an accidental seedling. The
most remarkable feature about it is, that until I called
attention to the existence of this tree in our local
piper, last year, no one appeared to have noticed its
existence. By the side of the tree is the Ealing
Liberal Club, and anyone standing upon the balcony
to the first floor windows can see this beautiful Elm
to the best advantage. It is, in all probability one
of the finest pictorial trees in the county of
Middlesex. R. Bean.

CRINUM MOOREI ALBUM —I read with pleasure
that the bulb of a Crinum which was given me in
Madeira four years ago under the name of C. gigan-
teum has bloomed in the cold frame at Kew, and is
now rightly named C. Moorei album or Schmidti.
This bulb, which I gave to Kew last year, is a most
interesting example of the power of adaptation to
circumstances that some organisations possess. In
Madeira this bulb rests during the heat and drought
of the summer in Funchal, and grows and flowers
during the winter and spring — conditions not much
unlike our summer. For the first two years that I
grew it, it started into growth in autumn, and con-
sequently required heat to keep it vigorous at such
a season, and it did not flower. The third year it
started into growth in January, and flowered in June,
and went to rest in August, when I sent it to Kew,
where it must have been in a dormant state till late
this spring. The fact of its blooming in May and June,
and in Madeira in March or earlier, coupled with the
belief that this Crinum came to Madeira from the
Gold Coast, made me hesitate to believe it conld
possibly be a form of C. Moorei, in spite of the exact
resemblance in growth and shape of flower — hence
one good reason tor sending it to the authorities at
Kew. A grand clump of this fine Crinum in a
Madeira garden, with thirty spikes of its snow-white
blossoms on long stalks above the bright green
foliage, was so beautiful a sight that I asked for a
bulb, never dreaming it could be possible for such a
magnificent Lily to be hardy, or nearly so, in
England, and I am consequently equally surprised
and pleased to know it is a white form of the hardy
Crinum Moorei, which will grow and flower where-
ever the Amaryllis Belladonna thrives. Edward H.
Woodall, Scarborough.

FERNS AT COLWYN BAY.— The following list of
Ferns, which survived last winter, may be useful to
cultivators of hardy Ferns. The most injurious
frost that we had was 17° without snow. The
Todeas are planted in peat by the side of a
email stream, and overhung by a Portugal Laurel
bush, and they had a few branches of Laurel stuck
in the ground amongst them. Hypolepis mille-
folium— sometimes erroneously sold as Hypolepis
anthnscifolia— is an exceedingly pretty species,
which is running all over the fernery, threatening to
become a nuisance. I have not included British
species: —

Onoclea sensibilis

,, (Struthiopteris) ger-
manica
Dennstcedtia davallioides
Microlepia strigosa
Cystopteris bulbifera
Hypolepis millefolium
Lomaria nuda (?)

„ fluviatilis

,, procera

.. ,, var. Chilensis
Woodwardia radicaD3
Asptenium angastifolium
Polystichum eoncavum ( =
Lastrea Standishii)
A. D. Walker, Nant-y-Glyn, Colwyn Bay.

SUMMER PRUNING CURRANT BUSHES.— If it were
necessary, another season has fully proved to me the
advantage gained by the summer pruning or pinching
of the shoots of the Currant in assisting the ripening
of the fruit. Red Currants especially receive atten-
tion in this respect : the branches are limited to
about ten to each tree ; each of these are from 4 to
5 feet long, so it can easily be imagined there is
plenty of space between the branches. The bushes
grow freely, and bear heavy crops of fruit the whole
length of the branches every year without fail. Much
of this I attribute to the thorough maturation of the
wood and buds, which is attained through the action
of the sun on the branches. About the second week
in June we commence to cut off all shoots to within
about three eyes from the base, which enables the
energy of the tree to be concentrated in the swelling
of the fruit. There is another excellent reason for

Puly^tichum acrostichoides

,. munitum

., fdlcinellum

,. lepidocaulon

,, vestitum

., setosuin
Lutrea atrata

,, acuminata

,, decompo9ita
Osmunda cinnamomea

,, Claytoniana

-, gracilis
Todea superba

,, pellucida

the summer-pruning of Currant bushes — the fruit is
much cleaner by being thoroughly washed by the
rains, which improves the berries considerably in
appearance. E. M.

A WHITE FLOWERED CENTAUREA NIGRA.— I
send you some flowers of the white Centaurea nigra.
The original plant was found in the midst of th>
comnian Hardhead in a field near here. In the
borders here this white variety Mowers until winter.
Has it been noticed before ? William, Foster, Stroud,
Gloucester: hire.

THE WAR OF THE ROSES— Mr. L»adman, in his
account of Yorkshire battles, Pralia Eboracensia,
after describing the terrible conflict at Towton on
Palm Sunday, 1461, says, "I cannot conclude the
story of Towtield without allusion to the little dwarf
bushes pecular to the field of the White Roses and
the Red. They are said to have been plentiful at
the commencement of the centuiy, but visitors have
taken them away in such numbers that they have
now become rare. The plants are said to be unique,
and unable to exist in any other soil. The little
Roses are white with a red spot on the centre of each
petal ; as they grow old, the under surface of the petal
becomes a dull red colour." This is most likely a very
dwarf or stunted variety of Rosa can ma. or the Dog
Rose, which is indigenous to Britain ; but it may be
doubted as to this particular variety being confined to
the field of the white Rose and the red. It might, how-
ever, be interesting to many could further informa-
tion respecting these Rose bushes be obtained, and
this may possibly be furnished by some of the
numerous readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle who
may reside near to, or who may have recently visited
this celebrated battle-field. P. G.

PEACH AMSDEN JUNE.— This Peach, an intro-
duction from America, is making a great reputation
in the West of England as an early variety, coming
in several days before Hale's Early, also an Ameri-
can variety. Fruit growers in the Bath district, like
Mr. S. J. Pavitt and Mr. George Cooling, speak
in the highest terms of it, both as to its earliness
and quality. Mr. Pavitt stated that this season he
gathered fine fruit from a tree on a west wall the
first week in July, and that notwithstanding the late
cold season. He thinks that, given the usual warm
early summer weather at the end of May and in
June, it would be possible to gather thoroughly ripe
fruit by the third and fourth weeks in the latter
month. It has a fine sweet flavour, comes large
and handsome ; the tree is a free grower, and it bears
freely. The Bath Peach-growers praise it highly,
and predict for it a great popularity. E. B.

LILIUM AURATUM.— I saw, last week, two bulbs
of this Lily, both planted this season, and each
having two stems ; and one bulb had forty-five,
and the other eighty-four blooms. H. G. Bradford,
Clapton.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

August 25. — The attendance of Fellows of the
Society and the general public at the Drill Hall,
James Street, Westminster, could only by courtesy
be called a good one, although the exhibits were
such as generally appeal to the popular fancy.
Dahlias and Gladioli formed the chief features, and
together they made a brilliant display.

The Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain gave a concise
lecture upon " Gladioli." It was of a practical
nature, dealing with preparation of soil, planting of
bulbs, and staking of flowers. He recommended the
bulbs to be deprived of their outer-coats before
planting, and then to be divided into two. leaving an
eye to each half. All the flowers which Mr. Flower
exhibited were from cut bulbs, as also were those
shown by the lecturer last year at the Crystal Palace.
In his opinion, the varieties of French and English
origin were equally good. A discussion followed
upon the cause of the disease ; much difference of
opinion existed, and no remedy was suggested.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Mr. James Douglas, in the chair ; James
O'Brien, Secretary ; and Messrs. E. Hill, H. Ballan-
tine. H. M. Pollett, and Dr. Maxwell T. Masters.

Thomas Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield,
Manchester (gr., Mr. R. Johnson), exhibited L&lia
elegans Blenheimensis, a fine form of the L. e. Tur-

neri section, but with a broad labellum, the side lobes
and the front of which is of a clear rosy-crimson.
Mr. Statter also sent cut spikes of three other forms
of L. elegans, also Lajha amanda, Cypripedium
Morganajx, Odontoglossum Harryanum, and Dsn-
drobium Dearei, for which a vote of thanks was-
passed.

Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Roya! Exotic Nur-
sery, sent their new h>brid, Lalio-Cattleya Nysax
(C. labiata Warscewic/.ii (gigas) X LaUia crispa).
The segments are pale lilac, the front of the labellur.i
dark crimson, and presenting some of the features
of Lselio-Cattleyaexoniensis. The plant being weak,
the committee requested to see it again. Tney also
sent a specimen of Cypripedium Cleola X (C. reti-
culatum X Schlimii albiflorum).

G. Palmer, Esq , Springfield, staged Cypripedium.
apiculatum x .Springfield var. (Boxaili barbatum),
which seemed to be rather darker in colour than
the original form.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited
Lajlio-Cattleya hy brida Behrensiana (La-lia elegans X
Cattleya Loddigesii). The habit of the plant re-
sembles that ot Cattleya superba ; the flowers are*
large, sepals and petals blush-white; the front lobe
of the lip broad and flat, and of a bright rosy-crim-
son. Messrs. Sander also showed Masdevallia
Measuresiana X (51. amabilis X M. tovarensis), a
small variety with a slender, twin-flowered stipe of
white flowers tinged with rose.

R. J. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Flodden
Road, Camberwell (gr., Mr. H. Simpkins), sent,
examples of Cypripedium leucochilum and C
toitile, both provisionally named. The former is
supposed to be a natural hybrid between C. Gode-
froyaj and C. bellatulum, and the latter a new
species from Dutch East Indies ; it resembled a
small form of C. philippinense, but with shorter and
more twisted petals. The Committee requested that
these be referred to Kew.

Malcolm S. Cooke, Esq , Kingston Hill (gr, Mr.
Cullimore), sent a cut spike of a fine form of
Cattleya velutina, and three varieties of Liclia.
elegans Turnerii.

F. Wigan, Esq., Clare Lawn. East Sheen (gr., Mr.
W. II. Young), staged Aerides suavissimum.

Mr. J. Prewett, Swiss Nursery, Hammersmith,
sent a well-grown plant of Deudrohium Phalieaopais
Statterianum.

Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co. ex-
hibited Zvgopetalum grandiflorum ( Batemannia
grandifloraj, a curious and handsome species, with
greenish sepals and petals, striped with chocolate,
and white fringed lip.

Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, 112, Lordship Lane, East
Dulwich, showed a plant of Sobralia leucoxantha,
segments reflexed, pure waxy-white, and the front of
labellum yellow. C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court,
Horsham, sent Dsndrobiuin umlulatum. Mr. Jis.
Douglas, The Gardens, Great Claries, lliord, showed
a cut spike of Cypripedium Lowianam with six
flowers.

Floral Committee.

Present: — W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. H. llerbst, G. Phippen, George Nicholson,
H. C. L'ach. Charles Turner, W. Goldring, B.
Wynne, R. Dean, Henry Cannell, Charles Jeffries,
Thomas Baines, Wm. Bain, Charles E. Pearson,
William Ingram, Charles Noble, John Fraser,
William Hy. Williams, James Walker, and Rev. H.
Honywood D'Ombrain.

A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded to Messrs.
Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a collection of Lilies,,
including a beautiful box of Lilium ochroleucum
(syn. Wallichianum superbum), trumpet-shaped,
cream, with golden centre ; also L. nepalense,
yellow, shaded with brown.

MesBra. J. Veitch & Son, Chelsea, exhibited
baskets of Eucryphia pinnatifolia and Colletia
spinosa, both full of white flowers ; also Retino-
spora squarrosa sulphurea, a variety with young
growths sulphur- coloured ; Cupressus arizunica,
with glaucous, loose feathery branches ; C. Law-
soniana versicolor, white and gold variegation •.
hybrids of Rhododendron javanicojasminiflorum, a
lot of attractive colours, among them being Dante,
chrome yellow ; Thetis, fawn ; and Imogene, cream
colour.

C. E. Smith, Esq., Silvermere, Cobham, Surrey
(gr., Mr. Quarterman), had a collection of thirty-six.
varieties of Oak, chiefly seedlings of rubra, cocciuea,
nigra, and robur; for this interesting lot a Bronze
Banksian Medal was awarded.

Mr. Anthony Waterer, Knap Hill, exhibited
Hypericum MoserianumX, flowers rich yellow, good
tubstance, anthers crimsor.

August 29, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

255

Messrs. Wallace & Co., Colchester, obtained a
Bronze Banksian Medal for a collection of Lilies,
consisting of Lilium eximium var. giganteum, L. e.
var. magnificum, large pure white flowers, segments
reflexed, tube 8 inches long ; and L. Takesima,
white tubular flowers, pointed petals.

Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham,
had a collection of hardy flowers, including Carna-
tion La Neige, pure white fringed flowers, slightly
scented (Award of Merit) ; Lilium ochroleucum,
and L. auratum platyphyllum, like the type, but
without spots ; and L. a. rubro vittatum, with
deep crimson band.

Messrs. Dicksons, of Chester, exhibited four new
border Carnations, viz., Mr. C. R. Humbert, rich
crimson-scarlet (Award of Merit) ; Miss Greenall,
rose-scarlet, well formed ; and Mrs. C. R. Humbert
and Lady Gerard, both pink flowers.

Mr. Campbell, Lord Sreet, Southport, had a
nice form of Scolopendrium vulgare var. Campbelli,
with corrugated margin.

J. T. Hopwood, Esq., Ketton Hall, Stamford (gr.,
Mr. W. H. Divers), was awarded a Bronze Banksian
Medal for a varied collection of Carnations, of which
Ketton Rose, a rose variety with shell-shaped petals,
was conspicuous.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., Burford Lodge,
Dorking, showed Crinum Powelli, with umbels of
large pink flowers ; Cyrtanthus hybrida rosea,
brilliant umbels of vermilion scarlet.

Rev. W. Wilks brought a hardy Geranium, Shirley
Blue, mauve with white centre.

Dahlias formed quite a leading feature, and a large
number of blooms were staged. Foremost was a very
fine white self show flower, from Mr. John Walker,
nurseryman, Thame, pure white, of fine outline, and
good centre, named John Walker (Award cf Merit).
Mr. Arthur Rawlings, florist, Romford, staged a
jiumber of new varieties — Arthur Oeock, orange-red,
bright, fine shape (Award of Merit) ; Mrs. Mcin-
tosh, in fine character, orange-yellow, with a rosy-
cerise reverse (Award of Merit) ; John Rawlings, a
soft bright lilac self, very pleasing (Award of
Merit) ; Mrs. Lewis Standbridge, buff-yellow self,
very bright, and of fine shape (Award of Merit);
George Hurst, crimson-maroon, flushed with purple ;
Mrs. Hurst, a light variety, in the way of Queen of
the Belgians; George Gordon, bright crimson ; and
Mrs. Ocock, yellow, edged with orange-brown. Mr.
S. Mortimer, nurseryman, Farnham Surrey, had a
collection of seventy-two very fine show varieties,
large handsome flowers, of considerable merit.
Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, had a
collection of show, single Cactus, and Pompon
varieties. Among the singles were some new-edged
flowers of great merit, viz., T. W. Girdlestone, white,
•with margins of bright purplish-crimson, medium
size and excellent shape (Award of Merit); Miss
Glasscock, silvery white, with side edgings of soft
lilac purple, very pretty and distinct (Award
of Merit) ; Cleopatra, crimson, shaded with
maroon, somewhat novel in character ; Claudia,
in the way of Duchess of Albany, but scarcely so
good ; and Duchess of Fife, pale orange, with slight
shadings of orange-red ; and of Cac'us and decoative
varieties, Lady Masham, Black Piince, very dark;
Zulu, Beauty of Arundel, and Duke of Clarence,
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., nurserymen,
Salisbury, had a collection of sixty blooms ot very
fine show varieties ; some pretty Pompons, including
Lilian, a very [pretty pink-margined variety ; and
some surprisingly good new varieties of the true
Cactus type, such as St. Catherine, deep yellow, the
lower petals tinted with brownish yellow, extra fine,
and distinct (Award of Merit) ; Kynerith, bright
deep shaded scarlet, of the best Cactus type, extra
fine (Award of Merit) ; Baron Schroder, bright
crimson, shaded with magenta, also very fine (Award
of Merit) ; and the collection also included Honoria,
Panthea, Harry Freeman, white. Robert Maher,
yellow, &c. From Messrs. Henry Cannell & Son,
nurserymen, came a very good collection of Cactus
and decorative Dahlias, including Robert Cannell,
one of the most distinct of the true Cactus type yet
introduced, bright rosy crimson, flushed with
magenta, the petals numerous, well arranged, and
somewhat grilled or curled (Award of Mi-rt) ;
Swanley Cactus, pale orange \ellow, extra fine
(Award of Merit) ; Ernest Cannell, soft rosy peach ;
Beauty of Arundel, crimson and purple ; Cannell's
Favourite, orange yellow; Panthea, and other
attractive varieties. Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm
Nurseries, Tottenham, had Delicata, one of "the true
Cactus type, soft pink, with slight yellow centre
(Award of Merit); F. J. Taylor, orange-crimson,
very bright ; and two or three new Pompon varieties,

very pretty, but a little large. From Mr. G. Phippen,
nurseryman, Reading, came a number of floral shields
of Cactus and decorative Dahlias, about twenty in
all, and containing from fifteen to twenty flowers
each; they made quite an imposing display. In
addition, Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons had a number of
plants of Mr. Girdlestone's Tom Thumb single
Dahlias, which are probably a little too dwarf to
find much public favour.

Gladioli. — A flue collection of spikes, staged by
Messrs. Kelway & Son, of Langport, about 160 in
all, including many new varieties, and some very
fine forms of the Lemoinei section ; Thalia, pale
sulphur-white, each segment having a large blotch
of bright puce- purple, was very fine and distinct
(Award of Merit) ; they also had — the Rev. W.
Wilks, a fine light variety, flaked with pale purple ;
Henry Cannell, light, flaked rosy-crimson ; Solon,
pale salmon-scarlet; James Payn, bright salmon-
scarlet; Chilio, light sulphur and purple, &c. Mr.
W. H. Flowber, Claremont, Taunton, a well-known
West of England amateur, had a collection of twenty-
four fine spikes; and the Rev. H. H. D'Ombrain,
nine tine sp'kes ; while some hybrids of G. Lemoinei
came from Mr. G. C. Powell.

Fruit Committee.

Present: Philip Crowley, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. Robert Hogg, Ge >rge Bunyard, J. Cheal,
William Warren, R D. Blackmore, J. Wright. T. J.
Saltmarsh, Alex. Dean, G. Norman, G. Wythes,
H. Balderson, W. Bates, F. J. Lane.

A vote of thanks was passed to W. Roupell, Esq.,
Harvey Lodge, Streatham Hill, S.W., for four dishes
of finely-coloured early dessert Apples, viz., Mr.
Gladstone, Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, and
Red Astracan.

Messrs. Laxton Bros, Bedford, showed a new
Apple, Harvest Queen, from Mr. Gladstone X Early
Julien, similar to Mr. Gladstone, but paler and
angular, like Early Julien.

Messrs. Thomas Barton & Sins, Bexley Heath,
Kent, were awarded a vote of thanks for collection
of Peaches packed for market, consisting of Princess
of Wales, Barrington, Sea Eagle, and Gladstone.

Seedling Melons came from Miss Sullivan, Broom
House, Fulham. gr. Mr. Wilson ; also from Duke of
Northumberland, Sion House, Brentford (gr. Mr.
G. Wythes) ; and from R Bu rel, E<q., Westby Hall,
Bury St. Edmunds (gr., Mr. Alfred B.shop).

Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, had samples of
a new Bean, Tender and True, a runner, with long
slender pods, like the French Bean; this was
referred to the Chiswick trials for report.

WILTS HOaTICtJLTURA.L.

Auoust 12. — This Society held its annual exhi-
bition of plants, cut flowers, fruit, and vegrtibles, in
the Bishop's Palace grounds, Salisbury, on the above
date, and was one of the best, if not the very best,
hitherto held by the Society.

Plants. — These were well shown. Mr. Finch, gr.
to James Marriott, Esq., Coventry, and a new exhi-
bitor at Salisbury, was 1st in the class for twelve
Btove and greenhouse plants, distinct, six foliage and
six flowering, staging grand plants of, among others,
Kentia Fosteriana, Cycas circinalis, Latama bor-
bonica, Ixora Williamsii, of great size, and covered
with large trusses of bright scarlet flowers ; Erica
jasminiflora alba, and E. Irbyana. Four lots were
staged.

In the class for nine stove and greenhouse plants,
four in bloom and five foliage, Mr. J. Cuny, gr. to
Col. Pepper, Milford Hill, Salisbury, was 1st, his
nine including a well-flowered Erica Macnabiana;
Mr. W. Peel. gr. to Miss Todd, Shirley, Southampton,
was a good 2nd.

Mr. Wilkins was 1st for six exotic Ferns, staging
immense plants, in fine condition, of Gymnogramma
Lancheana gigantea, Adiantum cuneatum. Micro-
lepia hirta cristata, Davallia Mooreana, D. Puly-
antha, and Adiantum Farleyense.

Groups. — These Were quite a feature in the show,
no less than twenty-one being arranged. In the two
most important classes, the anangem-nts were
pretty much in the same light and effective style,
plants ofvaiious kinds being placed at short intervals
in a groundwork of Maidenhair Fern, the whole being
fringed by Panicum vatiegaium and Is< Lpis gracilis ;
and in some casts the dwarf variegated-leaved Cala-
dium argyrites was used by itself with g< od effrct,
so that the quality and suitability of the plants com-
posing the respective groups decided the relative
positions of the exhibitors. For the Earl of Radnor's
prize for a group covering a semi-circle of 12 teet in
diameter, Mr. Wilkins was 1st, out of five capital

arrangements ; a fine spike of Oncidium incurvum,
showing to great advantage in the centre of his
group, in which were also conspicuous nicely-
flowered plants of Cattleya Gaskelliana, Dendrobium
formosum, &.C. Mr. Curry was 2nd. Eight good
groups were arranged for Messrs. Keynes, Williams
& Co.'s prize, the space to be covered being a semi-
circle ot 10 feet in diameter. This prize was also
seemed by Mr. Wilkins.

Fruit made good d'splav, and was shown in fine
cond tion. Mr. H. W. Ward, gr. to the Earl of
Radnor, Longford Castle, Saiistury, secured premier
honour in the class for a collection of eight kinds,
staging good bunches of Muscat ot Alexandria and
Alnwick seedling Grapes, Quten Pine, St-a Eagle
Peaches, Eliuge Necta iues, Mojr l'aik Apricot,
Lockiuge Hero Melon, and Br^wa Turkey Figs— a
good an round lot. Mr. Ingletield, gr. to Sir John
Kelk, Bait., Tedwoth House, Marlborough, was a
good 2nd, his Bla k Hamburgh and Muscat Grapes
and Wa buitou Ar.mi.able Peaches being extra fine.
Mr. Ward had the b.s; Pine-apple, aud Mr. Budd,
gr. to F. G. Dalgety, Esq., Lockerly Hall, Rumsey,
had the 2nd best, b jth staging bright fruits ot the
Queen vaiiety. G apes. — Out of seven guod stands of
three bunches ot Muscat of Al-xandiii, Mr. lngle-
fie dlead witn hinds me well-Culuured bui.cnes, being
followed by Mr. Wusjn, gr. to Ashley Djdd, E»q ,
Stockton H.nie, Codfoid, and Mr. Buld.

lu the corresponding class for B auk Hamburghs,
Mr. Ingletield was to the front aj,ain in a like
competition, being hardly pressed by Mr. C. Warden,
Clarendon Park Ga dens, Salisbury, both showing
med uin-suei b-ncnes of good shape and perfect
fiuish ; Mr. Holloway, Down Grange, Basingstoke,
beiug a good 3rd. Mr. Warden was 1st in tne any
ctier biack Grape class, s'agiug medium-sized
bunches of Madresfield Court, lu hne condition as
regards shape and finish.

lu the a ly other white than Muscat class, Mr.
Brown ng,g-. to toe Rev. Sir Ta.bot B ker, Bait.,
Btauatord, nad the best stand out ot five, being
clos ly followed by Mr. Warden, both staging good
bunches of bright-ben ied Buckland Sweetwater.
Mr. Holloway t.al ttre best flavoured Meion out of
twe.ve stiged in a Lockinge Hero. Messrs. Ingle-
field and Madarlane showed the best Peaches,
staging grand lruits of Waiburton Anmirab.e aud
Barrington ; Messrs. Budd and Ward takiug 1st and
2nd hou. u s for N. ctannes. Mr. F. Smitn, gr. io the
Lord Bishop, was 1st for three dishes ot dessert
Apples, with clean even fruits of Beauty of Bath,
lush Peach, and Worcester Pearmain ; Mr. Browuing
staging the best three nishes of culinary Apples —
Ale>a ider, Frogniore Prolific, and Lane's Prince
Alb-rt, Mr. Smith being a good 2nd. The same
exi ib tors ocmpied the same positions for four disaes
ot Pears.

Vegetables — Two good collections of twelve kinds
were staged by Mr. Ingletield and Mr. Wilsins, who
took the prizes in the order in which their names
appear.

Medals. — Two medals, offered respectively by
Messrs. W. Wood & Son, Wood Green, Loudon, and
the p opiietors of the Gardeners' Magazine tor cul-
tural skill, weie awarded to Mr. H. W. Ward, for
his collection ot fruit ; and to Mr. Finch, tor his
grand dozen of foliage and flowering stove and
greenhouse plants.

Ron competitive Echibits. — Messrs, Keynes, Wil-
liams & Co., mate a fins show of Dahlias. Gladioli,
and Ro>. a -two acnes, about 7 feet high, and
18 itc ies wide, crossing each other, covered with
mo s iu wh ch Ri ses in great variety were thickly
inserted, being garnished with their own foliage ;
this a.tistic a raugrment of the celebrated Castle
Sireet firm b iug in the centre of one of the large
tents was greatly aomired.

The well-known Exeter firm of Messrs. Robert
Veitch & Son made a good show with cut flowers of
herta eoas plants iu great variety, which, being
tasieuliyst up, made quite a telling display, ana
was mch acim>red ; as also were exhibits of a
similar desCiiftkm staged by Mr. Ladham, of
Shirley; and the siands of cut blooms of tubtrous-
rortet B-gonias of gnat size and vaiiety, both
doible an I smgle, most effectively staged by Mr.
Davis, oi Yeo\ii, commanded gieat attention from
visiiors.

Mr, Warden staged six handsome and wel'.-netted
Melons of the Co qu-ror of Europe type.

TROWBRIDGE HORTICULTURAL.

August 19. — The forty-second exhibition of this
jciety showed no falling off in extent, or in the

25G

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

quality of the exhibits; indeed, in respect of the
alter, it was higher in several respects. The fine
specimen Fuchsias would have been better m another
week ; as they were grown in the open air, sunshine
was required to get them fully into flower. The
tents were arranged as usual in the field near the
station, and, thanks to a generous donor, it has been
vested in the hands of trustees as a site for the show
in perpetuity.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants were well shown in
nines, sixes, and threeB. In the larger class, Mr. G.
Tucker, gr. to Major W. P. Clark, Trowbridge, was
1st, with a very good lot, comprising a remarkably
fine Eucharis atnazonica ; Mr. H. Matthews, gr. to
W R Brown, Esq,. Trowbridge, was 2ad, with very
good plants. Mr. J. Hiscox. gr. to E. B. Rod way,
Esq.. Trowbridge, was 1st, with six ; he also staged
a very fine Eucharis amazonica; Mr. H. Pocock, gr.
to J. P. Haden, Esq., Trowbridge, was 2nd. Mr. G.
Pymm, gr. to Mrs. Gouldsmith, Trowbridge, had the
best three ; Mr. Hiscox taking 2nd place. The best
specimen plant was a fine Erica, from Mr. J. F.
Mould, nurseryman, Pewsey ; Mr. Hiscox taking 2nd
place with Stephanotis floribunda.

Orchids, shown in collections of four, were deci-
dedly good. Mr. H. Matthews was 1st, with three
forms of Phalsenopsis, viz., amabilis, grandiflora, and
Schilleriana, and Cattleya Gaskelliana delicata ; Mr.
G. Pymm was 2nd, with Cattleyas Gaskelliana. Lod-
digesii, and Leopold!, and with a nice piece of Vanda
suavis.

Next in importance came the Fuchsias, and the
champion grower, Mr. J. Lye, gr. to the Hon. Mrs.
Hay, Clyffe Hall, Market Lavington, was placed
1st, with six plants, grown in fine condition ; the
varieties Charming, Abundance, Rival, and Doel's
Favourite, dark ; Duchess of Fife, a new and highly
promising double white corolla variety, wonderfully
free ; and Mrs. Bright ; five of the foregoing were of
Mr. Lye's own raising. Mr. Thos. Edwaids, gr. to
J. D. Knight, Esq., Trowbridge, was 2nd, he had of
dai k varieties— Charming Thomas King, Abundance,
and Elegance, all raised by Mr. Lye, and Arabella
and Marginata, light. Mr. H. Pocock had the best
four, staging Abundance and Charming, dark ; Mrs.
Bright and Arabella, light. Mr. J. Lye came 2nd
with Charming, Elegance, and Abundance, dark ; and
Wiltshire Beauty, light. Charming is one of the
most valuable decorative Fuchsias ever raised.

Begonias were another fine feature, and here Mr.
C. Richman, gr. to G. L. Palmer, Esq., Trowbridge,
was 1st with six single and also with six double
varieties, having admirable plants in each case.
Mr. G. Tucker was 2nd in both classes.

Other flowering plants included Heaths, well shown
by Mr. J. F. Mould ; Gloxinias, verv fine indeed for
the season of the year, from Mr. C. Richman ; Achi-
menes, Zonal Pelargoniums (always finely shown at
Trowbridge), Cockscombs, Balsams, Petunias, &c.

Foliage plants were shown in collections of nine,
by Mr. J. Currey. gr. to Col. Pepper, of Salisbury,
and Mr. G. Tucker. There were good Caladiums
and Coleus, some plants of the latter shown by Mr.
11. Matthews were grandly grown. Collections of
Ferns and Mosses in groups of fifteen are another
leading feature at Trowbridge, where golden and silver
Gymnogrammas are grown as well as in any other
part of the country. The best collection came from
Mr. G. Tucker; Mr. H. Pocock coming a good 2nd.

There is always an excellent display of cut flowers.
Roses were well shown in twenty-four single blooms,
and twelve varieties, three trusses of each, in the
open division. Dr. Budd was 1st with twenty-four
varieties ; Mr. W. Narroway, Oxford, was 2nd.

In the class for twelve trebles, Dr. Budd was again
1st, in both cases showing in fine form. Dr. Budd
was also 1st with twelve treb'es and twelve blooms
in the amateurs' division. Dahlias are always seen
in good character at Trowbridge, and this exhibition
may be said to open the Dahlia season. Messrs.
Keynes, Williams & Co., Salisbury, had the best
twenty-four varieties, showing excellent flowers ;
and Mr. G. Humphries, florist, Chippenham, was
2nd. In the class for twelve varieties, Mr. S. Cooper,
Chippenham, was 1st, and Mr. W. Smith, Kings-
wood Hill, Bristol, 2nd. Mr. G. Humphries had the
best twelve fancies ; and Messrs. Keynes, Williams
& Co., 2nd. The blooms were very much better in
the foregoing classes than we could have expected.
Mr. Truckle, gr. to T. Carr, Esq., Esq., Tiverton,
had the best twelve bunches of single DahliaB — a
remarkable good collection, admirably staged, and
Messrs. Keynes & Co., the same number of bunches
of Pompon varieties ; Mr. G. Humnhiies was 2nd.

Messrs Keynes & Co. had a fine lot of new
varieties of the true Cactus that will be seen again

later on, and a very pretty new Pompon variety
named Lilian. Bunches of cut flowers ia twenty-
four varieties ; German and French Asters , hardy
Annuals, Carnations, and t'icotees, very good indeed ;
owing to the lateness of the season, were all very
attractive features.

Fruit was shown extensively, and of good quality.
The best collection of ten varieties came from Mr.
A. Miller.gr. to W. Long, Esq., MP., Rood Ashton,
Trowbridge, who had good Alicante, Lidy Down's,
and Foster's Seedling Grapes ; Dymond Peach Pine-
aople, and Sunwick Elruge Nectarines ; Brown
Turkey Figs ; Beauty of Bath Apple, &c. ; 2ad, Mr.
J. Gibson, gr. to Eail Cowley, Chippenham, who
had Madresfield Court and Black Hamburgh Grapes,
good Peaches, &c. Mr. G. Pymm had the best six
dishes, staging Black Hamburgh and Foster's Seed-
ling Grapes, very fine Pineapple Nectarines, Royal
George Peaches, Moor Park Apricot, and Countess
Melon ; Mr. W. Haskell, Melksham. was 2nd.

The best Grapes in "the class for two bunches of
black were Alicante from Mr. W. March, of Bith,
remarkable for size and finish, they having been
taken from a pot Vine ; Mr. A. Miller was 2nd.
Buckland Sweetwater was the best white Grape.
Good white Muscats were shown, and the black
Muscats were Madresfield Court. The best Peaches
were Violet Hative and Barrington ; the best
Nectarines, Pitmaston Orange and Stanwick Elruge.
The best Plums, Kirk's Greengage as black, and
Washington, as white. The best Cherries, Big-
gareau and Circassian. The best dessert Apples,
Gladstone, Beauty of Bath, and Irish Peach. The
best culinary, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, and Lord
Derby. The best Pear, Jargonelle.

Table decorations of flowers only, also of fruit
and flowers, memorial wreaths, bouquets, &c, were
in strong force, and good all round. Collections of
wild flowers, and bouquets of the same, were
admirably staged.

Vegetables were very extensive, and a great
feature. A very large number were staged, aid it
would not be too much to say Trowbridge could
challenge any other district of the country for
quality.

The Gardeners' Magazine Medal for special excel-
lence was awarded to Mr. George Pymm for a dish
of superb Pine-apple Nectarine.

THE ARBORICTJLTTJRA.L SOCIETY OF
ENGLA.ND.

The meeting at Hexham on Wednesday, August
19, was a most successful one, thanks in no small
measure to the skilled tree-growers of the locality
who have taken part in it. Tnere is the president-
elect, Mr. J. M. Ridley, of Walwick Hall. The
excursion that was organised for the second day had
in view the commercial aspects of forestry, whereas
that of the preceding day was concerned with
ornamental tree-growing.

The woods of Healey, as Mr. Jewitt of that place
explained, are a flourishing illustration of successful
afforestation. He pointed out that when the late
Mr. Ormiston bought Healey there was little or no
wood upon it. He, however, caused it to be planted
out wherever practicable, and to the extent of about
half of the land. Moreover, before he died, he saw
the first growth of trees cut down and the land
replanted. Of the timber sold the gross receipts
amounted to £56000. " This." as Mr. Jewitt truly
observed, " might be reckoned a very large amount
to be taken off an estate which had originally coat
about £22.000." But the trees grow when the
planter sleeps as when he wakes.

The Second Day's Excursion.— The party, after
breakfasting at the Royal Hotel, Hexham, at half-
past eight o'clock, set out in carriages for the Duke's
House, the residence of Mrs. Backhouse, to inspect
the woods on that lady's estate. The next move
was to the extensive woods at Dipton, belonging to
the Duke of Northumberland, after which the party
drove to the estate of Mr. W. Warde-Aldane at
Healey, and that of Mr. Henry T. Silvertop at
Ministeracres. The next place visited was the
estate of Mr. J. W. Walton- Wilson at Shotley.
While yesterday's visit was very interesting, it was
more an inspection of ornamental trees, &c. ; but
to-day's excursion was to woods and forests that
would demonstrate the desirability ol planting lands
of small agricultural value, one of the objects of
the society being to bring about the partial restora-
tion of the woods and forests with which it is
believed every "shire" in this csuntry was at one
time so well provided .

REPORTS OF THE FOLLOWING^ SO-
CIETIES HAVE BEEN RECEIVED.

Royal Horticultural of Aberdeen, ' Basingstoke,
National Carnation and Picotee ['Annual Report),
North of Scotland Apiarian, Moor Park, Devon and
Exeter, Trentham.

Trade Notice.

Messrs. J. & W. Herd Brothers have pur-
chased the Jwell-known nuisery and seed business
established in 1810 in Penrith by the late Mr.
Jos. Tremble.^fe Both brothers commenced their
business career in the establishment of Messrs. Little
& Ballantyne, Carlisle. Mr. J. Herd has been well
known for the past six years in connection with the
firm of Dicksons & Co., Edinburgh ; and Mr. W.
Herd has been equally well knowD in connection
with the firms of Dicksons & Co., Chester, and
W. Fell & Co., Hexham, for a number of years past.

Orchids at Shrewsbury.— Owing to the

great crush in the exhibition tents on the occa-
sion of the show on the 19th and 20th inst., and
reported in our last, a fine bank of Orchids staged
by Mr. J. Cypher, Cheltenham, escaped the notice
of our reporter until it was too late to rectify the
omission. They consisted of admirably-grown and
flowered plants of Cattleya crispa, C. superha, C.
Gaskelliana, C. Warnerii, C. speciosiaBima, C. Mossise
Backhousiana. Olontoglossum Harryanum, O. Alex-
andra;, O. Lindleyana, O. Pescatorei, Miltonia vexil-
laria, Masdevallia Harryana, M, trochilns, M.
Schlitnii, M. Veitchii grandiflora, M. Reichen-
bachiana, Oacidium cucullatum, O. c. giganteum,
O. macranthum, O. incurvum, O. prietextum, Lselia
cinnabarina, Cypripedium barbatum, C. Lawrencea-
num, C. Stonei, C. Roezli, C. niveum, C. Harrisia-
num, C. Curtisii, C. longifolium, Aerides Rohania-
num, Epidendrum vitellinum, E. prismatocarpurn,
Dendrobium filiforme, D. Dearii, D. formosum
giganteum, D. rhodostoma, Anguloa Ruckeri, Sac-
colabium Blumei, Vanda cierulea, Calanthe sylvatica,
&c. These plants were tastefully arranged, and were
greatly admired.

©ijttuars.

Mr. Samuel Bradley.— We regret to record
the death, on the 17th inst., after a short illness, at
Littledales, Hulam, Notts, of Mr. Samuel Bradley.
He was the raiser of Sir Joseph Paxton, Dr. Hogg,
Amateur, Oscar, and several other good Strawberries,
and he must be considered to have rendered great
services to horticulture by raising such excellent
varieties. The deceased was for many years gar-
dener to Count de Pulley, at Elton Manor, Notts.
He was a very fine man, physically, standing
(> feet 3 inches, and proportionately made, and had
never required a doctor's services until his last
illness,

MRS. MlLES. — We regret to hear that a sad
calamity has befallen Mr. Miles of the Wycombe
Abbey Gardens, by the death, in her 48th year, of
his wife, Sarah Clare Miles, on the 21st inst. The
funeral took place at High Wycombe Cemetery on
August 25.

Mr. Joseph Fyfe Meston.— The death, on

the 19th inst., at Brighton, after a long illness, of
Mr. Joseph Fyfe Meston in his 65th year is an-
nounced. Mr. Meston was well known to many of
our readers as a landscape gardener and contractor,
and much of the work on the Victoria Embankment
was conducted by him in conjunction with Mr,
McKenzie. He was associated also with Mr. Mar-
nock and Mr. Nesfield, and took up some of their
work. Mr.' Meston was an earnest supporter of the
" Gardeners' Benevolent."

An oust 29, 1891.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

257

The Weather.

CBt the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fdhr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours", or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

■w a

Accumulated.

1 a

»2

'55

03
H

► ■a •

<2 ■

■4

h
o .

3 a--
•3 -gg

l£
•5 'S ?.

2 a

v 0

(Hi

w 1>

.8 ..
0

|i
±1

a;
O

OS
a **

a
«

a> 0
3} a

5.2

0
h

+j -

'id

CUtS

<« •->
O «

3-2
1

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

i +

+ 166! + 79

2 —

146

28.6

0 aver

— 34 + 101

8 +

105

15.2

2 —

100

— 110,+ 95

7 +

105

13.5

2 —

111

— 130^ 128

11 +

115

15.2

2 —

104

— 110 + 116

6 +

109

16.5

2 —

117

— 130'+ 149

16 +

103

16.3

0 aver

104

+ 91 + 4h

1 +

112

19.C

1 —

111

+ 3 + 35 1 +

103

16 -

3 —

102

— 93 + 11811 +

li ID

20.6

1 —

102

+ 44 + 29] 8 +

IL'S

16 P

2 —

105

+ 19 + 3l! 9 +

116

19.;-

2 —

126

— 31 + 40 1 1 +

' 1

110

17.C

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2. 1-cotland, E. ; 3, Eoglaud, N E ; 4. England. E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6. England, S.
principal Grazing, $c. Districts—! . Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9. England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending August 22, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather has continued in a very unsettled
condition generally. Rain has fallen almost daily
over the greater part ol the Kingdom, accompanied
at times by thunder and lightning. The rain ex-
perienced over our southern and south-eastern
counties during the evening and night of the 20th
and 21st was very heavy.

"The temperature has not differed much from the
mean in Scotland, but in all the English and Irish
districts it has been low, the deficit ranging from
1° to 3°. The highest of the maxima were recorded
during the earlier part ol the period, and varied from
74° in ' England, S.', and 72° over the Midland and
eastern counties, to 68° in ' Ireland, S.' and the
' Channel Islands.' The lowest of the minima,
which were registered on rather irregular dates,
ranged from 42° in ' Scotland, N.', to 48° in ' Eng-
land, N.E. and N.VV.', and to 53° in the 'Channel
Islands.'

" The rainfall has been a little less than the
mean in 'Scotland, N.', but more in all other
districts ; in all the more southern and eastern
parts of England the excess has been very large.

" The bright sunshine shows a deficit in almost all
districts. The proportion of the possible amount of
duration which was actually registered, langed from
51 per cent, in the ' Channel Islands,' to 38 in
' England, S.,' and to 16 in ' England, N.E.' "

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, August 27.
Market very heavy; prices tending downwards.
James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Lemons, per case ^..20 0-35 0

Melons 10-20

Peaches, per dozen... 16-80
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80
Plums i-sieve ... 16-26

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunches 9 0-12 0

— English, per

dozen bunches ... 0 3- 0 6
Bouvardia, per bunch 0 6 10
Carnat'Oic, 12 buns 4 0- 6 U
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 10-40

— 12 bunches ...30-60
Clovts, per dozen

blooms 0 3-06

Cornflower, 12 buns. J 6- 3 0
Eocharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0 4 0
Qlndiolus, Vd bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lavender, doz. bunch 4 0-60
Liiium var, 12 bun. 6 0-12 0

,, Harrisii, doz. 2 0-30
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerites', 12 buns. 2 0-40

s, d. s. d.
Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-30
Myosotis, 12 bunches 2 0-40
Orchids : —

Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontogl ossu m
crispum, 12 blms. 3 0-60
Pansies, 12 bunches 0 6-16
Pelargoniums, scar-

let. per 12 bun. 3 0-40

— \i Bpays 0 6-09

Pinks, various, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0-40
Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 10-20
Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare

chals).perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 1 0- 2 0

— various, doz. bun 2 0-60
Stock-, perdoz. buns. 3 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 16-30
SweetSultan,12bun. 2 0-30
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 3-06

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Aralia Sieboldi, doz. 6 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-42 0

— specimen plants,

each 7 6-10 6

Asters, per dozen ... 3 0- 6 0
Balsams, per dozen... 3 0-60
Bouvardia, per dozen 9 0-18 0
Caladiums, per doz. 9 0-15 0
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen 6 0-12 0

Cocksombs, per doz. 4 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0 li 0
Draceena terminalis,

per dozen 30 0 60 0

— viridis, perdozenl2 0 21 0
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen ... ... 6 0-18 0

Evergreens, in var.,
perdOien 6 0-24 0

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices
s. d. s, d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans. French, lb. ... 0 3 o 4
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots per bunch... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each... 0 4-06
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0 3 0
Herbj. per bunch ... 0 4- ...

s.d. s. d.
Ferns, in variety, per

dozen 4 0 18 0

Fie in elastica, each 16-70
Fuchsias, per dozen 4 0-60
Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2 0-10 0
Heliotrope, per doz. 4 0-60
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0 18 0
Ivy Pelargoniums,

per do/r'n 3 0-60

Liliums, various, per

dozen 18 0-30 0

Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Mignonette, per doz. 4 0-60
Myrtle, per doz. pots 6 0 12 0
Palms in var., each 2 6-21 0
Pelargoniums, doz. 8 0-12 0
— scarlet, per doz. 2 9-60
Spiraea, per dozen ,. 6 J 9 0

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0 16
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4 ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4 0 6
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6 ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0K-09
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

s.d. s. d.
Apples, £-sieve ... 10-30
Currants, red, J-sieve 3 0-36

— black, J-sieve ... 7 6 ...
Gooseberries, £-sieve 13-26

Grapes 10-26

Kent Filbert, limbs.35 0-40 0

Notices to Correspondents.

Bees and Sweetmeats : W. B. The bees being, as
you state, ownerless, you have no remedy at law.
Why not keep your wares in glass jars, or in shallow
wooden show cases with tightly fitting lids of glass.

Black Cohhants : ■/. Tait. We are unable to dis-
tinguish one variety of Black Currant from another
by the fruit simply.

Camellias. Vines, Roses in Borders: A. N, P. It
would be optional on the part ol tin new tenant
or the landlord to pay any Bum for these.

Carbolic Acid to Vines : Carbolic. In answer to
the further enquiries of " A. W.," Vines are
frequently attacked by species of Weevil, especially
Curculio nucuui, and Oiiorhynchus sulcatus ; the
latter being known as the black Vine weevil.
These insects are exceedingly hurtful by feeding
on the shoots, leaves, and buds, sometimes also on
the fruit and flower-buds ; and in the larval state
they are injurious by feedi.ig on the roots. To
prevent the insects lrom ascending, the plan is
sometimes adopted of wrapping cloths saturated
with carbolic acid around the Vine stems, but this
plan unless very carefully carried out, is apt to
kill the Vines as well as the insects, and, there-
fore, the better system is to dilute the carbolic
acid with lime as previously directed (see p. 202).
Some growers regard the dust of the prepared
lime as more effective than the carbolic acid in
driving away the weevils. J. J. Willis, Harpenden.

Clematis Flowers : J. Sf Co. Quite admissible as
the wording stands, but not meant, we should
think, by the framers of the schedule. Hardy
herbaceous perennials were doubtless intended.

Gloxinias Diseased : W. M. These leaves are
affected with a very common disease, the exact
nature of which iB not yet known. In the leaves
in question, there is plenty of spawn in the leaves,
but no spores ; there are also traces of insects.
In the absence of fruit, no guess can be made as to
the relationship of the fungus. M. C. C.

Hollyhock Fonqos : A. B. S. W. Yes ; it is common
on most Malvaceons plants.

Lettuces for Spring Consumption : A Subscriber.
Cabbage varieties, Stanstead Park and Hammer-
smith Hardy Green: Cos, Black-seeded Bath,
Hardy Winter White.

Marguerites : T. H. Grow in cold frame or house,
protect from frost, same treatment as scarlet
Pelargoniums; give as much sunlight as possible.
For winter flowering strike cuttings in June, and
when well rooted plant out on south border, and
place in pots in October.

Market Nursery: M. L. The business certainly
attracts many persons to embark in it. The best
parts are those that eDJoy an early spring, as the
south, and south-west ; but the contiguity of large
markets, and freedom from injurious gases and bad
water are the chief points to study in selecting
a localitv.

Market-Bundle Celery : A Subscriber. Twelve to
twenty heads, according to the season.

Names op Plants : T. H. E. Veronica Teucrium var.
prostrata.— Walsham $ Son. Cephalaria alpina;
not indigenouB, and it does not appear in any
nurserymen's catalogues. — G. P. D. Specimens
rotten and broken when unpacked. It is a white-
spored species, and perhaps A. dealbatus, which
(■iimes up on Mushroom beds, displacing all
others. — W. if S. Cabbage disease. Roots full of
micelrum. All the upper portion full of Macro-
sporium Brassicaa and a Phoma ; but these are
saprophytic, and would not cause the mischief. We
can find no definite fungm. The disease must be
studied on the spot. Profuse wet has much to do
with it. M. C. C. — E. W. G. Ulmus carnpestris va-.
cornubiensis. — J. W. 1, Swainsona galegifolia ; 2.
Galega officinalis alba ; 3, Tanacetum vulgare. — ■
B. O. F. Ljsimachia vulgaris. — C. G. 1, Helian-
thus rigidus; 2, Pyrethrum uliginosum ; 3, Heli-
anthus multinorm flore-pleno ; 4, Symphoricarpus
racemosus ; 5. Veronica longifolia ; 6, Pelargo-
nium.— Subscriber. 1, Agave americana variegata ;
2, I l.enninthus natalensis ; 3, Tradescantia zebrina ;
4, Davallia canadensis ; G. B. 1, Davallia (L«u-
costegia) pulchra; 2 D. dissecta ; 3, D (Leucos-
tegia) affinis : 4, D. Tyermanni ; 5. D. Mariesii. —
J. W. H. We cannot attempt to name florist
varieties of Pinks. Consult a grower. — C. E. H.
We cannot name florist flowers. Please send to a
grower. — A. H. H. Oncidium Bitemannianum. —
(?. P. Asclepias curassavica. Campanula, next
week. — Vox. Bignonia radicans. — D. M. Canna
glauca. — C. W. B. Crataegus Crus - galli, the
Cockspur Thorn.

Phylloxbra : Oxfordshire. Yes, certainly ; but the
border is otherwise in a bad state from want of
drainage, judging from the sodden condition of
the roots. As you will have to turn everything
out and start afresh, the present will give you a
good opportunity of making a new border.

Planting Young Vines : A Lady Gardener. You
will find it rather difficult to get a young Vine to
establish itself amongst the older plants. Better
not to try it. Replace the old Vine which you
wish to destroy by taking up another young stem
or two from the adjoining plant ; or, if you wish
to introduce another variety, do so by grafting or
inarching Madresfield Court Black Muscat; if you
do not grow it, it is one of the best of Grapes.

Whortleberry : J. C. The plant succeeds only on
high dry ground, and where the growth of Heather
is very dwarf naturally, or is cut over to keep it
so. It might be made to grow and fruit well, if it
were planted in a fully exposed position on good-
sized mounds of hard gravelly materials, faced
with the kind of peat in which it is found to grow
best. If this peat could be skimmed ofT 4 or
5 inches thick, and placed like turves are in
makiDg a lawn, filling up the interstices between
them with peaty soil, and treading it all over
firmly, it would answer the purpose better than
loose peat. Seeds should be sown in preference to
planting.

Communications Received.— The Marqui9 of L.— F. N. W.
—Dr. F. Noll, Bonn. — Pitcher & MaDda. New .Jersey.—
.7 A C— Rev. H. H. DO.— A. B. R.— M. Coomnns, Brussels.
— C. W. D.-M. Krelage, Haarlrm.— D. T. F.— T. & M.—
A Gaut.— R. D., Shrewsbury. — E Daborn.— Protheroe &
Morris (no space this week). -P. B— D. C. P.— H. E. -T.
Walters.— J. F.— E. Booavia.— C. A. M. C— W. Early.—
E. J. Lowe.— W. O.— R D.— J. Douglas. -T. H.— A. D.—
A. H -H. M. M.— E. M.— S. P. O— Wild Rose.— J. Day.—
W. Sutherland.— J. H. 0.— ADti-Ants.— G. B — D. O. C—
R A. R.— Prof. Henriques. Coimbra — Vicomte de St. Leger.
Rio Janeiro.— J. N.— U. W.-W. J. G— O. T.-W. W.—
G. B. F.— X. : Potts' Seedling and Grosvenor Apples next
week.

Photographs. DRiWiNGS, &c, received with thanks from
Rev. Robt. DayreU.— R. L.— Monograph of Masdevallia.—
The Marquis of Lothian.

258

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CKOCUS, LILIUM8, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IKIS, &c , free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKIMS & SIMPSON,

SEED anil BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

STRAWBERRIES.

8 acres, planted 3 feet apart, especially for

young plants.

As a proof (here is no place in the world where there is such

quantity and quality grown as at Swanley. or such fine plants

sent so safely all over the world, we append the following :—

"Bank Building*. Auckland,

" New Zealand, .Tune :0, 1891.
"Dear Sirs.— I have to offer you my best thanks for
Strawberries and Cbrysanthfmum Plants. The simplicity of
packing was simply admirable, and they all reached me in
grand condition, uothir g could have been better; they will be
sure to bring its reward. I shall ask your valuable assistance
again before the year is out.— Faithfully yours.

" Edwin Hesketh."
Send for an ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, with view of a
50 acre field ; also instructions how to prepare the plants
and ground. Fifty varieties described, with a List of the
Twelve Best ; how to Glow for Exhibition. Market, and other
particulars that will be highly valued by all Amateurs and
Professionals.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWAN LEY, KENT.

FERNSlSPECIAIM

The finest, most varied, choice and interesting collection in
the Trade. 1400 species and varieties of stove, greenhouse and
hardy Ferns. Partially Descriptive Catalogue, including com-
prehensive List of useful Gardening Books, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),
containing lao Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivation of Ferns, OsESmiLiNGandSlxpENCE, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY. SALE, MANCHESTER.

EARLY ROMAN HYACINTHS.

T\7^E Grow Thousands for our own Cut Flower

» » Trade, and can offer a few selected heavy Bulbs, at
8s. per 100. Cash with order.

PRITCHABJ? & SONS, Florists,
SHREWSBURY.

STRAWBERRY jH

AND-LAID RUNNERS

- and PLANTS in POTS of the

T>T A WTO ) bcst varieties.
ItIiaJMXo. [ Descriptive Catalogue on application.
DICKSONS, NURSERIES, CHESTER.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

STRAWBERRIES.— All the best of the New
and Old Va'ieties. One of the best Collections in the
Trade. Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most comp'ete
issued, special quotations for quantities to grow for Market.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will flower the best. Write for Trade Price of stiong
Forcing Pips to—

H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS !
When s-nding orders bv post, for Daffodils, from one of
the most, varied Collections in Europe, will my various friends
kindlv use the " Registered Envelope" as enclosed with Illus-
trated Catalogue. Copies of the litter are POST FREE, and
orders should reach prr return for prompt delivery, us bulbs are
simply perfection THIS season.

WM. BAYLOR HAKTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24,
Patrick Street, Cork.

NURSERY & SEED BUSINESS

MESSRS. HERD BROS, beg to announce that they

have purchased the old-established Business carried on by MESSES. JOS. TREMBLE and SON(
as Nurserymen and Seedsmen, at Penrith. Their Nurserits contain a large, healthy Stock of
Seedling and Transplanted —

FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, ROSES, ALPINE and

HERBACEOUS PLANTS. CARNATIONS, &c,

AS WELL AS

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, &c.

ROMAN HYACINTHS and other BULBS just to hand in Splendid Condition.
Orders executed with greatest Care and Despatch. CATALOGUES free.

HERD BROS., Joseph trYmble * son, PENRITH.

Established isis.

55,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

CH & SONS,

Cf^ IPSWICH

ST. LAWRENCE
WORKS,

WRINCH & SONS.

And 57. WOT.TiOTJV VTAntTflT. TOWT>OT. Rrs.

IPSWICH

August 29, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

259

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVERPOOL.
DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (No. 509). of E. H. KRELAGE and SON,
Nurserymen. Seedsmen, and Florists to the Court.
H larlem (Holland), h*s been published, ami will be sent, post-
free, arid without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
1 rtters, direct to

E. H. KRELAGE & SOU, Haarlem. Holland.

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden ia grown and
supplied in \htsp quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price*, consistent with correctness and superior
character. Send for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY, KENT.

LILIUM HARRISII.

Grand Bulbs, 5 to 7 inches round, is. 6d. per
dozen, 32s. per 100 ; 7 to 9 inches round,
7s. (id. per dozen, 52s, per 100.

L. CANDIDTJM, 2s. per dozen, lis. per 100.

ROMAN HYACINTHS, 2s. per dozen, 14s.

per 100.

FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA, Is. (id. per

dozen, 7s. 6d. per 100.

NAMED HYACINTHS, lst-size roots, cus-

tomer'a selection from Catalogue, Is. per dozen.
All Orders carriage paid.
For complete List of DUTCH airi other BULBS,
see CATALOGUE, post-free.

J. W. WOODWARD,

Bilb Ijii'uH t i: B ,
63, GRENVILLE ROAD, EORNSEY RISE, LONDON, N.

Now PADTTDQ' Now

Beady, b H H I LIlU -»<«*•

WHITE ROMAN
HYACINTHS.

THE FINEST OF THE YEAR.

Price.— Per dozen. Per 100.

Very large bulbs . . 3s. . . -Is.

Good flowering bulbs 2s. . . 15s.

ALL CARRIAGE FREE.

SPECIAL QUOTATIONS FOR LARGE QUANTITIES.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H M. the Queen

237
238

and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

HIGH HOLBORN. LONDON

CRYSTAL PALACE SHOW,
SEPTEMBER 4 and 5, 1891.
A Collection of BEGONIAS, the finest the world has ever
seen, WILL BE EXHIBITED by

THOMAS S. WARE,

HALE FARM NURSERIES, TOTTENHAM, LONDON, N.

The inspection by everyone interested in this charming

flower is invited to this unrivalled strain.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of ail kinds; CORYPHA. SEAFORTHIA.
COCOS. PHOENIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions. Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trad7.
In 2o most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantnm cuueatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, 50s. per 100.
Large Fern1*, in variety. 45s. per 100, in 4S's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots. 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

MUST BE SOLD AT ONCE, owing to
Houses coming down, about 250 SELECTED OROHID5,
consisting of CxTTLfcYAS Triame, Percivalliana, Alexandra*,

Mendelii : CCELOGYNE cristata ; PEKDEOBU'M \V:ir -

num. n< bile densiflorum. thyrsiflorum ; CYPRTPEDIUM
Boralli in^igne; ZYGOCETALUM Mackayii ; CYMBIDIUM
Lowii. Sec, &e , many of them specimen plants, and coming
into bloom. Price £10. A rare chance for an amateur
Collector.

Apply at Dorset Cottage, Fulham, S.W.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

AGENCE GENEKALE HURTICOLE, BELGE.

De HERDT and STRECKEB,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lezSchooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — Strecker, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1J Year).

Price, 12s. 6d. pes 100.

SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

T AXTON'S. STRAWBERRIES.— Noble, the

JLi king of Strawberries ; Scarlet Queen and White
Knight, best new, both Certificated Fruit Conference— quality
firstrate; Commander, best flavoured mid-season ; Albert, fine
Continental, late; Crescent, King of Earlier, J. Ruskin,
A. Nicaise, Vicomtes>-e. Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, La
Grosse Sueree, I'nxton. PresideDt, A. F. Barron, James
Veitch. British Queen, Dr. Hogg, Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo,
Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and 150 best varieties, true to
name. Pru-e LISTS free.

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

HARDY DEVONSHIRE FERNS.

SPECIAL OFFER.

Having secured the entire stock of the well-known Dadd's
Feknerv, which includes, amongst numerous other varieties,
magnificent Exhibition Ferns from 4 feet to 5 feet high, I shall,

during removal only, offer the same at exceptionally
LOW Prices. Must be cleared by November. Many new
varieties. Write for Prices.

G. TUCKER, Nurseryman, Ilfracombe, N. Devon.

MUSHROOM SPAWN. — Grand results.
1521 pounds from 100 yards of beds. A trial solicited.
4s. por bushel, twenty bushels at Us. 6d per bushel. Special
quotations for larger quantities. Oa>h with order.

GARDEN REQUISITE STORES, 22, Maida Vale, W.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants and Florists.

JBLAOK13UKN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any oi her house in the trade; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free.— 4 and b, Wormwood Street, E.C.

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Fainted. £

1-light, 4 ft. by 6 ft...
8 ft. by 6 ft. . .
12 ft. by 6 ft...
16 ft. by 6 ft...
20 ft. by 6 ft. . .
24 ft. by 6 ft.../

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Wp* nt, Mr. H. Skklto i*r .Seedsman, &c., 2, Hollo way Rd.,N.

FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION

HEATINC APPARATUS.

Most Efficient and Cheapest in Existence.
Requires no sunk stokehole and no brick
setting. Will last all night without atten-
tion. Will burn house cinders, therefore
costs next to nothing for fuel. Any one
can fix it. A domestic servant can stoke it.

Complete Apparatus from £4 12s.
SUCCESS GUARANTEED.

Enormous num-
bers in use all
over the country.

Only Slow Com-
bustion Appara-
tus of the kind.
CAUTION.

Beware of in-
efficient incom-
plete Apparatus,
which will not
last all night.

Full particulars W
and Prices of
every sized Ap-
paratus, and see
numerous Testi-
monials for the
last five seasons,
showing enorm-
ous success, post-
free on applica-
tion.

BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST

Greenhouses, Forcing houses. Pits, Frames, Plant

Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &e.

Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-free from

CROMPTON & FAWKES,

CHELM SFORD.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16.000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OTJTDOOB WORK, 0ONSEBVATOB.IES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Batiersea, London, S.W

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S,W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.- Discount for Cat*.

260

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Aosust 29, 1891.

nu>li"i*i"-'' "■ uflmi . 'Hi i. r.:f .'i 'ilililililiMiniiff

«~ "Sold in Packets 6d. and 18. each, and in
Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb., 2/6; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 56 1b., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD. LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova f cotia.

The moat beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest re9ults with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. B.C.

THE STOTT

SPECIALTIES for DESTRUCTION OF INSECT PESTS.

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR.

L-Mer received from The Eirl Of Llsbume.

S. Wales. June 20, 1890.
Sir,— Am very well pleased with the Distributor; it does its
work well, and is a most useful invention.— Yours faithfully,

LLSBURNE.

PATENT SPRAYER.

Extract from letter from Mr. G. Norman, Gardener to
The Right Hon. The Marquis of Salisbury-.
The Gardens, Hatfield House, Herts. April 20. 1891.
Sir,— I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention.

PATENT SYRINGE,

Extract from letter from R. White, Esq., Arddarroch,
Gareloch Head, Dumbartonshire.

Ti.lw Oft 1«Q1

I cousid
and best
glossums

July 20, 1891.
der the Syringe bought from you one of the cheapest
I ever had. It is especially good for spraying Odonto-

KILLM RIGHT.

Extract from letter from Mr. J. Young Head Gardener to

the Zoological Society, Hegtnfs Park, London.

... .. , . T July 22, 1891.

It is the best Insecticide I have ever used, and the cheapest.

FEEDMRIGHT.

Extract from Letter from Mr. T. Wise, Gardiner to

F. Taylor, Esq., Ash Lawn, Heatm, Bolton.
., „ , . „ September 20, 1890.

lour t atent Manure has given us every satisfaction.

TESTIMONIALS and PRICE LISTS on application.
Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and
R, tan from the STOTT DISTRIBUTOR CO. Ltd., Barton
House, Manchester.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

GARSIDE'S

SILVER SAND

Is admitted by the

leading Nurserymen

to be the Best

Quality obtainable in the Trade

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thuj l.av, half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders execute! with the Utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates m force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest poss.ble prices. Sample Bug sent on application to

QBO. OAR8IDB, Jun., F.R.H.S.. LelghtoD Buraard. Beds.

"PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

"Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on

Garden Walkg, Carriage Drives,

Stable Yards, etc

Recommended by the entire Horticultural Press.

Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works,

and used regularly at Kcvv Gardens, etc.

Pkice-

Gulloii 2/, 5 gal. 1/n, 10 gel. J/'5, 40 gal. 1/4 per gal.

Carriage paid on 10 gallons and upwards.

Used in the proportion of 1 gallon to 25 gallons of Water.
Sole Manufacturers : Tuk

HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL ClkMICtL CO.

Works: 07 MILTON ST., GLASGOW.

Caution. — Please carefuHy note our name, address,
and trade mark, and do not be deceived by imitations and
apparently lower prices of inferior articles. Our manu-
factures cannot be obtained genuine at Tun-bridge, Kent,
except from our Agents, Messrs. Wibmek <fc Wardley,
Chemists there.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice. &c.

^DirDUMA " THE UNIVERSAL
rl\j nCi IMn, INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I rind it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
1^0°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, aud &o far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January 7, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, * Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. §d,, 2s. 6d., and 3s. 6rf. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. Qd. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,
Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street. London.

FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &c,

On CARRIAGE DRIVES,

GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS,

WALLS, STONEWORK. &c.

Saves more than twice its cost In Labour. No Smell.

One application will keep the Walks and Drives
clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.

Mr. W. G. Head. Crystal Palace, says : — " We are so satisfied
with your composition and its price that we have used it abso-
lutely. I have every confidence in recommending it."

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, Curator. Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge, says: — "There can be no question with regard to its
efficacy."

Prices : -In 1 and 2-gallon Tins. 28. per gal. (Tins included);
in 5-gallon Drums, Is 6d. per gallon. 10 and 15-gallon
Drums. IB. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger
quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

glf Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty-five gallons
of water.

For particulars of ANTI-FUNGI POWDER for TOMATO
DISEASE, ZINC LABEL, INK, GARDEN MANURES, WORM
KILLER, &c , write to the Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers,

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY,

Tunbridge, Kent;
and Carlton Street. Bolton, Lancashire.

T ATRINE MANURE

J-^ For Sale at Bisley.

Offers are invited to be sent to
THE SECRETARY, National Rifle Association, 12, Pall Mai .
East.

CPLENDID POTT1NG-MOULI) for SALE.

^ — A mixture of fihrous top-spit loam, and good thoroughly-
rotted dung; Is. Hd. for 4 bushel Back; 10 sicks, 12.5. id. ;
20 sacks, 20s., sacks included. Cash with order.

GARDEN REQUISITE STORES, 22, Maida Vale, London.

"Nothing ouccccus tine success.'

HUGHES'

(SOLUBLE)
INSECTICIDE

FIB TJSH on

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemisls, i6,2/6,&4/6; 5^-g.lllon
7/6, I -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Roi.kfr & Sons

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant. Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. id. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6. Maryleport Street. Bristol.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to lb ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. <od.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6^. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

"DUR0LINE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY US D IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roojing Co., Ld." May and fit tie iSqi.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates qj H.R.H. The Prince of
lvrales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a, Queen Vicloiia Street. LOUDON. E.0.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each ; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft, house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

VJ IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. Ad.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 8s. Stamp size, 34 for
Is. <bd ; 100 for 8s. 3d, Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
■with Original.— FRAN03 AJTO <?Q.. 39. Ludgate hill, London.

Aoocst 29, 1891.]

THE GAfiEENEfiS' CHRONICLE.

261

THIS GREENHOUSE erected an.l heated complete, in
tiny purt of (lie- couiury, beat materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by laft., £50; 30ft by loft.,d270. Brick-
work exivpted Fur particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

Superior Portable Frames large stock ready for
im.meiiia.tK use, well made, painted four coat**, glazed with
91-OZ- pla<«P, carriage piidj: — 1-liuht frame, -1 x i> 36s. 6t£.;

2-light frame, ti x 8. 58*. : 3 light frame, 12 x 6. 8-S-. 6tf.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4. £i 7s. Qd. ; 9 x 5, £3 15a ;

liAnDYBRUIN^GO.,Gsrtar^mLEICESTER

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet t-uper.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY " Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FAHMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. ami Colour Merchants,

34, St. Joha Street, West Smithfield, London, B.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

*°

CONWAY O. WARNS,

Kovnl Pott*ri««. Weston-super-Mare

T//OS W. ROB /A/SON.

T6EMN 15 PA RlTl

--*-==~> iron won? s "?

WOURBR/DGE.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER ki.,dsof BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES and FITTINGS, erected complete,

and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO..

CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

HORTICULTURAL WIRE

AND WIRE GOODS FOR

WREATHS, CROSSES, ANCHORS, CROWNS,
STARS, HEARTS, LYRES, SHIELDS, &C.

FOR FLORISTS USE.

NEW REGISTERED DESIGNS

FOB

WREATHS
CROSSES

UNIFORM, STRONG,

AND

LIGHT.

Ro. 160056.

The New Patent

POSY HOLDER — BOUQUET

VERBENA PINS,

LABELS, &C,

Used and Solo bv many Leading Firms.

LEAD WIRE,

IRON WIRE

IN COILS AND IN STRAIGHT LENGTHS.

TINNED IRON WIRE (SILVER WHITE)

D. F. TAYLER & CO., Limited,

Wire Manufacturers,

BIRMINGHAM.

Illustrated Lists to Florists and Seedsmen, free on application.

FRUIT, &c, EVAPORATOR.

New Improved System Patent Ryder.

DRYING APPLIANCES,

FOR MANUFACTURE OF CONSERVES,

DRYiNG APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, &c.

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURE. Newest Ameiican
Patent FR1CK secures fir.t-class drying produce and
highest saving in maintenance expenses.

PH. MAYFARTH & CO.,

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY MANUFACTORY,
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN; BERLIN, N.

London office: 16, MINCING LANE, EC.

REPRESENTATIVE:

Mr. A. LTJDWIG, F.R H.S.

IUus'rated CATALOGUES on application, post-free.

The Apparatus is placed and working in the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, at Cbiswiek (close to Turnham
Green, Londoo, W.), where it will be open to inspection
by all interested in Fruit Evaporating.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS, COCOA-
NUT FIBRE, &c. before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKWORTH AMD SONS, Reading.

HILL

BLACK

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description.

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot - water Apparatus

for wanning

Buildings of every

description.

Illustrated Circulars

Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3b.

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironworfc, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway Btation, Is. $d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18. or
9 gallons.
s* a -tt m t r\ H7 Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 CViV. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of oheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Biierley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, B.O.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

262

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 29, 1891.

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

8ECD FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

2 1. GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

J. H. HEATHMAN & CO.,

2, Endell Street, London, W.C.

GRAND BARROW PUMP.

3-inch, £l 10s.

Suction Hose, 10 feet, 17/6

50 feet Delivery Hose, 25/-

Pbice Lists Fkee.

ORCHID^PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; S for 47s. 6rf.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS &.C., 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. ad.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. 6d. per jack ; 6 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.

All S .cks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.

SpecialTermstotheTrade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions

For PfclCE List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,

JOYDEU WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

H'rdwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, bv sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAf MOULD. Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVRR SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh S"HAGNUM.ratent MANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allother Garden Requisites Peat Moss Litter.
Tlie Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD. HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO., Farnborough, Hauta.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3£ feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA. SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST aud other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
IDs. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SfHAGNUH, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co..
Hor Eichnnge Warehouses. Snuthwark Street, London, S.E.

GA A R D E N REQUISITE S.—
IT Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest. Prices of
WATSON and SCULL. BO. Lower Thame* street. London. K.C.

SCOTT'S WASP DESTROYER.— Has stood
a teat of many years as the only effectual protection for
Fruit Trees. &c, from Wasps and Flies. Price Is. tirf. and
2s. $d. per bottle.
CORRY and CO., Limd., 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.C.

TALEYRAC'S PATENT REVOLVING
TUB or FLOWER-POT. For repotting large or small
Greenhouse Plants, this ingenious contrivance will be found of
immense service to Nureeiymeu and Gardeners. It has been
submitted to well qualified and experienced judges, and pro-
pounced most effective in its action. Models may be seen, and
full particulars given by the Inventor and Patentee—
A. TALEYRAC, 1, King Field, Harrow.

WASPS and FLIES thoroughly EXTER-
MINATED by u -ing D VVIS'S WASr*"DESTROYER.
Post free, with directions. Is. id. and 2s. 9U. per Bottle. |

B. R DAVIS (the original maker and introducer), Yeovil
Nurseries, Yeovil.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
VINES and VINE CULTURE.

\ The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. Qd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Now Ready.-Volume III. _ tt_

WARNER'S SELECT ORCHIDACEOUS
PLANTS," published by Robert Warner. F.L.S..
F.R.H.S.. consisting of thirty-nine beautifully-coloured plates,
painted by ha- d, and true to nature; with the must reliable
descriptions and notes on culture, forming a handsome volume
suitable for the drawing-room. This work is by permission
specially dedicated to Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen
Victoria, and received First Prizes at several International
Botanical Congresses, and a Medal at. the Calcutta Exhibition.
The First and Second Series, and back Parts, ma' aho be had.
Publi^-hed by the Author, ROBERT WARNER, Widford
Lodge, near Chelmsford.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

Borough of Rotherham.

THE CORPORATION REQUIRE the services
of a GARDENER, between 30 and 40 years of age. to
take charge of Clifton F ark. "Vages, 80s. per week, with house
rent free. One with a knowledge of Forestry aud Landscape
Gardening will be preferred. Written applications, endorsed
" Park-keeper," to be sent in to me on or before the 2IHh inst.
By order, H. H. HICKMOTT, Town Clerk,

Council Hall, Rotherham, August 13, 1891.

WANTED AT ONCE,

A TRAVELLER,

Well up In Orchids, Hardy Plants, and General
Nursery Stock.

Apply, stating where previously employed, and salary ex-
pected, to W. & M., Gardavrs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, a practical
GARDENER, 10 visit and give advice to cottage and
allotment-gardeners in various tan-het in Worcestershire. —
Knowledge of Fruit-Growing arid various branches of allot-
ment-gar.'enirig indispensable. Knowledge of B^e manage-
ment desirable Salary 3U.S. per week, and travelling expenses.
— Apply, stating quiliticatiuus, to Rev. F. R. LAWbON. Clent
Vica'a e, Stourbridge.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DF.NEK, who thoroughly understands Vines, Glass,
Flower and Kitchen Gardens — Under-gardener kept. Wife
as Laundress. Churchman. — Write full particulars, to J.
FORREST. Esq . Grvmt Dyke, Priu e's Rishorough. Rucks. *

WANTED, a ^INGLE-HANDED GAK-
DENER.— One who understands rearing Poultry, and
willing to make himself useful preferred —Letters only, to
GARUENhR Gregory, 52, Hart Street, Govent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, a MAN and his WIFE, as GAR-
DENER and LAUNDRESS, without family, bath
thoroughly efficient. A comfortable dwelling, with coils and
gts, and good wages.— Apply, by letter, to W. C, Abbott's,
33, Eastchesip. London, EC.

WANTED AT ONCE, MAN and WIFE,
for an English Gentleman's Place, in a quiet part of
Ireland. Man must be a thorougrdy active and experienced
Out-door Gardener, understanding Flowers. Fruit, aud Vege-
tables. Wife must be a really gjod Laundress. To live in
Gate Lodge. No young children, but employment might be
givea to a grown up son or daughter. Good personal cha-
racter needed. —Address, P. BIOKNELL, Esq , 8y, Newingtjn
Butts, S E.

WANTED, an UNDER GARDENER,
marri-d. — A persevering young Man, to take charge
of Houses, with a good knowledge of Gardening in general.
Cottage found. Apply, stntiug experience, to Mr. G. GKIGG,
The Gardens, ^nffne N, Lyndhur*- .

WANTED, for a private place, an ORCHID
GROWER, to take charge under the Head Gardener.
Must be on experienced, competent man. 'Wages, 18s. per
week and bothy.— Apply, with all particulars, to SANDERS.
St. Albans.

WANTED, a FOREMAN, for the Fruit
Department, to produce first-class Fruit. Two iu
bothy. — Apply, giving particulars of experience, copies of
testimonials. &c— W BOWMAN. Hylanda Park, Chelmsford.

WANTED, a WORKING FOREMAN,
where Palms are grown extensively for Market.
Must have had experience in Market Nurseries, and be willing
and energetic. Permanent situation offered to a good Man,
—JOHN ROCHFORD. Page Green Nurseiies, South Tottenham.

WANTED, a good GENERAL FOREMAN,
manied. Wages, 21s, per week, with Lodge (Wife
to attend Gate), Coals, and Milk. Chietiy for Glass. Must tie
a good Decoiator, and produce good testimonials.— B., 7, High
Street, Tring.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, in a Suburban
Nursery, an active WORKING FOREMAN, with a
thorough knowledge of Growing Plants and Cut Flowers for
Market. Highest references as to character and ability
required. Married, no family, preferred. House and firing
frt-e. State wages, &c, to H , Mr. Barter, High Street,
Mitcham, Surrey.

WANTED, a thoroughly good MAN, for
Inside and Out. — Married, no children. Wages, 20s.
p°r week, and a cottage.— J. WADE, 74. The Chase, Not-
titigh im.

Improver in Bulb and Seed Department. %

WM. PAUL and SON have an OPENING
for a young MAN as above. Must be able to write
fairly. Apply by letter only in the first instance.— PAUL'S
NURSERIES, Waltham Cross, Herts.

WANTED, IMPROVER in Greenhouse
Department — Must be a gr>od hand at Tiring. — *pply
WM. BARRON and SON, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowush. Derby.

WANTED, a single MAN, to look after Hot-
air Engine, and when not so emplo- ed to fill up his
time in Garden. Not under 25. Bothy, and 15s. a week. —
GAKDENER. Frensham Place. Farnham" Surrey.

WANTED, a strong single MAN, as
GARDEN LABOURER, to work Lawn Mower,
horse-power; also use Scythe, and take leading part in work
of a large garden. Goud wage-' to a deserving man. Apply to
HURST and SON. Burbage Nurseries, Hinckley.

YSJ ANTED, a practical BOOK-KEEPER

▼ V (young man), with good knowledge of Seed Trade ; to
assist at Counter when required. — Apply, stating wasjes and
all particulars of testimonials, to H. B, Girdeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a JUNIOR ASSISTANT, for
Seed, Bulb, and Floral Business. — State wages re-
quired and full particulars to N.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the se?uler.

-yHE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

X CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competeut man as HEAD GAR-
DEN ER. who has a good knowledge of Orchids ; unexceptional
references in each ca.se.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SuNS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
find practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Lauiesand Gentlemen in want ot GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for firstrate Establishments or
Single-handed Situation*, can be suiied and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN cf the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. AH particulars on application.
Telegraphic ana Postal Address—'- DI< KS0N3, CHESTER."

RICHARD SMITH and CO.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will bo able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars. &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first>class HEAD GARDENERS.

GARD~ENprRT(HEAD'), ancTo KC HID
GROWER. — Age 31; f-eveoteen years' experience in
Orchids. Stove and Greenhouse Plants, early and late Forcing,
hardy Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens. — WILLIAM
LAKER. Q"orn Lodge. Loughborough, Leicestershire.

ARDENEK (Head). — Age 35, married;

understands Vines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants.
Flower and Kitchen Gardening; three and a half years iu
present situation. — A. B., Hilliugdon Heath, Uxbridge.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three are
kept. — Age 30, single. Sixteen years' experience in all
branches of gardening Two years in last situation - G.
BAKER, 4. Queens Terrace, Gomer Road, Teddingioi. MdnJx.

GARDENER (Head), in a good establish-
ment; fifteen years' practical experience. — J. C.
McPHERSON, Gardener to the Right Hon. the Earl of Londes-
borough, can with confidence recommend his Foreman,
G. Gumey. who has been with him four years, to any Noble-
man, Lady, or Gentleman, requiring the services of a good
all-round man. — Loudesborough .Park, Market Weighton,
Yorkshire.

GARDENER (Head) ; married. — Twenty-
four years' practical experience in all brunches of
Gardening, both In-ide and Out. Good references. — A. B.,
Mr. Barnes, Mappleton, Ashbourne.

August 29, 1891/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

263

GARDENER (Head), where three or more
are kept; fifteen years' experience in all branches of
Gardening. One year and nine months' good character. Six
years previous with Mr. Culverwell, Thorpe Perrow, Bedale. —
S. SEDGWICK. Leyburn, Bedale.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept.— Age 27, single; twelve jears' sound,
practical experience in all Brandies of the profession.— G. S.,
Mr. Mills, Avenue Road, St. Neot's, Hunts.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age SO;
thoroughly practical in all brunches, and character will
bear strict investigation. — A B., h§, Faulkner Street, Bishop-
fields, Chester.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Mr.
Hersev, Gardener to the Rt. Hon. >ir H. Sehviu-
Ibbetson, Bart., M.P.. Down Hall, Harlow. E-sex, highly re-
commends his pre e tit Foreman (who has been with him
2J years), to any La Ivor Gentleman requiring a good practical
Gardener. Has eight years' previous references frcm other
lar;e places, and is well versed in all branches of the
profession, especially Fruit and Plant Growing ; also House-
work. Has had charge of young men, and desires a cituation
where uot less than three or four are kept. Is well recom-
in-nded by the above gentleman. Abstainer.

GARDENER (Head Working), or FORE-
MAN, in a large establishment. — Age 30. Thoroughly
experienced in all branches. Good references. — HARDING,
17, Hall PIcc-*, Paridington, W.

/ > ARDENER (Head Working), where one
\J or more are kept, or good Single-handed. Under-
stands the management of Vines, Melons, Stove, Flower, and
Kitchen Garden. Age 36, married, no family. Seven years'
good character.— E. CROUKFORu, Holne Chase, Blet'hley,
Bucks.

G1 ARDENEK { Head Working, or good
J~ Single Handed).— Age vl. Good references from large
establishments.— \V. ALLsop, The Gardens, Rufford Abbey,
Olle'ton, Notts.

G^AKUluNEK (Head Working).— Age 32,
I no farailv ; hfe experience in all branches. Excellent
Character — E. W. JENK1NSON, Head Gardener, Kirby Frith
Hall, Leic-ster.

G^ARDEiNER (Head Working).— Age 39,
M married; a thoroughly good, practical, and competent
Gardener. Twenty-three years' experience in Growing Grapes,
Peaches, Figs, Melons, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Tom itoa,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids, Flower and Kitchen
Gardening, Early and Late Forcing. Abstainer. Highest
references.— GARDENER, Oak wood, Chichester, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single handed). — Age 27; twelve years' practical ex-
perience in all branches. Excellent testimonials. — J. BROOKES,
The Gardens. Nuttall Temple. Nottingham.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three under-ones are kept. — Age 30, married ; fourteen
and a half years' experience in all branches of Gartleniog,
Good characters from present and previous employers.—
BODMAN, Nunnery Gardens, Isle of Man.

0"> ARDENER (Head Working), where three
~M or moie are kept. — Age 3i ; married, two children;
fifteen years' thorough practical experience in all branches ;
seven years with present employer. Character, with testi-
monials, will bear stri te->t investigation. Leaving through
establishment being broken up. — W. DOUST, Lamberhurst,
Sussex.

ARDENER (Head Working); age 28,
married. — Mr. OFFER, Handcro^s Park, Crawley, can
with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring a good practical all-iouud man as above. He
has been with lum four years.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 40;
a good all-round hand. Married, with family. Good
character. Twenty years' experience. — T. JONES, Knowle,
Bispham, Foulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two others are kept. — Age 27; experienced in all
branches. Good character, — A. H., The Gardens, Randall's
Park Leatherheid, Surrey.

G^AKDLNER (Head Working).— Married,
* where 01 e or two a'e kept; thirteen years' experience
in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Orchids, Stove and Gr-enhouse
Plant , Flower and Kitchen Garden. Good character. — G.,
Mr. W. Burt. Albert Road. Cosham.

G\ARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
1 handed).— Age 32; married, two children; seventeen
years' experience; three years' good character from present
situation, seven previous. — GARDENER, Trentham, Ems-
worth, Hauls.

ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30;

fifteen yeais' g )od experience in Fruit acd Plants
under Gla^s, Kitchen and Flower Garden. Excellent testi-
monials and references— ASdWELL, Bedford Road, Mor-
hanger, Sandy, Bedfordshire.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 36,
married ; twenty years'-experience in all kinds of Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegetables. Early and Late Forcing. Wife as
Laundress, if required. Good characters, and well recommended.
— B. S., Croxby Grove, Rickmansworth.

ARDENER (Working) ; age 40, married,

one child (12 months); twenty-rive years' practical
experie re in Vineg, Pines, Peaches, and Nectarines, Flower
aud Ki'ehen Garders. Five years' character. Please state
wages, &c— THOMAS JAMES, High Lane, near Stockport.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or good
Second). — Age 2*. single; twelve yeais' experience in
general routine of Gardening. Four years' good reference
from last place. — DAY, Tubney School, Abingdon, Berks.

ARDENER (Head, or good Single-

HANDEO).— Age 40; one child, ag-d 8. Twenty-five

years' experience. Good references. -
Vale, Greenwich, S.E.

GARDENER, ti. Couduit

GARDENER (good Single-handed or
Second); age 2-*, married — A Gentleman leaving
the country fur town, wishes to recommend his Oardener as
abjve. Two years' g od character; four years' previous. —
E. L. PENTONHURST, Staines.

GARDENER (-ingle-handed), or other-
wise.— Age 311, married, one child ; thoroughly expe-
rienced in all branches. Good references.— MACK, 2, home-
stead Villus. Riverdale Road, Plumstead, S.E.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 25~;
ten years' experience in FJowers. Fruit, and Vegetabbs.
Good reference.-W. CORNVVKLL, Hadlow Down, Ucktield,
Sussex.

GARDENER. A beDtleman Wishes to re-
commend a Gardener who lived many years with him
as Gardener, or suitable for any position of trust. Wife. Excel-
lent characters. No children.— N. H., 71, Holmesdale Rjad,
Rtigate, Surrey.

GA R D ENER.-I should be pleased to
recommend my son, age 17. He has been regularly
employed here with me. He i, very trustworthy, and has gjod
knowledge of all the usual work in Houses, &c — F. FREED,
The Gardens, Edst Hendred House, Steven ton, Berk;*.

G^ ARDENER.— Mr. W. B. Bacon, who is re-
A moving, wishes to recommend bis Head Gardener,
thoroughly competent and trustworthy. Six years' excellent
characters. — For particulars, apply to Down House, Lamber-
hurst, Hiiwkhurst.

G GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
■ — Experienced in all Garden Work. Excellent character.
No objection to going abroad. — W. HOBBY, Brjmpton House,
Yeovil.

/ ^ ARDENER (Second), where three or four

vX are kept. — Age 2'.i, single; eight years' experience In-
side at d Out. Goou character.— W. BROWN, Colley Cottage,
Reigate Heath, Surrey.

GARDENER (Undeb), Inside, or Inside and
Out, in good place. — Age Ji ; well recommended by past
and preseut Head Gardeners.— E. MORRIS, 13, Park Road,
Duucaster.

GARDENER (Under).— Can be highly re-
commended by Mr. Latham, Botanical Gardens, Edg-
baston.— G. POWELL, 34. ThreeshiresOak Road, Smethwick.

GARDENER" (UNDER).-Th7~HEAD Gar-
Dener, Middletou Hall, Tamwonh. will be very pleased
to recommend a young mm as above to any requiring such;
has been in Gardens five years. Good character.

/ > ARDENER (Under, or Second), in Gentle-

\J man's girden. — A jouug man wishing to improve. Four
years' experience. No objectiou to bothy. — W. MATTHEWS,
Hill House. Hilling Ion, Uxbridge.

f GARDENER (Under), age 19.— A Lady

V-JT wishes to recommend the aoove tor Kitchen and Flower
Garden. Can drive and milk. — L. LEWId, Weruolen, Amman-
ford, South Wale*.

~~ m HEAD SHOPMAN.—

Advertiser has had twenty years good general experi-
ence. Ten years in last situation. First-class references. —
M. P., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 152. Houndsditch, E.G.

MANAGER,
Advertiser ha

PROPAGATOR. — Roses, Rhododendrons,
Conifers, Clematis, and other Climbing Plants, II dding
aud general Nursery Stuff. Twenty years' experience — A. B,,
55, Natal Road, St-eatham, S.W.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Well up in
Pelargoniums. Cyclamen, Fuchsias, Primulas, Calceo-
larias, Ciuerarias, Genistas. Hydrangias, Bouvardias, Hens,
Ferns, aud General Market Plants, Vines, Tomatos. CucumbTS,
Forcing Lily • f Valley, Bulb*. Sec. Good reference.— H.. Gir-
doners* Chronicle Office, 41, Welling:on Street, Strand, W.C.

GROVVEH, PROPAGATOR, and SALES-
MAN—Age 2-i. Well up in Palms and general Soft-
woodeil stuff. Cucumbers, and Turn itus. Goud references —
G GALTON. 101, Ha^elrigge Road. Claphani. S.W.

ORCHID GROWER (Second). — Young
man, age 22, seeks situation as above. Seven years'
experience iu Trade and private places. Understands both
Established and Imported Stuff. Good Putter. Last two
years as Second Grower to E. G. Wrigley. Esq., Dukinfield.
and formerly with the Barvins Park Collection.— H. COOPER,
5, Palmerston Road, Northampton.

FARM BAILIFF (Working), or to help in
the Garden. — Age 45, no family. Wife an experienced
Laundress. — A. Y., Spring Cottages, Stanmore, Middlesex.

FOREMAN, in a Market Nursery.— Age 29,
married. Good experience in growing best quality
Flowers for Market; also in managing men. Excellent per-
sonal character.— A. JOHNSTONE, Mr. Milne, The Nursery,
Hampton Hill.

FOREMAN and GROWER.— Age 30 ; fifteen
years' experience in Fruit and Plant Culture. Cut
Flowers. &c. Excellent references for ability and industry. —
K. B., 15, Narcissus Road, West Hampstead, N.W.

To Market Growers.

FOREMAN, or MANAGER.— Well up in
Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers. Cut Flowers, &c. Good
references.— FOKEMAN. Messrs. W. H. Smith & Sou's book-
stall, Waltham Cross Station.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, and GROWER.

A- — Thoroughly understands all Soft-wooded Sniff, Ferns,
Cucumbers, Tomatos; also good at Bouquets, Wre.iLhs, &c.
Twenty years' experience of Market and Retail Trade.
Abstainer.— G. G., 346. Mare Street, Hackney.

FOREMAN, in large establishment; age 28. —
Mr. FRtEND. gardener to the Hon, P C. Glyn, Rooks-
nest, God-tone. c»n conn 'ently recommend his hit-* Foreman
to any gardener requiring a thoroughly practical and deservii g
man ; fourteen years' experience,

Lj\)REMAN,in a good establishment. — Age 2";

J- twelve years' thorough experience. Inside and Gur,.
highly recommended a-* to character and ability.— A. B., ytj,
Salisbury Road, Highgate Hill, N.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 22; seven years in
good Fruit Establishment, Can be well recommended. —
H. HOLMES. Manor Nursery, Normandy, Guildford.

JOURNEYMAN. — Age 21 ; six years' expe-
rience with Grapes. Melons, Peaches, Cucumbers. Toma-
tos, and Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Good character. —
W. PROSSER. Holdfast, Uptou-on-Severn, Worcestershire.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or Second
Inside and Out. Age 22. Five years' experience. Good
references.— A Gentleman can strongly recommend a young
man as abave.— A. J., The Gardens, Haretield Grove, near
Uxbridge, Middlesex.

IMPROVER. — Age 22; seven years previous
experience. Inside and Gut. under Head Gardener; well
recommended.— SCHURE, care of Mr. Hawkins, Wedmgton
Road. Ilkley, Yorks.

To Gardeners.

IMPROVER. — Age 18; three years' experience
in Nursery; abstainer; good reference. — ERNEST, 9,
Custom S'reet, Victoria Dork Road, E.

TMPRUVER, in the Houses.— Age 18; six

A years' experience. Nineteen months' good character. —
Mr. A. SMITH. Caradoc Court Gardens, Ross, Herefordshire,
can with confidence recommend H. Cooke as above.

IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden. —
JOHN EVANS, Poslinsford, Clare. Suffolk.

'PO GARDENERS.— A youth (age 17) seeks

-1 employment in a Gentleman's Garden. Gue year in
last place. Bothy preferred.— CHiRLES COOK, Lirupdield,
Surrey.

TO GARDENERS, &o— Situation wanted, in
a Gentleman's Garden, by a youig Man.— Age 19; six
years' experience Inside and Gut. GoodcUdracter.— CARLiAR,
Water Laue, Purdeet, Essex.

■yO GARDENERS, NURSERYMEN, &c—

-L A young Man (a*e 22) requires situation ; eight years in
Fruit and Plant Growing; excellent references.— W.. G tr-
dentrs' Chronicle Otfice, 4-, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

'TO NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS. — A

X. young man wishes a situation in England. Four years'
experience u General Outbide Nursery Work. — For particulars
apply, X , W. G. Nice, Cotton Street. Castle Douglas.

rpo NURSERYMEN and GARDENERS.—

JL A young man. age 21, seeks situation. Has had expe-
rience in ihe riouses and Outside Work for three and a half
years. Well able to take charge of a Single-handed Place, or
as Under Gardener. Good character. — W. F0OTE, Larch-
wood, Horley, Surrey.

rFO NURSERYMEN, situation wanted in the

JL Houses, under a good Propagator.— Age 21. Four years'
practical experience iu Roses, Rhododendrons, Clematis, and
Coniferae. — J. WATERS, Hollamby's > urseiies, Groombridge.
Tuubridge Wells.

OHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of Seei, Bulb, Plant, and F'o«ver
Trade. Go^d retereuees. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwuod, E 3t Grinstead, Sussex.

"cHuPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER.

^~J — Age 28; Advertiser requires re-ei.gagement as abiive.
Thoroughly well up in all branchas, Wreith*, Bouquets,
Sprays, Bulbs, Plants. Nursery Stock, &c. Understands Uook-
keeping. — SHOPMAN, Patison Huuse, Finchley Road,
London, N.

rro FLORISTS. — Young lady, experienced

JL requires situation. Well up in Wreathe, Bouquets, end
Sprays; with a knowledge of Seeds and Booking. — Y. Z.,
The Nurseries, Bag--hot.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS. — Pure Blood.—
When the Blood is pure, its circulation calm and equable,
and Ihe nerves well strung, we are well. These Pills possess a
marvel'ous power in securing these essentials of health by
purifying, regulating and strengthening the fluids ami solids.
Holloway's Pills can be confidently recommended to all persons
suffering from disordered digestion, or worried by nervous
fancies, or neuralgic pains. They correct acidity and heait-
burn. dispel sick headache, quicken the action of i he liver, aud
act as alteratives and gentle aperients. The wtak niid delicate
may tdke them without fear. Hoi oway s Hills are eminently
serviceable 10 invalids of irr'table constitution, as they raise
the action of every organ to its natural stanoard, and univer-
sally exercise a calming and sedative influence.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AtrocsT 29, 1891.

"A LADY WANTS NO OTHER COSMETIC

THAN

But one caution is absolutely necessary from a hygienic point of view. It is a notorious fact that Pears' Soap is
sold at a very small profit (I think not more than about one half-penny per tablet), on the wholesale cost price,
consequently, one or other of the many soaps in the market (on the sale of which a profit of threepence or
fourpence per tablet may be made), is sometimes either substituted or recommended to the buyer as 'just as good,'
' equally pure,' &c, &c, &c, the real object of the dealer, of course, being simply to obtain the greater profit by
the sale of the inferior article which he recommends or attempts to substitute. Patients should, therefore, insist
on having Pears' Soap when they ask for it, otherwise they may find that, instead of being served with a Genuine
Soap, they have an article of most inferior quality foisted upon them ; something worse than worthless, calculated
only to set up HEAT, REDNESS, IRRITATION, and general unsightliness of the skin."

Prom "HYGIENE OF THE SKIN," by Mr. J. L. MILTON, Senior Surgeon,

St. John's Hospital for the Skin, London.

PEARS' SOAP makes the Hands white and Fair,
the Complexion bright and clear, and the Skin soft and
smooth as Yelvet.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Corent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Aonew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middle*, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Satubday, August 2i>, 1891. Agent for Manchester— Joint HrrwooD.

Established i84i."~

No. 245.— Vol. X.

f Third
[ Series.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1891.

f Regt. as a Newspaper, f PRICE

[WITH SUPPLEMENT. I POST-FE

3d-

FREE, Z\d.

CONTENTS.

Alnwick Castle Gardens

382

Obituary —

Apiary

277

Mr. James Bolton

286

Apples, does it pay to

Mis. Helen Porteus

grow ?

274

Knight

287

Apples, notes on

U84

Orchid houses

276

Book :—

Places of interest going

Grape Growing for

narth

283

Amateurs

281

Plants under glass

277

Burn Park, Uddingston

275

Pollination of flowers ...

276

Chiswick notes

2H0

Professor Isaac Bayley

Chrysanthemums in Sep-

Balfour

275

tember

273

Societies : —

Edinburgh, list of gar-

Basingstoke

285

dens in and about

278

Devon and Exeter

286

Flower garden

27fi

Dutch Horticultural ...

280

Fruit sales in Kent

2*0

Gateshead

280

Fruit under glass

277

Moor Park

256

Grapes, new

1:84

North of Scotland Api-

Growth curvatures in

arian

285

plants

280

Royal Horticultural ...

■j<-

Hexbam Nurseries

2S2

Royal Horticultural of

Kitchen gardens

21*

Aberdeen

286

Longleat

*71

Strawberries, the newer

Millbank Gardens,

and little known

283

sale at

276

Vine culture in Madeira

279

Mr. T. W. Girdlestooe's

Violas, a standard of

gardens

276

beauty in

275

Neobenthamia gracilis ...
ILL

1V2
JST

Week's work, the
RATIONS.

-'76

View in Dalkeith Garden

281

Neobenthamia gracilis ..

273

New Battle Abbey

283

Professor Isaac B.ivLey Ba

lfour

275

Vine Culture in Madeira.

(Set

Supplement.)

" Paxton's Calendar." Neio Edition, " The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, 3hd. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

Now Heady, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to Jime, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

Stnwljori' ic*

FINE COLLECTION of the best varieties

can be supplied. Orders should be booked now.

Descriptive CATALOGUE post free.

THOMAS RIVERS and SON, aaw bridge worth.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8*. per 100. Odorua, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 25s. per 1U00, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to—

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

ORCHIDS A SPECIAL! Y.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Soutbgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

AXTON'S NOBLE STRAWBERRY

RUNNERS (true), 2s. 6d. per 100.
D. GILBERT, Thompson's Library, Ashford, Kent.

ARNATIONS.— Souvenir de la Malmaison,

9s. per dozen ; Gloire de Nancy. 6s. per dozen. Very
strong, in 3-inch pots. Packages free. Cash with order.
JOHN BURCH, Staple Hill Nursery, Bristol.

CAMELLIAS in Tubs.— Two good Plants,
clean, well-set. To be sold for want o£ room. Seen at
Mr. HULSE'S, Fourth Cross Road, Twickenham.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton. and President. Price, 4s. per 10't, carriage
paid ; 30s. per 1000 ,on rail. Sample dozen. Gd. LIST free.
W. LOVEL AND SON, Driffield.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUB,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

BUTTON'S HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

O CROCUS, &c. FOR EARLY FORCING. Sutton's Com-
plete Collections of Bulbs for Early Forcing. Price 10s. 6d.,
21s., 31s. <od., and 42s. each. For full particulars see

SUTTON'S BULB CATALOGUE.— Beauti-
fully illustrated with numerous engravings, and a hand-
some coloured plate of "The Sutton " Anemone, and contain-
ing accurate descriptions of the choicest varieties, with clear
hints on their successful cultivation.

SUTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING. __

Bulbs for Early Forcing.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
have just received, and offer in splendid condition —
HYACINTHS, Single White Roman, 12s. and Us. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single White Italian, 10s. Sd. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single Blue Italian, 8s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Double Rose Italian, 10s. per ,00.
NARCISSUS, Double Roman, 6s. per 100.
NARCISSUS. Large-flowered Paper White. 7s. per 100.
Carriage Paid. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37. Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

L AXTON'S STRAWBERRIES.— Noble, the
king of Strawberries; Scarlet Queen and White
Knight, best new, both Certificated Fruit Conference— quality
first rate; Commander, best flavoured mid-season ; Albert, fine
Continental, late; Crescent, King of Earlies, J. Ruskin,
A. Nicaise, Vicomtesse, Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, La
Grosse Sucree. Paxton, President, A. F. Barron, James
Witch, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, Elton, Eleanor. Waterloo,
Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and 150 best varieties, true to
uame. Price LISTS free.

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— German Crowns
will flower the best. Write for Trade Price of strong
Forcing Pips to —

H. DAMMANN, Jun.. Breslau.

To Seedsmen.

FOR SALE, 100 bushels of exceptionally fine
well-harvested SHALLOTS, in large and small quanti-
ties (for Cash). Samples and price on application.
F. PEARCE. Knutsford House, Andover.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

Fine Suckers.

WANTED, Smooth Cayenne and Providence
PINE'SUCKERS. State price and number for dis-
posal to

J. W. DRAPER AND SON, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS, 3,000
H. Jacoby, 3,000 Vesuvius, 2,000 MacMahon, 1,000
Master Christine, 500 Lady Sheffield, 500 C. P. Gem, and
500 Vaucher. Sample and price to

G. PHIPPEN, F.R.H.S., The Nurseries, Reading.

WANTED, two specimen LAPAGERIA
ALBA, large plants — EXCHANGE CUPRESSUS
LAWSONIANA, from 1 J to 5 feet, good bushy stuff.
ENOCH WHITE and SONS, Royal Nurseries, Bournemouth.

WANTED, 100 rooted layers each of CAR-
NATION Germania and Mrs. Reynolds Hole ; and 200
PINK Malmaison. Lowest price to —

WILLIAM STRIKE, Florist, Stockton-on-Tees.

To Cut-Flower Growers.

WANTED, a REGULAR SUPPLY of
CUT FLOWERS (not choice), particularly Roses.
State particulars to—

C. B., Mrs. Albery, Stationer, Carfax, Horsham,

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS !
When sending orders by post, for Daffodils, from one of
the most varied Collections in Europe, will my various friends
kindly use the " Registered Envelope." as enclosed with Illus-
trated Catalogue. Copies of the latter are post-free, and
orders should reach per return for prompt delivery, as bulbs are
simply perfection this season.

WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24,
Patrick Street, Cork.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

ORCHIDS, &.C.— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochriaty,
• Ghent, Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

FOR SALE, two fine CYCAS REVOLUTA,
with seventy-three and sixty-seven fronds, suitable for
showing purposes; and two DIXONIAS, 7 feet high, fine
straight stems, good heads, in tubs. Price £20, or can be had
separately. Apply to —

J. WHILLANS, Blenheim, Woodstock.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! I !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHG3NIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions. Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and'VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. Gd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

rpHE CREAM of all STRAWBERRIES will

1 be found in the Four Varieties named : —

RUSKIN, for Forcing Early, in pots, 25s. per 100.
BRITISH QUEEN, for Forcing Late, in pots, 15*. per 100.
LATEST OF ALL, LAXToN'S. Runners, 15s. per 1U0.
OXONIAN, a Topper, 6s. per 100.

Plants Guaranteed best in the Trade.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

DOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
best HYACINTHS, TULIPS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
PANSIES, VIOLAS, &c, can be had post-free on application.
Everyone interested in any of the foregoing is invited 10 send
for a copy. — DOBBTE AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland. ^

Bulbs In Perfection, from Holland.

HC. HARTEVELT, Bulb Grower, at
• Lisse, near Haarlem, Holland, SUPPLIES PRIVATE
CUSTOMERS with the very best quality of BULBS. CATA-
LOGUES on application. Orders for £1 and over, freight paid
to nearest English seaport.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• ENGINEEHS to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and fublic Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular BoilerB.

King's Road. Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B,

26G

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION R30MS and ESTATE OFFICES, 67 anil 68, CHEAPSIDE. E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Friday Next.

Al.KIDES ODOBATUM DE.MIDOFFI.

A13KIDES AMINE.

VANDA GIGANVEA. „,vr.T,™ • „

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Stile Rooms,
67 anil 68, Cheapside. E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT, September 11,
at half-past 12 o'clock, a consignment of the above, imported
by Messrs. Walter Kernsley & Co., 147. Leadenhall Street,
K.C., just arrived in the best possible condition; also a
quantity of well-grown ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

L SELL by AUCTION at theirRooms, b7 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.G. FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-cla-s
HYACINTHS, TULIPS. CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and oilier
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Croydon. Expiration of Lease-

Three minutes' walk from West Croydon, and ten minutes'
from East Croydon Stations.
CLEARANCE SALE of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
by order of Mr. T. Butcher, whose Lease expires at
Michaelmas next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nursery,
Loudon Road, Croydon, on TUESDAY, September S, at 12
o'clock precisely, 1UC0 PALMS, in variety ; 2000 ADIANTUM
CUNEATUM, 5'JO AZALEA INDICA, well set. mostly white ;
100 CAMELLIAS, chiefly white; 200 ORCHIDS, in varietv ;
Specimen HAYS. ORANGE TREES, FERNS and PALMS,
TEA ROSES, EUCHARIS, 1 00 CHRYSANTHEMUMS, extra
tine plants, all named, and well grown; FLOWERING and
DECORATIVE PLANTS. HOYAS, STEPHANOTIS, and a
large assortment of other plants.

May be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises; of Mr. T. BUTCHER, the Station Road
Nursery, South Norwood ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 6H,
Cheapside, London. E.C.

Tatsfleld, on the borders of Surrey and Kent.

Two miles from Wesierham Statiou.
IMPORTANT to FRUIT GROWERS and USD SPECU-
LATORS. Immediate possession. Free conveyances.
Pavment by instalments.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, in a Marquee on the Estate
on TUESDAY, September 8, at half-past 1 o'Clock. 200 Plots of
FREEHOLD LAND, with frontages of 30 to 150 feet, and
depths of 200 to 400 feet, on the Manor House Estate, Tats-
field, Surrey, commanding most beautiful views, and specially
adapted for Villa Residences and Fruit Growing. A special
train will leave Cannon Street on the morning of Sale, and
Luncheon will be provided.

Particulars had of T. DURANT, Esq., Solicitor, 5, Guild-
hill Chambers, Basinghad Street, E.C. ; and, with tickets, of
R. VARTY. Esq. (the Vendor), 90. Leadenhall Street, E.G.;
and of the Auctioneers and Land Agents, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E C, and Leytonstoae, E.

Lea Bridge Road, E.

ANNUAL UNEE3ERVED SALE of fine WINTER-
FLOWERING HEATHS, &c.

liTESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

IVjL instructed by Mr. John Eraser to SELL by AUCTION,
oa the premises, the Lea Bridge Nurseries, Lea Bridge Road,
Leylon, E. (close to the Hoe Street Station, Great Eastern
Railway), ou WEDNESDAY, September 16, at 11 o'Clock
precisely, in consequence of the large number of lots, a large
quantity of —

WINTER- FLOWERING AND OTHER PLANTS,
including: —

2),000 Erica hyemalis
1,000 Tree Carnations
4,000 Erica gracilis
6,000 Genista fragrans
6,000 Ampelopsis Veitchii,

™ 1 feet
1.000 Epacris
2,000 Lapageria rosea

superba
6,000 Cyclamen persicum
(Fraser's superb

strain)
2,000 Passillora Constance
Elliott and ar-rulea
10,000 Clematis Jaokmannii
and other best named
sorts
1,000 Deutzia gracilis, estab-
lished in pots for
earliest forcing

2,000 Variegated and other
Ivies

2,000 Marechal Niel, Oloire
de Dijon, 8 to 10 ft. ;
Ni phetos, L'Ideal.aud
uIIl-t Tea-scented and
Noisette Roses ill
great \ ariety

6.000 Bouvardias, including
a lot of *' President
Cleveland "

5,000 Solanums, beautifully
berried

1,000 Ivy-leaved Geraniums,
best double kinds

1,000 Early dowering and
other Chrysanthe-
mums, tine strong
stuff
500 Grevillea robusta

And a great number of Erica ventricosa. Cavendishii, caffra,
large-ilowering white Jasmines, Stephauotisfloribunda.Boroma
megastigma, Escallonia macrantha, Japanese Honeysuckles,
Ceanothus, Aralia Sieboldii, Abutilons, Plumbagos, Lapageria
alba, Bignouias, Mnguolias, of sorts; Figs, strong, in variety ;
India-rubber plants, Palms, Ferns, Ficus elastica variegata,
and other plants. Also a large quantity of young Heaths and
Geuistas, for potting on.

The whole of the Stock is in the best condition, and ready
for immediate sale.

Hoe Street Station, on the Great Eastern Railway, is within
a short distance of the Nursery. Trains from Liverpool Street
every half-hour.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the premises, and of
the Auctioneers, 67 and 63, Cheapside, London, E.C, and
Leytonstone, E.

East GrJnstead.— Without Reserve.1

IMPORTANT to the TRADE and PRIVATE BUYERS.

SECOND ANNUAL SALE of WELL-GROWN STOVE and

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, fit for immediate sale.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. Roberts Bros., to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Moat Nursery, East Grin-
stead, close to the Railway Station, on FRIDAY, September 11 ,
at half-past 11 o'Clock precisely, the following unusually well-
grown stock : —

150 Specimen Eucharis,

2000 Roses in pots
5000 Bouvardias

800 Azaleas
2500 Palms, in variety

grand plants
1' 0 HalfspecimenEucharis
1500 Double White Primulas
2000 Adiantum cuneatum
Cyclamen, Begonias, Callas, Gardenias. 2000 Liiium Harrisii
and 2003 L. candidum (bulbs), &c.
May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Upper Edmonton.

The Dyson's Lane Nurseries, about five minutes* walk from
Angel Road, and eight minutes from Silver Street
Station on the G. E. It.

SIXTH GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of about 63,000
GREENHOUSE and other PLANTS.

\/f ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

111. instructed by Mr. H. B. May to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises as above, on MONDAY, September 14, at
11 o'Clock, punctually, owing to the large number of lots,
about

60,000 STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,

exceptionally well grown, and in the best possible condition,

the principal items comprising —

10,000 Tree Carnations, in-
cluding Mrs. Moore, Duke of
Fife, Florain, Winter Cheer,
Mrs. Reynolds Hull', and
many other first-class va-
rieties

2,000 Tea Roses in pots, extra
stroog, amongst them Ma-
rechal Niel, Grloire de Dijon,
W. A. Richardson, and
other-t. with well-ripened
growths, 12 to 15 feet long

Ficus elastic i variegata
Caxellias, English-grown (a

splendid lot), well set
Lapageria alba

20,000 Ferns, all the most
marketable sorts, many
ii ivelties

10.00} Bouvardias (including
Purity (new white), Pre-
sident Cleveland, Mrs. Robt.
Greeu, Candidissima, and
the best double and single
varieties

5,000 young Palms

3,000 Genistas, fine bushy
plants

Kentiaa (good plants), Cro-
tons, Eucharis, Aralias, Cle-
matis, Ivies, Ampelopsis,
A/, deai, Sulanums, and
other plants.

May be viewed auy day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, Loudon, E.C.

Lee, Kent. S.E.

GREAT ANNUAL SALE of WINTER-BLOOMING HEATHS
and other PLANTS — the sto;k this season being unusually
\\<ll grown and in splendid condition — to commence
punctually at 11 o'Clock, there being upwards of 1300 lots.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. B. Mailer & Sons to SELL by
AUCTION, ou the Premises, the Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries,
Lee, Kent. S.E , adjoining the lee Railway Station S.E.R.,
ou TUESDAY, September 15, without reserve, a grand collec-
tion of remarkably well-grown

WINTER-BLOOMING HEATHS and STOVE and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, Comprising :-
20,000 Erica hyemalis 1,000 Adiantum cuneatum

5,000 „ gracilis 1,000 Lomaria gib >a

2,000 ,, Cavendishii 80 - Tea Roses, in pots

1,000 ,, coccinea minor 1,000 Cyclamen persicum

600 ,, caffra
All the Ericas being unusually

well set with flower.
5,000 Genistas

4,000 Solanums, well-berried
1.500 Epacris to name
2,000 Bouvardias of sorts

500 Crotons, beautifully

colours 1
500 Acacia armata
1,000 Boronia megastigtna,

and others
1,000 Grevillea robusta
1,000 Ampelopsis Veitchii

And a large quantity of young Erica hyemalis, Cavendishii,
gracilis, and others; alto Genistas and Epacris, all in 60-pots
for growing on.

The Stock may now be viewed. Catalogues obtained on the
Premises; at the Seed Warehouse, 61, High Street, Lewisham;
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Hammersmith.— Absolutely without Reserve.

SALE of the BENEFICIAL INTEREST in the LEASE and
STOCK in TRADE of a well-established CUT-FLOWER
and FLORIST BUSINESS.

\\ ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

111 SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises: The Peacock
Nurseries, Hammersmith, on FRIDAY. September 25, at
12 o'clock, unless previously disposed of by private contract,
the BENEFICIAL INTEREST in the LEASE.

Immediately following the Sale of the Lease, the whole of
the STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS and other STOCK,
also the UTENSILS iu TRADE, will be SOLD by AUCTION
in suitable lots.

Particulars of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Enfield, Middlesex.— Preliminary Notice.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have
received instructions from Mr. Blundell to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nursery, Ridgeway Oaks,
Enfield, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising
ROSES, BOUVARDIAS, ASPIDISTRAS, FERNS, STEPHA-
NOTIS, CALLAS, GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, aud other
stock.

Further particulars will appear next week.

Enfield Highway, N.

The Brimsdown Nursery, adjoining Brimsdown Station. G.E.R.
TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL TRADE SALE of STOVE and

GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

The Sale to commence punctually at 11 o'Clock, there being

upwards uf 1300 lots to sell in one ilay.

jV/TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

111 instructed by Mr. J. Mailer to SELL bv AUCTION, on
the premises as above, on THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 17,1891,
without reserve, upwards of 130:) luts of remarkably well-

grown

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS,

mostly in 48-pots, and fit for immediate Sale, consisting of :

15,000 winter - blooming

Heaths, the best lot offered
at this Nursery for many
years, including hyemalis,
gracilis, Cavendishii, ventri-
cosa, in variety. &c.

3000 Tree and other Carna-
tions, leading varieties, in-
cluding Mrs. Moore, Duke
of Fife, Duke of Clarence,
Winter Cheer, Germauia,
&c.

5,000 Bouvardias, best vars.

2.000 Grevillea robusta

5000 Genistas

500 Double White Primulas

Chrysanthemums, new varie-
ties including Louis
Boehmer

Also quantities of Epacris to

Many thousands of small
Ericas and Ferns

5000 Solanums, splendidly
grown, acd unusually well
berried

5000 Ferns, Adiantums, Lo-
raarias, Pteris, &c.

500 Euphorbia jacquinsellora

1000 Stove aud Greenhouse
Climbers, including Dipla-
deuias of sorts, AUa-
mandas, Bougainvilleas,
Stephanotis, Taxonias, &c.

1000 FassiflorLis
I 1000 Ampelopsis Veitchii

500 Crotons, beautifully
] coloured

Large Azaleas for cutting,
Palms, Ficus
me, Callas, Poinseitias, Golden

Euonymus, Gardenias, Geraniums, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the .premises; at the Brunswick Nursery,
Tottenham ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

N.B. — The whole of the Stock is in first-rate condition. The
Ericas and Solanums are unquestionably the finest lot offered
at this Nursery for many years. The Ericas being especially
well set for flower, and the Solanums unusually well-berried.

Acton V?

IN BANKRUPTCY re JOHN REEVE*.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE, without the slightest

Reserve. Ry order of the Trustee.

IMPORTANT TO THE TRADE.— PRELIMINARY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nurseries,
Acton, W., on MONDAY, Sept. 21, an.1 following dais, the
whole of the extensive STOCK, including 100,0u0 FERNS,
40U0 EUCHARIS (large plants), a great stork of ASPARAGUS
TENUISISSIMUS ami PLUMOSUs, the ent:re stock of the
new Single Pink PELARGONIUM. ETHEL; 30U0 MISS
JOLIFFE CARNATIONS, the finest in the Trade; 80U0 ditto
in store pots; 301) Specimen Fielder's White AZALEAS, 1000
POINSETTIAS, 5000 CYPERUS, lO.Oui) Golden and Greeu
EUONYMUS, 800 White PEONIES, 3000 Irish IVIES in pots,
til- Erections of 30 GREENHOUSES, thousands of feet of
H« IT- WATER PIPING, &c.

Catalogues of the Auctioneers, ti7 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Sutton.— Camden House Gardens.

IMPORTANT SALE of the whole of the valuable Collection
of ORCHIDS. STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
which are so well known at the local shows — Preliminary.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
The Gardens, Camden House, Sutton, without reserve, on
THURSDAY. September 1M. the whole of the valuable Col-
lection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising
about 5'JO lots, and including beautifully-grown Specimen
Azaleas, large Lapagerias, choice-named Begonias, many
Specimen Plants, Stephanotis, Crotons, hue-trained Exhibition
Fuchsias, Camellias, Palms, &c.

Messrs. PROTHEROE AND MORRIS desire to call special
attention to the ORCHIDS, which include numerous fine
varieties, the greater portion cf them having been purchased
in (lower.

May be viewed. Catalogues of Mr. COOK, the Gardener, on
the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 07 and OS, Cheapside, E.C,

Derby. Tlie Mile Ash Nurseries.
CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the s'I'OVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, 60) CAMELLIAS, including many
specimens, large PALMS, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, Septembsr29anj30, the whole
of the GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS.
The outdoor NURSERY STOCK will be sold in October.
Auction and Estate Offices, 67 and 6S, Cheapside. E.C.

Bagshot.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT THREE DAYS' UNRESERVED
SALE of beautifully-grown and well-rooted NURSERY'
STOCK, which has been carefully prepared for removal,
and specially selected for this Sale, by order of Messrs.
John Waterer & Son«, Limited.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the cebbrated
Bagshot Nurseries, on WEDNESDAY, September 30, 1891, and
two following days, without reserve, several acres of NUR-
SERY STOCK, grown to the highest perfection, and exceedingly
well- rooted.

There will be included very fine specimens of Gold and
Silver variegated HOLLIES ; 2000 named RHODODENDRONS,
best and newest kinds; a large quantity of splendid specimen
CONIFERJG, particularly adapted for effective planting;
and other STOCK, fuller particulars of which will be duly
advertised.

Purchasers will be allowed until December 31, 1891, for the
removal of their lots.

May now be viewed. Catalogues obtained on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

267

Sunningdale. -Preliminary Notice.'

WITHOUT RESERVE.-SIX DAYS' ABSOLUTE CLEAR-
ANCE SALE of several acres of beautifully-grown and
thriving young NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mr.
Charles Noble.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to give notice that this ANNUAL SALE i9 fixed for
MONDAY, October 5, and five following days.

Further particulars -will appear in future advertisements.
The Stock may now be viewed, and catalogues had, when
ready, on the Premise*, and of the Auctioneers and Land
Agent*, l>7 and 08, Cheapside, E.C.

Specimen Exhibition Plants.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT PLANT SALE at MILLBANK,
Edinburgh.

MR. DAVID MITCHELL, Horticultural
AUCTIONEER, has been instructed by James Syme. Esq.,
of Millbank, to DISPOSE of, by PUBLIC AUCTION, on
THURSDAY, September 10, 1891, at half-past 11 o'clock, the
whole of the magnificent SPECIMEN AZALEAS, ERICAS,
PALMS, FERNS, ORCdlDS, CHOICE GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, including some tine Greenhouse Rhododendrons, &c.
The Azaleas and Eticaa are without exception the finest lot of
Specimen Plants in the country, have often been exhibited,
and always taken the leading prizes, more particularly at the
Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. They have all been
grown under the ca>e of Mr. Paterson, who is a well-known
cultivator. The whole of the Stock is in the best of health,
and will be Sold without Reserve.

Descriptive Catalogues, now ready, may be had from the
Auctioneer, 6, Comely Bank, Edinburgh; and from Mr.
Paterson, The Gardens, Millbank, Morningside.

Great Oakley, near Harwich.

EJ. CRASIvE will SELL by AUCTION, at
• The Cups Hotel, Harwich, on FRIDAY, September 11,
1891, at 3 for 4 o'Clock, I*. M-, by order of the Mortgagees, the
following properties :—

Lot l7—The Brick and Slated FREEHOLD RESIDENCE,
containing ten Rooms, with paved Hall, Fruit Room, and
Mangle Room; pleasantly situated in the healthy village of
Great Oakley, with large Gardens with choice Fruit-Trees,
FIVE LARGE GLASSHOUSES, including three Glasshouses
respectively 89 feet, 30 feet, and 25 feet long ; a 50 feet Vinery,
and a 40-feet House, heated with hot-water pipes ; Yards with
Chaise-house. Double Stable, and Cowhouse: the whole Pro-
perty containing about ONE ACRE. In front of the house is
an una ually fine Weeping Ash. Occupied by Mr. Edmund
Blowers, Senr. ; with early possession, if required. This excel-
lent property is well suited for a florist.

LOT 2. -FREEHOLD COTTAGES and WAREHOUSK, in
Great Oakley Street.

Particulars of Messrs JACKAMAN and SONS, Solicitors,
Ipswich ; and of the Auctioneer, Head Street, Colchester.

Beaclitield, DoncaBter.

To COLLECTORS of ORCHIDS, NURSERYMEN, and
OTHERS.

MESSRS. HEPPER and SONS are favoured
with instructions from Richard Morris, Esq., J.P., who
is leaving Beechfield, to SELL by AUCTION, on tin- Pre-
mises, on MONDAY, TUESDAY, and WEDNESDAY, Sep-
tember 14, 15, and lti, commencing at 12 o'Clock each day, the
Magnificent COLLECTION of ORCHIDS and STOVE
and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
Which comprises : —

IN ORCHIDS. — Phala^uopsis Luddemanniana, Amabilis,
Scbilh'riana, Sanderiana, and Graudillora; Cymbidium ebur-
neum, a very tine specimen with eight Hoovering growths and
five new growths; Cymbidium Lowiauum, Catih ya Meiuleiii
delecta F. C. C. from the R. H. S. ; Cattleyns Eldorado
( Wallisii), Gigas, Imperialis, Sanderiana, Aure:i, Mbssice,
Trianu', Schilleriana, Amethystoglossa; Angreecum, Sesquipe-
daleand Sanderiana; Aeride.s Fieldingii, Ailine. and Sanderi-
ana; six dozen of Odontoglossum crispuno, and 2 dozen 0.
Peecutorei, all selected, when in flower, as being of the best
types, and now in vigorous health ; Odontoglossom triumphans,
Grande, Harryannm, Cirrhosum, Coronarium, &e. ; Cypripe-
dium Grande, Elliotianum, Argus, Hirsutissimuni, Spiceri-
anum, Jnsigne, and Barbutum; Coelogyne cristata; Dendro-
bium Wardiauum, Thyrsitiorum, Crassinode, Aurea, &c. ;
Lycaste Skinnerii ; Oucidiums ; Masdevallia ; Maxilhiria ;
Miltonia, Yanda suu\ is, and Tricolor, Sec.

IN STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS. — Nepenthes,
Curtisii Superba, Dicksoniana, Hookeriana, Morgana?, Mas-
tersiana, and Railles'ana; Anthnrium Andreana Sanguiuea,
A. Thellusonii, Madame Ed. Pynaert (finest white),
Scherzerianum Wardti and S. Maxima ; Antliurium Crystal-
inum, 5 feet diameter, in robust health; Aloeasia Lowii,
Sanderiana and Metallica ; Pancratium Speciossirua and Fra-
grans (the foregoing are all large specimen plants and in
splendid condition); four magnificent Lapagerias, Alba and
Rubrum, each showing hundreds of Mowers; Tillandsia Lin-
denii, Medenilla Magnifica, Phyllotcenium, Carludovica Pal-
mata, Clivias in good varieties ; twenty specimen greenhouse
Rhododendrons, irom 2 feet to 4 feet in diameter, in all the
leading kinds; a very tine lot of Crotons, Caladiunis, and
Dracaenas, Asparagus Plumosus, and A. deflectus; Palms;
Tree and other Ferns; Camellias and Azaleas of the best sorts;
a grand assortment of Amaryllis; Liliums; Gloxinias from
the best strains; New Holland plants; upwards of 600 Chry-
santhemums, be&t named varieties, and many other plants
which cannot be enumerated in the space available in an
advertisement.

Catalogues (Is. eaclO, which will be ready ten days before
the Sale, may be had of the Auctioneers, East Parade, Leeds,
and holders thereof only will be admitted to view the collec-
tion on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, September 9 and 10,
from 10 to 4 o'Clock.

N.B.— Mr. MORRIS' valuible collection of Pictures, English
and Foreign Silver, and the extensive assortment of rare
Bronzes, China, Ivoties, Curios, Cabinets, &c. collected by
him on a tour in the East, as well as the excellent appoint-
ments of the residence, and the Horses, Carriages, Cow, and
outdoor effects, will be sold on WEDNESDAY," THURSDAY,
and FRIDAY. September 16, 17. and 18; and on MONDAY,
TUESDAY, and WEDNESDAY, September 21, 22, and 23.

The Pictures and other art property may be inspected on
SEPTEMBER 9 and 10, on presentation of address card, and
Catalogues (Is. each) may be had. The puhlic view of the
whole of the contents of Beechfield will be SEPTEMBER 14
and 15.

Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday Next.

EXTENSIVE IMPORTATIONS of first-class BULBS from
HOLLAND.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on MONDAY, WEDNESDAY and SATUR-
DAY NEXT, September 7, 9, and 12, at half-past 12 o'Clock
precisely each day, extensive importations of first-class DUTCH
BULBS, just received, in splendid condition, and specially
lotted to suit the trade and private buyers, comprising many
of the best-known sorts of HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES,
NARCISSUS, SCILLAS, IRIS, COLCHICUMS, SNOWDROPS,
&c Also EARLY WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS, in quantity ;
PAPER WHITE NARCISSUS, GLADIOLI(TheBride). LILIUM
HARKISir, L. CANDIDUM, fee., for Forcing.

On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Saturday, September 12.

MESSRS. C. FULLER and SON will SELL
by AUCTION at Cope's Nursery, Grove Road, Woodford
(ten minutes from George Lane Station, G.E.R.), the entire
stock in trade and plant of a nurseryman aud florist, together
with the erection of three span-roof Greenhouses, 82 feet X
14 feet, 40 X 12, and 10 X 8.

On view day previous and morning of Sale. Catalogues of
the Auctioneers, Buckhurst Hill, and Lough ton.

N.B.— These compact premises TO LET.

WANTED, to PURCHASE, a genuine
FRUITERER'S, FLORIST'S, and GREENGROCER'S
business, south or west of England preferred. Particulars to
T. HARE, Wellingore, Lincoln.

By Order of the Mortgagee.

SALE by TENDER of MESSRS. ALLUM'S
well-known NURSERY, close to Mill Hill Park Station,
Acton. This valuable property, being the Stock- in-Trade, in-
cluding the large Glasshouses and several Thousands of Plants,
together with the Lease of Two Cottages, will be disposed of in
ONE LOT for Cash, as above.

Full Particulars may be obtained from Messrs. DOD LONG-
STAFFE, SON AND FENWICK, Solicitors. 16, Berners Street.
W. ; or of the Auctioneers, it. Royal Crescent, near Uxbridge
Road Station, W., prior to MONDAY. Septemb?r 14, 1891, on
which day the Tenders will be opeued at 12 o'Clock, noon.

FOR SALE, a genuine SEED and FLORIST
BUSINESS, Over 10 years' Lease unexpired. Low rent.
Main road position. Doing nearly £J0O0. Can be much im-
proved with good management. Every convenience fordoing
a larger trade. Greenhouse and Conservatory, and Stable at
rear of shop. All in excellent repair. Satisfactory reasons for
Leaving.

Apply to R. PECKK1T. Est ite Agent, Wellington Street,
Woolwich ; or, C. N. NEWMAN, 3 i, Plumstead Road, Plum-
stead, S.E.

T^OR SALE, or LET, a FREEHOLD. About
L 3 acres of this old-established Nursery, id good position,
between Weybridge aud Chertsey, Surrey. A good opening
for an energetic man. Ten minutes walk from Chertsey Oi
Addlestone station, South- Western Railway; in a rapid in-
creasing neighbourhood. For particulars, enquire of —
W. DALE, Kuockholt, Kent.

[TOR SALE, a FLORIST, SEED, and MJLB

-T BUSINESS, in a nrst-clasa London Suburb. Well fitted
with Greenhouse, Heated, and every convenience ; with capital
chance to let off part.— Apply, FERN. [Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

FLORIST'S, FRUITERER'S and SEED-
MAN'S BUSINESS for DISPOSAL. Situate in a good
class West suburb. Long lease, grand position. Turnover
about £3000 per annum. At good profits. Working expenses
very low. Price £850.

Particulars of FLORA, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

I^OR SALE, 5 acres and 1 plot of FREEHOLD
LAND, at Tatsfield, Surrey, near Westerham. Price
£150. Apply to—

D. E. ASQUITH, South Croydon Nursery, Newark Road,
Croydon.

FOR SALE, the twelve years' LEASE of a
NURSERY (2 acres), seven Glasshouses, all heated.
Within 10 miles of Covent Garden, and close to two stations.

Apply, F. H..5. Gladstone Villas, Fairfield Road, Edmonton,
Middlesex.

TO GARDENERS WITH £100.— A good
living Trade to be had for the above sum. Apply to —
INDUSTRY, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the llieori/ and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
brings experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens, Florist and Seed

BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS'
HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti-
culars of the above, and can be obtained, grati9, at
67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C.

rpHE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY

-L (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 4.3. Great Tower Street, E.C.

PALMS.— For Special Low Offer of PALM
SEEDS and SEEDLINGS, all the leading kinds, -write to
H. DAMMANN, Jun., Breslau.

EXHIBITIONS.

BRIGHTON HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION.
GRAND AUTUMN SHOW of PLANTS, CUT FLOWERS,
and FRUITS. September 9 and 10.

TWENTY POUNDS offered for EIGHT STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, in flower. Schedules may be had if

E. CARPENTER, Secretary.
96, St. Jame3 Street, Brighton.
1892. — The Summer Show Schedule will include Classes for
Stove aud Greenhouse aud Fiue Foliated Plants, Pelar-
goniums, Ericas, &c.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY,

ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

EXHIBITION OF EARLY CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

DAHLIAS, GLADIOLI, &C,

Wednesday and Thursday, Sept. 9 and lo.

Schedules of Prizes, and all information, to be had of —

RICHARD DEAN, Secretary, Rauelagh Road, Ealing, W.

DOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS

JL to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. Ths finest
Btock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Paucras.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs aud Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on applicatiou to their Agents. Messrs. MERTENS and CO.,
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.C; or themselves
direct, atOverveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B.— No connection with any other firm of the same name.

\TISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are

V cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN. Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains tin FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

BMALLER and SONS beg to offer to the
• Trade a very extensive aud unusually well grown
Stock of ERICAS (Hyemalis and other varieties), EPACRIS,
SOLANU.MS, GENISTAS, CYCLAMEN, BOUVARDIAS of
sorts, ADIANTUM CUNEATUM, and other FERNS; PALMS,
in variety. GARDENIAS, STEPHANOTIS, FICUS ELASTICA,
CROTONS, GUEVILLEAS, TEA ROSES (in pots), BORONIA
MliGASTIGMA, VINES (in pots), &c.

An Inspection is invited.
Trade CATALOGUES forwarded on application.
The ANNUAL SALE by AUCTION will be held on Tuesday,
September 15.

Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries, Lee, S.E.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERKAD and SON. 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

Kentias7aspTdistr_as7Xzaleas,&c.
KENTIAS, in60's, 50s. per 100; in 48's, 18s. per doz.
SEAFORTHIAS, extra strong plants, in 60's, 45s. per 100 ;
in 48's, 9s. per dozen.

ASPIDISTRA LURIDA, established plants, about 1000 leaves,
and htrge WHITE AZALEAS, at exceptionally low prices,
to clear.

SMITH AND LARKE, Ashford, Middlesex.

Evergreens fur Immediate Effect.

J NO. JEFFERIES and SON have pleasure in
offering the following in well-rooted handsome speci-
mens, at verv low rate9 : —

ARBOR VIT.-E, American, 6 to 8 feet.

,, ,, Siberian, 0 to 8 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, 6 to 8 feet, and 8 to 10 feet.

„ EREC TA VIRIDIS, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Green, 4 to 5 feet, and 5 to 6 feet.
LAUREL, COLCHIC, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 7 feet.
PICEA NOKDMANNIANA, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS. 0 to 8 feet, and 8 to 10 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
JNO. JEFFERIES and SON, Royal Nurseries, Cirencester.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci aud Meadow SaffroDs.
COLLECTIONS of BULB?, 10s. <od,t 21s., 42s., andt*3s.
COLLECTIONS of DAFFODILS, 5s. orf., 7s. Gd., 10s. 6^., to 105s.
Hvacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Pseonies, Lilies,
Gladioli, &c.
BARR and SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

COMPULSORY SALE of BULBS!
The Great Northern Railway crossing our Gardens, and
having satisfied our claim, demand a clearance. Pheasant-
eye NARCISSUS, 8s. per 1000, best. Write, at once, for list
of greatest bargains known, to

D'ALCORN and CO., Bulb Farm, Spalding.

FERNS 1 FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantnm cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, 50s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J . SMJT H. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

268

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

BULBS-BULBS-BULBS.

CHARLES "SHARPE & CO.

Have just received their first Cossighhext oi

DUTCH BULBS,

IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

Single ard Double SNOWDROPS, Named
and Bedding HYACINTHS (CROCUS,
named, and iu mixture), Single and Double
TULIPS, Border NARCISSUS, POLYAN-
THUS NARCISSUS, ROMAN HYA-
CINTHS, and all other kinds of LULbS,
it very low rates.

Wholesale and Retail CATALOGUES
on application.

Retail Orders over 10s. in value, Carriage Free.

charlejTsWpe & CO.,

SEED GROWERS, SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS,

SLEAFORD.

SEEDLING PLANTS

OF CHOICE

Florists' Flowers.

We have much pleasure in offering the following in Stioog,
Healthy, Transplanted Young Stuff, from our superh strains.

Free by Post, at prices quoted. Per dot. s. d.
Auriculas, Alpine, very choice strong young plants,

for blooming next season 2 li

Calceolarias, herbaceous, sp'endid strain 2 a

Carnations and Picotees, from choicest named

flowers per 100, l1 s. 6ii. , 1 6

Cinerarias, large-flowered, very fine, per 100. 10s. 6d., 1 6

Hollyhocks, choicest double 6 for 2s., 3 6

Primulas, Alba magnifica, Splendid Pure White ... 3 6
„ Crimson King, deep Crimson, magnificent

colour 6 for 2s., 3 6

„ Choicest Red, White, or Mixed, per 100, 10s. id. 1 6

Hyacinths, Early White Roman, fine selected

oulb, fer 100, 10«. 6o,

Narcissus, paper White ,, 7s. id.

.. New large-flowered ,, 10s. Gd.

,, Double Roman 7s. Gd

Lilium Harrisii, fine bulbs 56s. Od.

Extra fine ... „ 80s. Od.

Primulas, double Pure White, splendid for furnishing an
abundance of Cut Flowers throughout the Autumn and
Winter. Well-rooted, stroug young plants, from 3-inch pols.
Per 100, 42s. ; per dozen, 6s. ; 3 for Is. 9d.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOQUE (No. 2D,

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivationof Ferns, ONE SHILLING and SlXPF.NCE,post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE. MANCHESTER.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (No. 509), of E. H. KRELAGE AST SON.
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists to the Court,
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, ami will be sent, post-
free, and without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letters, direct to

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
Bupplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price?, consistent with correctness and superior
character. Seed for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY. KENT.

DUTCH and CAPE BULBS and PLANTS,

DIRECT FROM THE GROWERS AT
GROWERS' PRICES.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Delivered entirely free in Aberdeen, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff,
Cork, Dover, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Gloucester, Goole,
Grangemouth, Grenoock, Grimsby, Guernsey, Harwich, Hull,
Isle of Man, Leith, Limerick, Liverpool, London, London-
derry, Middlesbro', Newcastle-on-Tyne, Plymouth, Portsmouth,
Southampton, or any other port iu direct communication with
Rotterdam or Amsterdam.

Orders over £2 10s. sent free to destination to any plare in
England, Scotland, or Ireland. Club (Joint) Orders for the
Fame amount also delivered free to destination. No charge for
picking or packages.

Full particulars of our enormous Collection of Bulb*, -with
List of splendid Noveltie?, will be found in our NEW LIST
for 1891, eighty-eight pages in English, which will be sent to
all applicants, post-free.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, C'ovent Garden. W.C.

STRAWBERRY RUNNERS.— Fine, strong,
healthy Plants. Sir Charles Napier, 12s. per 1000 ; and
Paxton, 10s. per 1000. Cash with order.

P. BOULTON. Beerhenlea Nursery, Swanley.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS for SALE.— Sir
J. Paxton, guaranteed true, 12s. per 1000; Noble, 2s.
per 100.

E. SLARK, West End Fruit and Market Gardens, Thorpe,
Chertsey.

CARNATIONS, good plants, ready for 48's,
or planting out: —
Germania, 8s, per dozen.

Malmaison, and Mrs. Reynolds Hole, 6s. per dozen.
Gloire de Nancy, Fimbriata alba. Pride of Penshurst, 5s. p. dcz.
Crimson CLOVE, and a Clove-scented red, 3s. per dozen.
Robert Prince (Clove-scented, perpetual flowering), strong
plants in 40*9, to bloom this autumn and winter, lUs. 6rf. do/..
J. GORE. Florist, Polegite, Sussex.

S~~ TUAAVBERRIES.— A large selection of the
best varieties, true to name, well-rooted, 3s. &d. per 100,
30s. per 1000.

The following newer and highly-recommended sorts can also
be supplied : —

A. F. Barron, 10s. per 100 [ Latest of All, 20s. per 100

AugusteNicaise, 7s. 6d, per 100 Noble, 5s. per 100; 35s.
Competitor 20s. per 100 per 1000

John Ruskin, 15s. per 100 | Victory, 5s. per 100

All the above established in small pots, 10s. 6d. per 100
extra. The Trade supplied.

JAMES BACKHOUSE and SON, York.

LAXTON'S NOBLE STRAWBERRY.--
Very fine, strong, healthy, and well-rooted young plants
every one true to name (stock having come direct from
Laxton), 3s. 6d. per 100, carriage free.

COOPER and SON, The Nurseries, Hadleigh, Suffolk.

LILIUM WALUGHIANUM SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly fine and rare Lily. The plants are
strong and healthy, in flower and bud.

Price, 6s., 7s. 6d., and 10p. 6d. each.
Price to the Trade on application.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

ORCHIDS.

Oi<r Fine Illustrated CATALOGUE of DUTCH and other
FLOWER MOOTS. NEW and CHOICE ROSES.
FRC/T TREES, \c., should be read by all intending
purchasers before Ordering. Post-free, 3d., or Gratis to
Customers.

DANIELS' BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

EARSON'q

^ CHOICE ^^

BULBS

See Testimonials. "**■

Price Unequalled.

Every article grown by a specialist.

CARRIAGE FREE

On Orders of Ten Shillings.

J. R. PEARSON & SONS,

Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

ROOZEN BROTHERS, the Liverpool horticultural co.

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and in excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. C97.

POST PEEE ON APPLICATION.

DlOiCS!

Seed &
fid 5 Bulb
sav Growers

Chester

MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded),
' The beat of all for Forcing. Thousands
for Disposal.

CROUXetFILS,

Nurserymen.
- LE VAL. D'AULNAY, PRES SCEAUX
(SEINE). FRANCE.

Great Specialty in Trained Fruit
Trees lor Immediate Planting.

CATALOGUES fiee on application.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

GLASS! CHEAP GLASS!

Iu Stock Sizes.
,„„,. „ .,112X10,18X12,18X14.24X14
15 oz., per 100 ft., ,9s. <W J h x 12, 20x12, 18 X16, 24x16
2L-OZ., ,, 13«. O'-j 1(ixi2, 16x14, 20X16, 21x18, &c.

Heating Apparjtus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. per square ; Matching, at 3s. 9d. ; 2x4, at Jrf.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, Doors, Paintd,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsuate Street Within, London, E.C.

SCOTT'S WASP DESTROYER.— Has stood
a teat of many years as the only effectual protection (or
Fruit Trees, &c, from Wasps and Flies. Price 1.?. 6tf. ai.d
2«. 6<2. per bottle.
CORRY and CO., Limd., 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.C.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free. — 4 and 5, Wormwood Street, E.C.

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

269

TRADB MARK.

FOR PLANTS.

QUICK. LASTING. ECONOMICAL.

The Gardens, Seacox Heath, Haivkhurst, Kent, March 11, 1891.
Dear Sir. — Having used your"Clay's Invigorator"for some
lime, I am exceedingly pleased with the results obtained from
it. As an Exhibitor I have used it upon most sorts of Vege-
tables with great advantage; also upon many sorts of Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Pot
Strawberries, Chrysanthemums, &c. For Lawns it has a quick
and beneficial effect. For Amateurs and those with small
gardens, where there is a difficulty in obtaining stable or farm-
yard manure, your "Invigorator " ought to be of special value,
as it is clean in use, easy of application, and reasonable in
price.— Yours respectfully, J. GILMOUR, Gardener to the
Right Hon. G. J. GOSCHEN, M.P.

Sold by Seedsmen, Florists, and IVurserr/men, or direct from the
Works, in 6<t and Is. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:—
7 lbs. 14 lbs. 28 lbs. 56 lbs. 112 lbs.

2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s.

The above Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Rag.
and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth
of each Bag.

A Sample Packet will be sent post-free on receipt of
One Shilli.no by the MANUFACTURER—

Marsh Island, Stratford New Town, London, E.
NO CONNECTION with ANY OTHER FIRM

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning

Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
A-k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. E.C.

Bond.
Fide

BENTLEY'S

THE STOTT

SPECIALTIES for DESTRUCTION OF INSECT PESTS.

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR.

Letter received from The Earl of Lisburne.

S. Wales, June 20, 1890.
Sir, — Am very well pleased with the Distributor; it does its
work well, and is a most useful invention. — Yours faithfully,

LISBURNE.

PATENT SPRAYER.

Extract from letter from Mr. G. Norman, Gardener to
The Right Hon. The Marquis of Salisbuby.
The Gardens, Hatfield House, Herts, April 20. 1891.
Sib, — I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention.

PATENT SYRINGE.

[Extract from letter from R. White, Esq., Arddarroch,
i-m a Gareloch Head, Dumbartonshire.

July 20, 1891.
I consider the Syringe bought from you one of the cheapest
and best I ever had. It is especially good for spraying Odonto-
gio^sums.

KILLMRIGHT.

Extract from letter from Mr. J. Young". Head Gardener to
the Zoological Society, Begtnt's Park, London.

July 12, 1891.
It is the best Insecticide I have ever used, and the cheapest.

FEEDMRIGHT.

Extract from Letter from Mr. T. Wise, Gardener to
F. Taylor, Esq., Ash Lawn, Heatm, liolton.

September 20, 1890.
Your Patent Manure has given us every satisfaction.

Bona
Fide

WEED DESTROYER.

Mr, J. Hudson, Gunnersbury House Gardens, writes : — "I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

Mr. A. Ward. Stoke Edith Park Gardens, writes :—" I am
pleased to tell you that I am exceedingly gratified wilh the
results of your Weed Destroyer, as it destroys both Weeds and
Moss on the walks most effectually, and gives the gravel a
bright appearance."

In the following sizes, carriage paid: —

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 19s. 0d.

6 „ „ 10s. 0d. I 18 ., „ 27s. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 50s.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

P.ARROW-ON-HTJMBER, HULL

GISHURST COMPOUND used sinee 1859
for Eed Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
euper^ede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6rf.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6<£. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

TESTIMONIALS and PRICE LISTS on application.
Jittail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and
li. tail from the STOTT "DISTRIBUTOR CO. Ltd., Barton
House, Manchester.

QLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN

O DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. 6d. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6, Maryleport Street. Bristol.

T A TRINE MANURE.

-Li For Sale at Bisley.

Offers are invited to be sent to
THE SECRETARY, National Rifle Association, 12, Pall Mai
East.

FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &c,

On CARRIAGE DRIVES,
GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS,

WALLS, STONEWORK, &c.

Saves more than twice Its cost in Labour. No Smell.

One application will Keep the Walks and Drives

clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.

Mr. \V. G. He AD. Crystal Palace, says :—" We are so satisfied
with your composition and its price that we have used it abso-
lutely. I have every confidence in recommending it."

Mr. R. Irwin LYNCH, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge, says: — "There can be no question with regard to its
efficacy."

Prices : —In 1 and 2-gallon Tins, 2s. per gil. (Tins included) ;
in 5-gallon Drums. Is. 6d. per gallon. 10 and 15-gallon
Drums, Is. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger
quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards.

fj" Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty- five gallons
of water.

For particulars of ANTI-FUNGI POWDER for TOMATO
DISEASE, ZINC LABEL. INK, GARDEN MANURES, WORM
KILLER, &c, write to the Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers,

THE "ACME" CHEMICAL COMPANY,

Tunbridge, Kent;

and Carlton Street, Bolton, Lancashire.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons.
30s. BAMBOO CANES, 3J feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truokload ; STICKS, from
lfoot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL. 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA SULPHATE of AMMONIA. GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co..

Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwurk Street, London, 8.E.

THE

PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Unrivalled for JDestroying" Weeds on

Garden Walks, Carriage Drives,

Stable Yards, etc.

Recommended by the entire Horticultural Press.

Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works,

and used regularly at Kcw Gardens, etc.

Price—

Gallon 2/, 5 gal. 1/9, 10 gal. 1/C, 40 gal. 1/4 per gal.

Carriage paid on 10 gallons and upwards.

Used in the proportion of 1 gallon to 25 gallons of Water.
Sole Manufacturers: The

HORTICULTURAL & AGRiCULTURAL CHEMICAL GO.

Works: 97 MILTON ST., GLASGOW.

Cautios. — Please, carefully note our name, address,
and trade mark, and do not be deceived btt imitations and
apparently lower prices of inferior articles. Our manu-
facture* cannot be obtained genuine at Tunbridge, Kent,
except from our Agents, Messrs. Wibmer <fc Wardlet,
Chemists there.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; 5 for 47s. 6d.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. &d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

os. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6rf.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &.C., is. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. M.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. 6d . per pack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, is.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
Special Termstothe Trade. GARDEN STICKSof all descriptions
For PKICE List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD. Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM. PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOS8 Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGW0OD, HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

„ 4 feet

6 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

,, 5 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

The'e Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASH
PRICES,
CARRIAGE
PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY &

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS.

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Z^<fo"^J«n»,Mr.H.SBmiJTO!r,Se«a«m»Ti,&c.,2,Hollow«yRd.,tf.

■i

•i

CO.,

270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

S T R A WBER RIES.

LAXTON'S NOBLE— the king of strawberries,

And of which Open-air Grown Fruit has made as much as 10s. per lb., Wholesale, in Covent Garden, is again in great demand, and as I have
fuite sold out the. last three seasons, and been unable to supply some of my Customers, I shall be glad to receive early orders for this and the
New Varieties,

SCARLET QUEEN and WHITE KNIGHT (Both Certificated at the Fruit Conference).

r.„Q,. i*rt nf thp Best Market and Garden Sorts are Cultivated true to name. Strong Runners from Open Ground (and the usual
Over 150 ot the aesx, ua ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ pBICED LISTS FREE

LIBERAL TERMS TO THE TRADE AND MARKET GROWERS.

THOMAS LAXTON, seed grower, BEDFORD.

FORD HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BO

&8&L,

Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.

Can be erected by unskilled labour in a few hours. No Caulking
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdown.

PATTERN No. I.

A, 11 pipes at top, 4 each Mile of ^ Length.

furnace, S water-bars J 4 feet 6 inch, long

B, „ „ ,, 6 feet 6 inch, long

C, ,. ,, ,i 9 feet 6 inch, long

Discount to the Trade.

Heatirjg-power iu

I inch pipe.
.. l.L'OO feet
1,61)0 feet
.. 2,000 feet

£ .«.
13 12
15 2
17 5

Above Pi

res include all Castings, Bolts and Washers, Furnace-door fitted to front
Casting, and india-rubber Joint Rings.

%BT SECTION OF JOINT.

Bolting together with India-rubber Ring Joints.

Largest Stock of Hot-water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, in the Trade.

Illustrated CATALOGUE free on Application to—

65a, SOUTHWARK ST.,
LONDON, S.E.,

IRONFOUNDERS, ENGINEERS, BOILERMAKERS, Bus.

CHAS. P. KINNELL & CO,'

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS SMITH'S SNOW - WHITE

JACKMANII.— The flowers ore paper-white, about the
same size as those of the old purple Jackmanii, but pro-
duced iu even greater profusion. It is unrh ailed for beds,
and also for climbing. Ready in August. 7s. Gd. each.

PTERIS TREMTTLA SMITHIANA.— This

ia a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. Gd. each.

BULBS.— The best procurable.

STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds. De-
scriptive LISTS free.

Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
planting out.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,

WORCESTER.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS. CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c, free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad,

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, aud reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses.
Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames ; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot-water Pipe3, and all appliances for
heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Price 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country ; an inspection of
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
ua enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

^ London Office :- 163, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

LINDLEY'S MEDICAL AND ECONOMICAL BOTANY. With numerous Illustra-
tions. 8vo, cloth, price 5s.

London : BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. (Limited), Bouverie Street, E.C.

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

271

CARTERS'

FORCING BULBS,

B^or Planting during this and next Month to
produce beautiful White and Coloured Flowers
for Christmas and Easier Decoration.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.

Very large Bulbs, price 21s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
Large Ilulbs, price 15s. per 10) ; 2s. per dozen.

DOUBLE ROMAN NARCISSUS.

Price, 6s. per 100; Is. per dozen.

PAPER WHITE NARCISSUS.

Trice, 6s. per 100 ; Is. per dozen.

VAN THOL TULIPS <«wr«*y«wo«o.

Price, 7s. 6d. per 100; Is. per dozen.

WHITE EASTER LILY.

Fine Bulbs, from the largest cultivator.

Price, Is. aDd 2s. &d. each ; 10 r. 6<2. and 21s. per dozen.

ALL PARCELS CARRIAGE FREE.

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a

beautifully coloured Plate of the White Easter Lily,

GB4.TIS and POST-FREE to Customers.

Koyal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants.
237 il
i38

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

CURRANTS.

RED and BLACK, strong 2-year-old Treeo.

DUTCH RED. 10s. per 100.
RABY CASTLE RED, 10s, per 100.
NAPLES BLACK. 12s. per 100.
25. per HO leas for quantities of 1000. Samples lots of

12 trees of either above sorts, 2s. Grf.
The above are offered free on rail atWisbeach, and will be
r i ly for removal in a few weeks. Remittance with order for
lota "f under 500. Banker's or London reference for larger
quantities. When ordering, name this Paper.

M vSAGER, Osborne House Fruit Farm, Wisbeach.

VICTOR

POTATO,

EARLIEST OF ALL.

Now Is the time to procure ; and to prevent
disappointment, Order direct of the Raisers.

Plant " VICTORS " now for using at

Christmas, or put into boxes to sprout for

planting out-of-doors early in March.

Prices on application, to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

Seed Farmers and Merchants,

SLEAFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.

WORLD-RENOWNED

BULBS

CONSIGNMENTS ARE NOW ARRIVING,

The Bulbs being Well Ripened

AND

In Splendid Condition for Forcing, &c.

HYACINTHS,

TULIPS,

NARCISSI,

CROCUS,

SNOWDROPS.

For particulars see Illustrated Catahr/ue.for
tea riled Gratis and Post-free to all applicants

B.S. WILLIAMS & SON,

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries,
UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

AGENCE GENEKALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses. Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lezSchooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — Stkecker, Autwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1J Yeir).

Pbice, 12s. 6d. pee 100.

SAMPLES FREE OX APPLICATION.

WEB

Early Forcing

BULBS

WEBB & SONS only offer the very
FINEST SELECTED ROOTS.

For Full Particulars, see

WEBBS' BULB CATALOGUE,

Beautifully Illustrated, Gratis and
Post-free.

THE ROYAL SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE.

NOTICE.

In our next Number will be published a Report of the
INTERNATIONAL FRUIT and FLOWER SHOW,
Tobehetdin the Waverley Market, Edinburgh, Sept. v. 10, 11.

tigM'.r with numerous Portrait < of th: Officials of the

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

including that of the President.

The Most Nobis the MARQUIS of LOTHIAN, K.T.

As a larr/e extra circulation of this number is
guaranteed, it will form an excellent medium for adver-
tising. Advertisers should communicate without delay with
Mr. A. G. MARTIN, Publisher, 41, Wellington street,
Cuvcnt Garden, London, W C.

THE

<$ardcnm'#wmicU.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1801.

LONGLEAT.

IN writing of great houses, the use of adjec-
tives should not be too freely indulged in,
but in the case of Longleat, 1 must describe it
as a beautiful and magnificent place. The house
was commenced in 1568 by Sir John Thynne,
the founder of the family, on the site of an ancient
priory, near a spot where a mill stood, and
the leaf, or trench, which conveyed water to this
mill, gave the place its name. The architecture
of the edifice is a mixture of English and
Italian, not uncommon in great houses of its
period. The four fronts of the massive building
are ornamented with pilasters and cornices, and
there are turrets and statues, and handsome
balustrades on the roof. The three stories of the
venerable building lift the roof to a dizzy height,
and as the leads afford a capital bird's-eye view
of the park and surroundings, I asked permission
to ascend, and reached them after a steep climb up.
The park, with its wide expanse of turf, fine
timber, and numerous deer, lies around the
roof trees in stately beauty. Most of the sur-
rounding country belongs to the owner of Long-
leat, and the Marquis of Bath might almost say
in his own neighbourhood, what Alexander Sel-
kirk said of his island, " My right there is none
to dispute." Almost the whole of the sylvan
country around this high roof belongs to the
Marquis. Due west, however, on a clear day,
one can see the distant tower of Ammerdown
Park, the residence of Lord Hylton. On the
south side of the house a fine avenue of Elms, a
mile in length, leads to the village of Horning-
sham, and here and on the steep slopes which
shut in the park in other directions, several
groups of deer disport themselves with all the
grace of their tribe beneath the trees. Every-
thing that meets the eye is extremely charac-
teristic of a well-kept domain.

Prom this lofty eyrie one can read the map
below. On the west side, close to the house, we
look straight down upon a newly-shaven cricket-
ground, where a match, more lively than that at
Lord's or the Oval, is in progress between the
people of the village, the servants of the house
and four young clergymen of the neighbourhood.
On the north side, we overlook the formal edgings
of a Dutch garden, composed of clipped Box,
Yew, and Berberis Darwinii, but not then fur-
nished with flowers, which could not have been
safely put out at that date, the twenty-third day
of the most cold, inclement May ever known.
There is besides another garden in another style
on the same side of the house, the whole space
forming a large square diversified by hedge and
shrub, and having the house on one side, with
an orangery opposite. An ornamental strip of
water, called in past times the Longleat, divides
the garden from the park ; and on the fourth

272

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

side of the square is a handsome block of build-
ings, including stables, brewery and laundry,
whose architecture accords with that of the
house. The margin of garden between park and
house on its other three sides is a narrow one, so
that the deer can approach near the windows.

It is quite a long walk from the roof to the
cellar, where the hogsheads of good ale are almost
innumerable. Longleat is famed for hospitality.
When George III. came here, following in his
century the footsteps of Queen Elizabeth and
Charles II., 125 visitors slept in the house. Ten
years ago, the Prince and Princess of Wales met
600 guests here at a ball, and stayed nearly a week ;
and at the coming of age of Lord Weymouth,
1100 friends and tenants took luncheon together.
The house has a frontage of 220 feet, and the
cellars are nearly as long. It is fortunate for
their present owners that the builders of six-
teenth-century houses usually had sound ideas of
size and proportion. The rule with them, that a
great house should have large rooms, was strictly
observed at Longleat. If this were the proper
plaoe, I should have wished to describe the
beautiful oeilings, and marble fireplaces from
Italy, reoently added to several of the rooms,
and the baronial hall, decorated with armorial
escutcheons, hunting pieces, and stags' horns.

The woods approach the house nearest on the
east side, where they clothe the sides of such a
hill that few persons would care, at night, to
pass on wheels down the carriage road that runs
through the wood, and athwart the slope of that
steep hill. I came that way from Warminster.
Cley Hill, with its barrows and antiquities, its
smooth turf carpet on the chalk, and its long
view, lay on the right as we entered the park.
We were already in the wood, and I soon found
that a long and steep desce.it lay before us.
The view from this high ground, whence the
panorama of the house and the park below is
first seen, is very beautiful. One favoured spot
on the ridge is known by the name of Heaven's
Gate, and the legend runs, that a distinguished
lawyer visiting Longleat, gained for this spot its
name in this way. He had paused to admire
the prospect, whan he was asked what he thought
of it, "My lord," he replied, " for a lawyer, I was
never so near Heaven before."

One of the greatest early improvers of Long-
leat was the first lord of the family, Lord Wey-
mouth, who made the gardens just noticed on
the north front, and placed statues therein.
This was at the end of the last century, and the
gardens replaced a meadow which hardly occu-
pied an appropriate site so near the house. The
third Viscount Weymouth became the Marquis
of Bath, and the sire of fifteen children. The
second Marquis followed his lead to the extent
of numbering ten in family, and although the
present Lord of Longleat has only six, one may
hope that these will suffice to perpetuate his
name.

Visiting the gardens under the guidance of
Mr. Pratt, I may preface a very short account of
them by s lying that they are what excellent
and energetic management, with twenty-seven
gardeners, can make them. There are 9 acres
of kitchen garden. The vinery, in which Mr.
Pratt's achievements are well known to the
gardening public, is 208 feet long and 30 feet
wide, in three compartments; Musoats in one,
and about twenty leading sorts in the others.
We took a brief look into some of the other
houses, in which were ripe Melons, and long
rows of ripe Strawberries, blushing in their piti
and we glanced into another house for Peaches,
and another for Figs.

I was much interested in the pleasure grounds,

reaching [from near the house to the kitchen
garden. Here, and in the woods, were planted
the first Weymouth Pines, named from their
introducer, Lord Weymouth. I much admired
two great silver Firs, growing near Mr. Pratt's
house, and about 125 feet high. There are many
others nearly as high, with proportionate, girth.
Probably the most remarkable specimen plants
in these pleasure-grounds is a standard Salisburia
adiantifolia, 50 feet high. A Pinsapo, 30 feet
high occasioned a pause, and one could not pass
a Cedar of Lebanon 100 feet by 13 feet without
yielding it the tribute of great admiration. The
Huon Pine of Tasmania, Dacrydium Franklinii,
of which a cut appeared in Gardeners Chronicle,
has been unfortunately much hurt by the
severe winter, in spite of its sheltered position, so
that Mr. Veitch, who says in A Manual of the
Conifers, that it is not unfrequently met with in
British collections, correctly describes it as only
" moderately hardy." A fine specimen of Arau-
caria imbricata, in the same grounds, as well as
the exotic Conifers generally, have escaped
injury. I must pass many specimens without
mention, but not the very handsome Purple
Beech, 80 feet by 11 feet, since it is perfect in
its shape ; nor the Sequoia sempervirens,
which Lord Bath planted thirty-eight years
since, on his twenty-first birthday, which is now
a fine tree 80 feet high.

A heronry should be named in a pond north
of the house, and here my catalogue must end,
and I must quit the park, returning to War-
minster by a road passing through Horniugsham,
and through several miles of woodlands where
pheasants, secure in t he protection of many
keepers, mustered by the roadside as if to be
admired. II. E. [An illustration of Longleat,
with a full account of the Vineries, etc., was
given in our number for December 12, 1885.]

New or Noteworthy Plant.

NEOBENMAMIA GRACILIS, Bolfe.n.gen.ettp*
This singular Orchid (fig. 33) was sent to Kew
from Zanzibar by Sir John Kirk in 18S1. From the
first its peculiar habit attracted attention, being
altogether different from any other African Orchid
known, and, indeed, from anything else in cultiva-
tion. In February, 1890, it flowered for the first
time, and proved, as suspected, to be quite a new
type. It will not fit into any existing genus, and the
only course possible is to propose a new one for its
reception. It belongs to the tribe Vandeie, as it
possesses a distinct stipes and gland to the pollinia,
and to the subtribe Cymbidiese, as the lip is adnate
to the base of the column, and without a spur.
Apparently it must stand next to the genus Brom-
headia, which has erect leafy stems, with distichous
leaves, and two ovoid pollinia, which are sessile on

* Neobsnthamia , n. gen. — Sepals, sub-equal, somewhat
spreading, the lateral 01103 slightly couuate at base, also
slightly adnata to base of lip. Petals similar. Lip. somewhat
spreading, entire, somewhat narrowed and fleshy in lower
half, adoate to base of column at extreme base, immoveable ;
the disc slightly hairy, but without keels or crest. Column
short and stout, angles sub-acute, footless ; pollinia 2, some-
what bifid, attached to two slender curved stipes, which are
united at extreme base, where tbey join the semi-circular
scale-like gland.

N. gracil'S, n. sp. — A tall, branching, and somewhat
straggling plant, at present about 4 feet high, with slender
sub-erect or spreading branches. Leaves distichous, numerous,
recurving, linear, unequally bidentate, 5 to 7 inches long, 3 to
5 lines broad. Racemes terminal, short, many- flowered.
Bracts linear setaceous, lj to 2 lines long. Pedicels 9 to 10
lines long. Sepals and petals sub-equal, oblong, 5 lines long
by 2 lines broad, white. Lip obovate-oblong, truncate or
minutely apiculite, undulate on the sides, narrowed below,
white, with a yellow nvd lie line, and a row of rosy-purple
spots on either side, the diet slightly pubescent. Column
whits, anther-oass dull purple, minutely puberulous. Kative
Of East Tropical Africa.

a scale-like gland. In that genus, however, the lip
is three-lobed, and the side-lobes embrace the
column, which latter organ is membranous, and
broadly two-winged, none of which characters are
seen in the present genus — besides the well-marked
difference in habit and in the stalked pollinia. All
the structural details are admirably represented in
the annexed figure, which has been prepared by Miss
Smith. The sketch showing the habit of the plant
is much reduced, as will be apparent when it is stated
that the leaves are 6 inches long.

The upper branch on the right shows the short,
almost capitate raceme, a portion of which with
three flowers and several bracts is represented,
natural size, in the left-hand bottom corner. All
the other details are enlarged. The plant, which at
present is about 4 feet high, is loose and straggling
in habit, as if it grew naturally among bushes and
availed itself of their support. It branches at inter-
vals, and apparently may grow to a much larger
size. The distichous leaves are drooping, about
6 inches long, and the short many-flowered racemes
are borne at the ends of the branches. The flowers
are white, except that the lip has a yellow mid-line
and a row of rosy-purple spots on either side, with
the anther-case dull purple. It is a very interesting
addition to the somewhat meagre list of Tropical
African Orchids. It is named in honour of the late
Mr. G. Bentham, the well-known author of numerous
classical botanical works, whose revision of the
Orchideaj for the Genera Plantarum has well been
termed " a masterpiece of research and scientific
taxonomy," and is certainly a great advance on
anything which preceded it. The genera pre-
viously named in his honour have been singularly
unfortunate.

The Benthamia of A. Rcbard has proved to be
identical with Herminium ; and that of Lindley
is only a section of Cornus, characterised by its
drupes being united in a fleshy syncarpium. But as
this is generally known in gardens as Benthamia, it
seems best to add the prefix " neo " (as has been
done in several similar cases), in order to prevent
confusion. The specific name gracilis refers to the
slender habit of the plant. B. A. liolfe.

Roses.

MR. T. W. GIRDLESTONE AT HOME.

I am not going to imitate that hateful institution
of the Victorian era, the Society paper. I cannot
really tell which foot my friend puts on the floor first,
when he rises in the morning, whether he likes his
egg boiled hard or soft, or any of those numerous
trivialities concerning his domestic life which seems
to find so much favour with those who cater fur
the curious craving about other people's busi-
ness, which demands and obtains so much pabulum
of this nature, for I think that most people will
consider my friend is really at home when he is in
his garden, and it is of this garden I propose to give
a very imperfect sketch.

It was on a pleasant afternoon in July that I
arrived at Sunningdale Station, from whence a walk
of about three-quarters of a mile brings one to the
charming residence which Mr. Girdlestone's father
created, and which he still lives to enjoy. About
fifteen years ago Mr. Girdlestone reclaimed the land
around from that barren heath-like character which
forms the principal feature of this part of Berkshire,
near Ascot and Bagshot, the Bagshot and peat sand,
but a favourite region for what are called American
plants. We have all seen and admired the wonder-
ful Rhododendrons, Azaleas, &c, which the Waterers, .
the late John Standish, and Mr. Noble were and are
wont to produc». Conifers also flourish in a region
where seedling Firs are for ever showing themselves,
where the heath has not been brought under cultiva-
tion, and for that very reason one where loam-loving
Roses would not be likely to flourish. But love and
labour conquer all things ; and asRoses had to begrown,

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

273

the soil had to be made for them. How well thia
was done, we know from the success which attended
Mr. Girdlestone's exhibits before he took up with the
single Dahlia ! Oh ! what a fall was there, my
countrymen ! and now a good portion of the ground
once occupied by them is given over to common uses.
On the front of the house there was evidence that
Roses do thrive here ; a fine plant of Mar6chal Niel,
from which 300 blooms had been cut this year, tes-
tified to this ; nor did it, although it has been many
years planted, show any signs of canker. Being
specially interested in the single Roses, which Mr.
Girdlestone has made a specialty, and in which he
is so well up, I was, of course, anxious to see them,
and especially the grand plant of single Polyantha,
of which a photograph appeared some time ago
(Nov. 26, 1887). On our way to it, we passed the
rockery, which in spring must have been a beautiful
sight; but as all cultivators of alpine plants know,
July is not a month in which they show to advantage,
the Primroses, the Gentians, and allied species are
over, and it is in the herbaceous border rather than
on the rockery we are to look for points of interest.

saw it, was one sheet of bloom. Truly a Bheet !
just as white as one, not a green leaf to be seen ;
and as I stood in admiring wonder before it, I could
not help saying, " Well, it was worth all the journey
to see this alone," and it is within the reach of
everyone who has a garden. It is perfectly hardy,
grows very rapidly, and while it lasts, is unsurpassed
for chaste loveliness. Then Mr. Girdlestone has
been experimenting on it as a stock, and he speaks
hopefully of it, especially for Teas. Of this doubt-
less we shall hear more by-and-bye. Most of the
single Roses, of which Mr. Girdlestone has an excel-
lent collection, and in which he is an adept, were
past, but one Macrantha, one of the very finest of
them all, was still in flower, this has a large
pure white flower, the centre filled up with light
yellow stamens. The Moss and other summer flower-
ing Roses were also over. The principal feature of
Mr. Girdlestone's Rose culture at present is, I think,
the Tea Roses. Indeed, one could not help sighing
as we passed up where the Hybrid Perpetuals used
to be grown so well, and to find " Dahlia Street "
taking their place, and Cabbages occupying it in

Fig. 33. — neobenthamia gracilis, (see p. 272 )

One is continually coming upon such points. Here,
for instance, is a bed of Oenothera taraxicafolia,
about which I am somewhat puzzled. I have one
apparently similar in flower which I received under the
name of marginata, but its foliage is quite different,
and it has an unpleasant habit of getting away from
where it was planted and appearing elsewhere. A
plant of it I had has entirely gone from where I placed
it, and has travelled under the walk and appeared on
the border at the other side. Here again we come
upon the ubiquitous Shirley Poppies, in their fine
variety of colours ; and, of course, the Iceland
proper and another, P. altaica, with terra-cotta
coloured flowers, which goes very well with the
Iceland. We also came upon a fine plant of the single
Polyantha, which in my ignorance I supposed at first
to be the plant so well known by the photo which
appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle, and by Mr.
Girdlestone's vivid description of its beauty ; but I
was soon convinced this was a mere baby in com-
parison with that which I soon came upon, and which
for floral beauty it was impossible, I think, to find
anything to excel. It is now from 15 feet to 20
feet higb. and about 30 feet in width, and when I

other places. The Hybrids are grown out in
groups of one sort, and certainly serve for decorative
purposes; they do not consequently receive that
individual attention they used to do, when each
bloom was carefully watched. In excuse for this
lamentable defection, one has to say that Mr. Girdle-
stone is a busy man, that his engagements have in-
creased very considerably during the past two or
three years, and that the Rose show season comes at
his very busiest time.

A large number of the best varieties of Teas are
grown in rows, so that they come under the careful
notice and critical acumen of their owner ; frauds
are detected and beauties enjoyed, and as Mr.
Girdlestone is well-known by raisers of flowers,
they are often to be seen here before they are seen
elsewhere ; and, indeed, I believe some have their
doom pronounced here, and never appear before
the public. Of the newer Teas, Ernest Metz,
Cleopatra, and Madame Hoste, were all considered
good ; the latter is, perhaps, a little deficient in
fulness of flower, but its bud is, I think, the most
pointed of any Tea Rose known ; and although
somewhat thin, not so much so as to prevent it from

being a good exhibition Rose. He had a favourable
report to give of Mr. James Wilson, but I very much
fear whether the Rose which the same firm has
named after him will be quite worthy of the name
it bears. That Tea Roses are grown well here is
evidenced by the fact that Mr. Girdlestone won the
Silver Medal of the National Rose Society for pro-
bably the largest bloom of Comtesse de Nadaillac
ever exhibited, and this in so unfavourable a season
as the present, was a great feat. It would be tedious
to enumerate the fine flowers we passed — the
Mermets, Edith Giffords, Pirolas, &c. ; suffice it to
say, that all good kinds were to be found here, one
of each against a wooden fence, and the remainder
of the row planted to the border, some five or six
plants in a row, thus giving an excellent opportunity
for viewing and^recording their doings.

Of course, many good Roses are to be found here.
When Mr. Girdlestone met me at the station he
had a stick in his hand which might challenge com-
parison with a Tipperary shillalagh. This was cut
from a William Allen Richardson, so it will be
readily imagined how that favourite Rose flourishes
here. L'ldeale is a formidable competitor, for it has
a lovely variety of tint wanting in the older flowers
and seems as if it would be equally vigorous.

It would take up too much of your space to
enumerate the charms of this delightful home of
flowers ; but it may be enough to say that there is
perhaps but little of outdoor floriculture that does
not find its representatives here, and that intelligence
and skill of no mean order are brought to bear on
their cultivation, with a success that is apparent on
all hands. Wild Ruse.

Florists' Flowers.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM IN SEPTEMBER.
We had fully-developed flowers of those handsome
early-flowering varieties, Madame Desgranges, white,
with a tinge of yellow at the centre ; G. Wermig,
primrose ; and Mrs. Hawkins, golden-yellow ; the
two last-named being sports from M. Desgranges.
They are right welcome additions to the greenhouse
at this season, grown with three flowers on each
plant, which is about 3 feet high. There are other
varieties which are also welcome inmates of the
greenhouse, and beautiful in the open garden for
filling beds or borders. The blooms appear before
the autumn- flowering Michaelmas Daisies, and require
the same kind of treatment. From what I have
observed in various public and private gardens, the
Chrysanthemum proper promises well for flowering
in November, and should fine weather set in and
continue during September, we may have an early as
well as a good bloom. The buds are not late ; we
have been " taking " our buds from the middle of
August, and by the end of the first week in Sep-
tember all, or very nearly all, will be set. This
setting of the blooms is an important matter, and
requires of the cultivator a good eye and a steady
hand. If you peer into the centre of the shoot, one
of three at the top of each plant, there is the tiny
flower-bud, less in siz* than a pin's head, and imme-
diately below it, in the axil of every leaf, growths
will be noticed which are pushing upwards ; if these
are allowed to grow, the flower-buds will perish, and
as they are robbers of the buds from the first, the
sooner they are removed the better. Take the shoot
in the left hand, hold it firmly, and snap the leaf-buds
over with the little finger nail of the right hand, and
those leaf growths which are very close to the flower-
bud must be removed very carefully indeed, else the
bud will go too, and the work of a season will be
lost so far as that particular bud is concerned.

We have had some ills to worry ns during the
season, the sharp frost in May caught the plants,
and we now see its effects on the leaves. A little
later the leaf-burrowing maggot became a source of
worry, and remained for many weeks, every plant
had its quota of burrowers ; in some instances, a
score or more on one plant, we had no alternative but

274

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

to follow them in their windings and destroy every
individual specimen by hand. With the advent of
July, thrips came in clouds — they always do here
whenever the hot weather sets in — the hundreds of Car-
nationsallover the place seem to beabreeding-ground
for them, and day by day the tobacco-powder was
dusted on to them. We have tried several " patent "
appliances to distribute the powder, but after a time
we fall back upon the penny tin pepper-box. The
thrips are not yet gone, nor will they go until the
flower-buds show round, and hard well above the
foliage. They lodge and board in the creases of the
tender young leaves, and the fight with them must
be continued until the leaves are fully developed,
and too hard for their sucking apparatus. Ten
days ago we saw the first traces of mildew, and
the first traces of Potato disease appeared with
it. Doubtless certain atmospheric conditions favour
these fungoid growths, which, although they may
be specifically different, are yet so nearly allied
that they thrive under the same conditions of the
atmosphere. We can check the mildew for the time
with sulphur applied in powder, or used in a liquid
state, dissolved in warm soft soapy water. The
Potato disease beats us, and ever will, I fear, from
the impossibility of reaching it with the disease
destroyer.

We began to feed the plants with stimulants about
the middle of August, powdered bones and guano,
mixed with three times their bulk of soil, as a surface-
dressing, a space being left for two applications at
intervals of two weeks. The second time, Thomson's
Vine Manure was used. A change of diet is as
necessary for plants as for men and animals. Sir
Walter Scott states, I think, in Guy Mannering, that
at one time the labourers on the farms in Scotland
used to stipulate that they should not be supplied
with salmon oftener than two or three times a week.
They tired of the rich food, and, believe me, there is
a much closer relation between the cultivator and
his plants, in the matter of treatment, than most of
us seem to think ; at any rate, Chrysanthemums
suffer if they are under or over-supplied with stimu-
lants, and every observant cultivator will bear me
out when I say that they do best with a change in
-their diet, and a change of air is good for Chrysan-
themums as it is for Carnations. We may go
further and say, that they are much more influenced
at the time of the development of their flowers
by the effects of light and judicious ventilation than
we are. The above may seem to be but verbiage to
some, but I fear we pay too little attention to the
mysteries of cause and effect in their relation to
plant-life.

The Editor constantly tells us that, " He that
questioneth much shall learn much." I wish he
would tell us why some of our plants grow 3 yards in
height, while others are content with an altitude of
3 feet? We do not want the extra 2 yards of stem.
Our plants of Madame Audiguier will certainly
touch 12 feet in height before the flowers are de-
veloped. We want varieties like Avalanche and
Edwin Molyneux, the best in quality of flowers, and
displaying their blooms below the eye of the culti-
vator; Louis Ba'hmer, too, is a nice dwarf variety.
It cannot be a sport from Mrs. Alpheus Hardy,
as it is scarcely like it in foliage, and not so tall
iby half.

Many of the very best new varieties grow to a
convenient height, I could name a score. We can-
not expect ladies to mount a step-ladder to examine
our specimen blooms. We must appeal to raisers
not to save seeds from the very tall varieties — we can
do without them. The specimen plants are now re-
ceiving atttntion. To make a handsome bush of a
large-fl)wsr<;d C linese or Japanese variety, each
indivilual growth requires a neat stick, those sold in
bundles are too thick ; we get bundles of laths, and
make them of the thickness we like. Pompons, the
" Chusan Daisy," as the late ^Mr. Fortune termed
them, need no artificial supports. >" Some have much
better habits than others in this section. They
require manure-water now freely, and surface dress-
ings also if the space on the top of the soil admits
of it. </. Dmtglat.

DOES IT PAY TO GROW
APPLES ?

Ms. Douglas, in his article on the above subject,
says very much of what is true on this subject ; but
I think he is rather hard on the farm labourers when
he so unfavourably compares their work with the
spade to that of either tailor or shoemaker. Were
he living where I am, in the midst of a purely agri-
cultural district, he would have just reason to
apologise for the comparison. I am willing to admit
that there are black sheep in every fold, but the
average labourer about this part far excels the
tailor or shoemaker in the use of the spade,
for tailors there are none, but plenty of shoemakers,
whom I never see use a spade for the reason
that this tool is quite useless here, the soil is of
such a character as not to admit its use, being very
strong and stony — not exactly clay, but a near
approach to it. The four-tined fork is the tool for
digging invariably used, and in many cases if it
is advisable to go deeper than 1 foot, it becomes
necessary to invoke the aid of a pickaxe. Now
comes the work which, I think, Mr. Douglass
article under-estimates — that of stirring the soil to
a depth of 15 to 18 inches deep by a steam culti-
vator; in soil of a light nature this depth might be
reached, but here it would be a serious task for any
instrument to go down to that depth, certainly not
for 15s. per acre.

Much of the land hereabouts is moved with the
aid of a cultivator, but I have not seen any done
deeper than 1 foot, and that certainly not for the
price quoted, but just double that. In this respect,
I consider the remarks on that point misleading, as
would be found out on attempting to prepare an
acre of land for fruit culture, where the soil is of the
nature describ id. Still, Apples can be made to pay
in this soil, but sorts must be chosen that will
succeed, and there are those which will do this. The
common mistake is, that of planting too many kinds,
without first having proved their suitableness to the
existing soil.

Those persons who wish to embark on Apple
growing only in such a soil as I have to deal with,
would do well to follow the plan I have adopted,
and which would be found to incur a small
labour bill after planting is complete,!. It is not
every person who cares about the trouble and labour
which small fruits planted between the Apple trees
incur, but who still wishes to make the Apple trees
pay a fair return for the outlay, in preference to
depending upon corn and other agricultural crops ;
and besides, those who have a partiality for trees,
Apple or otherwise, may ride their hobby, and with-
out a loss in expenditure. Under similar circum-
stances to these, I planted early last November over
1000 Apple trees in a grass-field, in soil exactly like
that described. We planted only twelve varieties,
it having been previously proved that Warner's
King, Eclinville Seedling, Mure de Meaage,
Worcester Pearmain, Cox's Orange Pippin, Irish
Peach, and King of the Pippins, did succeed annu-
ally, never having for the last ten years failed of
a crop.

In addition to the proved sorts named, Bramley's
Seedling and Lord Grosvenor were given a trial, and
these, from present appearance, justify the selection.
At the present time, bush trees of the latter are
bearing splendid fruit, quite ready to pick and send
to the market, which, if they did not bring the
prices quoted by Mr. Douglas, would fetch 5s and Gs.
per bushel locally, which would soon pay a return
for the outlay.

Instead of breaking up the whole 5 acres, as
suggested by Mr. Douglas, we staked out rows, 30
feet wide, for standards, and the same distance apart
in the rows. Between each standard was planted
one bush tree, and between these rows was arranged
another row of bushes, which were kept to within
15 feet of each other in the rows also, so that
altogether the land is planted all over at 15 feet apart,
the idea being to utilise the space with the bushes
until such times that they were interfered with by

the standards as the permanent trees. The reason
for retaining the grass between the trees was with
the double object of saving labour and of obtaining
a hay crop annually, which will pay for all the
labour the trees will require, now that they are
planted, for the next ten years, and by that time the
space between the trees will be limited. What we
did in the preparation of the soil was this : a con-
tract was made with a labourer — not a shoemaker or
tailor— to dig out the holes 4 feet square on the
surface and 2 feet deep, throwing the soil out, the
turf and top spit on one side, the subsoil — which in
some instances was nothing more than the nearest
approach to clay that it is possible to get, mingled
with large and small flint stones — on the other
side ; the bottom of the hole was broken up another
4 inches, and left there, which provided for a quick
percolation of surplus water from heavy or con-
tinuous rains. We find this a much better plan than
draining such land, it not being absolutely necessary
to lay drains here ; the flint stones act as coaveying-
channels for the water, and especially when the soil
has been once loosened. Although water does not
actually lie in this soil, owing to its retentive
character, the moisture renders it paiticularly cold
in the winter and spring. The price paid for dig-
ging the holes was £15. la filling them in, the
worst soil, of course, was put at the bottom, re-
serving the top spit for the surface; the trees were
planted on slightly raised mounds, covering their
roots with the turf, chopped about 3 inches square. A
good mulching of half-rotted farmyard-manure was
laid on the surface, covering the whole 4 feet square
directly the trees were made fast iu the soil. No
manure was mixed with the soil in planting.

In planting Apple trees two very essential points
towards achieving success we endeavoured to carrv
out — that of allowing the roots to remain uncovered
the shortest posiible time during planting, and
staking them at once to prevent the roots being
moved by wind-rocking the trees ; in our ease the
roots were but about 3 or 4 inches covered. Many
persons make an error in not staking those trees
which require it at once, but put it off until all are
planted. I make a point of securing all fast the
same day they are planted, which I have many times
proved by experience is the correct thing to do. I
omitted to say that, in planting, the roots of every
tree were carefully examined, and any wounded root
was trimmed carefully above that part which was
broken ; this I consider more important than many
persons imagine.

Pruning the trees was not a verv long job, but
required some care and thought. Various are the
opinions expressed by different persons as to the
right way of dealing with Apple trees the first year.
Some aver that the previous year's shoots should
only be shortened at the points, while others declare
in favour of those pruned to within 4 inches or
so of the base. To this latter plan I am inclined,
and carried it out in nearly all cases of the standard
trees; just a few were left longer to note the dif-
ference, which already proves th* wisdom if closer
pruning. Trees which are cut to within 4 inches or
so break vigorously, and grow freely, leaving no bare
space behind ; but where the shoots were simply
shortened a few inches, bare spaces are visible some
distance from the base of the previous growth, and
the growths made are but weakly. Next pruning-
time the points of the longest shoots only will be
taken off, allowing the remaining eyes to iusa into
growth, or lay the foundation for future fruit-spurs,
which they will do shortly. Many of t'le shoots on
the standard trees are now (August 15) 2 feet long;
the bushes have made growths even longer than
that; on the whole, the trees look remarkably well,
and are forming numerous fruit- buds.

Instead of allowing the trees to f ower and bear
fruit, nearly all were denuded of the blossom-buds
before they had time to expand, which plan, no
doubt answered in assisting the growth so much
better than would have been the cas-; if much fruit
had been allowed to set. In some instances the
bush trees showed over twenty trusses of bloom.

September 5, 1S91]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

275

With regard to the mulching of the surface of newly-
planted fruit trees, I consider it is absolutely essential,
to obtain the best results ; but I am convinced it can
also be carried too far when dealing with soil like ours.
Mulching the surface is done with the aim of keeping
theroots free from frost during the winter, and main-
taining them in a moist state during the summer,
and for these reasons it should not be neglected ;
but there is an evil in this if carried out without any
other consideration. Although the mulching main-
tains the roots warmer duriug the winter than they
would be without it, it must not slip the memory
that the same mulching renders the soil cold during
the spring, when it ought to be getting warmer.
Those who lay on the mulching in November, say,
and never think of removing it until it is too late bv
its decay, do not appear to think the roots would
be greatly benefited by having the little soil there is
above them warmed by the sun during the early
part of May.

paper on Halophila, and subsequently by his
researches on the dillicult genus Pandanus ; whilst
his travels in Rodriguez, Socotra, and elsewhere,
furnished him with the means of publishing elaborate
treatises on the botany of those regions. Thus in
1874 he was appointed naturalist to the " Transit of
Venus Expedition " to Rodriguez, and in 1880 he
explored, at the instance of the Royal Society and
the British Association the Island of Socotra.
Begonia socotrana was one of the plants obtained
in the latter expedition, with which the Professor
enriched our gardens. Professor Bayley Balfour is
a most energetic and industrious worker, editing
the translation of various German standard works
on botany, published by the Clarendon Press, of
which the latest lias only just issued from the press,
the translation of Count Solms-Laubach's Fossil
Botany, as well as the Annals of Botany. In
Edinburgh, of course, his services are in constant
request, not only in the university class-rooms and

PROFESSOR ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR.

There is no comparison in the growth of trees
which have the mulching taken off for a week or
two, at the time stated, and returned before there
has been time to dry the soil to such a depth as to
injure the roots. Where persons make a mistake in
this apparently small item, it is in considering that
it is incurring too much labour to take off and
replace the manure. S. U.

laboratories, but at societies and institutions, so
that he maintains at the highest standard the
renown of the great Edinburgh University in
matters of science, and of botany in particular. To
him will be referred, as supreme arbiter, any question
which may arise as to the interpretation of terms in
the schedule of the great show next week.

ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUE.

The worthy son of a worthy sire now holds the
position so long held by his father, John Hutton
Balfour, as Regius Professor of Botany, and Keeper
of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. He
was born in 1853, and after a distinguished career
at the University, studied in Germany under De
Bary, and became successively Professor of 'Botany
at Glasgow and at Oxford, from which latter univer-
sity he removed to Edinburgh. Professor Balfour
achieved a great reputation in botany by his

Scotland.

BURN PARK, UDDINGSTON.
I hat) the pleasure the other day of seeing
this collection of Orchids. There are three
very nice houses exclusively devoted to this
class of plants. Mr. Boyes tends to them per-
sonally, and I must say that this is really as
choice and well-grown a lot of plants as one
could desire to see. One house was filled with
Odontoglossum Alexandras alone, and at the

time of my visit they were nearly all in bloom ;
I counted on some of the spikes as many as thirty-
five flowers of the finest quality. The number of
flowers on each spike varied from twelve up to thirty-
five. One plant of C. Alexandra? in a 14-inch pan
had sixteen fine leads. This collection consists
principally of O. crispum, 0. Stevensii, 0. Warneii, O.
Halli, 0. Chestertoni, 0. guttatum, 0. Anderson-
ianum, beside many other very fine varieties ; there
was also a beautiful specimen of Oncidium macran-
tlium in full flower along the roof. Another
house is devoted to Odontoglossums and Mas-
devallias ; of the latter there is a splendid
lot of all the leading kinds of the Ilarryana
type. In another house there are some good speci-
mens of Cattleyas, including the best sorts of Triancu,
two or three good C. labiata, the true autumn-flower-
ing variety ; also C. Mossise. In this house there
are a number of plants of the choicest Dendrobiums.
Mr. Boyes commenced Orchid-growing some eight
or ten years ago. I did not see a single plant in the
whole of this collection but what was the picture of
health and vigour, showing that he has studied
carefully the wants of every variety; moreover, he
does not hesitate to give anyone interested in their
cultivation the benefit of his experience. This col-
lection of Orchids, although not a large one, is
well worth paying a visit to by any lover of them.

A Standard of Beauty in Violas.
Scarcely a day passes, at this time of the year, but
I am called upon to express an opinion on the merits
of seedling Violas. The young amateur sends a
dozen flowers and a carefully tabulated list. The old
expert sends a box of blooms all numbered or
named, telling joa they are all good, and say-
ing that the world cannot do without them. This
indicates a widespread interest in Viola culture,
and a great striving after novelties. The question I
should like to ask, and endeavour to answer in this
short paper, is one something like the following: —
Can beauty in a Viola be defined ? To make it con-
form to the florist's Pansy will, I am afraid, spoil the
Violas [Hear! Hear!]. Sumething altogether dif-
ferent must be aimed at. Certainly, Violas must be
judged from two standpoints — as bedding-plants and
as cut flowers ; what is suited for the one purpose
being sometimes quite unsuited for the other. For
bedding, distinct colours will always be wanted, but
other qualities are required, such as a good habit of
growth and free continuous blooming, and good
substance in the flowers to stand weather, &c.
By decided colours, I do not mean white, yellow, and
blue only, but all the different shades and combina-
tions of these colours which are effective and pretty
in the mass. This brings me to speak of ViolaB in
another relationship — namely, as cut flowers,
either for table decoration or for exhibition pur-
poses. In trying to decide what forms, colours,
and combinations are best suited for these pur-
poses, I find the greatest difficulty. This diffi-
culty is increased by the multitude of fairly good
things which are raised from seed every year, and by
the temptation to name varieties quite good enough
in themselves, but differing only slightly from some
in commerce. Every person has his own standard
of beauty in a way, and it is difficult, nay, almost
impossible, to fix a general standard by which all
men mav judge of the beauty of such things as the
finer Violas. If I consult Ruskin, he tells me
" that all good colour is in some degree pensive, the
loveliest is melancholy." He also says : — " The
sensation of beauty is not unusual on the one hand,
nor is it intellectual on the other ; but is dependent
on a pure, right, and open state of the heart for its
truth and for its intensity. . . We do indeed see con-
stantly that men having naturally acute perceptions
of the beautiful, yet not receiving it with a pure
heart, nor into their hearts at all, never comprehend
it nor receive good from it." If this is all true,
the idea of erecting a standard of beauty must be
for ever given up. I cannot help thinking, at least,
that before any one becomes really able to appre-
ciate what is lovely in Violas, he must enter into a
sort of sympathy with his flowers. When this feeling

276

THE GAB DENE US' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1591.

has been developed, we may find, as Mr. Raskin
says, that we appreciate the most delicate forms and
colours, because they are the loveliest, and that we
really make no effort to do so. How is it that, in
wandering through a border planted perhaps with a
thousand seedlings, all different in form, in hue, and
in habit, the peculiarities of one or two take posses-
sion of me to the exclusion of all the others ? How
is it that different men, with a true love for Violas,
would go over the Bame flowers, and arrive at iden-
tical conclusions without being in collusion in any
way? This almost proves that there must be a
standard somewhere, but how are we to find it?
Some one says, take what the public wants and you
will be right ! This may be a very good commercial
maxim, but I do not believe in it, for the reason that
the public does not know what it wants. It is
looking everywhere for guidance, and waiting to
be educated in such matters. I would far rather
say, take for a standard the varieties which, by
common consent, are admittedly beautiful, whether
old or new. To my mind, it will be difficult to get
better and more lovely sorts than Duchess of Suther-
land and Ardwell Gem ; they are simple, pure and
delicate selfs, the one lavender, and the other pale
yellow. William Neil, Duchess of Fife, and Brides-
maid, are the gems of the last two seasons. All these
five are lovely to me on account of their purity and
sweetness. There is nothing vulgar in their appear-
ance, and a spray of any one of them would charm
the most refined and esthetic taste. Win. Cuthbert-
son, of Dobbie 8; Co., Rothesay.

The Sale at Millbank.
The distribution by public auction, in Edinburgh,
on September 10, of the Millbank collection of ex-
hibition plants, will be a matter of no small import-
ance. Mr. Mitchell, horticultural auctioneer, has been
entrusted to wield his hammer over one of the finest
collections of specimen Ericas, Azaleas, stove and
greenhouse plants, Palms, Orchids, &e., ever placed
before the public in Scotland. Mr. I'aterson for a
number of years has taken the lead at the Royal
Caledonian Societies' exhibitions, and, in spite of
considerable competition, has worthily held his own ;
and in the annals of this society his name figures
conspicuously as a prize-winner, always in the
first rank. The sale has been fixed to take
place on the second day of the International
Show, so that visitors may have the privilege
of seeing this valuable collection ; and the lovers
of well-grown plants will have a splendid oppor-
tunity of possessing themselves of rare and
unique specimens. We especially call attention to
the Ericas, amongst which Marnockiana, insignia,
retorta major, and jubana rubra conspicuously figure.
The Azaleas are also models of cultivation,
well set with bloom for the next season, Due de
Nassau, Charmer, Iveryana, Stella, Mrs. Turner, and
Deutsche Perle, are particularly worthy of notice.
The Palms are also worthy of consideration, notably
Phcenicophorum Sechellarum, Cocos Weddelliana,
PhcBnixrupicola.and Kentiaaustralis. Of the Orchids
it would be worth while to mention the whole, but
Masdevallia Walkeriana, M. Lindeni, Cypripedium
hirsutissimum and C. Spicerianum may be particularly
noted, they are all in good and creditable condition.
W. E. D.

The Pollination of Flowers.
In the lecture-room of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh, on Saturday evening last, Professor
Bayley Balfour delivered another of the course
of botanical lectures to working men. He showed,
in speaking of the function of the flower, that
it was concerned in the production of the seed,
and so in the reproduction of the plant. The
act of pollination must be accomplished in the
first instance. It might be self-effected in a flower,
but this was prevented in many flowers by various
arrangements, eg., the relative position of anthers
and stigma, as in Orchids ; by the non-simulta-
neous ripening of anthers and stigmas in a flower,
as in Plantain, where the stigmas were ripe first ;
and the Mallow, where the anthers ripened first ; by

the stamens and carpels being placed in different
flowers, as in Campion. The Professor also spoke of
the various means by which cross-pollination was
brought about by animals and the elements.

Cuthbertson's New Leek.
This new variety of Leek, raised by Mr. Cuthbert-
son, Public Park Nursery, Rothesay, Buteshire, and
sent out by him this season, seems to fulfil all the
conditions required of an exhibition Leek. At Sang-
hall, Chester, Shrewsbury, and at Glasgow (Hutchis-
town Gardens), they were greatly remarked. At
Ferndale show (Wales), these Leeks were "the
feature of the show."

China-grass in Dundee.

We have before us a sample of this material
made from the fibre of Bcehmeria nivea, a kind of
Nettle, and prepared by Messrs. Donald Brothers,
Victoria Chambers, Dundee. The hanks are silky,
soft, brightly-tinted, ready for the loom. Its success
is already assured. Where the French material cost
3s. 9d. per pound, this costs but 2s. Gd. ; where the
former takes over twenty days to prepare, the latter
is turned out all complete in eight days.

Here surely, if anywhere, " Necessity has proved
to be the mother of invention." For we have to com-
pete with the Saxons and Belgian working (by the
family) at the rate of half a franc a day each member ;
add to this the advantage of working up a new
vegetable fibre in competition with dearer materials
used here, and there are good grounds for cultivating
the inventive faculties. And thus we are able to
hold our way in the world's markets, always retaining
beanty of design, and beautiful — though necessarily
much less costly — material.

Trees and Shrubs,

ABIES OR PICEA. MAGNIFICA.
We are indebted to the Rev. Robt. Dayrell, of Lee
Grange, near Shrewsbury, for a photograph of a fine
plant of this species. It has attained a height of 19
feet 7 inches, and a diameter of 11 feet. This is one
of the finest specimens that has come under our
notice, and is a symmetrical well-grown tree. Mr.
Dayrell's collection of Coniferie is very rich in
species and varieties.

The Week's Work.

•

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

THE FLOWER-BEDS. — The recent heavy rains
have committed great havoc in the beds, Sowers
having been totally stripped from the stalks in many
instances, and the plants themselves much knocked
about; and this coming at a time when all the beds
were resplendent masses of colour, has made the
mishap all the more striking. Carpet-bedding also
looks the worse for the deluge, and where Dahlias
and such-like plants were not properly secured great
damage has been done. However, if we are vouch-
safed fine weather, the garden will again become
bright. Meanwhile clear off all the dead and damaged
flower trusses and leaves as speedily as possible,
and sweep lawns and walks which are greatly litter-
strewn ; afterwards sweeping over the green sward,
and rolling the latter. Beds of Verbenas, Petunias,
Phlox Drummondi.Gaillardias, and similar plants will
to be cut into shape, and the shoots thinned out,
otherwise they will not show to advantage. Con-
tinue to pick off the flowering shoots of Cineraria
maritima and other foliage plants as they appear,
and peg down and pinch the shoots of Perilla nanki-
nensis and Iresines as occasion renders necessary.
Trimmings of the variegated Mesembryanthemum, of
Alternanthera8, variegated Alyssum, Gnaphaliums,
Pelargoniums, and Verbenas, may all be used as
cuttings to increase the stock of these plants.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.— These, too, show sad
effects of the unpropitious weather. The removal of
broken shoots, and the securing of the remainder to
their supports will demand early attention. Peren-
nial Sunflowers, Phloxes, Michaelmas Daises, and
Anemone japonica, both rose and white varieties,

are in good condition, the rain having but littlf
effect on them. Hyacinthus candicans, whose ta!l
flower-spikes are thickly studded with beautiful white
pendent flowers are still effective. This " Cape
Hyacinth " is not grown so extensively as it deserves
to be, the spikes of it contrast most effectively with
those of Lilium tigrinum Leopoldi, L. lancifolium,
L. Krstzeri, L. auratum, and varieties of the Gla-
diolus generally, intermixed with herbaceous plants
for giving variety to the autumn display. H. W.
Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CABBAGES. — The ground should now be pre-
pared for the main crop of spring Cabbages, for
which the recently-cleared Onion beds, if previously
well manured, will prove excellent spots. But if
the soil of the garden is heavy and tenacious, it will
be good practice to dig and manure a quarter for
them. I prefer to plant Cabbages on rich land made
firm by treading, or on the site of an old Strawberry
bed, with no more preparation than breaking up the
surface. If the land be poor, it should receive a
heavy dressing of rich manure, and should be bastard
trenched, which is especially necessary when the
large-growing varieties are to be planted, and where
the stumps are left standing for the supply of
a second crop. If early and late kinds are
to be planted together, keep each by itself.
A distance of 1 foot apart is sufficient for the early
sorts of Cabbages, and 1A to 2 feet between the
rows for large varieties. Always select the strongest
plants, and plant as soon as they are ready, and in
showery weather. It is better in most gardens to
plant in drills, but in heavy land planting on the flat
is more desirable. Where slugs abound, lime and
soot should be freely used on the soil round about
the plants ; and if clubbing is feared, the plants
should have their roots dipped in a puddle made of
soot, wood-ashes, and clay, with a handful of sulphur
thrown in.

CARROTS. — Thin the late sowings of Early Horn
varieties at first to about 2 inches apart, the later
thinning being done as the roots are drawn for con-
sumption. Keep the hoe in constant use between
the rows.

CELERY. — Proceed with the earthing-up of the
early crop, doing it at intervals of about a fortnight,
first chopping down a quantity of soil from the sides
of the trenches, and breaking it up finely and leaving
it for fourteen days before placing it around the
plants. In earthing-up, hold the leaf-stalks in their
natural position close together with one hand, whilst
the soil is drawn up around them with the other.
This operation should only be done during dry
weather. A final watering should be afforded the
plants before the earthing-up is begun.

WEEDS. — During the present month, opportunity
should be taken to thoroughly clean the garden of
weeds, and one or two good cleanings made now will
go a long way towards maintaining a clean appear-
ance for the rest of the year. Where the hoe cannot be
used, as in such cutting weeds, hand-weeding must be
resorted to. The removal of all decayed vegetables,
spent crops, or other unsightly objects should be at-
tended to. Manure intended for use this autumn
should be turned over during showery weather, and
thoroughly mixed and otherwise prepared, and accu-
mulations of rubbish burnt, and the residue passed
through a sieve or screen. Of the finer parts of these
screenings a portion should be kept in a dry state for
dusting over seed beds and young crops when neces-
sary. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIAN ORCHIDS.— The nights having
become cold for the season, much attention must be
paid to the temperatures, and during the day the
warmth should be kept up by means of the fires
when storms arise. The growth of a great number
of the plants which are placed in shady parts of the
houses is unusually soft this year, and much care will
be needed to ripen them ; and to this end the venti-
lators should not be quite closed for more than two
hours, and this only when the plants are undergoing
fumigation. Take the precaution to give the warmer
houses a mild fumigation with tobacco once or twice
a week, which will do the plants no harm, and which
if neglected, no matter however careful one may be,
thrips will be sure to make their appearance, and
then strong measures will be required to stop the inj ury
to the plants. Sometimes shading will not be neces-
sary, except for those plants which are very full of

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

277

sap from the long continued duil weather. I have
for many years ceased to use shadings on Cattleyas
alter September 1. but ia case of strong sunshine
occurring after this date some amount of it will be
beneficial. The Phalsenopsis may for one month
longer be afforded very weak liquid-manure, such as
guano-water or farmyard drippings, which is what
my plants receive alternately each week. Maintain
a genial temperature for some time yet, the East
Indian house not under 70° during the night ; the
Cattleya house, 68° ; the intermediate house, 60° ;
and the cool division at .">'J=. A. G. Catt, Parkfield,
Hallow.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

FIGS. — The trees in the earliest house must now
get thorough exposure, and, if the wood is crowded,
it should be thinned, as it is impossible to get well-
ripened shoots unless this is done, so that early
thinning is an important operation when early fruit
is required ; indeed, it is best to sacrifice a few late-
formed fruits in the early house than to delay the
ripening process. Continue to syringe the trees in
the afternoon on bright days, so that the foliage may
remain clean to the last, and afford water so that the
roots do not suffer from want of it ; and if a good
mulch is applied when the second crop is swelling
up, less water will be required. The top and bottom
ventilators should be opened wide, and a little
warmth maintained in the hot-water pipes in dull
weather and on cool nights until the new wood gets
thoroughly ripened. Early Figs in pots that have
finished growing may be removed to an open sunny
border and plunged in, but taking care to keep worms
out of the pots. Plants in bearing should be afforded
manure water, with free circulation of air. Any
shoots not wanted may be thinned out, which will
hasten the ripening of fruits and wood, as there
will be no time after the fruits are gathered ; mulch-
ing the surface with rich manure-water thoroughly
when watering is required.

TOMATOS. — Now is the time to secure plants for
winter cropping; and as is now well understood, the
fruiting plants in the winter always need much care
if a fair crop of fruits is to be gathered at that season,
and delays uow make much difference in the size of
the plants. I advised preparation of the late lot of
plants a month ago. These should now be freely
growing, and what- ver way the plants are ra:sed, either
from cuttings or seed", no check should be given
them; but they should be shifted into their fruiting pots,
as the pots they stand in get full of roots. A cold
frame or house is better for them than a warm pit,
the temnerature afforded ranging at night from
50° to 55°, giving fire-heat only if the weather be
rainy and sunless, and then airing the place freely
at the top by day. In potting, use well-drained pr ts,
and good loam with a sprinkling of bone-meal,
other manure is not required, and pot firmlr,
as a hard, stout growth is what is wanted, and
nnts of 9 to 10 inches in diameter are useful sizes.
No difficulty will be experienced in keeping up the
supply of late fruits till the end of the year from
plants just coming into bearing, so that the winter
fruiters should be allowed to make free growth,
allowing the fruit to set so that they will come afttr
the autumn- fruiters are done coming into bearing.
A batch of cuttings from good kinds should be
struck, putting one cutting in a 60 or three in a 4S
sized pot. Tnese plant! give fruits much earlier in
the spring than those from seed. G. Wythes, Syon
House, Brentford.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

DUTCH BULBS— The bulb srason being at hand,
no time should be lost in ordering the requsite
number of bulbs for all purposes, as by procuring
them at an early date better results are obtained
than by buying late. Where a long succession of
Hyacinth bloom is required, the bulbs should be
potted at different times ; those intended to bloom
at Christmas being potted forthwith, and those to
come later should be potted at intervals of three
weeks up to the middle of the month of November.
A good compost for Hyacinths consists of two parts
rich turfy loam, one of leaf-mould, one of rotted
manure, and sufficient sand to keep the whole porous.
Mix al these ingredients together, if possible,
several weeks previous to potting. For decorative
purposes, 5-inch pits are large enough, but exh bi-
tion bulbs require 6 inch pots. New pots will require
to be soaked in water for twelve hours, afterwards
allowing them to dry before using them. One hollow
crock placed carefully in the bottom of the pot and
covered entirely with a rough moss, or coarse cocoa-

nut fibre, will be found ample drainage for Hyacinths.
In potting, fill the pots nearly full of compost, press-
ing it moderately firm, and make a small hole in the
centre to receive the bulb, which should be made
quite firm in its bed, and being about half covered
with Eoil, but care must be taken not to press the
bulbs too hard, as to cause the soil below it to
become very solid — a frequent cause of the bulbs
being foiced upwards and out of the soil when roots
are being made. If the soil is in a properly moist
state, no water will be required after potting. Stand
the pots on a coal-ash bottom in an open position,
and cover them with Cocoa-nut fibre, coal-ashes, or
s md, to a depth of (3 inches.

ROMAN HYACINTHS— A most useful class of
bulbs for early work, which may be had in bloom in
November if the roots be potted without delay. Put
four roots in a 5-inch pot, and treat them like the
above. By fortnightly pottings, Roman Hyacinths
may be had in bloom throughout the winter.

TULIPS. — These should be treated in exactly the
same manner as the Hyacinths, except that several
bulbs, according to their size, and the purpose they
are intended for, may be placed in a pot. The best
single-flowered varieties for early forcing are the
scarlet or crimson Van Tholls, which, if they are
potted now, will bloom at Christmas; though not
large, these varieties are very popular. Others for
pot-culture are White Pottebakker, large white ;
Joost Van Vondel, one of the best whites ; Duzzat,
dark scarlet; Van der Neer, fine rich purple;
Keizerskroon, scarlet, with yellow border ; Cottage
Maid, white, flushed with pink; and Princess
Marianne, white. Should Tulips be required for
filling baskets or other like receptacles, they are best
when grown in shallow boxes, filled with decayed
manure and leaf-mould, afterwards lifting them
separately, and planting them when in flower, as by
so doing, an uniform display is secured.

FREESIA REFRACTA ALBA.— This is one of the
most useful flowers, and one that is gaining in esti-
mation. The flowers, white, tinged with yellow on
the lower petals, will last in good condition when cut
for several days. Four or five bulbs may be planted in
5 inch pots in light rich compost, and placed in a
cold frame, covering the pots with Cocoa-nut fibre
until leaf-growth begins, when the covering must be
removed. These bulbs want but little water until
they have started well into lea', when they may be
placed near the glass in a warm greenhouse. By
potting the first portion of the bulbs about the
beginning of the present month, flowers may be
obtained by the end of the year ; and by potting a
few bulbs at intervals, they may be had in bloom till
late in the spring.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS —These bulbs are in-
valuable for early forcing, especially the double
Roman and the paper-white varieties, and may also
be potted in a rich compost, a little deeper than
Hyacinths, and as soon as received from the dealer.
Jonquils should also have similar treatment to the
above, covering the pots with Cocoa-nut fibre.

IXIAS. — These are beautiful little plants for the
greenhouse, which may be potted at any time during
this month, using 5 or G-inch pots, with from five to
seven bulbs in a pot, of 48-size. Let the pots be
well drained, and make use of a rather light compost,
afterwards placing the pots in a cold frame ; and to
prevent the soil getting too dry, plunge up to the
rim in Cocoa-nut fibre. Withhold water until they
have started well into growth, when a portion of
them may be removed to a warm greenhouse or pit,
placing them in a light position, affording more and
more water as growth proceeds. R. Milner, Penrice
Castle, Swansea.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

PREPARATIONS FOR PLANTING —If it is in-
tended to plant extensively, timely preparations
should forthwith be commerced, and in selecting
the ground to be planted, always, when possible,
choose that which slopes towards the north, and has
shelter from the north-east and west. Ground
which has a sloping surface requires little or no
artificial drainage, and the shelter enables the trees
to escape the cutting winds and frosts of spring
which cause so much loss. If long-lived trees and
good crops are looked for, it is well to remember
that what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
See that the drainage is efficient. Trench the soil
fully 2 feet where time and means will allow of its
being done, or bring the steam cultivator into use,
stirring the soil deeply, and thoroughly free-
ing it of couch grass and other deep-rooted weeds,

putting plenty of manure into it if it be light and
poor soil, and road-scrapings into heavy land. Plum,
Pears, and Apples, should always have ample space
between the trees, or crowd ng will occur in a few
years after planting, the fruit will be small, and the
wood will not ripen well. Do not plant for variety's
sake, but plant only those of good quality in their
various classes. King of the Pippins, and Ribston
Apples, and several others, which are said by some
persons to be fast dying out, will, if planted on good
soil, and worked on healthy stocks, grow and produce
as good fruit as they did in years gone by.

BLACK CURRANTS, GOOSEBERRIES, NUTS, AND
RASPBERRIES — These maybe planted between the
rows of Apples, &c , and will quickly yield profitable
crops, and I may say here that even in Kent there is
yet plenty of room for new plantations of fruit trees,
and much need for the uprooting of many old and
unprofitable ones.

WALL TREES. — Old trees past bearing good fruit
should be replaced with vigorous young ones, taking
the opportunity to have the walls themselves pointed
and put into good order, and the old worn-out
soil replaced with good sweet pasture loam. The
area under cordons should be at first 3 feet wide
and 2 feet deep, and this should be extended
in width in a couple of years after planting.
The bottom shonld be broken, and the land gene-
rally well drained; but if each station be drained
separately, some turves, with the grassy side
downwards, should be placed over the drainage
materials. The best soil for the Pear is a mellow
loam, with a sprinkling of plaster or old mortar, with
a moderate quantity of wood-ashes or burnt refuse
added, and a few crushed bones. Cordons should be
planted 15 inches apart, which will soon cover the
wall with fruitful growths, and the fine fruits quickly
reimburse the planter for his outlay. New walls
which are to be planted this autumn should have
the borders put in readiness for planting. Peaches
and Nectarines shonld receive attention first, and,
afterwards, the Pears ; by making a proper selection
of varieties of the former two, the trees being clean,
worked on healthy free stocks, and planted in good
borders, we can with due care produce fruits equal to
those that were grown out-of-doors a generation
since. H. Markham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

THE APIARY.

PREPARATIONS FOR wintering.— The sooner
feeding, if necessary to get stocks up to full weight,
is completed the better, so that bees can go into
winter quarters, with all stores properly sealed.
Some bee-keepers make the mistake of extracting
all the honey from the brood-frames in the autumn,
nnder the idea that, if it is replaced with syrup, all
goes on well, and that they can get the advantage of
the difference in value between the sugar used and
the honey. It is not takfn into account, however,
what a laborious task has been imposed on the bees
by so doing, and what expense to bee-life the
wear and tear of taking down and sealing over 20 lb.
or more of syrup entails, at a time of year when
there is the smallest chance of their recouping them-
selves by the addition of fresh g»nerations to their
number ; the consequence being, that the old
bees that have had the extra labour die pre-
maturely in the spring, and the bee-keeper
wonders what has been the cause of the disease
called "spring dwindling," and any extra profit
that may have been made by taking the last
ounce of honey is now at vanishing point. Many
bee-keepers are in the h&bit of contracting hives for
winter, so that the bees are restricted to six or seven
frames, because the opinion has been that they are
warmer under such conditions, and winter better.
It was, however, proved not long ago, by careful
experiments with the thermometer, that bees are
just as warm behind frames of empty comb as they
would be behind a dummy or division board, no
doubt by reason of wax being a bad conductor of
heat and cold. The only fear, then, in leaving
combs uncovered by the bees in the hive all the winter
is, that they often get mildewed and rotten, but if our
ventilation is right, this is not likely to occur.

The writer is an advocate of plenty of room under-
neath the frames for wintering, and half -bodies
previously in use for shallow frames or sections
come in nicely for this purpose, if the hive, is bo
constructed that the brood-chamber can be raised
in that manner. An air space should also be en-
sared between the quilts and the roof of the hive, so
as to allow a free circulation of air there, as if this
does not exist they get damp, and remain in that
condition all the winter. Expert.

27!

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Lettek* fob Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Plants, &c, to be Named.— Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding tune
and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

Local News. — Correspo?idents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

ILLUSTRATIONS.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
flowers, trees, #c., are solicited.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

FRIDAY.

TUESDAY,

MEETING.

>T 11 ' Dunc*ee Horticultural Association
} meets.

SHOWS.

/Royal Horticultural Society : Show

■j of British Ferns, Verbenas, Or-

j, 1 chids, &c. Fruit and Vegetables.

(Lecture at 3 p.m., by Mr. Geo.
Paul, on " Hardy Water and Bog
Plants," at the Drill Hall.

r Brighton and Sussex (two days).

Chrysanthemum Society

/•tfngnton ana
I National Chr

I (two days).
, J York Ancient

Florists.

THURSDAY,

WEDNESDAY, Sept. 9< i1urVu,ou
1 Blaotyre.

1 Royal Caledonian International

Exhibition, Edinburgh (three

days).

1 East Anglian Horticultural Club.
Sept. 10-j Norwich, Dahlias, Fruit, and
/ Vegetables (two days).

SATURDAY, Sept. 12— Galashiels.

SALE8.

/Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris
\ Rooms.
Sept. 11 Extensive Importations of Bulbs
j from Holland, Liliums, &.C., at
(. Stevens' Rooms.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.
Clearance Sale of Stove and Green-
t house Plants, at the Mirsery,
Sept. 8j. London Road, Croydon, by Messrs.
I Protheroe & Morris.
I Freehold Land at Tatsfield, spe-
I daily adapted for Fruit Growing,
* by Messrs. Protheroe & Morris.

Protheroe & Morris'

MONDAY,

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

f Dutch Bulbs, at
| Rooms.
, Sept. 9.' Extensive Imp

Importations of Bulbs
from Holland, Liliums, &c, at
\ Stevens' Rooms.

/'Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms.
SEPT. 10^ Sale of Millbank Collection of Spe-
I cimen Plants at Edinburgh, by
{ Mr. Mitchell.

i Imported and Established Orchids,
at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.
Stove and Greenhouse Pants, at
)the Moat Nur ery. East Grin-
stead, by Messrs. Protheroe &
s Morris.

('Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'
I Rooms.
Sept. 12<? Extensive Importations of Bulbs
j from Holland, Liliums, &c, at
' Stevens' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-58°.8.

For the convenience of the large
contingent of gardeners who wil
visit the great show of the Royal
Caledonian Horticultural Society next week, we

The Great

Show in

Edinburgh.

now give brief indications of the more important
objects of horticultural interest in and about the
city, together with directions as to the manner
in which they may be most conveniently visited
from the centre of the city. As to the Show
itself, some idea of its magnitude may be in-
ferred from the fact that there are already over
three thousand entries. Prize money to over
£1,300 will be given in addition to Veitch and
Turner Memorial medals.

The Boyal Botanic Gardens and Arboretum. — These
are the dominant botanical and horticultural attrac-
tions in Edinburgh. Particulars of these gardens,
and of the extensive collection of plants, trees and
shrubs therein, will be found in our issue of July 11
of the present year, p. 41. The cable-cars from the
Mound to Trinity pass the entrance to the gardens
every few minutes.

The City Gardens. — Edinburgh possesses, perhaps,
more public gardens and parks than any other city
of equal size in Britain. Under the city gardener's
superintendence, there are not fewer than thirty-six
enclosures, varying in area from half an acre to
120 acres, devoted to ornamental gardening ; the
principal of these are the Princes Street Gardens,
which occupy the valley which divides the old from
the new town. These gardens are a most charming
feature of the city, and have assumed their beautiful
character since the appointment of Mr. Angus A.
McLeod as city gardener in 1875.

nubseries and other commercial
Establishments.

Messrs. Thorrms Methven Sr Sons. — This firm has
three separate nurseries: (1) Leith Walk Nursery,
the head-quarters of the firm, and which is acces-
sible by the Leith and Newhaven cars which leave
the General Post OSice and pass the nursery gates
every few minutes. The stock here consists of choice
Rhododendrons and other hardy ornamental ever-
green and deciduous shrubs, Vines, Clematis, Tea
Roses, forest trees, stove and greenhouse plants, &c.
(2) Warriston Nursery; this is situated in Iover-
leith Row, opposite the entrance to the Botanic
Gardens, and contains a collection of choice Conifers,
Hollies, &c, while the houses are filled with Palms,
Orchids, Ferns, and a general assortment of deco-
rative plants. (3) The Fettes Nursery, is distant
from the Warriston Nursery only about five minutes'
walk, and is devoted to forest trees, fruit and orna-
mental trees and shrubs, Roses, &c.

Messrs. Dic/csons if Co. — The nurseries of this firm
are three in number : (1) Pilrig Nursery ; the Leith
cars, from the G.P.O. every few minutes, pass the
top of Pilrig Street, alongside which the nursery lies.
The stock consists of ornamental trees and shrubs,
florists' flowers, herbaceous and alpine plants ; the
extensive glass department being occupied with a
general collection of stove and greenhouse plants.
(2) Near by is the Redbraes Nursery, in which
Conifers and ornamental trees and shrubs are the
principal stock. (3) The Liberton Nursery, near
Liberton Village, is approached by the Rowburn and
Newington cars, which leave the G.P.O. every few
minutes ; the stock here is chiefly fruit trees.

Messrs. James Dickson $ Sons, Inverleith and Fettes
Nurseries ; cable-cais from the Mound, passing the
Botanic Gardens. Ornamental trees and shrubs,
forest and fruit trees, choice Conifers, Roses, &c,
are comprised in the stock.

Messrs. Ireland ,j- Thomson, — This firm has three
nurseries : (1) Golden Acre, Granton Road ; cable-
car from the Mound ; contains extensive glass
department, devoted to Orchids, Ferns, Palms, and
general collection of stove and greenhouse plants ;
outdoors, forest trees and shrubs. (2) Craigleith
Nursery ; cable-car from Frederick Street to Comely
Bank. Outdoors, stock consists of Conifers and orna-
mental trees and shrubs, Roses, &c. ; indoors, stock of
rare hardy and half-hardy shrubs are reared. (3)
Lynedoch Place, off Queensferry Street ; any car to
west end of Princes Street ; stock, Palms and other
indoors decorative plants.

Cunningham, Fraser $ Co., cable-car from Frederick
Street to Comely Bank. A repository for rare and
interesting plants of all kinds. The stock is rich
in Hollies and other evergreen and deciduous shrubs,
herbaceous and alpine plants, and such recherche
things as Azalea procumbens, Cassiope fastigiata,
Mutisia decurrens — the latter flowering freely on the
walls — and many others.

Messrs. B. B. Laird § Sons, West Coates and Pink
Hill Nurseries ; Rowburn and Cottbridge cars from
General Post Office pass West Coates every ten
minutes. Palms, Camellias, hardwooded greenhouse
plants, Ferns, &c, are the principal stock in this
branch of the firm. Pink Hill Nursery is about
2 miles distant westward. The Corstorphine coach
from Cottbridge passes the nursery gate about every
hour. Choice Conifers, ornamental trees and shrubs,
fruit trees, Roses, and florists' flowers are the
leading components of the stock outdoors ; while in-
doors, the collection comprises the usual classes of
stove and greenhouse plants.

Mr. John Downic, Beech Hill Nursery. — Cottbridge
car from G. P. O., thence per Corstorphine coach.
Ornamental trees and shrubs, fruit trees, Conifers,
florists' flowers, and herbaceous plants are the lead-
ing components of the stock outdoors. Indoors,
tuberous Begonias, Calceolarias, Cinerarias, &c, are
specialties.

Scottish Mushroom Company. — This company
carries on its operations in the disused tunnel of
the North British Railway Company extending from
Scotland Street Station to Waverley Station, a dis-
tance of about three-quarters of a mile. The office
and entrance to the tunnel are at Scotland Street
Station, which is in an almost direct line from
Princes Street North, via St. Andrew Street.

Messrs. Wm. Thomson ij% Sons, Tweed Vineyard,
Clovenfords. — About 30 miles by rail via Peebles,
from Waverley Station. The world-renowned Grape
production of this establishment, which is this year as
Bplendid as ever, cannot fail to attract many of the
visitors to Edinburgh on the occasion of the Cale-
donian Flower Show.

Messrs. MacKcnzie <$,- Moncur, horticultural
builders, Upper Grove Street. Tram-car to Hay-
market, from which the works are only a few
minutes' distant.

Messrs. Low ,f Sons, horticultural builders, Gilmore
Park, Merchiston. Tram cars via Gilmore Place.

Places of Horticultural Interest in and
abound Edinburgh.

The Gardens, Dalkeith Bark (seat of the Duke of
Buccleuch ; Mr. Malcolm Dunn, gardener). — From
Waverley Station to Dalkeith or Eskbank, half a
mile distant from the former, one mile from the
latter; a place of world-wide fame. Mr. Dunn's emi-
nence as a gardener is a guarantee that visitors will
always find much to interest them. Pines, Grapes,
Peaches, Figs, &c, extensively grown indoors ; also
plants of all kinds. Outdoors, comparative trials in
vegetables will have an interest for many, and the
extensive orchard, well stocked as it is with Apples,
Pears, Plums, &c, will be found generally interesting
and instructive (see fig. 35, p. 281).

Newbattle Abbey (seat of the Marquis of Lothian ;
Mr. Mcllattie, gardener). — From Waverley station to
Eskbank, from which latter the entrance to the
gardens is about ten minutes' walk. An extensive
and well-appointed place in which all departments
exhibit careful and skilful management. Splendid
Grapes, Peaches, &c, in the fruit departments ;
excellent selection of Orchids, perhaps the finest
seedling tuberous Begonias to be seen in Scotland ;
an excellent general collection of decorative plants
indoors ; outdoor departments all befitting a first-
class establishment in extent and in keeping (see
fig. 36, p. 283.).

Melville Castle (Viscount Melville ; Mr. George
Mackinnon, gardener). — Eskbank, from which the
gardens are distant about half an hour. Superb
Grapes and orchard-house fruit, also splendid hardy
fruit; an extensive and well-managed kitchen
garden ; flower-gardening excellent.

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

279

Oxenford Castle (The Earl of Stair ; Mr. Smith,
gardener).— To Dalkeith, thence by coach about
four miles. First-rate Grapes, Peaches, and Nec-
tarines ; a remarkable brown Turkey Fig, filling a
large house by itself, now swelling up an enormous
second crop ; Apricots on walls, remarkable for
perfect health and great crop of unusually large
fruit. All stone fruits exceptionally flue ; extensive
place, well managed.

Easter Buddingstone Lodge (Chas. Jenner, Esq. ;
Mr. Chapman, gardener). — Waverley to Joppa ;
entrance close by station. An extensive collection
of hardy herbaceous and Alpine plants, and rare
trees and shrubs, hardy Ferns, &c. ; good range of
glass, devoted to fruit and plant culture ; but the
hardy plants of all classes are the feature of the
place, and Mr. Jenner's special delight.

Salisbury Green (Mrs. Nelson ; Mr. Laing, gar-
dener).— Newington or Rowburn cars from General
Post Office to Preston Street, whence a short walk
in the direction of Arthur's Seat leads to the entrance-
gates. A first-class villa residence, with beautiful
grounds and some fine old trees, the whole beauti-
fully environed on the east by the picturesque hill
above named. A good collection of Orchids and
miscellaneous stove and greenhouse plants, well
grown.

Oswald House, Oswald Road (Jas. Buchanan, Esq. ;
Mr. Geo. Wood, gardener). — Morningside circular
route cars from G. P. 0. Extensive collection of
Orchids and stove and greenhouse plants.

Millbank (W. Syme, Esq. ; Mr. John Paterson,
gardener). — Morningside circular route cars to
Whitehouse Loan. The best collection of Ericas
and other hardwooded plants in Scotland. The
entire collection is to be sold on September 10,
the second day of the show. The specimen Ericas,
&c, are of rare size and in perfect health.

Carron House (T. D. Brodie, Esq. ; Mr. Mungo
Temple, gardener). — Waverley or Caledonian stations
to Grahamston. About 2 miles distant therefrom.
The famous Carron Ironworks lie on the way. The
gardens are new, having been laid out by Mr. Temple
within the last nine years. Admirable and exten-
sive ranges of glass. Good Grapes, grand Peaches,
Figs, &c, Orchids for decorative purposes, and stove
and greenhouse plants.

Callendar House, Falkirk (James Forbes, Esq. ;
Mr. Boyd, gardener). — Same station as preceding.
Grapes a specialty, but all departments well done.
Mr. Boyd's unfailing success ; with Muscat Ham-
burgh and other varieties, which are difficult to
colour, is notorious. In point of finish they are this
year equal to anything he has ever produced. All
other varieties are also well up.

Bantaskin, Falkirk (James Wilson, Esq. ; Mr.
Mitchell, gardener). — An extensive collection of Or-
chids, Ferns and other stove and greenhouse plants ;
some choice Conifers, and grand old Yews, growing
in a Roman dyke, which runs through the beautiful
grounds.

Park Hall, Polmont (Thomas Livingston Lear-
mont, Esq. ; Mr. William Murray, gardener). — From
Waverley Station to Polmont Junction, \\ mile
from station. Very superior Grape and other fruit
culture, including Tomatos, Melons, Cucumbers, &c,
on a very extensive scale.

Norwood House, Alloa (J. Thomson Paton, Esq. ;
Mr. Kirk, gardener). — From Waverley station to
Alloa, via Forth Bridge. A charming place, in
which everything is well done, and from which some
of the finest Grapes that will appear in the Waverley
market next week will come. Visitors anxious to
see the Forth Bridge from the Firth may sail from
Leith to Alloa pier, and have what is by many
regarded as the finest view of the bridge, with access
to Norwood House at the same time. The distance
from the pier to Norwood House is about fifteen
minutes, and from the railway station about ten
minutes.

Gosford (The Earl of Wemyss; Mr. John Brown,
gardener). — Waverley Station to Longniddery.

The first lodge entrance to the park is within
five minutes' walk of the station, but visitors
have a walk of somewhere about two miles
through the splendid park before reaching the
gardens. This is a princely place in its proportions.
Duriog the past eight years extensive improvements
have been going on under the direction of Mr.
Brown. On a future occasion we may have some-
thing to say in detail about these improvements ; at
the present time space will only admit of our saying,
that visitors in quest of artistic ideas on a large scale
will find some gratification in the developments which
are not quite finished here.

Archerfield (Mrs. Ogilvy Nesbit Hamilton ; Mr.
James Morrison, gr.). — Waverley Station to Dir-
leton, distant about 3 miles. The characteristics of
the place are excellent flower gardening and all-
round good home gardening.

Royal Gardens, Kew. — We are requested to
give publicity to the following announcement : — "The
Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, regrets that he
cannot undertake to name ordinary garden Orchids
for foreign cultivators, unless they are recognised
correspondents of the establishment."

Royal Horticultural Society.— On Tues-
day, Sept. 8, there will be an exhibition of British
Ferns and their varieties. The Silver Challenge Cup,
won at the Fern Conference last year by Dr. E. J.
Lowe, will be again competed for, and will be awarded
as the 1st prize. The 2nd prize will be £2. Amateur
growers of Verbenas will have a chance of dis-
tinguishing themselves also, as a Silver Flora
Medal, and various sums of money are offered as
prizes. In the afternoon, Mr. Geo. Paul will read a
paper on " Hardy Water and Bog Plants."

Vine Culture in Madeira.— We are indebted

to the courtesy of one of our correspondents, Mr.
Harcocrt Powell, for the photograph, taken by him-
self, of a vineyard in Madeira (see Supplementary Illus-
tration). The wines of Madeira were better known to
our forefathers than to ourselves. Troubles in the
shape of mildew (oidium) broke out in 1852, and well
nigh ruined the Vine-growers. This plague was stayed
by the application of sulphur, but only to be followed in
1873 by a worse peat — the Vine louse, or Phylloxera.
The application of bisulphide of carbon to the roots,
and the grafting of the Vines on American stocks,
have been so successful that the industry is again
reviving. For climatal reasons it seems improbable
that the insect will multiply with the same fecundity
that it does elsewhere. The stocks of old and matur-
ing Madeira in the hands of houses like Cossett
Gordon & Co., Blandt Brothers, and Leacock, are
very large, and are said to be fully equal in quality
to the Vines produced before the Oidium inflicted so
much mischief in 1852. The following account of the
culture of the Vine in Madeira is taken from Mr. J. Y.
Johnson's work on Madeira (Ddlao& Co.), an excel-
lent handbook for the visitor. " The Vine is propa-
gated from cuttings (bacellos) planted at a depth of
from 3 to 6 feet, and there is usually no produce for
the first three years. During the second or third spring
it is trained along a trellis (latadus) made of cane
(Arundo donax), and this trellis is supported by
stakes at 3 or 4 feet from the ground. This allows
the labourer to creep underneath, and do any work
that may be needed. The operation of pruning in
the lower region is undertaken^ in February, shortly
before the buds make their appearance. Little is
cut away, the plant being allowed to run to great
length. The flowers usually show themselves in the
early part of May. As the Grapes advance towards
ripening, leaves are from time to time removed, to
admit the sun's rays to the fruit, and to induce the
plant to throw its strength into it. The leaves are
much relished by cattle and goats. The vintage
commences at the end of August or beginning of
September, according to the season, and terminates
at the upper zone of the Vine region in October. At
the north, the vintage takes place two or three weeks
later. The rats, lizards, and wasps destroy a
considerable part of the produce."

The New Gardener at Chatsworth — We

learn that Mr. William Chester, who for thirty
years has filled the post of foreman of the large con-
servatory at that place, has been selected as Mr. 0.
Thomas's successor.

A LARGE MUSHROOM.— A very fine Mushroom,
of gigantic size, was picked up in LondeBborough
Park by a workman. Dimensions— 12 inches cir-
cumference, 13J inches diameter, and stem 6 inches
round. Weight, 2 lb. Oh oz.

DEODAR CONING. — Reverting to this subject, we
may note that the earliest record we can find of the
Deodar coning in Europe is of one that fruited in
1852, at Mr. Kell Barclay's, at Bury Hill, near
Dorking, as recorded in our columns, September 11,
1852, p. 582. The tree was at that time 28 feet
high. We should be glad to know its further
history. Since then it has fruited at Dropmore,
Kew, Sunninghill, and other places. Sir Joseph
Hooker kindly reminds us that at Kew there is
a specimen tree which was a seedling raised by
the late Sir Thomas Acland from a cone produced
at Killerton, near Exeter. The tree is more vigorous
than many of the other Deodars grown at Kew,
the species not thriving well in the Royal Gardens.
Writing from Bicton in our columns in December
11, 1869, Mr. James Barnes, says :— " I have not yet
seen a tree above fifty years old, or more than 80
feet high, though I have known it to produce cones
for years ; and have seen perfect seed produced from
home-grown plants, as well as plants raised from
home-grown seed."

The Rhubarb in Germany.— A daily con-
temporary points out that the Rhubarb plant is likely
to come into high favour on the Continent. It is
no stranger in Germany nor in Switzerland; but
hitherto it has been almost wholly cunfined to two
uses — medicine and ornamentation. The size of its
leaves has made it popular as a garden plant, but
the English have been greatly pitied for valuing it
as a substitute for fruit. The grievous failure of the
fruit crop this year in central and southern Germany
has converted the Landwirthschaftliche Korrespondenz
to the opinion that the English have shown their
usual practical sense in making so much of this
vegetable. It recommends all families to cultivate
it, gives directions for its management, and adds
receipts for making Rhubarb preserve and Rhubarb
wine. The latter, it says, is a far more delicate
dessert-wine than can be made from any berry, and
second only to the Grape. It anticipates a time
when Rhubarb stalks will be as familiar a sight in
the fruit markets, and as profitable an article of
trade, as they are in England. It specially com-
mends the sort known as " Qieen Victoria."

The Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— What a

woman can accomplish in aid of this Fund has
been well exemplified by Mrs. Bowerman, of Hack-
wood Park Gardens, who, when the recent Basingstoke
flower show was held in the Park, provided tea for
gardeners and other visitors, and handed over the
proceeds to the Orphan Fund. The weather was
very wet, and most distressing for a flower show,
but in spite of this difficulty, Mrs. Bowerman, with
the kindly aid of Master Hoare, netted the sum of
£2 16s., which has been forwarded to Mr. Barron.
We regret to learn that Mr. Bowerman is still in
King's College Hospital in a condition which creates
much anxiety.

STRAWBERRIES. — Fifty acres of Strawberry
plants in one field alone, as shown in our recent illus-
tration at p. 223, seems to those even familiar
with fruit culture almost a staggerer. Those who
would doubt should go into Kent and see for them-
selves, especially in the gathering time. What
interesting statistics could an industrious calculator
produce from out of this 50-acre breadth. How
many rows of plants, how many in a row, how many
per acre, and finally over the entire area? How
many pounds, hundredweights, and tons of fruit
annually gathered ? How much of manure applied,
how much the cost of labour, in fact, all sorts of

280

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

things might be added up and counted, which, though
seemingly trivial, yet have great importance in
Strawberry culture ? How these Kentish growers fly
in the face of correct teaching by sending in horse-
hoes to deeply stir the soil between the rows, even
moulding ploughs to ridge the soil in the winter, and
carts laden with manure to dress the plants also
liberally. If they do not dig between the rows of
plants, it is because the breadths are so large.
Such course would be impracticable; to have
the soil between the rows of plants well cleaned and
Dulverised, is one of the great essentials of successful
field culture. That, the horst -hoe accomplishes most
thoroughly; hand- hoes do the rest. So that, as
soon as possible after the fruit is gathered, the
plants are cleared of all weeds and refuse, and have
ample room and air to enable them to perfect their
crowns. The frequent heavy rains have rendered
the ordinary routine of culture this season difficult ;
still, it has been got over, somehow. A breadth of
Strawberry plants left all the summer to smother in
a bed of weeds would cut a poor figure the following
year. Ualy good culture, with good sorts, on good
soil, will pay.

Fruit Sales in Kent— The annual hardy-fruit
sales in Kent have just finished, says the Daily
News, and the results are certainly not satisfactory
to growers. Plums and Pears are so plentiful that
buyers decline to speculate, except in rare instances,
where fancy prices were obtained. Profiting by the
bitter experience of last year, when, after good prices
had beeu accepted, the Plum crop proved a failure,
buyers were exceedingly chary, and the competition
was decidedly slow. Pears were similarly treated.
In one case a reserve of £100 had been placed on a
certain lot of William's Pears, but the highest bid
only reached £56. Other nice lots of fruit shared
the same fate, and, consequently, growers will be
obliged to market the fruit themselves, or accept
greatly reduced offers. With harvest in full swing,
and the Hop-picking season imminent, growers
prefer to sell their hard fruit on the trees, but in this
respect many of them will be disappointed. On all
hands it is admitted that Plums will be very prolific,
and consequently this favourite fruit should be
within easy reach of the poorest classes. The jam-
mauufacturers in Kent — of whom there are now
several— are buying up large quantities of Plums. One
firm of jam-makers, who are also extensive growers,
are so well off tor Plums, that they have no need to
buy elsewhere. One of the common sorts of Pears
is also very plentiful. This special kind of fruit has
been sold in the London market at the rate of a
shilling for the half-sieve. After paying the carriage
of the fruit, and deducting the salesman's commis-
sion, this leaves bd. for the grower, out of which
he has to pay for the picking and other incidental
expenses, thus bringing the net profit down to a
very low minimum. A case of one buyer is reported,
in which he is said to be so disgusted at this price'
that he is leeding his pigs off the Pears.

Dutch Horticultural and Botanical

SOCIETY.— At the Floral Committee meeting of
August 8, 1801. the committee awarded Pirst-class
Certificates:— To Mr. D. Pis Backer, Jr., Apel-
doorn, for Collection of Begonia tuberosa erecta,
fl.-pl. ; to Messrs. Do Graaff Brothers, Leiden, fur
Babiana tubiflora Gawl. (insufficiently-known plant) ;
Tritonia scillaris (insufficiently known plant) ; Wat-
sonia aletroides, Gawl. (insufficiently-known plant);
W. humilis, Mill. var. rosea (insufficiently-known'
plant); to Messrs. Groeneweg»n & Co., Amster-
dam, tor Collection ot Tydiea hybrida ; to Messrs. E. H.
Krelage & Son, Haarlem, for Asclepias Fremontii
Torr. (insuffi ;iently- known plant). A. tuberosa L. var.
sulphurea (.nsuffi;iently-known plant), Eremurus
Olga; RgL var. angustifolius Hjrt. Petrop. (new
p ant), Eucomis bicolor, Baker, var. robusta (new
plant), Gladiolus purpureo-auratus, J. D HooV var
Admiration (1888) (now plant), G. p.-a. J D Hook
var. E. V. Hallock (18S9) (uew plant). G. p.-a. J. U
Hook. var. Gil Bias (1800) (new plant), G. p.-a. J
D. Hook. var. Gipsy (1880) (new plant), G. p.-a J
D. Hook. var. H.ppolyte (new plant), G. p.-a J D

Hook. var. Rembrandt (Hort. Krelagei, 1887) (new
plant), G. p.-a. hybr. (No. 112) var. Monsieur Dros
(Hort. Krelagei, 1891) (new plant), G. p.-a. hybr.
(No. 125) var. Geant de Haarlem (Hort. Krelagei,
1891; (new plant), G. p.-a. hybr. (No. 132) var. Jacob
Maris (Hort. Krelagei, 1891) (new plant), G. p.-a.
hybr. (No. 133) var. Hugo de Vries (Hort. Krelagei,
1891) (new plant), G. p.-a. hybr. (No. 134) var.
Joseph Israels (Hort. Krelagei, 1891) (new plant),
Montbretia crocosmiseflora Hort. var. Talisman (new
plant), M. c. Hort. var. Tigridie (new plant) ; to Mr.
C. G. Van Tubergen Jr., Haarlem, for Calochortus
madrensis Wats, (new plant), Eremus Olga? Rgl. (in-
sufficiently-known plant). Gladiolus Saundersii,
Bkr., Xgandavensis Hort. var. L. Spohr (new
plant), G. S. B. xg. Hort. var. R. Wagner
(new plant), Lilium nepalense var. ochroleucum
(insufficiently-known plant), Rosccea sikkimensis
(insufficiently-known plant).

Second-class Certificates: — To Messrs. De Graaff
Brothers, Leiden, for Gladiolus galeatus Andr. (in-
sufficiently-known plant), Watsonia Meriana Mill,
(insufficiently-known plant); to Messrs. E.H. Krelage
& Son, Haarlem, for Eucomis bicolor, Baker (in-
sufficiently-known plant), E. b., Baker, var. maculata
(new plant) ; Gladiolus purpureo-auratus, J. D.
Hook. var. Beaurepaire (18S9), (new plant) ; G. p.-a.
J. D. Hook, var. Hooft (Hort. Krelagei, 1887), (new
plant) ; G. p.-a. J. D. Hook, var. Minister von
Lucius (1889), (new plant) ; G. p.-a. hybr. (No. 7),
var. Arentine Arendsen (Hort. Krelagei, 1891), (new
plant). To Mr. C. G. Van Tubergen, jun., Haarlem,
for Gladiolus Saundersi Bkr. x gandavensis Hort.
var. G. F. Handel (new plant); G. S. Bkr. X g.
Hort. var. L. Van Beethoven (new plant).

Botanical Certificates : — To Messrs. E. H. Krelage
& Son, Haarlem, and to Messrs. De Graaff Bros.,
Leiden, for Allium cyaneum, Kegel (new plant).

Honourable notices: — To Messrs. E. H. Krelage &
Son, Haarlem, for Eucomis undulata, Ait. ; Messrs.
Ant. Roozen & Son, Overveen, for Griffithia
hyacinthina, Herb. Votes of thanks :— To Messrs.
J. T. Van Den Berg, Jr., Jutfaas, for Gladiolus
Lemoinei Hort. var. Derviche (new plant) ; G. L.
Hort. var. Eiffell (new plant) ; G. L. Hort. var.
M. Forcy Vannier (new plant) ; G. L. Hort. var.
Oriflamme (new plant) ; G. L. Hort. var. Rubis (new
plant) ; to Messrs. E. H. Krelage & Son, Haarlem, for
Agapanthus umbellatus Ait. var. fol. aureo-vittatus,
Bomarea oligantha, Baker (insufficiently-known
plant); Bowiea volubilis, Harvey (insufficiently-
known plant) ; Lilium Wittei, Suringar (insufficiently-
known plant) ; collection of Lathyrus in forty-three
species and varieties ; collection of Montbretia in
eighteen species and varieties ; collection of Tigridia
in eleven species and varieties; Zygadenus elegans,
Pursh. (insufficiently-known plant). To Mr. A. Riet-
veld Utrecht, for Begonia semperflorens Vernon,
to Mr. C. G. Van Tubergen, Jun., at Haarlem, for
Collection of Achimenes and Tydoea.

Fruit Committee. First-class Certificate : — To
Mr. G. Doeve, Leiden, for Seedling Peach
" Vroege Van Cronestein " (Early Cronestein).
Amsterdam, August, 1801, H. C. Zwart, Secretary.

Gateshead Horticultural Society.— The

thirty-sixth Annual Show of the above was to have
been held on September 1 and 2, in Saltwell Park,
but a severe gale blew down the tents, making it
impossible to hold the same in its entirety. The
show of cut-flowers, fruit, and vegetables only was
held in a small tent, and that under circumstances
of much difficulty. For the secretary and committee,
who have worked so hard to make this a financial
success, much sympathy is expressed.

Decay of Peaches on the Tree.— A cor-
respondent—a Frenchman — states, in very bad
English, that the decay of Peaches whilst on the
tree is due to the heat of the sun " boiling " the
juices within the stone, and of necessity those con-
tained in the surrounding pulp. It is a very odd
idea, and the way of combating the evil hardly less
so, which is. he says, very easy when you know it ;
tha* is, to hang a thin shading before the trees, and

4 feet away from them, between the hours of 10 am,
and 3 p.m., and when the warmth of the wall is
between 80° and 90°, and to afford the shading
materials a thorough wetting by means of the syringe
if 100° is reached. He says that shadings do not
affect the proper colouring of the fruits. Have any
of our readers experience of this method of saving
their Peaches ?

Low Temperature in Warwickshire— On.

Saturday night, August 29, Mr. T. Woodford of
Atherstone, informs us that the thermometer fell to-
34° ; and the weather was very wet and stormy.
During the month of August, 4 inches of rain had
fallen at that place.

FLOWERS IN SEASON.— Some very good Car-
nations and Picotees have reached us from our
Birmingham correspondent, Mr. W. Dean, Sparkhill.
Two are seedlings raised by Mr. Herbert, the-
manager of Messrs. Thomson's nursery, viz., Car-
nations Blushing Bride, a French white, full, with a
good calyx; and A.W.Jones, a crimson-flake — a
pleasing flower. Some Picoteea of Mr. J. Douolas-'
raising were Lilian, red-edged ; Almira, yellow
ground, rose edged ; and Terra Cotta, a fancy Car-
nation. Several new Carnations of Mr. Benary's
raising accompany these, viz., Sarony Unger, a
purple bizarre; Stadtrath Boel, a scarlet flake;
and Frederick Alexander, a purple biaarre. Two-
older varieties — Nellie, a light red-edged Picotee,
with fine fragrance, and Companion, a heavy rose-
edged, were likewise sent.

" Monographia Phanerogamarum." — We

have just received the seventh volume of this work,
which is the continuation, and, in part, the revision
of the famous Prodromus, and, like it, indispensable
to botanists. The volume is devoted to a mono-
graph of the Melastomacea;, by M. Alfred Coct-
niaux. The number of species enumerated is no
fewer than 2730, the greater number tropical Ameri-
can. The monograph appears to be produced with
equal care and elaboration. As, apart from its-
botanical interest, many of the species are among
our most ornamental stove plants, we shall take
another opportunity of adverting to what undoubtedly
is one of the most noteworthy productions of the
kind.

CHISWICK NOTES.— Some beds of Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora are just now very noticeable
in the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens.
With its great pyramidal panicles, 1 foot in depth,
and 2 feet in circumference, crowded with large
white flowers, it is highly ornamental, and is
undoubtedly one of the finest of hardy deciduous
shrubs. A dwarf form of Mimulus moscbatus
(of continental origin), and of very dwarf habit of
growth, combined with great freedom of flowering,
may be noted as a useful plant for edging beds.
Dahlias in the various sections show fancy, single,
decorative, and Cactus ; and the latest addition to
these useful autumn flowers — the Tom Thumb sec-
tion— will soon give a glow of colour, and produce
features of beauty, effectiveness, and interest in the
borders. Fuchsia Dunrobin Bedder is a dwarf and
beautiful form of the old F. Riccartoni, charac-
terised by its profuse flowering— a most useful and
effective bedding subject. A very interesting and
somewhat extensive trial of outdoor Tomatos is
being made this season, and the plants on trial are
bearing very freely. It is to be feared, however, that
the cool weather will not permit of the fruits ripening.

The British Association.— The President,

Mr. Francis Darwin, M.A. (in Sect. D., Biological
Section), delivered an address on "Growth-curvatures
in Plants." The scope of the address is indicated in
the opening sentences : " A seedling plant, such as a
young Sunflower, when growing in a state of Nature,
grows straight up towards the open sky, while its
main root grows straight down towards the centre of
fie earth. When it is artificially displaced, for in-
stance, by laying the flower-pot on its aide, both
root and stem execute certain curvatures by which

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

they reach the" vertical once more. Curvatures, such
as these, whether executedljnjrelation to light, gra-
vitation, or other influences'?may be grouped together
as growth-curvatures, and'1 is]with the history of our
knowledge on this subject that IJshall be occupied to-
day I shall principally deal with geotropic curva-
tures, or those executed in relation to gravitation, but
the phenomena in question form a natural group,
and it will be necessary to'refer to heliotropism and,
indeed, to other growth-curvatures. The history of
the subject divides into two branches, which it will
be convenient to study separately. When a dis-
placed apogeotropic organ curves so as to become
once more vertical, two distinct questions arise,

his continued belief in the views put forward in the
Power of Movement in Plants, that circumnutation is
a widely-spread phenomenon, even though it may
not be so widely - spread as he and his
father had supposed. In conclusion he said : —
" The relation between rectipetality and circum-
nutation may be exemplified by an illustration
which I have sometimes made use of in lecturing
on this point. A skilful bicycle-rider runs very
straight; the deviations from the desired course
are comparatively small ; whereas a beginner
' wobbles ' or deviates much. But the deviations
are of the same nature; both are symptoms of the
regulating power of the rider. We may carry the

to order and made subservient to rectilinear growth.
Circumnutation would be the outward and visible sign
of the process. I feel that some apology is due from
me to my hearers for the introduction of so much
speculative matter. It may, however, have one good
result, for it shows how difficult is the problem of
growth- curvature, and how much room there still is
for work in this field of research."

Harpenden Horticultural Society.— The

thirteenth annual exhibition was held in Rotham-
sted Park on August 26. There were about 8U0
entries. The special feature was the large collec-
tion of herbaceous plants, annual and perennial ;

FlG 35. — VIEW IN DALKEITH GARDEN, WITH GARDENERS HOUSE IN THE DISTANCE. (SEE P. 278 )

which may be briefly expressed thus :— (1) How
does the plant recognise the vertical line ; how does
it know where the centre of the earth is? (2) In
what way are the curvatures which bring it into the
vertical line executed ? The first is a question of
irritability, the second of the mechanism of move-
ment. Sachs has well pointed out that these two
very different questions have been confused together.
They should be kept as distinct as the kindred
questions how, by what nervous apparatus, does an
animal perceive changes in the external world; and
how, by what muscular machinery, does it^move in
relation to such changes ? " The president dealt
separately with " irritability " and " mechanism,"
and then treated of " circumnutation," expressing

analogy one step further : just as growth-curvature
is the coutinuance or exaggeration of a nutation in a
definite direction, so when the rider curves in his
course he does so by wilful exaggeration of a
' wobble.' It may be said that circumnutation is
here reduced to the rank of an accidental deviation
from a right line. But this does not seem necessarily
the case. A bicycle cannot be ridden at all unless it
can ' wobble,' as every rider knows who has
allowed his wheel to run into a frozen rut. In the
same way it is possible that some degree of cir-
cumnutation is correlated with growth in the manner
suggested above, owing to the need of regular pauses
in growth. Rectipetality would thus be a power by
which irregularities, inherent in growth are reduced

Roses, Dahlias, and Stove and Greenhouse plants,
made up an attractive and successful show.

Notices of Books.

GRAPE GROWING FOR AMATEURS. By E. Moly-
neux. (L. Upcolt Gill, 170, Strand, W.C.)
It might be supposed that nothing new was left to
be said on the subject of Grape-growing in this
country. In the above well-written little work, by
an excellent gardener and champion Chrysanthemum
grower, we have related the cultivation of the Vine
in all its varieties. The writer begins at the

282

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

beginning, and insists on the careful making of the
border, truly observing that on this, the first opera-
tion, depends the future success of the Grape-culti-
vator. The directions for border construction, and
generally, are stated in plain language, tolerably free
from technical phraseology, as befits a book intended
for the amateur, and they are about as good as any
that we have seen. The chapter on vineries is a useful
one ; and that dealing with the propagation of the
Vine will be of great service to those who are usually
not too well provided with suitable appliances.

The sub-division of the seasons' culture, of the
Vine into early, late, Muscat, vinery, and greenhouse
treatment, is particularly happy. The subjects of
dealing with the shoots during growth, thinning the
bunches, with examples (not enough) of unthinned
and thinned, properly and improperly, are treated
at considerable length. Shanking is dealt with as
usual — that is, unsatifactorily, guesses, more or less
near the truth, as to its cause being made. Over-
cropping is the commoner cause given ; but how is it
that, however much a plant in a vineyard may carry,
and it will carry as much as twenty-five pounds
weight, the next year's crop does not shank ? We
have yet much to learn as to the causes of this
disorder in glasshouse Grapes. A descriptive list of
varieties is given, together with their various merits,
faults, and uses, and this chapter is supplemented by
one on the peculiarities of certain varieties.

The chapter on pruning would have been better
nnderstood had there been more illustrations.

PLACES OF INTEREST GOING
NORTH.

Messrs. W. Fell <f- Co., Hexham. — Among the many
persons whose interests or fancies will take them
northward to the Edinburgh Exhibition, will doubt-
less be found some to whom forestry in some of its
phases, as practised in this country, will appeal
strongly. Those of our readers residing in cold
or exposed localities, or who intend planting
in such aspects, know the value of clean, healthy
stocks of timber trees, and the advantages which are
derived by planting such as have been raised in cold
exposed nurseries, yet in good soil, should not fail
to visit the nurseries of W. Fell & Co., Hexham,
Northumberland. The firm has rapidly become
famous, by reason of its Whinham's Industry Goose-
berry, and is fast becoming widely known as among the
foremost possessors of the hardiest forest stuff to be
met with in England. The town nursery is close to the
Hexham station of the Carlisle and Newcastle Rail-
way, and it is here that the few plant-houses are
found, as well as ornamental park and garden trees,
acres of the celebrated Gooseberry above named, and
the finest collection of herbaceous plants to be
found in the North of England. The rest of
the nursery is to be found in isolated patches
of many acres in extent on the hills that skirt
the town on the south, and these fields, being
entirely on the northern face or on the top, are
fully exposed to the colder winds, and the subjects
they are planted with endure all the rigours of z.
none too gentle climate Here were noted enormous
quantities of Larch, Scots Vine, Pinus austriaca, Abies
septemtrionalis, a variety of Spruce likely to take
the place of the common Spruce in the future. It
is sparse of habit and a deep rooter, which the latter
is not, as planters have often learnt to their cost.
Great numbers of Abies Menziesii are being grown,
as it is believed that it will take the place of A.
Douglasii, a species that does not do well every-
where. A. Menziesii makes as good timber, and is
moreover an even more rapid grower. Much of the
coniferous stuff is of planting age, vigorous, stocky,
and well - rooted, and which may be accounted
for by the annual or biennial transplantation to
which all the stock, of whatever description it may
be, is subjected. Some of the Scots Pine— that which
came, we believe, from primitive forests at Braemar,
and which is kept separate from other stock-
is of a lively green, instead of blue-green,
the commoner tint of this species of Pine.

Beyond the colour difference, no other point
seems to distinguish this from the common one.
On the high ground, large breadths of deciduous
timber trees are raised, as Ash, Populus canadensis,
a fine street tree, and one that has been so employed
at Glasgow; Sycamore, &c. The Larch seemed to
us to look particularly happy, as did also the Quicks,
of which very large quantities are grown for railway
supply particularly. This plant is sometimes a
sufferer from mildew, but this season, so peculiarly
favourable to mildew attacks, it has not appreci-
ably affected the Hexham stock of the plant. Of
ornamental Conifers in the town nursery, mention
should be made of the very fine lot of Cupressus
Lawsoniana. A golden variegated Weeping Ash,
was remarked, whose variegation is very fine, and
constant. Of the Whinham Gooseberry the avail-
able stock is about 400,000 in one, two, and three-
year-old plants. The astonishing quantity of fruit
gathered from this variety and its earliness are fast
making it the Gooseberry for market purposes, and
especially for gathering in the green state, as there
is a clear gain of three weeks over any other known
Gooseberry. A Hexham fruit-grower is stated to
have picked from 3£ acres of bushes 26 tons of fruit,
realising a gross sum of £280. The fruit of a dark,
dusky-red colour when ripe, and of fairly good
quality.

The herbaceous perennials and dwarf-growing
shrubs form very complete collections of such species
and varieties as are found to succeed in the North.
We noted among little-known things, Helenium
doronicoides, very free- flowering; a double-flowered
Sweet William, only 4 inches, of a rich velvety
crimson, coming in September with heads as dense
as a Cockscomb ; Carnation Raby Castle, raised by
Mr. Westcott, of Raby Castle Gardens, with fine
salmon-pink flowers, very free and robust; Heli-
anthus rigidus, about 5000 fine healthy plants ;
Saponaria officinalis, good for spring and autumn
display, flowers lilac-coloured ; Pyrethrum White
Queen, like P. parthenifolium, but better, with
white, button-like blooms, and excellent for
cutting ; Aster alpinus altaicus, 6 inches in
height, with purplish-lilac flowers — a free and
continuous bloomer ; Spiraea Nobleana, an im-
provement on S. Douglasi, having a large corymb
of rose-pink blooms ; S. opulifolia aurea, a good
plant for smoky towns — it has yellow leafage ;
Genista tinctoria is a species with bright yellow
blossoms, and it is full of flower at the present time ;
Cornus sibirica argentea elegantissima — Heaven
save the name ! — is a much better subject to plant
than C. s. elegantissima, the variegation being far
clearer. A selection from the English Bramble
was observed, which is going to be put under the
treatment usually accorded the Raspberry ; it
has a dwarf habit, and it fruits freely. The New
Zealand species of Veronicas were found in
large numbers, but all much mutilated by frost,
with the one exception of V. Traversi, which is un-
doubtedly the best for the rough North. The bushes
of Viburnum Lantana were observed to be full of
berries; this is one of the hardiest of shrubs, and
pretty either in flower or berry. Daphne Cneorum,
Hippophae rhamnoides, and Ploughman's Spike-
nard, Inula Conyza, were observed in good condition.
The latter gets cut down in some winters. Large
numbers of fruit trees, of kinds suitable for the
district, are grown, and the crops of Hessle and
Green Chisel Pears were enormous. This is a most
interesting nursery, and a fact may be mentioned
that will be well understood and appreciated by all
planters, that there was an entire absence of old
stock.

Alnwick Castle.

The gardens at Alnwick Castle, the best in
the county of Northumberland for fruit growing
under glass, and a certain style of bedding-out
pursued there, that is well adapted for the cool
climate, should not be omitted from the list of
places worthy of being visited by gardeners going
North. The place is best reached from Bilton
Junction of the North-eastern Railway, and is dis-
tant from the station of Alnwick about a quarter

of a mile. As befits a modern garden and its
glass erections, it is removed some distance from
the hoary old stronghold of Alnwick CaBtle, whose
flagstaff on the keep is about all that one can
see of it from the area round the glasshouses.
The arrangement of these glass-houses in groups-
running east and west, with a flower garden around
them, the beds being on turf, and of simple forms,
is worthy of imitation in such places as demand it
for the sake of avoiding incongruousness. One
cannot say too much for the fine style of keeping
the beauty of the turf and walks, and the general air
of tidiness and cleanliness prevailing, not only in
this part of the garden, but everywhere else. Peacb
trees are well grown, and have been by Mr. Harris
put into perfectly healthy condition as regards soil
and drainage of the borders, &c. In one of the first-
Peach-houses entered were found two trees, each
seventy years old ; these were the old Galande
and Royal Hative, and another tree of the
same great age yields fine crops every year
of pale-coloured fruits — its name was not learned.
The great age of these trees is very evident, from
their enormous stems and rugged main branches, but
one would scarcely have expected to find so much
excellent young wood in them as was the case.
One of the best of all late Peaches — Princess of
Wales, was observed in the next house entered ; it
was also in fine bearing, the crop being, of course,
not yet ripe. A tree of Violette Hative in the same
house was a good companion to the former. We
entered three of the iron-ribbed vineries, of an
old-fashioned style of workmanship, in which there
were splendid crops of Black Hamburgh, Ali-
cante, Mrs. Pince, Muscat, &c. It was remarked
that Mrs. Pince, a notoriously shy setter, was
hung all over with perfect bunches — a result
which has followed artificial fertilisation. The
other Grapes were excellent, good bunches,
high finish, and large, hard foliage ; the youth of
the Vines is renewed by the method of cutting out
the old, and laying in new wood. One of the
vineries planted with Muscat of Alexandria had
its Vines lifted in the autumn of 1890, and in
another the Vines had not been transplanted. The
untransplanted Vines carried a very fine lot of large
bunches, and the Vines in the other house, which
had not had its crop sacrificed in any way, because of
having been removed, bore a crop that was but little
behind it in the size of the bunches and the berries.
Pines have always been well managed at Alnwick,
and fine fruits, ripe, and approaching ripeness, were
noticed ; these were mostly Queens. The winter
varieties consist of Charlotte Rothschild and Smooth
Cayenne ; the majority are of the latter variety, and a
few Black Jamaicas. The Pine stoves are not quite all
that a gardener could wish, most of them being too
lofty; and then the iron construction and small
panes of glass tend to make artificial heat in exces-
sive amount a necessity in cold weather. The
handsome conservatory was gay with plants in
bloom, and in it were noticed a magnificent Luculia
gratissima, which Mr. Harris said is pruned in
February, and the shoots never stopped, and it flowers
beautifully in its Eeason. A large Bougainvillea
glabra, yellow AbutUoi, and an immense specimen
of Fuchsia Carolina were noted on the roof and its
supporting pillars. The wall trees are really fine
examples of what good soil and management, with
careful summer treatment of the young wood, and
clever training can' do in not the best of climates.
Plums and Pears and Morello Cherries were heavily
laden, as were most of the Apricot and Peach trees.
A Noblesse Peach, planted so long ago as 1S28, was
full of nice fruits. A good many useful species of
Orchids are grown, amongst them a grand piece
of Cymbidium Lowianum. The stock of Ferns
and other plants used in the decoration of
apartments is a very large one, as is the
number of plants of Eucharis amazonica, which it
may be remarked are in fine condition. There
are other plant-houses than tho9e containing the
plants mentioned above.

Dwarf Apples on the paradise stock are planted at
the sides of the vegetable quarters, and the varieties

September 5, 1891.]

THE GA S DENES 8' CHS 0 A 1 CL E.

283

which almost invariably crop well are Ecklinville,
Lane's Prince Albert, Bismarck, Red Calville, a
famous dark crimson, and very prolific early fruit;
The Queen, Manx Codling, Grenadier, and Lord
Nuffield. These are varieties which are found as
well suited to the climate as the old Cockpit and
Fulwood, once thought to be indispensable in that
part.

Home Correspondence.

THE "[NEWER AND LITTLE KNOWN STRAW-
BERRIES.— The following notes may be of interest to
some of your readers. The past Strawberry season

Nicaise — not established enough to test — is a great
bearer ; Brown's Goliath is an enormous bearer, but
it is quite flavourless ; Commander, a market fruit,
being promising; Competitor, whose early flowers
got frozen, has large fruits of good flavour, robust
grower, promising; Georges Lasirer, is a very fine
late large sort ; Harris' Al, was f poilt by the rain
— a bearer ; John Buskin, a remarkably early, but
destitute of good flavour ; Latest of All, a very large
and fine fruit, a grand novelty; Prince Ti-ck, in-
stead of being better than Paxton, it is inferior to
it; Sharpless' No. 1. very large and early, a good
market sort; Souvenir de Kieff, a large heavy late
variety of refreshing and fine flavour; Unser Fritz,
large, and of fine flavour, a late variety ; Victory
House, same as Brown's Goliath. Among the
older kinds Elton Pine, Dr. Hogg, Countess and

season. Wry few blanks occurred in the quarters.
I thiuk White Knight will be gool in a dry season ;
it i< very pretty in the dish. George Bunyard,
Maidstone,

GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND SUGGESTIONS.—
In noting iu your last, issue the splendid receipts at
the late great show at Shrewsbury, a thought occurred
to me. I notice that this spirited Society has done
much good with its sui plus iu the past. A really
grand opportunity presents itself now to the Society
tor recognising the claims of this most deserving
chanty. As is now well known, the fund has a large
number of orphans to maintain, and the unavoidable
abandonment of the Covent Garden fete, a good
source of annual revenue, has compelled the executive
to seek f r the much-need ?d support in fresh

FlO. 36. — NEWBATT1E ABBEY. (SEE P. 278.)

lias given us a great quantity of fruit, lut owing to
the continued wet, much of it has been inferior in
quality, and the small or sparse-foliaged kinds have
done better than those having an abundant leaf
growth, as the former did not root so much ; and
the smooth, Bhiny kinds as Vicomtesse Hericart
du Thury, Lucas, Victoria, &c, have naturally
come out best. President, Sir J. Paxton, Sir C.
Napier, and others like them, very much spoiled ; in
fact, such strong sorts should be quite 4 feet between
the rows. To take my notes alphabetically, I find
Albert very large, globular, and of fine Hautbois
■flavour ; Aberdeen Favourite, a very free bearer,
shiny red, and although a strong grower, it has
done well — it is rather late ; A. F. Barron will, I
think, be a good market Strawberry ; Auguste

Filbert Pine have been very good. As far as earli-
ness is concerned in the open, the Irost of Whit-
Sunday cut all the King flowers, and they came in
together — King of Earlies, Alice Maude, Hooper's
Seedling, Noble, Grosse Sucre> (very fine this year),
and Viscomtesse H. de Thury being in the earliest
pickings ; as usual, the new beds were a week the
earliest. Those who are making new beds cannot
take too much pains to manure the land freely and
to cultivate deeply, the quarters so prepared show the
generous treatment until the last. Waterloo has
been extra fine, and proves a good wet weather
berry. Monsieur Tournier is quite distinct, and not
such a good bearer. We consider the long frost and
snow gave the Strawberries a rest, and they never
started more freely, and looked better than in the past

quarters. Other horticultural societies with a surplus
ihis season should come to the rescue also, and thtt
without delay. One or two other ideas suggest them-
selves in connection with eliciting aid for this charity.
For some unexplained reason, the Fund has not
hitherto derived much support from Scotland. Now
our Scotch brethren of the craft have a grand oppor-
tunity for making amends for their apparent luke-
warmness — and that soon. On the occasion of the
forthcoming International Fruit and Flower Show in
Edinburgh on September 9, 10, and 1 1, let the powers
that be organise themselves into a collecting com-
mittee in aid of the Fund, by scattering boxes about
the show, and advocating its claima upon the
charitable in every possible way. The various
gardeners' mutual improvement associations will soon

284

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[Septembee 5, 1891.

be commencing their sessions. Would it not be a
good plan to have a collecting-box on the table at
each meeting, so that those who felt so inclined to
afford a small sum might do so. J. B.

IS HYDRANGEA PANICULATA A HARDY PLANT ?
—At a flower show recently held at Bndgewater, there
was a class for " eighteen bunches of hardy peren-
nial and bulbous plants," and the judges disqualified
one stand containing a bunch of Hydrangea pani-
culata it is stated, on the grounds that it was not a
perennial, and not hardy. I think they were quite
right in objecting to Hydrangea pamculata, on the
ground that it is not what is generally accepted as
a perennial.it being very properly classed in cata-
logues with hardv shrubs, and not with hardy peren-
nials But as H. paniculata finds a place m lists
of hardy shrubs— that of Messrs. Veitch & Sons,
for instance— I do not think it should have been
objected to on the ground it is not hardy. Indeed,
Mr. George Nicholson, of Kew, a trusted authority,
holds this species to be hardier than H. hortensis,
which other good authorities hold to be by no means
hardy, except at or near the sea-side, and as requiring
some 'pr°tection durillK winter, where the conditions
of climate are not favourable. But it is further
stated, the judges somewhat complicated matters by
accepting H. hortensis and H. otaksa as admissible ;
at any rate, they were not objected to. E. W.

NEW GRAPES. — Being in the neighbourhood of
Appley Towers, Isle of Wight, on August 1, I
called to see these new proteges of Mr. Myles, viz.,
Appley Towers, black— and Lady Hutt, white, which
have already gained First-class Certificates from the
Royal Horticultural Society, as new and distinct
kinds, and likely to prove standard late varieties,
especially in the hands of good Grape growers. It
cannot be said they have any special treatment at
Appley Towers, for they are grown in a mixed house,
inarched on to indifferent stocks, which had hitherto
failed to give satisfactory Grapes. The canes thus
made were afterwards bent down and layered on to
the surface of the border. The bunches are not
extraordinarily large ; but the size and shape of the
berries are so prominent as to at once arrest the
attention of the most casual observer, unless the
unusually bad weather all through August has pre-
vented or hindered the ripening process. I under-
stood it is Mr. Myles' intention to submit them
for public criticism before the International Fruit
Exhibition at Edinburgh on September 9, 10, 11,
when gardeners and others interested may inspect
them. It would be unfair to expect to find such late
kinds in best condition so early in September unless
specially forced for that early date, and which, I
understand, these have not been. Nevertheless, I am
of opinion sufficient merit will show itself, under
such adverse circumstances to justify the exhibit.
The origin of these splendid Grapes has been before
given in the columns of the Gardeners' Chronicle.
Mr. Myles has, I observed, planted entire houses of
each kind, and judging from appearances, even
better results may confidently be expected next year ;
moreover, he has also worked up a large stock of
strong planting canes, in readiness for commercial
purposes. W. Crump, Madresjield Court, Malvern.

"SIMPLES."— An old subscriber begs the favour
of the name of a herb which she has had sent to her,
from Derbyshire, where it seems to be much used
by villagers for curing lumbago, as it acts favourably
on the liver, &c. It grows in arable fields and
other places, but is not a rock plant, so far as she
can ascertain. Some people called it Pellitory, but
this does not resemble Pellitory of the wall in any
way. It is most successful in removing lumbago —
2 oz. of the herb with a pint of boiling water poured
over it, and left till it is cold, a wineglassful being
taken twice a day, fasting. Leamington. [The plant
sent was Alchemilla arvensis, and given faith would
no doubt be proportionately useful. Ed.]

FERN NOMENCLATURE. — Your correspondent
Mr. W. Napper (p. 246), is not the only lover of
Ferns who has been perplexed by the confusion in
their nomenclature. As far as the genera are con-
cerned, it would be an excellent plan if those of the
Synopsis Filicum were adopted, raising the sub- genera
to the rank of genera. But as regards species, the
question is infinitely more complicated. Here, in
many groups, an entire revision is required, and a
double arrangement will be necessary — a botanical
and a horticultural. For instance, Lomaiia prccera,
a Fern of soft, herbaceous texture, is as different as
possible in a gardener's eye to the cast-iron-looking
Lomaria chilensis ; yet there are connecting forms,
and both are held by Mr. J. G. Baker to be varieties

of the former species. So again with Hypolepis
distans, and several other species of this genus, which
cannot be satisfactorily separated from Polypodium
(Phegopteris) punctatum, though in the Synopsis the
first-named genus is placed in the one great division
of Involucralae (sori furnished with an involucre),
and the second in the other division of Exinvolucratie
(sori without an involucre), and they are separated
by four tribes, and heaven knows how many genera
from each other ! On asking Mr. Baker to which
genus Phegopteris punctata ought to be referred,
Hypolepis or Phegopteris, he replied, "Both ! " And
no doubt he was right, for some of its forms approach
nearer to one, and others to the other genus. Alfred
0. Walker.

DINARD. — This pretty French watering place,
with its lovely deeply-indented coast-line, offers
many attractions to the horticulturist. The climate
seems very mild, and numbers of the half-hardy and
tender shrubs and plants can be grown ; this fact
has been largely taken advantage of by English villa
owners, of whom there is a numerous colony. The
Bamboos particularly seem to flourish near the sea ;
in fact, quite rival the Tamarisk. Fruit-culture can
be carried on here under most favourable auspices,
and I never remember to have seen such an unfail-
ing crop of Pears as there is in every garden and
orchard one sees. The different varieties all attain
to an unusual size ; this is best exemplified by the
huge specimens of Williams and Beurre d'Amanlis,
now exhibited in the fruiterers' windows. The Golf
course at St. Briac will be soon one of the best in
Europe, it runs parallel with a bold coast-iine, and
is a rare hunting ground for wild flowers. One often
has to play one's ball from a carpet of Autumn
Squills. In fact, the ground is as thick with the
Squills as an English meadow with Buttercups. In
the dry hollows Solanum nigrum grows abundantly,
and the Eupatorium in those that are damp.
Vagabond.

SEED PODS ON ORCHIDS. — I enclose herewith
two seed pods, half developed, of the Dendrobium
Brymerianum, with the flowers on them unopened.
This is the second time this plant, which is the
short-bulbed species, has attempted to flower with
me, and on each occasion instead of the flower
opening it has shrivelled, and seed pods have de-
veloped. It seems difficult to understand how the
flower buds could have become fertilised — yet there it
is. On the last occasion, I let the seed ripen, being
curious to see if they would germinate, but none of
them did. Can you explain the cause of this
phenomenon ? I have tried the plant both in the
intermediate and East Indian houses. Richard S.
Bond. [The flowers are closed and imperfectly de-
veloped. At first, we thought it a case of close
fertilisation (cleistogamy), but, on examination, we
find no trace of pollen. The ovules are not properly
developed. The swelling of the ovary, and the
formation of imperfect ovules, is not an uncommon
result of irritation, unconnected with the action of
the pollen. Ed.]

NOTES ON SOME VARIETIES OF APPLES.— I

was much obliged for the trouble you so kindly took
to report on the fungus on the Apple leaves I sent
you, and intend to try the remedy you suggest. The
curious thing is, that among fully sixty different
varieties only two, the Melon Apple and Lord
Suflield, are affected. These are in different parts
of the orchard, and all the trees of these varieties
are affected, the neighbouring trees being free from
the fungus. I take it that these two varieties are
peculiarly liable to this particular pest, and it might
be interesting to know if this proves to be the case
in other places. Whilst on the subject of Apples, I
may perhaps be permitted to mention, as one who
has taken up the cultivation of these fruits experi-
mentally with a great deal of interest, that with my
experience thus far of a large number of sorts — more
than I should plant again had I, with my now gained
experience, to start a'resh' — I have found the sub-
joined the most satisfactory as regards the combined
desiderata of reliability, quality, and beauty in my
soil: Ecklinville Seedling, a grand fruit; Duchess
of Oldenburg, most prolific and beautiful ; Lord
Grosvenor, a splendid codlin ; Lord Derby, of
immense size, and a good keeper ; Peasgood's Non-
such, worth growing, if only for its size and beauty,
but with me it is also an excellent cooking Apple ;
Warner's King, immense fruit, and of excellent
quality ; Cox's Orange Pippin, early and abundant,
and of exquisite flavour; Blenheim Orange, bears
well on young trees if on the paradise ; Loddington,
very large and handsome ; Lane's Prince Albert,

most prolific; Bramley's Seedling, a trustworthy
variety ; Mere de Manage, an immense fruit, very
handsome and unique in appearance ; Landsberger
Reinette, a little known variety, but a beauty. George
Benington.

CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES. — Mr. Douglas
points out the difficulty in saving seed ot the finer
sorts in such seasons, especially, as we are having.
Some years ago, Mr. J. P. Sharp, when living at
Perry Barr, Birmingham, pointed out to me some
plants, in 48-pots, removed to a greenhouse when
blooming, and impregnated, and he had a good supply
of pods of seeds, remaiking at the time on the
advisability of keeping plants in small pots for seed-
bearing purposes. Such a season as this, especially
in the Midlands and the North, very little seed will
be bai vested, I fear. Amateurs should get layering
finished at once, so as to have the layers well-rooted
early ; then the plants can get through the winter in
a healthy state. Many delay layering, and ill-rooted
plants are the consequence. Mr. Douglas has raised
and introduced some very fine varieties, especially
yellow ground sorts, and there is a superb variety of
his named Lilian, which adds materially to his list of
honours. The stock of this very fine variety he sold
to Mr. R. Sydenham, who let a few of his Birming-
ham friends have plants. It is a yellow ground,
heavily edged and rayed with very bright scarlet,
contrasting so well with the clear bright yellow
ground colour, of very fine form, and having a well-
formed pod. It is a very beautiful, distinct, and
bright variety. W. D.

THE variegated ENGLISH ELM.— Your cor-
respondent, Mr. R. Dean, in your last week's
impression, wrote of a fine variegated English Elm at
Ealing, and thinks there is reason to believe it to be
an accidental seedling. There were two large silver
variegated Elms at this plaee (Thornham Hall, Eye),
one of which was cut down to give the other more
room. The one that is left cannot be less than one
hundred years old, as it was a large tree when I first
knew it, forty-three years ago. I enclose a piece for
inspection. There may not be a great many speci-
mens of it in England, but Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons,
Royal Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea, have, I believe, a
large stock of it. It is very conspicuous amongst
Oaks and other green-leaf tiees, and is a noble com-
panion to the variegated Acers, Sec, especially the
Negundo albo variegata. The variegation in the
Elm is not generally so good in a wet summer as in
a dry one. John Perkins.

ECKFORD'S SWEET PEAS— Every gardener
knows well the value of a good strain of Sweet
Peas, and where there is a large and constant
demand for cut flowers, usually prepares two or more
sowings from which basketf'uls of flowers may fre-
quently be gathered. In Mr. Eckford's novelties we
have been tavoured with something good and very
far ahead of what was at one time thought excel-
lent. Of the whites, Mrs. Sankey might well be
termed the queen, for it is a handsome thing. The
individual flowers are large, with standards pure
white, and borne on strong stalks, and the plant is
exceedingly robust. I knew of no white to equal
it. Lemon Queen is very pretty, and Her Majesty
a beautiful pink, with a white eye ; Purple Prince,
rich purple ; Ignea, deep crimson ; Countess of
Radnor, Gaiety, Orange Prince, Princess of Wales,
very peculiar ; Primrose, Apple Blossom are all
good. Empress of India must not be forgotten, for
it is exceedingly pretty, the standards being rosy-
pink, and the wings white. These in their separate
colours are very useful, and help, not only to beautify
the borders, but when planted at intervals they may
be kept to their colours better, taking care, should a
" rogue " appear, to remove it at once. To give
praise where it is due, I am sure there is ample
room to congratulate Mr. Eckford on his success.
H. Markham.

BROADWAY. — To any one who loves Mr. Alfred
Parson's pictures, this quaint old English village
must be very dear. Most of your readers will now
be thinking of holidays ; there are few places that
offer more attractions to those that love Nature in
her quiet moods than this. The cottage gardens
are gay and bright w.th all manner of sweet-smelling
flowers, and the lintels and porchways are wreathed
with Roses and other creepers. As an additional
inducement, 1 may say how favourite a place it is
for Americans. Many of them have taken houses
there, and the visitors' book of the " Lygon Arms,"
the old-fashioned hostel, is full of well-known trans-
atlantic names. One sweet garden, with grass walks

September 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

285

and a long arcade of Roses, and a stone quadrangle
with Musk growing up from the crannies, has as yet
escaped Mr. Parson's pencil. It is also a paradise of
wild flowers, and one hill-slope was more vividly
painted by Nature than any hill-side I had ever seen.
The prevailing flowers were the giant Campanula
and the Sunflower-like Elecampane ; this latter
flower, sacred to " Sweet Helen," by whose kiss
Faustus prayed to be made immortal, grows most
luxuriantly. A garden of Sunflowers is brilliant
indeed ; I must leave to the imagination a description
of a hill-side clad with them. Vagabond.

PHORMIUM TENAX COLENSOI.— Last year this
plant threw up two flower-spikes 15 feet high, and
bore a full crop of seed, some of which was harvested
and sown early in April of this year, the conse-
quence is, that we now have dozens of nice little
plants, and fortunate it is, for the late severe winter
killed the plant entirely. This variety is one of the
best of the family for outdoor use, the glaucous tint
of the underneath side of its broad leaves give a nice
contrast in colour to the upper side, which have a
tendency to a brown tint. The flowers are quite
insignificant. As a water-side plant this Phormium
is capital. M.

VERBASCUMS. — Verbascum phlomoides is well
worthy of cultivation in herbaceous and shrubbery
borders, but is not olten seen. A few plants of it in
a garden near here are very effective at the present
time, far more so than any other member of the genus
that I have seen. V. Blattaria — a somewhat rare
native plant — is the nearest approach to the above
for showiness, and is by no means to be despised when
it can be obtained ; V. thapsus and V. nigrum are
only fit for the wild garden, and for naturalising in
conspicuous places in woods and parks. They all
prefer a limestone or sandy soil, and seed abun-
dantly. V. thapsus has lately been mentioned by
some writers as a plant not often seen, and likely to
be lost; but, judging from its behaviour in this
neighbourhood, and also on the limestone hills of
Kent, I consider we shall be a very long time before
we lose it. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens,
Stamford.

8TRAWBERRY WATERLOO — This variety has
cropped much better in this neighbourhood the past
season than it has previously done ; it would be in-
teresting to know if growers in other parts of the
country have found any improvement in this respect,
and if so, whether it is to be attributed to any pecu-
liarities of the season, or to a recovery of vigour
that had been lost through over-propagation. It is
one of the finest-looking late Strawberries we have,
and is also of excellent flavour if allowed to get
thoroughly ripe before it is gathered ; but mistakes
may easily be made here, as this variety is longer
than most kinds of Strawberries in reaching maturity
after colouring commences. W. H. Divers, Ketton
Hall Gardens, Stamford.

DANIELS' " CONTINUITY " CABBAGE LETTUCE —
I sowed a row of this Lettuce in the spring at the
same time as Paris Cos, and am very pleased with it.
It fully merits the name of Continuity ; it came
in early and is as good now in the middle of August
from the one sowing as it was at first. The Paris
Cos and the ordinary Cabbage variety have both
bolted long ago, but this does not seem to get any
more advanced in that direction at present. It is a
brown Lettuce of good flavour, and it grows to a fair
Bize. Ours is a heavy soil, and any Lettuce that
shows no disposition to go to seed is an acquisition.
The row was thinned, and those that were trans-
planted at that time have turned out as well as the
ones that were left. W. J. S.

POTATO DISEASE.— I was much gratified by the
universal good account of the Potato crop, and
absence of all disease, as reported in the Gardeners
Chronicle, up to August 8 ; but on that day, I
noticed some spots on leaves of Potato haulm.
1 was certain on Monday (10th) that it was the
old story. A day or two after I was quite cer-
tain—the Myatt's Prolific patch was much in-
fected. To-day I perceive a large patch in the
middle of my Gloucestershire kidneys, and leaves
spotted all round it; so I can confidently report
that the plague has begun. [In too many other
places also. Ed]. I do not like the look of my
Mona's Pride, but the later Potatos as yd seem
very clean. I have not yet heard of the disease
in any other garden hereabouts, but I have no
doubt the Gardeners' Chronicle will have plenty
of same report as mine. The proBpect of the small

crop of Apples and Pears on the trees is a poor one.
Apples and Pears black spotted and falling down,
the leaves also of some sorts falling withered to the
ground. Of course all attributable to the cold
nights. Bees have stopped work altogether, after
doing so well for a fortnight. Salop.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Floral Committee Awards, Tuesday, August 25.
First-class Certificates.
To Hypericum Moserianum, from Mr. A Waterer.
To Cupreous Arizonica, from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons.

Awards of Merit.

To Dahlia John Walker, from Mr. J. Walker.

To Gladiolus Thalia, from Messrs. Kelway Sc Sons.

To Gladiolus Bias, from Messrs. Kelway & Sons.

To Gladiolus James O'Brien, from Messrs. Kelway St Sons.

To Cactus Dahlia Delicata, from Mr. T. S. Ware.

To Border Carnation La Neige, from Mr. T. S. Ware.

To Carnation Mr. C. R. Humbert, from Dieksons Limited.

To Cactus Dahlia Kynerith, from Messrs. Keynes, Williams
& Co.

To Cactus D.ihlia St. Catherine, from Messrs Keynes, Wil-
liams & Co.

To Cactus Dahlia Baron Schroder, from Messrs. Keynes,
Williams & Co.

To Single D jhliaJMiss Glasscock, from Messrs. J. Cheal St
Sons.

To Cactu* Dahlia R. Cannell, from Messrs. H. Cannell &
Sons.

To Cactus Dahlia Swanley Castle,{from Messrs. H. Cannell
& Sons.

To Dahlia Arthur Ot-ock. from Mr. A. Rawlings.

ToDihtia Mrs. L Stiiidbridge. from Mr. A. Riwlings.

To Dahlia John Riwliugs, from Mr. A. Rawlings.

To Dahli i Mrs. Mclntoah, from Mr. A. Rawlings.

Medals.

Stlv.r gilt Flora.
Tj Messrs. Kelway & Sous, for collection of Gladioli.

Silver Flora.
To Mr. Gr. Ph'ppen, for collection of Dahlias.

Silver Bmkstan.
To Messrs. H. Low & Co., for collection of Lilies.
To Messrs, Keynes, Williams & Co., for collection of Dahlias.
To Messrs. J. Cheal St, Sons, for collection of Dahlias.

}1 onze B'tuksian.
To Messrs. H. C.-.nnell & Sons, for collection of Dahlias.
To Messrs. Wallace & Co., for collection of Lilies.
To Mr. W. H. Divers, for collection of border Carnations,
To Mr. S. Mortimer, for collection of Dahlias.
To Mr. J. (^uarterman, for collection of Oaks (cut specimens).

Orchid Committee awards.
Bdanical Certificate.
Tj Zygopetalum grauditlorum, shown by Hours, Charles-
worth St Shuttleworth.

Cultural Commendation.
To J. Douglas, gr. to Mrs. Whitbourne, Ilford, for C'yripe-
pedium Lowianum.

Awards of Merit.
To L. elegans Blenheimensis, shown by T. Statter, Esq.,
Minchester (gr . R. Johnson).
To dttleya Behreosiana, shown by F. Sander & Co.
To Sobralia leucoxantha, shown by Seeger & Tropp.

BASINGSTOKE.

The Bisingstoke Horticultural Society held its
annual show at Hackwood Park on Thursday,
August 20, near the town, but unfortunately the
heavy rain that fell during the afternoon caused a
thin attendance of visitors, and the exhibits were
likewise not quite so numerous, at least, in the
plant classes, as on former occasions.

The principal plant class was one for twelve
specimens, in or out of bloom, and in this com-
petition Mr. Bowerman, gr. to C. Hoare, Esq.,
Hackwood Park, was easily 1st, the high quality of
his flowering plants eclipsing all others — a Clero-
dendron fallax was especially well flowered ; Mr.
Russell, gr. to Rev. S. Saville, Audley'a, Basingstoke,
was 2nd.

Mr. T. Weaver, gr. to W. C. Gilchrist, Esq ,
O-ikley Park, Bisingstoke, exhibited the best foliage
plants in the show — six species, well grown ; he
also showed a like number of exotic Eerns, in
perfect health ; Mr. G. Southcott, gr. to Captain
Oldfield, South Warnbnro', being 2nd in this class.

Mr. Kneller, gr. to U. S. Portal, Esq., Malshanger
Park, Basingstoke, was the most successful exhibitor
with hardy Ferns, eight species, distinct ; and Mr.
Tripp, gr. to Mrs. Field, Goldings, Basingstoke,
was 2nd.

In the specimen foliage-plant class. Mr. Bower-
man staged a well-grown and coloured Croton Queen
Victoria, and secured the 1st prize; Mr. Weaver
depended upon Cycas revoluta, and was put 2nd.

Fuch«ias formed notable exhibits, Mr. Russell's,
which gained premium honours, being finely grown
and flowered, from 7 to 8 feet high.

In the class for Coleus, all exhibits were pyramidal
in shape, Mr. Southcott taking 1st with plants about
6 feet high.

Tuberous Begonias were more remarkable for the
good quality of their flowers than for the size of the
plants. Mr. Norris, gr. to J. Porter, Esq., Kingg-
clere, was 1st for six.

Table plants were a very superior lot, and Mr.
Bowerman just won the 1st prize.

There was but one class for a group of miscel-
laneous plants, arranged for effect, one of which
came from Mr. Weaver ; and if it had not won the
1st prize in a large competition, the quality of the
others must have been very high indeed, so suitable
were the plants for the purpose, and very skilfully
arranged.

Cut flowers made a great display. For twenty-
four blooms of Roses, Mr. Neville, gr. to F.
W. Flight, Esq , Twyford, Winchester, was 1st
with even-sized, well-coloured blooms. The Rev.
C. Eddy, Bramley, 2nd. For twelve blooms, Mr.
Neville was again successful. The premier bloom —
A. K. Williams— was found in his stand of twenty-
four. Messrs. Weaver and Norris took 1st and 2nd
places for twelve distinct flowers with good collec-
tions neatly staged. The blooms of herbaceous
perennials made a nice display, Mrs. Kneller having
the best.

Bouquets, devices of various kinds in flower, and
table decorations were numerous and pleasing in the
arrangement of their constituent materials. The
winners — all ladies of the neighbourhood — were Miss
M. Owen, Miss M. Lowe, Mrs. Osman, Mrs. Rowe,
Miss Milsom, and Mrs. Wadmore.

Fruit was numerous, and likewise of good quality.
For six dishes, Mr. Osman, gr. to L. J. Baker, Esq.,
Ottershaw Park, was 1st, and Mr. Best, gr. to —
Chute, Esq., Old Vigne, Basingstoke, was 2nd.
Black Hamburg Grapes were staged by five com-
petitors. Mr. Holloway, gr. to F. W. C Reade, Esq ,
Down Grange, was 1st, with bunches which were
excellent in every way, and Mr. Osman was 2nd.
For any other Black variety, Mr. Holloway staged
good Alicante, Mr. Osman coming next with Madres-
field Court. Mr. Osman h.vd the best Muscat of
Alexandria.

Melons were numerous and of average quality. A
variety named Countess, a green-fleshed fruit, from
Mr. Norris was the best, as Blenheim Orange from
Mr. Bowerman, among Scarlet- fleshed varieties.
Violette Hative Peaches and Lord Napier Nectarine
from Mr. Bowerman, were the finest in the Single-
dish Class. Apples were a strong class. Cherries
from Mr. J. Wasley, gr. to C Lethbridge, Esq.,
Sherfield Manor, were very fine. Apricots from
Mr. Bowerman equally so.

Vegetables, always good at Basingstoke, were
well shown for Messrs. Suttons' and Messrs. Webbs'
prizes for six dishes, 1st honours being secured by
Mr. Lye, gr. to W. H. Kingsmill, Esq., Lydmonton,
in both classes; Mr. Kneller following. Messrs.
Lye, Kneller, and Bowerman shared the principal
prizes in the classes for separate dishes, all competing
stroogly.

Messrs. Sutton & Sons exhibited an attractive
stand, consisting of cut flowers in varieties, and
Gloxinias in pots. The latter, a choice lot, were
from seed sown in February last, and they had
several large blooms on each plant.

NORTH OF SCOTLAND APIARIAN.

The annual show of this Bociety was held in
Dathie Public Park, Aberdeen, close to the Floral
Fate of the Royal Horticultural Society of Aberdeen,
on the 20th, 21st, and 22nd ult. The number of
entries, as compared with those of last year, showed
a slight decrease — a fact attributable to the unpro-
pilious weather that has prevailed of late. The
show was opened by Baillie Lyon. He con-
gratulated the promoters on the splendid turn-out
of material. "Bee culture," he said, "was one of
those recreations that ought to be encouraged, and
that the Aberdeenshire County Council, following
on the lines of some of the English county councils,
should make grants to societies such as that, in order
to encourage them in their work.

The Rev. William Innes, Skene, President of the
Society, thanked Baillie Lyon for opening the show,
and the magistrates present for their presence, and
concluded by presenting each of them with a box of
honey. The judges of the show were Mr. Stewart,
Arbroath, and Mr. Carnegie, Marykirk.

In the course of the day an exhibition of bee
driving was given, the prize for which was gained by
Mr. Macfarlane, Old Aberdeen,

286

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1801.

Special attention was bestowed by visitors on the
observati.ry hive of Mr. William Smart, Apiary
Cottage, Torry, which was awarded the 1st prize.

A specialty of the show was an assortment of
honey- flavoured cakes made by Mrs. Murray. For
the neatest and best display of honey extracted and
in comb, Mr. James Shearer, Aberdeen, got the 1st
place, the same gentleman securing premier honours
for the best collection of honey in sections. Mr.
Munro, Crathes, took 1st and 2nd places for sections
of comb honey (not heather). He was also 1st for
the best sample of wax, and topped the list (or the
best six 1-lb. jars of run honey. For the best
sample shown in glass jir, Mr. Ross, Aberdeen, was
1st ; Mr. Craib, Echt, securing tlie place of; honour
for the best super of honey. The Society's Silver
Medal, for the best collection of hives and bee
furniture, was carried off by Miss Mary C. Innes,
Free Church Manse, Skene, as also the 1st priz* for
the most interesting exhibit in the show, in connec-
tion with bee culture. Miss Rennie, Aberdeen, was
1st for mead, and also for honey-flavoured cakes,
with recipe attached. The arrangements of the
secretary, Mr. William Murray, were most complete.
The show was visited by a large number of persons.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL OF
ABERDEEN.

The annual floral fete of this Society was opened
on Thursday, the 20ih ult., in the Dutbie Public
Park, and continued until Saturday, 22nd. As com-
pared with last year's show, there was an increase of
entries of 121— the total in the 232 classes being
1731, as against 1607.

Considering the lateness of the srason, (he exhibits
were excellent, and the centre of attraction was the
marquee set aside for the gardeners, where four
tables, each 18 feet by 6 feet, were filled with stove
and greenhouse plants. Mr. Proctor, gi\, Devanha
House, Aberdeen, took the highest award— i Silver
Cup— with a magnificent table, which included
Gleichenia (labellata, Erythrina crista-galli,and two
specimens of Clerodendron Balfourianum.

Mr. Proctor was 1st for the most tastefully ar-
ranged collection of cut flowers The 2nd prize-table
was that shown by Mr. Grigor, gr. at Fairfield ; the
plants were second" in point of size, but perhaps equal
so far as the taste displayed, and in cultivation.
Mr. Grigor, among other fine plants, showed a
flowering specimen of the Static-! Ra'.treyana, several
very fine Crotons, and Cocos Weddelliana. Mr.
Strachan, gr. to Mr. Fyffe, Beeehgrove House, was
pieced 3rd with a pretty table, which displayed the
results of considerable care and skill.

Cut Flowers.— The display of these wis a highly
creditable one. In the | rofe'sional div sion, Mr. J.
Proctor was again to the front, securing 1st honours
for the best collection of cut flowers a'-rauged on a
table 8 feet by 3} feet. It contained a rnaguifieent
lot of Roses, and was undoubtedly the best table
shown. Roses in all the divisions were in splendid
condition, and the show of Pansies was a very fine
one.

The amateur and working-men's sections were
almost equal in quality to the professionals. The
cut Roses were a beautiful show of themselves, and
the Duke and Duchess of Fife Roses, shown by
Messrs. Cocker & Sons, Aberdeen, came in for a
large share of attention.

Fruit. — Undoubtedly one of the principal exhibi-
tions in the show was the display of fruit, which
has not been surpassed. In the professional
section, Mr. A. Reid, gr. to Mr. H. B. Baird,
Durris, was awarded the Silver Cup for the best
collection of fruit; and Mr. A. Milne, Queen's Road
West, was 1st for the best collection of hardy fruit.
Mr. Milne's collection contained grand dishes of
Strawberries and Currants. Strawberries were
shown in all classes in large numbers, the specimens
forwarded being very large and well-flavoured. Mr.
Strachan was to the fore with four bunches of
Grapea, white and black ; and Mr. R^id, Durr'13, wis
a good 2nd. For Peaches an 1 Apples, R. Kiloh, J. B.
Mddbton, and J. G-Mt, received premiir honour*.
These were excellent, and the amateurs ran the pro-
fessionals very close.

Mr. T. B. Middleton, gr. to Sir Arthur Giant,
Birt., of M onymusk, took the premier place for the
best collection of vegetables, and Mr. William An-
derson, Lower Cornhill, eecured a similar position
for the best collection open to market gardeners
only. Mr. W. D. Brownie, Ellon, carried off similar
honours amongst the amateurs, while Mr. W. D.

Kirkton, Ellon, had the finest working-man's display.
Potatos were not so good as last year, but the rainy
weather is to blame for that. In almost all the
prize plates a Potato known as the " Maggie " was
found. It has been found to be an excellent I'otato,
and a good cropper.

Mr. Taylor, Raeden, carried off the Silver Medal
in the professional class for the best four varieties of
Potatos.

Reference may here b» made to the wild flower
competition, open to boys and girls, under sixteen
years of age. It was quite refreshing to see the
number of whilom neglected plauts that had been
garnered — the Hairbell, the Thistle, the Erica vul-
garis, the Meadow Sweet, the common Tansy, and
the pretty but neglected Ox-eyed Daisy. Miss
Robina Paul, Woodside, took the 1st award with a
lovely bouquet.

The opening ceremony was performed by Baillie
Lyon, and there was a large ani distinguished com-
pany present.

DEVON AND EXETER
HORTICULTURAL.

August 21. — Tne Annual SimmT Exhibition
was held in Exeter, in the lovely grounds of
Northernhay. The number of competitors was
unusuilly large, an I the qual ty of exhibits was
excellent.

Cut Flowers, Open. — Twenty-four Risrs, distinct:
1st, Mr. Geo. Humphries. Forty-eight Dahlias,
double, distinct: 1st, Mr. G;o. Humphries, who had
a capital stand, including Ovid, R. T. Rawlings,
Crimson King, Mr. Saunders, J. T. West, H Keith,
D. Saunders, Rev. J. D. Gooday, Major Clarke,
J. Cooper, J. Forb3s, Maude Fellows, Seedling, Mrs.
Humphries, Peacock, Vice-President, Salamander,
Nellie Crand, J. B. Camtn, Earl of Ravensworth,
Mr. N. Halls, J. T. Saltmarsh, S. Barnett, J. W.
Lord, J. Ashby, Duke of Albany, Mr. Glasscock,
Buttercup, Hugh Austin, Gaiety, W. Rawlings,
Major Bartlett, Mr. Gladstone, Prince Bismarck,
Agnes, Mr. L. Large, Queen of Belgians, Clara,
Mr. Campbell, Burgundy, Mr. Harris, Mr. G. Raw-
lings, J. Stephens, Mrs. Langtry, H. Walton, Countess
of 1! ivensworth, William Garratt, Horid. Forty-
eight Gladioli: 1st, Mr. B. James, gr. to Sir W.
Lethbridge.

Plants and Flowers in Pots. — Nine stove and green-
house plants in flower, distinct : 1st, Mr. W. Rowland,
gr. to W. Brock, Esq., with well-grown specimens of
Allamanda nobilis and A. Hendersonii, Dipladenia
amabilis and D Brearlevana, Stephanotis floribunda,
sp'endidly flowered; Ixora Williamsii, very good;
Erica remula, and Ronde.'etia species.

Nine stove and greenhouse foliage plants, distinct :
1st, Mr. Rowlaud, with excellent specimens of
Latania borhonica, Cycas revoluta, Croton Andre-
anus, C. Johannis, C. Prince of Wales, and C.Disraeli,
Anthurium Waro'queanum, Thrinax elegans, and
Kentia Belmoreana.

Six stoze and greenhouse foliage plants, distinct:
1st, Mr. Currey, with capital specimens of Cycas
revoluta, Latania borb onica, Croton Disraeli and C.
Countess, Kentia australis, and Thrinax elegans.

Nine stove and greenhouse Ferns, distinct. — Mr.
Ebbut was to the front with a capital lot of well-
grown specimens, fresh and of good colour, including
Davallias, fijiensis, plumosa, and Mooreana, Gonio-
phlebium subauriculatum, Adiantum Cardiochlrena,
Microlepia hirta cristata, Neottopteris australasica,
Neprolepsis Davallioides furcans, Adiantum grandi-
ceps, and Gleichenia nepalensis.

Miscellaneous collection of plants arranged for
effect in an oval, with a diameter of 12 feet by 10
feet. Silver cup, value £5. — Mr. Rowland was
deservedly placed first with a superb arrangement,
being perhaps the best that has ever been staged at
this exhibition ; 2nd, Mr. Ebbut, whose collection
was excellent, and showed a new departure in
arrangement, which will no doubt create a new
departure in this class in the future.

Six Fuchsias, distinct — 1st, Mr. R. Staddon, gr.
to LTd Courtenay, with wonderfully fine and well-
grown specimens.

Six Dracsenas, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Rowland, with
fine species of Goldieana, Biptisti, Cooperi, alba
marg'mata, and Lindeni Ferrea.

Six double zonal Pelargoniums. — 1st, Mr. Pio-
thero.

Six single zonal Pelargoniums. — 1st, Mr. Pro-
thero.

Fruit. — Collection of Fruit, ten dishes, distinct. —
1st, Mr. James Lloyd, gr. to V. Stuckey, Esq., with

good dishes of Gros Colmar and Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes ; Brown Turkey Figs, Dymond Peach, good ;
Melon (cross between Hero of Lockinge and Long-
leat Perfection), Moor Park Apricot, Mr. Gladstone
Apple, Florence Cherry, Piue-apple Nectarine, and
Jargonelle Pear. 2nd, Mr. A. Crossman, gr. to J.
Brutton, Esq., who hid splendid dishes of Dymond
Peaches and Pine-apple Nectarines.

Collection of Fruit, six dishes. — 1st, Mr. R. Mann,
gr. to Sir J. Shelley, Bart., with capital dishes of
Black Hamburgh Grapes, Crawfurd's Early Peach,
Pine-apple Nectarine, Moor Park Apricots, Melons,
Plums.

Vegetables. — Veg. tables were neverstaged in better
condition. The collection shown by Mr. G. Copp
excelled anything ever seen here before — it was
simply perfect.

Collections of vegetables, twelve kinds, distinct. —
Silver Cup, value £5, and Gold Medal given by
Gardeners' Magazine : 1st, Mr. G. Copp, with Celery
Wright's Grove White, Carrot Sutton's Intermediate,
Cauliflower Veitch's Autumn Giant, Beet PragneU'e,
Onion Veitch's Main Crop, fine; Runner Beau Ne
Plus U:tra, Tomato Sutton's Perfection, Potato
Sutton's Seedling, Parsnip The Student, Leek The
Lyons, Pea Duke of Albany, Cucumber Sutton's
Prizewinner. Mr. In^lefield was an excellent
2nd; and Mr. T. Wilkins, gr. to Lady Tneodora
Guest, agiol 3 d. There were eight competitions.
Mr. Copp was 1st for Peas, Spring-sown Onions,
Tomato*, Marrows, Co'oured Kidney Potatos, Leeks,
and Turnips. Mr. Wi kins was l~t for Cauliflowers
and White Kidney Potatos.

Messrs. R Veitch & Son, of Exeter, staged a large
collection of plants, including many choice novelties ;
the Lilium auratum and rubro vittatum were there
in abundance, and were very attractive. They also
exhibited a large collection of superb Carnations,
cut blooms, the following varieties being especially
good : — Souvenir le Grand, Lady Middleton, Countess
oi Jersey, Victory, Lord Reudleeham, Mrs. Walford,
Romulus, Goldeu fleece, Old Coin, and Mrs. Kenvood.
Also cut blooms of single, double, Pompone, and
Cictus Dahlias, in great variety, with Phloxes,
Hollyhocks, Begonias, Asters. &c. They staged
dishea of their new Potatos Edgecote Early and
Prodigious, both excellent varieties, and altogether a
very fine exhibit.

MOOR PARK FLOWER SHOW.

The pleasure-grounds at this place were laid out
by the famous Capability Brown, in accordance with
the wishes of Commodore Anson, and are delight-
fully varied with the splendour of the Conifers,
several of which are unique in size and beauty. The
centre of the large marquee was occupied by groups
of plants, and the stages around by an excellent
array of cottagers' garden produce, among them
being about seventy dishes of the best varieties of
Pi tatos. We regret the omission of names in shows
of the kind, so necessary as a guide to cottagers in
securing the better kinds. The fruit tent was
occupied by a splendid display from the home
gardens. In this tent was also a very beautiful collec-
tion of pompone Cactus Dahlias. A large collection of
wild flowers, arranged in baskets, was shown, oue
c'ass competing for effect, and another for number
of named species. The beautiful Italian garden was
at its best.

Enquiry.

" He that questioneth nut ck shall learn mttch." — Bacon.

Pott's Seedling and Gkosvenor Atples. — Will
any of our readers who have trees of either Pott's
Seedling, Yorks, or Lord Grosvenor(syn. Jolly Beggar),
kindly give their experience of the fruit - bearing
qualities of these kinds, stating the age of trees, and
the district in which they grow. I wish to know if
they are good growers, free from canker ; if the
trees commence early to bear fruit ; if the blossoms
are liable to get caught by frosts ; and what is the
size of the fruit of Lord Grosvenor. X.

MR. JAMES BOLTON, steward and head gar-
dener to — Crookshank, Esq., of Saint Hill, near
East Grinstead, Kent, died on Friday, Aug. 28, age
fifty-three years, after two days' illness, of congestion
of the liver and chronic h eart disease. He was for

Septbmber 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

287

seventeen years head gardener and bailiff at Combe
Bank, Sundridge, and for several years held the
same position at Birstall Hall, Leicester. He was a
very successful exhibitor at many of the leading
shows, and he was greatly respected by all who knew
him for his uprightness of character. He leaves a
widow, with three young children.

Helen Porteous Knight.— We regret to
have to announce the death of Helen Porteous
Knight, the wife of Mr. Knight, the head gardener
to the King of the Belgians, atLaeken, and formerly
of Floors Castle Gardens. By her estimable qualities,
Mrs. Knight endeared herself to a large circle of
friends, by whom the greatest sympathy is expressed
towards Mr. Knight in his bereavement.

The Weather.

[By the terra " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fnhr. for the period
named ; and this combiued result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright
Sun.

Accumulated.

a
a

5a
CO

"53

u ® D

+ *-<

Q .

u
o .

o' "*

8 a
a «
ii "-a

S "

S a

a a

*. a,

v< °

53 a •

-5 '53 5^

-a™

° «

sis

,2 x
o

°a
+ S

5rs

a .
'3 a
M a

o a.

S °°

O.03

■+-^

o co

Sol

« 9

o o>

a
.n

«3

Above 4
from Me

4
Below 4
from Mt

-3

o
6

- °

Day-

Day.

Day-

llltll^

deg.

III- ]l.

Ins.

i —

+ 159 + 70

3 +

152

29.8

i —

— 50 + 101

3 +

110

16.2

2 —

- 123 + 95

1 +

111

11 r

1 —

111

— 138 + 128

3 +

120

16.1.

2 —

100

— 123 -f 116

8 +

115

17.1

2 —

117

— 110 4- 149

7 +

109

17.6

2 —

+ 78 + 4>;

0 +

117

20.9

2 —

_ 8 + 35

H +

108

19 0

— 112 + 118

11 +

115

L'L'.T

2 —

+ 30 + -j:i

11 +

131

18 8

3 —

+ 1+31

8 +

122

Hit

123

— 38 + 40

11 +

116

18.7

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
-'. Scotland, E. ; 3, Eogland, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Fvincipal Grazing, .yc, Districts—!. Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England. S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12. Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending August 29, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather has been extremely rough, wet, and
unseasonable in all parts of the kingdom. Thunder
and lightning were experienced from time to time ;
rain fell almost daily, but towards the close of the
period, the conditions were improving considerably.

" The temperature has continued below the mean
for the time of year, the deficit having ranged from
about 1° in the N. and E. to 3° in the West. The
highest of the daily maxima were recorded either on
the 26th or 27th, and ranged from 70° in 'England,
S.' to 65° in • Scotland, W.', ' England, N.W.', and
' Ireland, S.' The lowest of the minima were gene-
rally registered on the last day of the period, when
the sheltered thermometer fell to 36° in ' Ireland,
N.', and 37° or 38° in Scotland. Elsewhere they
ranged from 40° in ' England, S.W.' to 48° in
' England, S.', and to 52° in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been more than the mean in
all districts, but especially in the W. and S. parts of
the kingdom, where the fall has been more than
double the average.

" The bright sunshine has been below the mean in
almost all districts. The percentage of the possible
amount of duration has ranged from 39 in the

' Channel Islands,' 36 in ' Scotland, W.', and 35 in
' England, S.W.', to 21 in ' England, N.W.', and 20 in

'England, N.E.'"

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, September 3.
Largk quantities of goods continue to arrive, and
are beiDg sold at prices which leave only a small
margin for the grower. James Webber, Wholesale
Apple Market.

Feuit.— Average Wholes axe Pbices.
s.d. s. 4.

3 0

Apples, £-sieve ... 1 0
Damsons, i-sieve ... 1 6 ...

Grapes 10-26

Kent Cob?, 100 lb. 30 0 ...
— Filbert. 100 lb. 30 0-35 0
Lemons, per case ...20 0-35 0

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Melons

Peaches, per dozen..
Pine-apples, St. Mi

chael, each
Plums, J-sieve

s.d. s.d.
0 6-10

1 6-

2 0-
1 0-

8 0
2 6

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,
12 bunches 9 0-12 0

— English, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0-26
Bouvardia, per bunch 0 6-10
Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 1 0-4 0

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-60
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 0 3-06

Cornflower, 12 buns. J 6- 2 0
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0- 1 0
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0- 4 0
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Gladiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 .; 0 »;
Lavender, doz. bunch 4 0- 8 0
Lilium var, 12 bun. 6 0-12 0
,, Harrisii, doz. 2 0- 3 U
Lilmms, various. doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern.

s. d. s.d.
Marpuerite?,12buns, 2 0-40
Mignonette, do/, linn. 16-30
Myosotis, 12 bunches 2 0-40
Orchids : —

Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odouto gl ossu m
crispuui, 12 hlms. 3 0-
P;msi.-s, i^ bunches o 6
Pelargoniums, .'■car-
let, per 12 bun. 3 0-

— 12 spays 0 6-

Poppies, various per

dozen bunches ... 1 0-
Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

dials), per doz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 1 0- J 0

— various, doz. bun 2 0- i3 0
Sweet Peas, U bim>. 16-30
SweetSultan.lSbun. 2 0-30
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 3-06

6 0

1 6

4 0

0 Lt

2 0

3 0

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Aralia Siebohli, doz. 6 u-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz. 1 8 0-42 0

— specimen plants,

each 7 6-10 6

Asters, per dozen ...3 0-6 0
Balsams, per dozen... 3 0- 6 0
Bouvardia, per dozen i' 0 1- "
Caladiums, per doz. !• 0 1"> 0
C h r ysa n t h e mums,

per dozen 6 0-12 0

Cockscombs, per doz. 3 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-12 0
Dracaena terminalis,

per dozen 30 0 60 0

— viridis, perdozenl2 0 21 o
Euonymus, in var.,

per dozen 6 0- IS 0

s.d. s. d.
Evergreens, in var.,

i i ; nen 6 0-24 o

Ferns, in variel v, per

dozen 4 0-18 0

Ficus elastica, each 16-70
Fuchsias, per dozen 4 0-60
Foliage plants in

variety, each ... 2 0-10 0
Heliotrope, per doz. 4 0-60
Hydrangea, per doz. 9 0-18 0
Liliums, various, per

dozen 18 0-30 0

Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Mignonette, per doz. 4 0-60
Myrtle, per doz. pots 6 0-12 0
Palms in var., each 2 6-21 0
Pelargoniums, doz. 6 0-90
— scarlet, per doz. 2 rj- 6 O

Average Retail Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ...10-16

Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Par-ley, per bunch... 0 4-06
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos. per lb. ... 0 6-09
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

Vegetables.-

s.d. s, d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 3 o 4
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4- 0 6
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs per bunch ... 0 4- ...

Potatos.— Supply not so heavy, 'prices consequently rule
higher. /. A*. Thomns.

SEEDS,

London, Sept. 2. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report all
descriptions of Clover seed as strongly held. American red
meets with especial favour. Cable quotations come higher
to-day, values across the Atlantic being pushed up by hfavy
German buying. The recent terrible weather has naturally
hardened prices for all seeds. Winter Tares and Rye are in
brisk request, but short supply. Available stocks of Tri folium
are meagre, but the demand is as yet small. For Mustard and
Rape seed the tendency is upwards. Fine blue Peas are wanted.
Hemp seed is considerably dearer.

POTATOS.

Borough : Sept. 1.— Quotations :— Regents, 70s. to 805. ;
Hebrous, 55s. to 70s. ; Kidneys, 65s. to 70s. ; Imperators, 60s.
to 70s. per ton.

Spitalfields : Sept. 1.— Quotations: — Magnums, 60s. to
70s.; Myatt's Kidneys, 60s. to 70s.; Regents, 60s. to 8>s. ;
Imperators, 60s. to 75s.; Hebrons, 60s. to 70s.; Snowdrops,
60s. to 80s. per ton.

Stratford : Sept. 1.— Quotations : — Magnums, 55s. to 70s, ;
Hebrons. 55s. to 75s.; White Elephants, 55s. to 70s.; Re-
gents, 60s. to 70s. ; Snowdrops, 70s. to 105s. ; Imperators, 60s.
to 70s. per ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending
Aug. 29, and for the corresponding period last year: — 1891.
Wheat. 40s. lid. ; Barley, 27s. Id. ; Oats, 21s. 9tf. 1890,
Wheat, 35s. 94. ; Barley, 31s. 3d. ; Oats, 19s. 2d. Difference
Wheat, +4s. id. ; Barley, —3s. 8rf. ; Oats, +2s. Id.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Borough: Sept. 1.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. per
tally ; Onions, Is. Gd. to 2s. 6rf. per dozen bunches, and 5s. per
cwt. ; Carrots, Is. 6<£. to 2s., and Turnips. Is. Hrf. to 2s. per
do/en hunches; Marrows, bd. to Id. per dozen; Peas, 2s, to
3s. per bushel, and 3s. to 4s. per bag; Scarlet Beans, Is. 6rf.
to 2s. ; French Beans, Is. 6d. to Is. 9a. ; and Broad Beans Is.
per bushel.

Spitalfields : Sept. 1— Quotations :— Cabbages, Is. 64.
to 3s. per tally ; Marrows, 9d. to Is. 34, per dozen ; Spinach,
Is. to Is. 64. per bushel; French Be.nns, Is. 64. to 2s. do.;
Scarlet do., Is. Gd. to 2s. do. ; do., 2s. to 3s. per saok ; Peas, 2 ■:.
to4s.$d. per sack; Radishes, 2s. to 3s. per tally; Turnips,
2s. to 2s. tjd. per dozen bunches ; do., 2s. to 2s. Hd. per
cwt.; Carrots, 2s. to 2s. 64. per dozen bunches, and 30s.
to 50s. per ton ; Parsley, Is. to 2s. per dozen bunches ;
Horseradish, 12s. to 13s. per dozen bundles; Celery, 64. to Is.
per bundle; Cos Lettflce, 44. to 64. per score; Cabbage do.,
34. to 44. per dozen; Mustard and Cress, Is. 64. per dozen
baskets ; English Apples, 2s. to 4s. 64. per bushel ; Pears, 2s. to
2s. 64. per half -sieve; Victoria Plums, Is. 64. to 2s. Ho.;
Orleans Plums, 2s. to 3s. do. ; Greengages, 3s. to 3s. 64. do ;
and 2s. to 3s. per flat; EDglish Tomatos, 4s. to 7s. per 12 lb. ;
foreign do., Is. to 2s. per box.

Stratford: Sept, 1.— There has been a good supply of
all kinds of produce at this market during the past week, and
a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned prices: —
Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. 64. per tally; Cauliflowers, Is. 64. to
2s. 64. per dozen ; do., 7s. to 10s. per tally; Carrots, house-
hold, 40s. to 505, per ton; Mangels, 20s. to 22s. do.; Onions,
English, 80s. to 100s. do.; do., Egyptian, 100s. to 105s. per
bag; do., Oportos. 7s. to 8s. per case ; Apples, English. Is. 64.
to 6s. per bushel; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 64. per dozen bunches;
do., 30s. to 40s. per ton ; Carrots, Is. 64. to 2s. 64. per dozen
bunches; Celery, 94. to Is. 34. per roll ; Scarlet Beans, Is. to
2s. per sieve; do., 2s, to 3s. 64. per bag; French Beans, Is. to
Is. 64. per sieve; Plums, Is. 34. to 2s. 94. per half-sieve; do.,
2s. Gd. to 5s. per bushel ; Greengages, 2s. to 2s 6d. per half-
sieve ; do., 4s. to 5s. "per bushel.

Notices to Correspondents.

Anthurium Veitchii : Dresden. This plant was
introduced from Colombia to the nurseries of
Messrs. Veitch by Mr. Wallis. First described
and figured in Gardeners' Chronicle of December 16
1876.

Ants in Houses: Anti Ants. Either chloride of lime
or carbolic acid strewn in their haunts will drive
the ants away.

Beetles in a Fruit- room : E. W. Keating's Insect
Powder dusted over the shelves is very efficacious.

Carnation : X. Cephalotaxus Fortunei. It is
very common for Carnation to sport ; the phe-
nomenon is looked upon as an unmixing of pre-
viously combined characters.

Disqualification of Exhibits : Devonia, According
to the wording of the schedule, which must be
interpreted in a gardener's, not in a botanist's
sense, both of you were wrong in exhibiting
Clematis, Hydrangea, and Hypericum, amongst
" Hardy Perennials."

" Hardy Perennial " and Bulbous Flowers : X.
We are of opinion that the judges did rightly in
disqualifying a stand containing a spike of
Hydrangea paniculata grandifiora.

Melons : Subscriber. The female blossoms should
be set on the morning of their opening, and not
when the unfertile fruit has got to " the size of a
Filbert." Having so many as 200 plants, you
ought to take every care to get an early set, as
the fruits will be no value if they do not ripen
before the end of October.

Melons on Galvanised Iron Bottom : Gardener.
It is not an uncommon experience to find vegeta-
tion injured by contact with the zinc deposited on
the iron. Whether it is the zinc, or the remains
of the muriatic acid, the metal receives before
it leaves the workshop, that causes the injury is
not known. Possibly a coat of boiled gas-tar
would prevent injury in the future. Melons are
not injured by tar.

Names of Fruit : A. H. 1, Manx Codlin ; 2, New
Hawthornden. — W. C. 1, Summer Franc Real; 2,
Windsor, syn. Green Windsor. — J. H. B. Pershoie
Plum.

Names of Plants : MUs F. Epipactis latifolia. —

E. W. G. Lysimachia clethroides, Pyrethrum uligi-
nosuin.— G. P. Campanula rapunculoides. — L. G.
1, Oncidium micropogon ; 2, Galeandra nivalis.—
J. B. K. A dark variety of Aristolochia elegans.
— A.B. l.Monardadidyma; 2, CaucalisAnthriscus ;
3, Salvia verticillata ; 4, Fagopyrum esculentum. —

F. F. 1, Eudbeckia lacini&ta ; 2, R. occidentalis ;
3, Helianthus rigidus var. ; 4, Rudbeckia speciosa ;
5, Helianthus rigidus (type); 6, H. multiflorus
fl.-pl. ; 7, Chrysanthemum uliginosum ; 8, C.

288

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

lacustre. — W. W. Alocasia illustris ; Cassia co-
rymbosa. — W. M. Scrophularia aquatica. — G. W,
SapoDaria officinalis. Begonias next week.

Nectarine Wood Diseased : J. B. The wood has
been taken possession of by the mycelium or spawn
of some fungus, which originated probably on de-
cayed wood in the soil. This had gained entrance
by means of a wound or decayed part of root or
stem, and spread between the bark and the wood.
Cut away and burn all parts that show signs
of being attacked by the fungus.

Peaches Falling Off : A Subscriber. Possibly dry-
ing of the soil about the roots may be the cause.

Post on a Tea Plantation : W. W. Advertise in
this Journal, or in the Indian papers.

Tomato Fungus : M. W. Both specimens are some
forms of the same disease. Try Tail's Anti-
Blight Powder.

Vines, to Start in November, &c. : H, W. P. It
would be better practice to partially prune the
Vines as soon as the foliage is mature, say, at the
end of this month, leaving the current season's
shoots about 6 inches long, and doing the final
thinning a month afterwards. There is no list
published of fruit-growers; but one of florists is
given in the Garden Annual, published at the
Garden office.

Wilson Junior Blackberry: S. S. $ Co. The
branch sent was well fruited. We are aware that
it succeeds in many parts of this country, and fails
as do most of the American varieties in others.
The southern parts of England seem to suit them
best.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

J. Backhouse & Son, York— Alpine Plants, Hardy
Perennials, and Florist's Flowers.

E. H. Kkelage & Son, Haarlem— Dutch Bulbs.

A. Kobinson, Leadenhall Street, London— Dutch
Bulbs.

Fisher, Son & Sibray, Handsworth Nurseries,
Sheffield— Garden Tools, also Bulbs.

G. Bunyard & Co., The Old Nurseries, Maidstone,
Kent — Strawberries.

Clark Brothers & Co., 65, Scotch Street, Carlisle-
Spring Flower Boots.

Anderson & Co , Pitt Street, Sydney, N.S.W.—
Australian Tree Seeds, Flowers, and Vegetable
Seeds.

Clibran & Son, Market Street, Manchester— Bulbs.

John Laino &Sons, Forest Hill, Loudon— Begonias,
Roses, Bulbous Roots, &c.

J. R. Rhyne, 83, St. Vincent St., Glasgow— Dutch
Bulbs.

Dicksons. Chester— Dutch Bulbs, Narcissus, &c.

Thomas Davies & Co., Wavertree Nursery, Liver-
pool, Hyacinths, Tulips, &c.

W. F. Gunn & Co., Stockton Road, Sunderland—
Bulbs.

Oakenhead & Co., 86, Patrick Street, Cork— Dutch
and Cape Bulbs.

W. P. Laird & Sinclair, Dundee— Bulbs.

H. C. Hartevelt, Lisse, Haarlem, Holland— Dutch
Flower Roots.

Louis de Smet, Ledeberg-lez-Gand, Belgium —
Azaleas, Palms, &c.

William Fell & Co., Hexham — Dutch Roots and
Herbaceous Plants.

R. Neal, Trinity Road, Wandsworth, S.W.— Dutch
and Cape Bulbs, &c.

J. C. Wheeler & Son, Gloucester— Flower Roots.

John Jiefferies & Son, Cirencester— Select Bulbs.

Robert Veitch & Son, 54, High Street, Exeter-
Dutch and other Bulbs.

John Perkins & Son, 52, Market Square, North-
ampton—Dutch Bulbs.

Wm. Fell & Co., Hexham— Fruit and Forest Trees,
Roses, &c.

Charles R. Shilling, Haitley Wintney, Winchfield
—Trees, Shrubs, Plants, &c.

H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent— Bulbs, Her-
baceous Plants, Roses, &c

Robert Sydenham, Tenby Street, Birmingham-
Bulb List and Guide.

Communications Receivec-SuUm & Sons -Fell 4Co-
FeGm T~W ^^ & 7Sr-W. G. S.-SeoVe.ary N D s!-
faoi-Zl.^/-^HBZt--,&^ytvve5l-JJ-^neJ:

H.to^A-1: wTp -_V£ ^aV-f-I-

Our Mlobufgl ^respondentia R. H.-A. H. K.-V. 0~
W.J. u.— O. r— H. W — Prof. B— J. T N — S &H San
rranoiSM.-O. W. P.-R. D„ Shrewbury '

FRUIT, &c, EVAPORATOR.

New Improved Syttem Patent Ryder.

DRYING APPLIANCES,

FOR MANUFACTURE OF CONSERVES,

DRYING APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, &c.

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURE. Newest American
Patent FRICK secures first-class drying produce and
highest saving in maintenance expenses.

PH. MAYFARTH & CO.,

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY MANUFACTORY
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN; BERLIN, N. '

London office : 16, MINCING LANE, E. C.

REPRESENTATIVE :

Mr. A. LUDWIG, F.B.H.S.

Illustrated CATALOGUES on application, post-free.

The Apparatus is placed and working in the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, at Chiswick (close to Turnham
Green, London, W.), where it will be open to inspection
by all interested in Fruit Evaporating.

DUROLEHi

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE i GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY US'zD IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report "London Comity Council v. The New Wire
Wove Koo/itijr Co., Ld." May and June iSqt.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H, The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street. LONDON. E.C.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very Btrong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail hi London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 16,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non- Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, *c.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Batiersea, London, S.W. ;

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER S W •
and BACHELOR'S WALK. DUBLIN.— Discount for Ckuk.

IS THE BEST

TIME
FOR STACKING

DT7 A T R,CH BR0WN

£ JjAI, BRACKEN FIBRE,

FOR

ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

and GENERAL USE.

Samples and Pricos Carriage paid to any Station.

ORCHID BASKETS,

OUR OWN MANUFACTURE,
In great variety.

Fresh Green Sphagnum,

Thick bunching heads, 2s. 6d. per bushel.

LOAM, the finest yellow Surrey,

full of Fibre.

W. W. & S.'

" ELECTRIC " WEED DESTROYER.

All Weeds Exterminated by One Watering,
and save 30 per Cent.
40 gallons to 1000 gallons of Water, for £2 10s.,
Carriage Paid.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE,

8s. per ton, on rail, by the truckloadof 2 tons.

WOOD WOOL, line white; MATS, &c, and
all other Garden Requisites of the best
quality.

SEND for NEW CATALOGUE.

W. WOOD & SON, mi

ESTABLISHED 1850.
WOOD GREEN, LONDON, N.

HILL & SMITH'S

BLACK VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the com.

Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stoot*
the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing ; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. Qd. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, Is. 8d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
0 gallons.
n a tt m t r\ XT Every Cask bears the abov*

V A U 11 U JN • Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMI TH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London. B.C.

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

September 6, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

289

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c, constructed on our improved plan, are ti e

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability canuot be equa'led. We only do one class of work,
and that the very best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens desired architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our firm,
from the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guarante*'-'

in all cases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c„ always in stock.

Plans, tistimates and Catalogues free. Customers watted on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim in and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS.

w. h. LASCELLES & go

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

121, BUNHILL ROW,

LONDON, E.G.

CONSERVATORIES,

GREENHOUSES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

VINERIES,
PEACH HOUSES, &c.

Plans and Estimates Free.

HORTICULTURAL
GLASS.

A Large Stock
always on Hand.

Special quotations for quantities.

WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS

At lowest possible prices.

NICH0LLS& CLARKE,

6, HICH STREET, SHOREDITCH,

LONDON, E.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, newly
made, the same as supplied to the Royal Horticultural
Society. Truck-load of 2 tons, £1, free, on to the following
rails— G. W.: G. N„ Midland, L. and N. W.. L. and S. W. ; and
other lines, £1 os. ; in bags, 20, 16s. ; 40, 30s. N.B.— A re-
mittance to accompany all orders.— J. STEVENS AND CO.,
Cocoa-nu Fibre Merchants, 163, High Street, Batterses, S.W.

CONWAY O. WARNS.

Royal Potteries, Weston-super-Mare

Special Reductions.

GARDEXEKS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN" MATS. COCOA-
NUT FIBRE, &c. before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations. Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKWORTH AND SONS, Reading.

<^IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

<J 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. $d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, Ludgate hill, London.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in bores of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY" Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FABMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

RICHARDSON'S

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Many
Prize Medals.

Conservatories, Greenhouses

Vineries, Peach Housesj

v4 )N. s'ove and Orchid

S> 7> 2~\ Houses, &c. Also

-s/%. *1 »\ Boilers.. Pipe-.

WARMING and \C^ V ^N. and

VENTILATION of XV'oX Fittill8t

Churches snd Public Buildings ^\^vj* //
(as well as Greenhouses). ^s\^,* ■£*

-*f

RICHARDSON & CO.,
DARLTNGTON.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

wilh PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,

and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,

CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

H O S. W. ROBINSON,

Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge.

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WrATER PIPES,

SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5l. 6d. per sack ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 6». per sack, 6 sacks, 22l. ; sacks
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel ; 15». per half
ton ; 26s. per ton, in 2-bushel bags. id. each.

TELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H. O. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Driury
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Xard). W.C.

290

THE GABDENEfiS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 5, 1891.

riAKDEN REQUISITE S.—

VT Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON inn SCULL, BO. Lower Thames Street. London. E.O,

WASPS and FLIES throughly EXTER-
MINATED by using DAVIS'S WASP DESTROYER.
Post free, with directions. Is. id. and 2s. M. per Bottle.

B. R. DAVrS (the original maker and introducer), Yeovil
Nurseries, Yeovil.

Agricultural s Sotfomi

An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, cf 52 pogeB
aud cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate
of co-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites,
and the sale of produce; organ of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of
pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple-
ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription,
per annum, 5s., inclusive of postage. Single copies 6d. each,
through all Newsagents.

3, Agar Street, Strand, London, W.C.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

SUPPLIED FREE FOR SIX WEEKS,

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Sydney J. Burgess, as Head Gardener
to Sir Robert Affleck, Bart., Dalham Hall,
Newmarket, Cambs.

Mr. James Hodgson, for the last six years
Gardener to E. Chaplin, Esq., Shoreham,
Sevenoaks, as Gardener to C. Marriott, Esq.,
Cotesbach, Lutterworth, Leicestershire.

Mr. F. HtMiiES, for the past three years
Fort-man at Sidbury Manor, Sidmouth, Devon,
as ILeid Gardener to U. Athertone Brown,
Esq., Oaktield, Atherstone, Warwickshire.

Mr. John Bocherty, Fruit and Plant Fore-
man, Ersklne House, Glasgow, as Head Gardener
to John Stewart, Est*., Ballechin, Tullypowrie,
Perthshire.

Mr. John Richardson, General Foreman,
Carron House, Falkirk, as Head Gardener to the
Lord Torphichen, Calder House, Mid Calder.

Mr. Edward Horne, late General Foreman,
Preston Hall, Dalkeith, as Head Gardiner to H.
Seniiouse, Esq., Nether Hall, Maryport,

Mr. Alexander Smith, late Gardener, Wheat-
lands House, Bonnybridge, as Head Gardener to
J. A. Platt, Esq., Eishken House, Storno-
way, N.B.

Mr. G. Ecinton, recently Head Gardener at
Elstead Lodge, Elstead, as Gardener to Alder-
man Evans, Ewell Grove, Ewell, Surrey.

Mr. J. Taylor, for two and a half years Fore-
man at Leyswood Gardens, Groonibridge, as
Head Gardener to Emil Reiss, Esq., Swyn-
combe, Henley-on-Thames.

Mr. E. Daborn, late Foreman to Mr. J.
Smith, the London Fern Nursery, as Gardener
to the Right Hon. Viscount Pollington,
Kingston Hill Place, Kingston,

Mr. F. Bushby, late of the Woolands, High-
gate, London, N, as Gardener, &c, to A.
Duncan, Esq., Holbrook, Chislehurst, '

BOILING WATER OR MILK

E P P S '

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

W~~AN TED, a HEAD WORKING
GARDENER, in neighbourhood of Stoke NewingtOD.'
Nothing found.— Address, stating experience, age, and salary
required, to W., 15, Newgate Street, E.C. ^^_

\\T ANTED, a WORKING GARDENER,

VV who understands Stock, and is well up in Fruit-
culture in all its branches.— Second man out of a good garden
preferred. Cottage. No children.— Apply stating wages and
all particulars, to H. MASON, Hill House, Stanstead
Abbotts, Herts.

WANTED, a GARDENER.— Married man,
without family ; to take charge of Glass. Must be a
good Decorator aud Fruit- Packer. Wages £1 per week, cot-
tage, firing, milk, aud vegetables.— Apply to M. K. DIXON,
Fletching, Su>sex.

W- ANTED"," a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER, in a northern suburb. Good character indis-
pensable. Some knowledge of Bees and Poultry desired.
Must thoroughly understand all ordinary Garden and Green-
house work. 25s. per week, aud Cottage.— Applyat 14, Gordon
Place, Kensington, W.

WANTED, a Plain GARDENER, able to
look after Pony. One whose wife is a Laundress pre
ferred.— A., Larch wood, Horley, Surrey.

ANTED, as FOREMAN for the Houses,

a thoroughly energetic aud hard-working man, of good
character. Wages, £1 per week, and bothy — W. H. LEES,
The Gardens, Sefton Lodge, Newmarket.

WANTED, TWO strong active young MEN
for Kitchen aud Pleasure Ground Work. State ex-
perience, age, and wages required, with bothy. Good re-
ference required. — Apply, G. DENNY, Head Gardener, Hydro-
pathic Establishment, Ben Rhydding, via Leeds.

WANTED, a steady, quick young MAN.—
Hard-working, for Inside and Out. Must understand
the general routine of a good Garden. Age about 'JO. Wages
18s, per week to start. — State full particulars, to WILLIAM
DAY, Highbury Gardens, Sandy gate, Sheffield.

WANTED, a JOURNEYMAN, for the

VV Houses, wiio has bad experience in all kinds of
decorative Plants, TonmtOS, Strawberries, &c.— Apply, with
particulars, to J. GILPIN, Elaiswood, Waltou-on-Thames,

Surrey.

Assistant in Soft-wooded Department.
H/fESSRS. JAMES VE1TCH and SONS have

lVA a VACANCY for a young MAN as above. Must have
had experience in Propagation and Cultivation of all kinds of
Soft-wooded Plants.— Apply, by letter, stating age, experience,
and wages require.!, to Royal Exotic Nursery, 511, King's
Road, Chelsea, S.W.

WANTED, a young MAN for Florist's and
Seed Shop. Must have good knowledge of Seeds,
Bulbs, and Plants, aud be able tj make up Wreaths and
Bouquets, if required. Lady kept.— JOHN CHARLTON, 37,
The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells.

WANTED, an IMPROVER, for two years
under Glass, in a large Establishment. — Age not under
19; strong and active. State experience, with copies of tes-
timonials. Premium, £.3 to be paid on entry, and £j at the
end of twelve months. Wages 12s. first year, and Ms. the
second, bothy, milk, &c. — A. E. H., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a young MAN, as IMPROVER,
amongst Outdoor Roses and Hardy Stock. Must be
of good character. Strong and active.— Apply to W. RUM-
SEY, Joy ni rig's Nurseries, Waltham Cross.

V\7ANTED, a strong single MAN, as GAR-

V T DEN LABOURER, to work Lawn-mower and Scythe.
Wages, 1 guinea a week.— C. INGS, The Gardens, Golder's
Hilt, North End, Hampstead, N.W.

Seed and Florist Trade.

WANTED, a MANAGER, experienced in
the Trade generally, and one use 1 to attend Market,
Flower Department, &c— References and full particulars to
ALPHA. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

W ""ANTED, a MANAGER for small country
Shop— Fruit, Flowers, Seeds, and Vegetables. Married
couple without family; furnished rooms, rent free. Must be
thoroughly persevering and honest.— State age, wages required,
&c, to F. F., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

W ""ANTED, a JUNIOR INVOICE CLERK,
used to Seed Trade.— Apply by letter, with full par-
ticulars mid silary required, H. S., COOPER, TABEB AMD
CO. (Limited), ill), Soutlnvark Street, S.E.

WANTED, as STOKER, a steady married
MAN, without family, and to make himself useful in
the Nursery. Preference given to one who can paint Green-
houses. Situation permanent to steady man. Wages, 20s.
per week, with cottage, fire, and light.— State full particulars
to TURNER BROS., Florists and Nurserymen, Garston,
Liverpool.

WANTED, a middle-aged, trustworthy, and
energetic married MAN, as STOKER and CARE-
TAKER, to live in cottage on premises. — Please state full
particulars as to experience, age, &c, to G. B. FISCHER,
High Street, Clapham, S.W.

W~ANTl^7aTSliO~PMAN, with knowledge of
Bulbs, Seeds, Plants, Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays, &c.
Industrious and reliable. State wages, how long, and where
last employed, why leaving. Give references. Letters only.
— W. H. HUDSON, 199, HiKh Road, Kilburn.

DRAPERY APPRENTICES.— Messrs.
WARE BROS.. Broadgate, and Cross Cheaping,
Coventry, REQUIRE two smart LAOS as above.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAINO and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
aud practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladies and Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a positiou to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic aud Postal Address—" DIOKSONS, CHESTER."

QCOTCH GARDENERS.— I have at present

O several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha-
rm |.r and ability will bear the strictest investigation.—
JOHN DOVVNIE, Seedsman, 144. Princes Street, Edinburgh.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter.
Enquiries should be made to 2;i7 aud 238, High Holborn, W.C.

RICHARD SMITH and Ctt
beg to announce that they ore constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

nPHE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
-L CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

GARDENER (Head), and ORCHID
GROWER.— Age 31; seventeen years' experience in
Orchids. Stove aud Greenhouse Plants, early and late Forcing,
hardy Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens. — WILLIAM
LAKER, Quorn Lodge, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

GARDENER (Head), where three or more
are kept; fifteen years' experience in all branches of
Gardening. One year and nine months' good character. Six
yearB previous with Mr. Culverwell, Thorpe Perrow, Bedale.—
S. SEDGWICK. Leyburn, Bedale.

GARDENER (Head); married; has small
family. —Mrs. Henry Bkassev wishes to recommend
her Head Gardener, who is leaving on account of the death of
the late Mr. H. A. Brasaey, as above. Thoroughly experienced
in all branches, Forcing, &c. Thoroughly honest, and abstainer.
—Apply, Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent.

GARDENER (Head), in a good establishment.
—Age 42, married, no family ; has had the best experi-
ence in every department. To any Nobleman, Lady, or
Gentleman requiring a first-rate man in every respect. The
highest testimonials,— HORTICULTURE, Messrs. Sutton &.
Sons, Reading, Berks.

GARDENER (Head).— Kipps, late Head
Gardener, &c to W. H. Bingham Coi, Esq., Totnes,
seeks re-engagement, near London preferred. No encumbrance.
— Newgate Street, near Hertford.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 43 ; twenty-nine
years' experience. Sixteen years' Head. Left through
death.— F, SMALL, Buckingham Road, Winslow, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 42, married, no
family; experienced in all branches of Gardening,
Early and Late Forcing, and General Management of good
establishment. — W. D., 2, Alberta Place, Loudon Road,
Bishop's Stortford.

September 5, 1891.]

THE GA RDENER S' CHRONICLE.

291

GARDENER (Head). — Age 30, single;
twenty years' experience in all brunches of Gardening;
English and California!] experience. Advertiser wishes to
settle down in England, either in private or commercial
establishment in vicinity of Loudon. Good references. No
Single-handed place accepted. — T. G., 14, St. Ann's Place,
Chester.

pARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29;

VT good practical experience in all branches. Four years'
reference as Foreman. For particulars.— FOREMAN, The

Gardens, Hare wood House, near Leeds.

GAUDENEft (Head Working).— Age 32,
no family; life experience in all branches. Excellent
character.— E. W. JENKJCNSON, Head Gardener, Kirby Frith
Hall, Leicester.

GARDENER (Head Working), or FORE-
MAN, in Kitchen Garden.— Age IN, single ; exi-erieu-ed
in all branches.— S. B., Lock Road Cottage, Ham Common,
Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 36,
married.— Mr. E. Molvneux, Swanmore Park Gardens,
Bishop's Waltham, would be glad to recommend a really first-
rate man as above. He thoroughly understands his duties in
every respect, especially Flower-garden Management. Highest
references from past employers. Thoroughly industrious iu
every respect. — Apply as above.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38,
married, small family. Thoroughly experienced in
Vine^, Stove and Greenhouse plants, and the general manage-
ment of the Flower and Kitchen girdens, and also a good
grower of Chrysanthemum*. Six and a half yean' excellent
character. Disengaged through owner leaving.— H. GALK,
Princes Terrace, Prince Alfred Street, Gosport.

GARDENER (Head WoRKiNG).—Age 37,
married; excellent experience. Left through death.
Nine years' good character from last situation, six and seven
previously.— T. DINEL, 2, Victoria Terrace, Ham, near
Richmond.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one or
two others are kept.— Age 1:9, married ; thirteen years'
experience in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Good character.— G.,
Mr. Burt, Albert Road, Co^ham, Hants.

ARDENER (Head Working), where two

are kept. — Age 'J7. Twelve years' thorough practical
experience in all branches of the profession. — C. S. R., Mr.
Mills, Avenue Road. St. Neot's, Hunts.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 31 ;
widower; three children. Thorough practical experi-
ence in all branches. Disengaged, October lt>.— W. CLAYiON,
Head Gardener, Maesgwynue, Whitland, S. Wales.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Age 31, married, no family ;
eighteen years' experience in all branches. Six and a half
and seven years' good character. — K. G., Skeffiogton, Leicester.

(^AHDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
"T married ; well up in all branches; seeks re engagement
through employer leaving the neighbourhood. Can be highly
recommended.— BARNES, Eversfield, Grove Park, Kent, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Wobking) ; age 28,
married.— Mr. OFFER, Handcrots Park, Crawley, can
with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring a good practical all-round man as above. He
has been with him lour years,

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept. — Age 35. married, one child (age 3);
tweuty years' experience in all branches of Gardening. Dis-
engaged when sauted. Character will bear the strictest in-
vestigation.—J. B., i'9, Choumert Road, Peckham, S.E.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
Age 30, married, one child. Thoroughly practical.
Inside and Out. Excellent character and testimonials.—
MACK, 2, Horae-itead Villas, Riverdale Road. Plumstead, S.E.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 27, married; experienced in Peaches, Vhies,
Melons, Tomatos. &c. Three years at last place.— W. W.
LANK, Malvern Hall, Solihull.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 34; married; small family. Thoroughly practical
in all branches, also in the management of Stock. Good
character. Please state wages.— J. S., Alfred House, Magdala
Road, Highgate, N.

GARDENER.— Mr. AY. B. Bacon, who is re-
moving, wishes to recommend his Head Gardener,
thoroughly competent and trustworthy. Six years' excellent
characters.— For particulars, apply to Down House, Lamber-
hurst, Hawkhurst.

GARDENER; age 43, married.— A Gentle-
man who is breaking up his establishment, would be
pleased to recommend his Gardener, who has been with him
thirteen years, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the ser
viceB of a thoroughly competent man. — J. WOODARD, Fair
crouch Road, Wadhurst, Sussex.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).
— Age, 22, single. Five years' reference from late em-
ployer. Total abstainer. Willing to make himself useful.—
GARDENER, 6, Elm Terrace. Elm Road, Leytonstone.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age ^29;
married ; fourteen years' experience in Grapes, Melons,
Cucumbers, Chry-anthemums, and the general routine of a
kitchen garden; first-cla^ references; in present place ten
ytars.— W. FLEET, Dudley Lodge, Harrow.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 24;
four and a half years' good reference.— A. G., St. Mary
Cray, Kent.

GARDENER (Working), where assistance
is given.— Age 34, married, one boy ; thoroughly expe-
rienced in Grapes, Cucumbers, Tumatos, Chrysanthemum-,
Begonias; Flower Garden a specialty. Well up in Vegetables.
First-class references.— J. G. F., Simpsou, Stationer, Marsh-
gate, Richmond, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second), or FOREMAN, in
good establishment.— Age 2 1, single, liothy preferred.
First class references from pa^t and present employers.—
STEPHEN MALLETT, Morpelh House Hardens. Ipswich.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed) ;
age '■-.— Mr. GRANT, Hie Rookery Gardens, Dorking,
would like to recommend lo any Gentleman or Gardener, W .
Goddard. as above.— W. GODDAltD, Uompton, Guildford.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed). —
Ape 23, single. Good experience; excellent character.
— W., 7, Chatham Road, Camberwell, S.E.

GARDENER (Under).— Age k22; five years'
experience Inside and Out; and can have five years'
references, if required.— H. YOUNG, The Cottage, Holly
Ltd^<', Wiiiihorne Road, Bournemouth, Hants.

p ARDENER (Under). — Age 20; good

\JT knowledge in all branches. One ytar and ten months'
excellent character.— CHALLIS, Mountfield, Child's Hill.

GARDENER (Under) ; Inside, or Inside and
Out.- -Age 21. Well r commended by Head Gardener

to Sir Wm. Cuoke, Bart., Wheatley Park, Doueaster. — E.
MORRIS, 13, Park Road. Duncasier.

GARDENER (Under) ; age 10.— Mr. Hayes,
The Gardens, Keswick, Cumberland, wishes to recom-
mend a strong and energetic young Man as above Good
knowledge of Greenhouse and Herbaceous Plants, and General
Work.

AUDENER (Under). — Age 20; three

years with Leop ild de Rothschild, E^i. ; used to Or i-

hous? work.— BIRDSEY. 9, St. Paul's Terrace, New Soutbgate.

GARDENER (Under), or in a Nursery. —
Age 20. Three year*' good character. — H. BEAU-
CHAMP, 74, Cowper Street. We-t Brighton.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 26;
all Market Plants, Ferns, Vines, Tomitos, Cucumbers,
&c— H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
strand. W.C.

PALM and FERN GROWER.— Age 28.
Furnishing in large establishment. Fourteen years
Nursery experience. Good character. — TH03, BUDGEN,

Esher House, Humbolt Road, Hammersmith, W.

FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 24 ; eight
and a half years' experience. Abstainer. Good reference.
— W. HILL, The Gardens, Coed Coch, Abergele, North Wales.

FOREMAN (Working), Indoors.— Age 34;
thorough Propagator and Grower of Marlu t Plant-) in
quantity, and expe.-i" at Lily and bulb Forcing. — C, 4, Gros-

V'-uor Terrace, ChiSWlClC, W.

FOREMAN, in a good Establishment—

-L C. PUZEY can with every c^nli ienee recommend his
Foreman, F. Lupton, as abive.— Scampston Hall, Rilhugton,
York s.

FOREMAN, in large establishment ; age 28. —
Mr. Friend, gardener to the Hon. P. O. Glyu. Hooks-
nest, God-tone, cm confidently recommend his late Foreman
to any gardener requiring a thoroughly practical and desi rvil g
man ; fourteen years' experience.

LTOREMAN, PROPAXIATOR, and SALES-
±- MAN, or MANAGER (Indoo-a).— Thoroughly practical
in the CuItiYation of all kinds of Plmits; over thirteen years
in the same capacity with Messrs. .Tas. Veitch & Sons, Royal
Exotic Nursery, Chelsea.— C. SWIFT, 310, North End Road,
Walham Green, S \\ .

T^OREMAN, or SECOND, Inside, wishes

A- situation now or at term. — Age 21; nine years' expe-
rience. Total abstainer. — W. S. C, The Gardens Broomfieid,
Davidson Mains, Midlothian.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in good
Establishment. — Age L'[ ; seven years* experience. Can
be well recommended. — W. VALENTINE, West End, Essendon,
Hatfield, Herts.

JOURNEYMAN, under a Foreman, in good
Establishment. — Age 21; four and a half years in last
place. Please state wages.— G. KEEVILL, The Gardens,
Wenvoe Castle, Cardiff, S. Wales.

JOURNEYMAN. — Age 20. Five years'
experience. Leaving through reducing establishment.
Highly recommended. — B. MARSH, Sturtan - le - Steeple,
Lincoln.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 24;
seven years' experience.— F. R., Harefield, Uxbridge,
Middlesex.

J" OURNEYMAN, in the Houses. — Age~l3~;
eight yeara' experience, with excellent character. —
H. EDWARDS, 9, Cranmer Villas, Cranmer Road, Teddirjgton.

TMPROVER.— Age 19. Three and a half

X years' references. U-ted to both Inside and Out.— KIPPS,
Newgate Street, near Hertford,

IMPROVER.— A young Man, age 20, wishing
to better himself, de-ires a Situation as above in a private
Garden, uuder Gla^s preferred. Nearly two years in present
Situation. Good character. Apply, stating wages, to
SIDNEY AISM, Findon, Worthing, Sussex.

TMPROVER. — A s~trong willing Youth,

-*- age 18; in a good Garden. Three years iu present
situation. Good character. — T. MERRIT1', Hermitage,

Newbury.

IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden. —
JOHN EVANS, Poslingford, Clare-, Suffolk.

IMPROVER, under Glass, in a Nobleman's or
Gentleman's Garden. — Age 10; twelve months' good
character from present employer. Small premium given.
Bothy preferred.— T. LAWRENCE. 7, B.ingor Street, Sheffield.

IMPROVER, in the Houses.— Age 18, strong,
aod willing. Threv years uuder gia-s in present place.
Weil rcconimt'ijded.— G. MOULLtEN, iiastrop Grange, High-
worth, Wilts.

TMPROVER or JOURNEYMAN, principally

A Inside. — Age 21 ; live years' good character. Well
recommended. —GARDENER, Mr. Wilkius, Station P.oad,
Horley, Surrey.

IMPROVER. — Situation wanted by a young
man; experienced, and can be well recommended. —
FKANKLIN, Western Road, Ealing, Middlesex.

HA M I V-M AN.— Brick-work, Hot-water and
Boiler-setting, Painting, &c. ; Rough Carpentering.
Many years at .TdcJtsun .^ Son's Nursery, Kingston. — X,
E.MME1T, Club Buildings Kingston, Surrey.

TO GARDENERS.— Wanted, a situation by
a Youth (age 18), in a Gentleman's Garden. Good
chiracter.— A. BOOKER, 60, Laindowne Road, Croydon.

rVO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in

J- the Houses under a good Propagator. Age 21. Four
years' practical experience iu Roses, Rhododendrons, Clematis,
and Comfeni1,— J. WATERS, Hollamby's Nurseries, uGroom-
hriiige, Tunbridge Wells.

rTO NURSERYMEN.— Wanted, situation in

JL Market Nursery. Eleven years' experience iu Palms,
Fern«, Vines, and General Nursery Stuff. — C. D., 18, Alpha
Terrace, Cavendish Road, Tottenham.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, in
the North, where Roses and Fruit are gro.vu exten-
sively. Last two years with one of the principal Rose-
growers. Age 21. Good references.— S., 3, Guffs Terrace,
Waltham Cross.

MARKET GARDENING.— A young Man,
whhing to learn Market Gardeniug, would like to hear
from a Market Gardener, who can offer a comfortable home,
at small premium. References exchanged. — C, 7, Ladbroke
Square, London, W.

Seed Tr icte.

MANAGER, or SHOPMAN.-Advertiser has
had twenty years' general experience in leading houses.
Ten years in la->t situation. First-class references. — M. P.,
Messrs. Hurst & Son, lbJ, Houndsditch, E.C.

MANAGER.— Well up in Cut Flowers, Ferns,
Fruit, Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c, in quantity, for
Market; also Propagating Tea Roses and general Nursery
Stock. Good references. — EEX, 1, Grove Koad, Upper
Mitcham.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32;
thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Gojd references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, E ist Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN.— Age 26. General knowledge of
the Nursery, Seed, and Cut Flower Trade. Good refer-
ences.— t. R., Jarnall, Stationer, Lansdowne, Bournemouth.

To Seedsmen, Fruiterers, and Florists.

SHOPMAN— Age 22. Eight years* practical
varied experience in wholesale and retail Seed, Fruit,
Flowers, Bu'.b^. and Plants. Unexceptional testimonials. —
ABILITY, 24, Trinity Road, Southampton.

CHOPMAN. — Seventeen years* experience in

lO Seeds and Bulb3. Two years in the United States.
Excellent references.— W. A., Box 67. Post Office, Preston,
Lancashire.

17RUITERERS, &c — Situation wanted in
first-class Fruiterer'-', &c. Provincial preferred. Well
up in Buying and Selling, Pleae state wages, &c. — A. R ,
Mr. H. Baily, 4fj, Averil Street, Fulham Palace Road,
Hammersmith.

F~ LORISTS, or FLORIST and FRUITERERS.
— Re-engagement wanted by a young Lady in above.
Experienced in Wreaths, Sprays, Seeds, &c. First-class
references.— A. STEVENS, 4, Church Street, Preston.

HOLLu WAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.—
A frequent cause of gout and rheumatism is the inflam-
matory state of the blood, attended with bad digestion ami
general debility. A few doses of the Pills taken in time are an
effectual preventive against gout and rheumatism. Anyone
who n is an attack of either should use Holloway's Ointment
also, the powerful action of which, combined with the opera-
tion'of the Pills, must infallibly effect a cure. These Pills
act directly on the blood, which they purify and improve.
Having once subdued the severity of these diseases, persever-
ance with the Ointment, after fomenting the affected joints
with warm brine, will speedily relax all stiffness, and prevent
any permanent contraction.

292

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 5, 1891.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH

No. 60.-PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER. | WINTER G1RDIN3, CONSERVATORIES, and GREENHOUSES In all Styles.

Sft. by 3 ft. £2 0 0 1 6 ft. by 4 ft. £2 5 0
12 ft. by 3 ft. 3 2 0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 15 0

No. 73. -New Span-roof GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 14 0 112 ft. by 6 ft. £5 14 0
8 fl . by 6 ft. 4 4 0 I 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 4 0
All Frames made of selected Red Deal, painted
three times, and lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet
glass.

Wall Fruit Tree Protectors, Hand Lights,
Propagating Glasses, &c.

CUCUMBER FRAME LIGHTS.

6 ft. by 4 ft., glazed and painted ... 14.5. each.

Unglazed and unpainted 5s. 6<z. each.

Carriage Paid on Orders of 40*. value.

No. 64.-PATENT PLANT PRESERVER.

12 ft. by 5 ft. £i
2! ft. by 5 ft. £9

I 12 ft. by 6 ft. £6 0
[ 24 ft. by « ft. 11 0

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always in stock.

No. 12.— To heat

from 40 to 1 00 feet

of 4-in. piping.

Our Celebrated No. 4 Check end Boiler.

No. 12.— To heat

from 150 to 500 feet

of 4-in. piping.

No. 74.-THREE-QUARTER SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 14 0 I 12 ft. by 6 ft. £5 17 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. 4 5 6 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 8 6

No. 75. -MELON and CUCUMBER
FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 0 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £4 3 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. 3 0 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 5 6 0

No. 77.-SMALLER SIZE FRAMES,
Similar to No. 75.

6 ft. by 4 ft

9 ft. by 4 ft

12 ft. by 4 ft

£1 15

2 7

3 0

I No. 76.-FORCING PIT WITH SLIDING
LIGHTS.

12 ft. by 6 ft. £3 11 0
20 ft. by 6 ft. 5 13 0

12 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. £4 4 0
20 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. 6 12 0

KEEP YOUR P[PES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars write to

MOBITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

ORCHID HOUSES— AS THEY SHOULD BE.

\i i W CiCiaV^ 06 v-fvy» give their special attention to the proper construction of Houses,
in which to produce these beautiful flowers, and use only the latest improvements in Ventilation, Heating, and
The drip of condensation from the roof-bars is successfully provided against.

Forms of Stages

PLANS AND ESTIMATES FREE ON APPLICATION, also latest edition of general book of desigks.
J. WEEKS & CO., F.R.H.S.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, WARMING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS,

CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor;" Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden London WC

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. BttADBURY, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published 'by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, September 5, 1891. Agent for Manchester— Johm Heywood

Established 1841

No. 246.— Vol. X.

/ Thikd 1
L Series, j

SATUEDAT, SEPTEMBER 12, 1891.

f Eegt.
\ WITH

as a Newspaper,

SUPPLEME

er. f

NT. j

Price 3d.

Post-free, 3%d.

CONTENTS.

309

Mr. Robert Lindsay

300

309

Mr. William Young
New and noteworthy

299

305

plants

300

H0H

Orchid-houses

307

306

Orchid notes

3 0

Plants under glass

307

303

Rainfall, what becomes

of the

304

:»o

Societies : —

303

American Florists' ...
National Carnation and

303

30o

Picotee

306

National Chrysanthe-

307

mum

313

302

National Dahlia

312

307

Ghent General Exhibi-

302

tion

304

299

Royal Caledonian

299

300

Royal Horticultural 308

,310

300

South Shields Cemetery

303

300

Strawberry season of 1891

302

300

Weather

American Apple crop ...

Artificial rain

Asters at EynsEord ,

annual

Botany, possibilities of...

Broccoli, late

Carnations and Picotees,

Benary's new

Coelogyne MichiolicTii-

ana

Florists' flowers

Freeland House, For-

gandenny

Fruit garden, hardy
Fruits under glass
Hyacinthus candican? ...

Kitchen garden

Lambton

Marquis of Lothian
Mr. Angus McLeod
Mr. John Downie
Mr. Malcolm Dunn
Mr. R. B. Laird

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh 301

Portraits of Marquis of Lothian, Mr. Angus McLeod, Mr.

John Downie, Mr. Malcolm Dunn, and Mr. Robert

Lindsay. (See Supplement.)

Now Ready , in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle" Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to JvBie, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscript m to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co. f Times Building, New York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

DOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
best HYACINTHS, TULIPS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
PANSIES, VIOLAS, &c, can be had post-free on application.
Everyone interested in any of the foregoing is invited to send
for a copy.— DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland

O ♦■ T* Q TIT V) p !**• i p Q

A FINE COLLECTION of the best varieties
can be supplied. Orders should be booked now.
Descriptive CATALOGUE post free.
THOMAS RIVERS AND SON, Sawbridgeworth.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 45. per 100, carriage
paid ; 30s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen. 6d. LIST free.
W. LOVEL AND SON, Driffield.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 2Ss. per 1000, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. OELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight...

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S HYA-
« CINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSI, CROCUS, LILIUMS,
GLADIOLI, best quality. Send for CATALOGUE.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

BUTTON'S HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

O CROCUS, &c. FOR EARLY FORCING. Sutton's Com-
plete Collections of Bulbs for Early Forcing. Price 10s. 6d ,
21s., 31s. 6d., and 42s. each. For full particulars see —

SUTTON'S BULB CATALOGUE.— Beauti-
fully illustrated with numerous engravings, and a hand-
some coloured plate of " The Sutton " Anemone, and contain-
ing accurate descriptions of the choicest varieties, with clear
hints on their successful cultivation.

SUTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Bulbs for Early Forcing.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
have just received, and offer in splendid condition —
HYACINTHS, Single White Roman, las. and 14s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single White Italian, 10s. id. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Single Blue Italian, 8s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, Double Rose Italian, 10s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Double Roman, 6s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, Large-flowered Paper White, 7s. per 100.
Carriage Paid. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

JW. BARNHA.M Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C., having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

HE CREAM of all STRAWBERRIES will

RUSKIN, for Forcing Early, in pots, 25s. per 100.
BRITISH QUEEN, for Forcing Late, in pots, 15s. per 100.
LATEST OF ALL, LAXTON'iS. Runners, 15s. per 100.
OXONIAN, a Topper, 6s. per 100.

Plants Guaranteed best in the Trade.

R. GILBERT. High Park, Stamford.

DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS !
When sending orders by post, for Daffodils, from one of
the most varied Collections in Europe, will my various friends
kindly use the " Registered Envelope," as enclosed with Illus-
trated Catalogue. Copies of the latter are post-free, and
orders should reach per return for prompt delivery, as bulbs are
simply perfection this season.

WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24,
Patrick Street, Cork.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

CROTONS for SALE.— Five large and several
small Specimen Plants. Apply —
J. R. BIRD, 32, New Croited Road, West Dulwich.

NOW READY, Blush Souvenir de la Malmai-
son CARNATION LAYERS, strong, well-rooted stuff,
7s. 6d. per doz. ; postage and packing free. Cash with order.
E. S. NIGHTINGALE, Rohais, Guernsey.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS, 3,000
H. Jacoby. 3,000 Vesuvius, 2,000 MacMahon, 1,000
Master Christine, 500 Lady Sheffield, 500 C. P. Gem, and
500 Vaucher. Sample and price to

G. PHIPPEN, F.R.H.S., The Nurseries, Reading.

WANTED, ROOTED LAYERS of Mrs.
Reynolds Hole, Malmaison, and Germania Carnations.
Price per 100 to —

F. CLARKE. Lowther, Penrith.

WANTED, SEMPERVIVUM CALIFORNI-
CUM and ECHEVERIA PEACOCKII.
F., Box 30, P.O. Hull.

ANTED, 10,000 CUTTINGS of Named

CARNATIONS, any sort. Quote quantity and price to
H. DOBBIE, Floral Nurseries, Frettenham, Norwich.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. KOOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on application to their Agents, Messrs. MERTENS and CO.,
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.C. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHffiNLX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. Qd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

BARK'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS, 10s. 6d„ 21s., 42s.,fc;3s.,& upwards.
COLLECriONSof DAFFODILS, bs. 6d,, 7s.6tf., 10s. 6d.. to 105s.
Hvacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Pasonies, Lilies, &c
BARR and SON, 12, King Street, Covent Uarden, London, W.C.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON. 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

To Cut Flower Growers and Others.

FOR SALE.— Eighteen large CAMELLIAS,
and eleven large AZALEAS. A bargain. Apply to—
W. CHRISTMAS, 35, Grove Lane. Camberwell, S.E.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s, per 100. Order
earlY of —

WALSHAW AND SON, Scarborough.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS !! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantum cuneatum, tine tops, in 5-inch pots, 50s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

To those about to Plant.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses,
Fruit Trees, Conifers, Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs,
Rhododendrons, Ornamental and Forest Trees, Clematis, and
other Climbing Plants, in large variety, sent free on applica-
tion to —

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

VISITORS TO THE CONTINENT are
cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors, Messrs.
.7 LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent gratis.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road. Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B,

294

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

^^ 1™ B Hi ^^ ^^ i,.„i....n| f_„n*i^rxaara "Sins' ValllOTB

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION BOOMS aud ESTATE OFFICES, 07 and 63, CHEAl'SIDE, B.C. CATALOGUES FUR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

DutcU Bulbs.-Great Unreserved i Sales,

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHERUK and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 68 .Cheapside.
Trm.lnn F C FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-cla-a
HYAC NTHS TULJPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers. , „ . , i_ j

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALES.

NEXT WEEK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
respectfully announce that tbeir GREAT ANNUAL
SALES take place NEXT WEEK, from MONDAY, the 14Ul,
until FRIDAY-, the 18th inclusive, as. stated in the following
Advertisements. ... 3

Catalogues have been posted to all customers, and any
intending purchaser not having received a copy, is requested
to apply immediately, when one will be sent.
Auction Rooms and Estate Offices, 67 and 63. Cheapside, E.C.

Upper Edmonton.

The Dyson's Lane Nurseries, about five minutes' walk from
Angel Road, and eight minutes from Silver Street
Station on ttie G. E. R.

S'XTH GREAT ANNUAL TR4DE SALE of about 6),000
GREENHOUSE and other PLVNTS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. H. B. May to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises as above, on MONDAY NEXT, September 14,
at 11 o'Clock, punctually, owing to the large number of lots,

ab°Ut 60,000 STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
exceptionally well growu, and in the best possible condition,
the principal items comprising—

20,000 Fens, all the most
marketable sorts, mauy
novelties

10.00) Bouvardias (including
l'urity (new white). Pre-
sident Cleveland, Mrs. Robt.
Green, Candiuissima, and
the be>t double aDd single
varieties

5,000 young Palms

:(,i>l;0 Geu.stas, fine bushy
plint j

Kentias (good plants), Cro-
tons, Eucharis, Arilias. Cle-
matis, Ivies. Ampelop'is,
A/, ileas, Solanums, aud
other plants.

10,000 Tree Carnations,

eluding Mrs. Moore, Duke of

Fife, Klorain. Winter Cheer,

Mrs. Reynolds Hole, and

many other first-class va-
rieties
2,0)0 Tea Roses in pits, ext'a

>t'Ong. amongst lli-ni Ma-

reilbal Niel, liloire de Dijon,

W. A. Kichard-o.i, > id

others, with well ripened

growths, 12 to loteet long

Ftcus elastic i variegita

Ca . ellias, English-grown (a

splendid lot), well set
Lapigeria alba

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 07 aud OS,
Cheapside, Loudon, E.C.

Lee. Kent. S.E.

GJEAT ANNUAL SALE of WINTER BLOOMING HEATHS

and other PLANTS-the sto'k this sen-on being unusually

well-grown and in splendid condition— to commence

punctually at 11 o'clock, there being upwards of 1300 lots.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. B. Mailer & Sons to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries,
Lee, Kent. S.E , adjoining the Leo Railway Station S.E.R.,
on TUESDAY NEXT, September 15, without reserve, a grand
collection of remarkHbiy well-grown

WINTER-BLOOVUNG HEVTH3 and STOVE and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS. Comprising:—

20.000 Erica hyemalis
5000 ,, gracilis
2,000 ,, Cavendishii
1,000 ,, coccinea minor
600 ,, caffra

All the Ericas being unusually
well set with tlovver.
5.000 Genistas
4,000 Solanums, well-berried
1,500 Epacris to name
2.000 Bouvardias of sorts

1,000 Adiantum cuneatum
1,000 Loniaria gib'ja

800 Tea Roses, in pots
1,000 Cyclamen persicum
50J Crotons, beautifully

colourei
500 Acacia armata
1,000 Boronia megastigma,
and others
I 1,000 Grevillea robusta
1,000 Ampelopsis Veitchii

And a large quantity of young Erica hyemalis, Cavendishii.
nracilis, and others; also Genistas and Epacris, all in 60-pots
f ir growing on.

The Stock may now be viewed. Catalogues obtained on the
Premises; at the Seed Warehouse. 61. High Street, Lewisham;
and of lh" Auctioneers aud Valuers, 67 and 63, Cheapside,

London, F..C.

Derby.— The Mile Ash Nurseries.

CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the si OVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, 600 CAMELLIAS, including niaDy
specimens, large PALMS, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, SeptembervOauj 30, the whole
of tti? GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS

The outdoor NURSERY STOCK will be sold in October.
Auction and Estate Olnees, 67 and 63. Cheapside, E.C.

Taa Collection or Established Orchids formed by the
late 11. .1. Bnchau, Esq., ut Wilton House, Southampton,
By order of the Executors.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
fivoured with instructions to SELL the above by
AUCTION, at their Rooms on FRIDAY, September 25.

Lea Bridge Eoad, E.
ANNUAL UNRESERVED SALE of fine WINTER-
FLOWERING HEATHS, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. John FrasertoSELL by AUCTION,
on the premise*, the Lea Bridge Nurseries. Lea Bridge. Road,
Leytoii E. (close to the Hoe Street Station, Grett Eastern
Railway), on WEDNESDAY NEXT, September 16, at 11
o'clock precisely, in consequence of the large number of lots,
a large quantity of —

WINTER -FLOWERING AND OTHER PLANTS,
including: —

2,00) Variegated and other

Ivies
2.C00 Marechal Niel, Gloire
de Dijon, S to 10 ft. ;
Niphetos, LTdeal.and
otherTea-scentadand
Noisette Rose* in
great variety
6,000 Bouvardias, including
a lot of " President
Cleveland "
5,000 Solanums, beautifully

berried
1,000 Ivy-leaved Geraniums,

best double kinds
1,000 Early flowering and
other Chrysanthe-
mums, iiue strong
stuff
500 Grevillea robusta

20,000 Erici hyemalis
1.000 Tree Carnations
4,000 Erica gracilis
6.000 Genista, fragrans
6,000 Ampelopsis Veitchii.

4 feet
1 005 Epacris
2,000 Lapageria rosea

superba
6.000 Cyclamen persicurn
(Fra*er's tuperb

strain)
2,000 Passillora Constance

Elliott and ceerulea
10,000 Clematis Jackmannii
and other best named
sorts
1,000 Deutzia gracilis, estab-
lished in pots for
earliest forcing

And a great number of Erica ventrieosa. Cavendishii, caffra,
large-rlowering whi te Jasmines, StephanotisnoribundH, Boronia
mega'.tigmi, Escalloida macrantha, Japanese Honeysuckles,
Ceanothus, Aralia Sieboldii. Abutilons. Plumbagos, Lapageria
alba, Bignonia", Magnolias, of sort3; Figs, strong, in variety ;
India-rubber plants, Palms, Fern*. Fieos elastica vanegata.
and other plants. Also a large quantity of young Heaths and
Genistas, tor pottintr on. .

The whole of the Stock is in the best condition, aud ready
for immediate sale. .

Hoe Street Station, on the Great Eastern Railway, is within
a short distance of the Nursery. Trains from Liverpool Street
every half-hour.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the premisps, and ot
the Auctioneers. 67 and 6i. Cheapside, London, E.C, and
Le ytonstone. E.

Enfield Highway, N. ~~~

The Brimsdown Nursery, adjoining Brimsdown Station, G.E.R.
TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL TRADE SALE of STOVE and

GREENHOUSE PLYNT6.

The Sale to commence punctually at 11 o'Clock, there being

upwards of 1300 lots to sell in one day.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. J. Mailer to SELL by AUCTION, on

the premises as above, on THURSDAY NEXT, SEPTEMBER 17,

1891, without reserve, upwards of 1300 lots of remarkably

well-grown .,,„,-,

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS,

mostly in 48-pHs, and fit for immediate Sale, consisting of :

15,000 winter - blooming

Heaths, the best lot offered
at this Nursery for many
year:*, including hyemalis,
gracilis, Cavendishii, ventri-
cosa. in variety, &c.

3000 Tree and other Carna-
tions, leading varieties, in-
cluding Mrs. Moore, Duke
of Fife, Duke of Clarence,
Winter Cheer, Germania,
&c.

5,000 Bouvardias, best vars.

2.00) Grevillea robusta

5000 Genistas

500 Double White Primulas

Chrysanthemums, new varie-
ties, including Louis
Boehmer

Mauy thousands of small

Eneas and Ferns
5000 Solanums, splendidly
grown, aud uuusually well
berried
50J0 Ferns, Adiantnms, Lo-

marias, Pteris, &c.
500 Euphorbia jacquinndlora
1000 Stove and Greenhouse
Climbers, including Dipla-
denias of sorts, Alla-
mandas, Bougainvilleas,

Stephanotis, Taxonias, &c.
10MH p.issirloras
1000 Ampelopsis Veitchii
500 Crotons, beautifully

coloured
Large Azaleas for cutting,
Palms, Ficus
Also quantities of Epacris to name, Callas, Poinsottias, Golden
Euonymus, Gardenias, Geraniums, &e.
May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
he had on the premise*; at the Brunswick Nursery,
Tottenham; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

N.B.— The whole of the Stock is in hrst-rate condition. The
Ericas and Solanums are unquestionably the finest lot offered
at this Nursery for many years. The Ericas being especially
well set for flower, and the Solanums unusually well-berried,^

East GrinEtead.-Without Reserve.

SALE POSTPONED until FRfDAY, September 18, in order

that it may fo'low the great Annual Trade Auctions.

IMPORTANT to the TRADE and PRIVATE BUYERS.

SECOND ANNUAL SALE of WELL-GROWN STOVE and

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, fit for immediate sale.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. Roberts Bros., to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Moat Nursery. East. Grin-
etead, close to the Railwav Station, on FRIDAY NEXT, Sep-
tember 18, at half-past 11 o'clock precisely, the following
unusually well-grown stock

2000 Roses in pots
5000 Bouvardias

800 Azaleas
2500 Palms, in variety

150 Specimen Eucharis,

grand plants
1' 0 Half specimen Eucharis
1500 Double White Primulas
2000 Adiantum cuneatum
Cyclamen, Begonias, Callas, Gardenias, 20i)0 Lilium Hiirrisii
and 2J00 L. candidum (bulbs), &C.
May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
Loudon, E.C.j

Acton, W.— In Bankruptcy, re John Reevea.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE without the SLIGHTEST

RESERVE.

Bv order of the Trustee. Four days Sale.

IMPORTANT to the TRADE and CUT FLOWER

GROWERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the
Nurseries, Acton. W. (adjoining the Recreation Ground, and
close to either of the Acton Railway Stations), on MONDAY,
September 21, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS, at 12
o'clock precisely each day, absolutely without reserve, the
extensive stock of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANT-",
grown principally for Market purposes and Cut Flowers, com-
prising—

100,000 FERNS,
consisting of ADIANTUMS in great variety,
and many other species.
4,000 Eucharis (large plants) 3,000 Irish Ives, in pots

1,000 Poinsettia puleheriima

(stock plants)
5,000 Cyperus ultemifolius

Aspidistras
10,000 Golden and Gnen
Euonymus
800 Pteomes, double white
200 do., various
White Iris

Aueubas, and other out-
door Nursery Stock

iragus tenuissimus
and plumosus (a large
stock)
3.000 Carnations, Miss Joliffe

(splendid plants)
8,000 do., in store pots i

300 Azaleas, Fielder's White
(specimen plants, well-
set)
The entire stock of the new |
pink Pelargonium, Ethel

Also the ERECTIONS of 30 GREENHOUSES.
12,000 feet of Hot-water PIPING, mostly 4-inch.
Fourteen BOILER*, Slate Staging, Lights, Pits, Brick-work.
Two Spring Market VANS, Bay HORSE, Harness,
and sundries.
May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premites, of T. P. CHILD. Esq. (the Tru-tee), Accoun-
tant, 42, Poultry, E.C. ; and of 'the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 63, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Sutton, Suney.

IMPORTANT UNRESERVED SALE ot the valuable COLLEC-
TION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCH IDS,
&c , which are well known at the local Shows, by order of
S. Ezekiel, Esq., who is leaving the neighbourhood.

\f ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

1TJL favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on
the premises. The Gardens, Cumden House, Sutton, Surrey,
ten minutes' walk from the Sutton Railway Station, « n
THURSDAY, Seplembcr 21, at 12 o'Clock precisely, the \alu-
ah!e collection of exceedingly well-grown STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, comprising about 500 lots, and consisting if
t-pecimeo and half specimen Geraniums of the best kind.1-,
trained Coleus, Selagmeiks, Anthuriums, several fine spei i-
men plants for exhibit on, two splendid plants of Lapagei.a
ro-*ea and alba, specimen and half-specimen Ferns, large
Palms, ('yeas revoluta with thirty leaves. Asparagus ten s,
Davallia Mooreaua, 5 feet through, well-co'oureu Crotons,
Choice named double aud sir.gle Begonias, seedling Begoni;:*
aud Gloxinias, Eucharis, »pleudidly - trained exhibition
Fuchsias, all named, grand specimen Azaleas, large Camellias,
Chrysanthemums of the best varieties, and a large Colleciiin
of well-grown established Orchids, including Cattleya triana*
alha, Cu-dogyne cristata alba, Lselia auceps alba, Cattleya
Skinneri oculata, Ladia elegans, Cymbidium Luwii, and iu*ny
other species.

The Auctioneers desire to call special attention to this im-
portant Sale, particularly to the ORCHIDS, which include
numerous fine varieties, the greater portion of them having
been purchased when in flower.

May be viewed. Catalogues may be had of Mr. COOK, the
Head Gardener, on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

N.B.— The valuable FREEHOLD ESTATE, and the superior
Residence, Outbuildings, and extensive Grounds of about
8 Acres, is for Sale by Private Treaty. Apply to the
Auctioneers.

Soutbgate.

By order ut Mr. W. Davies.

About a mile from Oakleigh Park Station, (*. N. Railway.

IMPORTANT to FRUIT und PLANT GROWERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Mart, Tokenhouse Yard,
London, E.C, on FRIDAY, September 25, at 2 o'clock, in ot e
lot, a compact and valuable FREEHOLD MARKET NURSERY,
known as the Oak House Nursery, Enfield Road, Southgate,
comprising an area of nearly 2 Acres, with brick-built Dwel-
ling-house, 9 Greenhouses and Vineries, It brick Pits, Stabling,
and suitable Buildings.

The Property possesses a commanding Frontage to the High
Road, which can be utilised for Building. Possession will be
given on completion of the purchase.

May be viewed. Particulars had on the Premises; at the
Mart, E.C; cf W. F. WATSON, Esq, Solicitor. 43, South-
ampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, W.C. ; and of the Auc-
tioneers and Surveyors, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Hammeismith.-Abaoiutely without Reserve.

SALE of the BENEFICIAL INTEREST in the LEASE and
STOCK in TRADE of a well-established CUT-FLOWER
and FLORIST BUSINESS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Peacock
Nur-eries Hammersmith, on MONDAY. September 28 (instead
of September 25, as advertised last week), at 12 o'Clock, unless '
previously disposed of by private contract, the BENEFICIAL
INTEREST in the LEASE. .

Immediately following the Sale of the Lease, the whole of
the STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS and other STOCK
also the UTENSILS in TRADE, will be SOLD by AUCTION
in suitable lots. , \-JnuL

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and or the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, EC.

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

295

Friday Next.

THE TRUE OLD AUTUMN-FLOWERING CATTLEYA
LABIATA.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. F. Sander to sell by auction at their
Central Sale Rooms, 07 and 68, Cheapsiie, LoLilon, E.C., on
FRIDAY NEXT, September 18, at half-past 12 o'clock, a mag-
nificent importation of the TRUE OLD AUTUMN- FLOWER-
ING CATTLEYA LABIATA.

'I he whole Importation is offered, and the plants are in mag-
nificent order and condition, from 4 to 6 (lower seats can be seen
on the old spikes, many o& which *re of enormous size a.d
thickness.

ALL THE PLANTS ARE GUARANTEED TRUE.

The genus Cattleya was founded upon the species we now
offer. Dr. Lindley first described it from Swainsons plant
introduced iu the year 1818, and named it in honour of W.
Cattley, Esq , of Barnet. This plant now re-discovered and
re introduced is absolutely the CATTLEYA LABLATA
AUTUMNALI9 VERA from Swaint-on's or ginal hunting
ground, and to the indefatigible enterprise and persistent zeal
Of Mr. F. Sinder are we indebted for this greaLest desiderata
■of Orchidists.

There will also be included in the above sale a NEW AND
ITNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF CATTLEYA, also a new
STANHOPEA,

A very fine lot of the rare and beautiful

ANSELLIA AFRICANA NILOTICA
the finest of the genus, the colours being brighter and more
distinctly defined than the type.

CYPBIl'KDIUM insiqke Siamense.

Opontoulossum KA5T [LABIUM, in fine masses.

On C IDIOM Papilii majus.

Cymbidium eburneum.

Cvpiiipkdiums Boxallii and Vexestum.

Also some choice and valuable Established Orchids, amongst
which will be found : —

Dkxdrobium Leechianum, strong plants,

,, NOBILE SaNUEKIAXUM.

,, ,, cooksonii.

,, hybridum Venus.

Cassiope,
L.*:ua Ancep.t White.

„ gouldiaxa.
Spathoglottis Kimballiana.

SCHOMBUROKIVA SaNDEUIANA, neff,

Vanda Sani>eriana.
Cq:logyne Sanheriana.

,, Dayana, and many other choice Varieties.

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

iBagshot.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT THREE DAYS* UNRESERVED
SALE of beautifully-grown and well-rooted NURSERY
STOCK, which has been carefully prepared for removal,
and specially selected for this Sale, by order of Messrs.
John Waterer & Sons, Limited.

MESSRS. PROTHEKOE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the celebrated
Bagshot Nurseries, Bug-hot, Surrey, close to Bagshot Station,
on WEDNESDAY, September 30, and two following days, at
12 o'clock each day, without reserve, severul acres of NUR-
SERY STOCK, grown to the greatest perfection, and exceedingly
well-rooted, comprising a variety of Conifers, splendid speci-
mens, 4 to 7 ft., particularly adapted for effective planting;
well-coloured Golden Retinosporas ; very fine specimen Gold
and Silver Variegated Hollies, 4 to 6 ft.; finely-grown ex-
amples of Waterer's Holly ; Standards and Pyrami. s finesiogle
specimens; 1000 Green Hollies, 3 to 5 ft. ; very fine English
Yews. 2 J to 3 ft. ; U0 '0 named Rhododendrons, 2 to 2$ ft.
bushy plaints of the best nnd newest kinds; Pontieum Rhodo-
dendrons in quantity; 3000 Spruce Firs, 2} to 4 ft., and a
quantity of larger plants adapted for Christmas Trees ; 5000
Standard Ornamental Trees, 8 to 12 ft. ; Purple Beech and
Limes, 10 to 12 ft. ; thousands of Flowering Shrubs; and other
Stock.

Purchasers will be allowed until December 31, 1891, for the
removal of their lot**.

May now be viewed. Catalogues can ba obtained on the
Premises, or on application to the Auctioneers, 07 and 68,
Cheapside, E.C.

Tlie Chllwell Nurseries, CMTweli, Notts.

Three-quarters of a mile from Becatou Railway Station,
Midland Railway.

IMPORTANT SALE of EVERGREENS. CONIFER/E, &c,
growing upon two branch nurseries which are required for
building purposes by order of Messrs. \J. R. Pearson & Sons.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises as
above on THURSDAY. October 1st, at 1 o'clock precisely, 1,000
specimen GOLDEN YEWS, a tine collection of Green and
Variegated HOLLIES, 900 Bushy AUCUBAS, specimen and
half-specimen RHODODENDRONS, of the finest named varie-
ties, thousands of SMALL SHRUBS for potting or growing on,
300 YUCCA FILAMENTA VARIEGATA. the largest number
of this scarce plant ever offered, 4.000 LAURELS of sorts,
1,200 CUPRESSUS, including 400 C. ARGENTEA. perfect
specimen Standard and Dwarf ROSES. Standard THORNS and
other Stock.

This Sale is especially worthy of attention owing to the
high-class character of the Stock, all of which lias been
recently transplanted and grown with plenty of room.

The Golden Yews and Yuccas, for which the Nurseries have
long been famous, are the finest lot ever offered by Public
Auction.

May be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues
obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, Cheap-ude.

En eld, Middlesex

FIRST ANNUAL SALE of well-grown STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, bv order of Mr. G. Blundell.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nurseries,
Ridgway Oaks. Enfield. onTHURSDAY, Sept. 24. at 1 o'clock,
300 Tea and H. P. ROSES in pots. 200 LILIUM HARRISII
in bud, 250 LILIUMS of sorts. 8000 FREESIA REFRACTA
ALBA in pots. 2,000 GLADIOLUS, The Bride, FERNS, S.TE-
PHANOTIS, VIOLETS, COMTE BRAZZA, CARNATIONS,
CALLAS, BOUVARDIAS, 400 CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
BEGONIAS, and other STOCK.

May be viewed three days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 08,
Cheapside, E.C.

Sunnlngdale.— Preliminary Notice.

WITHOUT RESERVE.— SIX DAYS' ABSOLUTE CLEAR-
ANCE SALE of several acres of beautifully-grown and
thriving young NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mr.
Charles Noble.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to give notice that this ANNUAL SALE is fixed for
MONDAY, October 5, and five following days.

Further particulars will appear in future advertisements.
The Stock may now be viewed, and catalogues had, when
ready, on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers and Land
Agents, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

DUTCH ^JULBSr DUTCd EULBSl

SALES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY'.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent
Gaiden, every MONDAY". WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY, at half-past 12 o'clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.
On view mornings of sale and catalogues had.

Thursday next.

ESTABLISHED AND IMPORTED ORCHIDS, DUTCH
BULBS, LILIUMS, &.-.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C, on THURSDAY NEXT, September 17th. at
half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, COLLECTION of ORCHIDS
in FLOWER and BUD. includingmany rarities and a quantity
of IMPORTED ORCHIDS received direct. 5000 g and bulbs of
Lilium Harrisii and Lilium Caadidum. Gladioli (The Bride),
&c. Also a large consignment of BULBS from HOLLAND,
just received in splendid condition and specially lotted to suit
all buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.— Early in October.

WITHOUT RESERVE.

FIVE DAYS' absolute CLEARANCE SALE
of Several Acres of beautifully grown and thriving
young NURSERY STOCK, consisting of 200.000 Rhododen-
drons, in variety; very large quantity of Fancy Hollies and
leading Evergreens; Conifers, and Ornameutal, Forest and
other Trees. Large quantity of Strong Thorn Quick; also
large quantity of Forest and other Trees, for Woods and
Covert Plantations.

Further particulars will appear in future advertisements.

The Stock may now be viewed, and Catalogues had, when
ready, on application to ISAAC MATTHEWS AXD SON,
The Nurseries, Miltoo, Stoke-on-Trent.

WANTED to RENT, a small NURSERY,
6 Greenhouses, and half an acre of Land. Must be
doing a good business. State full particulars. Price must be
low.— A. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

TO LET, LARGE GARDEN, with
VINERIES, &c.

The Garden at Mabie, within about 4 miles of the town of
Dumfries, with Cottage and small Field, are TO LET for such
period as may be agreed on. with entry at Martinmas first.
The Garden and field extend to about 3 acres each. The
Glass-houses are extensive, and consist of two Vineries, two
Peach-houses, two Melon-houses, large Conservatory, and
long Corridor; and the Garden is well stocked with Frui't Trees
and Bushes.

The Gardener. Mr. William McMinn, will show the Pre-
mises, and further particulars may be learned from Messrs.
WALKER AND SHARPE, Writers, Maxwelltown, Dumfries,
who will receive offers till FRIDAY, the 25th September
current.

Maxwelltown, September 8, 1S91.

TO LET, on Lease, or otherwise, a SMALL
NURSERY, in good neighbourhood, 10 miles from
London. South-Eastern Loop Line.

Apply, C. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C.

I^OPrSALE, or LEtTaFREEHOLD. About

1- 3 acres of this old-established Nursery, in good position,
between Weybridge and Chertsey, Surrey. A good opening
for an energetic man. Ten minutes walk from Chertsey or
Addlestone station, South-Western Railway; in a rapid in-
creasing neighbourhood. For particulars, enquire of —

W. DALE, Knockholt. Kent

EXETER. — In a splendid situation. A
genuine FLORIST'S and FRUITERER'S BUSINESS,
doing a good cash trade, which might readily be much in-
creased. Rent of Shop, Show-Room. and Sitting ditto. £40
per annum. Price for Goodwill, Fixtures. Fittings, Slock,
&c, £75. A capUal busine-s for two Ladies, or anyone de-
siring to acquire a lucrative concern.

Apply to THOMPSON. RIPI ON AND CO., Business Brokers,
21. G.indv Street. Exeter.

yoti IMMEDIATE Dl&PuoAL. Six miles

-i- from Bristol Market, one mile from a railway station,
an Excellent MARKET GARDEN, about 7 acres in extent,
comprising Dwelling House, three New Greenhouses, 91 feet
long ; one useful pit, 32 feet long; and a number of Frames,
well stocked with flowering Plants, Ferns, Tomatos. Cucum-
bers, &c. ; 3 acres Fruit Trees. Strawberries, Veg»tables. &c. ;
4 acres Grass Land, which could be broken up. Lease, 7, 14,
or 21 years. lease, Greeiihouws, Stock, &c, to be Sold at a
fair valuation, payable by easy instalments if desired.
Inspection invited.

Apply, the MANAGER, 3J. Nicholas Sireet, Bristol.

TO BE SOLD, a bargain (through a death).—
The LEASE of a capital MARKET NURSERY, s miles
from Covent Garden, with eleven good Glasshou-es, all
exceptionally well heated ; also 200 good Pit-lights and
fixtures. Capital Stabling and Dwelling-house with every
convenience. Rent only £25 per annum, price low to an imme-
diate purchaser.
Apply to J. S., 2, Elm Villa, Town Road, Lower Edmonton.

EXHIBITIONS.

CRYSTAL PALACE.

V^ GREAT AUTUMN EXHIBITION of FRUIT.
OCTOBER 8 to 10.
ENTRIES CLOSE OCTOBER 1.
Schedules and Entry Forms post-free, on application to Mr.
W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal
Palace. S.E.

T^EICESTER and MIDLAND CHRYSAN-

■L-J THEMUM SOCIETY.

The FIFTH ANNUAL SHOW will take place on NOVEMBER
13 and 14. 1891, in the Temperance Hall, Leicester.

Good Prizes offered in Open Classes.

For Schedules and Particulars, apply—

WM. BELL, Knighton Road, Hon. Sec.

Landscape Gardening.
A RTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of

•^*- the Theory and Practice oj Landscape Gardening),
brings experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY

J- (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

J WEEKS AND CO., HORTICULTUBAL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
VV ales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.
King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

IfOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
Btock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

FOR SALE, a COLLECTION of STOVE
PLANTS, the property of a Gentleman giving up
his houses — Specimen Palms, Crotons, Pandanus Veitchii,
Marantas, Asparagus plumosus nanus, Hibiscus, Clerodendron,
&c, a large number of Caladiums, and about 200 Orchids, of
sorts. The whole will ha sold in one lot, or separately ; many
of the plants iire prize- winners.

Address. Mr. EDWARDS, Weybourne House, Farnham.

rPO J!E SOLD, very cheap, 'Wholesale or

-L Retail, several hundred Double and single BOUVARDIAS,
2-yr. old. Well headed with buds and hossoms. Would
EXCHANGE for Dwarf and Pyramidal Pear, Apple, Cherry,
I'lum, Gooseberry, or Currant Trees.

N. COOME, Belstone, Devon.

Evergreens for Immediate Effect.
"I NO. JEEFERIES and SON have pleasure in

ZJ offering the following in well-rooted handsome speci-
mens, at very low rates ; —

ARBOR VIT.E, American, 6 to 8 feet.
,, ,, Siberian, 6 to 8 feet.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONII. 6 fo 8 feet, and 8 to 10 feet.
„ ERECTA VIRIDIS, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 fe«t.

HOLLIES, Green, 4 to 5 feet, and 5 to 6 feet.

LAUREL. COLCHIC, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 7 feet.

PICEA NORDMANNIANA, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.

THUJOPSIS 1IOREAL1S, 6 to 8 feet, and 8 to 10 feet.

WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
JNO. JEFFERIES AND SON, Boyal Nurseries, Cirencester.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

ORCHIDS, &c— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
• Ghent, Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON, 25. Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

BMALLER and SONS beg to offer to the
• Trade a very extensive and unusually well grown
Stock of ERICAS (Hvemalis and other varieties), EPACRIS,
SOLANUMS, GENISTAS, CY'CLAMEN, BOUVARDIAS of
sort". ADIANTUM CUNEATUM, and other FERNS; PALMS,
in varietv. GARDENIAS, STEPHANOTIS, FICUS ELASTICA,
CROTONS. GREVILLEAS, TEA ROSES (in pots), BORONIA
MEGASTIGMA, VINES (iu pots), &c.

An Inspection is invited.
Trade CATALOGUES forwarded on application.
The ANNUAL SALE by AUCTION will be held on Tuesday,
September 15.

Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries, Lee, S.E.

SAMUEL SMITH, Nurseryman, Slaghills

KD Nursery, near Matlock, Derbyshire, makes very liberal
Selections of 100 Sorts of ROCK PLANTS, and 100 Sorts of
BORDER PLANTS; strong, from open ground; in one plant
of a sort, at 16s. 8d. per 100 ; if taken in three plants of a sort,
at 10s. 6if. per 100. LIST, free on application.

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL and SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest price*, consistent with correctness and superior
character. Send for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY. KENT.

296

THE GAllDEXEllS' CUB GUI CLE.

[Septemb-b 12 1891.

"NEW MILLTRACK" MUSHROOM

SPAWN, and nothing else.
Tlte only exclusive business of the kind in England^

BASON'S

WONDERFUL "NEW MILLTRACK"
MUSHROOM SPAWN

is the best, and has achieved more success than any other
Spawn in the world. Vide Press Notices and recent Testi-
monials, vrith dates, from leading authorities throughout the
Kingdom. Price, 6s. per bushel of sixteen cakes, the largest
ever offered (cases and packing free). Sample Cake, with
Cultural Directions, by Parcel Post, 9d.

The Gardens, Lewiston House, Sherborne, Dorset.
August 31, 1891.

The "New Milltrack" Mushroom Spawn I had from
you last year, proved very good indeed. I never had a better
crop, the Mushrooms being large, thick, and of grand flavour.
Please send me on two more bushels at your earliest con-
venience.—A. RUNNACLES.

The Gardens, Know le Hall, near Birmingham.
August 29, 1891.

Be good enough to send me one bushel of your Al "New
Milltrack '* Mushroom Spawn. About this time last year,
I had a bushel, with which I spawned seven beds; these being
made at intervals through the year, have kept up a continuous
supply, and the last bed is still producing plenty of grand
Mushrooms, and, to all appearance, will keep up the supply
for another month.— William Comfort.

9 Sole Proprietor, and positively the only Manufacturer, of
"New Milltrack" Mushroom Spawn, for Home and
Expert—

WILLIAM DD- BASON,

" THE FERNERY"

FINCHFIELD, WOLVERHAMPTON.

EARSPN

CHOICE

BULBS

UALITY ~UNSURP?§§§i

See Testimonials.

Price Unequalled^

Every article grown by a specialist.

CARRIAGE FREE

On Orders of Ten Shillings.

J. R. PEARSON & SONS,

Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

SEEDLING PLANTS

OF CHOICE

Florists' Flowers.

We have much pleasure in offering the following in Stror
Healthy, Transplanted Young Stuff, from our superb strains.

Free by Post, at prices quoted. Per doz. s.
Auriculas, Alpine, very choice strong young plants,
for blooming next season 2

Calceolarias, herbaceous, sp'endid strain 2

Carnations and Picotees, from choicest named

flowers per 100, If s. 6d.,

Cinerarias, large-flowered, very fine, per 100, 10s. 6d.,

Hollyhocks, choicest double 6 for 2s. ,

Primulas, Alba magnifica, Splendid Pure White ...
i, Crimson King, deep Crimson, magnificent

colour 6 for 2s.,

„ Choicest Red, White, or Mixed, per 100, 10s. 6d.

Hyacinths, Early White Roman, fine selected

bulbs fer 100, lt)s. 6d.,

NarclSSUS, paper White „ 7s. 6d.,

,, ,, New large-flowered ,, 10s. 6^.,

„ Double Roman ,, 7s. 6d.t

Lilium Harrlsii, fine bulbs 56s. orf.,

,, ,, Extra fine ... ,, 80s. Qd.,

PrimuJaS, double Pure White, splendid for furnishing an
abundance of Cut Flowers throughout the Autumn and
Winter. Well-rooted, strong young plants, from 3-inch pots.
Per 100, 42s. ; per dozen, 6s. ; 3 for Is. 9d.

Our Fine Hlustrated CATALOGUE of DUTCH and other
FLOWER ROOTS, NEW and CHOICE ROSES,
FRUIT TRICES, #c, should be read by all intending
purchasers before Ordering. Post-free, 3d., or Gratis to
Customers,

DANIELS' BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

LILIUM WALLICHIANUM SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly fine and rare Lily. The plants are
strong and healthy, in flower and bud.

Price, 5s., 7s. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each.

Price to the Trade on application.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

LAXTON^S~STRA.WBERRIES^Noble, the
king of Strawberries ; Scarlet Queen and White
Knight, best new, both Certificated Fruit Conference— quality
first rate; Commander, best flavoured mid-season ; Albert, fine
Continental, late; Crescent, King of Earlies, J. Ruakio,
A. Nicaise, Vicomtesse, Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, La
Grosse Sucree, Paxton, President, A. F. Barron, James
Veitch, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo,
Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and 150 best varieties, true to
name. Price LISTS free.

THOMAS LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

CURRANT TREES.

RED and BLACK, strong 2-year-old.

DUTCH RED, 10s. per 100.
RABY CASTLE RED, 10s. per 100.
NAPLES BLACK. 12s. per 100.
2s. per 100 less for quantities of 1000. Samples lots of

12 trees of either above sorts, 2s. Qd.
The above are offered free on rail at Wisbeach, and will be
ready for removal in a few weeks. Remittance with order for
lots of under 500. Banker's or London reference for larger
quantities. When ordering, name this Paper.

MANAGER, Osborne House Fruit Farm. Wisbeach.

•Sfflvr£t£.yr

idjv

ANNOUNCEMENT

00 THEY DESERVE IT?

FIFTY YEARS' "WORK AHEAD.

We are driven back with the Cactus Dahlia section; y;s,
eyen the good old popular Juarezi and all its many offsprings
with their highly-popular names, that have given this class
such emphasis and annual delight ever since its introduction by
ns. They are now positively made to look coarse, poor, and
unattractive, when seen side by side of one raised and exhi-
bited by us at the NATIONAL DAHLIA SOCIETY'S SHOW at
the CRYSTAL PALACE, called

ROBERT CANNELL.

Not only by experts but by all ; all crowded to see this glorious
gem, for it was in open conversation throughout the build-
ing, and was pronounced by all the greatest critics the very
ideal of the future Cactus Dahlia. It will take many years
labour to bring all colours to its elegant shape. It was ad-
mitted a real floral victory, which usually occurs only once
in half a century, yet it merely received the ordinary award
given to others barely different from those already in culti-
vation. It is not only lis elegant shape and perfect form
but its lovely colour which has the undeniable tint of blue
upon its petals. It was frequently said, " Here is the be-
ginning of the Blue Dahlia at last." This grand kind will
be sent out next May at One Guinea each. W. Hopkins,
Esq., Bristol, ordered and paid for two on the spot in front
of a large concourse of people. We ask all to send for a
Catalogue, then " COME AND SEE " the King of the Cactus
Dahlias growing and blooming in all its beauty.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

VANDA CERULEA.

A grand lot of the above are now finely in
bloom, and well worthy a visit by Gentlemen
interested in the culture of this lovely Orchid.
Inspection cordially invited.

HUGH LOW & CO.,

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.
DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants,

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (No. 509), of E. H. KRELAGE AND SON,
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists to the Court,
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, and will be sent, post-
free, and without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letters, direct to

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

297

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

ROGHFORD HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER.

^ Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.
Can be erected by unskilled labour in a few hours. No Caulking
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdown.

PATTERN No. I.

A, 11 pi pes at top, 4 each side of I Length

furnace, 8 water-bars ..

-feet 6incb. long
6 feet 6 inch, long
9 feet 6 inch. long
Discount to the Trade.

Heating-power in

4-inch pipe.

1.2n0 feet

1.600 feet

2,000 feet

£ J.
13 12
15 2
17 6

Bo1.

SIOTIOX OF JOINT.

ting together with India-rubber Ring Joints.

Above Prices include a" Castings, Bolts and Washers. Furnace door fitted to front
Casting, and lniia-rubber Joint Rings.

Largest stock of Hot- water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, In the Trade.

Illustrated CATALOGUE free on Application to —

65a, SOUTHWARK ST.,
LONDON, S.E ,

B'lir.EB-JUKERS, &c.

CHAS. P. KINNELL&CO.,

lRONFOUNDER", ENGINEERS.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY

END, Etc.; VENTILATINC CEAR ahd VALVES.

In the eveut of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

CROMPTON
& FAWKES,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

CHELMSFORD.

BOOK of Photo-Lithographed
Sketches of Winter Gardens, Rangea
of Hothouses, Vineries, Architectu-
ral Conservatories, &c, of various
Designs and Sizes, recently con-
structed, erected, fitted, and heated
complete by us in different parts of
the country; with particulars of the
most successful Hotwater Heating
Apparatus of the century.

Post-free on application.

BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. An Introduction to the Study of Plants. By Maxwell T.
Masters, M.D., F.R.S., late Lecturer on Botany at St. George's Hospital. With upwards

of 100 Illustrations. Price 3s. 6d.

SHARPE'S VICTOR

POTATO,

EARLIEST OF ALL.

Now is the time to procure ; and to prevent
disappointment, Order direct of the Raisers.

Plant "VICTORS" now for using at

Christmas, or put into boxes to sprout for

planting out-of-doors early in March.

Prices on application, to

CHARLES SHARPE & GO.,

Seed Farmers and Merchants,

SLEAFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.

London : BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. (Limited), Bouverie Street, E.C.

CARNATIONS.— Souvenir de la Malmaison,
9s. per dozen ; Gloire de Nancy, 6s. per dozen. Very
strong, in 3-inch pots. Packages free. Cash with order.
JOHN Bl'RCH, Staple Hill Nursery, Bristol.

298 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Sbfimimh 12, ism.

RE-DISCOVERY

of the supposed long-exterminated
OLD AUTUMN-FLOWERING TYPICAL CATTLEYA LABIATA,

AND

RE-INTRODUCTION

F. SANDER,

OF THIS

5RAND, OLID, AXJTXJIVIM - FLOWERING CATTLEYA.

All plants have double sheaths, some green, others red; some plants have reddish leave?, others green.

THIS IS THE OLD ORIGINAL LABIATA

OF LINDLEY.

The genus Cattleya was founded upon this species, after William Cattley, Esq., of Barnet,

]ATTLEYA LABIATA AUTOMNALIS VERA.

THE QUEEN OF CATTLEYAS.

{GUARANTEED TRUE.)

HE WHOLE IMPORTATION WILL BE OFFERED BY MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

September 18th, 1891.
PLANTS IN MAGNIFICENT ORDER AND CONDITION. COULD NOT BE FINER,

dlector writes : — " Flenty of whites are among them, and all shades of rose and red ; flower seats, 4, 5, and 6."

The Easiest-Grown Cattleya.
The Freest - Floi»rering Cattleya.
Tlae ¥arieties are endless.

ORM and COLOURING SUPERB — embracing, White, Rose-Purple, Red, Maroon-Crimson, and Yellow.'

By Order of F. SANDER & CO.

SuTnnnt IS, 1891/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

299

Veitch's Hyacinths
for exhibit

Selected from J. V. & Sons' Magnificent Prize Groups.

10s. 6d. per dozen.

Veitchs Hyacinths
for pots & classes.

J. V. & Sons* Selections of the finest and most distinct
free- blooming varieties.

6s., 7s. 6d., and 9s. per dozen.

Veitch's Hyacinths
for beddinc.

IN DISTINCT SHADES OF COLOUR.

Specially selected varieties to flower at tho same lime,
produc i'g large trusses of bloum.

15s. to 21s. per 100.
2s to 3s. per dozen.

For details see CATALOGUE, forwarded Gratis
and Pott-free on application.

James Veitch & Sons,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY,
CHELSEA, LONDON, S,W,

JOHN DOWNIE,

144, Princes Street, EDINBURGH.

CARDEN, FLOWER, & FARM SEEDS,

STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

ALL THE FINEST AND NEWEST VARIETIES.

BECONIAS,TUBERQUS

Largest and Finest Collection in Scotland.
FLORIST'S FLOWERS of all kinds.

Tl T> TT T m rp TJ T? ~[? a Carefully selected to suit
r XV U -L -L li-VJjUO, the climate of Scotland.

GRAPE VINES, very Fine Stock.

CATALOGUES on application.

Nurseries -BEECHHILL AND ROSEMOUNT,
MURBAYFIELD, near EDINBURGH.

MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded),

The best of all for Forciug. Thousands

for Disposal.

CROUXetFILS,

Nurserymen, ,,

LE VAL. D'AULNAY. PRE8 SCEAUX

(SEINE), FRANCE.

Great Specialty in Trained Fruit

Trees lor Immediate Planting.

CATALOGUES free on application.

Early Forcing

B U L

WEBB & SONS only offer the very
FINEST SELECTED ROOTS.

For Fall Particulars, see

WEBBS' BULB CATALOGUE,

Beautifully Illustrated, Gratia and
Post-free.

THE ROYAL SEED ESTAPLISHMENT,

WORDSLEY, STOURBRIOCE.

FINEST,

HARDIEST,

HEALTHIEST

STOCK IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

DICKSONS&CO.

1, Waterloo Place,
EDINBURGH.

Established

Over
A Century.

TREES.

CARTERS'

FORCING BULBS,

For Planting during this and next Month to
produce beautiful White and Coloured Flowers
for Christmas and Easter Decoration.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.

Very large Bulbs, price 21s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
Large Bulbs, price 15s. per 100; 2s. per dozen.

DOUBLE ROMAN NARCISSUS.

Price, 6s. per 100 ; Is. per dozen.

PAPER WHITE NARCISSUS.

Price, 6s. per 100 ; Is. per dozen.

VAN THOL TULIPS (we<.s jww>.

Price, 7s. Gd. per 100; Is. per dozen.

WHITE EASTER LILY.

Fine Bulbs, from the largest cultivator.

Price, Is. and 2s. &I. each ; 10s. 6d. and 21s. per dozen.

ALL PARCELS CARRIAGE FREE.

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a
benutifully coloured Plate of the White Easter Lily,
GRATIS and POST-FREE to Customers.

Royal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants.

237
238

NOTICE.

In the issue for SEPTEMBER 5 mill lie found Notes on the

Gardening Establishments in and about

EDINBURGH,

Views of Dalkeith and Newbattle, and a

PORTRAIT OF PROFESSOR BALFOUR.

For Other Portraits, see the Supplementary Sheet, givtn

with the Present Number.

THE

darters' dfltwnirlt

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1891.

THE ROYAL CALEDONIAN

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
[See Supplementary Sheet.]
f I THIS society, on which the attention of hor-
-"- ticulturists in all parts of the kingdom is
for the time concentrated, was founded in 1809,
and incorporated by charter in 1824. Its
objects were very similar to those of the Royal
Horticultural Society, instituted about the same
time. The society maintained a garden for
several years, but finding the cost too onerous,
after a period of much difficulty, the garden was
annexed to the Royal Botanic Garden, and is
now utilised as an arboretum. The first presi-
dent was the Duke of Gordon, and he was suc-
ceeded by Sir James Hall, a celebrated horticul-
turist, two Dukes of Buccleugh, and the Earl of
Dunmore; the present President being the
Marquis of Lothian, K.T. The first secretary
was Mr. Patrick (afterwards Dr. Neil), an
enthusiastic promoter of horticulture. Professor
Balfour succeeded Dr. Neil, to be followed by
Mr. John Stewart, whose son, Mr. Charles
Stewart, now fills the office, with Mr. William
Young as assistant secretary ; whilst the present
treasurer is P. Neill Fraser, Esq., an ardent and
talented horticulturist. In its long career the
society has attracted to it the best-known Scot-
tish horticulturists and botanists, and the names
of MacXab, Anderson-Henry, Gorrie, and Sadler,
not to mention many others, have cast a lustre on
the society, which in its present enterprise, is
out-doing all its previous efforts.

In a Supplementary Sheet we give portraits
of some of the leading members of the Council,
including the following : —

The Mahqois op Lothian, K.T., Secretary of
State for Scotland — a most liberal patron of arts and
sciences. Horticulture, agriculture, and forestry are
especial subjects of interest to him. The excellent
management and prosperous condition of the fine
estates of Newbattle Abbey, in Midlothian, and
Mont Teviot, in Roxburghshire, the popularity of
Lord Lothian with his tenants on these estates, the
splendid gardens and thrifty woodlands, all testify to
his active personal interest in domestic affairs ; and
as President of the Arboricultural Society during
the year that society held its forestry exhibition in
Edinburgh, and as President of the Highland and
Agricultural Society, he extended the same active
sympathy to public movements for the furtherance
of the objects aimed at by these bodies. As Presi-
dent of the Caledonian, he lends lustre to that an-
cient Society ; and by the monograph of Mesdevallius
published under his auspices, and illustrated by
plants from his own collection at Newbattle, he con-
tributes to the progress of scientific botany.

Ma. William Young, Assistant-Secretary to the
Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, is an
amateur gardener of moie thau local fame. Reared
in the town of Haddington, the centre of East Lothian
gardening in the earlier decades of the century, he

300

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembee 12, 1891.

carried with him to Edinburgh, where he eventually
settled, his taste for florists' flowers, particularly
Auriculas, in the culture and breeding of which he
is a specialist. His knowledge of florists' flowers,
and his aptitude for managing flower shows, quickly
brought him into notice with all interested in
gardening progress. For the past fifty years he has
been a foremost figure in horticultural movements.
He was fifteen years treasurer to the Scottish Tansy
Society, for seven years he was Secretary to the
Scottish Gardeners' Society, and for thirty years he
has acted as Assistant-Secretary to the Eoyal Cale-
donian Horticultural Society— twenty years of that
time con amore, and without salary or any pecuniary
benefit whatever. In short, he is an enthusiast,
whose enthusiasm increasing years in noway lessens.

Me. Malcolm Dunn, whose name is a household
word with horticulturists, both in the north and the
south, is, however, best known in connection with
The Gardens, Dalkeith Fark, which he has managed
so well during the last twenty years. Formerly,
at Powerscourt, Ireland, he distinguished himself by
the masterly way in which he tackled the Phylloxera
and stamped it out, giving courage to Grape growers
generally when panic threatened them all round. His
attainments as a pomologist are widely known, and
his energetic aid to and advocacy of every move-
ment having the advancement of horticulture as
its object, are warmly appreciated by every horti-
culturist north of the Tweed.

Me. Robert Lindsay, Curator of Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh, in his earlier years was some time under
the late Mr. Thomas Moore in the Chelsea Botanic
Garden ; subsequently, he served for a number of
years under the late Mr. James MacNab in the
celebrated garden of which he is now curator. He
was appointed to the charge in 1883. Through-
out his career he has exhibited the rare combina-
tion of scientific bias and practical application
in his profession. His achievements as a hybridist,
particularly of Nepenthes, are a credit to himself
and to the establishment with which he is connected,
and his appointment to the presidential chair of the
Botanical Society of Edinburgh, which he has held
for two successive sessions, is but a just recognition
of his high attainments in botanical and horticul-
tural science.

Me. Angus A. McLeod, Superintendent of the
City Gardens, Edinburgh, in his earlier years ac-
quired his experience at Burghley Park, Mitton,
Wentwortb, and the Royal Exotic Nurseries, Chel-
sea. Subsequently he served the Marquess of
Lothian as head gardener at Newbattle Abbey, Mid-
lothian, for nineteen years. He was appointed to
the charge of the City Gardens in 1875. During
the past twenty-seven years he has borne an active
part in the management of the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society, and for his services to the
society and to horticulture generally was awarded
the Neill Prize and Medal in 1890.

Mr. John Downie, one of the fathers of the Scotch
nursery trade, served his apprenticeship as a gar-
dener at Canaan House, Edinburgh. At the early
age of twenty years, at the death of his father, he was
called upon to fill his place as head gardener at South
Bank, Edinburgh ; and where he remained ten years.
At that place he was able to take a high position at
the local shows, his exhibits, especially florists'
flowers, being of great excellence. In 1848 he
associated himself with Mr. R. B. Laird, thus estab-
lishing the firm of Downie & Laird, which obtained
a world-wide celebrity in connection with the im-
provement of all classes of florists' flowers. Retiring
from the firm of Downie & Laird in 1883, he has
since been trading in his own name. During a long
career Mr. Downie has had many triumphs, but
space will only admit of our particularising one. He
was the originator of the now popular race of
" fancy " Pansies. About 1858, at a flower shower
show in London, he exhibited thirty blooms in six
i arieties, the progeny of one named Dandie Dinmont.
These were the first fancy Pansies ever exhibited,
and they were commented upon in the Times of the

date as follows : — " Messrs. Downie & Laird of
Edinburgh, exhibit some strange looking Pansies,
striped and splashed in the most extraordinary
manner." Mr. Downie has been an ardent supporter
of every movement for the improvement of garden-
ing and gardeners throughout his long and successful
career. Among other working members of the
Society are Messrs. Milne, Thomson, Clapperton,
MacKinnon, D. P. Laird, Methven, Moncur, Welsh,
Stewart, Cowan, and Neill-Fraser, all eminent Scotch
horticulturists.

Mr. R. B. Laibd. — We take the following
details from The Piper o' Dundee, which also contains
a pleasing portrait of a very popular man. Mr.
Laird was born at Balgonie, near North Berwick, on
May 16, 1823. He commenced his career with his
brother, the late Mr. W. P. Laird, founder of the
firm of Laird and Sinclair. In ^1843, with a view
of gaining wider experience, he entered into an
engagement with Messrs. Dickson & Co., of Edin-
burgh, where he remained for five years. Mr.
Laird then entered into partnership with Mr. John
Downie— the firm of Downie & Laird, winning a high
reputation. In 1S60, Mr. John Laing, then gardener
to the Earl of Roslyn, was assumed as a partner,
the firm being known as Messrs. Downie, Laird,
& Laing, a branch establishment being opened at
Forest Hill, London, under the superintendence of
Mr. Laing. The paitnership continued until 1874,
when Mr. Laing retired from the firm, taking over
the London branch, which he still carries on. Mr.
Downie and Mr. Laird continued the Edinburgh
business under the original name of the firm. In
1882, the firm of Downie & Laird was dissolved,
Mr. Laird taking over the entire business, which he
carried on with his sons Mr. D. P. Laird and Mr.
R. Liird. Owing to the death of his brother, in
1872, Mr. Laird became senior partner of the firm
of Messrs. W. P. Laird & Sinclair, Dundee ; and on
the death of his two partners, Mr. Sinclair and Mr.
Hardie, in 1885, after a lapse of over forty years, he
returned to Dundee, and took over the whole
business. Mr. R. B. Laird is now head of both the
Edinburgh and Dundee firms. From their establish-
ment these businesses have gone on enlarging and
increasing until now, when they hold the enviable
position ol being classed amongst the leading nursery
and seed firms of the three kingdoms, with connec-
tions extending all over the world ; their nursery
grounds taking in over 120 acres, a large area of
which is covered with glass, and where all sorts of
nursery stock are successfully raised.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

•

CYPRIPEDIUM MACFARLANEI, n. hyh*
This very beautiful new hybrid was raised in the
nursery of Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, and
flowered in the month of August in the well-known
collection of Cypripediums of R. H. Measures, Esq.,
The Woodlands, Streatham. It is, as mentioned
below, the offspring of C. calophyllum X and C.
Spicerianum, the latter being the pollen plant. The
new plant has the size and the beautiful upper sepal
of the male, but more flat, and not so revolute on
the edges. The labellum. and to some extent the
staminodium, look perfectly like the corresponding
parts in C. Spicerianum. From the mother plant —

* Cypripedium Macfarlanei, n. hyb. (C. calophyllum ? x
C. Spicerianum <$). — Sepalo dorsali latissime ovato acuto cari-
nato plicato albido tenerrime roseo superfuso basi viridi ;
sepalis lateralibus (sepalo inferiore), ovato acuto plicato
pallida luteo-viridi ; petalis oblongo-linearibusobtusis margine
superiore undulatis pilosis (nee verrucosis), viridi-brunneis
linea mediana crassa adjectisque utrioque tenuioribus punctu-
latisfuscis; labello basi viridi anticeet supra brunneo margine
anteriore orificii leviter emarginato margine posteriore pur-
pureo punctulato ; staminodio late cordato supra bipartito
purpureo verrucis minutis atris decoro. Totus flos 4 pollices
latus, 3 poll, altus, sepalum dorsale fere 2 poll, latum. Folia
lineari-lauceolata acuta laete-viridia reticulata, 8 — 10 poll,
longa, 1J — 1£ poll. lata.

C. calophyllum — the hybrid has taken the petals,
which are more spreading, and the upper margin of
which is less waved, and the dark reticulated leaf.
The plant has been named in honour of Mr. Mac-
farlane, the artist. Dr. Krdndin, Berlin.

CcELOQYNE MlCHOLICZIANA, ». ip*

The description of this new and very beautiful
Coelogyne is made from a flower preserved in alcohol,
with bulbs, leaves, seed-pods ; and notes written at
Macassar by the collector. It is to be hoped that
this singular species will soon appear in this country,
The flowers are snowy-white, waxy, and somewhat
transparent. The labellum is on the whole of the in-
side, of a beautiful shade of brown, and looks as if it
were lacquered. Regarding the position of this new
species, it must be ranged under the tribe of Filiferae,
or species with very narrow thread-like petals, as
for instance in C. speciosa, Lindley. The large,
flat, smooth, cushion-like callosity laid over the
whole disc of the labellum is quite peculiar. The
plant may bear the name of Mr. Micholicz, the zealous
collector of Messrs. Sander & Co., to whom we are
indebted for the valuable material for this descrip-
tion. Dr. Krandin, Berlin.

Scotland.

FREELAND HOUSE, FORGANDENNY.

The residence of Collingwood Lindsay Wood-
Esq., Freeland House, is situated about 7 miles from
Perth, Forgandenny, which lies just outside the
policies, being the nearest railway station. The place
is a fine example of the old and the new in gardening
taste, harmoniously combined. Formerly it was the
property of a branch of the ancient Ruthven family,
but was sold by the last resident Baron of that
name to the present proprietor. The original design
of the park and gardens, as is shown by an old plan
still preserved, was in the Dutch style. The prin-
cipal features of the original plan are still traceable
within the home policies, in the form of grand old
avenues of Beech and Lime trees, which are care-
fully preserved as ancient relics should be, even
while modern improvements must of necessity
be introduced. The outline of the place by the
old plan appears to have been a square of
about 144 acres, which was subdivided into
squares of 12 acres each by avenues of trees ;
the intersections of the squares being worked
by roundels or circles. Storms and other agencies,
in the passage of time, have broken up the perfect
symmetry of these features, but, as already observed,
they are traceable throughout the whole of the older
parts of the place, and in some cases are complete and
perfect. This is particularly the case in the broad
avenue, which is formed by Limes of noble proportions.
The breadth of this avenue is 85 feet, and the length
165 yards. The trees average 100 feet in height,
and in girth are fairly equal, one of the largest
being, at 5 feet from the ground, 11 feet 1 inch.
The centre of the avenue was formerly laid out
as a flower garden in the Dutch style, but
now forms part of the main approach to the mansion
from the south. At the northern end of this fine
avenue, entrance to the old kitchen garden is obtained.

* Ccelogyne Micholicziana, n. sp.— Pseudobulbis aubtetra-
gonis, 2—3 poll, altis. lj poll, diametro; foliis 2 obovato-lan-
ceolatis acutis, 5 nerviis ; racemo bifloro 10 poll, loogo nutante ;
bracteis angustissimis convolutis ovariis longioribus ; sepalo
dorsali oblongo-ovato acuto, lateralibus acquilongis angus-
tioribus omnibus basi cucullatis; petalis acquilongis multo
angustioribus linearibus acutis, labelli lobis lateralibus erectis,
5 totius labelli aequantibus antice rotundatis obtusis inter-
medio latissimo lineari antic* retuso apiculato per totum
discum callo lsevi et apicem versus lineis 3 convergentibus
iostructo; gynostemio sepalo dorsali fere sequilongo eique
adpresso curvato supra incrassato, aathera plana, rostello
latissimo; capsulae hexagonse 3 poll, long*, alis manifesto
prosilientibus. —Totus flos albus, sub pellucidus, callus LabaLli et
pirs interior loborum pulcherrime brunneus vernisius. — Qu.
Nova Guinea detexit Micholicz, v.-cl. Domini, F. Sander
collector sedulus. Dr. Kramlin, Berlin.

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle," September 12, 1891.]

THE BOYJX CALEBGHll

ROBERT LINDSAY,

Curator, Royal Botanic Garden.

The Moat Noblf

JOHN DOWNIE,

Member of Council.

THE ASl

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

301

In this neighbourhood are found a notable specimen
of Kobinia pseudo-acacia, about 50 feet high, the
stem girthing 4 feet 5 inches at 5 feet from the
ground ; a massive group of Portugal Laurel of great
height, open below on one aide, revealing numerous
stems from 2 to 3 feet in girth, which spring from
the base of the decayed stumps of the original stems.
Arising from the midst of this group, a remarkably
well-developed tree of CupreBsus torulosa, from
25 to 30 feet high, the stem of which at 5 feet from
the ground girths 5 feet. Near by is one of the
finest specimens of variegated Sycamores I have
ever seen. In height it is about 80 feet, and about

Acre ; a circumstance significant of the measure of
appreciation of the master for the worth of his dead
servant.

Passing onwards towards the present mansion,
through some splendid specimens of English Yew
and other well-developed trees, the way rendered
atill more interesting with luxuriant groups of
evergreen and deciduous shrubs, we stop to drink at
the Lady's Well, a refreshingly cool spring of great
volume. The basin of the spring is some 9 or 10
feet by 12 feet or 13 feet, ever overflowing with pure
water. It is arched overhead, and surrounded by the
ruins of the old home of the Ruthvens, which was

mansion on the north, on the south by wooded
slopes rising to a great height, and on the west by
the avenues and groups of grand old trees which we
have already passed through. To the north-east a
very fine view is obtained from the lawn of the
Kinnoul and Moncreiffe Hills, both of which form
beautiful features in the surrounding landscape.
Grouped at one side of the lawn are promising
specimens of some of the more rare Conifers and
choice Hollies, Cedrus atlantica glauca, Sciadopitys
verticillata, Abies lasiocarpa, and others, though
young, are full of promise of attaining good old ag',
and fine dimensions.

FlO. 37— PRINCES STREET GARDEN'S. (SEE LEADER.)

the same dimensions in the spread of the top, not-
withstanding it is somewhat confined by surrounding
trees. The stem girths about 9 feet.

The family burying-ground, formerly the Melon
ground of the old kitchen garden, next engages
attention. It is an ample rectangular space in
grass, surrounded by a low wall, and embosomed
among trees and shrubs. Fittingly secluded and
unobtrusive, this hallowed spot has nothing of
funereal gloom either in its surroundings or internal
features. The remains of the late James Routledge,
thirty-one years gardener to Mr. C. L. Wood, find a
resting-place in one corner of this private God's

destroyed by fire in 1750. The water was formerly
credited with medicinal virtues, but its chief value in
troublous times in which the Ruthvens bad a full
share, would be its potency in enabling them to
resist a long siege. If they had plenty of bread their
water was sure, and within the walls of their
stronghold.

Hitherto the view of the visitor has been bounded
on all sides by the magnificent trees forming the
various avenues, but a short walk from the ruins of
the old house of Freeland ushers him on the lawn
by the south-west side. The lawn is a spacious
clearing of Beveral acres in extent, bounded by the

An avenue of Beech extending from the west end
of the house northward might appropriately be
named the Gothic avenue, so much does it resemble
the architecture of the aisle of a gigantic cathedral.
The trees, which have perfect, clear, straight boles
of great length, are from 110 to 120 feet in height,
and the girth of one of the largest at 5 feet from the
ground is 11 feet 3 inches.

The Den, a valley which separates the new
kitchen-garden from the house, is a beautiful and
interesting feature of the place. Grassy banks,
grand old timber trees, groups of shrubs, and bold
clumps of Delphiniums, Aconitums, Foxgloves,

:302

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

hardy Ferns, and other strong-growing herbaceous
plants are the components of the adornment of a
very pretty winding glen, through which runs the
overflow from the Lady's Well. Notable among the
finer trees were an Abies canadensis, 40 feet high,
with ample spread of top; grand English Tews; a
silver Fir, girthing 11 feet 9 inches at 5 feet from
the ground ; a Beech which girths 15 feet at the
narrowest part of the bole, swelling immediately
above and breaking into eight huge limbs, the height
being about 100 feet, and the spread of the branches,
106 feet ; and a grand specimen of Quercus cerris
variegata, girthing 11 feet 10 inches, 84 feet in
height, and 88 feet spread of top.

The New Kitchen Gakden

is approached by a handsome iron bridge which spans
the Den. It is about 2h acres in extent, with a good
southern exposure. The walls are well clothed with
the usual kinds of hardy fruits. Plums, Cherries,
and Apples were bearing fair crops. Pears do not,
it appears, succeed well as a rule, and the same has
to be said of Apricots. Small fruits are plentiful,
but few of these, except Strawberries are grown here,
the bush fruits and standard Apples being grown
chiefly in the old kitchen garden, a considerable dis-
tance off. A fine range of glass, recently erected by
Messrs. Low & Sons, Edinburgh and Manchester,
extend the whole length of the north wall of the
garden. Entering the range by a Rose-house planted
eighteen months ago, we pass through two Peach-
houses of considerable size ; good crops, considering
the comparative youth of the trees, being carried in
both houses. Then follow four vineries, all bearing
fine crops ; one house of Black Hamburgh just
finished colouring, being remarkably fine in colour
and in quality. In the later houses, the crops,
though heavy, gave indications of finishing up in an
equally satisfactory manner.

Orchids.

Of these there is an excellent selection being
brought together. Mr. Sharp, under whose manage-
ment this place is, is not only a thoroughly capable
all-round gardener, but he is a specialist in Orchids.
He is the Mr. Sharp who for twelve years prior to
his entering on his present charge was gardener to
Mr. Curie, at Prior Wood, Melrose, whose collection
of Orchids is one of the best in Scotland at the
present time.

In the warm section, Vanda Sanderiana, with two
spikes on two growths, nine flowers on each, and
two more growths showing flower, was a gem to
begin with to anyone on the hunt for the cream of
a collection. Epidendrum prismatocarpum, though
an older acquaintance, was hardly less pleasing in
the shape of a moderate-sized plant, with seven fine
spikes in perfect condition. A small plant of a
special variety of LiElia elegans, with one spike,
was notable for the intense and brilliant
colouring of the lip. The principal Cattleyas in
flower were C. Mendeli and C. Mossite. In Cypri-
pediums the collection is rich in good things.
A nice plant of C. Lawrenceanum showed nineteen
scapes in perfection ; C. barbatum nigrum superbum,
a remarkably dark-lipped form, showed twenty
fine scapes. A variety of C. niveum, as nearly pure
white as may be, was showing a few flowers. Others
in flower in this section were C. StoneiX, C. bella-
tulum and C. grandeX, the latter a fine plant with
seven young growths. Among notable things not in
flower were good plants of Lselia autumnalis
alba, Cattleya Warocqueana, Ccelogyne Sanderiana,
the latter with four fine growths ; Dendrobium
Cooksonii ; D. densiflorum, a gigantic specimen
(i feet across, from tip to tip of growths, with two
or three dozen young growths rising among the old ;
Cypripedium Arthurianumx, C. vexillarium, and
C. oenanthum superbum X.

In the cool section the principal things in flower
were the rather shy Masdevailia Davisii, a fine
plant sending up many scapes. Odontoglossum
vexillarium rubellum, thirty scapes, very fine ; many

forms of O. Alexandra ; Cypripedium Veitchianum,
with twelve scapes. Masdevallias in fine specimen
plants in flower were, M. atrosanguinea and
M. miniata. Perhaps the most astonishing achieve-
ment of Mr. Sharp's cultural skill were four
unsurpassable pans of Lisa grandiflora, perfect
masses of luxuriant foliage and flower-spikes from 15
to 20 inches high, each pan containing from eighteen
to twenty spikes. The plants were standing in the
fullest exposure to the sun in a cold frame, with the
air blowing through it freely. After this I had
little inclination to spend much time in viewing
Cucumbers, Tomatos,' and Melons in the several
houses devoted to them, though it is only just to say
they were all of first-rate quality. W, 8,

THE STRAWBERRY SEASON

OF 1891.
The Strawberry season in this district (South
Bucks) was a fairly long one, and the produce
generally good, although a few fruits were spoilt by
rain, and a few early blossoms perished by the frosts
in May ; but the crop, nevertheless, was a very heavy
one.

Last autumn, with the view of testing the
earliness of several varieties, I planted a number
of well-rooted runners on some narrow south
borders. Here I may remark that to those
who do not practise the plan of planting a
number of plants to be treated as annuals for
the earliest crop, a loss of from ten days to a
fortnight in earliness of ripening over the older
plants, is the certain result. The kinds grown side
by side were Noble, Marguerite, Vicomtesse de Thury,
Pauline, La Grosse Sucree, and Auguste Nicaise.
The first varieties coming into flower were Noble
and Marguerite; these had several blossoms fully
open on April 29, Vicomtesse de Thury and La
Grosse Sucree on May 2, Pauline and Auguste
Nicaise being several days later. The early flowers
of Noble set well, and the embryo fruits swelled
much more rapidly than the other varieties, many of
them having attained a length of three-quarters of
an inch before the cold weather and frosty nights of
May 17 to 20, and, with the protection of the
foliage, escaped harm. A few flowers of this
and other varieties were destroyed, but not suffi-
ciently to materially affect the crop. The first
ripe fruit of Noble was gathered on June 8,
and good dishes from the 15th and onwards.
Marguerite and Vicomtesse de Thury had a few
fruits ripe on the 18th, La Grosse Sucree on the 20th,
Pauline and Auguste Nicaise being several days later,
ripening with Sir J. Paxton. I had no complaints
from my employers respecting the flavour of Noble,
but the fruits were pronounced to be "large and
good," and for the first crop outdoors it is a de-
cidedly valuable variety. For the principal or mid-
season supply we rely on President and Sir Joseph
Paxton, the former is one of the best Straw-
berries in cultivation and difficult to beat, either for
flavour or cropping qualities by any other, although
it is rather soft and does not pack quite so well as
Sir J. Paxton. Both varieties fruited heavily this
season, aud the same applies to Vicomtesse de
Thury, grown chiefly for preserving purposes,
the largest fruits being picked out for dessert use.
Sir Charles Napier is grown for following the mid-
season kinds, and for the latest supply Waterloo,
Oxonian, and Elton Pine. The two last-mentioned
are excellent late varieties, good bearers, both have
fruited remarkably well this season, and we had
still a few left on August 17, covering over two
months outdoor Strawberry supply.

If selecting the best six varieties, I should prefer
Noble, Vicomtesse de Thury, President, Sir J. Pax-
ton, Oxonian, and Elton Pine. Rooted runners are
now being planted of Noble for early fruiting next
season ; they will also succeed equally well if layered
into pots and planted out not later than the beginning
of October, if space cannot be found earlier for
them. H,

Plant Notes.

•

HYACINTHUS CANDICANS.
Probably few of the newer species of popular border
flowers have been more appreciated than Hyacinthus
candicans. The long pleasing bright green leaves,
and bold spikes of pendent blooms, make it a
favourite wherever grown. The plant is re-
puted " perfectly hardy," yet when it is seen how
badly even lifted and dried bulbs ripen off their
previous crowns of large succulent leaves, owners
have been adverse to risking their plants out-of-
doors during our often severe and trying winters. I
confess to have dreaded this contingency, and should
therefore be glad of information as to whether
plants left in the ground last winter survived. It is
not improbable the remedy is worse than the risk
run. Such bulbs as are taken up, owing to the
cause already mentioned, are very prone to rot when
potted and placed under glass for preliminary rooting
and starting into growth. In my case, I have (when so
treated) lost cent, per cent., though the bulbs saved
were of immense size and gave great promise. That
the bulbs possess great endurance is obvious, and
their capacity to increase is immense. Such ex-
amples as lost their base from decay after potting,
being dried upon a shelf and again inserted in soil,
have rooted free from the diseased scales, and are push-
ing up innumerable young growths. This explains
why this grand plant is sold so cheaply; beyond
doubt it can be propagated as readily, if not more
readily, than ordinary florist Hyacinths. Should
any correspondent favour us by information as to the
perfect hardihood of this plant, will he also say
whether any survived the past winter having their
badly-ripened apices fully exposed? William Earley.

PLACES OF INTEREST GOING

NORTH.

(Continued from p. 283.)
Lambton — This magnificent estate of the Earl of
Durham is reached by the traveller from Newcastle
by the Leme Valley Railway, the station at Penshaw
being that nearest to the gardens, if that is the object
to be visited. Within the home demesne one sees but
little of the surrounding score or more of collieries
belonging to his lordship, and only fine timber broad-
walks, thickets of Rhododendrons, choice Conifers,
and the constituent materials of an English noble-
man's home surroundings. We wondered on seeing
hem, how much longer they would remain in their
present beauty unharmed by the baleful fumes of
chemical works and factories of various kinds. Your
colliery with its one tall chimney and smouldering
waste-heap, which goes on burning the small coal
and pit-rubbish for a century or longer, is not so bad in
its effect on vegetation, and may be endured ; but with
the chemical works there is no compromise possible.
Visitors to Lambton see usually only those gardens
which surround and form the setting, as it were, for
the numerous ranges of glass-houses in which Mr.
Hunter, the head gardener, has for so many years
grown those wonderful specimens of Grapes, Pines,
Melons, &c, to be met with at the first northern
exhibitions. Not that fruit alone is cultivated, as
several houses — and some of them very picturesquely
designed ones— are filled with plants in great variety.
The aforesaid evil vapours are fast driving Mr. Hunter
to growing Apples, Pears, Plums, Figs, Peaches, and
Nectarines under glass protection. Half-span and
other houses were found filled with Apples and
Pears growing in 9 and 10-inch pots mostly. The
trees generally were bearing good crops of clean-
skinned, handsome fruits, much out of character, of
course, as glass-house culture always makes them.
The quality of the fruit, we were informed, was good,
the best methods of treatment having been mastered,
and the season is a long one — longer, in fact,
than would be attainable with trees under healthy
conditions, growing in the open air. Gathering
commences in July, and fruit is found in eatable
condition in the fruit-room in April. It is found

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

303

that great attention must be paid to the watering
of these little trees up to the finishing of their fruits,
mealiness or grittiness often occurring, especially in
Pears, if great care be not taken to afford water
when it is needed. No heat is artificially applied,
but the houses are shut up about 3 p.m. at this
season, and opened at 7 a.m. A very long lean-to
facing south is planted with Pears, as triple cordons,
and exceedingly profitable it looked, loaded as each
tree was with beautiful fruits. They were trained
straight across the house from the front towards the
back, and to stout wires standing at 1 foot distant
from the glass. As manures, soot, lime, and artificials
of some kind, but the last not largely. After a tree
has parted with its fruits, it is stood outside, and in
the winter it is plunged in a bed of coal-ashes.

The unusual sight to those accustomed to south-
country gardening was a very nice fan-trained Mag-
num Bonum Plnm tree, with a heavy crop of nearly-
ripe fruit upon it (August 12), trained to the walls
and roof of a lofty house.

Doubtless, under those conditions of warmth and
air-dryness, the Iruits would acquire a richness of
flavour seldom reached out-of-doors in this country.
The vineries are many, and the produce of the Vines
with which they are planted was of great merit. The
varieties of Grapes grown are Mute it of Alexandria,
Black Hamburgh, Black Alicante, Gros Maroc, Gros
Colmar, both on own roots, and worked on Raisin
du Calabre, the latter showing no difference either in
form of berry, shape of bunch, or foliage. The
bunches of most of the varieties were above ordinary
size, as were the berries. Som? bunches of Raisin
du Calabre were of enormous proportions.

Seedling Grapes have been raised in numbers by
Mr. Hunter, but although many passable novelties
have been met with among them, there has been
nothing that is better than our old- established
varieties. The colour of the new-comers has nearly
always been white, even when a black Grape has
been used as the pollen-parent, the seed-bearer in
most of the crosses being an early-fruiting American
Grape. A cross between Gros Colmar has Grapes
round, of a musky flavour, and thick skin. It keeps
a long time. Melons are largely grown, several
varieties in a house ; and Figs meet with much
attention.

Peaches and Nectarines have several houses de-
voted to their culture, and are found as fan-trained
and bush-trees. The walls of the kitchen garden are
still covered with well-trained Plums, Pears, Cherries,
&c, whose places will in time be given over to the
Gooseberry and Currant. Cherries, which fail largely
on walls, owing possibly to the impinging of the
chemical vapours against the walls, do exceedingly
well as low bushes in the open quarters, in so far as
regards the Morello class.

The many well-planted beds and borders scattered
about on the two terraces on which stand the houses,
contain a very large number of the usual class of
bedding plants. The Wallflower-leaved Stock finds
much favour, and is largely planted in lines, as is
the Carnation in named varieties.

Visitors will note the remarkable cleanliness of
the gardens and the excellence of the walks, a great
desideratum in a rainy climate like that of Durham.
The walks are covered with about one inch of a
dark-coloured gravel, or pebbles of about the size of
a horse bean. It is always dry and pleasant to walk
upon, and does not become readily weedy.

Lambton, we may say in conclusion, shows a good
example of first-class gardening carried on under
unfavourable conditions ; and its teaching in the
matter of fruit culture would be found of great
service to those who may be similarly situated.

South Shields Cemetery.
A large cemetery exists at Westhoe, which for the
peculiar character of its planting, is worthy of a
visit. The area is large, and is divided into
long parallelograms by means of hedges of the
yellow variegated Elder, which at this season
of the year are at their best. The winds from
off the sea hardly allow of other shrubs being
planted at present, although attempts are being made

with Hippophae rhamnoides, Olearia Haastii, Ligus-
trum lucidum, and some New Zealand Veronicas ;
this is done but tentatively, and where the shelter
from the blast is thickest. The Elder bushes are cut
back to stumps ; in fact, they are pollards with a
stem or stems about 18 inches high, and the annual
shoots are cut back to within about two buds of the
old wood ; this is done in the winter. Annuals are
lavishly planted at the sides of the borders of Elder
which face the walks, and succeed admirably.
Another novelty deserving of imitation is a boldly-
designed rockery, which Mr. Cowan, the superin-
tendent, hopes will become in a year or two an
admirable feature.

Canada.

♦

THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS.

Yoor readers, no doubt, will be interested in the
great International Florists' Convention that was
held in Toronto last week. This Convention was of
some importance, because it was the first of an inter-
national character, and embraced delegates from all
parts of the United States and Canada. The place
of meeting was the pavilion in the horticultural
gardens, which were tastefully set out for the occa-
sion. There were some 700 delegates from the
United States, and between 200 and 300 from
Canada. Besides the ordinary business of the Con-
vention, there were papers read on " The Future of
Floriculture in the United States and Canada,"
" Sub-tropical Bedding,'' " Aquatic Plants," " Bego-
nias, Flowering and Foliage, their value as Decora-
tive Plants ; " " The Twelve Best Plants for Table
Decoration," " Credits," " Store Trade," " Carna-
tions to Date," and the usual reports. From a
business stand-point the Convention was a decided
success.

Mr. Allison, the representative of the Horticul-
tural Department of the great Columbian Exhibition
that is going to be held in Chicago in 1803, gave a
glowing description of the horticultural buildings
for that occasion. Plans and elevation were shown,
which, if carried out, will be something wonderful.
The horticulturists and plant growers of the Uuited
States are now being put upon their mettle, and are
preparing Palms and subtropical plants for the
decoration of these buildings and grounds, and on
this line they intend to " whip all creation."

These conventions are doing a great deal of good,
and are of a decided advantage to the trades they
represent. It seems that they have a social side as
well as a business one. The Canadian delegates
met their brethren from the United States on their
arrival at the Union Station, and conducted them to
the different hotels, and eaw that each of them was
comfortably taken care of. The Mayor and a number
of aldermen welcomed the delegates in short, neat,
pithy addresses.

The ladies of the Convention were given a

drive in carriages through the principal streets

of the City, thence to Mount Fleasant Cemetery,

and from there to Rose Hill, Reservoir Park. The

ladies had a real treat, and saw the City and its

many elegant private residences to great advantage.

" Let one great day

To celebrate sports and floral play,

Be set aside."

On Wednesday a grand garden party was given by
Alderman Hallam, at his summer residence, Chorley
Park, Rosedale, where all the delegates, together
with a number of leading citizens, were invited.
There are few places so near Toronto affording as
fine a view of natural Canadian scenery as Chorley
Park, and no one capable of more agreeably enter-
taining the visiting florists than its owner. These
advantages were appreciated and enj lyed to the
fullest extent by the visitors. Everything was
arranged in real picnic style. Hundreds of Chinese
lanterns hung on the trees, and Bhrubs and the
grounds were beautifully decorated with the Union
Jack, United States, German, and French

The green sward was dotted over with fine specimen
Palms and foliage plants, which gave the grounds a
fairy-like appearance, and which blended nicely with
the beauties of Nature and the landscape gardeners'
art, and gave the visitors much to admire and
profit by.

The music was provided by the band of the
Grenadier Guards, concluding with — " Maple Leaf,"
"Star Spangled Banner," "British Grenadiers,"
" Yankee Doodle," " God Save the Queen."

A tempting banquet was provided on the grass,
under a handsome marquee (decorated with flags,
Smilax, and Chinese lanterns), which soothed the
appetites that bad been stimulated by the bracing
Canadian air. The table was set out with beautiful
Orchids, Pitcher Plants, and choice cut flowers,
supplied by the celebrated Orchid growers, Messrs.
Siebrecht & Wadley, of New York.

The business of the Convention was brought to a
close on Friday, and a banquet was provided in the
Exhibition Park with the usual round of toasts. The
ladies gave the following cordial vote of thanks : —
"Resolved that we, the ladies of this Convention,
desire to tender the ladies and gentlemen of the
Toronto Gardeners' and Florists' Club our most cor-
dial thanks for the kind courtesies and social favours
tendered us while in Toronto. — Signed, Mrs. M.
H.Norton, Mrs. Robert Craig, Mrs. J. M.Jordan,
Mrs. J. M. Gassei, Miss Brock, Miss Ella Campbell
Wilson." Mr. Norton, the retiring President, was
then made the recipient of a very handsome silver
tea-service, subscribed for by the delegates, for
which he heartily thanked them on behalf of himself
and wife.

The Toronto Globe with commendable enterprise,
gave considerable space to the proceedings of the
Convention, and on Saturday issued an illustrated
number, giving the portraits of the leading United
States' florists, with short biographical sketches of
each.

The Convention for 1*92 will be held in Wash-
ington, and the President for that year is James
Dean, of Bay Ridg», New York; first Vice-Presi-
dent, W. R. Smith, of Botanical Gardens, Wash-
ington ; Secretary, Won. J. Stewart, of Boston,
Massachusetts; and Treasurer, M. A. Hunt, of
Terre Haute, Indiana. J. H. [The Society has
no exact equivalent in this country, as it is
devoted 6olely to the commercial side of horti-
culture. There are about 1000 members who
dsvote their attention naturally to the special-
ties which pay best without much reference to
other departments of horticulture. On the present
occasion, papers were read by Mr. William Falconer
on " New Plants," comprising select lists of Begonias,
hardy perennials, Chrysanthemums, Roses, and other
popular plants. Various essays were read on the
construction and mode of heating glasshouses and
other subjects. Ed.]

Florists' Flowers.

BENARY'S NEW CARNATIONS AND
PICOTEES.
Mr. Benart, of Erfurt, Germany, fairly startled
English florists with that grand flower, the yellow
self Germania, a pure light yellow self, of refined
form and good substance, full-size, and with a well-
formed calyx. It is a beautiful variety, of free
growth, and should be in every garden. Other
sterling varieties came also from Mr. Benary, and
one of the first of our great growers to take them in
hand was Mr. Dodwell, who gave florists an oppor-
tunity of seeing a few of them in 1889 at his annual
great Carnation and Picotee Bhow at Oxford. My
object now is to refer more particularly to his new
varieties, some of them introduced to this country in
the autumn of last year; and as they are cultivated
about Birmingham, I have repeatedly seen them
whilst in bloom, especially at Messrs. Thomson's
Sparkhill Nurseries, where first-class cultivation of
the Carnation and Picotee prevails under Mr. C.

304

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

H. Herbert's personal supervision. Here, Benary'g
new varieties have had every chance of being seen
in their true character, and it must be admitted that
they are a good all-round lot.

Von Beningsen has an orange ground colour, with
broad scarlet markings; a bright fine flower, with
good pod, and a free grower. This is a rich-
coloured variety, not so intense in the rich carmine-
crimson tint as in A. W. Jones, but is distinct
and fine.

\ . William Breer.— Bright orange ground, flaked with
crimson-lake — a bright and distinct variety of good
size, but with a tendency to roughness on the edge,
but will find many admirers.

Stadrath Bail. — Light yellow, with rays or small
stripes of orange-red and deep scarlet — a distinct
fine flower.

Esmarch. — Bright cream and yellow, heavily
bordered and flushed with crimson and lake — a bright,
distinct, superb flower.

f Frederick Wagner. — Lemon ground, heavily mar-
gined with bronzy-tinted lilac and rose — a distinct
fine flower.

Von Helonholtz. — Creamy-yellow, rayed and striped
with orange and mauve — a very distinct, handsome
variety.

Nora. — Primrose ground, flaked with light scarlet
— a very distinct fine flower, of large size and good
form.

Frederiok Alexander. — Cream ground, rayed and
striped with scarlet, crimson, and white — a large-
sized, bright, distinct, striking flower, but rather
rough in the margin.

Sarony Vnger. — Dark creamy-orange, striped with
rich mauve — a handsome and very distinct flower, of
fine form and substance ; extra fine.

Professor Virchow. — Light cream, heavily clouded

with bright cerise-pink, striped with pale lilac, a

distinct and charming variety of good size and form.

Alegatiere. — Pale yellow-edged, and rayed with

carmine. A fine flower with excellent pod.

Schleiben.— Mauve, the base of the petals of an
orange colour. A very distinct flower of fine form.

The abo\e-named have all been introduced by
Mr. Benary, and independent of the qualities now,
ascribed to them, they all have a good constitution
and give plenty of " grass," and not one having a ten-
dency to produce flowers with a split calyx. Messrs.
Thomson & Co. have their own new varieties to send
out this autumn, and have been growing and again
testing a large number of plants of each. In the
class of Picotees, known as Fancies (of which many
of Mr. Benary's are types), their new variety,
A. W. Jones, holds the first place ; it is a grand
variety, and has received some Certificates, and has
a robust constitution, giving plenty of grass, and
several plants placed out on a border are blooming
freely, and the colours are brighter even than from
the plants in pots. It has an orange-ground colour
with heavy rich scarlet and crimson stripes, a true
bizarre Picotee, very distinct and bright, and very
fine. It is a telling exhibition flower with a good
pod, and the Clove Carnation perfume. The follow-
ing are also new kinds, raised at the Sparkhill
Nurseries, and to be sent out this autumn.
._, Annie Sophia. — White ground, barred and spotted
with rosy-purple, fine stout petal, good pod, and
constitution ; a quite distinct fancy Picotee.

Mrs. Herbert. — Light rose, wire-edged, and snowy-
white ground colour, very fine petal and form. An
excellent exhibition flower, of good constitution, and
well- formed pod.

Blushing Bride. — Self Carnation, is a grand flower
for both exhibition and decorative work, good con-
stitution, free bloomer, the flowers on stout foot-
stalks, and an excellent variety for bouquets and
decoration ; colour, blush-white, of full size, broad,
stout petal, excellent form, and perfect pod.

William Spinks.— Rich dark scarlet-crimson self,
good pod, petal, and form, and of short, sturdy
growth.

C. H. Herbert.— Scarlet bizarre Carnation; has
received some Certificates. It is a very fine new
variety, bright in the colours, and of large size and

fine form, with good pod, and a free grower; in fact,
it is such a free grower, that richly-manured soil for
this variety should be avoided.

Robert Thomson. — Rose-flake Carnation ; has a
very broad, stout, well-formed petal, and is bright
in colour, and of good form and pod. A really fine
flower.

S. S. Thomson.— Pink and purple bizarre Carna-
tion, very fine petal, good substance, and a fine
flower.

Fancy Picotee, Mrs. Thomson. — Salmon ground,
heavily margined with bright rosy-crimson. A
lovely flower, of fine form.

Lilian. — Yellow, heavily edged and rayed with
very bright scarlet, contrasting so well with the clear
light yellow ground colour, and of extra fine form,
good size, and capital pod. This beautiful and
distinct fancy Picotee was raised by Mr. James
Douglas, who sold the stock of it to Mr. Robert
Sydenham, Birmingham, and it was distributed to
local growers, all of whom report very highly of this
flower. I look upon it as a great acquisition. Other
fine seedlings, raised by Mr. J. P. Sharp, the raiser
of Mrs. Sharp and Campanini, have bloomed this
year, and will make their mark anon, after another
season's growing. W. D.

WHAT BECOMES OF THE
RAINFALL ?

The most recent issue from Rothamsted is a
small pamphlet of observations on Rainfall, Perco-
lation, and Evaporation, with results obtained at
Rothamsted over twenty harvest years — 1870-71 to
1889-90 inclusive ; the main portion of whieh formed
part of a discussion at the Institute of Civil Engi-
neers, in March last, of a paper by Mr. J. Thornhill
Harrison " On the Subterranean Water in the Chalk
Formation of the Upper Thames, and its Relation to
the Supply of London."

As important estimates had been founded on the
Rothamsted results, Sir J. B. Lawes and Dr. J. II.
Gilbert thought it might be of interest to provide
further data than had been already published, hence
the present issue.

The appended tables show for each of twenty
years, the amount of rain in inches, the percolation in
inches through 20, 40, and 60 inches of soil, and
the complementary amounts which represented
evaporation, also the averages for the twenty years.
The results are given for harvest years, that is from
September 1 to August 31. As, not only is that
method of computation of interest to agriculturists
and horticulturists, but the authors think it ought
to be adopted by those who study the question of
drainage from other points of view. The results
show that the average minimum drainage is in
August, and that in September the amount begins to
increase. If the civil year were taken, it would be
found that the end of December cut the drainage in
the middle of the period of greatest activity,
whilst marked decline commenced with March, not
April, the point of civil year division.

The advantage of having a considerable number
of years, and full details, was that they were able
not only to get a better average, but to study the
maxima and the minima, which were of the
greatest importance, especially the latter, when they
came to consider what was available over a series of
years.

The data shows that in 1873-4, with a rainfall of
something under 22 inches, the drainage through
20, 40, and 60 inches of soil was only 5'74, 5 40,
and 394 inches. In 1879-80, with a rainfall also
between 21 and 22 inches, the drainage was 6 89,
7 39, and 6 50 ; whereas, in 1878-79, with a rainfall
of 41 inches, the drainage was 2444, 2603, and
2438 inches. In 1880-81, with a rainfall of 368
inches, the drainage was 2238, 2284, and 2126
inches. Thus, within the harvest year, we may have
little more than 5 inches of drainage, or as much as
from 22 to 25 or 26 inches. Such results were of
great importance to Btudy, when considering what
would be available under any given circumstances.

The details further show that, although the rain-
fall obviously had a considerable influence upon it,
yet the amount of drainage was by no means pro-
portional to the rainfall, but depended to a great
extent upon the distribution as well. Thus, to give
a very obvious example, if they had a given amount
of heavy rains during the growing period, there
might be no drainage at all; whilst the same
quantity during the winter, when there was no vege-
tation and little evaporation, might give a very large
proportion of drainage. The drainage was, in fact,
materially affected by the distribution of rain, and
the drainage and evaporation were, of course, com-
plementary to one another. The data showed that,
taking the difference between rainfall and percola-
tion to represent evaporation, they had in two years
only 12 inches of evaporation, and in several between
19 and 20 inches ; so that there was a great difference
in that respect also. According to the average of
twenty years, with rather heavy soil, free from
vegetation, it might be said that the drain-gauges
gave about 14 inches.

It was difficult to estimate exactly what deduction
should be made for vegetation. The authors con-
sider that the minimum amount would average

2 inches, as in the case of downs or waste-lands,
where there was very little vegetation ; whereas
with a heavy grain-crop or good root- crop, there
might be an evaporation of 7 inches or more.
Taking the average of a large area around London,
partly covered with vegetation, and partly bare, over
a number of seasons, they thought that between

3 and 4 inches should be deducted from the 14 inches
of percolation, so leaving 10 or 11 inches. Suppos-
ing the average rainfall to be about 20 inches for
the twenty years, that left about 19 or 20 inches for
evaporation, both by the soil and by evaporation.
J. J. Willis, Harpenden.

Belgium.

GRAND GENERAL, EXHIBITION AT
LEDEBERG, GHENT.

This Exhibition was remarkable, alike for the
quantity and the quality of the various exhibits, and
the examples of good cultivation which most of the
groups afforded. Mr. Laing, of Forest Hill, repre-
sented English horticulture in the position of vice-
President of the Jury ; Mr. Arthur Veitch filled the
post of general Secretary, and a number of English
horticulturists, among whom were Messrs. Maning,
Outram, and Shuttleworth, formed part of the jury,
the President of which was M. Chantin, of Paris, the
senior horticulturist.

General Competition. — The prize (a work of art
valued at about £8), for the best miscellaneous col-
lection, was awarded by acclamation to the Society
Louis Van Houtte, pire, of Ghent ; the excellent
specimens included an Anthurium Veitchii with
twenty leaves, from over 3 to 4 feet 6 inches in
length ; Dieffenbachia imperialis nobilis, nearly
5 feet high, with six leaves about 3 feet in size ;
Pandanus Van Houttei, a single specimen of a very
rare species ; Anthurium Warocqueanum, with
seven leaves about 4 feet long, deep green, and
velvety; Philodendron Schottianum, over 6 feet
through ; Anthurium Gustavi, with five leaves, and
over 3 feet through ; Alocasia Pucciana, with five
Btenis over 3 feet long; Anthurium cristallinum,
5 feet 8 inches wide, with about twenty leaves
19 inches wide ; Theophrasta macrophylla, a remark-
able plant, with a stem over 6 feet high, and with a
crown measuring about 6 feet in diameter ; Phyllo-
toenium Lindeni, about 5 feet in diameter, with at
least 200 leaves.

The 1st prize for twenty-five (miscellaneous)
greenhouse plants (a first-class work of art), was
awarded for a remarkable collection, sent by M. Jules
De Cock, of Ledeberg. M. Edmond Van Coppenolle,
of Meirelbeke, won the 1st prize, with a splendid lot
of ornamental plants, including Anthurium Leodi-
ense, with five flowers and seventeen leaves ovi r

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

305

2 feet long ; Aralia Chabrieri, 6£ feet high, furnished
to the base; Philodendron corsianum, a fine plant
with sixteen unusually large leaves ; Pothos macro-
carpa, a rare specimen ; Musa ensete, nearly 3 feet
high ; Cyathea dealbata, with thirty large leaves ;
Zamia horrida, and Philodendron pertusum, very fine,
with fourteen leaves measuring over 3 feet; and
other plants. A very fine collection of twenty-
five flowering greenhouse plants from M. Van
Driessche-Leys (1st prize, a work of art, awarded by
acclamation), included some very fine plants, amongst
others, an Hydrangea, 6£ feet high, covered with
bloom. The greenhouse plants with variegated
foliage from Louis Van Houtte were magnificent,
especially Cyanophyllum magnificum with a dozen
leaves ; Dieffenbachia imperialis nobilis, equally
fine and taller; Alocasia Thibauti, Phyllotamium
magnificum, Schismatoglottis Rcebelini.and Alocasia
macrorhiza, a peculiar plant, the foliage of which is
balf-white and half-green.

New Plants. — The firm, Van Houtte, showed
among other plants, Alocasia Leopoldi, Dianthera
bullata, Acrostichum decoratum, a very curious
species of Pandanus, with leaves identical with those
of P. utilis, but arranged in fan-like form. Pteris
Victorioe from M. Louis Desmet, obtained the prize
offered for a flowering plant which should be best for
market cultivation. M. Desmet Duvivier, with his
Anthurium Duvivianum, bore away the palm for a
flowering plant.

Special Exhibits: Orchids. — A fine collection of
seventy-five Orchids from M. A. A. Peeters, Brussels,
won all votes. Amongst fifty-six species and
varieties, the most noteworthy were Vanda ecerulea,
with very fine flowers ; Cattleya Warscewiezi, with
twenty-two blooms ; Cattleya guttata Leopoldi,
bearing a raceme of forty-eight flowers; fine plants
of Cattleya Buperba splendens, eldorado, eldorado
alba and porphyrophlebia ; Vanda Kimballiana, the
pretty little Oncidium prsestans, and a fine variety
of Oncidium Gardneri ; Cypripedium regale and
Seegerianum, Brassia maculata, strong plants of
Lojlia crispa and elegans prosiata; other much-
admired specimens were Miltonia spectabilis and
Mooreiana. In addition to this fine collection, there
were shown Odontoglossums by M. Ch. Vuylsteke,
of Loocbristy ; Cypripediumsby M. Jules De Cock, and
also a remarkable novelty, Cypripedium luteo-pictum.

Palms. — Two unusually good collections of twenty-
five large Palms — one from MM. Desmet Freres
(1st prize), and one from the firm of Van Houtte,
included specimens in full vigour and beauty. In
the group from the first-named exhibitors each plant
was a specimen of perfect cultivation ; the following
were included : — Pbcenix rupicola (the finest and
best plant), the splendid Bismarckia nobilis, in full
health and strength ; fine plants of Kentia, Areca,
&c. In the collection from M. Van Houtte were
included an Areca sapida, nearly 20 feet high, and
of equal diameter, with twelve leaves — a unique and
splendid specimen ; Licuala grand is, over ti feet high,
very rare ; Phoenix tenuis, also over 6 feet in height
and breadth ; Pritchardia pacifica, Cocos Yatai, C.
campestris, &c. The twelve tall Palms from M.
Edm.Van Coppenolle were most remarkable: — Livis-
tonia Hoogendorpii, unusually strong and beautiful ;
Cocos Gartneri, with sixteen beautiful and smooth
leaves; Kentia rupicola, with twelve leaves, and over
16 feet high ; Thrinax Martiana, Areca Baueri and
sapida, Rhapis flabelliformis, with about a hundred
stems ; Glaziova insignis and Pbcenix pumila were
noticeable. We must also mention the twelve
Palms suitable for gardens during the summer from
M. L Spae- Vandermeulen, of Ghent ; the new Palms,
from M. Jules De Cock ; the Washingtonia robusta,
from the same exhibitor ; Chamterops hystrix, from
M. Edm. Van Coppenolle, a rare plant of excep-
tional merit ; the fine Brahea dulcis, from M. Ad.
D'Haene ; the fine pair of Phcenix, from M. Jules de
Cock, a pair of Cocos chilensis, from Louis Van
Houtte, with trunks 6.V feet in circumference, and
about thirty leaves ; Cocos insignis, from M. Van
Coppenolle, and a fine pair of Cory^pha alistralis,
fr'rim the Ghe"nt Horticultural Society.

Ferns. — We must specially notice the fine Tree
Ferns from MM. D'Haene and Desmet Freres ; the
herbaceous greenhouse Ferns from MM. Walleri et
Fils, and M. Alb. Rigouts ; Gymnogramma chryso-
phylla gigantea, over 3 feet in height and diameter ;
Nephrolepis rufescens tripinnatifida, from M. Alex.
Dalliere ; six Platyceriums, from M. Jules De Cock ;
pretty Adiantums, from M. L. Spae- Vandermeulen ;
and, finally, the open-air Ferns, from MM. Walleri
etFils.

Cycads. — The collection from MM. Desmet Freres,
surpassed any hitherto shown by this firm. The
specimens were of unusual vigour, and all had deve-
loped close crowns of new fronds. Noteworthy
were : — Zamia caffra, Zamia Van Geerti, Macro-
zamia Denisoni, Zamia Vroomi, and Cycas undulata.
The Cycads from M. de Ghellinck de Walle were
also very remarkable ; the new Cycas Shepherdi,
from MM. Desmet Freres, which unfolded its crown
of twelve fine fronds in Europe for the first time,
excited universal admiration.

Aroids. — A collection of twenty- five Aroids, from
the firm Van Houtte (1st prize a work of art), was
composed of specimens in full beauty. The fifteen
plants of Anthurium Scherzerianum, in bloom, from
M. Louis Desmet, was a triumph of horticulture.
The 1st prize (a work of art) was awarded for this
group, with the commendations and congratulations
of the jury. Plants of Lilium Harrisi and auratum,
of Cocos Weddelliana, and Adiantum cuneatum,
veiled their bright colours with graceful foliage, the
brilliant scarlet spathes producing a striking effect.
The twelve specimens of Anthurium Scherzerianum
from M. Vervaene-Verraert, of Ledeberg, and the
flowering varieties of Anthurium from MM Jules De
Cock and Louis Desmet, were exhibits deserving the
highest praise. The hybrids of Anthurium Andre-
anum from M. Louis Desmet included some unusual
varieties, such as Madame Louis Desmet, President
D'Haene, and Atrosanguineum. Anthurium Andre-
anum, well-grown, and from the same exhibitor,
bearing twenty flowers, was certainly an unusual
sight. Among a number of fine spotted and marbled
Anthuriums from M. Louis Desmet, true to the type
(which is an unusual thing), we must mention Pro-
fesseur Ch. de Bosechere, Mme. Bertrand, Mme.
Arthur Desmet, Mme. Bernard Spae, Secretaire
Delaruye (a new colour), and Modele. Anthurium
Veitchii (1st prize for good cultivation by acclama-
tion), from the firm Van Houtte, is a unique ex-
ample nearly 10 feet high, and requiring a space of
over 43 square feet.

Greenhouse and hardy plants and Roses were all
well represented. The first Prix d'Honneur (the
King's Medal), was awarded to the firm Louis Van
Houtte, fire; the 2nd to M.Jules De Cock ; the 3rd
to MM. Desmet Freres ; the 4th to M. Van Cop-
penolle. Ch. de B.

Nursery Notes.

ANNUAL ASTERS AT EYNSFORD.
Gazing with a somewhat dreamy air at a few Asters
in pots, sent up from Chiswick to the James Street
Drill Hall the other day, Mr. H. Cannell senten-
tiously remarked that he had a grand lot just then
in bloom at Eynsford, and invited me to go and see
them. The invitation was too tempting to be
declined, and accordingly, a few days later I found
myself with my energetic host, standing out on the
side of the hill which slopes southwards to the Eyns-
ford valley, looking upon what can be truly described
as one of the finest shows of Asters I have seen.
As under the force of the prevalent strong wind, the
the rich masses of coloured flowers surged to and
fro, Bometimes in broad sunlight, sometimes in
shade, it was not possible to refuse a warm tribute
of admiration for a most beautiful as well as bril-
liant floral spectacle. There are large breadths of
Quilled, of Victoria, of Pteony-flowered, of Pompon,
of Emperor, and other sections, in mixed Colours, and
vary beautiful the'y are, because of the biz'ar'fe colour-

ing found in some twelve to fifteen diverse forms or
markings thus interspersed ; still further, the mix-
tures are of special interest, because these include
some lines or markings not found in the selected
colours, and thus furnish the ground-work of further
selections of special merit. Still, the best effects are
found in the big blocks or masses of colour, which
hundreds of plants, all of one hue, produce. Because
rather the earliest perhaps, the Pasony, or incurved-
flowered, seemed, at the time of my inspection, to be
the most brilliant, because the most fully in bloom ;
and some of the colours were, indeed, glorious under
the sunlight — so telling, in fact, as to almost beggar
description. Although growing, as it were, under
field culture, and out on the exposed breezy hill-
side, yet the flowers are in all cases of splendid
quality. I have never seen better under ordinary
culture, or plants more profusely blooming.

Mr. Cannell is growing these Asters for seed pro-
duction, and without doubt he starts in the produc-
tion of home-raised seed with very fine strains, the
flowers being as perfectly double as well they can
be. As evidence of the variety, it may be mentioned
of the Pffiony flowers: Blue and white-striped;
claret-purple, an intensely glorious colour ; rosy-
carmine, singularly beautiful ; fiery scarlet, a grand
colour; magenta, also very brilliant; lilac, dark
blue, light blue, pure white, crimson and white
striped, violet and white striped, and rosy-crimson ;
a splendid selection in twelve diverse colours or
markings. Next came the very popular and sturdy-
growing Victorias. These all have flatfish reflexed
flowers, and almost always take the 1st place at
exhibitions. Some of the tints on these resemble
those of the Paeony-flowered, but still seem diverse,
because seen on the obverse sides of the petals. The
deep hues of the Paeony flowers are doubtless largely
due to the fact that only the under-sides of the petals
are seen. In the Victorias the most striking colours
were light blue, rose, flesh, white, violet, dark blue,
peach, crimson, lilac, dark blue with white stripe,
and rose with white stripe. The bulk of the plants
in this section ranged from 13 to 14 inches high.
In all cases also the respective colours were very
true. Singularly charming, whether grown in the
open, or in pots, or to furnish flowers for cutting,
are the imbricated or pointed-petalled pompons.
The flowers are of medium size, borne on fairly long
stems, and the plants bloom most abundantly. More
delight ul Asters for bouquets can hardly be con-
ceived. In the section are also some very glorious
colours, such as blood-red, rosy-carmine, deep
reddish-rose, violet, and deep blue ; also charming
are pure white, rose and white stripe, crimson and
white, and blue and white.

The Mignon Asters specially claim attention,
because of their adaptability to furnish cut flowers.
The blooms are of the most perfect reflexed form,
and of medium size ; the plants are about 14 inches
in height, and bloom profusely, furnishing a supply
of flowers over a long season. The most striking
colours in these are pure white, carmine, blue, red,
and purple ; a new variety named Snowball, very
perfect in form, is but a selection from the white
Mignon ; still, it is a most pleasing variety, and
grown for late-flowering in pots under glass, will
rival white Chrysanthemums in the market. There
is here at Eynsford a very early bloomer, the flowers
semi-quilled, or hedgehog-like, named Pride of the
Market, that is one mass of bloom. It should, by
those who want white flowers early, be sown to pre-
cede the white Mignon. The dwarf Chrysanthemum,
or market section, is also well represented. Some of
these, the Fiery Scarlet, for example, make wonder-
fully effective bedding plants. The blue, purple,
crimson, white, and deep scarlet forms are grown by
myriads for lifting into pots for the London market,
and Mr. Cannell is well provided with a fine strain.
Giant Emperor Aster carries one huge reflexed
flower only in several colours; whilst thus lacking
the effectiveness found in branching Asters, this
variety produces huge flowers for exhibition. The
Washington is also a large-flowered Aster, flattish
in form, and found in Several coTonrs. There are
still the e'Olnewh&t fine large- pefc'alle'd_ fb'rrns now

306

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 12, 1891.

known as the Cornel Aster, the best-known type of
which is pink with white stripe, but pale blue and
peach are also found in the section. The old crown-
flowered, or Cocardeau also merits notice because of
the white crowns or centres to the flowers. A very-
striking incurred Aster is Jewel, because the
flowers are so perfectly ball- like that they exactly
resemble a pink incurved Chrysanthemum ; indeed,
it would need keen discrimination to detect the
difference. The Shakespeare Asters include some
odd dwarf branching forms, one .of which, almost
black with white 'centre, is novel and pleasing ;
whilst many of this section are quaint in colour, or
in the markings of the flowers, yet they fail to
emulate altogether the exceeding brilliancy and
beauty found in the older and more justly popular
sections. Such is the wealth of material for note,
taking both vegetables and flowers found at Eynsford,
that great self-denial is needful to check too much
scribbling. Away on the top of the hill-side, vege-
tables, such as Onions, Carrots, Parsnips, Celery,
Peas, Beans, &c, with various varieties of the
Brassica family, are seeding well, or have done so,
and are now being harvested, or cleared out. The
rich, quiet valley and the lofty breeze of hill sides,
enable Mr. Cannell to find sites for all classes of
flowers and vegetables, and from the upper heights
we look down not only upon Asters, but also upon
Marigolds, Lobelias, Nasturtiums, Antirrhinums in
several distinct and rich colours ; Stocks and
Annuals, both hardy and tender, are in rich and
varied profusion. As we are driven back by the narrow
lanes, through a beautiful country, as fertile as
beautiful, we are taken through a lane the sides of
which are literally avenued for a mile long with
Damson trees heavily laden with fruit. What would
be the fate of both trees and fruits were a score or
two of town-dwellers, " Arrys " and " Arriets " of
the alleys of London turned loose amidst
this peaceful scene of plenty, all too well
know. May this place never know of such
an irruption. Back to Swanley, passing on the way
that monster town of glass which Mr. Ladds has
erected there, and which is of itself enough to
astonish all not conversant with the Kent market
trade, by extensive tree-fruit orchards, by hundreds
of acres of Strawberries or Currant bushes, again to
Mr. Cannell's own Kentish wonder, his literal home
of flowers, where just now, excelling all others, the
Begonia presents, not only outdoors but in house
after house, a spectacle so beautiful and exten-
sive, as to almost take one's breath away, and
lead to wonder after the Begonia has satiated us,
what other flower can possibly hope to excel or
succeed it. Others may, indeed, have grand collec-
tions of Begonias, but at least Mr. Cannell has just
now one of the finest and most brilliantly beautiful
collections, in wondrous variety of colour, both
double and siDgle, ever seen. -•/. D.

Vegetables.

LATE BROCCOLI, VEITCH'S MODEL.
The importance of planting this crop in different
parts of the garden was never more apparent
than last season, as on a large plot of land,
with Beveral late kinds, we only lost a single
head ; they were well protected, the stems being
well covered, and the plants checked late in the
autumn by heeling over. A few late plants on a
north border gave us some nice heads ; though small
they were most acceptable, owing to the great dearth
of green vegetables in the late spring. I know that
the large plot of any winter vegetables looks better
to the eye than a lot scattered about, but it is often
the case that one saves a crop by planting in dif-
ferent places ; it is often an advantage in other
ways, as the gardener can utilise vacant spaces as
cleared. The best Broccoli I have grown for late
cutting is Veitch's Model ; it is excellent in every
way, and was the only one we saved last winter, though
we lost all the early-planted of this variety ; but
those planted late, owing to the ground being occu-
pied with other crops, gave us small heads. The
plants, very dwarf ones, were drawn from the seed-

beds, and transplanted, which greatly helped them
to withstand frost, as they had no stems show-
ing above the ground-level. This variety, being
of a dwarf habit, its leaves protect it in a great
measure. I also plant on poor, hard ground. I find
it best to plant two or three lots, as then no difficulty
exists in prolonging the Broccoli season till the
Cauliflowers come in. G. Wythes, Syon House.

Variorum.

THE NATIONAL CARNATION
AND PICOTEE SOCIETY.

The annual report of the above for 18'JO is
before us, from which we learn that the Society has
enjoyed a prosperous year and greatly increased sup-
port, many new members having joined it. The
exhibition and conference at the Koyal Society's
Gardens at Chiswick, was, as regarded the exhibition,
the best hitherto held. Death has removed during
the year two of its most prominent and active
members — James Mackintosh and Shirley Hibberd
— and the report contains expressions of regret and
condolence.

The committee, desirous of meeting a long- felt
want, invited the leading growers of Carnations and
Picotees to send in lists of the best varieties in their
respective classes. The lists have been arranged in
order of merit ; the variety obtaining the greatest
number of votes being placed highest on the list :—
CARNATIONS.

Scarlet Bizarres.

Robert Lord

Admiral Curzon
Robert Houlgrave ...

George

Fred

Arthur Medhuret ...

Mara

Edward Adams ...
Joseph Cropland ...

Crimson Bizarres.

Rifleman

Master Fred

J. D. Hextall

Harrison Weir

Jos. Lakin

John Simonite
E. S. Dodwell

Wm. Bacon

Due d'Aumile

Votes.
15

. 14

, 12
, 8

Pink an I Purple Bizarres.

Sarah Payne 15

William Skirviug ,„ 14

Squire Llewelyn ... 11

Mrs. Barlow 6

Juhn Harrison ... 6

Purity 4

Sir G. Wolseley ... 4

Mrs. Gorton 4

Unexpected 4

Purple Flakes.
James Douglas
Mayor of Nottingham
George Melville
Squire Whitbourn ...
Florence Nightingale
Gordon Lewis

Dr. Foster

Sporting Lass
Oscar Wilford

Scarlet Flakes.

Sportsman

Matador

H. Cannell

Alisemond

John Ball

Clipper

John Whitham
Richard Dean
Figaro

Hose Flakes.

Thalia

Sybil

Rob Roy

Jessica

John Keet

Crista Galli

Jas. Merryweather ...
Mrs. E. Wemyss
Lovely Mary

Self-coloured.
Germania
Purple Emperor
Emma Lakin

Governor

Mm. Reynolds Hole...
Rose Celestial

Annie Lakiu

Mary Morris

Will Threlfall

Joe Willet

Scarlet Gem ...

Old Clove

Florence

Gladys

Black Knight ...

Malvolio

La Brilliante...

Celia

Raby Castle ... ...

Duchess of Connaught

Mrs. Muir

Coroner

Votes.
13
12
12
10

13
13

Heavy Red-edged. Votes.

Dr. Epps 13

John Smith 12

Brunette 11

J B. Bryant 11

Princess of Wale3 ... 0
Mrs. Dodweil ... 6

Morna 5

Wm. Summers ... 4

Dr. Abercrombie ... 3

Light Red-edged.

Mrs. Gorton 15

Violet Douglas ... 15

Thos. Williams ... 15

Mrs. Bower 10

Emily 5

Elsie Grace 4

Tho^. Jivens 4

Dr. Horner 4

Grdsteen 3

Heavy Purples.

Mrs. Chancellor ... 14

Muriel 12

Zerlina 12

Amy Robsart 6

Picco 5

Alliance 4

Hilda 3

Princess Dagmar ,.. 3

Mrs. Summers ... 2

Light Purple.

Clara Pensou 14

Ann Lord 13

Mary 10

BaronessBurdettCoutts 9

Nymph 7

Mrs. Nicholay ... 5

Juliette 4

Light Purple— cont. Votes.

Jessie 4

Pride of Leyton ... 3
Heavy Rjse.

Mrs. Payne 14

Mrs. Sharp 12

Edith D'Ombrain ... 9

Royal Visit 8

Constance Heron ... 8

Lady Louisa g

Miss Horner 4

Fanny Helen ... 4

Mrs. Lord 3

Light Rose or Scarlet.

Favourite

Nellie

Ethel

Miss Wood

Mrs. Ricardo

Lady Carriogton

Orlando

Evelyn

Estelle

Yellow Ground.
Annie Douglas
Agnes Chambers
Colonial Beauty

Almira

Terra Cotta

Dorothy

Prince of Orange

Janira

Princess Beatrice
Alfred Grey...
Duchess of Teck ...

Tournament

Maud Ellis

Ne Plus Ultra

6
4
4

4
3

13
12
8
8
8
7
6
3
3
2
2
2
2
J

The Possibilities of Botany. — Professor

Goodale, in his address as the retiring President of
the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, in speaking of the possibilities of Economic
Botany, said that the methods of improving plants
are already known so well that " if all our present
cereals were swept out of existence, our experiment
stations could probably replace them by other
Grasses within half a century. New vegetables
may be reasonably expected from Japan, which baa
already sent us many choice plants in all depart-
ments, and it is likely that some of our present
vegetables, which are now much neglected, will
come into greater favour and be improved. The
fruits of the future will tend more and more toward
becoming seedless, just as Pine-apples, Bananas, and
some Oranges are now. There is no good reason
why we should not have seedless Raspberries, Straw-
berries, and Blackberries, and also raise, by cuttings,
Plums, Cherries, and Peaches, free from stones. —
Garden and Forest,

The Week's Work,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

The heavy gales of late have greatly lessened the
crop of Apples on trees in open places, and much
fruit is, in consequence, spoiled, fetching but very
low prices. Where the best of the fallen ones were
packed and sent to the markets, the prices per
bushel were so miserably low that they did not pay
for the labour of collecting and packing the fruit.
Young trees in bearing should have the stakes and
other fastenings examined, making them secure.
Trees left to be rocked by the winds will, on heavy
lands, soon acquire funnel-shaped holes round the
stems, which, holding water, cause the trees to
become stunted. The best croppers this season
are the following: — Lord Grosvenor, a fine fruit for
kitchen use, fit for using in the middle of the month of
August ; the tree is very free bearing, robust, free
of canker, and, with us, surpasses Lord Suftield,
which is rather tender, and liable to canker.
Gascoyne's Scarlet is a beautiful red-cheeked Apple,
fit either for dessert or cooking ; the fruit is large,
and the tree a free grower, sometimes bearing to the
ends of the shoots. Ecklinville Seedling is one of
the best croppers, succeeding in almost any form,
and it should be extensively grown. Duchess of
Oldenburgh and old Nonsuch are both of them good,
and regular croppers, and not unlike each other.
Fillbasket is a regular and a free bearer, fruit large,
and the tree hardy and vigorous. Stirling Castlo
is invaluable anywhere, having large fruit, and is a
constant cropper ; one of the most uselul market fruits
grown. Lane's Prince Albert is an excellent bearer,
which crops very regularly ; the growth of the tree is
satisfactory, and the fruit keeps well. Northern
Greening, one of the best keepers, is another regular
cropper, and the fruit cooks well, but being green-
skinned, it does not sell well. Golden Spire is a
long conical fruit of good quality, and bears freely.
Worcester Pearmain crops well, but it has the draw-
back of being liable to attacks of the grub — the
caterpillars of Carpocapsa pomonella. Cox's Pomona
seldom fails to produce fine crops of its bright-
looking fruit. There are many other good varieties
of Apples for general use, but those which I have
mentioned have been the best at Mereworth for a
number of years.

Ribston Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Cox's Orange
Pippin, King of the Pippins, Summer Goldings are
the finest dessert Apples. With regard to gathering
fruit, it is the best plan with all but the earliest
kinds to pluck the fruit when the kernels have
begun to change to brown ; if gathered before that
change has occurred, the fruits shrivel and flavour is
deficient. Now is the best time for intending
planters to visit the fruit nurseries, for the purpose
of seeing the fruits whilst growing, and note the
varieties best suited for various purposes, so that no
confusion may arise when giving orders for trees,
which should be done early in the season.

Some good and useful Pears are William's Bon
Chretien, Triomphe de Vienne, Madame Treyve,
Autumn Nelis, Emile d'Heyst, Winter Nelis, Pit-
maston Duchess, Marie Louise, Doyenn6 da Cornice,
Jersey Gratioli, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Josephine
de Malines, Zephirin Gregoire, all of which are
regular croppers, and the fruits of good quality. . .

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

307

With bright and sunny weather, no time should
be lost in bringing up arrears of work, the hoe being
kept in constant use to destroy weeds. The fruit-
room should be cleaned out, shelves scrubbed, and
the walla whitewashed, and everything got in
readiness for fruit gathering. H. Markham, Mereworth
Castle, Maidstone,

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

POTATO CROPS. — All early vari;ties which have
been left in the ground to mature for planting pur-
poses and storing, should be lifted as soon as the
skins are set, choosing a dry day for the job. The
late heavy rains will cause these early kinds to start
into growth if the tubers are left any longer in the
soil. Sort out the tubers proper for planting pur-
poses, and when these are dried place them thinly
on the floor or shelves in some dry and cool place.
The tubers to be eaten should be stored in a cool,
dark place, or they may be clamped in the open
ground ; the latter beiDg preferable. Do not put
too large a bulk together, or heating may take place ;
and to allow moisture to escape upwards leave a few
holes near the apex of the clamp, to be closed with
a handful of clean straw after a week has elapsed.
The practice of leaving Potatos in the ground after
the haulm has died down, certainly causes loss, and
all the matured crops are the better for being dug up
when ready. The disease among the late and main
crop Potatos has become very apparent of late in
the tops. I find it best to remove th9 haulm entirely,
pulling it up with the hand, by the feet being kept
close together on either side of the stem so as not to
drag the tubers out of the earth ; these latter may
be left till the skins will no longer rub off on being
touched with the fingers. The haulm should be at
once carefully cleared off and burnt.

CARDOONS. — These plants should have good
soakings of manure-water, and then some of the
earliest plants tied up to blanch, which is done by
tying the leaves close together with matting, then
fastening stout brown paper in two or three thick-
nesses round them, and over this a covering, 2 inches
thick, of straight, clean straw, tied over all. The
plants should be kept erect by means of stakes.
Some gardeners make use of haybands for blanching
Cardoous, but these collect too much moisture,
which discolours, and causes the decay of the stems.
Two pieces of board may be so placed as to form a
pent-house, and thus prevent water reaching the
hearts of the plants. Only a few plants should be
tied up at one time.

ONIONS, ETC. — The eaily main crop niav now be
pulled and dried in an airy shed or in cold frames,
rather than in the open air, this year. Late crops
are still green, with large, thick necks ; these must
be laid with the leaves bent over, which is readily
done with a long rod, or by the hand. It should not
be forgotten that such bulbs will not keep well, if
means be not taken to ensure their ripening. Beds
of Onions sown about a month ago should be weeded
with small hand-hoes. In any case, weeds must be
destroyed in some way, or they will become so large
that it will be impossible to get rid of them without
disturbing the Onions. Take every opportunity of
the soil being dry to forward the earthing-up of
early Celery. C. J, Waite, Glenhurst Gardens, Esher,

FR0TT3 UNDER GLASS.

STRAWBERRIES.— Those potted early from strong
ruuners will now be full of roots, if 5-inch pots were
used ; they will now take weak liquid-manure to
assist in building up strong crowns. The pots will
also require frequently moving to prevent rooting
through ; also more room as growth increases, since
crowding causes weak growth and elongated foliage.
The runners must be taken away, going over the
plants weekly, and removing useless crowns or
offsets, as some of the small early-fruiting kinds
often throw up numerous offsets, and these tend to
produce small fruits if left; indeed, if forced hard,
they often only produce weak foliage. With little
sunshine and much rain, newly-potted plants in
larger pots will require careful management, to pre-
vent too much water at the root before good growth
has been made. We have been obliged to lay our
plants on their sides for days, owing to the heavy
rainfall, as, no matter how well drained, they often
suffer with too much moisture before the pots are
well filled with roots, and thus become sour. A
good open well-drained position is of great import-
ance in such wet seasons. I find when the plants
are placed along the side of a gravel walk, with a
thin layer of ashes to stand on, they frequently
suffer in wet weather, and worms find their way

into the pots. I prefer strips of wood from 4 to
6 inches wide to stand the pots on, as they do not
root through, and the path is not injured. Strips
are soon put down and taken up, and cost little ;
when on ashes, it should be of a good thickness,
and as firm as possible, placing a top layer of fresh
ashes yearly, to prevent weeds and moss growing.

POT-VINES. — If, as advised a month ago, these
were removed and placed in frames with free expo-
sure, they may now be removed to a south wall in
the open, taking care to well secure the canes to
prevent the wind twisting them about; any injury
to the outside bark at this date, though not visible
at the time, will show itself when the sap begins to
rise when forcing is commenced, and bleeding will
cause much injury. If any doubt exists as to
thorough ripeness of the canes, it ia best to err on
the right side, and keep them under glass for a time
till properly matured. When placed in the open,
the pots should be covered with litter, or a board in
front to prevent the roots suffering, as we often get
bright sunshine for some time in the autumn. Any
pruning or shortening back should not be delayed
after this date.

Late houses with the roots outside must be
covered with some material to throw off excessive
moisture. During the last few weeks much rain has
fallen, causing some injury if not covered, Madres-
field Court and other varieties cracking. We use
galvanised corrugated iron in 12-feet lengths, 3 feet
wide, and it answers admirably ; it is also useful in
the winter, as we place a good thickness of dry leaves
over the borders and the iron on the top to prevent
the leaves being blown about and to keep them dry.
It is much better than manure or litter, as the latter
keeps the border in a wet, cold condition. Houses
that have been cleared of fruit, and the wood tho-
roughly ripe, may be gone over and the long growths
shortened, this will admit more light and air, and
plump up the buds for next year. G. Wj/thes, Syon
House, Brentford,

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

8TOVE PLANTS, YOUNG STOCK.— Cuttings of
the different kinds of stove flowering plants, which
were put in a short time back, will now be ready
for potting off, as it is always advisable that the
cuttings, so soon as they are well rooted, should be
potted at once, so that the young plants may have
time to get established before the winter. It is a
great advantage to strike cuttings of many kinds of
stove plants in the late summer, as they then gain
sufficient size and strength to admit of their bloom-
ing better and much earlier than if struck in the
spring. Young stock of such plants as Cleroden-
drons, both the climbing and bushy varieties,
Allamandas, Dipladenias, and Francisceas, may be
grown on slowly during the winter. It is not at all
necessary that they should rest, as is sometimes
advocated ; they are much better when kept moving
gently until the spring, and it will be found that
they will grow more freely when subjected to more
heat. Place the plants during the winter in a
light position, and do not allow the temperature to
fall too low. Young stocks of Crotons, Dracamas,
Aralias, &c, which were propagated at the same
time as the above, will now require repotting. Use
smaller pots than it would be advisable to give them
earlier in the season. A good compost for these
plaits is a sound loam, adding sufficient sand to
keep it open.

When the young stock of Crotons, which are
required to form specimens, have started into growth,
they should have their points pinched out, so that
they may be well furnished with side-shoots from the
bottom, as many of the new introductions are inclined,
more or less, to grow tall. Keep these growing
slowly through the winter, by allowing them suffi-
cient warmth, and a light position near the glass.

SCUTELLARIA MOCCINIANA— Cuttings of these
put in at the present time will make useful decora-
tive plants for flowering during the winter and
spring months. In taking off the cuttings from the
old plants, choose the most robust of them, as
they in their turn will make the strongest plants.
Either insert the cuttings singly in small pots, or
three or four round the edge of a 4-inch pot, using
a sandy compost, afterwards plunging them in a
propagating-frame. When the cuttings are well
rooted, which will take about three weeks, pot off
at once into 5-inch pots, using a compost of good
loam, leaf-mould, and sand, in sufficient quantity to
keep it porous. When well established, pinch out
the centre of the shoots, which will cause side-shoots
to break, and when they have grown some three

weeks, take the point out of them ; these will give
sufficient Bhoots to furnish the plants. Pot off
finally into 6 or 7-inch pots, using a similar compost
to that recommended above.

Prom the time the cuttings are rooted until they
are in bloom, keep them in a light position near the
glass, syringe freely, and assist with weak manure-
water when the pots are filled with roots. Kemove
the plants to a cooler house when in bloom, and they
will last for a considerable time.

ALOCASIA MACRORHIZA VARIEGATA. — When
well-grown, and the foliage well-coloured, this is
undoubtedly a most beautiful plant. It may be
increased either at the present time or in the spring ;
old specimens generally have a quantity of suckers
springing up from the base. Those which have all
white foliage should be discarded, as these cannot
grow into plants ; but choose those that are well-
coloured, and have four or five leaves. Take them off
with as many roots as possible, place them singly in
pots, according to the size of the young plants ;
5-inch pots will be large enough. Two parts good
rich loam to one of decayed manure and sand will
form a suitable compost for them. After they are
potted, place them in a propagating frame for several
weeks, until they begin to throw out fresh roots, and
to keep the leaves from flagging, afterwards giving
them more air. Allow plenty of drainage, as, unlike
most of the other species of Alocasias, which are
surface-rooting plants, the roots of this variety
descend to the bottom of the pot, and require a
plentiful supply of water during the growing season.
If large specimens are required, larger pots must be
used ; the plants must not be allowed to suffer for
want of root-space. Plants propagated at this
season, when well grown, should attain their full
size during the following summer. It. Milner, Pcnricc
Castle, Swansea.

THE ORCHID HOUSE3.

THE COOL HOU3E.— An effort should be irade to
get the repotting of everything that requires it done
as soon as possible. The night dews are now very
heavy, house and plants are loaded with moisture ;
this tends to keep the foliage firm until the young
roots get a hold upon the new potting compost.
Large plants of Odontoglossum ciispum that are send-
ing up flower-spikes will be the better, and the spikes
ripen more thoroughly, if placed as near the glass
as possible. Our own are hung up over the walks,
so that they maybe taken down and examined daily.
Before hanging up, it is advisable to dip the plant
for a few minutes in tepid water, and watch carefully
for any insect pests that may be within. When this
precaution is taken, little trouble is likely to occur
afterwards. Masdevallia racemosa Crossi is a bril-
liant little gem at this season, when seen with a
large number of flowers upon it ; it is also of free
growth, and does well in about one part of peat to
three of sphagnum. Masdevallia tovarensis which
were brought into the cool house after flowering,
should now be removed to the intermediate division.
It is really unsafe to longer delay it, as this plant
is very likely to drop its leaves quickly if left in the
moist atmosphere in which the Odontoglossums do
best, especially so if a little too much water should
be given. Masdevallia chimaera and its varieties
will now do satisfactorily if taken into a little
more warmth ; this is a magnificent plant to
grow, being seldom out of flower. It does well
when planted in boat-shaped baskets, and hung up
so that the full beauty of the flowers are easily
seen ; red-spider is its worst enemy, and frequent
dipping and sponging of the leaves are necessary
to keep it clean.

INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE — Pleione Iagenaria will
have finished the last growth, and should be taken
and treated to a baking in the sun as previously
advised, but on no account should the plants be
allowed to become quite dry. Odontoglossum
grande is now opening its flowers ; this is one
of the very best Orchids for autumn flowering, being
large and showy, and of easy culture. It requires
little water at any season, but after flowering,
and the present half-made pseuuobulbs are pro-
perly matured, no water whatever will be required,
unless it is seen that the back bulbs are show-
ing signs of shrivelling. Vanda Kimballiana is
a lovely object in the house, and as the plants do
not ail come in at the same time promises to
continue so for some months. Millonia vexil-
laria should continue to receive a good syringing
morning and early in the afternoon, with a good
circulation of air about them ; temperature according
to last Calendar, A. G. Catt, Parkfield, Worcester.

308

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

. »

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. It de:ired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

LOCAL News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters whictl it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK,

MONDAY,
TUESDAY,

SHOWS.

Sept. 14— Eastbourne.
Sept. 1? — Sittingbourne.
SALES.

TUESDAY.

WEDNESDAY. SEPT. 16

THUESDAY, SEPT. 17

FRIDAY.

SATURDAY. SEPT. 19 j ]

' Annual Trade Sale of Ftove and
Greenhouse Plants, at the D) son's
Lane Nursery. Upper Edmonton,
by Messrs. Protheroe & Morris
Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.

Annual Trade Sale of Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, at the Burnt
Ash Lane Nurseries, Lee, by
Messrs. Protheroe & Morris.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.

Annual Trade Sale of Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, at the Lea
dgeRoad Nurseries, Leyton.E.,
by Messrs. Protheroe & Morris.

at Protheroe &
Rooms.

f Annual Trade Sale of Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, at the Brims-
down Nurseries, Enfield High-
way, by Messrs. Protheroe &
Morris.
Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
, Morris' Rooms.

/Annual Trade Sale of Stove and
1 Greenhouse Plants, at the Moat
1R] Nursery, East Grinstead, by
' \ Messrs. Protheroe & Morris.

I Important Sale of Orchids, at Pro-
\ theroe & Morris' Rooms.

Protheroe &.

JAnnu:
Gre
Bri<

I by Messrs. f
Dutch Bulb',
Morris' Rood

Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK. DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.-67°.6.

The international show of the
At Edinburgh. Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society is remarkable, among
other features', for the immense number of the
entries, and for the general excellence of the
various objects shown. Taking those generally
recognised as difficult to grow first, we cannot
but remark the great number of entries
in the Grape classes, and the marvellous
manner in which finish has been put on black
kinds by the northern gardener, and the gene-
rally large size of bunch and berry. There were
remarkably few instances in which colour was
bad.

Without the shadow of doubt, as the report
of the exhibition in another column will show,
the lion's share of the awards remains with our
Scottish brethren, thus affording proof of their
skill as cultivators, and of the suitability of their
soil, and perhaps the length of the summer day,
which more than compensates for the greater
intensity of the solar heat in southern parts of
this island.

As befits the occasion, the highest aw vrd for
finish went to Mr. MacHattie, gardener to the
Marquis of Lothian. As regards nu nbers,

black 'varieties were a long way in advance of
white ones, whether of Scotch or English origin ;
but in localising the awards it was apparent that
Scotland was an easy winner. She took first
honours for eight bunches, and fine ones they
were ; for six, and was also first in almost every
small competition. The heaviest bunch of white
Grapes was one of the Raisin de Calabre, shown
by Mr. Morrison, of Archerfield. The heaviest
black — a Gros Colmar, weighed 12^ lb. — was
produced by Mr. Mattison, of Currie. The
heaviest bunch of black Alicante Grapes was
grown by Mr. Green, the Marquis of Twked-
dale's gardener.

Grapes which have been raised in recent
years were few, and the highest prize was taken
amongst black varieties by a cross between Duke
of Buccleuch and Gros Guillaume. Growers
of Grapes in Jersey, Isle of Wight,
Suffolk, Cumberland (not a remarkably sunny
land), and Somerset, were enabled to give their
Muscats and other white kinds that desirable
golden tint so indicative of thorough ripening,
to a greater degree than the gardeners north of
the Tweed.

Pine-apples are, as of yore, grown more com-
monly in Scotch gardens than further south,
and the examples shown would retlect credit on
the exhibitor wherever he resided. The fruits
fruits were shown on the plants, and also cut.

Bush fruits are good and abundant ; unfor-
tunately the exhibitors have failed to give names
to their exhibits in many instances, and we
found it impossible in all cases to recognise
them. Elton Pine Strawberry is still thought
something of, and we note a few capital dishes
of it.

A Red Currant, called " Fail me Never," and
another, Hay's Prolific, are remarkable for
the fine size of their berries.

Apples from Kent, Sussex, Herefordshire, and
other parts of the South, are shown in large
numbers by many enterprising nurserymen, and
Scottish fruit is far from being scarce or poor
of quality.

It was noted that the pot-culture of the Apple,
Pear, and stone fruits is of necessity adopted in
certain parts of northern Britain, and well-
loaded miniature trees meet the eye at various
parts of the hall.

In flowers, we find a predominance of the
florist's flowers — of Pansies, for which the
climate is so favourable, although this season it
was the exception ; Hollyhocks, again reviving
after the scare of some years ago; hardy her-
baceous perennials, Marigolds, German, or, rather,
China Asters ; Gladiolus, including those beau-
tiful things of M. Lemoine's raising ; Dahlias,
of all sections ; and Carnations and Picotees.

" Down South," excepting near Bath, the
culture of the Fuchsia has fallen away; but here
are to be found beautifully-flowered plants from
6 to 8 feet high, and clothed with foliage and
blossom down to the pot. The tuberous Begonia
has found a congenial home in northern gardens,
and it is running the Pelargonium hard for the
first place. Some fine collections of plants and
cut blooms may be observed, of these plants hardy
Chrysanthemums are useful, if just a little bit
unseasonable, put in appearance in some quantity,
and are so good that many who have seen them
will be induced to take up their culture. Vallota
purpurea is a plant we are glad to note is well
done by Scottish growers. Some of the pots
full of it are of great size.

Gener il lecorative plants, as Palms, Crotons,
Ferns, and Dracaenas are much grown. The
Crotons of Messrs. Ireland and Thomson ar<?

particularly effective, being young, vigorous,
and of beautiful tints. The time of year is un-
favourable for large displays of Orchids, but still
there is a fair quantity of Odontoglossums
Lycastes, Dendrobium Dearii, and Cypripediums,
the nurserymen's tables having the majority of
these. The Lily as an autumn flower has few,
if any equals in some of its species ; we may
mention L. auratum, in its several varieties, and
L. speciosum, red and white, and these are very
abundant, and also well-flowered.

Specimen flowering plants are good, if there
are not mmy of them ; and the Ericas, Ixoras,
Diplacus, Lapagerias, &c, were exceptionally
fine plants, as were exotic and hardy Ferns.

Vegetables are found of superlative excellence
in Northern gardens, and this fact is well
brought out at this show, for finer Peas, Beans,
Cauliflowers, Cabbages, Savoys, Lettuces, Onions,
we have rarely seen. Onions are wonderfully
fine of their kind. The same may be said of the
various roots, including Potatos, which are
shown in enormous quantities, and of a remark-
ably even degree of excellence.

The manner in which Parsley is shown in pots,
as grown, we should say, for some months, is
excellent, and worth adopting generally.

Large Conifers, a prominent feature at some
previous shows, show a falling off in numbers
and in the matter of rarity; and collections of
hardy shrubs are non - existent, perhaps no
great loss, when so many fine things can be
noted in the open ground in nurseries.

On the opening day, the attendance of the
public was fairly good, but the immense build-
ing, was at no time crowded.

The opening ceremony, in the absence of the
Marquis of Lothian, was performed by Viscount
Melville ; whilst the dinner was presided over
by Sir James Gibson Craig, with Mr. Thomson,
of Clovenfords, and Mr. Charles Stewart, the
Secretary, as croupiers. Naturally the members
of the Caledonian were warmly congratulated on
their success.

The Royal Horticultural Society.— The

meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on Tues-
day last, waa naturally not so well attended as some
others, many of the Fellows being drafted off north
of the Tweed, while holiday-time accounted for
many defections. Nevertheless, an excellent and
very interesting meeting was held. In another
column we note the principal details, but here we
cannot refrain from noting the truly marvellous
flower of Aristolochia grandiflora from Kew, measur-
ing 20 by 1(3 ins., exclusive of the slender tail
which measured 3 ft., and the Bight of which recalled
the passage from Hdmuoldt in which he mentions the
Indian boys on the Magdalena river placing the
flowers on their heads as caps. Very ornamental
truly, and boys are not very sensitive to evil
odours. The use of the long tail to the flower
was the subject of comment, the general im-
pression being that, like the similar appendage to
the spathe of some of the Arisuemas, it acted as a
pathway for insects, who fertilise the flower, but find
themselves entrapped by the beautiful-looking but
fiercely-pointed hairs, admitting ingress, but for-
bidding all egress. Another most interesting exhibit
was made by Messrs. Veitch, in the shape of Picea
Omorica, the Servian Spruce, figured in our columns
in March 8, 1881. As a decorative Spruce it is
not noteworthy, but its botanical interest is great, as,
although Servian and Bosnian, it is very nearly
allied to the Abies Menziesii of North- West America,
and to A. ajanensis of far-off Japan, while it is also
the living representative of a fossil species found in
the Miocene formations. If we were to meet some
of the "extinct animals" at the Crystal Palace
walking about in the life, the case would be analogous
to that of this Servian Spruce, to which a Botanical

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

309

Certificate was most fittingly awarded. Mr. Phip-
pen deserves credit for his arrangement of Dahlias,
but we trust he will not be led into the fatal mistake
of reverting to that formality from which he has
broken away. Similarly, we trust Mr. Kelwat will
not favour those very densely-crowded spikes of Gladi-
olus which find favour in some quarters. It is far bet-
ter that each flower should be allowed to show itself
freely, and not be encumbered and overlapped
by its neighbours. Mr. Lowe's collection of
Ferns was truly remarkable ; many are of high
decorative value, whilst others are monstrosities of
great interest botanically, but appreciated rather by
experts than by the populace. The same remark
applies to the collection exhibited by Mr. C.T.Druery,
which was so good that he need feel no dissatis-
faction at being surpassed by Mr. Lows.

The exhibition of British Ferns was, indeed,

well calculated to support the contention that
even the rarest and most beautiful exotic Ferns find
worthy rivals among the innumerable abnormal
forms of our indigenous "species. If exceptions
be cited, such as the marvellous Adiantum
Farleyense, it is easy to restore the balance by
pointing to charming types of beautiful variation
which so far have found no parallels in exotic
species. A striking instance of this was exhibited
by Mr. C. T. Druery, in the form of a rewolute
Athyrium (A. revolvens), found recently by him
in Scotland, in which the frond tip and the pinnae
or side divisions are beautifully curled inwards and
twisted symmetrically like ringlets. That beautiful
New Zealand Filmy Fern, Todea superba, has long
held the foremost place in redundancy of delicate
moss-like cuttings; but in the examples shown of
the Polystichum known as Jones's " densum," and a
new plumose Athyrium (A. f.-f. plumosum Drueryi),
we have two very close approaches to it in its own
special line. Mr. E. J. Lowe's main collection
consisted of over one hundred splendidly-grown spe-
cimen plants, the most striking of which were several
forms of the frilled Hattstongue (S. v. crispum), of
great beauty, those labelled Willsii and Cowburnii
being especially valuable from the decorative point
of view. Among the Shield Ferns (Polystichum
aculeatum and angulare), there were several
huge plants, in which the grandiceps form of
heavy terminal crests seemed to have reached
its extreme, giving an aspect of general sameness
to some which was by no means borne out
ia detail. Some of these plants were of mixed
parentage, both the above-named species being com-
bined, and Mr. Lowe's hybridum attract* d a good deal
of attention on this account, as it represented precisely
fie abnormally narrow cruciate form of one species,
with the hard spiny texture and make of the other.
In this connection, Mr. Lowe had a special exhibit
in another part of the Hall of a score or so of most
remarkably crossed Scolopendrium seedlings, re-
corded by him as the conjoined progeny of four
different varieties, and it could not be denied that
in the majority the distinct characters of the four
forms named were evident in one and the same
plant. How this comes about is a biological mys-
tery, which must be left for the future to solve. In
the meantime the interesting family was awarded a
Silver Medal, and hopes were expressed that it might
come to town again later for judgment when the indi-
viduals were grown up. Mr. C. T. Druery's exhibit
embraced an interesting exam pie of transitional varia-
tion in the use of Lastrea montana var. cristata gra-
cile, bearing several fronds of quite different types of
foliation and cresting to the wild ones. This seemed
to consist in partial reversion to the normal by the
entire obliteration of the "gracile" character,
coupled with a considerable augmentation of the
crests, which, from being flatly digitate, have become
corymbiferous. One frond on a large plant appeared
three years ago, and they have gradually increased
in number each year, until now they are about half
and half. A grand plant of Blechmum spicants var.
plumosum, Airey, showed that this generally-
neglected species can rival its relatives in size as
well 6s in delicacy of cutting.

The collection of Plums from Messrs. Veitch was
also worth special notice, but these and other exhibits
are dealt with in another column. In the afternoon,
Mr. George Paul addressed the meeting on " Bog
and Water Plants." Those who have seen the
charmingly interesting bog garden at High Beech,
will know that Mr. Paul speaks &% an expert of
experts on such as on many other matters.

Fruit Congress at Manchester, October

21 AND 22. — The subjects to be treated of on this
occasion are: — Mr. Baillie, of Chester, " The Fruit-
Growing Movement : Present Day Features and
Prospects;" Mr. Cheal, of Crawley, Sussex, "The
Condition, Preparation, and After-Treatment of the
Soil for Fruit Culture ; " Mr. S. T. Wright, of
Hereford, " Fruit Growing for Profit ; "' Mr. Crump,
of Madresfield, " The Raising, Budding, Grafting,
and Pruning of Apple Trees for Orchard and Estate
Planting;" Mr. T. F. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth,
" Orchard House Culture;" Mr. Edward Leckhurst,
of Romford, " The Importance of Early Planting and
Shelter in Fruit Culture." In connection with this
Congress, the following letter has been received from
Mr. Gladstone : —

" HAWARDEX. August 25, 1891.

••I will not withhold the expression ot my good wishes for
the fortune and effect of the meeting you are to hold in
October, but it will, as I hope, have the support of those who
are much better entitled to speak with authority. For many
years, through the activity of the press, the humble advice
given by me locally to our cottagers and farmers has become
an exposition to the country at large which I was liHrdly en-
tilled to deliver, and for which I have naturally enough beeu
made the eubject of witty animadversion.

" I have, however, a very strong conviction that the work
which you have in hand is a great und benefie-al work— that
there is a great commercial void which ought to be tilled by
British skill and labour, and that the extension of what we
may term the small culture, in all its branches, will produce
very considerable moral and social aa well aa economical
benefits. " I am, dear Sir,

•' Yours very faithfully,

•• W. E. GLADSTONE."

"Mr. Bruce Findlay."

The American Apple Crop.— We learn from
the Journal of the New England, Homestead, that the
American Apple crop will be better this season than
last year, when it was less than in any year since
1883. According to special reports from the com-
mercial Apple-growing regions of the Uaited States
and Canada, the variety of Baldwins will be scarce,
and prices for the best brands of winter Apples will,
it is believed, range from two to four dollars per
barrel at New York, in the course of the winter. It
is predicted that the United States' surplus for
exports will be 235,000 barrels, and Canada 200,000,
making a total of 435,000 barrels, or about the same
as last year; against 681,000 barrels of the 1889
crop, and 1,401,382 barrels of the 1888 crop. As the
English crop is short, it is thought that the prospects
are excellent for American Apples in this country,
which takes ninety-five per cent, of American ex-
ports. Apples are comparatively light in the central
and western States, the commercial orchards of
Arkansas and Missouri having more than they can
do to supply interior markets. There is a heavy
yield of all fall Iruits— Peaches, Pears, Grapes, and
Apples ; but as Boon as these are out of the way, the
Homestead expects profitable prices. If Calilornian
shipments of her fine crops of all fruits are delayed
until that time, they will make almost as good prices
as were reported last year, which caused unprece-
dented prosperity to the industry on the Pacific
slope.

Copper Salts as Remedies for the
POTATO BLtQHT. — The fact that solution of blue
vitriol has been successfully used in combating the
Peronospora viticola, or Vine disease, in France, has
suggested its employment in checking or extermina-
ting the Potato blight. So many experimenters
have reported favourably upon the application of
copper salts, that we may now regard their success as
assured. Three mixtures are especially recom-
mended for application, namely : — (1) Bouillie
Bordelaise, or the original Bordeaux mixture. This
is prepared as follows : Dissolve 81b. of pure sulphate
of copper in 10 gallons of water, by heating up a

portion of the water, and after all the salt is dis-
solved, adding the remainder cold. In another
vessel, 15 lb. of good burnt lime (not slaked) are
mixed with 3 gallons of water, and carefully stirred
till all the lumps disappear. The creamy mixture
is now poured into the copper sulphate solution.
(2) Reduced Bordeaux mixture. This is prepared
in the same way, but the quantities are reduced
to only 3 lb. of copper sulphate and 3 lb. of quick-
lime to 10 gallons of water. (3) Copper-soda solu-
tion. This should contain 2 lb. of copper Bulphate
and 3 lb. of soda in 10 gallons of water. The salts
are first dissolved in warm water, and then the
remainder of the latter added cold. It should be
observed that only the very best quicklime should be
employed. Inattention to this point has often given
less satisfactory results with mixtures No. 1 and 2
than with No. 3. Tnese remedies should be applied
two or three times in a season, the first time as soon
as the Potatos come out of the ground, and the
plants are about 2 or 3 inches high. The second
application is made when the plants are near
maturity, say, one month before the crop is harvested.
The third application may be applied at discretion.
A good water-sprinkler, syringe, or spray machine, is
required for applying these remedies, and care should
be taken that the leaves are well covered.

Artificial Rain.— In a Bill laid before the

United States Senate, provision is made for granting
3000 dollars to a group of agriculturists for the pur-
pose of conducting experiments on the artificial pro-
duction of rain. The nominal head of this committee
is Mr. Reisk, the Secretary for Agriculture, but the
soul of the movement is Senator Farwell, who for
many years has been the untiring champion of the
theory that by explosion at a moderate height the
moisture of the air can be condensed aDd converted
into rain. Consequently, experiments are being
conducted on the high steppes between Colorado
and Kansas. The plan of the engineers is to send
up dynamite by a paper balloon, the quantity sent
up each time being 150 lb., of which separate
parcels of 20 lb. are let down at different heights,
and exploded by means of electric wires. By a
series of explosions they expect to produce rain
showers which will extend in all directions. The
best has yet to come. In case of success, an
American Artificial Rain Company will be formed,
and the optimists believe that the barren prairies
will be converted in fertile country. In scientific
circles the experiments are supported less sanguinely,
the probable results being not denied, but the doubt
is expressed whether the benefits will cover the
cost.

Visit of the Fruiterers' Company to
the Crawley Nurseries.— Saturday last was

selected for a visit to Messrs. Cheal & Sons' estab-
lishment. The party, to the number of eighteen,
including several ladies, arrived at Three Bridges
station, and were conveyed in brakes to the Nurseries.
They at once commenced a tour of the grounds, in
the first place inspecting the various ways of training
fruit upon the cordon system. These trees, trained
over arches, wire espaliers, wooden fences and walls,
were all carrying heavy crops of fruit. Much in-
terest was taken in this system of training, in which
Messrs. Cheal were pioneers, and the quantity of
fruit that can be raised in a small space was seen to
be enormous. One piece of wire espalier covered
with Apples trained in diamond pattern attracted
especial attention, covered, as it was with a crop of
many-coloured Apples. Some of the fruiting trees
near the house were next visited, where large
standard trees of Apples, Pears, and Plums were
heavily laden, and, indeed, in some cases literally
breaking down with fruit. From here they pro-
ceeded to the open quarters, where a number of
bush Apples are planted out for fruiting. These
are on the paradise stock, and comprise a collection
of over seventy varieties. Out of these, there were
some fifteen or twenty varieties that stood out con-
spicuously for their fruiting qualities, and this plan-
tation prabtically demonstrated what has been eo

310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

often recommended at the recent fruit conferences,
to plant only a select number of the free-cropping
varieties. To enumerate a few that were here
carrying magnificent crops, we noted Stirling
Castle, Lane's Prince Albert, Worcester Pearmain,
Potts' Seedling, Professor, Yorkshire Beauty, Cox's
Orange Pippin, Lord Grosvenor, Peasgood's Non-
such, Duchess of Oldenburgh, King of the Pip-
pins, Keswick Codlin, The Queen, and Bismarck.
Prom here they proceeded to the open nursery
quarters, until they again reached the other portions
of the nursery devoted to fruit trees. Here were
thousands of trees of various ages, and apparently
in the most vigorous health, of Apples, Pears, Plums,
Cherries, &c, and here the various character-
istics and differences were pointed out and noted,
of Apples grafted and budded upon the Paradise
and Crab stocks, and the effects of the different
stocks was explained in accelerating or prolonging
the fruiting period. The visitors were particularly
impressed with the spectacle of young trees on the
Paradise stock, only two or three years old, laden
and borne down with fine samples of frnit, and this
not in solitary instances, but upon every tree for row
after row. The company were interested in watch-
ing the operation of budding the fruit stocks, which
was in full progress at the time of the visit, as also
the pruning and training of wall trees. Returning
to the homestead, the room was inspected where
the fruit is stored, and from which Messrs. Cheat.
have exhibited such remarkably fine fruit at late
periods in the season, and which was specially con-
structed for the purpose. The glass was next visited,
and a cool orchard-house, devoted to Pears trained
as cordons up the roof, was a^beautiful sight, and
many of the varieties were remarkably fine.
Messrs. Cheal commenced twenty years ago to form
the nursery on ordinary agricultural land, and by
thorough drainings, deep tillage, and good culti-
vation, they have been able to produce the trees and
the fruit that they have now ; and we might
mention one fact that is of interest to the
Fruiterers' Company, and in connection with the
present movement for the higher cultivation of the
land, that whereas the land had not employed five
hands, it now sustained more than ten times that
number, which was of importance from a national
point of view.

ROSE EXHIBITORS.— Some stir is being made
in Rose-growing circles about the disadvantages
under which small growers labour in comparison
with large ones, and various schemes have been
devised to meet the case. No doubt, the National
Rose Society will be able to arrange a compromise,
but in the meantime, as a matter of principle, ex-
hibiting and competing benefit the individual more
than the cause, and while not ignoring the foibles
and fancies of human nature, and of exhibitors in
particular, ought not our sympathies, or at any rate
those of the corporate Society, to be with the latter,
rather than with the former ?

FUNGUS FORAY— The September excursion of
the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union is arranged for
Wednesday and Thursday next, September 16 and
17, at Doncaster, and will be chiefly devoted to a
Fungus foray — under the superintendence of Mr.
G. Massee, of Kew. The districts selected
for investigation are the good old Edlington and
Wadworth Woods, &c, which have never been
explored for fungi. There will be a fungus show at
Glyn Hotel, Doncaster, and mycologists from any
part of Britain will be heartily welcomed. Mr.
M. H. Stiles, Frenchgate, Doncaster, will be glad to
supply particulars.

Newcastle Horticultural Society— In

response to the appeal of the Mayor of Newcastle
for subscriptions to meet the liabilities incurred by
the disastrous gale announced in our last issue, the
public have subscribed most handsomely, £525 being
forthcoming up to Saturday, September 5. This
speaks well for the love of horticulture in the dis-
trict. We trust the future efforts of the Society
may be crowned with success.

Home Correspondence.

RHUS TOXICODENDRON.— We should feel greatly
obliged by your giving us, in the next issue of the
Gardeners' Chronicle, the correct name of the enclosed,
of which we have a large plant now climbing on a
south wall. Ampelopsis japonica was the name
given to us with the plant, but we think it is a
species of Rhus. About two months ago, one of our
men was propagating some, and a few days after-
wards he was taken ill with what appeared to be a
very serious attack of erysipelas ; he recovered from
the attack, and commenced work, and again made a
lot of cuttings from the same plant. Shortly after-
wards, he was again seized with a similar attack, and
is now lying in a serious condition ; head, arms, and
legs very much swollen, and showing all the symp-
toms of blood-poisoning, for which the doctor is now
treating him. There are several plants in this
neighbourhood. The leaves in the autumn turn a
beautiful orange - scarlet, similar to Ampelopsis
Veitchii. P. $ Co. [The plant is Rhus toxicoden-
dron, var. radicans, a very poisonous plant. It
was originally sent out as Ampelopsis japonica, but
the mistake was happily soon found out. Ed.]

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Fruit Committee.

Tuesday, Sept. 8. — Present : Philip Crowley, Esq.,
in the chair; also Messrs. W. Warren, J. Wright,
J. W. Bates, A. Dean, G. Norman, J. Willard,
R. Hogg, R. D. Blackburn, H. Weir, T. F. Rivers,
A. H. Pearson, H. Balderson.

A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded to Messrs.
James Veitch & Son, Chelsea, for collection of forty
dishes of Plums, comprising all the best kinds, such
as Kirke's, Jefferson, Czar, Denniston's Superb,
Early Transparent Gage, Brandy Gage, the three
latter of good flavour.

Award of Merit for Halstead Favourite Melon to
T. F. B. Atkins, Esq., Halstead Place, Sevenoaks,
gr., Mr. A. Gibson ; it is a green-flesh variety with
yellow reticulated skin and fine aroma.

Cultural Commendation to Philip Crowley, Esq.,
Waddon House (gr., Mr. W. King), for nineteen
fruits of Louis Bonne Pears grown on single tree in
a 10-inch pot, the fruits were of medium size, and
rich yellow colour with crimson spots. He also
showed two lots of Jefferson Plum from same
tree, one double the size of the other, and better
coloured, the difference being due to constriction of
bark, causing the fruits above it to swell as in the
process of ringing.

Cultural Commendation to W. Roupell, Esq.,
Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.W., for large well-
coloured fruits of Lord Suffield, Bictingheimer,
and Duchesse d'Oldenburgh Apples, grown in the
open, within 5 miles of Charing Cross.

Vote of thanks to Messrs. Jacob Wrench & Sons,
139, King William Street, City, for a basket of
Parsley, with thick beautifully curled foliage.

Vote of thanks to Mr. Whiteley, Hillingdon Nur-
sery (Manager, Mr. Thomas Godfrey), for dish of
Hillingdon Favourite Tomato, smooth clear skin,
bright scarlet, large.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Dr. M. T. Masters in the chair ; James
O'Brien, Sec. ; and Messrs. E. Hill, H. Ballantine,
A. H. Smee, T. B. Haywood, and C. Pilcher.

Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Man-
chester (gr., Mr. R. Johnson), again exhibited, in
fine condition, the Lselia elegans Blenheimensis,
which received an Award of Merit at the last
meeting ; also L. elegans Turneri atrorubens, a form
with a very dark front lobe to the labellum ; L. c.
T. Stand Hall var., with sepals and petals paler than
in the ordinary form; Odontoglossum Harryanum,
and Saccolabium Blumei, named longeracemosum,
which bore no distinctive feature.

Baron Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr., Mr. H.
Ballantine), sent the only really remarkable plant of
the meeting, viz., Miltonia Biuntii Lubbersiana, a
grand example of the genus. It had two stout
spikes of many large flowers ; the sepals and petals
nearly equal in width, whitish-lilac, profusely
blotched with irregular rosy-lilac bars. The large

flat labellum is light-purple at the base, fading off
to nearly white in front, and with two blotched lines
of purple on each side of the crest. A First-class
Certificate was unanimously awarded to this fine
exhibit.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., The Nurseries, Clapton,
staged a good example of Vanda Kimballiana, with
many spikes ; Cattleya Gaskelliana albens, Catase-
tum fimbriatum, and a new rich yellow form of
Mormodes buccinator aurea.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited
Lselia elegans Robinsoniana, a dwarf and richly-
coloured form of the Turneri section ; also L. e.
Marlboroughensis, equally good ; and a fine L. e.
Turneri; also Dendrobium undulatum, Vanda
ccerulea, the pretty pink and orange Cattleya crocata
rosea, and an extraordinary small form of Cattleya
granulosa named C. g. Dijanceana. The flowers of
this form are much smaller than those of the type ;
sepals and petals green and unspotted, the side lobes
of the lip are white, and the middle lobe reduced to
a narrow, warted, rose-coloured blade ; the column
is yellow, tipped with purple.

Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth, & Co , of
Heaton, Bradford, sent five plants of their importa-
tion of Oncidium macranthum, the flower-spikes of
some of which were erect and only a few inches in
height, and which it is hoped will remain constant, or
at least with much shorter spikes than usual. Drewett

0. Drewett, Esq., Riding-Mill-on-Tyne (gr., Mr. A. J.
Keeling), sent a flower of his Cypripedium Beatrice X
(Lowi x Boxalli), and of C. Eyermanianum X,
Drewett's var. (Barbatum nigrum X Spicerianum).

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham,
exhibited a finely-flowered plant of the white
Angrsecum articulatum, for which a Cultural Com-
mendation was awarded ; and W. Wright, Esq , The
Grange, Denmark Hill (gr., Mr. G. Parrot), sent a
plant in flower of Catasetum fimbriatum (male) and
another of the same species, with two female flowers,
with elongated helmet - shaped labellums, and two
and two buds (male) of the type usually seen — a
most interesting exhibit.

Floral Committee.

Present : William Marshall, Esq., in the chair ;
Messrs. G. Paul, J. Eraser, C. T. Drury, H. B. May,
R. Dean, J. T. Poe, G. Phippen, C. Noble, W. Watson,
and Dr. Masters.

From the Royal Gardens, Kew, some interesting
plants were exhibited : — Aristolochia grandiflora
(syn. A. gigas), Guatemala; the flat portion of
perianth measured 10 inches by 20, with a pendulous
filament 3 feet long; it is reticulated, white, and
rich brown, the centre rich velvety-purple, interior
of tube lined with reflexed hairs ; odour very powerful.
Leaves 6 to 8 iuches long, ovate cordate. Clematis
Stanleyi, from Transvaal : the whole plant is
covered with silvery pubescence ; leaves pinnate,
leaflets pinnatifid. Flowers lilac-pink, \k inch
across, stamens yellow, lxora macrothyrsa (syn.

1. Dufrii), Sumatra ; flower-head about 8 inches in
diameter, semi-globose, vermilion-scarlet ; foliage
massive. Mucuna atropurpurea. India and Malacca ;
a climber with ternate foliage, leaflets obliquely
ovate ; flowers papilionaceous, 2 inches long, in pen-
dulous racemes of about thirty flowers, hood-
shaped, standard and horizontal, black-purple, carina
red-purple. Solandra grandiflora, Tropical America ;
flowers 10 inches long, calyx-tube triangular, three-
lobed; corolla trumpet-shaped, lobes recurved, edge
fimbriated, colour from pale yellow to buff, with
chocolate bars in the interior.

A Bronze Banksian Medal was awarded to J. Veitch
& Sons, for Hydrangea paniculata, with large pyra-
midal heads, about 8 inches deep, of cream-coloured
fioweis and pink buds, and other hardy plants ; also
botanical Certificates for Picea Omorika (South-
east Europe). The plant was 4 feet high, this season's
leader being 18 inches long ; leaves deep green
above, glaucous below. They also exhibited nice
blooms of Lilium auratum virginale, L. a. platy-
phyllum, and L. a. rubro vittatum, as well as baskets
of well-grown Francoa ramosa (Chili), full of flower.

Messrs. Paul & Son, Broxbourne, Herts, had a
collection of bog plants, including good Sarracenia
purpurea, Spiraea japonica compacta, Carex folli-
culata, Liatris pyenostachya, &c.

The First prize for a collection of British Ferns and
their varieties was awarded to E. J. Lowe, Esq.
F.R.S., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, for an interest-
ing and beautiful collection, thus securing the Silver
Cup.

First-class Certificates were awarded for the fol-
lowing Ferns : — Scolopendrium vulgare var. Moonce ;
fronds lanceolate, crimped edge, with ridge running

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

311

parallel to each edge. Osmunda regalis capitata
(raised from bulbil) ; compact, the edges of pinna
crested. Asplenium f.-f. lunulatum var. Neilia ; the
middle pinna are almost suppressed, and the fronds
terminated by a fine tassel. Aspidium aculeatum
var. hybridum (A. angulare X A. aculeatum),
pinnae pinnatifid, mucronate, dark shining green ;
Nephrodium paleaceuro, var. Willsii, nicely crested
variety ; Scolo; endrium v. ramo-inaquale, var. laud-
abile, large branched fronds, sori at the edge ; Aspi-
dium angulare, sec. cruciaturu, var. Nympha (raised),
the pinna pointed and sloping towards the apex of the
frond; and A. a. sec. grandiceps, var. tceda, a curious
variety with a tassel at the end of fronds, and each
pinna crested.

Botanical Certificates were awarded to Scolopen-
drium vulgare, sec. peraferens, var. Nepenthesoides,
a curious variety with saucer-shaped cavity at the
end of the frond ; also to Aspidium aculeatum
criBtatum circumglobatum, a nice dense varietv ; and
Beveral Awards of Merit to good varieties. He also
showed some seedlings, showing the effects of cross-
ing varieties of Scolopendrium vulgare ; a Bronze
BaokBian Medal was awarded for this group.

The 2nd prize for Ferns was awarded to C. T.
Druery, Esq., F.L.S., Fernholme, Forest Gate, Essex.
In this fine group was Athyrium f.-f., var. plumosum
Drueryii, new, a seedling from superbum, multipin-
nate fronds, graceful and delicate green ; awarded
First-class Certificate. Awards of Merit were
granted for A. f.-f., var. revolvens, in which the
pinna were curled under, like a feather ; and to A.
f.-f. var. superbum, dense, finely divided delicate
fronds. A handsome specimen of Polystichum
angulare, var. divisilobum plumosum densutn,
probably the most elegant of hardy Ferns, fronds
tripinnatifid, pinna overlapping.

A fine strain of quilled German Asters, grown at
Chiswick from seed supplied by Mr. John Walker,
nurseryman, Thame, was commended. A dwarf
early-flowering Chrysanthemum, of the type of
Madame Desgranges, but with quilled white florets,
named Mrs. Whiteley, came from Mr. William
Whiteley's nursery, at Hillinjzdon, and the committee
desired to Bee it again. Mr. Arthur Rawlings,
nurseryman, Romford, had Bhow Dahlias: George
Gordon, a large bright crimson self, fine in petal and
outline, but inclined to be a little flat ; and George
Hurst, maroon, deeply tipped with purple, this
portion of the petal having stripes of maroon
running into it, one of those flowers which partake
both of the show and fancy character ; and William
Britton, a dark-striped fancy. From Mr. J. T.
West, The Gardens, Cornwall?, Brentwood, came
show Dahlia Arthur Rawlings, a large, bold, and
finely-formed crimson self, Bhaded in the centre, fine
in petal and outline, and perfect in the centre
(Award of Merit). William Powell, a very fine,
well-formed, deep yellow self, of fine quality (Award
of Merit; ; and decorative Dahlia MacKeith, salmon
and delicate mauve, of a pale yellow ground, with
slight lines of yellow on the margin — a very pleasing
and attractive variety (Award of Merit).

From Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseiies, Ches-
hunt, came Decorative Dahlia Harlequin, yellow,
flaked and striped with crimson — very constant, and
.quite novel and distinctive in character (Award of
Merit) ; and blooms of Roses H. P. Cheshunt, scarlet ;
H. P. Bruce Findlay, H. P. Dowager Duchess of
Marlborough, and Bourbon Mrs. Paul, to show their
autumnal character.

Mr. H. B. May, Dyson's Lane Nursery, Edmonton,
sent Croton Golden Ring, a form of the C. spiralis
type, with long pendent leaves, much twisted, the
upper surface deep gold blotched with green, the
under surface blotched and marked with wine-
crimson ; the quite small plants were richly coloured,
and it promises to make a highly valuable decorative
and table plant (Award of Merit).

A superb collection of Gladioli from Messrs. Kel-
way & Son, of the Langport Nurseries, occupied
nearly the whole of one side of the Hall. Altogether
there were about 150 spikes, many of them exceed-
ingly fine. Prominent were two varieties, submitted
as representing a new break, inasmuch as the usual
flame of colour — purple, or some such shade — no
longer appeared upon the throat ; they were Lady
Brooke, blush, with sulphur throat, and slight flakes
of purplish-crimson, very soft and delicate in tint,
and fine form (Award of Merit) ; and George Mere-
dith, blush-sulphur throat, and heavily flaked with
rosy-crimson (Award of Merit) ; and among the
varieties of ordinary character were W. S. Gilbert,
delicate pink, flaked with carmine, very distinct and
novel (Award of Merit) ; Sir A. Sullivan, very
bright pale orange-scarlet, with slight flakes of

cerise, extra fine (Award of Merit) ; Sheila, white,
with bright violet-purple flames on the throat, a
charming light variety (Award of Merit) ; Pandanus,
pale salmon, flaked with pink and carmine, and
slight purple lines ; Rev. J. Stubbs, deep orange-
scarlet, with rich purple marking; Sir F. Leighton,
rich bright scarlet, flaked with deep crimson ; Arthur
Turner, blush, flushed with pink, and pencilled with
deep pink ; Harrison Weir, fine bright pale carmine, and
slight flakes of crimson ; Mrs. Stewart, pale ground,
heavily flaked with crimson purple ; and such fine
older varieties as The Odalisque, Baroness Burdett-
Coutts, pale purple, extra fine ; Dercyllus, Electra,
Rev. H. H. D'Ombrain, Ada, Sir G. Nares, Henry
Irving, pale yellow, Princess Beatrice, Joseph
Broome, John Dominy, &e. From M. Victor
Lemoine, Nancy, came Phlox Flambeaux, large in
size, and fine in form, of a bright pale orange
carmine colour, but with a fatal tendency to run to
a pale colour. From M. C. G. Van Tubergen, jun.,
Zwansenburg, Haarlem, came a number of spikes of
hybrid Gladioli, obtained from a cross between some
of the best forms of H. Gandavensis and G. Saun-
dersii, wanting in the quality of our English-grown
varieties, but suggestive of being useful as seed
parents, in that the colours and marking were some-
what novel. Mr. J. Hole, Commercial Street,
Teignmouth, sent blooms of a deeply-fringed Carna-
tion, named Devon Beauty, carmine pink, edged
with white.

Mr. George Phippen, nurseryman, Reading, staged
two very fine and effective groups, one of shields of
Cactus and decorative Dahlias, from fifteen to
twenty blooms being used on each, set up with a
background of Dracana australis, and intermingled
with which were Cocoa Weddelliana and other
elegant Palms, and Maidenhair Ferns. Altogether,
there were about fifty of these shields, and they had
a fine and imposing effect. He also had a fine
group of Lilies, varieties of L. speciosum, L. aura-
tum, and L. Ilarrisii, intermingled with Ferns,
Palms. &c, which was highly effective. A Silver
Flora Medal was awarded to each ; he also arranged
a box of Maidenhair Fern.

NATIONAL DAHLIA.

SEPrEMBKB 4 and 5. — The state of the season
affected the Dahlias brought together on the occa-
sion of the annual exhibition of the National
Dahlia Society at the Crystal Palace on the 4th inst.
The season had seriously affected the quality of the
flowers; the blooms were small, and many rough;
some too old, others too young ; and these facts
indicate the difficulty exhibitors had in making up
their collections. A week's previous fine weather
would have worked wonders, and though so ardently
longed for, it did not happen. Many exhibitors
who had entered in the hope of being able to com-
pete, found themselves unable to do so at the last
moment — but that is a circumstance common to all
large exhibitions of cut flowers. There was a certain
amount of roughness about the decorative and
Cactus varietv, but it was not so perceptible as in
the case of the show varieties, where symmetry is
all important; but the Pompon varieties lacked
their usual admirable finish, and the single varieties
some of their usual charming freshness. But the
best of cultivators cannot do in a bad season what
can be accomplished in a good one. As is usual,
the Dahlia show was held in the western portion
of the nave, and the light was excellent. A great
many novelties were staged, and a larger number of
certificates than is usual were granted.

Nursektmen's Division.
Show Dahlias. — Despite the unkind season, there
were as many as five collections of sixty blooms,
distinct. Into this class Mr.C. Turner, Royal Nursery,
Slough, put all his strength, staging the finest and
most finished blooms in the show, and won in a
canter ; he had William Rawlings, Earl of Ravens-
worth, Comedian (fancy), Prince Bismarck, Matthew
Campbell (fancy), Mrs. Harris, Alice Emily, Mrs.
Foster, John Henahaw (new, fine crimson self), Her-
bert Turner, Rev. J. B. M. Camm (fancy), George
Rawlings, Mrs. Langtry, Colonist, Harry Keith,
Henry Walton, Rebecca, Mrs. W. Slack, Glowworm,
Lorina (orange buff self, very fine). James Cocker,
Ethel Britton, John Hickling, Mrs. Saunders (fancy),
Burgundy, Seraph, Florence, Mrs. G. Harris, Agnes,
Sunbeam, John Bennett, Marion Fellowes, T. W.
Girdlestone (fancy), John Standish, Clara. Old Tom
(a fine crimson self), MiBS Fox, Crimson King, Mrs.
Gladstone, Goldfinder, R. T. Rawlings, Bendigo,
Primrose Dame, Lustrous, .Charles Wyatt (self),

Flag of Truce, Nellie Tranter, &c. ; undoubtedly the
presence of a few fancy varieties did add a very
pleasing effect to this stand. Messrs. Keynes, Wil-
liams & Co., Nurserymen, Salisbury, were placed 2nd,
with smaller, still neat, blooms of T. W. Girdlestone
(fancy), Miss Canneil, Crimson Globe, Spitfire,
Rebecca (fancy), Royal Queen, Mr. Glasscock,
William RawliDgs, John Hickling, Dorothy, Queen
of the Belgians, T. S. Ware, Harry Turner, Lady G.
Herbert, Duchess of Albany (fancy), Imperial,
Shirley Hibberd, Frank Pearce (fancy). 3rd, Mr. A.
Rawlings, Nurseryman, Romford.

In the class for forty-eight blooms, there were
four exhibitors, and Messrs. Keynes & Co., were
placed 1st, with some very good flowers, pro-
minent being Thomas Hobbs, Spitfire, Duchess
of Albany (fancy), Rev. J. B. M. Camm (fancy),
William Rawlings, James O'Brien (fancy), Mr.
Glasscock, R. T. Rawlings, King of Crimsons,
Shirley Hibberd, Mrs. Saunders (fancy). Frank
Pearce (fancy), Mrs. Langtry, J. T. Vaughan,
John Henshaw, Mrs. Gladstone, Comedian (fancy),
Prince of Denmark, Edmund Boston, Colonist,
Mrs. P. McKenzie, Nellie Cramond, Coronet, Miss
Canneil, and Queen of the Belgians. 2nd, Mr.
A. Rawlings, with General Gordon (fancy), Maud
Fellowes, Harry Keith, James Mcintosh (fancy),
Queen of the Belgians, Prince of Denmark, Egyptian
Prince (self crimsoD), George Rawlings.

There were five exhibitors of thirty-six blooms,
and here a rising West of England grower, Mr.
George Humphries, nurseryman, Chippenham, was
placed 1st, with Duchess of Albany and Frank
Pearce, fancies ; William Rawlings, Ethel Britton,
Harry Turner, J. W. Lord, Salamander (fancy),
Hope, Hercules (fancy), Mrs. Kendal. Mrs. Saunders
(fancy), Colonist, Sunset (fancy), James Stephen,
Maud Fellowes, Shirley Hibberd, Nellie Cranmore.
2nd, Messrs. J. Saltmarsh & Son, nurserymen,
Chelmsford, with Mrs. F. Foreman, Mrs. W. Slack,
T. S. Ware, J. B. Service, Mrs. Gladstone, H. W.
Ward, Constancy, Mrs. Glasscock, R. T. Rawlings,
Frank Pearce (fancy), Harrison Weir, and Willie
Garratt.

Mr. Humphries was also 1st with twenty-four
blooms, out of five exhibitors, Btaging good ones of
Duchess of Albany (fancy), Mrs. J. Downie (orange
self), R. T. Rawlings, Wru. Rawlings, Mrs. Sauuders
(<ancy), Harry Turner, Maud Fellowes, Frank Pearce
(fancy), &c. ; 2nd, Mr. J. Walker.

There were six exhibitors of twelve blooms; Mr.
J. R. Tranter, nurseryman, Henley-on-ThamPS, was
1st, with good flowers of William Keith, George
Rawlings, Mrs. Gladstone, Joseph Ashby, Willie
Garratt, J. T. West, HarriBon Weir, John Standish,
Chorister (fancy), and Seedling; the blooms were
small, but very correct. 2nd, Mr. H. Harris, Writtle
Road, Cambridge, with blooms only just inferior.

Cactus and Decorative Dahlias. — The bunches of
these were a Btriking feature indeed, and there were
five exhibitors of twelve varieties. Messrs. Keynes
& Co. were placed first with St. Catharine, pale
yellow, new; Juarezi, Mrs. Hawkins, Baron
Schroder (new, and very fine), and Mrs. Arthur
Newall were red shaded ; Countess of Pembroke,
pale pinkish mauve ; Duke of Clarence and Kyne-
rith, brilliant orange scarlet, type of Juarezi; Vis-
countess Folkestone, Lancelot, Dr. Masters, and a
Seedling. Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons came in a good
2nd, with Duke of Clarence, Marchioness of Bute,
Mrs. G. Reid, Robert Maher, Professor Baldwin,
Beauty of Arundel, Mrs. Tait, Empress of India,
Harry Freeman. Black Prince, Millie Scupham,
and Juarezi. There were four exhibitors of nine
bunches, and Messrs. J. Burrel & Co., Howe House
Nurseries, Cambridge, were placed 1st, with fine
bunches of Juarezi, Mrs. Hawkins, Mrs. G. Reid,
Black Prince, H. Freeman, Amphion, Professor
Baldwin, Mrs. Douglas, a very pretty pinkish salmon
variety, and Robert Maher. 2nd, Mr. M. V. Scale,
whose best bunches were Honoria, Cannell's
Favourite, Henry Canneil, and Panthea. In the
class for nine bunches of Cactus varieties, six blooms
of each, Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons took the 1st prize.

Pompone Dahlias. — These certainly appeared to
have missed something of their usual symmetry
and finish, and they appeared to have gone to size.
The best stand of twenty-four varieties, in bunches
of ten blooms of each, came from Messrs. Keynes &
Co., who had Darkness, Lady Blanche, Hector,
Golden Gem ; 2nd, Messrs. Cheal & Sons, who had
The Khedive, Achilles, Phcebe, Iolanthe, Othello,
Don Juan, Dora, Little Bobbie, Darkness, H. E.
Searle ; 3rd, Mr. C. Turner.

With twelve varieties, Messrs. Paul & Son were 1st.

Single Dahlias. — There were four exhibitors of

312

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

twenty-four single Dahlias, ten blooms of each, and
Messrs. Cheal & Sons maintained their old supremacy,
both for quality and for effective setting-up: 2nd,
Mr. C. Steed, Addiscombe, Croydon. The class for
twelve bunches did not bring any exhibitors.

Owing to the pressure on our space we are com-
pelled to omit the remainder of the report, and that
of the Crystal Palace Show, which will be given in
our next issue.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Somsier chrysanthemums were the chief feature of
the exhibition opened yesterday at the Royal
Aquarium, though Dahlias and Gladioli made an ex-
cellent display. Among the chief exhibitors of the
former were Mr. J. A. Houblon and Mr. Vince, and
Mr. Owen sent a splendid group of early Pompon and
incurved summer varieties in Beveral new and
beautiful colours. Mr. Theobald, MP., Messrs.
Phippen, Messrs. Cheal, Messrs. Ware, and Messrs.
Keynes were among the prize winners for Dahlias,
and showed remarkably fine colle ctions.

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

The following is a report of this remarkable
exhibition — remarkable for extent, there being about
4000 entries, but lacking in the finer features of the
great Belgian shows, in the way of Cycads. Palms,
and Trfe Ferns to conceal the gaunt-looking rafters
of the Waverley Market Hall in which the exhibition
is held.

Special Prizes.

Tbe Siver Cup, of the value of £10, presented by
the Turner Memorial Tmstees, for the best collec-
tion of fruit in the show (twelve dishes) was awarded
to Mr. Mclndoe, Hutton Hall, Guisboro.

The Veitch Memorial Medal and £5, for the
most meritorious dish of fruit in the show, was won
by Mr. McIIattie, Newbattle Abbey, for fine bunches
of Muscat of Alexandria Grapes.

A second Veitch Memorial Medal and £5, for the
most meritorious Orchid, or stove or greenhouse
plant, in the show, was won by Mr. Finch, for a
magnificent specimen of Ixora Duffii, covered with
trusses of its magnificent flowers, some of which
measured 16 inches across.

The third Mi dal, for the most meritorious hybrid
was not awarded — not for want of worthy subjects,
but from the interpretation the judges placed on the
terms of the programme, else it should have gone to
Mr. LindBay for a hybiid Nepenthes.

Class I. — Collections of Fruits.

In these exhibits were to be found some most
superior examples of cultivation, both of Grapes and
other fruits ; Pears and Apples from orchard-house
trees having greatly aided most of the successful
exhibitors. In the large class for twelve dishes of
fruit without any restriction as to kinds shown, Mr.
Mclndoe, gr. to Sir Joseph Pease, Bart., M.P.,
Hutton Hall, Guisborough, was first with a superb
display of fruit throughout, all being in the best pos-
sible condition. Of Grapes, he had three bunches
of Golden Champion, finely finished in every respect,
large in bunch and berry, these latter being also of
a beautifully clear colour, and three bunches of Gros
Maroc, also of large size and perfect in finish. Two
excellent Pines, one Queen and one Smooth Cayenne,
both well ripened ; two excellent Melons, one being
Heroof Lockinge.and one Exquisite, amedium bunch
of Bananas, a splendid dish ot Souvenir du Congres
Pears, highly coloured fruits of Golden Eagle Peach,
well-ripened Ribston Pippin Apples, Stanwick Elruge
Nectarines, Brown Turkey Figs, and Kirke's Plums,
completed this fine exhibit. The 2nd prize in this
class was awarded to Mr. Murray, gr. to the Marquis
of Ailsa, Culzean Castle, Maybole. This collection
comprised splendid Muscat "of Alexandria Grapes,
large bunches and good colour; huge clusters of
Alnwick Seedling, well ripened, an extra fine bunch
of Bananas, two good Pines, good Melons, Peaches,
and Figs. The 3rd prize in this class went to Mr.
Hunter, gr. to Earl of Durham, Lambton Castle,
fine Gros Colmar and Calabrian Raisin Grapes a
splendid dish of Souvenir du Congris Pears, and two
excellent Pine-apples were shown here.

For a collection of twelve dishes, from which Pine-
apples were excluded, Mr. Hunter won the 1st prize
showing very strongly. Of Grapes he staged extra
fine Gros Colmar, the best bunches of this kind
shown very fine both in bunch, berry, and colour;
three large clusters of Barbar'diisa, well coloured •

and three of similar description of Black Alicante.
Other fruits consisted of Scarlet Premier Melon,
Gregorie Bourdillon Pear, Royal George Peach, and
Worcester Pearmain Apples, all of which were of
fi rst-rate|order of merit ;Mr.McKelvie,gr. to Dowager-
Duchess of Roxburgh, Dunbar, was an excellent
2nd, having good Muscat of Alexandria, Barbarossa,
and Black Alicante Grapes, good Peaches, Nectarines,
and Pears. Mr. Fairgrieve, gr. to Dowager-Duchess of
Athol, Dunkeld, was 3rd, having some good Grapes,
an extra large Melon, with other capital dishes of
Peaches, Apples, and Pears.

With twelve dishes of fruit grown in an orchard-
house, exclusive of Grapes and Pines, Mr. Mclndoe
was a fair 1st; in this instance he had Doyenne) du
Cornice Pears — fine ; the same of Souvenir du Con-
gres, Emperor Alexander Apple, of large size, with
a grand dish of Bismarck, Exquisite, and Princess of
Wales Peaches, Spencer and Humboldt Nectarines,
Kirke's and Magnum Bonum Plums, with Brown
Turkey Figs, and Passiflora edulis, making a good
collection. Mr. Hunter in this instance was 2nd, his
best dishes being BeurreS D'el and Clapp's Favourite
Pears, both fine; Peasgood's Nonsuch, and Warner's
King, of extra size ; capital Plums and Peaches.
Mr. Melville, gr. to Hon. G. G. Dalrymple, St. Bos-
well's, was 3rd ; here was an excellent dish of
Bigarreau Noir de Schmidt Cherries, and another
variety of Bigarreau, with two excellent dishes of
Rivers' Orange Nectarines.

For twelve dishes of fruit, excluding Pines and
Grapes. Mr. Hunter once more won the 1st prize
here; he showed the following in first-rate con-
dition : — Souvenir du Cong es and Gregorie Bour-
dillon Pears, Lord Napier and Victoria Nectarines,
Worcester Pearmain and Ribston Pippin Apples and
two good Melons, all first cla«s fruit. Mr. Mclndoe
in this case was 2nd with Pitmaston Duchess and
Doyennej de Cornice Pears, both extra fine, with
excellent fruits of Blenheim Orange and Scarlet
Model Melons ; good Nectarines and Plums made up
this collection. Mr. Melville came 3rd in this
class with good fruit, amongst which were some
capital Bigarreau Napoleon Cherries, and large fruits
of Newton and River's Orange Nectarines.

For eighteen dishes of fruit grown in the open air
in Scotland, Mr. Fairgrieve was first with a remark-
ably fine exhibit, William's Bon Chretien and Pit-
maston Duchess Pears, Peasgood's Nonsuch and
Worcester Pearmain Apples, Governor Wood and
Morello Cherries, both extra; Large Earlv Apricots
(very fine), very good Peaches, Nectarines, Plums,
Figs, and Red Currants being his best dishes.
Mr. Day took the 2nd prize, also showing some
well-grown fruit, Morello and Late Duke Cherries,
Magnum Bonum and Pond's Seedling Plums, Castle
Kennedy Figs, William 'b Bon Chrejtien Pears, and
Lady Sudeley Apple being his best dishes. Mr. Good-
fellow, Perth, was 3rd, showing a good all-round
collection of fruit.

With twelve dishes of fruit grown in the open air
in England, Mr. Craap, gr. to Lord Wimbome, Can-
ford Manor, was awarded the 1st prize, staging some
very well-grown and highly-coloured fruit; these
consisted of Duchesse d'Angoulfime, William's Bon
Chretien, and Doyenne Boussoch Pears, all extra
good. Red Astrachan, Worcester Pearmain, and
Ribston Pippin Apples, Lord Napier and
Pitmaston Orange Nectarines, both fine dishes,
good examples of Figs in Brown Turkey; ex-
cellent Morello Cherries and large Plums, with
other good fruit. The 2nd prize, collection from
Mr. Nicholson, gr. to Wm. Melles, Esq., Sewardstone
Lodge, Essex, included fine examples of Pears in
River's Princess and Clapp's Favourite, Warner's
King and Peasford'a Nonsuch Apples, with good
fruits of Nectarines. Plums and Cherries, the 3rd
prize being taken by Mr. Wright, Hereford, in which
some few dishes were good, whilst others were weak.

The Turner Memorial Prize for the best collection
of fruit in the exhibition was awarded, after careful
consideration, to Mr. Mclndoe for his fine exhibit in
Class I., section 1, viz., for twelve dishes of fruits
with no restrictions.

Class II. — Grapes.

In thia section the greatest amount of interest
was centered in the classes for collections. In
these some of the finest produce in the show was
to be seen, to which no exception could be taken.
Many of the exhibits were of remarkable character
and quality. For eight bunches, four varieties, there
were eight competitors. The 1st prize was rightly
awarded to Mr. Kirk, gr. to J. T. Paton, Esq., Nor-
wood, Alloa. The varieties Were Madresfield Court,
bun6he)s of extra size, berries large, with nb semblance

of cracking ; Black Hamburgh, bunches again of
extra size, in every way first rate; Gros Maroc
bunches extra fine, berries not so large as in some
instances ; and Alnwick Seedling, with large clusters
and fine berries. In each instance the finish was
perfect, the colour and bloom of the finest. The only
fault one could find was the absence of Muscat of
Alexandria, which if present instead of the last-
named kind, to give more quality, would have
made this collection almost invincible. Mr. Taylor,
gr. to J. Chaffin, Esq, Bath, came a close
2nd; his varieties were — Muscat of Alexandria,
in fine condition, both as regards colour, berries,
and bunches — there was, however, a slight trace
here and there of rust, which was the only defect ;
Madresfield Court was also well shown, hardly so
fine in berry as those in the 1st prize collection ;
Black Alicante, the bunches of extra size and
superior finish; and Alnwick Seedling, again slightly
behind his opponent's pair. Mr. Murray, gr. to T. L.
Learmouth, Esq., Polmont, was 3rd, with good
bunches, well coloured, the berries rather smaller
than in the 1st and 2nd prizes.

The other exhibits in this class were of excellent
quality. Mr. Kirk was 1st again for six bunches,
not less than three varieties, showing Madresfield
Court, Black Hamburgh, and Gros Maroc, the latter
being extraordinarily fine in berry and colour. Mr.
McHattie, gr. to the Marquis of Lothian, Newbattle
Abbey, was a capital 2nd in this class, showing three
superb bunches of Muscat of Alexandria, grandly
coloured, with one of Black Hamburgh, and two of
Madresfield, all well finished, the bunches of medium
size in each instance. Mr. Mackinnon, gr. to Viscount
Melville, Lasswade, came in 3rd, with some splendid
fruit, showing Madresfield Court, a fine bunch, but
hardly coloured, Muscat of Alexandria, of medium
size; two huge clusters of Gros Maroc, and a
splendid bunch of Golden Hamburgh, with another
of Black Hamburgh, also good. In this class eleven
competed.

For four bunches in varieties, Mr. Taylor beat his
opponent in the larger class, having highly finished
examples of Alnwick Seedling, Madresfield Court,
Muscat of Alexandria, and Black Alicante, all fine
in bunch and berry. Mr. Kirk came in this case
2nd, with one each of Black Hamburgh, Madresfield
Court, Gros Maroc, and Alicante, all in good con-
dition ; Mr. Murray again following 3rd with well-
coloured bunches. In this class there were again
eleven competitors.

For two of bunches Black Hamburgh, Mr. Wither-
spoon, Red Rose Cottage, Chester-le-Street, was 1st,
the clusters being finely coloured, but the berries
rather smalt ; Mr. Boyd, Falkirk, being 2nd, with
good examples. With Muscat Hamburgh, Mr. Day,
Galloway House, took 1st prize with the best of the
kind in the show, being of excellent colour, and
well-formed bunches ; Mr. Boyd being placed 2nd.
Mr. Day took 1st for Madresfield Court, with
buncheB extia well coloured; Mr. Murray following
with larger bunches, rather deficient in this respect.
The last-named was, however, to the front with
Black Alicante of good finish and quality ; Mr.
Taylor came a very close 2nd, being finer in appear-
ance, but hardly so ripe. Mr. Taylor won easily
with Gros Colmar, showing extra bunches, well
finished, and of first-rate colour, with berries extra
fine in size. Mr. Potter, White Halls, Carlisle, was
here a near 2nd, with two bunches of finer finish ;
Mr. Day came in a good 3rd, with two bunches of
medium size.

For Lady Downes, Mr. Murray won again, with
excellent bunches, of extra size and well finished,
these were more thick and dense than is usual for
this variety. Mr. Morrison, of Archerfield, was 2nd,
with long tapering bunches of good colour. Mr.
Green, Haddington, was 3rd, with bunches bearing
splendid berries.

For any other black kind, Gros Maroc was placed
1st, being shown by Mr. Day, the bunches of medium
size, but finely finished. Mr. Taylor came 2nd here,
having larger bunches and much finer berries, but
hardly so well-coloured, one bunch being also a little
rubbed.

The next class was an important one, that of two
bunches of Muscat of Alexandria, inasmuch, as it
contained the two bunches to which the Veitch
Memorial Prize and Medal was awarded for the most
meritorious dish of fruit in the show. This, with the
1st prize in its class, was worthily awarded to Mr.
McHattie, who staged two fine bunches perfect in
colour, and cf extra size, with large berries. Mr.
Taylor was second, only lucking the colour of those
in the 1st prize lot. Mr. Winter, Walk House. Hull,
was a capital third, with fjl.eari bunches (13 com-

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

313

petitore). Mr. Potter won the 1st prize with good
bunches of Buckland Sweetwater, finely coloured,
Mr. Allan coming in second.

For any other white Grape, two bunches of Duke
of Buccleuch from Mr. Copeland, Orwell Lodge, were
placed first. These were ot extra size in bunch, good
in berry, and finely finished. Mr. Mclndoe followed
very closely indeed with similar buuches of the same
variety. Trebbiano of good size and colour was
placed third, coming from Mr. Potter. Golden Queen
in this class was finely shown by Mr. Murray without
its well-known failing.

For single bunches there was a quantity of good
produce shown. With Black Hamburgh, Mr. Morrison
was first, showing the finest bunch of its kind in any
of the classes, large in size, and berry also well
coloured; Mr. Day following with an excellent
sample very compact. Mr. Taylor secured the first
prize for Black Alicantes with an extra fine bunch,
which left nothing to be desired, Mr. Murray coming
in second. With Lady Downes, Mr. Laing, Blair-
gowrie was first, with an extra fine bunch, well
coloured, Mr. Murray being second with another
good sample. Mr. Green, was first for Alnwick
Seedling, with a good bunch, having large and
well-coloured berries, Mr. Murray being second,
his berries being of medium size. A smaller
bunch, with extra tine berries Irom Mr. Taylor, was
placed third. An enormous bunch of Gros Maroc
secured for Mr. Leslie, Pitcullen House, Perth,
the first prize in its class, a little more thinning
would have greatly improved this exhibit. Mr.
Taylor was second with a finely finished bunch. Mr.
Mcllattie was again invincible tor a bunch of Muscat
of Alexandria, showing an example equal to his
other lot prize ones. The 2nd prize in this class
went to a comparatively small buuch, well coloured,
from Mr. Green, the 3rd to a larger one from Mr.
Wyton, Garstang. For the heaviest bunch of any
black Grape in its class, Mr. Mattison, gr. to Mr.
Buchanan Currie, was first with a huge cluster of
Gros Colman weighing 12£ lb. This bunch was
only partially coloured, requiring some weeks
to have finished it, which it bore a promise of
having done if not cut. The 2nd prize went
to a large cluster of black Alicante weighing
111b. 2oz., the 3rd prize being awarded to a large
bunch ot Barbarossa, the best finished of tne
three, the former from Mr. Leslie, the latter from
Mr. Kirk. For the heaviest one of any white Grape,
the 1st prize was awarded to a large ungainly buuch
of Raisin de Calabre, Irom Mr. Morrison, the weight
of which was not 6tated ; the 2nd going to the
same kind, Irom Mr. Hannah, Port William, the
only merit being its weight. Amongst the classes
for Grapes, the strongest exhibits were to be found
in the collections of varieties. In the larger class,
such well-known growers as Mr. Mcllattie, Mr.
McKinnon, of Lasswade, Mr. Murray, of Maybole,
Mr. Allan, of Gunton, and Mr. Leslie, of Perth, all
showed fruit of excellent description. Although re-
ceiving no prizes, these exhibits all deserve recogni-
tion. Had they showed in the smaller classes, many
of these productions would have stood in the front
r.nk.

It would have saved the judges some considerable
trouble in these classes if the bunches bad been
weighed beforehand. For one bunch of Madresfield
Court, Mr. Taylor was 1st — fine in berry, bunch, and
colour ; Mr. McICelvie, gr. to Dowager Duchess of
Roxburghe, Dunbar, a good 2nd. Mrs. Pince was
very large in berry, and well finished, from Mr. W.
Stewart, Brayton Hall ; Mr. Murray coming 2nd.
For Duke of Buccleuch, Mr. Chalmers, Dumlries, was
1st, with a medium-sized bunch, well coloured ; Mr.
Copeland 2ud. Mr. Mclndoe was 1st for Golden
Champion, with a good-sized clean bunch, with fine
berries. The same exhibitor also took the 1st prize
for the best seedling, not in commerce, with Black
Duke, a cross between Gros Guillaume and Duke of
Buccleuch. It partakes much of its first-named
named parent in the bunch, having also the loDg
footstalk ot that kind ; the berries resemble the
Duke, the flavour is first-rate, the skin rather thick,
indicating its keeping qualities, much after that of
the Black Hamburgh, and, in the opinion of the
judges, excellent. Mr. Murray, Culzean Castle,
Ma) bole, was 2nd in this class with a seedling of
which no information was given, it resembles Lady
Dennes in berry with bunches after the Hamburgh.
For flavour the 1st was given in the black class
to Muscat Hamburgh from Mr. David Murray ; the
2nd to Mr. McKelvie for Madresfield Court.

For the best flavoured white with Muscat of
Alexandria in perfect condition, Mr. McHattie was
1st, the 2nd going to the same sort, from Mr. Winter,

Hull. Gros Maroc was placed 1st for bloom, extra
dense, shown by Mr. Day, Galloway House ; Mr. D.
Murray being 2nd.

Class III. — Grapes.

In this class (open to those who do not compete in
the preceding) Mr. McDonald, Middleton House, is
the winner for two bunches of Black Hamburgh, good
colour and ripe ; the 2nd going to Mr. Collins, Sloney
Hill, Walkertown. Black Alicantes : 1st to Mr.
John Caldwell, Bangholm, with medium bunches
well finished ; 2nd to Mr. Harper, Dundas Castle, with
larger bunches, hardly coloured sufficiently to win.
Lady Downe's : Mr. J. Caldwell won again with fine
bunches, hardly coloured enough. Mr. Harper fol-
lowing him again, but closely. Muscat of Alex-
andria: 1st, to Mr. James Dobbie, Liberton, the
bunches well coloured and fully ripened ; Mr.
McDonald came 2nd, with larger bunches very clean.

For single bunches, Mr. McDonald took 1st with
black Hamburgh, of tine colour ; Mr. Collins, 2nd.
Madresfield Court from Mr. Caldwell, was easily 1st,
the bunch a fine one. The last-named exhibitor took
1st for black Alicante, with an extra fine bunch and
tine in berry. Lady Downe's, in perfect condition,
from Mr. Jas. Cocker, easily won ; Mr. J. Caldwell
again 2nd.

For Gros Colmar, Mr. McLeod took 1st, with a
small bunch well coloured ; Mr. Cocker, 2nd, for a
larger one wanting the finish.

For any other Black, Mr. Cameron was 1st, for Gros
Maroc.

In Whites, Mr. J. Caldwell won again with
Muscat of Alexandria, the bunch a fine one, but
wantiog colour. Mr. Auldjo, May field, 2nd, with
the same deficiency.

Mr. Cameron was 1st for Foster's Seedling, with a
good example in colour and berry ; Mr. Caldwell
2nd, with a larger bunch.

For any other sort of White, a splendid bunch of
Duke of Buccleuch, with enormous berries, was
easily 1st, from Mr. Scott, Beechwood; Golden
Hamburgh, not often seen so good, being 2nd, from
Mr. J. Cocker.

For the bunch with finest colour, Gros Maroc was
1st, again coming from Mr. Crichlon, Liberton. One
bunch in this class was passed over by the judges,
it certainly had the finest bloom, but it had
apparently not been obtained by a natural method.
Upon smelling the bunch, there was a most
perceptible odour of sulphur found to pervade
it. Such proceedings, when brought about by
artificial means, should not be recognised, but, as in
the present case, be passed over, and, if intentional,
severely reprimanded by the judges.

Class IV. — Frdit Tbevs in Pots.

Vine Grown in Pot, Black. — There were but two
competitors for this prize, but the quality was not
first-rate, and the Vines were badly trained. The
1st prize was awarded to Mr. A. DutF. gr. to Kobeit
Bell, E-q., Clifton Hall, Ratho, with Gros Maroc; it
had nine badly-coloured bunches on it.

Pot Vine, White. — This class was rather better.
Mr. Jas. Harvey, gr. to Col. Trotter, Morton Hall,
was 1st, with Muscat of Alexandria ; Mr. Bell being
2nd, with Rivers' New Sweetwater.

Four Fruit Trees in Pots were fairly good. Mr. J.
Mclndoe was let, with a good Sea Eagle Peach, an
Apple, and two Pear trees.

Messrs. Cross & Sons, of Glasgow, showed well-
grown fruit trees in pots, and samples of their
fertilisers.

Class V. — Fruit.

Pines in pots were not first-rate, but the two
smooth-leaved Cayennes with which Mr. Mclntyre
won the 1st prize were fairly good. The same exhi-
bitor was awarded the 1st prize for two handsome
smooth-leaved Cayennes in the class for that variety.
Mr. James Bennett, gr. to the Hon. C. H. Wynn,
Rug Corwens was a good 2nd. Mr. Mclntyre was
1st for Queens, and in the any other variety class,
Mr. A. Kirk, gr. to J. T. Paton, Esq., of Aloa, was
1st with Lord Carrington.

Mr. J. Hunter was 1st for a seedling Pine Apple
not in commerce. For one bnnch of Bananas Mr.
Mclndoe was 1st with a good solid cluster.

Melons. — There was a good competition in the class
for two melons. Amongst ten competitors Mr. John
Wilson, gr. to Lord Elphin6tone, Carberry Tower,
was 1st with handsome fruit of La Favourite and
Blenheim Orange.

There were thirty-six competitors in the next two
classes for green and scarlet- flesh, many handsome
well-ripened examples beiDg shown. Mr. Wilson
was again 1st in the former class, with La Favorite,
and in the latter class, Mr. A. Millar (gr., to W. H.

Long, Esq., M.P., Rood Ashton), was 1st, with a
superb example of Blenheim Orange.

Figs were well represented by eight dishes, Mr,
Cruaen, gr. at Castle Kennedy, being 1st with twelve
handsome examples ot Brown Turkey,

Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots. — There were
sixteen dishes ot twelve Peaches, and twenty-four
dishes of six. Mr. Tnomas Lunt, gr. to A. Stirling,
Esq., of Keir, winning in both classes, with re-
markably coloured examples of Royal George.
Many other meritorious dishes were exhibited.

Ainongt twelve dishes of twelve Nectarines well-
coloured examples of Elruge, from Mr. Lunt, proved
to be the best. There were fifteen competitors for
the prizes offered for six Nectarines. The best were
well-ripened Pitmaston Orange, from Mr. T. H.
Crasp, gr. to Lord Wimborne.

There were twelve dishes of apricots, most of the
fruit being of large size and well ripened, the best
being twelve fruits of Moorpark, from Mr. G. Good-
fellow, gr. to E. C. S. Gray, Esq., Perth. Mr. P. W.
Fairgreive, gr. to the Duchess of Athole, was a good
Becond.

Plums. — There were seventy-nine dishes of Dessert
Plums, divided into six sections, amongst them
being some well-ripened fruits, clean and of hand-
some appearance. The transparent Gage from Mr.
P. Blair, gr. to the Duke ot Sutherland, Trentham ;
Ouliin8 Golden Gage, from Mr. S. Bowman, gr. to
the Hon. Lady Dt-as, of Lasswade ; the Gieengage,
from Mr. Mclntyre, were very tine, and all were
awarded 1st prizes in their sections. The variety
Jefferson was well represented. Mr. A. Wilson, gr.
to R. A. Oswald, Esq., of Auchencrjuive, had the
beBt. Mr. Blair had also well-ripened fruit of
smaller size. Kirke's was represented by twenty-
one dishes of that variety. The best of them
were from Mr. J. Day, gr. to C. J. Massey,
Esq., Galloway House, Coe's Golden Drop, and
other varieties were exhibited in somewhat smaller
quantities.

There were sixty- five dishes of kitchen Plums, the
favourite and beBt-grown varieties being Victoria
and Magnum Bonum. In the former class Mr. Blair
was first, and in the latter Mr. A. Wilson ; Mr. James
Harper, of St. Hellier's, Jersey, obtained a first prize
for very good Pond's Seedling ; Mr. Mclndoe obtained
the first prize for a collection of sixteen varieties of
Plums, comprising good examples ot Monarch, Grand
Duke, Cox's Emperor, Brandy Gage, Belle de
Louvain, Pershore, &c.

Pears.— Pears were represented by some remark-
ably well-grown fruits. There were twenty-three
dishes ot Jargonelle, a favourite Scotch variety ;
but the 1st prize lot came troru England, Mr. Crasp
winniag with astonishing examples of this variety.
By far the best amongst seventeen dishes of William's
Bon Chietien were those from Mr. Harper, Jersey.

There were nineteen dishes of Beune d'Amanlis,
Mr. Harper being again 1st; Mr. Donald M. Beau,
gr. to J. C. Cunninghame, Esq., Renlrewshire, was a
good second.

Mr. Crasp beats Mr. Harper in the class for
Louise Bonne of Jersey, both having large well-
coloured examples.

The variety, Marie Louise, was represented by
twenty-one dishes, none of them being ripe ; but the
specimens were of considerable merit. Mr. James
Day, Mr. It. Sinclair, of Drum, and Mr. A. Wilson,
winning in the order of their names. Of Winter
Nelis some were not true to name. By far the best
of seven dishes were those Irom Mr. Harper. Hacon'a
Incomparable and Glou Moiceau were poorly repre-
sented, Mr. Crasp winning in one class and Mr.
Harper in the other.

Mr. Harper had the best Easter Beurie, and Mr.
McKelvie, gr. to the Dowager Duchess of Roxburgh,
Dunbar, the best Beun6 Ranee.

In the any other variety class, there was a good
competition, twenty dishes being put up. Mr. Day
was 1st, Mr. Gilmour, gr. to the Right Hon. J. G.
Goschen, Esq., MP., 2ud with Pitmaston Duchess,
Mr. Crasp being 3rd with well-coloured Doyenne
Boussoch. Altogether there were 139 single dishes
of dessert Pears in competition.

There were nineteen dishes of stewing Pears, by
far the best, being sent by Mr. Harper, who won two
1st prizes with GrosseCalabasse and Catillac. There
were six collections of Pears, Mr. Harper being 1st,
withhaDdsome clean fruit, and Mr. Crasp, a good 2nd.

Dessert Apples were divided into eleven sections of
single dishes, comprising the most popular varieties,
in all 143 single dishes were staged ol dessert Apples,
the most popular varieties being Ribston Pippin,
King of the Pippins, Irish Peach, and Thcrle Pippin.
The principal prize-winners were Mr. J. Nicholson,

314

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

gr. to W. Willes, Esq., Sewardston Lodge, Essex ;
Mr. Jas. Dav, Mr. S. X. Wright, gr. to C. L. Camp-
bell, E»q , Hereford ; Mr. Craspe, Mr. John McKenzie,
gr. to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P., Maidstone,
and Mr. Harper.

Thirteen competitors entered the lists for twelve
varieties of dessert Apples, but the quality through-
out was not first-rate. Mr. John McKenzie was
well 1st, most of his fruit being of good size, and
well coloured ; Mr. S. T. Wright was 2nd.

Kitchen Apples— There were 177 dishes, and in
these the best represented were Lord Suffield, Stir-
ling Castle, Eclinville, Hawthornden, Tower of
Glamis, Warner's King, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Emperor
Alexander, Stone's Duchess of Oldenburgh, and
Pott's Seedling. The leading nrize winners in eleven
classes being Mr. Goldie, Girvan, Ayrshire, Mr.
Gilmour, Mr. McKenzie, Mr. Jas. Oulton, gr. to Chas.
Lockhart, Esq., of Castle Douglas, and Mr. John
McKenzie.

There were fourteen collections of Culinary Apples
— 12 dishes ; the competition being very keen and
the quality of the fruit good. Mr. McKenzie well
deserved the 1st prize he won well with d'Eclat,
The Queen, Bedfordshire Foundling, Yorkshire
Beauty, Tyler's Kernel, Grenadier, Frogmore
Prolific, Lord Derby, Mere de Manage, Gloria
Mnndi. and Alexander. Mr. Gilmour was second.

Mr. McKenzie had the heaviest dish of Apples, a

fine one of Peasgood's Nonsuch, weighing lOib. 12oz.

There were thirteen competitors.

Strawberries were very good for the season. Six

competitors staged dishes ; the best was sent by Mr.

Harper, gr. to Q. R. S. Richardson, Esq., Perth.

Gooseberries. — There were twenty-one dishes of
Gooseberries, but none of the fruits were named.
The best were sent by Mr. Maitland Forrest, gr. to
Dr. Smith, Currie.

There were eleven dishes of Black Currants,
twenty-four of Red Currants, sixteen of White Cur-
rants, thirteen of Raspberries, twenty-two of Cher-
ries, and one of Brambles, the prize-winners in their
order being Mr. E. Cameron, Mr. J. Brown, gr. to
C. Wray, Esq., of Shercairny, Mr. D. Logan,
Castlelaw Gardens, Coldstream, Mr. A. Hepburn,
gr. to Mejory W. Ramsay, Killicoultry, and Mr. J.
Harper.

Class VI.
Collections of Pears and Apples from France,
Belgium, and the Channel Islands were represented
by two very meritorious collections of each from Mr.
Harper.

Class VII. — Plants.
Ten Stove and Greenhouse Plants Distinct. — Two
competitors. An unequal contest ; the first prize was
awarded to Mr. W. Finch, Queen's Road, Coventry,
who staged perhaps the finest lot of this kind that
ever appeared in Edinburgh. Ixora Williamsii, and
I. amabilis, Lapageria rosea, and L. alba, with Erica
Eweriana, were the flowering plants : and Croton
Johannis, and C. Warrenii, Kentia Fosteriara, K.
Belmoreana, and Cycas circinalis, the foliage plants.
Mr. A. Crichton, Southfield, Liberton, was 2nd.

Six Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — No competition.
Mr. Thomson, Eskbank, obtained the 1st prize, with
a fair lot.

Eight Foliage Plants, distinct, pots not exceeding
10 inches. — In this section there were several
exhibitors. The exhibits were of the half-specimen
class, all good and fresh. Mr. Mclntyre, The Glen,
Inverleithen, was placed 1st; Mr. Mclntyre, Darling-
ton, 2nd ; and Mr. Stewart, Bra) ton Hall. 3rd,

One Specimen Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Mr.
Finch was here placed 1st with a grand IxoraJDuffii,
truly a magnificent sample of plant cultivation. Mr.
Mclntyre, Darlington, was p'aced 2nd.

A table of plants 20 feet by 5 feet. — 1st prize went
to Mr. Mclntyre, Darlington, who set up a very
graceful table, well balanced in foliage and flower-
ing plants. Mr. G. Wood, Oswald House, Edin-
burgh, was 2nd, with a table rich in well-coloured
Crotons and other foliage plants ; and Mr. Reynard,
Ardenclutha, Hamilton, was 3rd.

One Cape Heath, only one entrant. — Mr. Finch,

who set up a grand specimen of Erica Marnockiana.

Two Crotons distinct.— Mr. Stewart, Brayton, was

an easy 1st with a splendid C. Sunset, and C. angus-

tifolius aureus ; 2nd, Mr. Mclntyre, Darlington.

One Croton. — Mr. Stewart was here again an easy
1st, with a magnificent C. Queen Victoria; ; and Mr.
A. Thomson, Dean, 2nd.

Four Dracanas, in not less than 0-inch pots.

Several entries. The best was staged by Mr.

Mclntyre, Darlington ; 2nd, Mr. Mclntyre, The

Glen ; 3rd, Mr. Harvey, Morton Hall, Midlothian.

Three Dracanas, in pots, not exceeding 6-in.

Here, Mr. Crichton, Southfield, Liberton, was placed
1st; Mr. Mclntyre, The Glen, 2nd, and Mr. A.
Thomson, 3rd.

Six Paints, distinct, in pots not exceeding 9-in.
Numerous entries. The best was set up by Mr.
Mclntyre, The Glen, very clean well-grown stuff;
Mr. Mclndoe was placed 2nd, and Mr. G. Wood, 3rd.
Four Caladiums. — 1st, Mr. Crichton ; 2nd, Mr.
G. Wood.

Six Table Ferns (in pots not exceeding 6 inches).
1st, Mr. Mclndoe, won easily, with pretty plants of
Lomaria tripinnatifida, Adiantum gracillinura, Gym-
nogramma chrysophylla, Pteris tremula Smithii ;
2nd, Mr. Mclntyre, The Glen; 3rd, Mr. Fraser,
Canaan Park, Eiinburgh.

Six Exotic Ferns, Tree Ferns, Gleichenias and
Adiantums excluded. — Mr. Napier, Rockville, Edin-
burgh, 1st, with a very clean lot of fine specimens ;
2nd, Mr. G. Wood ; 3rd, Mr. Crichton.

Three Gleichenias. — 1st, Mr. Mclntyre, Darlington ;
2nd, Mr. Laing, Salisbury Green, Edinburgh ; 3rd,
Mr. J. Bald, Canaan House, Edinburgh.

Four Adiantums. — Many entries, all good speci-
men plants: 1st, Mr. HendersoD, Polmont ; 2nd,
Mr. Lawson, Graigcrook Castle ; 3rd, Mr. Hender-
son, Cleimiston.

One Adiantum Farleyense. — 1st, Mr. Mclntyre,
Darlington ; 2nd, Mr. Green.

Todea superba. — Mr. E. Cameron, Ericstoane,
Restalrig.

Six British Ferns, distinct varieties, large speci-
mens.— Several entries — all good, 1st, Mr. Leraan,
Restalrig House, Edinburgh ; 2nd, Mr. Napier ; 3rd,
Mr. T. Pringle, Westfield Cottage, Dalkeith.

Three Britith Ferns, distinct, large specimens. —
1st, J. Napier; 2nd, Mr. E. Cameron ; 3rd, Mr. W.
Anderson.

Twelve British Ferns, distinct, in pots not exceed-
ing 6 inches. — Several entries, closely contested.
1st, Mr. Scott, Canaan Lodge, Edinburgh ; 2ad,
Mr. Anderson, Pilrig, Edinburgh, and Mr. J. Cutn-
ming, Edinburgh.

Six British Ferns, dwarf, distinct, in 6-inch pots.
—1st, Mr. J. Cumming; 2nd, Mr. W. Scott; 3rd,
Mr. W. Fairley, Edinburgh.

Two Pans Lycopods. — 1st, Mr. Henderson, Pol-
mont ; 2nd, Mr. Henderson, Clermiston.

Three Trichomanes or HymenophyUum, distinct
species — 1st, Mr. Napier ; 2nd, Mr. A. Anderson.
T One Tree Fern Stem, not less than three feet — 1st,
Mr. Laing; 2nd, Mr. Pryde, Newington House,
Edinburgh ; 3rd, Mr. W. Stewart, Brayton Hall.

Six Orchids in bloom, distinct species — 1st, Mr.
Sharp, Freeland, His group comprises excellent
soecimens of Cattleya Gaskelliana, Lielia elegans,
Cypripedium Veitchii, Odontoglossum Pescdtorei, and
O. vexillarium rubrum ; 2nd, Mr. Curror, Eskbank,
with a very notable Oacidium iucurvum, Cattleya
Gaskelliana, Miltonia Moreliana, M. spectabilia,
Odontoglossum Harryanum, and Epidendrum
prismato-carpum.

Three Orchids, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Wilson, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow, with a remarkably fine Odonto-
glossum grande, 0. Pescatorei, and 0. Alexandra: ;
2nd, Mr. Sharp, with Cattleya Gaskelliana, Laslia
elegans, and a fine Disa grandiflora; 3rd, Mr. Mc-
Gregor, Kendal, with a remarkable Saccolabium
Blumei majus, having fifteen spikes badly balanced
with the other components of the lot.

One Orchid. — 1st, Mr. McGregor ; 2nd, Mr. Sharp ;
3rd, Mr. Wilson.

Twelve Tuberous Begonias, six single, six double
distinct. — 1st, Mr. Adams, Duddingston Cottage ;
2nd, Mr. Pringle; 3rd, Mr. Henderson, Clermiston.

Tivo Tuberous Begonias. — 1st. Mr. J. Duncan, Muir-
house, Boness ; 2nd, Mr. J. Peason, Beechwood,
Edinburgh.

Two Fuchsias. — 1st, Mr. W. Anderson, Edinburgh ;
2nd, Mr. Thomson, Eskbank ; 3rd, Mr. Lyon,
Blantyre.

Two Fuchsias, in pots not exceeding 8 inches. —
1st, Mr. Anderson ; 2nd, Mr. Douglas, Allan-
bank, Bonnyrigg; 3rd, Mr. Preston, Falcon Hall,
Edinburgh.

Four Palms, distinct. — 1st Mr. Wood, Oswald
House, Edinburgh ; 2nd, Mr. Stewart, Brayton Hall ;
3rd, Mr. Mclntyre, Darlington.

One Palm.— 1st, Mr. Ward; 2nd, Mr. Stewart;
3rd, Mr. Mclntyre.

Six Table Plants, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Mclndoe;
2nd, Mr. Mclntyre, Darlington ; 3rd, Mr. Mclntyre,
The Glen.

Three Bronze Pelargoniums, distinct. — 1st, Mr.
Thomas Gibb, Redacres, Edinburgh ; 2nd, Mr. David
Adams ; 3rd, Mr. Aiken, Balerno.

Three Zonal Pelargoniums, distinct. — 1st, Mr. J.
Fraser; 2nd, Mr. Gibb ; 3rd, Mr. Lyon.

Three Variegated Pelargoniums, distinct. — 1st, Mr.
E. Cameron ; 2nd, Mr. J. Fraser ; 3rd, Mr. J.
Forester.

Four Pots Chrysanthemum, Madame Desgranges,
yellow and white, two of each. — 1st, Mr. McMillan,
Ferry Road, Edinburgh, with a very fine lot.

Four Pots Early -flowering Chrysanthemums, distinct.
— 1st, Mr. Chalmers, Lauriston Castle; 2nd, Mr.
McMillan.

One Pot Eucharis ama:onica. — 1st, Mr. Mattison.

Plants and Cut Flowers
(Nurserymen).
Table Plants 30 feet X 8 feet.— The 1st prize for
this very important exhibit is awarded to Messrs.
Ireland & Thomas, Edinburgh, and generally acknow-
ledged to be the finest table of plants ever exhibited
in Edinburgh. The centre is relieved with fine palms
of Cocos Weddelliana, Geonoma racilis, Kentia
Belmoreana and intermedia, Phcenix rupicola
Alocasias among others a new species), and others
intermixed with Crotons represent a pleasing com-
bination. Crotons are remarkable for their brilliant
colour, Prince of Wales standing prominently
above other plants ar^ extra fine and much admired.
Dracaenas, Asparagus, Marantas, Ferns (especially
Adiantums), Davallias, Lastreas, Lomarias, Pteris,
&c, are well represented. Anthuriums, Liliums
of sorts, Eucharis, Odontoglossums and Cattleyas,
lighten up the foliage plants, and a margin
of Panicum variegxtum, Caladium Argyrites.
Cypripediums form a pleasing and beautiful finish
to this meritorious table of plants. Messrs. Thyne,
of Glasgow, were placed 2nd with a table brilliant
with Odontoglossums (the great profusion of these
no doubt weakened a very fine exhibit), Cattleya
grandis, and Oncidiums, interspersed with Liliums,
Crotons, Diac.Tnas, Cocos Weddelliana, Ferns, &c,
form a very imposing table — a line of Caladium
Argyretis, back a line of Isolepsis gracilis, which
would have been more effective with creeping plants
intermixed, formed the margin of the table.

Messrs. Laird, of Edinburgh, are 3rd with a very
tastefully arranged collection in circular groups alorjg
the centre. Crotons, Palms, Ferns, and Pancratiuma
were the moat effectively arranged, and a margin of
Panicum Lycopods, dwarf Palms, with Ficus repens
form a tasteful finish.

Twelve Conifers, distinct. — The 1st prize was
awarded to Mr. Butler, nurseryman, Greenock, who
exhibits finely grown plants of the lollowing, all
in fine condition — Retinospora pisifera aurea, very
finely coloured ; Cupressu3 Lawsoniana pyramidalis,
fine graceful form, contrasting finely with golden
plants on each side; C. Lawsoniana alba spica,
nicely tinted with yellow foliage ; C. Lawsoniana
var. Fraserii, Retinospora obtusa, fiue speices;
Thuiopsis Nootkatensis, Pinus cembra roeaifolia
(a distinct species) ; Taxus elegantissima, a neat
plant; Retinospora Lycopodoides were all repre-
sented in this exhibit in fine form ; Messrs. Laird,
Edinburgh, had a good 2nd, in which Retinospcras,
Thuias, Junipers, and Pinuses were represented in
healthy well grown condition ; Messrs. Stuart &
Mein, Kelso, were 3rd, with a good collection.

Six Crotons. — The 1st prize was awarded to
Messrs. B. Williams, of Holloway, with a fine centre
plant of Queen Victoria (bush form), Comtesse,
Warrenii, Formosus, Rodeckianus, and Williamsii.
Messrs. Ireland and Thomson are placed 2nd, with
Bplendidly-coloured specimens of Prince of Wales,
Marrion of Wales, Warnerii, Evansianus, Newmanii,
and augustifolus. Some comments by disinterested
parties were made on the awards in this class.

Six Orchids. — 1st prize awarded to Messrs.
Ireland & Thomson, for the following : — Cypri-
pedium Ashburtonii, Vanda Kimballiana and
coerulea, Odontoglossum vexillarium and grande, in
fine form; Cattleya Gaskelliana, finely bloomed.
There was no exhibitor for 2nd prize.

For Six New and Rare Plants, not in commerce
prior to January 1, 1889. — The 1st prize was awarded
to Messrs. Ireland & Thomson, for Cocos Pynaertii,
Maranta Mooreana, Alocasia Thomsoni, Caladium
Marie Freeman, Dractena sp., and Nepenthes
DicksonianaX ; 2nd, Messrs. Williams, for Ca'.tleya
Mossiana (of gigas type), Anthurium eburneum,
Dracajna, Dicksonia Lathamii, Alocasia Chan-
trieirii, Pteris tremala elegans ; 3rd prize to
Messrs. Laird for Alocasia Lindeni, Aeparagus
plumosus cristata; Draciena Duchess of Portland,
finely-coloured crimson and green, &c.

Twelve Plants for Table Decoration. — 1st, to Ire-

Sbptembbs 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

315

land & Thomson, for a choice lot of finely-coloured
Crotons (Golden Ring and Prince of Wales), Palms,
Dracaenas, and Pandanus. The 2nd and 3rd prizes
were awarded to similar exhibits of much merit,
Mr. B. S. Williams and Messrs. Laird being 2nd and
3rd in the order Darned.

Four Specimen Plants. — 1st, to Messrs. Laird ; and
2nd, to Messrs. Thyne for fine clean specimens.

For two Tree Frrns. — The 1st prize was awarded to
Messrs. Dickson & Co. ; and 2nd to Messrs. Laird.

Cut Flowers .

Twelve Spikes of Pentstemon. — Mr. Sampson is
awarded 1st; and 2nd is Messrs. Stewart & Mein.

Six Chrysanthemums. — 1st, Messrs. Laird (only
exhibitor), for blooms of Edwin Molyneux, Mme.
Desgranges,' Mrs. G. R. Pitcher, Duchess of Buc-
cleuch, G. W. Wirmig, Mdlle. La Croix.

Twelve Spites of Hollyhocks. — 1st prize to Messrs.
Alex. Kerr & Sons. Roxburgh, who had fine Gem
of Yellows, Czar, Purple Prince, and Mrs. Edgar ;
2nd to Messrs. Stewart & Mein ; and 3rd to Geo.
Wood, Hawick.

ForTwenty-four Show Dahlias. — 1st to Mr. R. B.
Laird, who had fine John Hickling (yellow), Duke
of Fife, Clara, Lustrous, Mrs. Langtry, and Mr.
Gladstone ; 2nd to Messrs. Clark & Son, Leeds.
Mr. Gladstone, R. T. Rawlings, Henry Keith, and
William Rawlings, were in fine bloom ; the 3rd prize
is awarded to Mr. Walker, Low Fell, Gateshead.

For Fancy Dahlias. — 1st to Messrs. H. Clark &
Son, who have a clean exhibit of fine blooms ; Mrs.
Sanders, Sunset, Prince Henry, and John Forbes,
were among the best ; 2nd prize awarded to Mr.
Campbell, Blantyre ; and 3rd prize to Messrs. R.
B. Laird & Co.

Thirty Gladioli. — 1st prize awarded to Mr. Camp-
bell, Blantyre ; they were a fine lot— Enchant-
ress, Sceptre de Flore, Giganteum, Leviathan,
Sbakspeare, and Mr. Hardy, are of special merit.
2nd are awarded to Messrs. Stewart & Mein, with
fine varieties, similar to those in 1st prize lot, and
also of much excellence.

Thirty six Roses. — 1st prize awarded to Mr.
Cocker, of Aberdeen, for an excellent collection
exhibited in prime order, and greatly admired.
Waban was exhibited for the first time iu this
country (an American variety), a blueh-pink of great
promise ; Alfred Colomb, Her Majesty, Ulrich
Brunner, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Due de Rohan,
Emily Hansburgh, Dr. Andry, Madame Eugenie
Verdier, Marie Rady, Suzanne Rodocanachi,
Madame Chas. Crapelet, Comtesse de Serenye,
Charles Lefebvre, Mrs. John Laing, A. K.
Williams, La France, Marshal P. Wilder,
Marie Verdier, Etienne Levet (considered the best
on the board), Duchess of Bedford, Madame Hoste,
Marie Magot, Marie Van lloutte, Duke of Edinburgh,
Lady Ailsa, Earl of Dufferin, Viscountess Folkestone,
Anne Wood, Marie Baumann, Souvenir d'Eiise Var-
don, Paul|Jamain, Catherine Mermet ; 2nd prize goes
to Mr. Dickson, Belmont, for a fine collection, such aa
is so often seen from that firm; 3rd, to Mr. Smith,
Stranraer, for an exhibit of much excellence.

For twenty-four Roses, 1st prize awarded to Mr.
Cocker ; and Mr. Smith, Stranraer, 2nd.

Twelve Trusses of Tea Roses. — Three of each. Mr.
Cocker again led in this class, and Mr. Smith was
2nd.

Thirty-six Single Trusses of Dahlias. — Messrs. Laird
have a line exhibit, and are the only exhibitors in
this popular class.

Class VIII. — Cut Flowers,

Cut flowers generally were a fine feature of the
show. In the competitive classes — Holly hocks, Dahlias
Marigolds, Pansies, Gladioli, &c, were all in
presence in splendid form. Roses were also good,
considering the season, and the wretched character
of the weather.

Twelve Roses, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Adam Brydon,
Innerleithen ; 2nd, Rev. W. Thompson, Kingiassie
Manse, Fife ; 3rd, Mr. J. Mellinder, Worksop.

Twenty-four Roses, distinct. — 1st, Mr. A. Hill,
Gray, Bath, Somerset ; 2nd, Mr. D. Wallace, Rothe-
say; 3rd, Mr. Wru. Parlane, Golfhill, Ross.

Twelve Tea Roses, not fewer than six varieties. —
1st, Mr. A. Hill, Gray; 2nd, Mr. Mellinder; 3rd,
Mr. Brydon.

Twelve Fancy Pansies, distinct. — 1st, Mr. A. Ollar,
Campbellton ; 2nd, Mr. W. Storrie, Lenzie ; 3rd,
Mr. W. Adam, Blantyre.

Twelve Fancy Pansies, distinct. — 1st, Mr. McCan,
Cumnock ; 2nd, Mr. Ollar ; 3rd, Mr. Adam.

Twelve Bunches Violas, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Frater,

Linlithgow ; 2nd, Mr. Paterson, Linlithgow ; 3rd,
Mr. Sutherland, Slateford.

Twelve Trusses Chrysanthemums, not less than six
varieties. — 1st, Mr. Pearson.

Four spikes East Lothian Stocks.-— 1st and 2nd, Mr.
Morrison, Archerfield.

Twelve Bunches Herbaceous Plants, distinct. — 1st,
Mr. J. Stewart, Lily Bank Cottage, Lennoxtown.

Eighteen Gladioli, not less than twelve varieties. — 1st,
Mr. J. Coulter, Warkworth, Northumberland.

Seven Spikes, Holyhocks, distinct. — 1st, Mr. R. T.
Rae, Roxburgh.

Twelve Blooms, Hollyhocks. — 1st, Rev. J. Middleton,
Crailing.

Eighteen Show Dahlias, distinct. — 1st, Mr. Spoor,
Mnsgrave Cottage, Low Fell.

Twelve Shoio Dahlias, distinct, sent out by K»ynes,
Williams & Co. — 1st, Mr. Spoor.

Class IX. — Dinneb-table Decobations.
Only one exhibitor who shows a neat arrangement
with choice flowers, chiefly Orchids and Ferns, in
glasses, with a scroll on the cloth — a centre-piece
(silver bowl) somewhat crowded, is tilled with"
Orchids, mostly Cattleyas, pink Roses, and Ferns.
The fruit is in small dishe8--Pines and Melons at ends,
black and white Grapes, at the sides — with Peaches
at corners. The simplicity of this table is its
strongest recommendation, it is effective and credit-
able to Messrs. Tod & Co., Maitland Street, Edin-
burgh.

Class X. — Vegetables.

Vegetables are remarkable for quality and quan-
tity. For a collection of twelve distinct varieties,
Mr. Pope, gr. to Earl Carnarvon, Highclere, Hants,
was 1st ; this exhibit was very fine, and comprised
seventeen lots of twelve distinct varieties, Leeks and
Celery being very fine, and shown in all the collec-
tions. The judges had much difficulty in deciding,
the 1st lot, having fine Standard Bearer Celery,
Green Globe Artichokes, Lord Keeper Onions, Ne
Plus Ultra Beans, Satisfaction Potatos, Autumn
Mammoth Cauliflowers, Duke of Albany Peas, New
Intermediate Carrots, Perfection Tomatos, Student
Parsnips, and Pragnell's Beet, with Oxonian Leeks,
the Leeks being much shorter than in many of the
collections. 1st, Mr. Pope, gr. to Earl Carnarvon,
Highclere Castle, Hants ; 2nd, Mr. J. Muir, gr. to
Miss Talbot, Port Talbot— this was an excellent
exhibit; Dobbie's Champion Leek, Veitch's Eirly
Rose, Celery Eclipse, Cauliflower Cardiff Castle,
Cucumber, Anglo-Spanish Onion, Veitch's Scarlet
Model Carrot, Ne Pius Ultra Bean, Webb's Sensa-
tion Tomato, Duchess Pea, Yellow Turnip, Blood-
red Beet, Satisfaction Potato. In this lot the
Onions, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers and Potatos
were very fine d ishes, also Carrots and Leeks,
and as near equal to 1st as possible. 3rd, Mr.
Wilkina, gr. to Lady Theodora Guest, with
very fine Ailsa Craig Onion, Giant White Celery,
Lyon Leek, Autumn Giant Cauliflower, rather too
large, New Intermediate Carrot and Satisfaction
Potatos being the best dishes, these being very
choice, followed by Cheltenham Green Top Beet, Ne
PiusUltra Beans, Lockie's Cucumber, Dukeof Albany
Peas, Perfection Tomato, and Student Parsnip.
4th, Mr. W. Harper, gr. to J. R. S. Richardson, Esq.,
Perth, and comprising some excellent samples of
good culture, wonderful Leeks, Parsnips, Turnips,
and Carrots, good Potatos and Beans, and consider-
ing the enormous competition in this class it was a
most meritorious collection. There were others
worthy of notice did space allow of doing so, these
collections forming a most attractive exhibition.

Collection of Tivelve Distinct Varieties. — 1st, Mr.
James Cocker, gr. to Sir William Wallace, Bart.,
Stanraer, with excellent Cabbage, Cauliflower,
Onions, Peas, Turnips, well-grown Leeks, and
Celery; 2nd, Mr. J. Low, gr. to J. Paton, Esq.,
Stirling, the best dishes being Onions, Carrots,
Peas, Leeks, and Beet, this lot being little behind
the 1st ; 3rd, Mr. G. Potter, gr. to Mrs. Laidlay,
North Berwick.

Two Cucmnbers. — 1st, P. Blair, gr. to the Duke of
Sutherland, Trentham. The 1st lot was a new
seedling sort, of a beautiful shape, deep green, and
little spines with no neck ; this will become a
favourite exhibition Cucumber. 2nd, Mr. Mclndoe,
gr. to Sir J. Pease, Hutton Hall, with Lockie's
Perfection.

The lot exhibited by Mr. Wiles, Banbury, should
perhaps have been before those awarded the prizes.
Mr. Pope also had a nice lot.

Six Varieties of Potatos. — 1st, Mr. Gentleman,
Armadale; 2nd, Mr. J. McFarlane, Barnard Cot-

tage, Alva ; 3rd, Mr. Wiles, Banbury ; and here we
should have reversed the awards, Mr. Wiles' being
free of spots, and a beautiful shape. Many of the
Potatos shown were Snowdrop, Abundance, The
Dean, Satisfaction, Reading Russett, Puritan, Match-
less, Vicar of Laleham, Lord Tennyson, Best-of-all,
Village Blacksmith, Mr. Breese, Lady Truscott,
Edgecot Purple, and Matchless.

Class XI.
Vegetables, Market Gardeners. — 1st, Mr. Anderson,
Aberdeen, with immense Cabbages,' good Turnips,
Leeks, Carrots, and Cauliflowers ; 2nd, Mr, John
A. Murie, Craignullar Gardens, Edinburgh, with a
large collection, but smaller in size; 3rd, Messrs.
Kerr & Sons, Edinburgh.

Class XII.
Special Phizes.

Including a variety of prizes offered by Messrs
Sutton & Sons for products of their sending out.

Best Single Melon. — Duchess of Athole, 1st (Mr.
Fairgrieve.JDunkeld), with|,\Ionarch, a nice fruit, well
netted ; 2nd, Mr. Harvey (Colonel Trotter, Morton
Hall), with a green Monarch ; 3rd, Mr. J. Day, Gal-
loway House, with a smaller fruit, but of exquisite
flavour.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, also offered prizes
for collections of vegetables. 1st, Mr. McBean,
gr. to J. C. Cuninghame, Esq., Johnstone ; this was
a grand lot. and splendidly grown, not a weak dish,
2nd, Mr. D. Logan, Castlelaw, Coldstream ; 3rd,
Mr. Fender, Crieff. There was a large number exhi-
bited, and among them some most meritorious lots.

In the collection for amateurs only, Mr. Wm.
Goodall, Errol, Perthshire, was 1st, with good
Turnips, Onions, Celery, and Parsnips ; 2nd, Mr. J.
Henderson, Larbert, very good Leeks, Celery, and
Onions ; 3rd, Mr. Hutchinson, Falkirk.

For the prizes offered by Mr. John Wilson of
Hereford for Cranston's Excelsior Ooion, there was
a large competition among the growers of large bulbs
for these prizes, some of them being of large size. For
autumn sown, Mr. J. Forest, Lanark, was 1st with
perfectly shaped bulbs ; 2nd, Mr. J. Gray, Newfield,
Kilmarnock ; 3rd, Mr. Wiles, Binbury. For spring
sown, 1st, Mr. J. Gray, Newfield; 2nd, Mr. J.
Cocker, Stranraer; 3rd, Mr. Sharp Freeland. A
nicj lot of vegetables occupying a large space was
sent from Mr. J. Taylor, Bangholm Nurseries,
also five large baskets of Apples, i

Messrs. Deverill, Banbury, exhibited twenty-one
large dishes of Onions of their celebrated etrains,
also Oirrots and Oxonian L»ek. The Onions were
the finest in the show, and were prize-takers in
several places, having been selected by Mr. Deverill
for this exhibition, and were of great size and well
finished, being of a good colour, so deficient in most
Onions this damp season.

Special Exhibits.

These are numerous, of great extent, and made
up the fine non-competing objects which helped to
fill the main area of the building.

Taking flowering and foliage plants first, we find
Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Stanstead Park Nurseries,
Forest Hill, Kent, with a table 30 feet by 5 feet,
filled with novelties in Crotons and Caladiums ;
Begonias as cut blooms, seedling Begonia plants
taken from the open ground, and a quantity of
decorative plants in variety. Fine Caladiums were
Raymond Lemoine, Mrs. Harry Veitch, La Lorraine,
and Ibis Rose. Strikingly coloured Crotons were
Eugene Chantrier, Nestor, Inimitable, and Emperor
Alexander.

Mr. John Downie, nurseryman, Edinburgh, has a
table 20 feet by 5 feet, filled with tuberous Begonias
in variety, very robust plants, and good colours.
Messrs. W. Cutbush, Highgate, London, a similar
table with Bouvardias, Lilies, Palms, Ferns, &c.

Two Carex species were worth special mention, C.
japonica variegata, a dwarf graceful plant, with very
narrow leaves, having a wide margin ; and C. j.
marginata, a plant with similar leafage, but lh feet
hifih.

Well-fruited Apple, Pear, and Plum trees, together
with kitchen-garden produce, and fruit, were shown
by Messrs. Alex. Cross & Sons, Glasgow.

As only W. J. Birkenhead can show them, was
remarked a notable lot of hardy and exotic Ferns,
mostly rare and of much beauty. We may mention
Gymnogramma schizophylla gloriosa, a variety with
paitially pendant divaricate fronds ; Gleichenia
dicarpa longi-pennata, a good plant entirely lacking
in coarseness; Polystichum Brauni, Cyrtomium at-
tennatus, Lygodium scandens, and Japonicum very
graceful species. One of his tables was filled with a

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

representative collection of British Ferns having devi-
ations from the types in the form of crested or tasselled
fronds. A large table was set out by Messrs. T.
Methven & Sons, Edinburgh, with Crotons, Dracaenas,
Lilies, Palms, Adiantum, and bordered with Caladium
argyrites and Panicum variegatum.

The exhibit of Messrs. B. Williams & Sons, Upper
Holloway, London, was remarkable for the rarity of
most of the plants. These included Cypripedium,
Nepenthes, Sarracenias, Phrynium variegatum, a
Ginger Wort with green and white variegated leaves,
Croton Princess Waldeck, a yellow and green leaf,
very effective ; Dracaena Doucetti ; Araliaspectabilis,
a stove species with very long stiff, pennate, fern-like
foliage, and Phcenix Rcebellini.

A very miscellaneous exhibit was that of Messrs.
Dickson & Co., Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. It con-
sisted chiefly of Lilies, cut Roses, Phlox, Bouvardias,
Pansies, Carnations, Begonias, Tree Ferns, Conifers,
Dahlias, and a great mass of decorative plants for
the border or greenhouse.

Messrs. J. Dickson & Sons, 32, Hanover Street,
Edinburgh, had a small collection of Conifers, inclu-
sive of variegated Cupressus, Thujopsis dolobrata,
Araucaria, Japan Maples, and Euonymus.

Cactus Dahlias formed the backbone of the large
area occupied by Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley,
Kent, and these were set up in flat bunches of six
blooms each, and in great variety. Begonias of the
beet forms, growing in 48's, well bloomed and dwarfed,
were also shown by them,

Mr. J. Cocker, Abnrdeen, had a very fine collec-
tion of Carnations, Picotees, Pansies, the white La
France Rose, Auguste Guinoisseau ; and many other
show boxes filled with Roses of excellent quality.

Mr. J. Forbes. Hawick, showed Begonias, Holly-
hocks, Crimson Bedder Anterrhinum, and show and
border Carnations ; 200 varieties of Dahlias, sixty-
four of Violas, and many French and African Mari-
golds, together with selected kinds of Celery, Leek,
Onions, &c.

Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Belfast, had boxes of
Rose John Laing in fine form for the season.
Messrs. Stuart & Mein, Kelso, made a display with
Hollyhocks, Liliums, Michaelmas Daisies, &c.

Mr. H. Deverell, Banbury, filled a large space with
his enormous bulbs of onions, his Ailsa Craig taking
first prize and a gold medal. A plentiful collection
of Apples, Pears, and bottles of Cyder and Perry was
supplied by Mr. John Watkins. Hereford.

The collection of hardy flowers from Mr. Cuth-
bertson, nursery near Rothesay, is deserving of
Bpecial mention for the good things it contained.
There were Senecio pulcher, Cimiciluga racemosa,
Eucomis punctata, Mimulus Pansy Mistress Cuth-
bertson, a purple flower of perfect shape, ha ing

yellow margin, Centaurea Orientalis atropurp una
Veronica longifolia var. subsessilis, the best for
autumn ; Eocomecon chionantha, with white Puppy-
like flowers, and leaves like the Coltsfoot; Draco-
cephalum austriacum, a fine flowering autumn border
plant, rosy purple flowers in long spikes; Chelone
obliqua, &c.

Dahlias, Carnations, show and border varieties,
Pansies, Hollyhocks came in quantity from Mr.
Campbell, Biantyre. An exhibit similar in
character came from Messrs. Laing & Mather, but
this one included some designs in flower gardens,
with beds filled with self-coloured Carnations.
Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, showed a life-
sized picture of the true and rare Cattleya labiata
vera, the autumn flowering species supposed to
have been lost. All the forms of it, ranging
from white to rosy purple, were shown in the
picture. Another picture was of the rare and
beautiful DendrobiumPhaltenopsis var. Schroderiana,
which came once to Kew many years ago, and has
not been reintroduced.

The exhibit of Messrs. W. Thomson & Sons,
Clovenfords, was a large one, consisting of Dracaenas
Crotons, Aralia8, Palms, Sarracenias, Ferns, Cala-
diums. Interspersed were groups of fruit in variety
to show the excellence of the Clovenfords' manure.
Little groups of choice species and varieties of
Orchids added richness to the whole.

The Royal Horticultural Society sent from the
Gardens at Chiswick fifty dishes of Apples, a col-
lection of fruits of Plums and Tomatos— a good and
correctly-named lot.

Sussex Apples were shown bv Mr. Rust, gr.,
Eridge Castle, extensively ; also some Pears, show-
ing much rust, and Plums.

Mr. J. Walker, Vam Farm, Surrey, showed a col-
lection of Apples, many of grand size and good
quality, especially early ones. Pears, also shown
largely, were clean and good, although, in some
instances, not fully grown.

A large and very fine lot of Apples came from
Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, size and colour
good.

An equal amount of space was taken up by Messrs.
Cheal & Sons, Crawley, Sussex, with Apples ; he
also showing twenty-six dishes of Pears. Dahlias
were likewise shown by this firm.

Mr. Alex. Lister, Rothesay, showed Pansies (200)
of show quality, fancy mostly; Asters, Marigolds,
and Matricaria inodora. with largish flat flowers.

Mr. J. R. Thyue, Kelvin Grove, Glasgow, had a
mixed table of plants, but largely consisting of Odon-
toglossum crispum, various Cattleyas, Lilies, Crotons,
Ferns, &c.

Markets.

• _

COVENT GARDEN, September 10.
Market still heavily supplied. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s. d.

s.d. s.d.
Otf-10
16-80

Apples, f-sieve ... 10-30 Melons ,

Damsons, £-sieve ... 1 6 ... Peaches, per dozen..,
Grapes 10-26 Pine-apples, St. Mi-
Kent Cobs 100 lb. 30 0 ... chael. each ... 2 0-80
— Filbert. 100 lb. 30 0-35 0 Plums, £-sieve ... 10-26
Lemons, per case ...20 0 35 0

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunches 8 0-10 0

— English, per

dozen bunches ... 10-30
Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 10-30

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-60
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 0 6-10

Cornflower, 12 buns. 16-20
Eueharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0 4 0
Gladiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lavender, doz. buach 4 0-50
Lilium var, 12 bun. 6 0 12 0

„ Harrisii, doz. 3 0-40
Lilmms, various. doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

s. d. s.d.
Marguerite?, perdoz.

bunches 2 0-40

Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-30
Orchids : —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
OJoDto g 1 ossu m
crispum, 12 blms. 3 0-60
Pansies. 12 bunches 0 6-16
Pelargoniums, ^car-

let.per!2bun. 3 0-40

— 12 spays 0 6-09

Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 1 0- 2 0
Pyreihrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0—40

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 2 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buua. 16-30
SweetSultan,12bun. 2 0-30
Tuberoses. 12 blms. 0 3-06

Orchid-dloom in variety.
Vegetables.— average Retail Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans. French, lb. ... 0 3 0 4
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bum-h... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4-06
Celery, per bundle.., 2 6-36
Cucumuers. each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbi, per bunch ... 0 4- ...

.d. s.d.

Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0
Mushroom-*, punnet 2 0-
Mustard aud Cress,

punnet 0 4- ,

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4 i
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 rt-
Turnips, per bunch , 0 6-

Enquiries.

— • —

•• He that queetioneth much shall learn much. "— Bicoif.
Will some reader who has had special experience,
be so kind as to name a few of the best plants to
grow for flowers and foliage in a rather dark green-
house in the midst of London? Baconian. [\Ve can
speak for Fuchsias, hardy Ferns, Camellias, and bul-
bous plants such as Roman Hyacinths, Crocuses. Ed.]

Will any of vour correspondents kindly give their
experience of Pyramid Apple and Pear-growing,
with pruning and cultural directions, as there seem
to be many different opinions on this matter? B. B.

Notices to Correspondents.

*»* Owing to the extreme pressure on our space,
many communications and reports of societies are
held over.

Books: A. B. Williams' Orchid Manual (Williams,
Upper Holloway) ; Baines' Greenhouse and Stove
Plants (Murray). — G. P. Oliver's Lessons in Ele-
mentary Botany ; Masters' Botany for Beginners.

C>slebt Disease : 8. C. L. The plants are attacked
by a fungus, Puccinia bullata; pick off all infected
leaves, and burn them.

Caterpillabs : D. S. No. 1, not received ; No. 2,
spring canker-worm (Anisopteryx vernata), when
mature, burrows in the ground — the female moths
are wingless ; No. 3, Blind-eye Sphinx (Imerianthus
exoecatus) ; this, when mature, also burrows — it is
comparatively rare.

Grapes Shanking : A. B. C. The cause of this is
generally some error in the cultivation. See
correspondence in back numbers of this journal.

Market Measures : Z>. O. C. Chicago, full details
are given annually in the Gardeners' Chronicle, in
one of the early numbers. Half- sieve = 14 im-
perial quarts ; Tasmanian Apples, case containing
250; Cherries, Gooseberries, half-sieve = 14 im-
perial quarts; Lemons, case, 240 to 250; Celery,
bundle = 20 heads ; Mushrooms, punnet=basket
7 inches across 1 inch deep; Mustard, ditto;
Seakale, basket, 12 to 18 heads; Turnips, bundle,
one dozen ; New Potatos, 6s. tof?J. per cwt. ; old
Potatos, £7 per ton of 20 cwt.=2240 lb. Get
your countrymen to adopt the sensible metrical
system, or any that is uniform and not so exas-
peratingly idiotic as our own.

Names of Fruits : W. F. Peach Bellegarde.— W. W.
1, Purple Gage ; 2, Denyer's Victoria ; 4, Law-
son's Golden ; smallest Damson, the Farleigh ;
the larger Damson, Shropshire ; 6, decayed. T. C.
English Codlin. — Old Subscriber. 5, cannot recog-
nise; 6, Jargonelle.

Names of Plants : G. W. Begonia leaves, 2, Adolphe
Pollack; 3, Piesidentde Burelle; 4, He.ene Uhder ;
5, Splendens; 6, Due de Brabant. — Nemo. Cornua
mas. — S. R. Ling (Calluna vulgaris). — E. M. 1,
Galeopsis Ladanum; 2, Linaria minor; 3, Bartsia
odontites. The fungus on leaves of Bartsia is the
teleutospore stage of Coleosporium eupbrasise. —
J. K. 1, Impatiens Roylei ; 2, Phygelius capensis.
— H. E. Your specimens have been mislaid, please
send others. — Old Subscriber. 1, Rosa rugosa; 2,
Thalictrum majus; 3, Achillea ptarmica, double;
the Phloxes seDd to some nurseryman. — L. C. 1,
Galeandra Devonianse ; 2, Mormodes buccinator
atropurpurea. — G. C. The specimens were withered
beyond recognition. — H. E. H. Ltclia crispa.

Pears Cracking: A. W. The cracks are due to a
fungus which attacks and kills the superficial parts
of the Pear. This being so, the outer parts
cannot grow in proportion to the innei parts, and
the pressure they exert in their growth causes the
dead and dying portions of the rind to crack.

Vine Borders and Trenching : — H. B. P. In a
general way. the staple soil of a garden or field is
not fit for Vine growing. It may be good as far
as the top goes, but being shallow, and having a
subsoil of an infertile character, its depth of good
soil must be increased by the addition of fertile
soil from a distance. Supposing that there is a
depth of 3 leet of good soil, the workman in
trenching should not, at the most, throw more
than two spits upwards, that is, he would leave the
middle spit at the same depth as it was before
diggiDg, merely moviDg it forward the width c f
the trench, and the top soil should remain at the
top, and be inverted only, the bottom soil being
deeply dugand left insitu. Much will depend on the
proper method of trenching the land, or only bad
results will follow. It is a great mistake and a
common one to turn the best soil — the upper
layer, to the bottom of deep trench, and out of all
ready approach of the roots of plants, by OLe or
two layers of soil deficient in plant food. In
kitchen gardens which have been long under the
spade, this cannot well occur, and deen trenchirg
is usually followed by good results. In new land,
the depth of good soil is best increased by merely
bringing an inch or two of the unmoved subsoil to
the surface about once in three or four years, and
always putting rough dung, garden refuse, &c, at
the bottom of the trenches. This mode of bring-
ing about the amelioration of the soil is gradual,
but it is effective.

Vines Turning Brown : J. F. The young shoots
are affected with Vine mildew (Oidium). Dust
them with sulphur-powder, and paint the pipes
with sulphur.

Willows: Ct. N. It is almost impossible to say what
they are, but certainly neither of them is ordinary
S. caprea. We will endeavour to name them next
week.

Communications Received.— J. R. R.— J. H.— M. de Can-
dolle, Geneva.— F. D.— P. L. S.— J. S.— H. W.— A. P.—
P. L. S.— A. S. M — E. C.— J. M. MoF., Philadelphia.—
A. B. M'D.— H. H. B'O.— E. H. K.. Haarlem.— R. Br.— E. T.
—J. B. T.— W. &S.— D. McA, Melbourne. -R. A. R.— H. T.
— L. C — J. B. W.— Soboy.— H. E.— G. K. G.— M. F— G. N.
-R. S. G.— H. T.— Ted.— J. D.— J. H.— W.— M. T.— F. C. M.
F. R. L.-J. B.-V. C -W. W.

Drawings, Photosraphs, &c, Received.— A. O. W., with
thanks.

Flower Show Reports Received.— Kingston Horticultural)
and others too numerous to particularise.

[©BTieULTTOM* SOCIETY.

MALCOLM DUNN,

The Gardens, Dalkeith : Member of Council.

DENT,

: of Lothian, K.T.

m'x

ANGUS McLEOD,

Edinburgh Town Gardens : Member of Council.

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

3ir

FOSTER & PEARSON,

Established 1841. 22 FIRST PRIZES. BEESTON, NOTTS.

CARNATION HOUSE, 18 feet wide.

Estimates on Application

FOB

VINERIES,

ORCHID HOUSES
PEACH HOUSES,

CONSERVATORIES,
PLANT HOUSES,

WALL COVERS,

CARDEN FRAMES,
HEATINC APPARATUS

&c, &c.

All Timber thoroughly
Seasoned.

" rertiflcate," Highest Award at horticultural Society's Exhibition at Carlisle, 1880.

" Silver Medal," Highest Award at International Forestry Exolbliion, Edinburgh. 1884.

"Gold Medal," Bighest Award at International Exhibition of Science and Art, Ediuburgh, 1886.

Mackenzie & Monctjr,

HOT-HOUSE BUILDERS,
UPPER GROVE PLACE, EDINBURGH; ST. ANDREW'S GROSS, GLASGOW.

CONSERVATORIES
GREENHOUSES,

VINERIES,
FORCING-HOUSES,

&C-, &c,

Erected in Wood
or Iron in the most
substantial man-
ner in any part of
the Kingdom, and

at the
Lowest Remunera-
tive Charges.

HEATING WITH
HOT-WATER,

Low & High Pressure.

STEAM HEATING,

on the Return
Gravity and Ex-

for Hothouses,
1 Swimming Baths,
Private and Public
Buildings.

VENTILATING
APPARATUS,

fifcj^r Atmospheric and Me-
chanical.

Efficiency Guaranteed.

SUNDERLA.ND WINTER GARDENS.

FLANS and ESTIMATES on application. All Communications to be sent to Edinburgh Address.

318

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 12, 1891.

A Z AJ^J3 A S.

Hardy Hybrid Seedlings, a cross between A. mollis and a
large-flowered seedling occidentalis, and also the best of the
Ghent varieties. They are nice bushy plants, about half of
them having flower-buds, and from our long experience in
hybridising, we feel sure many will be beautiful novelties.
Price 18s. per doz. Our A. mollis Seedlings and other choice
kinds are well set with buds. Our Rhododendrons, both
hardy and greenhouse varieties, are nice bushes, well budded.
Catalogue free by post.

ISAAC DAVIET& SON,

BKOOK LA.NE NUESEEY,
ORMSKIRK.

FERNS a SPECIALITY.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE (No. 21),

containing 120 Illustrations and much valuable information on
the cultivationof Ferns, ONESHILLI.NGandSiXPENCE, post-free.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE. MANCHESTER.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS,

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIDMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c . free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad,

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

BULBS-BULBS-BULBS.

CHARLES SHARPE & GO.

Have just received their first Consignment of

DU TC H BULBS,

IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

Single and Double SNOWDROPS, Named
and Bedding HYACINTHS (CROCUS,
named, and in mixture), Single and Double
TULIPS, Border NARCISSUS, POLYAN-
THUS NARCISSUS, ROMAN HYA-
CINTHS, and all other kinds of BULBS,
at very low rates.

Wholesale and Retail CATALOGUES
on application.

Retail Orders over 10s. in value. Carriage Free.

CHARLES~SHARPT& CO.,

SEED UROWtRS, SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS,

SLEAFORD.

00 000 FRUIT TREES, Standard, Pyra-

t'\Jl\J\J\J mid, and Wall-trained — Apples. Cherries,
Plums, Peaches, and Filberts. 20,000 tall Noble Standard
Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The trees are
without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly grown, and
intended for tenants and the hedgerows on the estate. 24,000
Black Currants, nnd forty kinds of Gooseberries. The superb
Rhododendrons. Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses ; specimen
Shrubs and Hollies, surrounding the mansion, bought regard-
less of cost, only two years ago; and Hardy Flowers. Sie
printed Catalogues. Removing.

Estate Agent. Honourable GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield,
Cradley, Malvern.

TROUBLE ^WHITE PRIMULAS. - Good

*~* Strong Plants, in 4i-inch Pots, three and four crowns,
its. per dozen.

ADIANTUM FARLEYENSE, Grand Stuff in 1-inch Pots,
12s. per dozen. Cash with order.

E. WHITFIELD. Nursery, Aylesbury, Bucks.

B. _ , By Act of Parliament.

ARGAINS in BULBS.— Great Northern
Railway crossing our Gardens, demand clearance.
Pheasant Eye Narcissus, 8s. and 5s. 1000; Splendid Seed.
10s. bd. cwt. List free.

D'ALCORN & Co.. Bulb Growers, Spalding.

SEED GROWERS AND MERCHANTS.

(WHOLESALE.)

PETER LAWSON

ON, Ltd.,

EDINBURGH,

Will be glad to send Special Offers, with Samples of the New Crop of PERENNIAL and
ITALIAN RYEGRASSES, COCKSFOOT, MEADOW FESCUE, CRESTED DOGSTAIL, &c,
upon application.

Established 1818.

55,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
" e sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

B EGON IAS.

WHOSE ABE THE BEST ?

If evidence were needed, there was abundance when face to.
face at the PALACE SUOW last week. We wish all lovers of
flowers could have heard the continual exclamations of the
spectators that thronged our exhibits. The greatest experts
also pronounced our p'ants and blooms raised from seed town
last February the most extraordinary by far ever showo.
Brilliant Scarlets, Yellows of the highest and brightest tints,
and Whites of ihe greatest purity, these uueemmon co'.oum
predominated, giving a richer tone to the whole group, together
with their erect gigantic blooms and perfect shape not more
than a few inches from the pot — struck all by surprise. We
wish all to

Our wonderful display, and we will point out, with all the
eulogy passed upon them. Our best were at home for seeding
at this moment, the great hybridizing skill and care being
bestowed upon them, enabling us to-eurpass all older varieties,
and thus add a general pleasure and charm for ail lovers of
the garden.

SEND FOE A CATALOGUE.

THE
VERY
BEST

ULBS

AT <
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

JHYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. 397-

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DSecd & *\
!GKSONSjrrs Chester

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of

Fruits, post-free.
The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS SMITH'S SNOW-WHITE

JACKMANIL— The flowers are paper-white, about the
same size as those of the old purple Jackmanii, but pro-
duced in even greater profusion. It is unri* ailed for beds,
and also for climbing. Keady in August. 7s. fjd. each.

PIEHIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.— This

is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
phould be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. Bd. each.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses &Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.
Cablegrams — Strkckkr, Antwerp and Ghent.

BULBS. — The best procurable.

De-

STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds.

scriptive LISTS free.

Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
planting out.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(IJ Yeah).

Pbice, 12s. U. FEB 100.
SAMPLES FHBB ON APPLICATION.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,

WORCESTER.

iVTOW READY for TRADE.— 3000 AZALEA

U\ INDICA Deutsche Pearl, Bernard, Andrea, alba, and

other varieties, ttroDg plants with buds — 5000 SP KEA

AURIA RETICULATA; JULES DE COCK, Nurseryman,
Ghent (Relgium).

In the Midland Counties.

SIX SPECIMEN CAMELLIAS, viz., 2
Fiiibriata, White, and 4 Red, 5 to 7 ft., very bushy, in
splendid health and thickly set with buds. Special low pricev
on application to DICKSON'S Nurseries, Chester.

September ID, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

319

GREAT REDUCTION ik FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

8 ft. by 6 ft.

'.i

12 ft. by 6 ft.

16 ft. by 6 ft.

20 ft. by 6 ft.

24 ft. by 6 ft.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, ami can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

1-light, 4 ft. by 6 ft... >, CASH

PRICES,

I CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent, Mr. H.Skelton, Seedsman. &c, 2. HollowayRd-.N.

. fuifcSS^

llllailll

THIS GREENHOUSE erected ami heated complete, in

any part of the country, best materials onlv. workmanship
guaranteed. 25 ft. by 12 ft., £.50 ; 30 ft. bv 15 ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

Superior Portable Frames large stock ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, gla/ed with
21-oz. glass, carriage paid:— 1-lieht frame, 4 X 6, 36s. 64. ;
Slight frame, 6X8, bis. ; 3-light frame, 12 x 6. 85'. 6</.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x i, £t 7s. 6<f. ; 9 x 5, £3 15s. ;
16 X 6, £6 10s.

HARDY BRUIN^CO.,Gsrtar^mLEICESTER

HEATING APPARATUS

stourbridge,
Free

the

IMPROVED

ISISN JOINT

WATER PIPES

T Of

irio

'TELEGRAMS :-

"ALPHA'

'BRETTELL-LANE

•VATERi0^

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt., and oil Mixture, Free to all 'stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonoua Paints for Inside of Conservatories, &c
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.w :

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN,— Discount for Cnsh.

HORTICULTURAL WSRE

AND WIRE GOODS FOR

wreaths, crosses, anchors, crowns,
stars, hearts, lyres, shields, &c.

FOR FLORISTS USE.

NEW REGISTERED DESEGftS

FOR

WREATHS

AND

CROSSES

UNIFORM, STRONG,

LIGHT.

RO. 160056.

The New Patent
POSY HOLDER - BOUQUET

FRAME.
VERBENA PINS,

LABELS, &C,

Used and Solo bv man* Leading Firms.

LEAD WIRE,

IRON WIRE

IN COILS AND IN STRAIGHT LENGTHS.

TINNED IRON WERE (SILVER WHITE)

D. F. TAYLER & CO., Limited,

Wire Manufacturers,

BIRMINGHAM.

Illustrated Lists to Florists and Seeosmen, free on application.

FRUIT, &c, EVAPORATOR.

New Improved System Patent Ryder.

DRYING APPLIANCES,

FOR MANUFACTURE OF CONSERVES,

DRY .NG APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, &c.

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURE. Newest Ame.i, an
Patent FR1CK secures firdt-Olasa drying produce and
highest saving in maintenance expenses.

PH. MAYFARTH & CO.,

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY MANUFACTORY,
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN; BERLIN, N.

London office : 16, MINCING LANE, E.C.

REPRESENTATIVE :

Mr. A. LTJDWIG, F.R.H.S.

Illustrated CATALOGUES on application, post-free

The Apparatus is placed and working in the RoyalHortt-
cultural Society's Gardens, at Chiswick (close to Turnham
Green. London, W.>, where it will be open to inspection
by all interested in Fruit Evaporating.

SLUGICIDE (Registered).— CERTAIN
DEATH to SLUGS. Harmless to Plant, Vegetable, and
Animal Life. Delicate seedlings are absolutely secure when
sprinkled with "Slugicide." Is. titf. per box. All Seedsmen
wholesale.
The SLUGICIDE COMPANY, 6, Maryleport Street. Bristol.

HILL & SMITH'S

BLACK VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,
and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Haa stood
the test of forty years* trial. Requires no mixing; can be
applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway Btation, Ii. 8d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
n A TT m r S\ JIT Every Cask bears the above

U A U 1 1 C/iV. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMI TH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street. London, E.O.

47. Dawson Streat. Dublin.

^JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

Ill HORTICULTURAL
STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,
Shootiug Lodges, Cottages,
Sss0 Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &o.

Hot-water Apparatus

for warming Churches,

Schools, Public Buildings,

Mansions, Harness Rooms,

Drying Rooms Hothouses, and

Buildings of every Description.

Illustrated Circulars
Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3a

320

THE GA RDENER 8' CHR ONI GL E.

[Sbptembeb 12, 1891.

BOULTON & PAUL,

NORWICH.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

WINTER CARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

CARDEN FRAMES At VARIETY.

BOILERS

Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock.

Our Celebrated No. 4

CHECK END BOILER.

To heat from 30U to SOOO feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

To heat from 100 to 300 feet of 4-inch pipiDg.
NO. 12.

AMATEUR'S

SLOW

COMBUSTION

BOILER.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDINGS and APPLUNCES, IRON BUILD-
INGS, POULTRY, and KENNELL REQUISITES, &c.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE I GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY USD IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD,

Government Officials, Fire Insurance

Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and

numerous Experts have testified on oath

that "DUROLINE" is preferable to

and much safer than Glass for Roofs,

Skylights, and other similar erections.

urHZ?Be*£H A'Z"^?" c"""'y Council v. The New Wire
Hove Roojing Co., Ld." May and June iSgr

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS

\vfh!",TZClyn",Cd °* "■'"""" "J H.R.H. The Prince oj

ales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and

thousands of others. »«««, **«,*

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a, Queen Vielo:ia Street, LONDON B.C.

R. B. LAIRD and SONS'

FRUIT TREES : The Finest Collection in Scotland.
FOREST TREES Sf SHRUBS: A large stock of health//, well-grown Stuff.

TABLE PLANTS, PALMS, &c. : Two Acres of Glass devoted to their Culture.
NURSERIES extend TO over 60 ACRES.

SEEDS: FLOWER, VECETABLE, AGRICULTURAL.

All of the Finest, and grown specially for our Retail Trade.

Nurseries: ROYAL WINTER GARDEN, HAYMARKET; PINKHILL, MEADOW PARK ;
and BEECH WOOD MAINS, MURRAYFIELD.

Seed Warehouse and Office : 17, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURCH.

WRINCH & SONS,

IPSWICH

ST. LAWRENCE
WORKS,

WRINCH & SONS, IPQWir^U

, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C. * ■ ^ W W I \S ft ■

CLIMAX

CONCENTRATED

WEED KILLER

Is Double the strength of any other.

Destroys all weeds on Garden Walks, &c, &c.

Improves the colour of the Gravel— has no smell.

Saves many times Its cost in labour alone. One
application win keep the walks clear of weeds for a
whole season at least. Can be applied with an
ordinary watering-can.
Note the strength, & compare the price with others.

1 Gallon makes 51 GaUons for use.

Price in Tins:— 1 gal., 3s. ; 5 gals., 2s. M. per gal. ; lOgils.,
2s. 6d. per gal. ; 20 gals., 2s. 3d. ; 40 gal. casks, 2s. per gallon.

Carriage paid on all orders

CLIMAX

CEraiaaamESi

Is Guaranteed to effectually Destroy aU Moss on
Lawns, &c. while at the same time it win stimulate
and Increase the Growth of the Grass.

1 Gallon as sold will make 15 Gallons for use, and
Is sufficient to do 110 square yards. Can be applied
with an ordinary watering-can. Saves many times
its cost, and Insures a perfect Sward.

Pkice in Tins :— 1 gallon, 3s. ; 5 gallons, 2s. 9rf. per gallon ;
10 gallons, 2s. id. per gallon ; iO gallon casks, 2s. 3d. per gal.
of 10 gallons and upwards.

TESTIMONIALS.

The Gardens, Moygallou House, Gilford,
May 21, 1891.
Dear Sir,— I have carefully tried the Moss Eradicator and
Insecticide you sent me. The Eradicator is splendid. It does
its work quietly and thoroughly, and doesn't seem to injure
the grass in the least.

It is certainly the best preparation for destroying moss I
have ever seen. (Signed; Yours faithfully,

JAMES LYNAS.

Oakbank, Comrie, Perthshire,
May 7, 1891.
Dear Sir,— In reply to your favour, I have thoroughly tes'ed
your Moss Eradicator, and find it what you describe. I consider
it a most valuable preparation, and when better known will
be extensively used ; whilst it completely kills the moss, in
my opinion, it also acts as a stimulant to the grass.

(Signed) JOHN STRACHAN, Florist.

Prepared

SOLELY BY THE

BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., Ltd, 211, CREAT HOWARD STREET, LIVERPOOL

Can be had through all Seedsmen, or Chemists. Ask for the " CLIMAX," and taie no other.

September 12, 18U1.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

321

THE

"PERFECT"

WEED KILLER

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on

Garden "Walks, Carriage Drives,

Stable Yards, etc

Recommended by t lie entire Horticultural Press.

Supplied to Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works

and used reyularly at Kew Gardens, etc.

Price—

Gnllon 2/, 5 gal. 1/9, 10 geL 1/6, 40 gal. 1/4 per gal.

Carriage paid on 10 gallons and upwards.

Used in the proportion of 1 gallon to 25 gallon* of Water.

Sole Manufacturers : The

HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO.

Works: 97 MILTON ST., GLASGOW.

Caution. — Please carefully note our name, addres*,
and trade mark, and do not be deceived by imitations and
apparently lower prices of inferior articles. Our manu-
factures cannot be obtained genuine at Tunbrittge, Kent,
except from our Agents, Messrs. Wibmer <fc Wakdlky,
Chemists there.

THE STOTT

SPECIALTIES for DESTRUCTION OF INSECT PESTS.

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR.

Letter received from The Earl Of Lislmrne.

S. Wales. June 20, 1890.
Sir. — Am very well pleased with the Distributor; it does its
work well, and is a most useful invention. — Yours faithfully,

LISBURNE.

PATENT SPRAYER.

Extract from letter from Mr. G. Norman, Gardener to
The Right Hon. The MA.RQ.TJia OF SALISBURY.
The Gardens, Hatfield House, Herts, April 20, 1891.
Sir, — I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention.

PAT E N T SYRINGE.

Extract from letter from R. White, Esq., Arddarroch,
Gareloch Head, Dumbartonshire.

July 20, 1891.
I consider the Syringe bought from you one of the cheapest
and best I ever had. It is especially good for spraying Odonto-
glossums.

KILLMRIGHT.

Extract from letter from Mr. J. Young. Head Gardener to
the Zoological Society, Hegtnt s Park, London.

July *2, 1891.
It is the best Insecticide I have ever used, and the cheapest.

FEEDMRIGHT.

Extract from Letter from Mr. T. Wise, Gardener to
F. Taylor, Esq., Ash Lawn, Heat n. Ho/ton.

September 20, 1890.
Your Patent Manure has given us every satisfaction.

TESTIMONIALS and PRICE LISTS on application.
Jittail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and
Retail from the STOTT DISTRIBUTOR CO. Ltd., Barton
House. Manchester.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

^ DI^DCM A » THE UNIVERSAL
X^lv/riCilX/'lj INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or tpray. — I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE." of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Hold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at la. 6d., 2s. 6d., and 3s. Qd. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. 6d. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,

Edinburgh.

Maybe had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS AND SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street, London,

Sold in Packets 6d. and Is. each, and in

Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb., 2/6; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 56 lb., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliserin the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
A'-k your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

. LONDON, E.C.

CROSS CARDEN FERTILISER.

Used bij many of the Leading
Prizctakers at

EDINBURGH INTERNATIONAL

EXHIBITION, 1891.

THE MOST EFFECTIVE & MOST PROFIT-
ABLE MANURE on the MARKET.

ALEXANDER CROSS & SONS,

19, HOPE STREET, GLASGOW.

T A T R I N E MANURE.

J-W For Sale at Bisley.

Offers are invited to be sent to
THE SECRETARY, National Rifle Association, 12, Pall Mai
East.

"Mottling ouvcodL-a tine oucuess,'

LTITrUFQ' SOLUBLE)
riUUTllIjO INSECTICIDE

FIB TMI OIL

The most reliable and best of all Insecticides
for destroying; Insects and Vermin on Plants
and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ;
and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing
Clothes. Full Directbns on the Labels of
each Bottle.

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, 16, s/6,& 4/6; J£-gallon
7/6, 1 -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. CRIFFITHS HUCHES, Viotoria-st., Manchester,

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Rot.kfr & Sons.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since IS59
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. id.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

SILVER SAND

Is admitted by the
leading Nurserymen

to be the Best
Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

STOCK

Inches.

14x12

16x12

18X12

20x12

JiP

16x14

18x14

iwirT*

20x14 .

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet
and 200 feet super.

English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FABMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil, and Colour Merchants
34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT
and ALL OTHER kiuds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,

and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,

CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

ORCHID PEAT\

VERY FINEST QUALITY.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. pel
sack ; 5 for 47s. 6rf.

SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.
per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,
5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6rf.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.

GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;
5 for 12s. 6(1.

PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. 6d. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
Special Terms to theTrade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions
For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD. Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat Moss Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD. HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO., Farnborough, Hants.

322

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 12, 1891.

SCOTT'S WASP DESTROYER.— Has stood
a test of many years as the only effectual protection for
Fruit Trees, fas., from Wasps and Flies. Price Is. bd. and

2s. bd. per bottle. , , T , - n

CORRY and CO., Limd., 16, Finsbury Street, London, fc.l.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACK BURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• anuel Mats lower than any other house in the trade ; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags. Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free.— 4 and 5. Wormwood Street, EC.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. &.C. before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations. Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRISKWORTH AMD SONS, Reading.

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

0 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
EiWiMnch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is °bd ■ 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
■with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29. Ludgatehill, London.

GARDEN REQUISITES.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON ANr. SCULL, 90. Lower Thames Street. London. E.G.

WASPS and FLIES thoroughly EXTER-
MIN'ATED by using DAVIS'S WASP DESTROYER.
Post free, with directions. Is. Id. and 2s. ad. per Bottle.'

B. R. DAVIS (Ihe original maker and introducer), Yeovil
Nurseries, Yeovil.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons.
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3$ feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, irom

1 foot to 5 fe-t; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE »i
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONK
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD. SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,
Hon ExchanffP Warehouses. Snnthwark Street. London, S.E.

GLASS

CHEAP GLASS!

In Stock Sizes.

1507., per 100 ft, 9s- 6d \ u*,2; 20x
2--°z-» -» "?. UZ. | i6xl2, 16x14, 20X16, 21X18, &C.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. per square; Matching, at 3s. 9d.; 2x4. at %d.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars, Mouldings, Doors, Paint*.
Ironmongery. &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,

7i, BlSHOl'SUATK STREET WITHIN, LONDOX, E.C.

ORCHID BASKETS,

RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

BEND FOB A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRITRY LANE. W.C.

IMPORTANT toSTRAWBERRY GROWERS.
E. G. COLE,

THE POTTERIES, TOTTENHAM, N. ,

Has a large and first-class Stock of Large 32*9 Pots

for Immediate Delivery, the fame as used by most of the

leading Growers.

E. G. C. has al-o a large Stock of all other sizes.

Pricks, &c. on application.

CONWAY Q. WAKNB,

Eoyal Potteries, Weston -super-Mare

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S '

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

PROPRIETOR of a PATENT GLAZING
for ROOFING, ami HORTICULTURAL BUILDING
BUSINESS, rapidly developing, is SEEKING either a FIRM
WHO ARE ABLE TO TAKE IT UP, or a thoroughly prac-
tical WORKING PARTNER, or MANAGING WORKING
FOREMAN. Goo! references needed.— Apply by letter to
N. E., G^rdaiers' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

WANTED a HEAD GARDENER for
Sheffield Botanical Gardens. Address to the Secre-
tary as below with references, stating salary required and
when at liberty. T. G. SHUTTLEWORTH, Queen Insurance
Buildings. Church Street, Sheffield.

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER, where a Lad is kept.— Must understand
Flowers, Fruit, and Houses thoroughly, and be willing to
work. Married. First-rate character.— Apply, stating wag's
wanted to J. L., Holmes's Library, Chapel Place, Cavendish
Square, London, W.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER (married). Must thoroughly understand
Glass and Flower Garden. Cottage on premises. Must have
held similar situation.— Apply, by letter only, stating full
particulars, to A. B., Beechcroft, Hop ton Road, Strehtham.
Common.

WANTED, a young MAN as GARDENER.
Willing to make himself generally useful. — Address,
X. Y., 8, Great St. Helens, E.C, staring age, wages required,
&c.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, un-
married, where six are kept. Need not know any-
thing about Houses, but must thoroughly understand all Out-
door Work. Wage.-*, 18s., and room found.— Applv to Mrs. 11.
GILLLAT, Abbot's Eipton Hall, Huntingdon.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, for
the Country; marri d ; Wife, as Laundress. Wages
for man, 18*. a week, with Cottage and Coals.— Address, A.,
Church St-etton Hotel. Shropshire.

WANTED, a competent WORKING
GARDENEK, where some assistance is given.
Married, without family. Wages. 2-s. a week, and two good
rooms over stable. — Apply, Wenuington House, Wennington,
near Riinham, Essex.

WANTED AT OiNOE, a thorough good
JOURNEYMAN.— Age 13 to 24. Must be a good
Decorator, and with Testimonials of the first order. Wages,
2.S. per week, bothy and vegetables —Apply to F. JACKSON,
The Grove Gardens. S treat ham.

WANTED, a GARDENER and AVIFE.—
Without family. Assistant kept. Orchard, Grass,
Wgetibles. Hardy Borders, Melons, Greenhouse, and Poultry.
Wife as Housekeeper, Cook, and House-servant at end of
week. Rooms, fuel, and 23s. per week. — Apply, in own hand-
writing, before Oct. l,to.T. SFARKES, Ewhurst, Guildford.

WANTED, a MAN and WIFE, as Second
Gardener and Laundress, without young children. —
Lady S., Mapiewell, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

WANTED a general NURSERY HAND,
good Builder and Grafter. Constant employment to
a steady man. State particulars to CHARLES TOWNSEND,
Fordham, nearSohnni.

Foreman.

WANTED, a good steady WORKING FORE-
MAN, having good general knowledge of in and out-
door Nursery Work.— Must have fair knowledge of names of
Herbaceous Plants, and be good and quick Budder. Abstainer
preferred.— Apply, stating wages, &e., to J. BURRELL and
CO., Howe House Nurseries, Cambridge.

WANTED, an energetic man as NURSERY
FOREMAN, Outdoor in a large Nursery.— Must
thoroughly understand the business, capable of managing a
large staff of men, aud have excellent character. State wngia
expected, with testimonials. — Apply, H. A. Z , Girdeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a young MAN, with a good
knowledge of Tomatos and Cucumbers, and Inside
work generally; Outside when required. To attend Market
occasionally.— Apply, MANAGER, Fern Bank Nurseries,
Woore, Newcastle, Staffordshire.

WANTED, an active young MAN for the
Houses. State age, wages, and references. TROUGH-
TON, Preston.

WANTED AT ONCE, a trustworthy young
MAN, well versed in Tomatos, Cucumbers, Cut
Bloom, and Soft-wooded Plants.— J. MOON, Chalvey Road
Nursery, Slough, Bucks.

WANTED, an APPRENTICE to the
FARM and GARDE!* SEED TRADE— STANLEY
BALDWIN, Successor to James Cuthbert, Seed Merchant,
Clayton Square, Liverpool.

WANTED, a single young MAN, in a
Florist's shop and compact Nursery, with small
Premium, to TAKE PART SHARE. This is a good chance for
a pushing young man.— 46, Mordant Street, Stuckwell. S. W.

ANTED, a TRAVELLER, for the whole-
sale Nursery Trade. Apply, stating experience, &c,
to THOS. CRIPPS AND SON, The Tunbridge Wells' Nurseries,
Kent.

WANTED, a JUNIOR NURSERY CLERK,
with some knowledge of the Trade.— Apply, stating
full particulars, age, references, and salary required, to JOHN
PERKINS AND SON, 52, Market Square, Northampton.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

TTeiid Gurdsiifirs

JOHN LAING and SUNS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesaad Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
Loudon, S.E.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MES of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—'1 DluKSONS, CHESTER."

TMCHARD SMITH and CO.

JLV beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars. &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENEKS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (Jons Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

(GARDENER (Head); married; has small
!T family. —Mrs. Henry Bkassey wishes to recommend
her Head Gardener, who is leaving on account of the death of
the late Mr. H. A. Brassey, as above. Thoroughly experienced
in all branches, Forcing, &c. Thoroughly honest, and abstainer.
— Apply, Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent.

GARDENER (Head).— Kipps, late Head
Gardener, Sec, to W. H. Bingham Cox, E^q , Totnes,
seek* re-engagement, near Londou preferred. No encumbrance.
— Newgate Street, near Hertford.

GARDENERT(HEAD)7^Age 4:2, married,"no
family; experienced in all branches of Gardening,
Early aud Late Forcing, and General Management of good
establishment. — W. D., 2, Alberta Place, London Road,
Bishop's Stortford.

GARDENER (Head), in good establishment;
fifteen years' experience. — J. G, McPherson, Gardener
tu the Right Hon. the Earl of Lomlesboruugh, would have
great pleasure in recommeuding his Foreman (G. Gurney),
who has been wilh him four years, to any Lady or Gentleman
requiring the services of a good all-round man. — Londesborough
Park, Market Weigliton, Yorkshire.

GARDE N E R (Head) ; age 38. — Mr.
Williams, Gardener to the Earl of Lisburne, Cross-
wood Park, Aberystwith, can with confidence recommend a
thorough practical all-round man as above. Life experience
in first-class places. Eight years in last as Head. Excellent
testimonials. — Apply as above.

GAUDENER (Head); age 33, married.—
William Maskell, Head Gardener to William Wells,
Esq., of Holme Wood, Peterborough, would be glad to hear
from any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a
practical man as above. Life experience of Gardening in
good establishments. Cause of leaving death of employer.
Hood references.— W. MASKELL, Dunhill Farm, Steep, Peters-
field, Hants.

GARDENER (Head).— A. Milne, Gardener
to the Right Hon. Earl Ashburnham, Battle, Sussex,
can with confidence recommend his Foreman as an energetic
workman ai.d good all-round man.

GARDENER (Head), in a good establish-
ment. Fifteen years' practical experience. W.
WillBBERLEY, Gardener to Sir Philip Grey Egerton, Oulton
Park, Tarporley, wishes to recommend his present Foreman,
Chas. Thomas, to any Nobleman, Lady, or Gentleman, re-
quiring a good all-round man as above.

To Gentlemen and Market Growers.

GARDENER (Head), or MANAGER and
GROWER for Market.— Age 43; well up in Grapes,
Peaches, Melons, Tomatos, Cucumbers, all kinds of Cut
Flowers ; Chrysanthemums a speciulty ; alt-o Wreaths, Crosses,
Sprays, Bouquets, &c. High-class testimonials, and good
personal character.— HEAD GARDENER, Hawthorn Bank,
Spalding.

September 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

323

GARDENER (Head), and ORCHID
UROWER.— Age 31; seventeen years' experience in
Orchids. Stove and Gieenhonse Plants, early and late Forcing,
hardy Fruit, I"lower, and Kitchen Gardens. — WILLIAM
LAKER, Quom Lodge, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

f\ ARDENER (Head).— Age 30, married ;

\Jf thtroughly compelent and trustworthy. Thorough
knowledge of the growth of all descriptions of Fruit, Flowers,
and Vegetables. Well recommended by a Gentleman employer,
who is well-known in London, for the above capacity.— G.,
Gardener, 27, St. Augustine's Boad, Camden Square, N.W.

I*\t\ BONUS.— Anyone procuring the Ad-

ctl" vertiser a situation as HEAD GARDENER. Lurge
place not necessary. Good all-round man. Excellent
testimonials. Age 45, married, no family. — HORTUS,
Booking Office, Sydenham Station.

GARDENER (Head), where two or more
are kept.— Married, one child ; thoroughly understands
Gardening in all its branches, with a fair knowledge of Orchids.
Nine years' good character from last employer, lutal abstainer
of long standing.— C. W., John Solomon, Queen's Road,
Walthamstow, Essex.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 37, married, one
child, 'aged 9 years; has had twenty-two yeirs' good
practical experience in all branches. Highly recommended as
competent and trustworthy. Excellent testimonials. Please
state full particulars.— MANNS, Church Street, Shoreham,
Sussex. '

GARDENER (Head), and ORCHID
GROWER.— Ag* 30; sixteen years' experienced in
Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Early and Late
Forcing, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens. Four and a
half years last place.— C. W. SURMAN, Lower Asiou Lodge,
Eynsford. Kent. _____^___

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept.— Age 32, married, two children; a
thorough prr.ctical good all-round man. Eighteen years' expe-
rience in all branches. Character will bear strictest investi-
gation—GARDENER, J. Newman, Flosh House Gardens,
Keighley, Yorkshire.

GARDENER (Head Workintg).— Age 38,
married, no family; thoroughly experience. 1 in all
branches. Good reference from last p'aee.— H., 5, Upper
Orchard Street, Brixton Hill, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
handed).— Age 34. Practical experience in all its
branches. Nine years' good character. Kuowlei'ge of cows.—
W. L., Sedgemere, East Finchley. ___

f^\ ARDENER (Head Working), where three
VX or more are kept.— Age 35. married, one child (age 3);
twenty years* experience in all branches of Gardenia jr. ' Dis-
engaged when Miiied. Character will bear the strictest in-
vestigation.— J. B., lit, Ohoumcrt Road, Peckham, S.E.

GAKPENER (Head Working); age 28,
married.— Mr. Offer, Handeross Park, Crawley, can
with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring a good practical all-round man as above. He
has been w iih hira lour years.

GARDENER (Head Working), where more
are kept. Good practical experience in all branches.
Excellent character. Abstainer.— GARDENER, 29, Stadium
Street, Afhbiunham Road, Chelsea, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one or
two others are kept.— Age :-$>, married ; thirteen years'

experience in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Good character.— G.,
Mr. Hurt, Albert Road, Coiham, Hants.

G~~ ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 36,
married : twenty years' experience in all kinds of Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegetables, Early and Late Forcing. Wife as
Laundress if required. Good character, and well recom-
mended.-B. S., Croxley Grove, Rickmansworth.

GARDENER (Head Working).— The
Advertiser seeks an engagement with any Lady or
Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly competent
Gardener. A life's experience in all branches of the Garden.—
J. MARSH, Crook ham. Newbury.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
Age 30, married, one child; disengaged. Thoroughly
practical. Inside and Out. Excellent character and testi-
monials.—MACK, 2, Homestead Villas, Riverdale Road,
Plumstecd, S.E.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or where
another is kept, good practical experience of Plant",
Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardening. Age 31, married,
four \ears in pre ent and ten years in previous situation.
Good references. W. H. BELL, 46, Durham Road, Cottenham
Park, Wimbledon. ^^^^__

GARDENER ' (Single-handed, or other-
wise); age 40, married.— A Lady can recommend as
above. Thoroughly understands the routine of Gardening.
Total abstainer.— D. D., Coffee Tavern, Bookhum, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second or Single-handed). —
J. AKEBS, Head Gardener, Tjmawr Gilwern, Aber-
gavenny, can recommend a young man as above.

ARDENER.— A Gentleman wishes to re-

commend a gardener who is a good all-round man.
Understands Vinery, Orchard-house and Conservatory, Chry-
santhemums Fruit, Tomatoes, and kitchen gardening, also
horses, cows, pi'g9, poultry, and carpentry. Thoroughly
honest, sober and industrious. Wagesvery moderate. H.D.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand,
W.C.

GARDENER, where two or more are kept
age 27.— A Gentleman wishes to recommend his Gar-
dener as above. Twelve years' experience in large establish-
ments.—SLATER, Colton Lod^e. Tadcaster.

GARDENER.— Age 30, married; good all-
round. Would not Object to good SINGLE- HANDED.
Four years' excellent character.— A. S., 2, Limetree Cottages,
Lower Mitcham.

GARDENER, where help is given, or
SINGLE HANDED. Age 28. Ten years' experience,
good character, and references.— S.W. , East Norton, Leicester.

G~~ ARDENER.— Age 44; good, thoroughly
experienced. Wife thorough Laundress. Tsvo years
six months' good character.— A. B., NewTown, Hatfield, Herts.

GARDENER, where one or more are kept. —
Age 34, married ; two children. Twenty years' experi-
ence ; four years' good character from present employer. —
G. HUTCHINGS, Wellington, Fareham, Hants.

GARDENER.— Age 24, height 5 feet 9 inches ;
a young man who is anxious to improve seeks a situa-
tion. Glas* preferred.— J. COX, 1, Golden Square, Heath
Street, Hatnpstead, N.W.

GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out;
age 20.— Mr. Sharpe, Low Hill Garden?, Bushbury,
Wolverhampton, will be pleased to recommend George Adams
as a strong useful young man.

(^ ARDENER (Under or Single-handed). —

\SJ Age 22 ; willing to mike himself generally useful. Ca n
be well recommended.— H. YOUNG, Bidley Road, Winton,
Bournemouth, Hants.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 23. Fair know-
ledge Inside and Out. Respectable. Good Character.
Abstainer.— A. G., 53, Stork Roid, Stratford, E.

GARDENER, or UNDER— Age 21 (son of a
Nurseryman); good experience, both Inside and out.
INGREY, Nurseries, Spaldirg.

GARDENER (Under), where two or three
are kept.— Age 28, single; good character. Suburbs
preferred. — H.. The Lodge, Oakbouse, Feltham Hill.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 21. W. Miles,
Gardener to R. Fuller Maitland, Esq., Finchampstead,
Wokingham, can confidently recommend a young man aa
above. Knowledge of Inside and Out. Eighteen months'
good character, and three years' reference from previous
employer.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 2L Under-
stands Kitchen Garden an 1 Pleasure Ground*. Good
recommendations.— Address Btatii g Wagee, to a. WRDiHT,
Bourne Bridge, Stap'cford. Romford.

MANAGER, Market Nursery, under Glass
or in private E>tiblibhment where -tuff is grown for
Market. Well experienced in all branches* — BRILL, Ham
Common, Richmond, Surrey.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft-
wood ; also experience in Palms, Ferns, and the general
routine of Nursery VVork. — Age 27; fourteeu years' practical
experience.— W. R , 32, Charlton Ruad, Hnrle-den, N.W.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATt >R (Assistant). — A young
married roan ; several jears with Mr. J. C>pher, Chel-
tenham. Excellent character. — JOHNSON, 2, Maryville
Cottages, Naunton Crescent, Cheltenham.

PROPAGATOR or ASSISTANT.— Age 25;
used to propagating Stove nnd Greenhouse Plants, Chry-
santhemums. Redding, aud ceneral Nursery stuff. — AUGUST
REISER. 5, Peploe Street, Bisdi ops field. Chester.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 26;
all Market Plants, Fern?, Vines, Tcmatos, Cucumbers,
&c. — H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand. W.C. ^___^_

FOREMAN (Landscape) seeks situation with
Nurseryman, or as GARDENER (Head), in a good
place. — Age 36, small family; experienced in all branches.
Five and a half years in present situation.— G. ANDERSON,
Darley Abbey, Dei by.

FOREMAN and PROPAGATOR, in or out-
door.— Good general knowledge in either department;
out-door preferred; sixteen years' experience in leading nur-
series.—J. G. LLOYD, The Gardens, Brook wood Asylum,
Woking, Surrey.

FOREMAN, or SECOND, Inside, wishes
situation now or at term.— Age 21; nine years' expe-
rience. Total abstainer.— W. S. O., The Gardens, Broomfieid,
Davidson Mains. Midlothian.

FOREMAN, in a Market Nursery.— Age 29,
married; successful Carnation and Rose Grower. Four
and a half years' unexceptional reference from Mr. Milne, The
Nurseries, Hampton Hill.— A. JOHNSON, 8, Seymour Villas,
Hampton Hill.

FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 26; well
acquainted with Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Early
and Late Forcing.— W. HOLDEN, Hampton Court House,
Hampton Court, Middlesex.

FOREMAN in the Houses.— A. HUNTER
can with every confidence recommend his Foreman a3
above. — W. HILL, Coedcoch Gardens, Abergele, North Wales.

FOREMAN, in large establishment ; age 28 —
Mr. Friend, gardener to the Hon. P. C. Glyn, Rooks-
nest, Godstone, Surrey, cm confidently recommend his late
Foreman to any gardener requiring a thoroughly practical and
deserving man ; lourteen years' experience,

JOURNEYMAN, in good establishment.—
Age 23; good references.— F. D. DOWNES, Mr. J.
Cooper, Anderson's Road, 0atland*3 Park.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 23; good references.
Ten years inside and out.— T. M., Postmaster, Crimples-
ham, Downham Market, Norfolk.

JOURNEYMAN (Second or Third), in
the Houses. — Age 20 ; six and a half years' experience,
with reference.— J. W., 62, Elliott Road, Chiswick, W.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 24;
seven years' experience.— F. RUSH, 21, Acton Street,
Greysima Road, Loudon, W.C.

JOURNEYMAN, under a Foreman, in a
private place. — Experience in general work and Fruit
Forcing. Well up in Packing.— HEAD GARDENER. Whit-
field, near Hereford.

JOURNEYMAN, under a Foreman, in good
Establishment. — Age 21; four and a half years in last
place. Please state wages.— G. KfeJEVILL, The Gardens,
Wenvoe Castle, Cardiff, S. Wales.

JOURNEYMAN (Second), in the Houses.—
Age 9; has had fair knowledge of both Inside and Out.
Two years' good character.— C. H.f Post-office, Crawley Down,
Sussex.

IMPROVER, under Glass preferred.— AgTl97
bothy; four years' experience; two years' good character
from last place. Would pay small premium. — A. G. T.,
6, Chulehurst Road, Bromley, Kent.

IMPROVER. — Age 18 ; two years' experience.
Letving through family going away. — The GARDENER,
Shrublands, Lexdeu, Colchester, Essex.

To Gardeners.

IMrROVER, Inside and Out in a large
Establishment. Age 19. Strong and willing. Four
years' guod character. Premium given. R. GOODBOURN
31. old Dover Road, Canterbury.

IMPROVER.— Age 19. Three and a half

JL years' references. Used to both Inside and Out.— KIPPS,
Newgate Street, near Hertford.

'T'O GARDENERS.— Young Man (age 20),

J- desires situation In good Garden. Inside and Out. Ex-
cellent characters. Four years' experience. — W. BUTTER-
FIELD, Mrs. Gott. 48, Crocus Street, Nottingham.

rVO NURSERYMEN.— A situation wanted, by

JL a young Man (age 23), in a Market Nursery, well up in
Ferns, &.c— J. O., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

ANDY MAN. — A practical Painter,

Glazier. &c , wants work on Nursery or Estate. Job
not objected to. Hour, day, or wages. — J. G., 7, Julot
Street, Dartmouth Park Hill, Highgate.

MANAGER, or SHOPMAN (Head). —
Age 29; thorough practical knowledge of the Nursery,
Plant, Seeds, Bulbs, Sundries, and Cut Flower Trade, and a
first-class Maker-up. Many years' London experience. Would
go Abroad, or Travel.— Particulars to H. T., 43, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seej, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, Esst Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN. — Seventeen years' experience in
Seeds and Bulbs. Two years in the United States.
Excellent references.— W. A., Box 67. Post Office, Preston,
Lancashire.

SHOPMAN or ASSISTANT.— Age 24;

O thorough knowledge of Seed Trade; nine years' expe-
rience ; four years present situation. — J. H., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN or MANAGER. Age" 2~8.~7Ex-

O perienced in all branches, including Wreaths, Bouquets,
Sprays, Bulbs. Seeds. &c. Could manage Branch. Excellent
references— EUCHARIS, 93, Acre Lane, Brixton.

DR. LOCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS.—
We continually hear of the most surprising recoveries
from consumption, at>thma, bronchitis, aud disorders of the
lungs, through the use of Dr. Locock's Pulmonic Wafers. It is
certain that nothing else could give such a refreshing night's
rest. They laste pleasantly.— Of all Druggists, at Is. l|rf.
per box.

HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.—
Never at fault.— In all irritations of the skin, sores,
ulcers, burns, and scrofulous enlargements of the glands,
Holloway's Ointment presents a ready and easy means of cure,
which never disappoints the most favourable expectations. It
manifests a peculiar power in restraining inflammation,
removing stagnation, cooling the heated blood, and checking
all acrimonious or unhealthy discharges. Whilst thus acting
locally, the Pills are no less remarkable for iheir power in
improving the general condition and habit of body, which
renders the cures complete and permanent. Under the general
influence of these potent rt-medies, the puny infant becomes
the robust child ; the pale and emaciated regain colour and
rotundity ; and the dyspeptic eats freely without fear.

324

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembek 12, 1891.

THOMSON'S

IMPROVED

VINE, PLANT, h VEGETABLE MANURE

NONE IS GENUINE THAT DOES NOT BEAR
OUR NAME ON THE SACK.

AWARDED ONLY MEDAL

FOB

ARTIFICIAL MANURES

EDINBURGH INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1886.

This Manure, on its own merits, has come rapidly into extensive use. The materials it is composed of are of the highest manurial value,
and so balanced as to combine immediate with lasting effects. It is a safe and certain Manure for every fruit-bearing plant from the Vine
downwards, as well as for Pot Plants and Vegetables.

TERMS :—
1 cwt £1 0

1 ton ...

... £18 0

0 cwts. ...

... 9 10

5 cwts. ...

... 5 0

7-lb. tin ...

... £0

3 6

3-lb. tin ...

... 0

2 0

1-lb. tin ...

... 0

1 0

5G lb 0 10

28 lb 0 6

DIRECTIONS FOR USE are PLACED IN EACH SACK, and PRINTED ON THE TINS.
Ijgj* ORDERS above 1 cwt. CARRIAGE PAID to all STATIONS.

CAN BE HAD OF ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN.

AGENT FOR LONDON—

Mr. JAMES GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, PUTNEY.

SOLE AGENT FOR CHANNEL ISLANDS—
Mr. J. H. PARSONS, Market Place, GUERNSEY.

Mr. HENDERSON, Thorcsby Park, Nottingham.

Mr. MURRAY, Culzean Castle, May bole.

Mr. LYON, Ossington Hall, Nottingham.

Mr. BAILLIE, Luton Hoo, Luton.

Mr. M'INDOE, Hutton Hall, Yorkshire.

REFERENCE CAN BE MADE TO—

Mr. M'INTYRE, The Glen, Innerleithen.

Mr. GEORGE MONRO, Covent Garden, London.

H. PIGGOT, Esq., Tunbridge Wells.

Mr. GROSSART, Binrock, Dundee.

Mr. LAING. Salisbury Green, Edinburgh.

Mr. KAY', Long Lane Nursery, Finehley, N.
Mr. TEMPLE, Carron House, Falkirk.
Mr. MURRAY, The Gardens, Park Hall, Polmont, N.B.
Mr. J. W1THERSPOON, Red Rose Vineries, Chester-le-
Street. AND MANY OTHERS.

THOMSON'S SPECIAL CHRYSANTHEMUM MANURE,

A Soluble Manure for Top-Dressing Chrysanthemum and Similar Plants.

WE REFER INTENDING PURCHASERS TO

Mr. E. MOLYNEUX, Swanmore Park, Bishop's Waltham, Hants.
Mr. McKENZIE, Linton Park Gardens, Maidstone.

Mr. MoHATTIE, Newbattle Abbey Gardens, Dalkeith.
Mr. GROSSART, Binrock, Dundee.

56 1b.

TERMS:-

., 20/-. | 281b 11/-. | 14 1b 6/-.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE WILL BE PLACED IN EACH BAG.

7 1b.

3/6.

SOLE MAKER S —

WM. THOMSON & SONS,

TWEED VINEYARD, CLOVENFORDS, GALASHIELS.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, PariBh of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County. — Saturday, September 12, 1891. Agent for Manchester — John Heytvood.

CULTVRAi

No. 247.— Vol. X. {STEH™.} SATUEDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper,

(Price 3d.

I. Post-free, 3{d.

CONTENTS.

Apiary, the

339

Obituary :-

Apple avenue at Wal-

William Brown

349

tham Cross

340

Jean Baptiste Joseph

Apples, does it pay to

Van Volxem

319

grow?

344

Orchids at St. Albans ...

337

Bass or Piassava

33ft

Orchid-house

339

Berberis coDgestifolia

Pinus rigida

338

hakeoides

3SS

Plants under glass

33*

Cattleya labiata

333

Plums, market

132

Cliveia miniata, garden

Potato disease

341

varieties of

334

Rose-showing

334

Cypripedium macrochi-

Sir Trevor Lawrence's

lum

343

collection

33fi

Ediuburgh Conference on

Societies :—

fruit growing ...

315

Bournemouth '

342

Elm, variegated English,

345

Crystal Palace Fruit

3lfi

Ferns and their multiple

Dalkeith

348

Parents

331

Kingswood and West

Ferns, Facts regarding

Gloucestershire

347

the prothalli and pro-

National Dahlia

347

pagation of

Si2

New Cross, working-

Forestry for September

men's show at

348

Fruit farms

332

Reading Horticultural

345

Fruits under glass

338

Royal Oxfordshire

Fuchsias at the Charter-

Horticultural

348

house

342

Scottish Horticultural

348

Hypericum Moserianum

333

Tree Culture and Pro-

Kitchen Garden

319

tection

341

Leguat's, Francois,

Town fogs

340

plants

ILL

335
J8T

Wax refining

RATION8.

339

Cypripedium macrochilum

313

.Fruit tree avenue at Waltham

Cross

311

Hypericum Moserianum

333

Nolo Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publishes, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Building, New York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

NOW READY for TRADE.— 3000 AZALEA
INDICA, Deutsche Pearl, Bernard, Audrea, alba, and
other varieties, strong plants with buds: 5000 SPiREA
AUREA RETICULATA.

JULES DE COCK, Nurseryman, Ghent (Belgium).

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 4s. per 10'). carriage
paid ; 30s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen. 6d. LIST free.
W. LOVEL and SON, Driffield.

S t,n.wt)crriss
FINE COLLECTION of the best varieties

can be supplied. Orders should be booked now.

Descriptive CATALOGUE post free.

THOMAS RIVERS and SON, Sawbridgeworth.

DOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
best HYACINTHS, TULIPS. ROSES. FRUIT TREES,
PANSIES, VIOLAS, &c, can be had post-free on application.
Everyone interested in any of the foregoing is invited to send
for a copy.— DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Kothesay, Scotland.

FOR SALE.— FOUR EPIPHYLLUMS, very
fine Standards, on stems 5 feet high, heads 3feet through.
Fine varieties and quite an acquisition. Apply to

W. CHAMBERS, Westlake Nursery, Isleworth.

Autumn Catalogues.

CHARLES TURNER'S Descriptive Priced
LIST of DUTCH and other BULBS is now ready.
Also new CATAL08UE of ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
SHRUBS, and CONIFERS. Both sent fre« on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

SUTTON'S HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUS, &c. FOR EARLY FORCING. Sutton's Com-
plete Collections of Bulbs for Early Forcing. Price 10s. 6d.,
21s., 31s. 6d., and 42s. each. For full particulars see —

SUTTON'S BULB CATALOGUE— Beauti-
fully illustrated with numerous eDgravings, and a hand-
some coloured plate of " The Sutton " Anemone, and contain-
ing accurate descriptions of the choicest varieties, with clear
hints on their successful cultivation.

SUTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct
from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Dutch Flower Roots. Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and RUBIN SON'S
CATALOGUE, specifies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post free.
HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots, 40s. to 80s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 15s. to 21s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, White. Red, aud Blue, mixed shades, 12s. per luO.
TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 5s. per lOu.
CROCUS, by name, and mixed shades. Is. 6rf. to 3s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS, FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES. &c. Good references.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labelB found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

CUT FLOWERS.— A Grower wishes to meet
with someone who would TAKE a SUPPLY about
THREE TIMES a WEEK. Address—

A. D., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

SAMUEL SMITH, Nurseryman, Slaghills
Nursery, near Matlock, Derbyshire, makes very liberal
Selections of 100 Sorts of ROCK PLANTS, and 100 Sorts of
BORDER PLANTS ; strong, from open ground ; in one plant
of a sort, at 16s. Sd. per loo ; if taken in three plants of a sort,
at 10s. 6d. per 100. LIST, free on application.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RfDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

FLORAL COMMISSION AGENCY.— W.
CALE receives on Commission all kinds of choice
P lowers and Fruit. Baskets and Labels supplied. —10, Burleigh
Street, Strand, and 93, Flower Market, Covent Garden., W.C.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi) .
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Ctoci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS, 10s. 6d., 21s., 42s.,t?3s.,& upwards.
COLLECTIONS of DAFFODILS, bs.&d., U.Gd., 10s. Qd. , to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, PEeonies, Lilies, &c.
BARR AND SON, 12, King Street. Covent Garden, London. W.C.

WANTED, Bedding GERANIUM CUT-
TINGS. State varieties and price.— E. LEWIS,
Saffron Hill Gardens, Milligan Road, Ayleston Park, Leicester.

WANTED, PINE-APPLE SUCKERS.—
Smooth Cayenne and Providence Pine-apple Suckers.
— State price and number for disposal, to —

J. W. DRAPER and SON, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS.—
2003 Vesuvius, 500 Mrs. Pollock. Cash, or EXCHANGE
for Mrs. W. Paul, or Ivy-leaved Madame Crousse, a splendid
bedder. Price to G. HOWES, Mertoa Hall Gardens, Thetford.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

NOW READY, Blush Souvenir de la Malmai-
son CARNATION LAYERS, strong, well-rooted stuff,
7s. Qd. per doz. ; postage and packing free. Cash with order.
E. S. NIGHTINGALE, Rohais, Guernsey.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. RUUZEN and SUW'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, lb91, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plui.ts (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be s-ent, post-free,
on application to their Agents. Messrs. MERTkNS and CO,,
3. Cross Lane. St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.U. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. Qd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswlck.

DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS ! DAFFODILS !
When sending orderB by post, for Daffodils, from one of
the most varied Collections in Europe, will my various friends
kindly use the " Registered Envelope," as enclosed with Illus-
trated Catalogue. Copies of the latter are post-free, and
orders should reach per return for prompt delivery, as bulbs are
simply perfection THIS season.

WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, 24,
Patrick Street, Cork.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

OKCHIDS, &c— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
• Ghent, Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, London, E.C.

rPHE CREAM of all STRAWBERRIES will

I be found in the Four Varieties named : —

RUSKIN, for Forcing Early, in pots. 25s. per 100.
BRITISH QUEEN, for Forcing Late, in pots, 15s. per 100.
LATEST OF ALL, LAXTON'S. Runners, 16s. per 100.
OXONIAN, a Topper, 6s. per 100.

Plants Guaranteed best in the Trade.

R. GILBERT. High Park, Stamford.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s, per 100. Order
earlv of —

WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

MALLER and SONS beg to offer to the

• Trade a very extensive and unusually well grown
Stock of ERICAS (Hyemalis and other varieties), EPACRIS,
SOLANUMS, GENISTAS, CYCLAMEN, BOUVARDIAS of
sorts ADIANTUM CUNEATUM, and other FERNS; PALMS,
in variety, GARDENIAS, STEPHANOTIS, FICUS ELASTICA,
CROTONS, GREVILLEAS, TEA ROSES (in pots), BORONIA
MEGASTIGMA, VINES (in pots), &c.

An Inspection is invited.
Trade CATALOGUES forwarded on application.
Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries, Lee. S.E.

J WEEKS AND CO., HORTICULTURAL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.
v B King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
naid London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

326

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September. 19, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION ROOMS and ESTATE OFFICES, 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE. E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs —Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THUBSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms. 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C. FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'Clnck each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-chv-s
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS. NARCISSUS, aud other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers. , „ , , ,. j

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Actjn, W.-In Bankruptcy, re John Reeves.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SalK without the SLIGHTEST

RESERVE.

By order of the Tru>tee. Four days Sale.

IMPORTANT to the TRADE and CUT FLOWER

GROWERS.

TIXESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

1V1 instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the
Nurseries, -Acton. W. (adjoining the Recreation Ground, and
clo*e to either of the Acton Railway Stations), on MONDAY.
September 21, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS, at 12
o'clock precisely each day, absolutely without reserve, the
extensive stock of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANT-*,
grown principally for Market purposes and Cut Flowers, com-
prising : —
* 100.000 FERNS,

consisting of ADIANTUMS in great variety,
and many other specie?

4,000 Eucharis (large plants)
Asparagus teuuissimus
and plumosus (a large
stock)
3,000 Carnations, Miss Joliffe

(splendid plants)
8,000 do., in store pots
300 Azaleas, Fielder's White
(specimen plants, well-
set)
The entire stock of the new
pink Pelargonium, Ethel

3, Irish Ivies, in pots

1,000 Poinsettia pulcherrima

(stock plants)
5,000 Cyperus alternifolius

Aspidistras
10,000 Golden and Green
Euooymus
800 Peeonies, double white
200 do., various
White Iris

Aucubas, and other out-
door Nursery Stock

Ljv I ' I i I i _ , ■_.*... v- -"rf

Also the ERECTIONS of 30 GREENHOUSES
12.000 feet of Hot-water PIPING, mostly 4-inch.
Fourteen BOILER -i, slate Staging. Lights. Pits. Brick-work.
Two Spriug Market VANS, Bay HORSE, Harness,
and sundries.
May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, of T. P. CHILD. Esq. (the Trustee), Accoun-
tant, 42, Poultry, E.C. ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 6S, Cheapside. London, EC.

Wednesday Next.

AZALIAS, and OTHER PUNT-, from RELGrUM.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE of BULBS, on WkDNESDAY
NEXT, a consignment of AZALIAS, PALMS, aud other
PLANTS, from BELGIUM.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Enfield, Middlesex

FIRST ANNUAL SALE of well-grown STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, bv order of Mr. G. Blundell.

MESS KS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nurseries,
Ridgway Oaks. Enfield, on THURSDAY. Sept. 24. at 1 o'clock,
300 Tea and H. P. ROSES in pots, 200 LILIUM HARRISII
in bud, 250 LILIUMS of sorts. 8000 FREESIA REFRACTA
ALBA in pots. 2,000 GLADIOLUS, The Bride, FERNS, STE-
PHANOTIS, VIOLETS, COMTE BRAZZA, CARNATIONS,
CALLAS, BOUVARDIAS, 400 CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
BEGONIAS, and other STOCK.

May be viewed three days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E.C.

Friday Next.— By Order of the Executors.

The COLLECTION of WELL - ESTABLISHKD ORCHIDS
formed by the late H. J. Buchan, Esq.. of WTilton House,
Southampton, for Sale without Reserve. Important to
Gentlemen desirous of forming or adding to their col-
lections.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by the executors to SELL by AUCTION, at
their Ce tril Sale Rooms, c7 and 63, Cheapside. E.C, on
FRIDAY NEXT, September 25. at half-past 12 o'clock, the
entire Collection of exceedingly well-grown ESTABLIsHKD
ORCHIDS, comprising a line lot of Oypripeiiiums, Dendr. bium
Splendioissimum and Ainsworthii, Wardianum (fine varieties),
Brymeriauum, and many others. A carefully-selected lot of
Cattleyas in great variety, many of them purchased in llower ;
Laalia gtandis, best variety; L. anreps alba. L. Arnoldiana;
Masdevallia Veitchii grandinora, Odontoglossum rnaculatum
anceps ; a large quantity of Odontoglu-sum crispum and
triumphans, and others; Phaleenopsis. aud many other Orchids.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Southgate.

By order of Mr. W. Davies.

About a mile from Oakleigh Park Station. 8. N. Railway.

IMPORTANT to FRUIT and PLANT GROWERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Mart. Tokenhouse Y"ard,
London. E.C, on FRIDAY, September 25, at 2 o'clock, in one
lot, a compact and valuable FREEHOLD MARKET NURSERY,
known as the Oak House Nursery, Enfield Road, Southgate,
comprising an area of nearly 2 Acres, with brick-built Dwel-
ling-house, 9 Greenhouses and Vineries, 14 brick Pits, Stabling,
and suitable Buildings.

The Property possesses a commanding Frontage to the High
Road, which can be utilised for Building. Possession will be
giveu on completion of the purchase.

May be viewed. Particulars had on the Premises ; at the
Mart. EC; cf W. F. WATS'lN. Esq , Solicitor, 43. South-
ampton Buil lings. Chancery Lane. W.C; and of the Auc-
tioneers and Surveyors, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Sutton, Surrey. rTT,„

IMPORTANT UNRESERVED SALE of the valuable COLLEC-
TION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS,
&c, which are well known at the local Shows, by order of
S. Ezekiel, Esq., who is leaving the neighbourhood.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on
the premises, The Gardens, Camden House, Sutton, Surrey,
ten minutes' walk from the Sutton Railway Station, on
THURSDAY, September 21, at 12 o'clock precisely, the valu-
able collection of exceedingly well-grown STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, comprising about 500 lots, and consisting of
specimen and half specimen Geraniums of the best kinds,
trained Coleus, Selaginellaa. Antburiums, several fine speci-
men plants for exhibition, two splendid plants of Lapageria
rosea and alba, specimen and half-specimen Ferns, large
Palms. Cycas revoluta with thirty leaves. Asparagus Ferns,
Davallia Mooreana, 5 feet through, well-co oureal Crotons,
choice named double and siogle Begonias, seedling Begonias
aud Gloxinias, Eucharis, splendidly - trained exhibition
Fuchsias, all named, grand specimen Azaleas, large Camellias,
Chrysanthemums of the best varieties, and a large Colleci ion
of well-grown established Orchids, including Cattleya tnanse
alba, Cffilogyne cristata alba, Ltelia anceps alba, Cattleya
Skinneri oculata, Lffllia elegans, Cymbidium Lowii, and maiy
other species. . .

The Auctioneers desire to call special attention to this im-
portant Sale, particularly to tne OKCHIDS, which include
numerous fine varieties, the greater portion of them having
beeu purchased when in ilower

May be viewed. Catalogues may be had of Mr. COOK, the
Head Gardener, on the Premises, and of the Auctioueeis and
Valuers. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C

N.B.— The valuable FREEHOLD ESTATE, and the superior
Residence, Outbuildings, and extensive Grounds of about
8 Acres, is for Sale by Private Treaty. Apply to the
Auctioneers.

Hammersmith, W.

DISSOLUTION of PARTNERSHIP.

ABSOLUTE SALE, without reserve. LEASE, STOCK, and

UTENMLS in TRADE.

"\/TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1»1 SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Peacock
Nursery, Great Church Lane, Hammersmith, on MONDAY.
September 28, at 12 o'clock (unless previously sold by private
contract i. the BENEHCIAL INTEREST in the LEASE of
the NURSERY", with 17 GREENHOUSES, and stveral PITS.

Immediately following the Sale of the Lease, the whole of
the Stock will be offered in suitable lots, comprising
ll'OO PALMS, 1400 CHRYSANTHEMUMS, 150 AZALEAS,
500 BEGONIAS. 700 LILIES of sorts. 3000 FERNS, 10,000 GLA-
DIOLUS The Bride, ICELAND POPPIES, several 'Might
FRAMES, POTS, WATER-CANS. MUSHROOM BEDS, &c.

May be viewed any d ly prior to the Sale. Catalomns may
had on the Premises, of Messrs. MEAKIN AND SON, 6, Marlins
Lane, Cannon Street, E.C, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and
68, Cheapside, E.C

Derby.

TWO DAYS' UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of STOVE
and GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

1VTESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

1*1 instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
the Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby, about a mile from the Midland
Railway Station, on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, Sep-
tember 29 an! 30. at 12 o'clock precisely each day, Without
Reserve, the whole of the STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, comprising 2000 Aralias, large specimen Roses,
250 large Camellias and Azaleas, suitable for cut flower ; 400
Camellias, 2 to 4 feet; specimen Orchids, suitable for cut
flower; specimen Palms and Greenhouse Rhododendrons,
Lapagerias, 200 Palms, of sorts ; 1500 choice Ivies, 4000
Maidenhair Ferns, 6000 Narcissus, and quantises of other
Stock. Also brown HORSE, two Spring Market VANS, two
Spring DRAYS, GARDEN ROLLER, LAWN MOWERS, and
a quantity of GLASS and useful Sundries.

May be viewed three d lys prior to the Sale. Catalogues
had of Mr. COOLING, on the Premises; and of the Auc-
tioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68. Cheapside. E.C

N.B.— The Sale of the Outdoor NURSERY STOCK will take
pjace on the Pr^mi-es in Octoh"r next

\> oking.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE of an UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT
SIX DAYS' SALE of the excplionally well-grown NUR-
SERY STOCK, in the finest possible condition for trans-
planting, and embracing the most important lot of stock
offered for Auction for many jears, the quality of which
is unsurpassed in the Trade.

GREAT UNRESERVED SALE by order of the Trustees of the
late Mr. George Jackmau.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
respectfully give notiep of this extensive SALE which
has been fixed for MONDAY, October 12, ami FIVEFOLLOW-
ING DAYS, further particulars of which will appear in
future Advertisement?.

The Auctioneers have personally visited the nurseries and
desire to call attention of intending purchasers to this Sale, as
it is undoubtedly the most important Auction of Nursery
Stock that has been held for many years.

An inspection will well repay a visit by those contemplating
planting during the season.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Isle worth.

ANNUAL SALE of .YOUNG NURSERY STOCK,
grown specially for the Trade.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are instructed by Messrs. C Lee & Son to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Wood Lane Nursery, Isle-
worth, on THURSDAY. October 8, thousands of young
CONIFERS, for growing on. and other Stock.

Catalogues of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C

Eltham.
CLEARANCE SALE of G ctE e;N HOUSE PLANTS, FERN'S,
TWO Span-roof GREENHOUSES, Span-roof PfT. GAR-
DEN FRAMES, PITS, IRON HURDLES. GARDEN SEATS,
and other items.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL ihe abave by AUCTION, on the Premises. New-
lands, Eltham, 10 minutes' walk from New Eltham Station,
on SATURDAY NEXT, September 26. at 3 oClock.

On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues had on
the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C

Bagshot.

HIGHLY' IMPORTANT THREE DAYS' UNRESERVED
SALE of beautifully-grown and well-rooted NURSERY
STOCK, which has been carefully prepared for removal,
and specially selected for this Sale, by order of Messrs.
John Waterer & Sons, Limited.

\fESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

i-fX SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the celebrated
Bagshot Nurseries, B.ig-hot. Surrey, close to Bagshot Station,
on WEDNESDAY, September 30, and two following da>s, at
12 o'clock each day, without reserve, several acres of NUR-
SERY STOCK, grown to the greatest perfection, and exceedingly
well-rooted, lomprising a variety of Conifers, fplenaid speci-
mens, 4 to 7 ft., particularly adapted for effective planting;
well-coloured Golden Retinosporas ; very fine specimen Gold
and Silver Variegated Hulliea, 4 to 6 ft. ; fine y-grown ex-
amples of Waterer's Holly ; Standards and Pyramids fine single
specimens; 1000 Green Hollies, 3 to 5 ft.; very fine English
Yews. 2^ to 3 ft.; iO 0 named Rhododendrons, 2 to 2^ ft.,
bushy plaints of the best and newest kinds ; Ponticum Rhodo-
dendrons in quantity; 3000 Spruce Firs, 2£ to 4 ft., and a
quantity of larger plants adapted for Chri tmas Trees ; 5000
Standard Onamental Trees, 8 to 12 ft.; Purple Beech and
Limes, 10 to 12 ft. ; thousands of Flowering Shrubs; and other
Stock.

Purchasers will be allowed until December 31, 1891, for the
removal of their lot*.

May now be viewed. Catalogues can be obtained on the
Premises, or on application to the Auctioneers, 67 and t}8,

Cheapside, E.C.

The CMlwell Nurseries, Chilwell, Notts.

Three-quarters of a mile from Beesiuu Railway Station,
Midland Railway.

IMPORTANT SALE of EVERGREENS, CONIFERS, &c,
growing upon two branch nurseries which are required for
building purposes by orderof Messrs. J- R Pear Ou & Suns.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises as
above on THURSDAY. October 1st, at 1 o'Clock precisely, 1,000
specimen GOLDEN YEWS, a fine collection of Green and
Variegated HOLLIES, 900 Bushy AUCUBAS, specimen and
half-specimen RHODODENDRONS, of the finest named varie-
ties, thousands of SMALL aHRUBS for potting or growing on,
300 YUCCA FILAMENTA VARIEGATA the lurgest number
of this scarce plant ever offered, 4.000 LAURRLS of sorts,
1,200 CUPRESSUS, including 400 C. ARGENTEA, perfect
specimen Standard and Dwarf ROSES. Standard THORNS aud
other Stock.

This Sale is especially worthy of attention owing to the
high-class character of the Stock, all of which has been
recently transplanted and grown with plenty of room.

The Golden Yews and Yuccas, for which the Nurseries have
long been famous, are the fiuest lot ever offered by Public
Auction.

May be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues
obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, Cheapside.

Sunningdale, Berks.

ANNUAL SALE, without ceierve.— SIX DAYS' ABSOLUTE
CLEARANCE SALE of several acres of beautifully-grown
and thriving young NURSERY STOCK, carefully prepared
for removal ; by order of Mr. Charles Noble.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, The Nurseries,
Sunningdale, close to Sunningdale Statijn, on MONDAY,
October 5 and five following days, at 12 o Clock precisely each
day; a splendid lot of Standard and Bu-h Rhododendrons, of
the best kinds, many of them ex-ra fine specimens for which
these Nurseiies are so famed; good bushy Punticum Rhodo-
dendrons, 1 to 2vJ feet; Flowering Shrubs, in great variety.
Manythousandsof Conifers, 3 to Sfeet, consisting of Cupressus,
Thujas, andMjopsis, specially adapted for hedges or borders; a
large assortment of specimen Trees and Shrubs, including
Golded Retiuo- pores, variegated Hollies, Abies, aod others for
effective planting. 10,0 Ooval-leav d Privet; alirgequ intity
of Mahonia Aquifolia, Hardy Heaths, Ivies; a tine collection
of Standard and Pyramid Apple*, Damsons. Pyramid Pea-s,
Gooseberries and currants oi the most approved kiuds; Cob
Nuts, and other Sock.

Luncheon will be provided for intending purchasers, and
arrangements can be made with Mr. Noble to lift and forward
lot-i to all parts of the Kingdom at the mere cost of labour in-
curred and material used.

The Stock may now be viewed. Catalogues can be obtained
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 63, Cheapside. LondoD, E.C.

Liverpool

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

Bv order of the executors of the late Mr. George Cuuningham.

The FIRST PORTION of the extensive NURSERY STOCK,
consisting of FRUIT and FOREST TREES, EVER-
GREEN and DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS, in great variety.

MESSRS. PRO 1 HEROE and MORRIS beg
to give notice of this IMPORTANT SALE, which is
fixed to take place on the Prem.ses, the Oak Vale Nurseries.
Old Swan. Liverpool, on MONDAY, October 19, and THREE
FOLLOWS G DAYS. _

The Stock may be viewed any time prior to the bale.
Catalogues may be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers,
67 and'ljS, Cheapside, London, E.C.

September 19, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

327

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY".

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY, at half-past 12 o Clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS arriving Weekly from well-known tarms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday next-Special Trade Sale of Dutch Bulbs.

MR. J. C. STEVElNS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38. King Street, Covent
Garden W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, September 24, at half-
past 12 o'clock precisely, a large consignment of BULBS
lust received from well-known farms in Holland, in splendid
condition, and specially lotted for the Trade and other large
buyers Early White Roman Hyacinths in quantity; 10,100
Lilium Harrisi and L. Candidum. Snowdrops. &c.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Valuable Collecilon of Established Orchids
TV JR. J- C. STEVENS has received instructions
1V1 fiom the Executors of the late G. Nev.lle Wyatt, Esq.,
of Lake House, Cheltenham, to SELL by AUCTION, at his
Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent Garden W.C' on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY. October 21 and 22, at half-
nast 12 o'Clock precisely each day. his highly important and
Pliable COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS (With-
out the least Reserve), which contains many fine things,
amongst which will be found:— .

Cvcripedium Mooreana . Lrelia Pilchen

Measuresiana Masdevallia veitchn grandi-

" Chanteni | flora

Oncidium Ornithorhynchum Anguloa Rucke-i sanguinis,

abum grand form

Epidendrum Wal isi Oncidium cucurverurn album

Batemannia Bnrti Ada aurantiaca

Ceelogyne cristata lemoiniana, Lselia W yattiana

splendid specimen
Cypripedium hirsutissimum,

splendid specimen
Lycaste Skinneri alba, several

plants
Odootoglossum Rossi Amesia-
oum

,, uro-Skinneri, splendid
specimen

., rarnosisssniuni
Cattleya labiata, autumn-
flowering variety, true
Anthunum Scherzenanum,

Lake House variety, grand

plant

Cattleya" Mendelii, including
many fine forms
,, Skinneri occulata
,, exoniensis
,, gigas

,, Gaskelliana var. Dal-
liense

Vanda Kimbiuldiana

,, Sanderiana, several
plants

Saccolabium Heathi, ex-
tremely rare

Civlogyne cristata, Chats-
worth var.
&c, &c, &c.

On view morning" of Sale, and Catalogues had.
near Shrewsbury.

Portland,

NURSERYMEN

and O I'ttESS.

Nursery Stock -Three Days' Sale by Auction,

MR. H. J. E. BRAKE will SELL by AUC-
TION, to Clear Ground for Building, on WEDNESDAY
and THURSDAY', September 23 and 24, close to Fleet Station,
Hants; and FRIDAY, September 25, at Famborough, at
1 for 2 o'Clock. ____

King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

IMMENSE SALE OF UNUSUALLY WELL-GROWN FRUIT
AND FOREST TREES, &c. Without the least reserve.
As a portion of the Laud will shortly be offered for Sale
forBuildii.g purposes, it is absolutely necessary to clear
the ground.

ALEXANDER, DANIEL, SELFE, and CO.,
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, on
TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY", October 20. 21.
and 22, 1»91, at 11 for 12 o'Clock precisely, several acres of
first-class NURSERY STOCK.

F"urther particulars in future announcements, but the stock
may be viewel atonce. Catalogues may be obtained at the
Nurseries; or of the Auctioneers, Corn Street. Bristol, and 34,
Old Jewry, London, E.C.

Notice.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FIVE DAYS CNRE3EEED SALE
of beautifully grown NURSERY STOCK, all well-rooted,
and carefully prepared for removal, and specially selected
for the Sale. By order of Messrs. Isaac Matthews & Son.

MR. JOHN OAKS, Ash, will fcELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, at the far-famed Bagnall
Tite Oaks and Milton Nurseries, on OCTOBER 21 and FOL-
LOWING DAYS, without reserve, several Acres of NURSERY
STOCK, grown to the highest perfection. The Nurseries are
in an extremely cold situation, aud all the trees are perfectly
hardy, and grown to the highest perfection. Extremely well-
rooted and well furnished Hodgen's, Common, Maderiensis.
Silver, and Gold Hollies in variety. iOO.OOO Rhododendrons
various, a large quantity of all leading varieties of Conifers,
Evergreens, &c, suitable for Ornamental Planting. Parks,
Cemeteries, Pleasure Grounds. &c. Large quantities of Thorn,
Quick, Ash, Elm, Alder. Privet, Austrian Pines, Spruce Fir,
Chestnuts, Willows. All other trees for Woods and other
plantations.

Catilogues seven days prior to Sale on application to the
Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent. Milto i is the nearest
station, L. & N. W. Railway. All trains met.

GLASS

To Gardeners aud Nurserymen.

TO BE SOLD, the LLASE of a
NURSERY, in full working order. Genuine bargain..
Apply, by letter, to

' Mr. NOTLEY, 260, Barry Roid, Dulwich, S.E.

■The LEASE of a

small

MESSRS. LYTHALL, MANSELL, and
WALTERS have been instructed by the Trustee of the
Will of H J Oldroyd, Esq., deceased, to SELL by AUCTION,
at the George Hotel, Shrewsbury, on MONDAY, September
28 1S91 at 4 for 5 o'clock, p.m., in one or two Lots as may be
determined at the time of sile, the attractive and very
Valuable FREEHOLD RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES known
as PORTLAND HOUSE and PORTLAND NURSERIES

The charmingly-situated and desirable Freehold Residential
Property known as PORTLAND HOUSE, standing in its own
grounds, with Stabling. Pleasure Grounds, and productive
Kitchen Garden, comprising an area of la. lr.. or thereabouts,
and within one mile of the centre of the town of Shrewsbury
famed for its Royal Free Grammar Schools, which afford
unrivalled educational advantages. The residence, which is
•well-built, and in good order, contains Entrai ce Hall, 3
Reception Rooms, viz., Dining Room. Drawing Room and
Breakfast Room ; 8 Bedrooms, Bath Room, with hot and cold
water supply; Lavatory, and w.c, Large Kitchen, Back
Kitchen, Housemaid's Pantry. Larder, Beer and Wine Cellars
Apple Room, Pantry, ami Coal House. Gas is laid on in each
room in the house. Pump for hard water, and Tanks for soft
water. There is a Coach House for 3 carriages, 2 Loose Boxes,
with Hay-lofts over.

Tennis Lawn and Pleasure Grounds are tastefully arranged
and planted with choice specimens of ornamental trees and
shrubs and, having for many years been in the hands of the
late proprietor have received more than usual attention.

Kitchen Garden is productive and well-stocked with fruit
trees of the choicest specimens of Pears and Apples known,
and has good old-established Asparagus beds. The Property is
now in hand, and posse sion will be given upon completion
of purchase. It has a south aspect, aud the approach to the
town is through the best and nio-t fashionable part

Also a Valuable Property adjoining the above, for many
years known as PORTLAND NURSERIES, comprising a
substantial Modern Residence, containing Entrance Hall,
Dining Room and Drawing Room, four Bedrooms, Kitchen,
Back-Kitchen, w.c, Cellar. Yard, &c, with Greenhouses,
Brick Pits Potting-House, Offices, Outbuildings, and Nursery
Ground, the whole comprising an area of 4 acres, or there-
abouts, let on lease to a highly respectable and thriving tenant,
an I, as such, is a splendid opportunity of securing a sound and
permanent investment.
To be viewed by Cards only, to be obtained of the Auctioneers.
N.B.— If desired, a portion of the Purchase Money can
remain on Mortgage at 4 per cent.

The Property will be Sold subject to Conditions of Sale.
Copies of the printed Particulars, with Plin. View and the
Conditions of Sale, may be had on application to Mr. GLOKGe.
POWELL, Solicitor. Upton-upon-Severn ; or Messrs. LY1 HALL
MANSELL, AND WALTERS, College HiU, Shrewsbury, and
Bingley Hall. Birmingham.

MESSKS. BYRON and RANGELEY are
instructed by J. Burton Barrow. Esq., Ringwood Hall,
near Chesterfield. Derbyshire, to SELL by AUCTION as
above on WEDNESDAY, October 7. '891. a very valuable
collection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including
Palms, Azaleas, Cam, Bias, Ferns. Tea-scented and other
Roses, and a choice collection of many other varieties.

Catalogues are in course 01 preparation, and can be ha 0
from the Anctioneers, 5, Low Pavement, Chesterfield, en e
week previous to Sale.,

ITGR SALE.

JC NURSERY ; about eighteen years to run. Groun 1 rent.
£3 8s. per year. Three Span-houses, 33 feet each ; one lean-to,
36 feet; one ditto, 52 feet.

G. HARBER, 16, Grove Lane, CamberweU, S E.

To Nurserymen, Florists. Tomato, Cucumber, and

GRAPE GROWnRS.

FOR SALE, owing to retirement of owner,
a BIJOU FREEHOLD NURSERY, in one of the most
fashionable and rising suburban places: One Acre of Land,
compact Seven-Roomed cottage. 14 Glasshouses, heated with
hot-water; Stabling. &c; every convenience for carrying on
the business. Net Profit, for many years, upwards of £3oi> per
annum. Price for the place as it stands. £1750 — a large
amount can be left at 4j per cent. Is suit ible lor a gentleman.
Apply, by letter, to Mr. DAVISON. 3. Circus Place, E.C.

GENUINE SEED and FLORIST
BUSINESS, situate main-road position. Large double-
fronted Shop and 6-roomed House, with Greenhouse : l fee*
bv 13 feet; lean-to Conservatory, and stabling at rear. Doing
nearly £_'0UU per annum. Lease over ten years. Price £300.
Stock and Fixtures (with Horseand Van) at valuation. There
is also a Nursery within five minutes' walk of above, contain-
ing I large Greenhouse, 61 feet by 18 feet, with room to
build others; Stabling and Shed, &c, which can be rented.
Purchaser can have immediate possession. Satisfactory
reasous for leaving.

Apply to R. PECKITT. Estate Agent and Valuer, Al,
Wellington Street, Woolwich.

BUSINESS, FOR SALE,

„jut 3 acres of rich loamy land, with
glasshouses" and pits, packing shed, offices, store, work room,
&c. The land is well laid out in quarters, borders, and beds.

AT U R S E R Y

1.1 together with about 3 acres of rich loamy land, with

&c. ..

with hedges for shelter and ornament, situated close to the
south coast, aud within half a mile of an important railway
junction. There is a very rapidly-increasing population,
already amounting to over 200,000 within a twelve-mile
radius. The land is admirably adapted for the erection of more
glasshouses, for the production of supplies for local and distant
markets. The climate is similar to that of Worthing, where
so much horticultural produce is raised. Plenty of good land
adjoining to be hired on advantageous terms. A large stock
of fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, Roses. &c, can be taken
at a valuation, if desired. There is a HOUSE, cont.lning
six bedrooms, three reception rooms, St, standing in its own
grounds of half an acre, joining the Nursery, also for Sale.

Apply, E. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

FOR SALE, or LET, a FREEHOLD. About
3 acres of this old-established Nursery, in good position,
between Weybridge and Chertsey, Surrey. A good opening
for an energetic man. Ten minutes walk from Chertsey or
Addlestone station. South-Western Railway; in a rapid in-
creasing neighbourhood. For particulars, enquire of —

W. DALE, Knockholt. Kent.

EXETER. — In a splendid situation. A
genuine FLORIST'S and FRUITERER'S BUSINESS,
doing a good cash trade, which might readily be much in-
creased. Rent of Shop, Show-Roum. and Sitting ditto, £40
per annum. Price for Goodwill, Fixtures. Fittings, Stock,
&c, £75. A capital business for two Ladies, or anyone de-
siring to acquire a lucrative coucern.

Apply to THOMPSON, RIPPON AND CO., Business Brokers,
22, Gandy Street, Exeter.

EXHIBITIONS.

C E

CRYSTAL PALA
GREAT AUTUMN EXHIBITION of FRUIT.
OCTOBER 8 to 10.
ENTRIES CLOSE OCTOBER 1.
Schedules and Entry Forms post-free, on application to Mr.
W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal
Palace. S.E.

TO LET, LARGE GARDEN, with

J- V I N E R I E S , &c.

The Gardener, Mr. William McMinn, will show the Pre-
mises, and further particulars may be learned from Messrs.
WALKER AND SHARPE. Writers. Maxwelltown, Dumfries,
who will receive offers till FRIDAY, the 25th September
current.

Maxwelltown, September 8, 1891.

TO FLORISTS^NURSERY (Large), North
of London, to be LET, or LEASE to be SOLD; or
suitable Man with Small Capital taken ns MANAGING
PARTNER. „

Letters to F. W., 27, Fitzroy Street, London. W.

Tottenham.— To Nurservmen, Florists, and O hers.
rPO BE LET, close to White Hart Lane

-L Station, about la. 2 r. 20 p. of LAND, suitable for
Glasshouses.

For further particulars, apply to Mr. ALFRED 'RICHARDS.
Estate Agent, H'gh Road. Tottenham ; or, Messrs. DAMEL
SMITH. SON, AND OAKLEY, Land Agents, Surveyors, and
Auctioneers. 10, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W.

GLASSHOUSES for SALE.— Extensive Glass
with Heating Apparatus, to be Sold, at The Warren,
Fritton, near Lowestoft, by Private Contract.

Apply to Mr. KMGHT, at The Lodge, who will furnish
particulars, and show the houses.

ROYAL ALBERT BOILER, Cheap, 3 feet
by 2 feet 9 inches by 2 feet. Nearly new. Will heat 800
feet of 4-inch piping.

W. F. WALKER. King's Lynn.

Address, SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
briigs experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.

Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Horticul-
tural Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and
Valuers. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyton-
stone E Monthly Horticultural Register had on application.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

STRAWBERRIES.— All the best of the New
and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections m the
Trade Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
issued Special quotations for quantities lo grow for Market.
FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn

VoHNW ATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

FOR SALE.chean.— A pair of VARIEGATED
ALOES, grand plants, nearly 6 feet in diameter. Apply
to H. SLARK, Kingswood Grange Gardens, Hockley Heatn,
Birmingham. ^

FOR SALE, or EXCHANGE, 3 PALMS.—
Thrinax elegans, 8 feet high ; 2 Latania borbomca. 3 feet
high- all in good condition. — Apply to .

T. HAMBLEN, The Gardens. Hillworth House, Devizes.

fXELOGYNE CRIST ATA. - For Sale, a

V7 quantity of Plants, in splendid condition.— Apply,
G. W. DUTTON, " Summerfield," 15. Curzon Park, Chester.

T7ERNS.— 1000 Polypodiuras, in small 60's,
J; extra strong, fit for potting into 48's, 15s. per 100, £7 per
1000. Packing free. Cash with Order.

B. PRIMROSE, Blackheilh Nursery, St. Johns Park,
Blackheath.

PTERIS VTCTORI/E— The best new plant of
the year, nice plants, 3s. 6d. each ; 2 for 6s. ; tj for 15s.,
free by post. . .

ASi-LENIUM PTEROPUS.— New and rare, long shining
dark green fronds, beautifully recurved, a splendid market or
table Fern. Nice plants 2s. U. each ; 2 for 4s. Post free.
Cash with order

WILLIAM GOLBY, Erfgend Nursery, Bner6eld, near
Burnley. Lancashire.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

328

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

SHARPE'S VICTOR

POTATO,

EARLIEST OF ALL.

Now is the time to procure ; and to prevent
disappointment, Order direct of the Raisers.

riant "VICTORS" now for using at

Christmas, or put into boxes to sprout for

planting out-of-doors early in March.

Prices on application, to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

Seed Fabmeiw and Merchants,

SLEAFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.

LILIUM WALLICHIANUM SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly line and rare Lily. The plants are
strong and healthy, in flower and bud.

Price, 5s., 7s. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each.

Price to the Trade on application.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

DUTCH and CAPE BULBS and PLANTS,

DIRECT FROM THE GROWERS AT
GROWERS' PRICES.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Delivered entirely free in Aberdeen, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff.
Cork, Dover, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Gloucester, Goole,
Grange mouth, Greunock, Grimsby, Guernsey, Harwich, Hull,
Isle of Man, Leith. Limerick, Liverpool, London, London-
derry, Middleabro', Newcastle-on-Tyne, Plymouth, Portsmouth,
Southampton, or any other port in direct communication with
Rotterdam or Amsterdam.

Orders over £2 10s. sent free to destination to any place in
England, Scotland, or Ireland. Club (Joint) Orders for the
same amount also delivered free to destination. No charge for
packing or packages.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

^CHOICE ^^

BULBS

fej^UNSURr^S

Sea Testimonials.

Price Unequalled.

Every article grown by a specialist.
CARRIAGE FREE

On Orders of Ten Shillings.

J. R. PEARSON & SONS,

Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

SEEDLING PLANTS

OF CHOICE

Florists' Flowers.

We have much pleasure in offering the following in Strong,
Healthy, Transplanted Young Stuff, from our superb strains.

Free by Post, at prices quoted. Per doz. s. d.
Auriculas, Alpine, very choice strong young plants,
for blooming next season

Calceolarias, herbaceous, splendid strain

Carnations and PiCOtees, from choicest named

flowers per 100, If*. Qd.,

Cinerarias, large-flowered, very fine, per 100, 10*. 6d.,

HoUyhOCkS, choicest double 6 for 2s.,

Primulas, Alba magnifica, Splendid Pure White ...
„ Crimson King, deep Crimson, magnificent

colour. 6 for 2s.,

„ Choicest Red, White, or Mixed, per 100, 10*. §d.

Hyacinths, Early White Roman, fine selected

bulbs Per 100, 10s, 6d.,

NarClSSUS, paper White , 7s. %d.,

,, ,, New large-flowered ,, I0s.6d.t

,, Double Roman ,, Is. &d.,

Lllium Harrisii, tine bulbs 56s. Orf.,

„ „ Extra fine 80s. 0d,f

Our Fine Illustrated CATALOGUE of DUTCH and other
FLOWER ROOTS, NEW and CHOICE ROSES,
FRUIT TREES, #C, should be read by all intending
purchasers before Ordering. Post-free, 3d., or Gratis to
Customers. ^____ __^^_^_

DANIELS' BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded),

The best of all for Forcing. Thousands

for Disposal.

CROUXetFILS,

Nurserymen,
le val. d'aulnay, pres sceaux

(seine), france.
Great Specialty In Trained Fruit

Trees for Immediate Planting.
CATALOGUES free on application.

':■<

'n%M

GARDEN.

For whatever is wanted, mentioned or not in these columns,
please to write immediately to H. CANNELL am> SONS,
whose Seed and Nursery Stock is very complete and extensive,
and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and
supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at
the lowest prices, consistent with correctness and superior
character. Send for CATALOGUES.

SWANLEY, KENT.

TMany Acres of Lilies of the Valley 1
JANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

( C\ RAND well-ripened Bulbs for

Lilium j VX Forcing and Greenhouse Culture. Circum-
ference 5 to 7 ins., 4s. p. doz., 25s. per 100 ; 7 to
9 ins., 6s. p. doz., 35s. p. 100; 9 to 12 ins., 10s. 6rf.
per doz , 60s. per 100. Special rates per 1000.
DICKSONS, Nurseries, Chester.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (No. 509), of E. H. KRELAGE and SON,
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists to the Court,
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, and will be sent, post-
free, and without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letters, direct to

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland,

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

S5B

100 ACRES OF

EVERGREENS

TO SELECT FROM.

Regularly Transplanted.
Hardily-Grown.

Lift with balls of earth, so can be conveyed any

distance & safely planted.

Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free.

— PLANT NOW. — •

DICKSONS («oacm" u HESTER

£3

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c, free on application.

Phase eompare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES

OABSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

329

CURRANT TREES.

RED and BLACK, strong 2-year-old.

DUTCH RED. 10s. per 100.
RABY CASTLE RED, 10s. per 100.
NAPLES BLACK, \2s. per 100.
2s. per 100 less for quantities of 1000. Sample lots of

12 trees of either above sorts, 2s. 6rf.
The above are offered free ou rail at Wisbeach, and will be
ready for removal in a few weeks. Remittance with order for
lots of under 500. Banker's or London reference for larger
quantities. When ordering, name this Paper.

MANAGER, Osborne House Fruit Farm. Wisbeach.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS SMITH'S SNOW - WHITE

JACKMANII. — The flowers are paper-white, about the
same size as those of the old purple Jackmanii, but pro-
duced in even greater profusion. It is unrivalled for beds,
and also for climbing. Ready in August. 7s. 6rf. each,

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.— This

is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6d. each.

BULBS.— The best procurable.
STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds. De-

acriptive LISTS free.

Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
planting out.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

FRUIT TREES.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WAI.TH AM CROSS,

HERTS.

WM. PAUL & SON

Respectfully invite inspection of their Collection of
FRUIT TREES, now in full bearing. Five hundred
sorts of APPLES, PEARS, and PLUMS, offering
a fine opportunity of studying, comparing, and
selecting sorts and trees for Autumn Planting.
Half an hour from Liverpool St. Station, London.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses. Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams — STRECKER, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(It Year).

Pbice, 12s. 6d. per 100.

SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

VANDA (RENANTHERA) LOWII.

HUGH LOW & CO

Have pleasure in notifying that their Collector,
Mr. Boxall, has recently returned from the East,
bringing with him an importation of the above,
in grand condition, the plants being rooted and
well established in pots.

INSPECTION INVITED.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, U E.

Cheap Palms ! Palms I ! Palms 1 !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS. PHCENDC, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. : and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

To those about to Plant.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses,
Fruit Trees, Conifers, Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs,
Rhododendrons, Ornamental and Forest Trees. Clematis, and
other Climbing Plants, in large variety, sent free on applica-
tion to —

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area. 150 Acres.

Evergreens for Immediate Effect.

J NO. JEFFERIES and SON have pleasure in
offering the following in well-rooted handsome speci-
mens, at very low rates : —

ARBOR VIT/E, American, 6 to 8 feet.

„ „ Siberian, 6 to 8 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, 6 to 8 feet, and 8 to 10 feet.

,, ERECTA VIRIDIS, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Green, 4 to 5 feet, and 5 to 6 feet.
LAUREL. COLCHIC, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 7 feet.
PICEA NORDMANNIANA, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
THUJOPSIS BOREAHS. 6 to 8 feet, and 8 to 10 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 5 to 6 feet, and 6 to 8 feet.
JNO. JEFFERIES AND SON, Royal Nurseries, Cirencester.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON. 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

VISITORS^ TO~ THE CONTINENT are
cordially invited to visit the Establishment of
L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE; Directors. Messrs.
J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, Leopold Park, Brussels.
This grand Establishment contains the FINEST and LARGEST
STOCK OF ORCHIDS and NEW PLANTS in Europe. Large
Conservatories, &c. English CATALOGUE sent grati-.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantum cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, 50s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48*8. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI. 25s. per 1000, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. GELL. St. Lawrence. Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

OSES in POTS for Sale— Room wanted.—

Several thousand Nipheto*. Catherine Mermet, Perle des
.Tardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot. Safrano. Souvenir
d'un Ami, Marie Van Houtte. and Marechal Niels. Grand
stuff, in 12 and 16-pots. Price, from £i per 100.

GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder's
End. Middlesex.

OA TSOfT FRUIT" TREES "(Standards,

Ov^vl/V; Pyramids, and Wall- trained). —Apples,
Pears. Cherries, Peaches, Filberts, and Plums; 20,000 Noble
tall Standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old.
The trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly
rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the
estate. The superb Rhododendrons, specimen Shrubs, and
Hollies, secured but recently, regardless of cost; 2000
Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses; 40,000 Black Currants,
four years old ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. See Cata-
logues. The Hardy Flowers in half-guinea assorted hampers
of fifteen dozen. Removing.

Estate Agent of Hon. GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield,
Cradley, near Malvern.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,

MERRYWEATHER AXT. SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our

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330 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Brora. is>, i«u.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

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THE

(Sartors' dptnmirto

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 1891.

FERNS, AND THEIR MULTIPLE

PARENTS.

/COLONEL JONES and myself read a joint
^^ paper on " Abnormal Ferns," at the Bath
meeting of the British Association, and this
has been printed with illustrations in the third
volume of the Annuls of Botany. The paper
showed that any particular character of one variety
could be imparted to any other variety, and as a
fact, the polydactylous character in the Shield
Fern has been transferred to the sections
known as decompositum, acutilobum, di visolobum,
alatum, lineare, and congestum. It was further
shown, that a hybrid had been obtained between,
Aspidium angulare and A. aculeatum, the cruciate
character of a variety of A. angulare having been
transferred to A. aculeatum. It is right to say,
that some botanists consider the two as one
species. Hybrids are more or less sterile, whilst
crossed varieties have no diminished fertility,
and the fact that this plant is almost sterile
seems unquestionably to raise these two Ferns to
the rank of species, independently of the many
important distinctions. The paper further
stated, that by sowing the spores of different
varieties together it was possible to obtain
hundreds of intermediate forms.

Colonel Jones and Mr. E. F. Fox were to me
two valuable assistants, who repeated and
verified all my Fern experiments. Since the
Bath meeting, death has carried both away,
and at the present time I have no other help.
The paper to-day is a further report of these
experiments, and of the astounding dis-
coveries that have resulted. The space on a
lecture-table is inadequate to exhibit all the
specimens that could have been brought in illus-
tration. At Bath, Colonel Jones and myself
had a large tent containing 2000 varieties of
British Ferns, and it had been suggested that
such an exhibition, on an even more extended
scale, should this week have found a home at
Cardiff, especially as the bulk of the wild finds,
and all the crosses, belong to South Wales, and
those counties extending from South Wales
to Cornwall. Many of the Ferns were exhi-
bited in London on September 8, at the meeting
of the Royal Horticultural Society. See ante,
p. 310.

Since 1887, other hybrids have been obtained,
and although these hybrids are more or less
sterile a few plants (grandchildren of the
original parents) have been raised, and they
differ so much from the parent, that nearly all
resemblance has disappeared. What will be the
characters of the great-grandchildren is now in
course of proof. There is no difficulty in the
case of the offspring of crossed varieties ; they

332

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 19, 1891.

are very fertile, and when sown alone reproduo
their varietal form.

The following fronds show the varieties of
Aspidium angulare and A. aouleatnm, from
which the hybrid was obtained, the hybrid itself,
and two of the grandchildren. It will be seen
the latter are of diminished size, and have a
rough appearance that is absent in both the
parents and the hybrid.

Not only have certain forms been imparted to
other Ferns, but even variegation. I have obtained
it in the male Fern, the Shield Fern, and the
Hartstongue; in the latter, spores from a normal
but variegated form were sown thickly with a plumose
and a branching form. The examples before us are
plants of the parents and their offspring— both the
plumose and the branched varieties have become
variegated. This frond of the Shield Fern and that
of the Adiantum form a third.

In repeating the experiments of mixed spores to
again verify what had previously been accomplished,
the varieties in each case have been limited to three
and four, so that the resultant changes could be
more narrowly investigated. There were selected
varieties of a number of species — in short, twenty-
five distinct mixtures were sown in 1887, 1888,
1889, and 1890, and the results in all the experi-
ments established the fact, that the antheridia of
more than one variety have assisted in the impreg-
nation. To-day, illustrations of three varieties and
of four varieties have been selected for inspection.
Those with four varieties were sown in January, 1888,
and those with three in March, 1889. The varieties
selected had conspicuously distinct characters, and
in the example of 1888 the spores were gathered from
a dwarf spiral form, a muricate or warty form, an
undulate, and a ramose one; more exactly speaking,
the varieties were spirale, undulatum, muricatum,
and keratoides. The plants are here, as well as three
of their children, and the latter have received the
names of echinatum, quadriparens, and Darwinianum,
the last in honour of a great philosopher, the plant
being produced whilst working under his guidance
in the capacity of an ordinary labourer.

Let us examine these illustrations obtained from
four very dissimilar varieties, they will speak for
themselves ; in two the characters of the four parents
are combined in each plant, and in the third only
three. In the hundreds of these seedlings, as might
he expected, the majority show only the characters
of two parents ; on a less, though considerable number,
of three, whilst a small number exhibit those of the
four parents. The plants in the 1889 experiments
are yet small, they are from a muricate, a branched,
and a cup-bearing form known as peraferens ; the
object being to obtain cups on a branching muricate
Fern, as this was a desideratum. There was no
previous example of more than one cup on a frond.
You will observe in the seedlings, though yet dimi-
nutive, a divided frond with cups on each division, a
tasselled Fern with a rosette in place of an actual
cup; and in another example, a marginal row of
small cups, and all are muricate. When the plants
are larger, the characters will be more developed. A
further experiment from spores sown in July, 1888,
of three varieties, viz., peraferens, muricatum, and
pectinatum (the latter not in my possession), has
produced plants of a pectinate and muricate character,
but instead of a cup there are small cups on stalks.
It is worth remarking that the seedlings from mixed
spores never seem to produce any plants that exactly
resemble any one single variety, they are all combi-
nations ; in other words, a number of antheridia, and
not a solitary spermatozoid, are required for the
fertilisation.

Understand, that where only two varieties have
been sown together, the result has only been a com-
bination of the two, varying more or less according
to which predominate : if three only, a combination
of the three ; whilst if four, there are examples of
the combination of all four. In sowing varieties of
the Lady Fern, I have raised the combination of five
and six, whioh will be alluded to in my paper on the
" prothalli."

These plants that give evidence of multiple
parentage were obtained in the identical manner
formulated before they had any existence. The only
requisite knowledge is care in sowing the spores so
thickly that the prothalli intermingle ; if thinly sown
they are only fertilised from the same prothallus.
If we take the reasoning of Sir John Herschel on
the docrine of probability, and apply it to these
experiments, the chances against the reasoning
adopted being incorrect are as great as that of the
hap-hazard distribution of the stars.

The experiments were commenced forty years
ago. A firm belief in the Darwinian theory influenced
me to persevere in a series of experiments regarding
the changes in animal and plant life. All the asser-
tions are based on my own observations, which have
been very diverse. Horses, cows, sheep, pigs, dogs,
cats, rabbits, swans, turkeys, geese, fowls, ducks,
toads, slugs, dragon-flies, flowering plants, and Ferns
have each been studied. To the latter we are to-
day confined ; still I should like to mention (to some
extent) two confirmatory cases — one with animals,
and the other with flowering plants. Experimenting
on the Mimulus, a yellow flower was crossed with a
spotted one, and the seedlings were spotted ; later
on, and further up the same stem, two blooms were
this time crossed with a yellow one, but the seed-
lings were still spotted — the effect of the first cross
had become a part of the life-history of the plant.
In a second experiment, the same plant was simul-
taneously crossed with poilen from twoothervarieties,
and several of the seedlings are a combination
of the three. To accomplish this cross it required
dexterity, as the pistil of the Mimulus is as sensitive
as the sensitive Mimosa.

Turning to animals, a white sow was crossed
with a black Berkshire, and the young were black
and white ; subsequently, one of the red Tamworth
breed was substituted, and this time the young
were red, black, and white, although there was no
black in either parent. It made no difference
whether the change was with the male or female.
We have now seen the stepping-stones to gradual
alteration. Some of these changes will have a
diminution of strength, and these the more robust
will crowd out — hence the fittest will survive.

The great theory of Darwin requires no defenders,
it is a truth that has asserted itself. Natural
changes are slow, but culturally we can accelerate
the process that continues age after age. The
germ once changed retains its new element, which
becomes combined with others until the normal
appearance is lost. The illustration of the Harts-
tongue has shown you this alteration, helped on
as it were by artificial means that have accelerated
the process, and these changes will continue whilst
the world lasts.

Affectionate respect causes tablets to be erected
in memory of the departed ; age obliterates
these records. It is, however, far different with
the philosopher who has discovered great truths,
for he has erected a monument to himself " more
lasting than brass." Time wears away the hardest
rock, but it will require the crumbling of this
world to obliterate the truths that have been
taught by Charles Darwin.

Facts Regarding the Prothalli, and the
Propagation of Ferns.

Occasionally, in a batch of seedling Ferns, there will
occur plants of some strongly-marked variety, iden-
tical in their characters, and growing so closely toge-
ther that it is difficult to separate them. I have long
suspected that these were produced on the same pro-
thallus ; indeed, this seemed evident in four instances
of remarkable seedling Athyriums, yet the develop-
ment was too far advanced for absolute certainty.

To examine this carefully, a number of Scolo-
pendriums were planted in the prothallus state, and
on the young fronds appearing, two were noticed
identical in character, and unusual in form, which,
when examined, were found to have their origin in
one well-developed prothallus. With a penknife it
was possible to divide the prothallus, so as to secure

the two plants, which were planted in a pan, and
have not since been disturbed.

Prothalli were then planted from a pan of mixed
muricate and undulate Scolopendriums, and these
were divided before the formation of fronds into two
equal parts; in some examples the two plants
resulting were alike, in others they differed, but
showed their muricate and undulate origin.

The next experiment was to divide the prothallus
into four equal parts. This was done in January,
1888. Every division grew, and spread in a more
bush-like manner than is the case with the undi-
vided prothalli, but up to July, 1890, there was no
sign of any frond. It appeared evident that the
male and female organs of generation were on
separate divisions. To test this, in May, 1890,
another prothallus was planted in close proximity to
one of these; in fact, made to actually intermingle,
and in August fronds appeared. The other divisions,
except four, were similarly treated, and all have
now produced fronds, except the four examples
mentioned. The spores had been sown in August,
1887, and divided on January 12, 1888, so that the
prothallus before you has been in this condition four
years, the usual time from prothallus to frond being
only a few months.

In an interesting example of the Lady Fern, pre-
viously alluded to, a prothallus produced three plants
exactly alike ; it was from a mixture of eight varie-
ties, and these show the parentage of six, and now
and then seven. They have the lax pinnae of uncum,
the cruciate pinna; of Victoria;, the lunulate pinnae
of Frizellae, the truncate terminals of truncatum, the
cruciate pinnules of crucipinnulum, the projected
pinnae of projectum, and occasionally the cresting of
multifidum. This Fern (a frond of which is produced),
has therefore reproduced six, and occasionally seven
characters. Recollect, referring again to the doctrine
of probability, that it is 720 to 1 against the produc-
tion of six varieties' on the same plant, and 5040 to 1
against seven.

Turning to other means of reproduction, experi-
ments are required in order to ascertain why the
bulbils that form on some fronds do not always pro-
duce plants like the parent, and why it is possible to
transfer the bulb-bearing character to other varie-
ties. Scolopendrium densum often produces much
more coarse and less-divided Ferns than itself; den-
sum and one of its coarse bulbils are before you.

The beautiful plumose Shield Fern, known as
plumoso-divisolobum, has produced two plants from
its bulbils that are strikingly distinct from the parent
and each other. One is densely imbricate, and pro-
cumbent, like the parent ; whilst the other is as finely
divided as Todea superba, and is erect in habit.

Again, aposporous plants (that is, those raised
from the prothalli direct, without the intermediate
spore) also vary, as will be seen from an aposporous
plant of the clarissima variety of the Lady Fern.

Even plants raised from bits of the stipes of plumose
Scolopendriums have produced a marginal belt.

It is desirable to state that I have never seen any
variation in the plants raised from bulb-bearing
species, of which there are many foreign examples.

There are so many truths yet to learn with regard
to Ferns, that it is desirable that some younger men
should take up these inquiries. E. J. Lowe, F.R.S.,
F.L S , cj'C. [The two preceding papers were read in
Section D. of the late meeting of the British Asso-
ciation at Cardiff, and various illustrative specimens
exhibited, as also at the last meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society. Ed.]

FRUIT FARMS.

Mahket Plums. — Mr. W. Warren, at Isleworth,
has 90 acres of ground under fruit culture, and
literally crowded with trees and under-growth, in the
shape of bush fruits, Raspberries, and Strawberries.
Of top fruits, Plums form the chief portion ; indeed)
so large is the number of trees grown, that, because
there is a good crop this year, Mr. Warren roughly
estimates it at about 200 tons ; but then, at Isle-
worth, it will be the produce of thousands of trees,
of all ages, varying from ten up to thirty years.
Let it not, however, be hastily assumed that this
enormous crop is of annual production. No greater
mistake can be made by anyone than in supposing

September 19, 1891.]

THE GAEDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

333

that every year brings its abundance of Plums, or
any other hardy fruits. He had a good crop in 1888,
and he had then following a couple of barren years.
Now we have a heavy crop again, so that were a fair
estimate of Plum-tree productiveness to be taken
from this fact, it will be found that the triennial
crop has to make good the losses incidental to the
two other barren years. Some growers will perhaps
hold that it is of too roseate a character to say that
Plums crop fully even so often as every three years ;
and it will be more generally accepted, that the
fairest way to estimate the productiveness of any
breadth of Plum trees, would be by casting the
average over seven years, when at least two full
crops may be looked for, the other seasons having
either very thin crops, or none at all. Looked at in
this light, the profit which may be expected to
accrue from so enormous a crop of Plums as 200
tons this year, is largely discounted, for if — during

customers is, that the cost of marketing is trifling.
At Isleworth, the Early Prolific does, as standards,
so indifferently, that none are grown. That is a
matter of surprise, when we see other Plums doing
so well, and furnishes at once a striking comment
upon the fallibility of lists of Plums compiled from
one soil or district. Mr. Warren mentions that
Early Prolific does best on gravel, and that seems
to be the case, as within a few miles, on gravel it
fruits very well.

The earliest Plum at Isleworth is the O-ar ; that
is doing wonderfully well, a vast number of trees,
some ten years planted, fruiting abundantly, the
fruits were putting on colour freely the first week in
August. The Czar Plum has a sturdy, clean, erect
habit, the stout stems supporting the great weight of
fruit carried remarkably well, and in striking con-
trast to the pendulous and Bomewhat brittle-wooded
Victoria. Mr. Warren was eloquent over the

fruiting freely and putting on rich colour early ;
Josephine, a Scottish Apple, early and showing
very fine colour, and a large quantity of young trees
are being gradually employed for mending ; Lord
Grosvenor, which fruits very finely on the Isleworth
ground.

Pears do only indifferently, some old small-fruiting
sorts of no great merit crop abundantly ; but the
better-class Pears will not crop well, hence are not
much grown. Beneath the trees, Gooseberries —
especially Lancashire Lad and May Queen — red
Currants, and Raspberries are the chief fruits. When
the bushes are done, because the top trees become
too thick they are grubbed out, the ground cleaned
and manured and then planted with Raspberries and
Strawberries, especially of the Grove and Scarlet.
After these are exhausted, the tall treeB are pretty
well too dense to admit of anything doing below.
Much of the surplus fruit Mr. Warren boils down
into pulp on the place, and thus utilises to the
utmost that which other growers would have to
waste. A. D.

Fig. 38. — htpebiccm mcseeianum x : flowebs yellow, anthers red.

the barren seasons — there is little expenditure in-
curred in labour and marketing, there is rent, rates,
cultivation, &c, to be met ; besides that, interest on
capital, which adds to the reduction of the average
of profits; moreover, because this heavy crop is all
crowded into one season, prices are at least 20 per
cent, lower than would be the case were the produce
spread over the whole of the years. This forms a
serious deduction from the profits of fruit culture.
It is not at all compensated for by the sale of large
quantities of fruit to the jam-makers. Happily for
our growers, the preserving trade has become a
large one, as but for it we should see, in such a
season as the present, enormous quantities of fruit
left to spoil, because the public demand would be
too small. Still, preservers buy at rates'that, to the
retail consumer of Plums, would seem to be wonder-
fully disproportioned to the amounts they have
to pay for small quantities. The preservers take
in bulk, and the chief advantage in having them as

merits of the Czar, and certainly the general appear-
ance of the trees, and the fine aspect of the crop
now carried, justify these encomiums. The fruits
are well in request also, because presenting welcome
variety to the Victoria, which will presently literally
flood the market. Rather a curious feature in rela-
tion to this latter Plum is Bhown at Isleworth.
Trees from a nursery on good deep holding soil have,
from the first, never cropped so abundantly as have
trees from poorer soil in Surrey. The former have
done well, almost too well; the latter have not made
much good growth, but crop enormously. A seedling
from Goliath Plum seems to be better favoured than
is the parent, and produces good crops. So also do
Gisborne, a capital hardy pale Plum ; whilst Pershore
is one that rarely fruits at all. Another poor fruit-
ing sort is the Dove Branch, of which there are many
old trees. Of other trees there are Julien Apples,
the points dying back remarkably; Lord Suffield,
Manx and Keswick Codlins; Greenup's Pippin

HYPERICUM MOSERIANUMx.

One of the most effective flower-beds in the Royal
Gardens, Kew, this season has been constituted by a
dwarf very free-flowering Hypericum, which con-
tinues to expand its flowers throughout the summer
and autumn. A specimen of the same plant shown
at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society,
on August 25, of the present year, by Mr. Antony
Waterer, met with such approval from the critics
that they awarded it a First-class Certificate. When
it is remembered that we have already H. calycinum
and 11. patulum, it will be understood that the award
is in this case very significant, and a true expression
of merit. H. Moserianum X , is indeed a hybrid
raised by M. Moser at Versailles, between the two
species above-named, H. calycinum being the pollen-
parent. M. Andre, who originally described the
plant in the Scvue Horticole, 1889, p. 463, says that
it unites the characteristics of both parents, while it
is superior to either — and we concur in his opinion.
M. Moser, we learn, tried the reciprocal cross and
obtained the same result, which is noteworthy.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CATTLEYA LABI ATA, Lind.

It is a strange fact, that in recent times many
long-forgotten, good, old plants have been re-intro-
duced. For the last half-century innumerable varie-
ties of C.labiata have filled every stove ; but the true
C. labiata — the original plant named after Mr.
Cattley in 1821, has vanished. We have before us
the original description and the original drawing, a
masterpiece of Mr. Curtis', in Lindley's Collectanea
Botanica, and we cite the description, as it is only to
be found in one of the rarest and least accessible of
books. It runs as follows: " Bulbi fasciculati,
epigasi, oblongi suboctogoni. Folia solitaria, lanceo-
lata retusa plana cartilaginea, enervia, atroviridia,
rubro-marginata. Spatha duplex, exterior maxima,
foliorum fere longitudine, acinaciformis hinc fissa
colorata, interior multoties minor. Scapus 1 — 2
florus, intra spatham inclusus teres glaber. Flores
resupinati suavissime lilacini odorati. Perianthii
patentis lacinis, 3 exteriores lanceolatas acumi-
nata?, interiores patentes ovato-lanceolatse, margins
crisps exterioribus multoties latiores. Labellum
obovatum cucullatum carnosum porrectum limbo
margine eroso, undulato, intus pulcherrime lateo
et rubro venosum versus apicem intense purpureum.
.... The description of the gynostemium is of no
interest in this place."

Mr. Curtis's drawing shows us a very handsome
flower, about 5 inches across, the sepals and petals
more acute than in the varieties now cultivated. The
general colour is a very rich rosy-purple, with a light
bluish hue ; the labellum very slightly serrulated with
a deep blood-purple blotch at the top, and bordered

334

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

with white. The bulb is eight-edged, and the sheath
doable, the inner one much smaller than the outer.
The bulbs, at the flowering time, are about four
months old, and not fully matured. These two
characteristics are peculiar to the species, and do not
usually occur together in other Cattleyas. Dr. Kriinz-
V,n, Berlin.

THE GARDEN VARIETIES OF

CLIVEIA MINIATA.
Dr. Lindley was the first to use the word Clivea
[or more correctly Cliveia] in relation to this
genus, but the plant so named does not seem
to bear any affinity to the garden varieties of
Imantophyllum or Cliveia. A beautiful plant
flowered for the first time in England in the
gardens at Syon House in 1828, which was figured in
the Botanical Register, tab. 1182, under the name of
Clivea nobilis, and the Editor, Dr. Lindley, re-
marks:— " We have named this genus in compliment
to Her Grace the Duchess of Northumberland, to
whom we are greatly indebted for an opportunity of
publishing it. Such a compliment has long been
due to the noble family of Clive, and we are proud
in having the honour of being the first to pay it.'
On the very same day, the same plant was figured
in the Botanical Magazine nnder the name of Ima-
tophyllum Aitoni. Later, Dean Herbert adopted
the name of Cliveia in preference to that given to it
by Dr. W. J. Hooker. Imantophyllum miniatum is
altogether a different plant, and was introduced by
Messrs. Backhouse, of York, from Natal, about the
year 1853, the original plant being figured in the
Botanical Magazine, tab. 4783. There is a supposed
natural hybrid between this species and C. nobilis,
which was figured in the Flore des Scrrcs under the
name of I. cyrtanthiflorum, but the plant seems to
favour most the original species of Lindley, C.
nobilis.

These preliminary remarks may be useful as indi-
cating the parentage of our garden varieties, and
the origin of the names for the garden varieties pass
indiscriminately as Cliveia and Imantophyllum ; but
the last-named word was first published without the
"n." Cliveia seems to take precedence; it is the
prettier name, and not so difficult to pronounce as
the other. Dean Herbert, who carefully cultivated
this class of plants, and gave particular attention to
any new genus or species. He found C. nobilis re-
quired no particular care to cultivate it ; it was
merely sheltered from frost, and flowered freely in
the greenhouse if placed near a front light. The
berries, he stated, took a year to ripen, and the seeds
were often found to have vegetated within the peri-
carp. Looking through the houses of Messrs. John
Laing & Sons, at Forest Hill, the other day, I found
the Cliveias well grown, and numerous very fine
varieties are annually raised from seeds in the nur-
sery. Mr. John Laing, the senior member of the
firm, takes a particular interest in these plants; he
truly remarked that the handsome deep green foliage
was very beautiful in itself, and when the plants
were not in flower they would most likely be fur-
nished with clusters of scarlet berries about the size
of Gooseberries — they are oval in shape, of a dark red
colour, and very effective in winter. Their value as
flowering plants is so well known, that there is no
need to say anything about them. The Beeds when
ripe vegetate very freely, and the plants produce
their flowers after two years' growth. We have
found, as Dean Herbert also ascertained sixty years
ago, that they do not need a very high temperature
That which gardeners know as an intermediate-
house is best in winter, but they are quite at home in
the greenhouse in the summer months. It is easy
enough to raise plants from seeds, but the old
C. miniata is no use now. Mr. Laing has turned it
out of the house where his choice seedlings are
grown, and those who expect to raise seedlings that
would compete with the best of the present day,
must obtain good varieties to start with. When the
seedlings are obtained, they must neither be forced
on. in a high temperature, nor potted on into over-
large pots. A good strong flowering plant can be
produced in a 6-inch pot, either as seedlings, or

propagated as offsets from the named varieties.
Good yellow loam, with a little fibrous brown peat
added, some decayed stable manure and coarse
white sand, will grow them well. They soon grow
np into large specimens.

I fancy the first start Mr. Laing made in seedling
raising was from a variety of continental origin, and
was named Mrs. Laing ; it was much admired when
first exhibited, the flowers being of large size, good
form and colour, and the trusses very large. Sul-
phurea is a distinct variety of a very pale yellow
colour ; Orange Perfection has well-formed orange-
red flowers, distinct and handsome ; Meteor is the
richest coloured of any of them. All the above are
obtainable at a moderate price now in the trade.
One of the most recent and best acquisitions
obtained by the firm has been named John Laing :
it is of a rich orange-red colour, and has produced
twenty-two flowers on one cluster. Lady Wolverton
is also a decided advance. The flowers are of large
size, and the corolla reflexes.

There is a wide field for the hybridists in this
genus of plaits. Not more has been done than to
breed in and in from the specific form, or a variety
of it with broader foliage, named robusta.

The Cliveia nobilis is altogether a distinct thing,
and would make quite a new break if crossed with
Mr. Laing's best seedlings. C. Gardeni, a species
discovered in the Natal Colony about the same time
as C. miniata was introduced, is distinct from C.
nobilis, and might be even more useful to hybridize
with, as the flowers are as large again as those of
C. nobilis ; but it is more nearly allied to that
species than to C. miniata. They are interesting
bulbous plants, and require that some one should
make a specialty of them, and bring out their
beauties to the best advantage. ./. Douglas.

ROSERY.

ROSE SHOWING.

The crumpled Rose leaf that is said to have dis-
turbed the repose of the Roman Emperor has at last
appeared on the hitherto soft and pliant couch of
the National Rose Society, a Society which has been
singularly free from those disturbing elements which
so many societies of all sorts and descriptions have
to experience at one time or other. There was a
slight rippling of the surface when the Society had
to define what an amateur was, and when the
questions of " gumming Roses," or too-much-alike
Roses, were mooted ; but owing to the manner in
which these were met, and the general good feeling
that prevailed, the calm soon came, and no rumbling
of the storm survived. This makes one hopeful that
the present disturbance will be met in a like spirit,
and end in a like manner.

The question which is now before the Rose-
exhibiting world is connected with the "griev-
ances of small growers," and it is one of the
consequences of a state of things which, I fear, has
deteriorated the character of Rose exhibiting, much
in the same way as the visit of the Australian
cricketers, notwithstanding the fillip it gave
to that noble game, had a bad effect in making cap-
tains of teams look more for the gate-money than
had previously been the case. So I think what is
called vulgarly pothunting, in which the great
object is the amount of money to be gained, more
than any honour that may accrue, leads large
growers to pop down into smaller classes, and
so swamp the small men. These we are frequently
told are the backbone of the Society, a dictum
from which I beg to dissent. If you were to
take away the exhibits of such men as Messrs.
Baker, Budd, Lindsell, Pemberton, Hill, Gray, and
Burnside, I wonder how many small growers it
would take to make np their loss. I am glad to see
small growers, and to see their exhibits multiplied,
but they are not, in my opinion, the backbone of the
Society, and I find, as a matter of fact, there is more
growling amongst them than among the large
growers, not only on this, but on many other points.

Well, granted that it is a grievance, that it is very
annoying" when a small grower thinks he has a fair
chance, for a giant to come down upon him, and
snatch the coveted prize away. My opinion on
this point is very decided, i.e , that if an exhi-
bitor cannot show in the classes he has usually
done, whether from lateness, or earliness, or
any other cause, he had better not show at all.
But this is one of those things with which in all
cases it is difficult to cope. The great institution
of Christ's Hospital was established for the purpose
of educating the children of poor and struggling
people. We know how it has been abused, and so
it rnns all through ; and as a person may not have the
good feeling to consider (and act upon it) that when
he is perfectly able to educate his child, if he
accepts a nomination to Christ's, he is filling the place
of some one who really needs it ; so I am afraid there
will be cases in which some large growers will
absorb what ought to belong to other people.

The National Rose Society has endeavoured to
meet these small growers. The schedule is so
framed that growers must confine themselves to one
division, and cannot pick and choose in what classes
they will exhibit ; nor can they, when they come to
the show, alter it if they find that they are not up to
their usual form. Moreover, it has instituted small
classes for those who have never won a prize at the
Society's shows, and also for suburban growers ; and
now in this matter it is required to come forward
with some sort of grandmotherly legislation to pro-
tect the infants from the bad manners of the naughty
big boys.

There have been two schemes put forward for the
purpose of meeting this difficulty, one by Mr.C. J. Gra-
hame, of Croydon, and the other by the Rev. J. H.
Pemberton, of Havering. In examining these, and in
pronouncing against them, as I must do, I hope it will
be borne in mind that 1 am not an exhibitor, and can,
therefore, perhaps, like the onlooker of a game of
chess, take a cooler and more dispassionate view of
the merits and demerits of the case. Let ns examine
Mr. Grahame's proposed revolutionary schedule first.
My main objection to it is one of principle. I think,
that as it is arranged on the plan of placing an ama-
teur according to the number of the plants he grows,
it would lead to a system of eepionage and suspicion
that would be most hurtful, for who is to count the
plants the grower has ? Is he himself ? and if so, what
plants ? Mr. Grahame's scheme is confined to the
Roses mentioned in the National Rose Society's
Catalogue of Exhibition varieties. He cannot, I pre-
sume, grow anything else. He cannot grow G lory of
Waltham, or Glory of Cheshunt, Madame Clemence
Joigneaux, or Mrs. Harry Turner, for suppose
an enumerator were to come round and take his
census, it would be of no use him saying, "I
do not exhibit from these." There they are, and
they must be counted. And then, what about the
weakly ones which the grower hopes to bring round,
but from which he does not expect a flower this sea-
son ? " Oh, no ! that is my hospital." "But invalids
are enumerated in the census, and so I suppose must
these be." "And isthisGloirede Dijon to be counted ?
it is not an exhibition Rose." " That maybe, but still
it is a Rose," and so on. In fact it seems to me that the
plan is utterly unworkable. I have another very
strong objection to Mr. Grahame's plan, and that is
that it does not touch the state of small growers at
all : his lowest class is for amateurs who may grow
1000 Perpetuals and Teas. To my mind that
man is anything but a small grower ; this I do
know, that one amateur, at least, who does not grow
beyond this number, exhibits and comes off safer in
the class above that to which Mr. Grahame assigns
him. No, it is the man who grows 500 Roses or
under who is really the small grower, and although
I think it quite possible that so small a grower might
hold his own against those who grow a much larger
number, and indeed have seen instances of it,
yet I should be prepared to see a division espe-
cially set apart for such men, leaving the other
classes untouched, and trusting to the honour
of exhibitors to confine themselves to classes
in which they are justly entitled to exhibit ; and I

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

335

think when once an exhibitor has taken his place in
a division he ought never to exhibit in a lower one,
although the circumstances of the season may be
against him. Of course, it is open to him to get into
a higher one, as, indeed, ought to be the object
of his ambition. I think the cogency of this will be
better seen by looking at the nurserymen's classes.
What would be said if the great nurserymen,
because the season was unfavourable to them,
dropped down into the classes for smaller nursery-
men ? and the same feeling ought to be experienced
when one sees amateurs adopting a similar course.

Mr. Pemberton's plan of regulating the classes not
by the number of plants grown, but the character
and account of the labour employed is, I think,
equally objectionable; it has certainly the merit of not
being novel, as it is adopted in many provincial hor-
ticultural cut-Rose societies, but is confessedly diffi-
cult to work. I have seen the breakups and dis-
putes to which it leads, as to whether the man
employed was to be considered a professional gardener
or not, a point in which the employer may hold a
different opinion to that of outsiders. I rather fancy
that the commissioners of assessed taxes could give
a little valuable information as to the difficulty of
obtaining accurate information on such a subject
and I think the same objection that I have to Mr.
Graharae's plan applies to this, that it would introduce
a system of espionage and suspicion, and go far to mar
the good feeling that has hitherto existed amongst
the members of the National 11 >se Society.

And, after all, I wonder how many exhibitors feel
themselves aggrieved ? There are a number of
people who are ready to take up a question of this
kind, but that is not the point as to how many small
growers feel that they are swamped by the bigger
ones. Of course, one always hears on a question of
this kind, "Oh, everybody speaks about it, and,
unless it is altered, the society will suffer loss." I
was always doubtful of these assertions, and am
confirmed in my scepticism by recent experience.

The question as to altering the date of the Metro-
politan Show because the first Saturday in July
comes on the second of the month, was lately
mooted, and is still sub judicc. It was distinctly
stated that an overwhelming majority of exhibitors
were in favour of postponing the show to the 9th.
Io order to ascertain whether this was the case,
a circular was sent to all exhibitors south of the
Trent (as it was a matter in which only southern
exhibitors were really concerned), and the result of
the poll has been that there is a very small
majority in its favour, and probably not a few of
these answered under the influence of the present
exceptionally late season.

I hope, therefore, that this matter will meet with
careful consideration, and that the position will be well
considered before any change is attempted. I believe
that whatever decision the society may come to, will be
loyally accepted by all its members, and the good
feeling and harmony existing hitherto be pre-
«erved.

There is another matter connected with Rose
showing I should like to touch upon, the "too-much-
alike Roses," but this I must reserve for another
occasion. Wild Rose.

Beiar Stocks for Standard Rises.
All Rose growers who propagate standard Roses
largely, are found mourning over the losses in the
Rose stocks they purchasea and planted up in the
autumn. Some are found stating they have lost
fifty per cent, of their stocks, others less, and it is
supposed to be traceable to the severity of the past
winter. But if the intense cold would kill twenty,
thirty, or fifty out of a hundred — why not all? I
am not disposed to attribute these losses so much to
cold and frost, as to dryness at the roots. Stocks or
standard Roses are those of the Dog-Rose dug from
the hedgerows. In the deep loam of 4he hedge,
fertilized by vegetable mould, the strong stools of
the Dog-Rose throw out from around them numerous
vigorous suckers. These are cut off with a thick
knob forming the root, but often with scarcely a fibre
attaching to them. They are tied up in bundles and

carted to the nurseryman, and by the time they
reach him, from exposure and other causes, what
little remains of fibrous roots has become nearly or
quite dried up. They are generally laid in roughly by
the heels, until a convenient time for planting them
out permanently in nursery quarters; and when this
is accomplished, it is at a season of the year when
the stocks get perhaps the smallest help from Nature
in the way of assisting them to root. Now, as the
ground was unusually dry last autumn and winter, it
is reasonable to suppose there was not sufficient
moisture in the soil to induce the putting forth of
fibrous roots, consequently many perished, while
those who possessed enough of these root fibres to
act as feeders, managed to exist.

I was speaking some time ago to a nurseryman,
who is a considerable grower of Roses in the West
of England, and he informed me that a few years
ago he ordered a large number of Rose stocks for
standards, and to his surprise a quantity was de-
livered early in September when the weather was
hot and dry, and when his staff was too busy about
other matters to be able to plant them. As they
appeared to have suffered from the drought, he at
first hesitated to take them, but afterwards agreed
to do so at one-half the price usually paid, the re-
maining half to be paid in the event of the stocks
growing — an eventuality he thought hardly probable.
He gave orders for the stocks to be placed in a pond
of water until they could be dealt with, and there
they remained for several days. In due course they
were planted, and scarcely a failure occurred, and
the original price was paid for them. The conclu-
sion this nurseryman came to was, that by thoroughly
soaking the root-stocks in water, they were helped
to put forth fibres; or, at any rate, they imbibed
enough moisture to carry them along until such
times as they put forth roots.

I think, therefore, dryness of the soil is a very
probable cause for failure with Briars during the past
winter. I was astonished on several occasions to
see, after the frost broke up, how very dry the earth
was a foot or so below the surface. It seemed in-
conceivable, after so wet a summer as that of
1890; but we had a warm, dry autumn, and the dry-
ness continued almost up to the time when severe
winter set in, and put a stop to outdoor operations
for a considerable periol. if. D.

BASS, OR PIASSAVA.

Aboot forty years ago, a great deal of interest
was excited about a new product that was then
becoming generally used for road brooms and
brushes. It was a stiff dark-brown material, and for
some time was generally supposed to be split whale-
bone. The truth, however, soon came out that it
was of vegetable origin, and finally that it was the
stiff fibre from the sheathing bases of a Palm, that
it was known as piassaba, piassava, or bass, and that
it came from Brazil. A very great demand sprang
up for it, and it was soon discovered to be produced
by two Palms, Attalea funifera in Bahia, and Leo-
poldinia piassaba in Para. The introduction of
this bass or piassava is due to the perseverance of Mr.
Arthur Robottom, who has lived to see the material
become an article of the greatest importance in
British trade, so great, indeed, that the demand has
of late years exceeded the supply, and the price has
consequently been advancing. To meet this demand,
other articles of a similar character have been
brought into the market as substitutes, but none
have proved equal to the original bass, not even
when, a few years ago, a true piassava of a closely
similar nature, but much finer and not so elastic,
was introduced from Madagascar. This has since
been proved to be the produce of an undescribed
species of Dictyosperma. The most valuable substi-
tute, however, and one that promises to become
a formidable rival, is that which now appears
in the trade circulars as African piassava,
and is furnished by Raphia vinifera, which is known
in Lagos as the " Bamboo Palm." A full account
of this new artiele of commerce was published in the

Kew Bullttin for January last, where, in some notes
on this subject by the Governor of Lagos, it is stated
that "fie Bamboo Palm or R. vinifera, is, perhaps,
the commonest tree in the swamps and lowlands
which line the waterways of the colony. Dense
thickets of these Palm?, traversed only by the Palm-
wine-gatherer or the Bamboo-cutter, push their way
into the lagoons and extend over the flood-grounds,
and even to a distance of from 15 to 20 miles up
the river valleys into the interior. The area
occupied by these Raphia forests it would be im-
possible to calculate, but it may be accepted
without doubt that they extend throughout
the length of the colony, and to a distance of at
least 15 miles from the sea coast, and that over this
area of about 5000 square miles they form a con-
siderable portion of the vegetation."

The bass consists of the stiff and wiry fibres
extracted from the petioles or leaf-stalks of the
Palm, and is of a dark brown or chocolate-brown
colour. It can be readily obtained in lengths of
from 3 to 4 feet, and its supply in Lagos alone is
said to be practically inexhaustible. So rapidly
has this new bass fibre taken hold of the English
market, that in recent quotations it has commanded
prices equalling, and even exceeding those of
Para and Bahia. The development of these
new sources of a most useful and necessary
article of commerce, illustrate in a marked
degree that the vegetable kingdom is far from being
exhausted in her supplies of new products. To
those acquainted with market reports, who have so
long been accustomed to see under the head of
Piassava, quotations only of the Bahia and Para
sorts, it does seem strange now to see Madagascar
and African regularly added. But there is no reason
why the supplies should stop here ; there are plenty
of other Palm? in the tropical parts of the world
which, upon examination, might yield similar pro-
ducts. John R. Jaekson, Museum, Kcw.

FRANQOIS LEGUAT'S PLANTS.

(Concluded from p. 159.)

Mauritius.

During Leguat's residence in Mauritius, although
it lasted three years, he had not so much leisure to
study the plants of the larger island as he had
enjoyed in his more remote home at Rodriguez. The
parts of the island which he visited were first, the
various eBtuaries and bays along the south coast as far
as the He Furneaux — so named, it may be supposed
subsequently after Captain Furneaux — thence round
the point of the Morne, where Lacaille afterwards
measured a base line, and so to Black River. At
Black River the adventurers remained a month,
until they proceeded by boat to Port Louis, and
thence by land across the northern part of the
island to Flacq, where the Dutch Company had
their farm and plantations, which supplied the
garrison and Dutch ships with fresh provisions.
The passage to South-east Port, where the
Dutch Governor resided, was accomplished by
boat within the reef from Grand River, South-
east. At Fort Frederick Hendrik, Leguat re-
mained nearly six months, until he and his com-
rades were transferred as prisoners to the Vaquoas
Islet, the centre one of the three islets, between
Isle de la Passe and Fouquet I. (where the light-
house now stands), then called the Three Brothers.
After an imprisonment of two years on this deso-
late rock, the survivors were again brought to Fort
Frederick Hendrik, but kept in confinement until
they left the island ; and thus Leguat does not give
any detailed description of the Mascarene flora — with
one notable exception, which has caused some con-
fusion in its identification. Unfortunately he has
not attempted to give any illustration of it, although
perhans it might not have made us any the wiser.
It is possible that the notice given of this plant in
the Gardeners' Chronicle may lead to some additional
light being thrown on the real plant which Leguat
noticed. His account of this " Stront-boom," or
Stink-tree, is as follows : —

336

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

"II y a une espece d'arbuste qu'ils appellant
Stront-boom, ou Arbre du M-rde, qui est extreme-
ment venimeux. Le milieu de son tronc est plus
gros que ni le haut, ni le bas. Le bois est molasse ;
& la feuille ressembleroit beaucoup a celle de nos
Saules, si elle n'etoit pas un peu plus large. Je n'y
ai vii ni fleurs ni fruits. Le bois & l'(5corce sent un
poison prompt & violent, & a ce qu'on m'a dit est
sans remede. Un jour, comme je passois dans les
bois, au retour de la chasse, j'en rompis par hasard
une petite branche, & j'en portai sans reflexion, &
sans avoir jamais oui parler de cet arbre, un petit
eclat a ma bouche. Je le rejettai incontinent, sans
rien avaller, & cependant j'en pensai mourir.
Pendant 2-1 heures, il me sembloit que quelqun me
serroit la gorge, & je l'avois si enfliSe qu'a peine
pouvois-je respirir. Dans les pais qu'on ne connoit
pas il faut 6tre d'une grande circonspection sur ces
sortes de choses. On m'assure' que la maniere
ordinaire, dans ces Isles, de discerner les fruits
venimeux d'avec ceux qui ne le sont pas, e'est de les
presenter a quelque singe de lisle meme ; parce
qu'on peut a coup sur manger de ce qu'il mange,
comme on doit aussi laisser ce qu'il persists a
refuser."

Leguat's account as to the poisonous qualities of
some plant in Mauritius is confirmed by the well-
known author of Paul and Virginia, M. Bernardin de
St. Pierre, who nearly eighty years subsequently,
writing from " The Port," October 8, 1768, states :—
' Some days ago I perceived a large tree in the
middle of some rocks, and, being desirous of cutting
a piece with my knife, was surprised at the whole
blade entering without my using the least force. It
was of a substance like a Turnip, and of a very dis-
agreeable taste ; for some hours after (although I
did not swallow any part of it) my throat was much
inflamed, and felt as if pricked with pins. This tree
is called Mapon, and is looked upon as poisonous."
Baron Grant also mentions this tree in similar terms,
having derived his informotion probably from M. de
Saint Pierre.* Mr. Baker says : — " Mapon, in
Mauritius, is Vitis Mappia, a harmless Vine. Bois
mapon, more than one species of Pisonia, also harm-
less purgative perhaps, but not actively poisonous."
He adds, " I should think the poisonous tree would
most likely be a Stillingia (Euphorbiacese) or some-
thing of that kind There is a Stillingia

anguina in Mauritius, which I infer from the name
is poisonous. Those sorts of plants have an acrid
milky juice, and the Seychelles ally is superstitiously
dreaded by the natives, and called Bois Jasmin."

The Mapou tree of the Plaine des Caffres in the
neighbouring island of Bourbon is mentioned by
Maillard, and stated to be Monimia rotundifolia.
" This Monimia rotundifolia of Mauritius, in the
herbarium at Kew is labelled," says Mr. Scott Elliott,
" Bois de Tierle."

Professor Balfour writes with regard to Monimia :
— " It may be worth noting what may, however, be
merely a coincidence — the allied genus Tambourina
has a specieB Bois Tambour (there is the translator's
T. tree ?), and some species of Tambourina have been
called Mithridatea, and this genus was founded by
Commerson, the father of so many Mascarene genera,
and taken up by Schreber. I do not find any poisonous
qualities now attributed to the Monimiacese ; but if
the tree had not some reputation in connection with
poison — antidotal, or itself venomous — why should
Commerson give it such a name? At least it should
be a medicine-yielding tree. Unless some evidence
from the nomenclature takes one to Stillingia, I
should prefer to trust to the clue which such evidence
affords.and seek for the plant either among the Vitaceae
or Monimiacese. ... I cannot conjecture what it
(the Stront-boom) might be. It would be strange if
the name of so conspicuous a tree as the Mapon
must have been in Leguat's time, was transferred to
another tree, without its properties, even if the
original Mapon were exterminated."

Colonel Pike, whose work on Mauritius is well

* The botanist, Aublet, is also represented by a contem-
porary anonymous traveller as having nearly p jisoned himself
during hie botanical rambles in the forests "of Mauritius.

known, relates that when wandering in the woods of
Mauritius, in 1867, his guide was constantly calling
attention to different plants medicinally used by the
Creoles. " He showed me one that he said would
produce death in a short space of time after the juice
had been taken into the system. I did not know
its name, but found it was a species of Euphorbia,
He said, if a branch was bruised, and thrown into a
pond, it would destroy the fish. He especially
pointed out one that would cure a person that was
addicted to the use of ardent spirits (pity it is not
generally known), with many other wonderful things,
to all of which we listened with becoming attention."

Leguat is the only authority who has described
the Gean, or Giant Bird, which, according to his
account, was a struthious bird, some 6 French feet
high, with long legs and neck, with short wings,
and which the Dutchmen ran down with dogs.

Leguat's editor figures this bird — but the figure
has been taken from an ancient engraving of some
Indian bird, also unidentified, drawn by the artist,
Collaert, a hundred years before.

Here it is out of place to discuss the veracity of
Leguat's ornithological descriptions, which have been
dealt with by Professor Newton of Cambridge,
Milne-Edwards, and other authorities ; but the plate
may be noticed, because it is possible that the
remarkable tree behind the bird may have been
intended by the artist to represent the Strontboom
with Willow-leaves, as the branches are indicated
drooping, so as to suggest a weeping Willow.
Should this republication of Leguat's notice of the
Strontboom meet the eyes of anyone at the Botanical
Gardens of Pamplemousses, in Mauritius, it may
serve to reawaken some interest in the subject, and
lead to its identification.

During the greater part of 1697, Leguat was either
a prisoner or serving as a soldier at Batavia, and of
the Javan flora, like the Mauritian, he does not say
much that is remarkable; he says: — "This island
(Java), moreover, as you may very well imagine, has
its own particular plants. Here follow two of them,
which one of my friends who has apply d himself to
that study has curiously design'd for me : I think
they are little known ; they say they only grow
naturally in some of those little islands which lie
between Borneo and Java."

The two illustrations represent certainly two very
extraordinary plants, one has a faint resemblance to
the illustration given by De Rochefort, as the Yam,
Topinambore, or Batate. Whilst at Java, Leguat men-
tions the poisonous sap of a tree which grows in the
island of Borneo. " The inhabitants of that island,"
he says, " make use of it to poison their little darts
which they shoot out of sabercanes " (i.e , blow-
tubes). Major Thorn, who was on the staff of the
English army which captured Java, on the other
hand, mentions an antidote. He writes, "A sap,
extracted from the juicy leaves of the Magas or
Kiati tree, is held in high estimation as an effectual
cure of wounds made by crisses and spears that
have been dipped in a poison composed of the
blood of the Gekko, and other ingredients." Dr.
Charles Pickering, in his Chronological History
of Plants, states this poison-tree to be the
" Antiaris toxicaria of the Siamese countries and
Malayan Archipelago. The Bohun Upas is a large
forest tree, sometimes called 'antsjar.'and the know-
ledge of its exudation seems implied in the prohibi-
tion against poisoned arrows in the Institutes of
Mann. Clasping the poison-tree is mentioned by
Bhavabbhuti. Antiaris toxicaria is known to grow
as far as N. lat. 19° in the neighbouring portion of
Burmah, and its exudation continues to be used by
the Karcus to poison arrows. Further south, a tree
in the Malayan Archipelago, according to Jordanus
(Col. Yule's edit. Hakluyt Society, vol. xxxi.), is
said, when in flower to kill every man that cometh
near it fan account not strictly true, but A. toxicaria
has been shown by Bumphius, ii., pi. 87, L. de la
Tour and Blume, to be virulently poisonous ; it is
known to grow particularly in Java, Baly, and
Celebes." The Strychnos tierite, also of Java, a
climber, 120 feet, or Upas radja, is another poisonous

plant, whose root yields one of the most dangerous
poisons known, acting like Nux vomica. As a back-
ground to Leguat's figure of the hooded snake, his
artist has inserted an exact copy, reversed, of De
Rochefort's Goyavier ; and in rear of his drawing of
an ourang-outang ape, an American Opuntia is
depicted.

We may now examine the remaining plates in
Leguat's book, and it will be found that in the
illustration of the rhinoceros, the draughtsman has
inserted an Acajou from De Rochefort's volume ;
again, behind the Hottentot man in full summer un-
dress, he has planted a " Banane, Figuier ou Pommier
de Paradis," also after Rochefort; and beside the
Hottentot woman, without her petticoat, a Pa-
payer from the same source. All these identifications
which, as far as I know, have never before been
pointed out, go far to prove that the majority of
Leguat's illustrations are not original, but derived
from some previous source. It is evident that we
cannot trust to the drawing of the Giant bird of
Mauritius, or to the caricature intended to repre-
sent the famous Solitaire of Rodriguez.

Undoubtedly the Solitaire did exist, as his skeleton
has been found, and an almost perfect restoration
effected by Professor Newton and his brother Sir
Edward Newton, which may be seen in the Museum
of Zoology at Cambridge ; but the skeleton shows a
bird which could hardly be represented by the mis-
shapen caricature of it given by Leguat, and re-
produced in a more finished style by Buffon in his
Ornithologie, S. P. Oliver,

SIR TREVOR LAWRENCE'S

COLLECTION.

Sib Trevor is such a keen gardener, that any
visitor to his pretty homestead at the foot of
Boxhill, naturally expects a great deal. Unlike the
generality of cases, the realisation exceeds the
anticipation ; for it is not only in the matter of
Orchids that there is room for comment, but in
nearly every other class of plants. In the lovely
grounds, which have for background the abrupt
woody slope of the hill, there was, to my vagabondish
view, one eyesore — on either side of the main
approach is an avenue of stiff sentinel-like Cupressus
erecta viridis. When one is delighting one's soul
with the natural loveliness of the background, these
stiff formal things keep obtruding themselves into
view. The bedding is almost entirely confined to
Begonias, and very pretty the various shades of pink,
scarlet, and yellow were. The herbaceous beds in
the garden are also somewhat original ; there is not
a medley of plants, but plots of the various species.
The effect is charming, and the contrast of large
quantities of the red and white Spirasa, the blue
Platycodon and Echinopsis, the yellow Chrysanthe-
mum maximum, a white Larkspur, and the gossamer-
like Gypsophila paniculata were very striking. In
the borders in front of the houses some planted-out
Crinums, chiefly Moorei and Powelli, were flowering
most luxuriantly ; they are left out all the year,
being simply protected by a mulching in the winter.
A rather uncommon plant in the herbaceous quarter
was the Cennthe ; three varieties of this curious
Boragewort are grown.

The greenhouses were very bright. There is an
extensive collection of the new continental Begonias,
and a large number of seedlings bearing flowers of
great substance. Flowering basket plants were
extremely well cultivated, one of the prettiest being
Lotus peliorhynchus. Besides the Vallotas and
Pancratiums, other noticeable plants in flower
were Clianthus Dampieri, Alstrcemeria pelegrina
alba, Tweedia oxypetala, Exacum macranthum,
Costus igneus, and the striking new Streptocarpus
hybrids. The stoves contain most of the ■ rare,
curious, and beautiful tropical plants that are
at all amenable to culture. The collection of An-
thuriums is well known, many new varieties such as
Burfordiensex have been raised here, and the present
batch of seedlings show great promise. Bertolonias
and Sonerilas are extensively grown, and very curious

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

337

to study were the various Tillandsias, Ataccia cris-
tata, and Cochliostema Jacobianum. The lattice-
leaved plant from Madagascar, Ouvrandra fenestralis,
is most successfully cultivated, and it is quite a
source of wonder to the many visitors. A distinct
Fern, Aglaomorpha Meyeniana, the Bear's-paw Fern,
also causes great curiosity. The fronds are dimor-
phous, the fertile and sterile segments being totally
unlike in form ; only one species has been found
hitherto, and that in Luzon.

The Orchids are so well-known to your readers,
and so many have seen some of the finest at the
Temple shows, that long comment would be super-
fluous. The Cypripediums in flower in August were
Stonei, calurum, orphanum, Godefroyse, Harrisianum,
superbum, Schroederi, javanicum, cardinale, Mor-
gan! Burfordiense. Many of the Masdevallias were
in flower also, very interesting were the hybrids
Hinksiana and Reichenbachiana. The plants of
Grammatophyllum speciosum, Renanthera coccinea,
and Vanda Sanderiana are among the largest in the
kingdom. The brightest house, however, at the
time of my visit was the Sobralia-house, the centre
stage was entirely devoted to them, and the beautiful
delicate crisping and creamy flowers were produced
in the greatest profusion. There was also in flower
the finest variety of Cattleya aurea I had ever seen ;
the gold-lacing was much deeper than usual. A
number of plants of the brilliant scarlet Habenenia
militaris livened up a stage wonderfully. Vagabond.

Nursery Notes.

ORCHIDS AT ST. ALBANS.

When visiting the great Orchid-growing nursery
of Messrs. F. Sander & Co., as range after range of
vigorous healthy specimens, many of them reputedly
difficult to manage, are passed, the visitor naturally
enquires what has become of the unhealthy speci-
mens or invalids? for the eye fails to detect one in
the whole of the seemingly endless labyrinth of
Orchid houses. The answer is, that the unmanage-
ability o( any species of Orchid is not believed in at
St. Albans, as long experience has proved to Mr.
Sander and his clever manager, Mr. Godsell', that
they have only to construct quarters according to
the light of that experience, and from hints afforded
by the collectors as to the conditions under which
the plants grow in their native countries, and the
most difficult plant becomes grateful and amenable to
cultivation, and requiring but little pains to grow
and flower it well. A few of the conquered ones
may be noted in Fhajus tuberculosus, Dendro-
bium Dearei, Oncidium ampliatum majus, and
the fine new Grammatophyllum Measuresianum,
all of which, together with other difficult plants, as
they are called, are growing in quantity in the warm
house prepared for them, and which has a tank ex-
tending from end to end in which the red and blue
Water Lilies were, at the time of my visit, beauti-
fully in bloom. The Orchids are suspended over the
tank, and have been ever Bince their arrival in this
country, and yet even the most critical observer
cannot detect an unsightly or sickly plant. So also
in the quarters prepared for the handsome Oncidium
splendidum, Odontoglossum citrosmum, and various
other rare species which are grown by the hundred,
and especially with Phajus Humblotii, which is only
now declaring its full beauty, the scores of spikes on
the batch at St. Albans, exhibiting it as white, or
pink, or rose, or purple, of various shades, but
always beautiful. With a view to carrying out
this idea of building special houses for special
plants, extensive as the establishment was before,
Mr. Sanders is now just finishing another suite
of ten very cleverly-constructed houses, their
ends abutting on the large Cattleya-house, and
which are intended chiefly for some" expected new
arrivals, from a quarter of the globe not stated. In
these new houses are some novel features, worthy of
a visit to see. One of the features is a system of
water supply communicating throughout the whole

block. The ventilation and staging arrangements
are also good, and embody some new ideas.

The Rockeries,
which are here so well constructed, and planted with
so much skill and venture, as regards the Orchids
planted in them, contain many new plants of the
foliage or climbing plant classes, sent over by the
collectors with the Orchids, and some of which will
doubtless become standard plants in our Stove-
houses. Among plants of this kind, some of which
are in pots, we noted a new and beautifully-marked
Philodendron, some pretty new Marantas, a new
variegated form of Dracsena fragans, the elegant
Phcenix Roebelenii, and the equally graceful and
still rarer Cocos Pynaertii.

As regards the Orchids planted in the rockeries, it
is stated that no failures have to be recorded,
although some species do far better than others. In
the cool rockery, Cypripedium caudatum is one of
the most satisfactory, its leaves growing quite twice
the size of those of pot-plants, and their long riband-
like petals appearing to the greatest advantage, as
they hang clear of the rocks. Alsophila ferox clad
with Zygopetalum Gautierii, and Lomaria Boryana
with Zygopetalum graminifolium, also form pretty
objects, the Orchids thriving better than usual by
reason of their being still left on the native Tree
Ferns on which they were found by the collector.

Fob the General Collection,
suffice it to take a hasty glance at the more pro-
minent objects, containing specimens in flower. Of
these, the greatest show is in the Cattleya-houses,
where the various forms of the labiata section have
many in bloom, such as C. gigas, C. Mendeli, and
C. Gaskelliana, of which there are some very hand-
some and curious forms. One is the counter-
part of Cattleya Mossice Reineckiana, another
has flowers like those of C. Wagneri, and a third
could scarcely be distinguished from a fine form of
C. labiata Warnerii. C. Gaskelliana contains more
bad varieties than any other species, but the good ones
are equal to any form of C. labiata, and the redeem-
ing feature of even the colourless or poor varieties is,
that they are delightfully sweet. A line show of
Cattleya Schofieldiana and also of the ordinary form
of C. grandulosa, also appears now in bloom ; and a
fine lot of Odontoglossum Phalamopsis, O. Roezlii,
and scores of great masses of the white Lreliaanceps
Sanderiana, L. a. Stella, L. a. alba, and other
marked forms are marvels of good culture. In the
large Cattleya-house also are plants of a very in-
teresting cross between Epidendrum ciliare and Ltelia
anceps, which are approaching maturity, and are
watched with a like interest to that bestowed on the
curious crosses between Bollea celestis and Zygo-
petalum, and other strange hybrids in the quarters
set apart for them. Among the Aurides, those
two superb things, A. Lawrences and Sanderiana
are in bloom in many examples. The main dif-
ference between the two is, that the flowers of the
former has a white ground, and the latter a yellow.
Among the fine .display of A. Sanderiana, there
is a new Aarides in the way of Sanderiana in
flower, and which may be regarded as the largest
and most beautiful of known species of Aerides. It
is a very stout grower, and sends out long sprays of
flowers, even larger than those of A. Lawrenceie.
The colour is clear yellow and rich purplish-crim-
son, a quaint crescent-shaped blotch of the latter
tint appearing at the tip of each segment, and a
bright tinting of it on the spur and labellum, which
is broader and more open than in the other species.
To crown all, the noble variety is delightfully fra-
grant. The cool-houses, with their thousands of
Odontoglossom crispum, 0. Pescatorei, O. blandum,
and indeed all the good species still continue in
grand health, and give their quota of flowers.
The house of spotless specimens of Miltonia vexillaria,
also has some in bloom. The Phalienopsis, which
do well at St. Albans, have many P. Sanderiana and
some of the lesssr species in flower ; and among other
good things noted, were a specimen of Calanthe vera
trifolia, with fifteen spikes ; C. Masuca, C. Domin-

iana, Oncidium hiematochilum, Aeranthes grandi-
florus, the new Dendrobium dicuphum, D. Phalae-
nopsis, and other Dendrobes from the Torres Straits
region ; a batch of white Lycaste Skinnerii, Cattleya
velutina, C. Eldorado Wallisii, Epidendrum Wallisii,
Subralia xantholeuca, Lsslia elegans Turnerii varie-
ties, Cycnoches chlorochilon, Catasetum Bungerothii
(female), C. callosum, and various species of Mas-
devallias, Cypripediums, &c.

FORESTRY FOR SEPTEMBER.

Now that the ground is thoroughly saturated with
moisture, the planting of evergreen shrubs, both for
covert and ornament, should be proceeded with.
When lifting the plants, care should be taken not to
mutilate the roots, but sometimes roots are occa-
sionally fractured and peeled to a certain extent by
accident, even by the most careful workmen, and the
bruised part should always be cut off by placing the
knife below the root, and catting upwards and out-
wards. When removing large Hollies, Yews, Por-
tugal Laurels, &c, if a little soil adheres to the roots
in the shape of a ball, it will prove beneficial in pro-
moting the growth of the plants at the start. In
cases where the soil consists of hard, infertile matter,
mix a little leaf-mould or bog-earth with the staple
before the shrubs are planted, and finish by staking,
tying, and mulching them, if these operations are
thought to be necessary. When planting groups of
ornamental shrubs in exposed situations, it is a
capital plan to erect a screen of evergreen branches
on the exposed side of the group or plant, as the
case may be, removing when the plants have taken
to the soil.

Plant ornamental hedges and screen-fences of
evergreens where desirable, and, if necessary, break
up the ground thoroughly, pulverising it with a pick
before planting. Hedgerow trees and isolated speci-
mens should be examined at this season, and such
as are showing marks of decay, or are past recovery,
had better be cut down. It is, however, sometimes
advisable to stubb out hedgerow trees by the roots,
and either plant another tree on the spot, or trench
the ground and plant Quicks. Standard park trees
often get greatly damaged by the elements, and by the
soil becoming waterlogged through the bursting or
the choking of drains in their vicinity, and when
this is found to be the case no time should be
lost in applying the proper remedy. No better
time of the year could be chosen for cleaning
out and sorting drains of this kind than autumn,
in order to render the soil dry during winter;
and in cases where the soil has become ex-
hausted, a dressing of rich soil, leaf-mould, or
well-rotted manure will be found beneficial in
promoting the formation of fresh roots. It is also
an advantage to have this sort of work carried out at
this season, so that there shall be no interference
with growing farm crops. These remarks apply to
Conifers as well as to hard-wood trees.

Seed Saving and Seed Sowing.

Tree seeds should now be looked after, and col-
lected as they become ripe — such as the cones of the
Abies or Silver Fir tribe, as well as some of the rarer
species of Pines, including the pretty little Pine, P.
parviflora, whose cones are now matured, and if not
looked after the seeds are sure to drop out and be
lost. The cones of Cupressus Lawsoniana and others
should likewise be collected as they become ripe, and
stowed away in a dry place till they are wanted in
spring. Sycamore and Maple seeds, of which there
is a grand crop this season, should now be collected
and kept in a dry place till wanted in the spring.

This is also the best time to make a selection of
Cherry-stones, which should be sown at once on
well-prepared friable soil formed into beds 4 feet
wide. Sow the stones or seeds broadcast in a re-
gular and uniform manner, and cover them with
about 1 inch of fine soil. Birch-seed are generally
matured at this season, and should be gathered in
fine dry weather. These may either be sown at
once, or mixed with damp sand, and kept till spring.

338

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

The best ground for Birch-seed is that of a mossy
texture, formed into seed-beds about 4 feet wide.
The seed should be sown broadcast on the surface,
and trampled down in a uniform manner with the
feet, which is all the covering that they require.
Those who are anxious to have the true Weeping-
Birch for embellishment, should collect the seeds
from the best weeping varieties of the tree to be
found in the natural forests of the Mar district of
Aberdeenshire. Sow the seed at once where they
are to remain without being transplanted, as trans-
planting alters the form and contour of this tree to
a large extent; hence the many complaints that I
have heard from proprietors, that they cannot get the
true variety of this tree to purchase from the public
nurseries.

Miscellaneous.

Prepare a piece of sharp sandy soil on a
northern exposure, and plant cuttings of Yew, Box,
Laurel, Privet, and other hardy evergreen plants
that are usually propagated by that method. Par-
ticular attention should be paid at this season to
prevent weeds in the nursery or elsewhere from
maturing and shedding their seed on the spot. Dig
between the rows of forest and ornamental trees and
shrubs, to keep down weeds and encourage root-
action. Seedling Hollies and other small evergreen
plants should now be removed from the seed-bed,
and planted into nursery lines 12 inches asunder,
and a few inches between the plants in the rows,
choosing damp cloudy weather for the operation,
J. B. Webster.

Trees and Shrubs.

PINUS KIGIDA.
Oor excellent contemporary, Garden and Forest,
has an interesting article on this tree, accompanied
by a characteristic illustration of a weather-beaten
old tree. It is one of the trees known as Pitch Pine,
though it is not the one which yields the commercial
product of that name. Pitch Pine of commerce is
either P. palustris from the Southern States, or P.
ponderosa from the North-west. Our contemporary .
adds, that there are a dozen other species to which
the term Pitch Pine is locally applied, another in-
stance not only of the nuisance, but of the mischief
inflicted by the employment of uncontrolled names.
In this country we note that P. rigida is specially
liable to the formation of adventitious shoots from
the trunk, so that if the top were destroyed the
shoots in question would develop into a bush-like
head.

Berberis congestifloba hakeoides.

When I saw this little shrub in flower against one
of the walls in the Coombe Wood nursery, I thought
it was the oddest Barberry I had ever seen, and so
unlike any other in foliage and flower. It has small
round leaves, beset all round with sharp spines, and
quite glaucous on their under surfaces. The small
bright yellow flowers are crowded into dense clusters
in the axils of the leaves all along the young shoots,
and looks like a long string of golden knobs. It
appears to be similar in habit of growth to other
Barberries, but being against a wall one could not
tell. I suppose it is hardy, as it comes from Chili, as
so many others from that region are. It is quite a
choice shrub for those who take special interest in
hardy shrubs. W. G.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

IpoMffiA camarunensis, Taubert, sp. nov. — A
tuberous-rooted species, with cordate ovate leaves,
and oymes of pink funnel-shaped flowers, Gartenflora,
t. 1352.

JOCUROMA GESNERI0IDE9 and J. Wa&SCEWICZII,

Bulletin delta R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura Julv.
1891. ' 3

Loasa amrrosiifolia, Westnik, St. Petersburizh.
August, 1891. B

MASliEVALLIA MACKURA, On/lid Albttlll, t. 431.

Narcissus Fenzii (N. Pseudo-Narcissus x Cypri,
Haworth), Garten Flora, p. 429, 1891. N. Cypri is
one of the Tazetta section. The hybrid is said to
flower in January. Flowers white, intermediate in
form between the two parents ; corona yellow.

Odontocilosscm Bergmanni, L. Lind. — Perhaps a
white form of luteo-purpureum. Lindenia, t. 286.

Odontoglossdm mulus Holfordianum, Orchid
Album, t. 429.

Odontoglossum polyxanthum, Revue Horticole,
August 16.

Peach The Brigden, Canadian Horticulturist,
July, 1891.

Phaius Humbloti, Garten Flora, t. 1353.

Phaljknopsis speciosa. — A species brought home
by General Berkeley, and remarkable for its deep
rosy-lilac flowers. Lindenia, t. 288.

Pink Madame Ernest Bsrgman, Illustration
Horticole, t. 131. — Pure rose flowers, free- flowering
and fragrant.

Pinus cembroides, Garden and Forest, July 29,
1891. — A rare JCalifornian and Arizonan species,
found more abundantly in Mexico, where the seeds
form an article of food.

Populcs monticola, Garden and Forest, July 15. —
A new Californian Poplar, figured for the first time.

Qoercus alnifolia, Garden, Aug. 1, 1891. —
Leaves, bright gold coloured on the under surface.

Trollius eubop.'eus, and adrantiacus, Garden,
Aug. 1, 1891.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

PEACH- HOU8ES.— When the fruits are cleared
off the earlier trees, the latter are too frequently left
without attention of any kind. This should not be, but
the syringing of the trees should be performed every
evening till the wood is mature, and the leaves have
begun to take on the colours of autumn. Neglected
Peach trees get infested with red-spider, which plays
havoc with the foliage, premature ripening and loss of
vigour following. Syringing will prevent this mishap,
if it be supplemented by good root-waterings occa-
sionally. The neglect of the latter, I am sure, often
leads to bud-dropping when the trees are started. If
a good thick mulch was afforded the trees, the border
can be kept in a moist healthy state, and the need
of root-waterings much reduced, but it should be
examined occasionally, and its condition ascertained.
Every ventilator should be put wide open. The
borders in later houses require similar attention, as
during the ripening of the fruit the borders will have
been kept dryish, and the foliage not rendered clean
by syringing. Remove all shoots that are weak, as
also those which have borne fruit this year ; doing
this will admit light and air to those that remain.
The late-fruiting trees should not be allowed to
suffer from dryness at the roots, which will certainly
spoil the flavour of the fruit.

Now is a good time to make notes of varieties to
be purchased, lifted, or removed altogether. Young
trees usually grow too fast, and transplanting is best
for them ; older trees which are growing too fast,
being partially lifted. Peaches and Nectarines on
the Plum stock soon make new roots after removal,
which should take place as soon as the leaves part
readily from the twigs. Trees in the early Peach-
houses will now be ready for manipulation, and if
any of them make too luxuriant growth, no manure
need be mixed with the compost of good loam and
mortar rubble and waste charcoal. After well water-
ing the trees after planting, place a good mulch
over the roots. I will give the names of a few
good varieties : — Alexander, Early York, Hale's
Early, and Condor ; these all come in so much
earlier than the older varieties, that when grown
with others a break in the supply occurs, so that
when these are planted in the second early house,
they are often as early or earlier in coming into
use as those in the first house. I would advise
when these sorts are grown to give them a
small house to themselves, or to plant them in the
coolest part of the earliest house, and to plant only
old early varieties. Early Mignonne, Dr. Hogg,
Dymond, Royal George, these will follow those that
I first named ; Noblesse, Violette Hative, Barring-
ton, Walburton Admirable, and Princess of Wales are
also good varieties to succeed these. The large-
fruited Peaches of recent introduction have only
their size in most cases to recommend them, and in
sunless seasons they are more lacking in flavour
than those. The Nectarine requires the same treat-
ment as the Peach, but the selection of varieties is

more limited, although of late years some fine new
varieties have been brought out by Messrs. T. F.
Rivers & Son. I have a gieat liking for Lord
Napier for early fruiting, and it is our best Nectarine
on the open walls or under glass. In some districts
and soils it may not be so good as here on our light
soil. Dryden is an excellent new Nectarine ; I also
like Darwin for itsearliness ; its flesh is of an orange
colour. Elruge, Hardwicke Seedling, Humboldt, and
Pine-apple, are excellent ; this last is a grand fruiter.
Pitmaston Orange is still one of the best, but it is
delicate in constitution. Victoria and Violette
Hative should not be omitted. The above give a
fairly large list to select from, and I may here add,
that I have grown them all, and others equally good
and worthy of cultivation. G. Wythes, Syon House,
Brentford.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE COOL CONSERVATORY.— At this season of
the year this structure should be put in order,
cleaned, painted, and repaired, all the wood-work
being washed with soap and water; movable shading
material should be taken down, dried and repaired,
if necessary, before storing it away. Climbers will
require thinning out and regulating, especially strong
growers like Tacsonia Van Volxemii, Cobsea scan-
dens, and several of the Passifloras, cutting the
shoots back to their allotted space. Plants of
Plumbago capensis and P. c. alba should be
examined, and if found to be infected with thrips,
they should be thoroughly cleansed of this insect by
washing them with Gishurst soap or other insecti-
cide. See that the borders in which are the plants
are sufficiently moist, and in the case of exhausted
borders, the application of a fertiliser will have a
good effect on the flowering of these plants.

Lapagerias in bloom will require care, so that no
injury be done to the flowers by scale insects, and
thrips, which are very partial to this plant; and,
should any of them be found harbouring on the
plants when in bloom, the foliage should be washed
with a sponge and tobacco-water.

Plants of any species which have stood out-of-
doors during the summer — Camellias, Palms, Gre-
villeas, Rhododendrons, &c. — which are used iu
furnishing the conservatory, should be cleansed, the
pots or tubs in which they are standing may be
washed or painted as may be necessary before bring-
ing them indoors. The display of flowering plants
may consist of Balsams, Fuchsias, Coleus, Celosias,
Begonias of various species, placing the last-named at
the warmest end of the conservatory. Nicotiana
ii ili ii is is a useful plant at this season, as is also Cassia
corymbosa, which is also a very good autumn-flower-
ing plant. The early- blooming Chrysanthemums,
such as Madame Desgranges, yellowish-white ; Pr6-
cocitS, creamy-white ; St. Mary, white ; Gustave
Wermig, deep yellow ; and Roi des Precoces, crim-
son ; will also be found of value in keeping up the
gaiety of the display till the later Chrysanthemums,
Primulas, &c, come into bloom.

H ARD- WOODED OREEN HOUSE PLANTS. "Prepara-
tions should be made to house all those subjects which
have been stood out-of-doors, as after the third week in
the present month it is no longer safe to trust tender
plants outside, although the temperature may not
fall so low as to injure the plants, but should it do
so but a few degrees below 32°, the foliage becomes
unsightly for a long time. In cases where a light
framework of wood was erected, and coverings of
some kind run over it at night and in wet weather,
the plants may be left out-of-doors till the end of
the month, without fear of them being damaged by
too low a temperature. The return of bright sun-
shine will be very beneficial to this class of plant,
providing means exist of preserving the plants from
injury. Epacrises, Boronias, Adenandras, and Dar-
winias should be amongst the first taken in, they
being the first to surfer injury by low tempera-
ture. Carefully look over the plants, and free them
from red-spider, thrips, and aphides before taking
them indoors. These plants should occupy a posi-
tion near the glass. Azaleas, Heaths, Neriums, and
Acacias, Telopeas, Banksias, and Eucalyptus, may
be kept out a few days longer than the first-
mentioned. The Heath-house and other structures,
in which these plants are placed, must be well
cleaned, walls lime-washed, &c. Leas water will
be required than in the height of the growing season,
but great care must be taken in not allowing the
soil to become so dry as to stop root-action, as the
stronger-growing subjects will still continue to push
out roots, although there may be no top-growths
discernible. R. Milner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

339

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CAULIFLOWERS. — Plants raised from seeds sown
in August should be pricked out when large enough in
beds in a warm aspect. In drawing these plants from
the seed-bed, reject all those with crooked stems, or
otherwise weak and unhealthy, and clear them of
damaged leaves. Plant in rows about 4 inches
apart, and do not bury the stems deep in the soil.
Gently water them with a fine rose-pot, so as
not to break their leaves, or wash the earth
into the heart of the plants. If the plants are
small or backward in growth, a frame may
be placed over the bed, and the lights made
use of till the seedlings have taken root, shading
them lightly if the sun be very hot. The lights need
not be put on unless frosts threaten, or during heavy
rain. Any Cauliflowers which were planted out early
in July for the Michaelmas crop, will soon begin to
show their flower-heads, and should be encouraged
in growth by hoeing between the rows, and drawing
soil up to the stems ; if the weather should continue
dry, it will benefit the plants to form a basin round
each, and afford water or liquid manure abundantly,
if large succulent heads are desired.

SEED SOWING, ETC.— Continue to plant out Let-
tuce and Endive as the plants become ready. Make
small sowings of Lettuce, Endive, Radish, Cauliflower,
and Cabbage for late planting, these often coming in
very useful when hard weather has killed earlier-sown
oues.

CHICORY.— Some of the largest may be lifted, the
leaves cut off half an inch above the neck , and placed
in the daik to get blanched, using for this purpose
wooden boxes filled with li^ht mould, or making a
bed of similar material. When planted, afford one
good watering, and keep all light away from them.

TOMATOS. — Remove growing shoots, and expose
the fruit to the sun ; any that are nearly ripe being
plucked, and placed on the Bhelves in any dry
greenhouse or vinery to ripen.

CAPSICUMS. — Plants growing out-of-doors may
be pulled up when a sufficient number of ripe fruits
are to be found on them, hanging up the plants in-
doors, so that the fruits may mature. Another way
is to gather the pods as they become ripe, and dry
them in the shade. Lights should be put over plants
of Aubergines growing on borders.

TURNIPS. — The late Turnips should now be
thinned out to suitable distances, and the hoe plied
amongst them until such time as the leaves touch each
other. Late- sown Spinach should be weeded and
thinned, using when the soil is dry a small hand hoe
for the purpose. In wet weather this kind of work
is best done by hand-pulling. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst,
Ether.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.
EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— The temperature of the
past week has been more favourable for the ripening
of the growths of those Orchids that are grown all
the year round in this house, and the bottom and
top ventilators have been open at all times, and
artificial heat has been seldom made use of. It is
better practice now to be a degree under than to go
over 70°. Many of the Phaltenopsis will now be
finishing up their leaves, and showing flower-spikes ;
and if the house be kept too moist and very warm,
their leaves are apt to prematurely break away, and
the plants seldom finish properly ; but by affording
good ventilation and a little lower temperature,
premature starting can be prevented.

Angnecum sesquipedale should be placed in a
warm part of the house, where moisture is more
abundant than elsewhere, the plants being now in
full growth ; and I hey will net rest until the flowering
is past. A. Scottianum seems to be a species that
will flower at any season ; it grows freely, and is
seldom found in an unhealthy state. A. Sanderia-
num, a splendid introduction, is somewhat difficult
to manage ; the small and pretty A. hyaloides is
always admired when in flower, and it grows well
when hung up in small baskets, as does A. citratum,
and both like strong heat and a temperature laden
with moisture. The plants in this house should be
looked over occasionally for thrips, these insects
being specially injurious to the young leaves. It is
safest at this season to keep most of the plants
somewhat on the dry side, the next six weeks being,
perhaps, those during which it is the most "difficult
to keep plants in a healthy state.

THE CATTLEYA- HOUSE.— Where the convenience
exists, it will now be an advantage if plants of C. Skin-
neri are removed to warmer house to complete
their growth. The amount of moisture in the house

should be reduced, or the rotting of the unripe
pseudobulbs may ensue, and especially if the plants
have been in sufficiently ventilated in summer, and
growths which appear in fine condition one day, in
two days afterwards may be rotting. A temperature
of 66°, with much less moisture, will keep the plants
sound. A. G. Catt, ParkHeld, Hallow.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

With bright sunshine let us hope that, notwith-
standing the late season, the wood, by the end of the
season may get thoroughly ripened, so that we may
build up hopes of a good crop of fruit the next year.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.— These, owing to
the strong heat, are ripening their fruit very fast,
and will require going over daily, gathering the
fruits a little under-ripe than otherwise, placing
them with care in an airy and well-ventilated fruit-
room to finish. These fruits, I find, at this season
of the year, are always much better in flavour, and
more juicy, than if left on the trees to ripen. Some
gardeners go to the extent of placing nets over the
trees, making them secure at the bottoms to catch
the fruits as they fall ; but this, I maintain, is a
great error, as the fruits not only get bruised, and
spoiled in appearance, but the flavour is very
deficient, and the flesh woolly. I find the best plan
is to take the handbarrow, placing either a layer of
cotton wool, or short grass, on the bottom, putting
the fruit carefully on it ; they may then be carried
to the fruit-room without fear of damage. Keep a
careful watch on all later trees heavily cropped, and
should the roots get dry, water abundantly with
slightly tepid water, assisting the trees also to finish
the crop with manure water or other stimulants.
Early trees, whose fruits have been cleared, should
also receive attention, both at roots and overhead,
syringing thoroughly in the morning. To keep the
foliage clean and healthy, always give the foremost
attention to those trees bearing the best and
heaviest crops of fruit to help them to maintain
vigour, and keep up their regular cropping.

APRICOTS. — If mildew put in an appearance,
dust thoroughly with ilowers-of-sulphur. Dryness
and impoverished soil are the main causes of this
evil, consequently, water thoroughly and feed well ;
this will greatly benefit the trees, and strengthen
the buds for the following year's crop. I attribute
the loss of nine parts of the flowers which open
early in spring, only to drop, to dryness of soil and
want of nourishment at the roots at this season of
the year.

MORELLO CHERRIES.— As the fruits are gathered
and the trees cleared, remove the nets, and neatly
bundle them up in pieces, labelled for their different
purposes, together with the size of each piece. A
few good dressings at the roots will also be bene-
ficial to the trees, though not unfrequently they get
neglected. These bearing on spurs the new wood
should be pruned accordingly, always laying in
plenty of it to keep the trees thoroughly supplied
with fruiting shoots all over them. A slight
pruning after the fruits have been gathered will
be of great assistance to the ripening up of the
shoots reserved for this purpose. H. Markham,
Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

THE BEDS. — The fine weather experienced during
the last week has greatly improved the appearance
of the beds and their surroundings. Fuchsias and
Liliums, also pyramids of Pelargonium Madame
Crousse, Heliotrope, Calceolaria amplexicaulis, Pe-
tunias, &C, are now as gay as they have been at any
time during the season. The above subjects either
growing in pots plunged below the rims in the green
sward irregularly in appropriate places, with similarly
trained plants of Acacia lophantha and Abutilon
Thomsonii intermixed, or planted in large beds car-
peted with blue or yellow Viola, and edged with
Coleus Verschaffeltii, are very effective. There are
nooks and corners in most gardens that would be
rendered more beautiful in this manner. They are
of easy culture, and rapid growers, and may be
trained into any shape. In order to prolong the
flowering period as long as possible, the seed-pods
should be kept picked off all flowering plants from
the time it is desirable to allow them to flower until
the flowering time is over. Fuchsias are likely to be
used on the flower garden more extensively in the
future than they have been in recent years. They
are showy and graceful. I refer to them now, so that
those who contemplate using them next year in the
manner indicated may propagate a stock forthwith.

LOBELIAS.— Those having a good strain of
Lobelia should pot-up a dozen or two plants from
the mixed beds for propagating in early spring.
Take the plants up with nice balls, and place them
in pots 4.} or 6 inches in diameter, using light sandy
mould, and about 1£ inches of crocks, with a few
half-decayed leaves over them in the bottom of each
pot for drainage ; afterwards giving water to settle
the soil, and placing the plants in a cool pit, where
they can be kept close and shaded for a few days
until re-established, when they should be gradually
given plenty of air. Before potting, cut away all
flower-spikes and straggling roots. See that the
necessary number of stock plants of the several
varieties of the Alternantheras, Mesembryanthe-
mums, Ageratums, Salvias, and Verbenas are struck.

CALCEOLARIAS, ETC.— Cuttings of Calceolarias,
Leucophytons, Gnaphaliums, Violas, and Pansies that
strike best in cold frames, should be seen to, lest the
young growths get injured by frost. A shallow
frame placed on a hard surface, gravel or clinkers
covered with ciuders and coal-aahes, in front of a
south wall, is best. Put a layer of short dung to
the thickness of 2 inches in the bottom, then about
3 inches of light loam with a surfacing of sand. In
this insert the cuttings, which should be from 2 to 3
inches long, in rows about 4 inches apart, and at the
same distance from plant to plant in the rows,
making the soil firm about them with the dibber,
then giving water to settle the soil. Keep the frames
close, aud shade the cuttings for a few weeks until
they have callused, when a little air may be ad-
mitted ; damp the cuttings overhead in the afternoon
of bright days when closing the frames. As Boon. as
they show signs of being rooted, admit plenty of air
to them on a'l favourable opportunities, drawing the
sashes off and replacing them at night; the object
being to prevent them making much growth before
spring. //. IV. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE APIART.

WAX REFINING.— It is but seldom that one sees
directions given for refining bees-wax. Prizes are
offered at nearly all the leading honey exhibitions,
and examples are often shown that do not come up
to the mark. The finest and best-coloured wax is
made from new comb and wax cappings ; old black
combs yield but very little, and should be melted
down by themselves. The wax-extractors ordinarily
sold are very good for making small quantities, but
to make them more effective, the perforated comb-
holder should be enclosed in a flannel bag, so that all
the impurity is left behind at one operation, and the
wax is of finer quality if run into warm water when
it leaves the extractor. Another plan is to place
the combs in a flannel bag, and suspend it in an oven
over a pan of water ; but perhaps the best way for
large quantities is to use a copper. In this case, a
hoop of wood or stout wire should be made a little
larger than the top of the copper, and have a piece
of flannel sewn to it, so as to make a shallow bag, in
which to place and suspend the combs. The copper
should be about half full of water, but care must be
taken that it does not touch the flannel — the steam
only is required for the operation. When the water
cools, the wax can be taken off in a cake perfectly
pure, and then remelted and run into moulds for
show or other purposes.

RE-QUEENING. — There is still time to furnish
stocks with young queens, which may be obtained
from skeps that have been saved from the sulphur-
pit, and the safest way to introduce the new queen
is by placing her in the tubular cage, plugged with
candy at one end, and corked at the other, and
pressed down between two combs. Driven bees
should now be placed on frames containing built-out
combs, and ted up as rapidly as possible with syrup
at a temperature of about 100°.

PREVENTION OF INCREASE. — Some bee-keepers
who have as many stocks as they require, complain
of the difficulty they experience in preventing
increase. An easy, and at the same time a good
way, if swarming cannot be prevented, to accom-
plish this, is to have a nucleus hive of about seven
frames capacity standing by the side of the swarmed
stock, into which transfer some of the brood-combs
with adhering bees, and return the swarm to its old
quarters. In the autumn the old queen can be
deposed, and the nucleus containing the new one
united to the original stock, by which means it
would be in the best of condition to commence
another season's work, and there would be no loss
of honey. Expert,

340

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[SEPTEMBER 19, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

NEWSPAPERS.— Correspondents sending newspapers should le
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MEETING.

1 Royal Horticultural Society, at
Drill Hall; Lecture on " Insect-
eating Plant-*," by Messrs. K.
Lindsay & Lewis Castle ; and
Exhibition of Insect-eating and
Pitcher Plants, Flowers, Fruits,
and Vegetables.

SALE8.

/Great Clearance Sale of Plants,
i Greenhouses, &c, at Reeves'
I Nursery, Acton, W., by Protheroe
MOM) i.Y, Sept. ill & Morris (four days).

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
\ Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

TUEiEAY

WEDNESDAY,

Skpt.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe
Morris' Rooms.

i Dutch Bulbs and Plants, at Pro-
theroe ami Morris' Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs, at SteveDs' Rooms.

(Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
Stove and Greenhouse Plants and
Orchids, at Camden Hou'e, Sut-
TllUKSJAl, of.p:. zi •< ton, by Protheroe & Morris.

[Greenhouse Plants at Enfield, by

Protheroe & Morris.
ISpeeial Sale of Dutch Bulbs, at
^ Stevens' Rooms.

/Collection oE Established Orchids,
a dt. o') formed by the late H. J. Buchan,
3EPT. zo< Es(J _ of southampton, at Pro-

( theroe & Morris' Rooms.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &

Morris' Rooms,
Greenhouse Plants at Eltham, by

Protheroe & Morris.
Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 66°.3.

The season of the year will soon
Town Fog. arrive when the dwellers in our
great cities will have to endure
the miseries which fog, i.e., that is, in their case,
mist mixed with the products of the combustion
of coal, will bring them. To know what are the
opinions of experts, who have given considerable
attention to the subject of town fog, and to know
how the evils attendant on the non-combustion
of coal smoke may be best met and minimised,
may afford those of us who are constrained to
live in or near cities, or to carry on gardening
operations under such untoward circumstances,
some kind of satisfaction. We therefore lay
before our readers a report of some recent
proceedings.

At the International Congress of Hygiene and
Demography, Dr. W. J. Russell, F.R.S., read
a paper on "Town Fogs and their Effects," in
which he dealt, first, with the circumstances
which lead to the formation of fogs, and pointed
out that dust particles are necessary for their
production, but may be filtered out of the air by
passing it through cotton-wool. He then referred

to Aitken's experiments on dusty and dust-free air,
and pointed out the smallness of the amount of
matter capable of determining the formation of fog,
and that even purely gaseous products cannot pass
away when a fog exists, as is shown by the accumu-
lation of carbonic acid which then takes place.
Taking 4 in 10,000 volumes as the amount of car-
bonic acid in London air, he had found it increased
in a dense fog to 141, which must represent a very
serious accumulation of the general impurities of
the air. Products of complete combuBtion are
capable of acting as fog producers. There is
great variation in the character of fogs, from
wet fogs to dry fogs, and they may be made
to give their own account of their constituents
by analysis of the deposits they leave. As to
the meteorological conditions under which fogs
usually occur, the persistence of fogs above the dew-
point is noticeable ; some fogs do not reach the
ground, but exist only in the higher regions. The
impurities in the air of towns are absorbed by fogs.
An estimation of sulphates, chlorides, and organic
matter in London fog, and comparison of amounts,
show that they are greater than in the air of the
suburbs. Quantitative determinations have been
made of fog-deposits collected at Kew, Chelsea, and
Manchester, showing the quantities of soot and dust
contained in them. At the Kew Orchid-houses
20 square yards of roof yielded 30 grammes of
deposit, representing 22 lb. to the acre, or 6 tons
to the square mile. Mr. Dyer said the deposit
at Kew was " like brown paint." An examination
and analysis had been made by the Manchester Com-
mittee, and important and interesting experiments
there carried out showed the presence of a large
amount of metallic iron and magnetic oxide. Evi-
dence showed that fogs have increased in London and
other towns, and that there is a relationship between
the increase of dark fogs and the consumption of
coal in London. In regard to the effects produced
by fogs, it was stated that a three days' fog at Man-
chester produced a deposit containing per square mile
li cwt. of acid and 13 cwt. of blacks. The general
effects on the human subject were serious, and statistics
showed that the death rate is seriously affected by
fogs. In the London district (an area of 15 miles
round London) in 1875, 4,880,000 tons of coal were
consumed, while, in 1889, the consumption had
risen to 0,390,000 tons, and supposing only one per
cent, of the sulphur escaped and accumulated in fogs,
that would represent a serious impurity. A marked
effect was produced by them on plant life, as shown
by the experiments made at Chelsea by Dr. FrRncis
Oliver for the Royal Horticultural Society. Town
fog has a powerful destructive action on many kinds of
plants, and interesting results had been obtained from
an investigation of the nature of the specific poisons
which may exist in fog. Fogs are, in almost all
cases, produced by a sudden and great reduction in
temperature, with a large resulting increase in the
death-rate, which is, however, attributable rather to
the sudden fall in temperature than to the fog itself.
Fogs have a great action in absorbing light, and
have a special power of absorbing the more re-
frangible rays. An estimation of the amount of gas
burnt in London to compensate for the light ab-
sorbed by fogs gave 25,000,000 cubic feet in London
in one twenty-four hours' day during the winter.
Deleterious effects on health must arise from
this absorption of light. A comparison of the
amount of sunshine in London with that in the
neighbourhood, and some other places, resulted
much to the disadvantage of the metropolis.
Experiments on the distances at which objects are
visible during a London winter showed the density
and opacity of London fogs. Upon the questions
whether fogs can be abolished from towns, and
whether, if not abolished, they can be rendered free
from foreign matters, the answer was that as long
as coal is burned in towns dense fogs must form.
Fire-grates, kitcheners, and furnaces might be much
improved, but it was improbable that the improve-
ment would be so great as to ensure perfect combus-
tion. The alternative was to adopt gas and coke
for fuel. Even then the presence of sulphuric acid

in the air would still have to be considered, but our
fogs would at least be whiter. The social aspect of
the question still remained, namely, how to compel
people to give up using coal, for it was impossible
at the present day to do as was done in the reign
of Edward I., that was to try, condemn, and execute
a man for burning coal in the City of London.
Mr. Hartoo, in reference to the investigations and
experiments which had been made on the subject in
Manchester, said, the first thing they desired to
ascertain was, the amount of sulphur as an indication
of what the presentible impurities were, which, of
course, included the products of combustion in
animal bodies, sulphuric acid being of course due
wholly to coal combustion. Significant results were
obtained. In the centre of Manchester, during three
days' snow, 10 milligrammes of sulphuric acid per
metre were found deposited on the first day, 19 on
the second, and on the third it had risen to 31.
Three miles from the centre of the town only
75 milligrammes were found on the third day. This
showed the necessity of having various stations for
obtaining trustworthy information. Other experi-
ments in Manchester led to similar results in regard
to the impurities in the atmosphere, and great
advantage might be obtained from experiments of
the same kind in other large towns in the
country. An interesting description was then given
of the apparatus for determining the amount
of sulphurous acid in the air. Dr. Russell had
collected the dust from the air by using cotton-wool,
and his example was followed in the Manchester
experiments. They also used permanganate accord-
ing to Tidy's method. With Dr. Russell they
entirely agreed also as to the serious effects from
want of light in foggy weather. Like him, the Man-
chester Committee was unable to prescribe a panacea
for fog, but their object was at all events to take the
first step of ascertaining and describing its symptoms.
Professor F. W. Oliver, of Kew, then read a
paper upon the " Effects of Fog upon Plant Life."
He said those effects were found to be very marked
in Orchid collections, and were injurious to the
leaves, foliage, and young shoots of plants and
flowers at even 40 miles distance from London.
Their nutritive organs were affected and destroyed,
and they died. As regards the injurious consti-
tuents of London fog, sulphurous acid was con-
spicuous ; in Manchester, hydrochloric acid. By
experiments in closed chambers, he had been able to
produce upon plants all the effects and phenomena
of London fogs. The changes produced were a
gradual swelling, and then breaking down of the
protoplasm, resulting in the death of the plant in
three-quarters of au hour or less. No doubt the
sulphurous acid in fogs was the chief cause of mis-
chief to both animal and vegetable life. The tissues
of leaves absorbed metallic oxides, particularly iron
from fog deposits. It had been found necessary for
the preservation of plants at Kew, as for the pro-
tection of legislators in the House of Commons, to
filter the air through cotton wool, and to supply the
deficiency of light in foggy weather by electric
illumination.

The Apple Avenue at Waltham Cross.—

The illustration (fig. 39) represents an avenue of fruit
trees, 400 yards in length, in Messrs. William Paul
& Son's Nurseries at Waltham Cross, Herts. There
are 500 trees, each of a distinct kind, 2 yards apart,
250 on each side, varying from 20 to 30 feet in
height, mainly pyramid Apples on the Crab stock,
but comprising also Pears, Cherries and Plums.
It was planted about thirty years ago, but Bince that
time many trees have been discarded as worthless,
and better sorts put in their places. The soil is a
tenacious loam, 2 to 3 feet deep, lying upon pebble-
gravel subsoil; it is well drained, and the only
manure ever used in the nurseries is rotted stable-
dung, and that sparingly. That the place is well
adapted for fruit culture is seen in the healthy state
of the trees, absence of canker, and other diseases.
Besides being a trial-ground, the avenue of old trees
is used as a source of buds and grafts, thus ensuring
correctness in nomenclature. Summer pinching is

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

341

persisted in to allow the sua to enter the interior
of the trees, and to develop fruit spurs the whole
length of the branches. All the best varieties of
fruits were here, and bearing abundantly such Apples
as Worcester Pearmain, Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange
Pippin, Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor, Devonshire
Quarrenden, Melon, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Lord
Derby, Era peror Alexander, New Hawthornden , &c. A
variety like Cox's Orange Pippin, named Mabbett's
Pearmain, a mid-season Apple, was particularly fine.
Plums, such as Kirke's Czar, Ouillin's Gage, Jeffer-
son, Victoria, &c. Pears were very fine, Thomp-
son's, Doyenne Boussoch, Beurr<5 d'Amanlis, and a
coloured variety of the latter called Panachee, with
crimson and gold stripes ; Pitmaston Duchess, and
several others.

BRITISH MOSSES.— The Rev. H. G. Jameson
has reprinted from the Journal of Botany, his useful
Key to the Genera and Species of British Mosses,
which may be had from Messrs. West, Newman &
Co., 54, Hatton Garden. It is based upon Horkirk's
Synopsis and Braithwaite's British Moss Flora. A
plate giving illustrations of some of the terms used
is very useful. It is interesting, too, to note the
germination of Mosses with or without a protonema.

ClNQALESE PLANTS.— We have received a copy
of the " Catalogue of Orchids, true Ferns, Cycads,
Palms, bulbs, &c," to be had of Messrs. J. P. Wil-
liams & Bros, Heneratgoda, Ceylon. The list is an
interesting one to plant lovers and wholesale
dealers.

227 trees of various descriptions which they would be
very glad to place at the disposal of any parties who
would claim them, and pay the expense of planting
them. Otherwise, the whole thing must drop to
the ground. Mr. Wibham Richardson moved —
" That inasmuch as the Newcastle Corporation are
about to apply to Parliament for further powers in
connection witli their bye-laws, the Tree Culture
and Protection Society respectfully suggpsts that
special powers be taken to plant and maintain trees
within the precincts of the city, and to enforce the
laying out of new streets, and particularly of main
thoroughfares, of such a width that trees may be
planted either in single or in double rows along each
side, or in single or several rows along the middle of
any Btreet or thoroughfare which the Corporation

Fig. 39.— the apple avenue in Messrs. w. taol and son's nursery, from a photograph, (see p. 340.)

Great Malvern.— It is arranged to hold a

large Chrysanthemum and Fruit Show at Great
Malvern in November. An influential list of patrons
and a good committee having been secured to carry
it out, a good exhibition may be expected. Mr.
Arthur D. Melvin, Madresfield Estate Office, is
Hon. Sec.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, MP., has been
spending the recess in the Hartz Mountains. Lady
Lawrence, who accompanied the Hon. Baronet,
returned to Burford Lodge, Dorking, recently. Sir
Trevor, who was detained in Belgium, returned to
be at home on the coming of age of his eldest son on
the 17th inst.

Nova Scotia Apples.— The Apple crop, on
the whole, is not expected to reach the average.

Tree Culture and Protection Society.—

A meeting of the committee of the Newcastle Tree
Culture and Protection Society, says The New-
castle Daily Leader, was held in the studio of
Mr. T. H. Campbell, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-
on-Tyne, last week, under the presidency of
Alderman W. D. Stephens. The financial
statement showed that there had been received
£52 7s. 6d , and after meeting all liabilities there
remained a balance in hand of £3 12s. 6d. The
sum of £2 had been received towards defraying the
cost of planting trees in Belgrave Terrace. The
Chairman thought the society could not undertake
the planting of trees in Belgrave Terrace, which
would cost £30. They were willing to give the trees,
provided the people in that particular district sub-
scribed towards the cost of planting them. They had

may determine." It was decided to forward a copy
of it to the Council for consideration. — Mr. Wigham
Richardson stated that the County Council of
Northumberland, in conjunction witii that of Durham,
intended to consider the river smoke nuisance. He
believed that was due very much to the work of their
society. Sir Matthew White Ridley had interested
himself in the subject, but the difficulty seemed to
be to find a prosecuting body. He thought it would
be discussed at the next meeting of the County
Council, and he understood the question would be
put, whether the Tree Culture Society would interfere
so far as to prosecute. Alderman Stephens said, if
the County Council would find the cost of prosecuting,
they would do the work willingly.

Royal Dublin Botanic Gardens.— We find

342

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

in the Daily Graphic of September 15, the following
brief account of the above Gardens, together with
illustrations of the Palm-house, Curator's house, a
Sequoia gigantea, and the bridge and lake ; and,
curiously enough, a bunch of Sarracenias, labelled
Orchids (!), raised in,the Gardens. "Just one hundred
years ago, the ' Right Honourable and Honourable
Dublin Society ' obtained a grant from the Irish
Parliament for the establishment of a Botanical
Garden for promoting scientific knowledge in the
various branches of agriculture, and to foster and
increase a taste for practical and scientific botany.
A site for the garden was chosen about 2 miles
from Dublin, on the banks of the Tolkat, a pic-
turesque trout stream running through the village
of Glasnevin. The neighbourhood is one not
only of great natural beauty, but also of much
classical and historical interest. Here at various
periods have lived Swift, Addison, Sheeidan,
Thomas Pabnell — who assisted Pope in his transla-
tion of the Iliad, Dean Delant, ' Stella,' and other
literary celebrities. The ground selected had
formerly been within the demesne of Tickell, the
poet, by whom many of the trees still growing in the
gardens were planted, and whose house is at present
occupied by the Curator. From their establishment
down to 1834, the gardens did not undergo much
alteration or improvement. In or about the year
1834, however, Mr. David Mooee was placed in
charge, and under his energetic Curatorship of up-
wards of forty years, public attention was drawn to
the gardens, and very much undertaken to bring it
to its present order. The gardens now cover an area
of more than 40 acres. They are admirably laid out,
and can boast of a splendid range of conservatories,
together with an enormous Palm-house. This was
built in 1884 to replace the first one, which had
been destroyed by the storms of the previous
autumn. There is also a house for Ferns, and what
is called the 'Victoria House,' in which during the
summer floats the splendid Victoria Regia Water
Lily. In the conservatories there are many rare
and beautiful exotic plants. It is here that the
annual display of Chrysanthemums, which always
proves such a source of attraction to the good folk
of Dublin, is held every autumn. The great Palm-
house also attracts many visitors. Until 1887 the
gardens remained under the control of the Royal
Dublin Society. In that year, however, they were
transferred to the Government ; the whole is now
being placed in connection with the Science and
Art Department. Dr. Mooue died in 1879; it is
his son, Mr. W. F. Mooee, who is now in charge as
Curator."

Death from Drinking, a Weed-killing
Compound.— On Saturday, the 12th inst., an
inquest was held at Cirencester by Mr. Deputy-
Coroner Smith on the body of H. L. Smith, aged
about two years, who died on the previous Wednes-
day. The lather of the boy, the Superintendent of
the Cemetery, had been using a preparation called
the " Luda," for the purpose of destroying the weeds
on the walks. He had measured out the liquid with
a jug, and left the jug turned upside down, which the
child afterwards placed to his mouth. The fluid was
thick, and would adhere to the rim of the jug, and
although only a small quantity could have been
Bwallowed, the child died within eight hours. Too
much care cannot be taken to keep these deadly
preparations out of the reach of children and others.
It comes as a surprise, in view of the stringent
regulations enforced in regard to the sale of poisons
not a whit more dangerous, than these excessively
poisonous weed-killers can be purchased freely by
anyone.

WILD Maize.— Mr. Seeeno Watson, in the last
part of the Proceedings of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, p. 158, mentions a wild species of
Maize found in the State of Guanajuato (Mexico),
seeds of which were grown in the Botanic Garden,
Cambridge. The plants flowered this season, and
were found to be quite different from ordinary
Maize. It was at first thought that the original

wild state of the cultivated Maize had been secured,
but on careful comparison, Mr. Watson comes to
the conclusion that the plant in question belongs to
a new species.

CHAM/EDOREA Pringlei. — This is a newly-
discovered Palm, growing in San Luis, Potosi, and
the most northern locality known for any species of
this genus. It is described by Mr. Seeeno Watson
in the Proceedings of the American Academy, vol.
xxvi. (1891), p. 157.

An Electric Garden Engine. — Messrs.
Meeeyweathee & Sons, of 63, Long Acre, have a
novelty in small pumps, worked by the electric
current. As many of our country seats are now
supplied with electric lighting machinery, it may be
well to consider how the electric " stream " may be
further utilised. Messrs. Meeetweathee's pump is
well suited for garden work, as it is only necessary
to fix it by a pond or fountain, and attach a suction
and delivery pipe, when the little engine will project
the water in the -usual manner.

JAMAICA. — Mr. W. Fawcett, the Director of the
public plantations, has printed a useful Index of the
economic products derived from plants native to
Jamaica. The list will be very useful for reference.

Seedling Sugar cane.— In the twenty-fifth

annual report of the Queensland Acclimatisation
Society, Mr. Souttee, the manager, records that on
visiting Bundaberg, in the Wide Bay district, he
observed almost every plant producing " arrows "
(inflorescence). Seeds were collected and sent to
Brisbane, where, ultimately, seventeen plants were
raised, representing five varieties.

Fuchsias at the Charterhouse.— In the

gardens of the Charterhouse there is, said the Daily
Chronicle recently, perhaps the finest collection of
Fuchsias in this country — certainly in London. Mr.
Heney Hammeeton, who has charge of the gardens at
the Charterhouse, estimates that he has 190 Fuchsias
at present in all the pride of bloom. The plants are
arranged in little groups at the doors of the houses,
or spread out in rows along the sides of the wall in,
say, " Old Wash-house-square." For ten or a dozen
years Mr. Hammeeton has gone on cultivating the
Fuchsias, to the growing pleasure of their natural
guardians, the brothers of the Charterhouse.
Strictly, the Charterhouse Gardens are not public,
but the permission to visit them is merely a matter
of form. The show — that word may fairly enough
be used — includes about 10 varieties of the Fuchsia.
Only the varieties which can stand the smoke and
dust and destructiveness of a London atmosphere
are cultivated. But they are cultivated to remark-
able perfection ; some stand 8 feet in height, others
6, othen 3 or 4. All are alike in the richness of
their flowering, and in the shading and deep colour-
ing of their petals. No doubt it is a triumph to
grow Fuchsias so successfully in the heart of
London, but it is a triumph involving immense
care and trouble. In winter the plants are pro-
tected in a 40° temperature, and during the
spring, summer, and autumn they are carefully
nurtured on a specially prepared diet, whose
ingredients need not be discussed. One of the
most successful Fuchsias at the Charterhouse
is that which gardeners know as Scarcity, so called
because fanciers cannot get enough of it. A brother
of the name of John Hoohes introduced this variety
to the Charterhouse, and so the brothers call it John
Hughes. Another species, Lady Elizabeth — its
petals are marked with white, against the purple and
blue of Scarcity — also does unusually well, and the
same can be said of the variety Dan'l Lambert. Yet
another member of the Fuchsia tribe, Neptune,
is remarkable less for the grace of Lady Elizabeth,
or the magnificent petals of President Garfield, than
for the length of time it keeps in bloom. Lincoln-
shire White does very well, but, as a gardener would
say, " flowers itself to death," and wants a lot of
tying up. A new plant, known as White Petticoat,
has been introduced at the Charterhouse, but it

remains to be seen whether it can grow and
thrive upon our London air. People who want to
know more of the Charterhouse Fuchsias should
visit them; the gardens in which Thackeeay and
Havelock and John Leech played as boys make a
fine lung in our metropolis.

Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co.'s New

CACTUS DAHLIA8. — Among the numerous excellent
stands of Dahlias staged by the above firm, but not
for competition, at the Wilts Horticultural Society's
Show, held in Salisbury on the 12th inst., was one
containing twelve seedlings of the Cactus, which
will put many of the older varieties completely in
the shade. They are St. Catherine, bright yellow,
the back petals being shaded amber, a true Cactus,
surpassing Juarezii in its long gracefully-pointed
petals — the best Cactus Dahlia hitherto seen;
awarded a First-class Certificate. Keynerith, light
crimson with a tinge of golden-yellow at the base of
the petals, of splendid Cactus form, and in everyway
a decided acquisition ; a First-class Certificate. Dr.
Masters, light blush, a good addition to the light class
of decorative Dahlias. Baron Schroder, a pleasing shade
of bright purple, of the light Cactus form, and in every
respect an improvement; First-class Certificate.
Mrs. Arthur Newall, reddish - chocolate, new in
colour, and quite distinct. Lady Pembroke, a
pinkish shade of lilac, quite new in colour ; First-
class Certificate. Lady Radnor, a pinkish shade of
salmon, with the base of the petals primrose, one of
the prettiest shades of colour.

NARCISSUS ViCTORl/E x. — In the last number
of the Garten Flora, M. Spbenoee describes a hybrid
Narcissus between N. pseudo-Narcissus and N.
aureus. The flowers are in tufts, yellow, with a
deeper-coloured cylindric crown.

"Journal of the Royal Horticultural

SOCIETY." — The last part issued contains various
papers read at the meetings of the Society on Cycla-
men, Snowdrops, Lachenalias, Cape Bulbs, and Hybrid
Rhododendrons. The latter paper, by the Rev.
Professor Henslow, is a valuable and original
contribution to the subject of cross-breeding.

Bournemouth and District Gardeners'
Mutual Improvement Association. — The

third annual excursion of the above association was
made to the Earl of Ralnob's garden at Longford
I'astle, Salisbury, on Wednesday, September 9. The
party included Dr. Hitchcock (President of the
Association), and Messrs. J. A. Fyleb, J. J. Swaf-
field, G. Watts, jun., W. Watts, and J. Phillips,
nurserymen. A pleasant walk from Alderbury
Station brought them to an entrance of Longford
Park, where they were welcomed by Mr. Wabd, the
head gardener, two of his sons, and Mr. Waeden
the gardener at Clarendon Park, who conducted the
party over all parts of the garden. The bedding-out
on the terrace, the fine crops of fruit under glass and
in the open air, the capital kitchen gardens, &c„ all
came in for a share of admiration. After a luncheon
in a tent, kindly lent by his lordship, the afternoon
was spent in cricket and other amusements, the
party returning to Bournemouth delighted with
their excursion.

EUCALYPTUS.— Messrs. D. McAlpine and J. R.
Remfey have published, in the Transactions of thi
Iioyal Society of Victoria, an interesting communica-
tion, illustrated by lithographs, showing the struc-
ture of the petiole in some thirty species of this
genus. There can be no doubt that the minute
anatomical characters are valuable for the purpose
of discrimination ; but before we can decide upon
the degree of value they have, it will be
necessary to study the anatomy of the different
species in different stages of growth, and from
specimens taken from plants growing under different
circumstances. The thickness of the hard bast, or
skeletal tissues, for instance, probably depends on
the conditions under which the plant is growing.
It is obvious, therefore, that extensive comparative
research is necessary before the value of the

Septembeb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

343

characters relied on by Messrs. McAlpine and
Uemfry can be fairly estimated ; but, in the mean-
time, those gentlemen have earned the thanks of
the botanists for their careful researches, and stimu-
lated their hopes for further results of a similar kind.

The Presence and Function of Sulphur

IN PLANTS. — Messrs. Berthelot and G. Andre, two
well-known French scientists, have recently been
investigating the rule played by sulphur in the
economy of plant life. They examined the following
plauts : Sinapis alba, Camelina sativa, Allium cepa,
Lupinus alba, Urtica dioica, Tropasolum majus, and
Avena sativa; and determined the sulphur in the
seed and in the plant at the various stages of germi-
nation, flowering, and fructification. It seems that
the total quantity of sulphur increases continually
from germination to inflorescence, but the relative
quantity is about one-third higher in the earlier
stages of growth. The organic sulphur reaches a
maximum when the plant is in flower, and after-
wards decreases. Since organic sulphur is found in
the roots, especially during the time of flowering, it
is probable that the sulphur isTnot absorbed from the
soil entirely in the form of sulphates. The propor-
tion of these two forms of sulphur varies consider-
ably in different species, and the final reduction of
the proportion of organic sulphur is due partly to
elimination in the form of volatile compounds and
partly to reoxidation during fructification.

The Raising of a Good Seed Potato.— In

a paper on this subject, F. Blersck states that the
whole method of culture in Potato-growing seems to
exert a somewhat deleterious influence on the plant,
and that, therefore, degeneration easily occurs in
Potato varieties. Sufficient care is not beatowed
upon the selection of the seed : smooth, medium-
sized tubers are the best for producing heavy crops of
lull-sized tubers. Then the planting must be more
carefully attended to. The distance at which the sets
should be placed from each other is of great
importance ; if the plants get plenty of air there is
much less dauger of disease. Duly ripe tubers
should be used for seed, and in harvesting all others
should be rejected for the purpose. Instead of
taking the small Potatos from the geneial crop,
our market gardeners would do well to select and
grow specially the tubers for seed with more care
than they bestow on the main crop.

The Newcastle Horticultural Society.

— In reference to the appeal of the Mayor of New-
castle for subscriptions to meet the losses incurred
by the Society on the occasion of its last attempted
show, when a gale swept away their tents, the public
have come forward in a handsome manner, and up
to Saturday, September 5, money had come in to
the amount of £525. It is to be hoped that the
efforts of this Society in the future may be crowned
with the success which it so richly deserves.

The People and Private Gardens.— Lady

Wolvehton, who has a beautiful garden attached to
her residence, Coombe Warren, near Kingston, very
kindly last week placed it at the disposal of a local
association for the purpose of a public fete, or garden
party. The gathering comprised several thousands
of persons, young and old, and various amusements,
including danciDg, as well as enjoyments of a more
solid nature, were indulged in to a late hour.
Happily the weather, which had just previously been
remarkably wet, was on that occasion very dry. We
refer to this fact, because her ladyship's excellent
gardener, Mr. Woodoate, was enabled to report next
morning that, practically, no harm whatever had
been none to the grounds, the shrubs, or flowers.
This is very pleasing, because it shows how great
is the confidence those who possess beautiful private
gardens may repose in what is ordinarily a well-
conducted mass of respectable people. So^charming
a garden as that of Mr. Bertbam Curdie, near by,
was employed for a similar purpose last year, and
with similar results. It is very pleasant to be able
to refer to cases of this kind, which may easily be
largely multiplied if desired, aa they show how

greatly the public appreciate privileges of this de-
scription. Would that we could find many of the
beautiful gardens of the country thus freely thrown
open to a public, too largely, except in favoured

Fig.

40.— CYPRIPEDIUM MACROCHILU.M X
REDUCED.

the year, on payment of a small fee. That some
gardens have been so utilised, does but show that
there are hundreds which might help if equally
utilised ; for everywhere experience shows that the
public know how to appreciate the privileges they
thus are permitted to enjoy.

South Kensington and Agricultural
Classes — It has been decided b y the Science and
Art Department, South Kensington, to inaugurate a
series of science classes dealing with agricultural
subjects in rural districts during the autumn and
winter. Such classes would receive not only the
grant, but also such grants as the County Councils
may see fit to award. Prize-money will be given to
those who pass the examination with a first class to
the extent of £2, and to those who pass in the
second class the prize will be £1. The department
is endeavouring to stimulate interest in these sub-
jects, on the part of local schoolmasters.

The Sale of Plants at Millbank, Edin-
burgh.— The celebrated collection of plants at
Millbank was sold by auction on the 10th inst., by
Mr. David Mitchell, G, Comely Bank, Edinburgh.
The occasion of the Caledonian Show brought a large
company to witness the dispersion of the splendid
Ericas, greenhouse Rhododendrons, Azaleas, &c.
Buyers were not numerous, yet the prices obtained
were fairly good. Specimen Azaleas brought from
3 to 5 guineas, Ericas from 3 to 7 guineas, Palms
from 50s. to 63s. Orchids generally went cheap, but
a specimen Maadevallia Walkeriana, about 2.V feet
across, brought 19 guineas.

The Great International Show at Edin-
burgh.— We have received various protests against
the manner in which some of the southern exhi-
bitors in the non-competing classes were treated at
Edinburgh. The complainants are under the impres-
sion that their exhibits, which did much for the
success of the show, were unfairly ignored. The
truth, we believe, is that the Council has not yet
decided upon the nature of the awards to be made,
and it is probable some time will elapse before a
decision is arrived at. This delay is unfortunate,
but we are loath to believe that it implies any want
of recognition on the part of Caledonians of the
efforts of their southern brethren. Other complaints
relate to the removal of exhibits and to the consequent
confusion, but when the gigantic proportions of the
Show, and the necessity of absolutely vacating the
building in time for the Saturday market, are con-
sidered, much allowance must be made for the
officials.

localities, denied good garden privileges. What a
considerable addition to the Gardeners' Orphan
Fund could be made were many of our beautiful
private gardens thrown open, if but for a few days in

CYPRIPEDIUM MACROCHILUM,

n. grd. hyb. (lonoifolium 9 lindenii S )•

This new production of Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons,
and which was awarded a First-class Certificate at
the Koyal Horticultural Society, on August 11 this
year, is one of the most extraordinary which the
skill of the hybridiser has yet produced. Using the
pollen of the practically pouchless C. (Uropedium)
Lindenii on C. longifolium, the unexpected result in
the progeny of an extraordinarily large and elongated
labellum or pouch, as seen in the illustration (fig. 40),
was produced. The plant has the usual bright green
leaves of the Selenipedium section of Cypripedium,
and the one from which the illustration was taken
had a four-flowered scape. The upper sepal is
creamy-white, slightly tinged with green, and having
greenish lines thereon, the lower sepals are similar
to the upper. The petals, which resemble those of C.
caudatum, have purple hairs at the base ; they are
greenish-white, tinged and streaked with rose-colour
and deepening in hue towards the tips. The stami-
node has a fringe of purple hairs, and the labellum
which forms the striking feature in the flower ia
ivory-white, tinged in places with pale green, and
the veinings coloured, and between them tinged with
reddish-brown. The labellum is curved forward,
and its unfolded lobes are white, beautifully spotted
with rose. In delicacy of beauty, if not in stature,

344

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

it takes rank above even its ally, the stately and
favourite C. grandex (C. longifolium var.X C. cau-
datum). J. O'B.

Home Correspondence.

new PLANTS. — Amongst interesting new plants
I have recently heard of, are a pare ivory-white-
flowered tall and vigorous-growing Kniphofia from
the Drakensberg Mountains, in South Africa; and a
yellow-flowered Pancratium maritimum from Algiers,
and the latter I hope to bloom shortly, when I shall
have more to say about it. W. E. Gumbleton.

JUDGING OF POTATOSAT EXHIBITIONS.— Being
an exhibitor at the Edinburgh International Show,
and not knowing the true types of Potatos, and the
points they should be judged upon, I shall feel
greatly obliged if any qualified judge will inform me,
through your columns, what special points of merit
a Potato should possess to fit it for the exhibition
table. It was remarked, by some men capable of
knowing, that the best exhibits of Potatos lost the
awards at the International Show at Edinburgh. I
should also like to be informed how many types of
Potatos there are 1 One Who Wishes to Learn.

WHAT IS A HARDY PLANT?— It is very hard
upon judges at flower shows when they are called
upon to interpret some imperfectly worded and per-
haps misleading class in a schedule. It is equally
hard upon a horticultural show committee when
judges, either wilfully or stupidly, misinterpret the
obvious meaning of a class as given in the schedule.
Take the case referred to by " E. W.," at Bridge-
water. There the committee, in leaving the wording
so literally as " hardy perennial and bulbous plants,"
are careful to admit of a liberal and wide interpreta-
tion. The judges limit that interpretation in a
singularly restricted sense. What is Hydrangea
paniculata but a hardy plant? It has proved itself
to be so almost everywhere. It passes through
our severest winters unscathed [?], and comes up and
blooms superbly every autumn. What is it but a
herbaceous perennial, just as a herbaceous Phlox is ?
Really, there is absolutely no distinction between
them in hardiness and habit, except that the growths
of the Hydrangea are rather more woody or hard
than are those of the Phlox. The same may be said
of the growths of a Polygonum, or of many other
herbaceous plants, which some class as shrubs, but
really are not shrubs, because the growths disap-
pear in the winter. If Koses, and all ordinary hard-
wooded shrubs, which are not herbaceous, but are
perennial, are excluded from classes termed hardy
perennials, it can only be by some general under-
standing, because " hardy perennial " is a term which
includes every hardy thing which grows. If a foot-
note were added "excluding Koses, shrubs, and
trees," then it would be pretty well understood that
any hardy plant not found in either of those three
sections could be admitted. Still, there is the point
to be determined, are hard-wooded plants of annual
growth from the roots in the ordinary acceptance
of the term " hardy herbaceous perennials," or
" hardy herbaceous shrubs ? " I say, they are of the
former section. A. D.

WATERLOO STRAWBERRY.— I was glad to see
your correspondent Mr. Divers speak well of the
Waterloo Strawberry, and I can confirm his remark
that it has cropped better this year than formerly,
although with me it always crops well ; and I con-
sider it has the finest flavour, and that it is the best
variety I have grown. It may not be a market fruit,
being too dark in colour, the colour of the pulp
being deep crimson ; but it is sugary, and the fruit
ripens well up to the point. It has not the fine
flavour of Filbert Pine, British Queen, and Dr.
Hogg, nor the robustness of Noble — but Noble is
the coarsest, most flavourless Strawberry that I
know of, and for my table it is not worth growing.
Waterloo maintains the high reputation given to it
when sent out by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea.
J. Pope, Northfield, Birmingham.

DOES IT PAY TO GROW APPLES?— I was pleased
to read the remarks by " S. H." at p. 274 of the
Gardeners' Chronicle, although they are rather hard
upon me, but that is a small matter if we can add
anything to the knowledge we already possess. I
would like to say, that I had not the least intention
of making invidious comparisons between any class
of men, and do not wish to be misunderstood in this.
I am thankful to say that my lot has always been

cast where I could order a suit of clothes to be
made ; nor did I ever contemplate a district where there
were no tailors. It is not of much consequence, but
I have found that men following sedentary occupa-
tions like tailors and shoemakers, are more fond of
their gardens than farm labourers who have to work
hard in the fields all day, and are often too tired to
do anything at night. Gardening is a rest to the
other class of men. I quite admit that the four-tined
fork is a superior implement to the more clumsy
spade. We use up four forks to one spade for
digging in our garden. I gave the prices paid for
steam cultivating at Loxford Hall some ten years
ago, and the same price was paid on a neighbouring
farm last year ; but as I was quoting from memory,
I wrote to Mr. C. H. Binney, of Ilford, who con-
tracts for such work, and quote his letter in e.vtenso: —

" Dear Sir, — I am in receipt of yours in refer-
ence to steam cultivation in the preparation of the
land for fruit growing. There is no doubt that
it is very beneficial. A few years ago, my engines
were employed upon a large farm at Cheshunt, and
previously to that at Enfield, doing just what you
say ; and where it was necessary to go through the
land once, 15s. per acre, as the price for hire of the
tackle, would be about right ; but if the land needed
that the cultivator should go through it a second
time, it would be 22s. to 24s., according to the
character of the land. Heavy land, never having been
steam-cultivated, would cost 24s. per acre for hire of
engines only ; but at double this, the work would
pay the grower, and be cheaper than spade husbandry."

The above is Mr. Binney's letter, and he has a
large experience in steam cultivation. As to the
prices of the fruit, I gave exactly the prices received
from the salesman in the Borough Market. I wish
some other growers would record the result of their
experience in fruit growing, and failures would be
as useful as successes. J. Douglas.

LATE BROCCOLI, VEITCH'S MODEL.— I am at one
with Mr. Wythes, as to the excellence and hardiness
of this variety ; here, on a cold heavy clayey loam, it
grows rampantly, and not planted too thickly, it
withstood the severity of the past winter, where
others failed. As late as June 27 this year we cut
some nice heads of this variety, tr. Ward, Brant
Broughton, Newark,

EXOTIC FRUITS AT EDINBURGH SHOW.— The
display at the exhibition in Edinburgh must have
generally realised expectations. The fruits, with
one exception, consisted solely of the ordinary
fruits grown, the exception being Passiflora edulis.
Are there no other Passifloras, for instance, grown
with edible fruit ? Besides this fruit, there are
Cape Gooseberries, Guavas, Monstera delicosa, and
various others which are surely worth having some
attention given to them, and encouragement shown
to the growers. W. M.

POTT'S SEEDLING AND LORD GROSVENOR
APPLES. — In reply to " X.," respecting these
varieties, I have grown Pott's Seedling in these
gardens for the past fifteen years, and have never
known this variety to fail bearing a heavy crop
of fruit annually during that time, no matter what
the season has been. It bears fruit the year after
planting, is a very free grower, quite free from
canker, and the blossoms escape frosts. The same
can be said of Lord Grosvenor. I have planted and
grown this variet) during the past twelve years ; it
is a codlin of good site, not quite so large as Lord
Suffield, being a very free grower, and wonderfully
productive. I have used this variety largely to
replace Lord Suffield, which kind I have nearly
abandoned, on account of its liability to canker, the
branches of the trees dying away from this cause till
they become so unsightly as to render it absolutely
necessary to uproot and replace them with others.
The above two varieties can either be grown bb
standards or bushes, with a certainty as to their
fruitfulness. Added to these, Ecklinville Seedling
and Stirling Castle — these four, in my opinion and
experience, constitute the cream of the early
culinary varieties, for the large size of their fruits,
earliness, and great productiveness, either for private
use or market purposes. Edward Ward, Hewell
Gardens, Bromsgrooe.

POTT8' SEEDLING APPLE.— In reply to " X." on
p. 286, as to Potts' Seedling Apple, I have found it
to be an excellent cropping Apple, and of good
quality, keeping with me well into January. I have
here an old tree that has not failed a crop for many
years ; it does not appear to grow to a large tree, but
is (mite free from canker. I have some young trees,

planted two years since, also carrying good crops
having had a few gooJ fruit on last year. The Jolly
Beggar I cannot speak of from experience, but Dr.
Hogg, in his Fruit Manual, speaks of it as a certain
cropper. The soil here is a sandy loam on gravel.
J. Howard, Benham Gardens.

RAINFALL IN WILTS.— The rainfall of August,
1891, exceeds in this part that for any month since
1871. In the past month, 819 inches fell on twenty-
three days, the greatest fall being on the 20th,
viz., r20 inches. The previous greatest rainfall in
any month, of which I have a record, was in
October, 1875, when the total was 7 66 inches ; and
the next was in August, 1879, when the rainfall
amounted to 681 inches. Much farm and garden
produce has suffered ; and, if the weather does not
soon change, there must be very serious results.
Already all varieties of Potatos are going off rapidly
with the rot ; fruit is cracking and falling, notably
Plums, Apricots, Gooseberries, and Cherries ; and
Wheat in the ear has started to grow; Hay is lying
upon the ground spoiled. Turning to the decorative
part of the garden, we find scarcely a flower in beds
and borders. All the finer and more sun-loving
flowers are spoiled, and those that survive are badly
blown about. Fine foliage plants are spoiled en-
tirely, through gales and storms we have experienced
in this part of the country. Thunder and lightning
occurred nearly daily, and the old inhabitants say
they do not remember to have noticed so much
before. If the rain does not soon cease, we shall feel
it next year as well as now. W. A. Cook, Compton
Bassett Gardens, Calne. [Publication delayed.]

[PASSIFLORA CONSTANCE ELLIOT.— In the gar-
dens at Chaddlewood, South Devon, there was a
large specimen of this plant, growing against a north
wall, which last year bore hundreds of white flowers.
But the winter proved to be more than it could
stand, and it was cut back to the main stem, within
a few feet of the ground. This wall, although facing
north, is sheltered from north winds by a plantation
of Fir trees, some yards distant. The blue variety,
P. curulea, growing alongside of it on the same wall,
was also cut, but not to the same extent. They are
both shooting again, but it will be some time before
they cover the same space they did before. I infer
that P. Constance Elliot is not quite hardy, and
that P. cceiulea is much the hardier of the two.
There were also two Constance Elliot replanted in
the autumn, but one was killed outright, and the
other to ground-level, but is shooting again from the
bottom. I should also add that the thermometer on
one occasion stood as low as 10°, or 22° of frost.
H. Grillage.

POTATO DISEASE. — Having tried the com-
parative merits of high moulding and the sulphate
of copper remedy, we think the results may be
interesting to others. We selected a nearly square
piece of ground, planting ten varieties in parallel
rows right across the piece. Stable manure was
employed, and a fair dose of lime ; and the soil, a
good loam, is situated above a clay subsoil. The
varieties planted were mostly new. or of recent intro-
duction, being such as The Dean, Village Blacksmith,
The Gentleman, The Amateur, The Cottager, The
Bruce, a new American variety named Pride of the
West, and two new varieties to be sent out by us
next season, Prodigious and The Bishop. A space
of 8 feet at each end of the drills and across the
piece was measured off, and on one of these spaces
high moulding was tried ; on the other, the salts of
copper mixture ; and the middle portion left alone. On
digging the piece last week, the results were striking
and convincing. That portion treated with salts of
copper showed a very much heavier yield of sound
tubers, because, with the exception of the Dean and
the Village Blacksmith, none of those so treated
were diseased more than to about 1 or 2 per cent.
The end of the rows treated on the high-moulding
method was diseased to the extent of 10 to 15 per
cent., while the larger and middle portion suffered a
good deal, the disease reaching quite 30 per cent, in
the case of the Dean and the Village Blacksmith,
and in the other sorts the percentage of diseased
tubers varied from 10 to 20. The net result of our
experiment was, in round figures, that the relative
proportion of sound tubers lifted from the piece right
across, was — for the salts of copper treatment as
6, for the high-moulding method as 4, for the " trust
to Providence " theo ry as 3. What struck us, how-
ever, as especially noteworthy in the experiment,
was the fact that the piece treated with the
mixture grew stronger and more vigorous haulm ;
the stalks remaining longer green, even, in some

Septembeb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

345

cases, up to the time ot digging, and apart from the
question of disease, yield a much heavier crop. In
short, the mixture, as well as being of remedial
value, acted as a fertiliser and stimulant, by keep-
ing the plant in a healthy and growing state.
In applying the stuff, the varieties with rough
foliage seemed a little burned after its application,
the smooth-leaved sorts suffering do ill-effects.
The mixture we used was that recommended by
M. Prillieux, and given in the Gardeners' Chronicle of
July 4 last, namely, 3 lb. of sulphate ol copper, 1 lb.
of quicklime, 20 gallons of water, applied at the rate
of 140 to 150 gallons per acre. As the disease did
not show itself early amongst our Potatos, we did
not apply the mixture until July 24, and only gave
them one dose. The cost of the mixture would be
about 5s. per acre. Robert Veitch if" Son, Exeter,
September 14.

HARDINE88 OF HYACINTHU3 CANDICANS — I
see in last week's issue, Mr. Earley asks the question
as to the hardiness of Hyacinthus candicans. I
planted some here four years ago, and they have
flowered well every year; and last winter they
had no protection at all, which proves it to
be a very valuable hardy plant. Last autumn
I also planted fifty more bulbs, 0 inches deep in the
■oil, and covered them, when done, with about 4
inches of coal ashes, and these all came up, and
flowered well. H. Hatch.

In answer to William Earley 's questions aa

to the hardiness of Hyacinthus candicans, I am
happy to inform him mine have stood out in a bed
of Hellebores sloping towards the north for five
years without any protection. They have never been
lifted, and are now in flower, consequently may be
considered as perfectly hardy. The Hon, Mrs. Hope,
Belmont, Mtirrayficld.

THE VARIEGATED ENQLI8H ELM.— There ia a
large specimen of the above growing in the shrub-
beries attached to the pleasure and flower gardens
here, it being the only one we have. I have watched
it very closely during the past fifteen years, and from
the very slow growth it makes, I should judge it
cannot be less than about one hundred years old. A
wet season affects the variegation very much, it
being much more effective in a dry summer. From
my experience of the tree, it is not a variety that I
should care to plant largely for effectiveness, at
least, not in this district. Edward Ward, Hewell
Gardens, Bromsgrove.

Forty or more years ago, there was grow-
ing just outside the Foxfield Gate, on the Ampthill
road, on the right hand side, a very handsome
plant of the above tree, and at that time I
should say it must have been 30 feet high, and
a perfect pyramid, with variegation from the
lowest to the highest twig, and I recollect that
it was on a high bank close to the road, which
would account for its very fine variegation (see Mr.
J. Perkins, Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 284, September 5),
Should any of my old colleagues be still in the land
of the living, they may be able to give a better
account of this handsome plant than I can at this
distance of time. Mr. Forbes waa head gardener at
Woburn Abbey, Mr. George Dodds was foreman of
the pleasure grounds, and Mr. Simpson was in the
kitchen garden ; the apprentices that I can recol-
lect were — Thomas Cannon, James Wood, Charles
Hume, Charles de Fraim. Visitors to the kitchen
garden at Woburn Abbey will, I am informed, still
find this Elm flourishing on the spot I have indi-
cated. Henry Davies.

With reference to the interesting article in

recent issues relating to the variegated Elm at
Ealing, I would remark, that a very fine specimen
exists in the garden of Henry Knox, Esq., Sonning
Grove. Mr. Knox informs me, that it is as near
as possible 11 feet round at a foot from the
ground. I can myself testify to its being a very fine
tree, and the first one of the kind I ever saw. The
circumference of the Ealing tree does not appear to
be recorded. John Colebrook.

Mr. It. Dean does well in calling attention

to this handsome and highly ornamental variety of
the English Elm — Ulmus campestris albo-variegata.
The Elm, in its old age, is nearly always stately, but
this variety has a beauty of its own. One of the
finest specimens I have seen in the west of England
is on the estate of Mrs. Grant, of HiHersdon, near
Cullompton. The tree must be pretty old, though
in robust health, for it is over 70 feet high ; while
another specimen, planted about twenty years ago,
hard by it, is 40 feet high. This Devonshire speci-
men stands amongst other fine timber. T think

it is a pity that variegated Elm is not oftener
met with, for it certainly is a highly ornamental
tree. A. Hope, Exeter.

Scotland.

EDINBURGH CONFERENCE ON
FRUIT GROWING.

In connection with the International Fruit and
Flower Show of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural
Society, the British Fruit Growers' Association held
a conference'on fruit-growing in the Waterloo Hotel,
Edinburgh, on the 10th inst. Councillor Colston,
Edinburgh, presided; and in opening the proceedings,
he explained that the objects of the Association
were to promote the profitable culture of fruit in
Great Britain and Ireland ; to facilitate the distri-
bution of fruit to the consumer, and to disseminate
practical information on the subject of fruit-
growing.

Mr. George Gordon, Vice-Chairman of the Asso-
ciation, gave a communication on " The Present
Condition and Prospects of Fruit- Growing for
Profit." At no time, he said, had fruit-growing
been carried on so successfully as at present, yet
there was room for much improvement. ThOBe
acquainted with the midland and western counties
of England were well aware, that notwithstanding
the favourable conditions for fruit-growing which
existed in those counties, there were tens of thou-
sands of acres of orcharda which did not pay becauae
of long-continued bad management. From the aame
cause, and also the erroneous idea that fruit-growing
would not pay, the formerly magnificent orchards of
the Carse of Gowrie had almost disappeared.

Observations made in Ireland last year led him
to the conclusion that fruit growing there wa«
in a di8creditable condition. In Ulster, thou-
sands of acres were occupied with orchards
planted sixty or seventy years ago, the produce
of which generally was unfit for market. The
owners appeared to hold the opinion that the
orchards would not pay for good cultivation. The
speaker'a opinion was, however, that the unprofit-
ableness was not the cause, but the consequence of
neglect. In orchards in the same district, in which
good management was practised, crops of the highest
excellence were found, the produce of which realised
good prices in the market, a sufficient proof that
neither the soil or the climate were at fault. Well-
managed trees yielded good results, and it was the
endeavour of the British Fruit Growers' Association
to enforce this fact.

Mr. Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeith, took exception in
some degree to the statement of Mr. Gordon, that
the orchards had almost disappeared from the Carse
of Gowrie. He admitted that the magnificent fruit
formerly produced in those orchards had to a large
extent disappeared, but there were still to be met
with examples of superior culture, which always
brought good results. He could not advise anyone
to go in for fruit culture without the necessary
training ; at the same time, he thought the difficulties
of our climate were exaggerated.

Mr. Cannell, Swanley, Kent, said it seemed to him
them gardeners made more of the difficulties of fruit-
growing than was warranted. Proper breaking up
of the ground, suitable varieties, proper planting and
staking, manuring from the surface, and pruning, then
really the thing went on almost of itself. He thus
got big Apples and big Plums, and they sold well.

Mr. Hugh Dickson, Belmont, Belfast, said that he
had taken an interest in fruit-growing in the north
of Ireland, and he had been surprised to find how
much attention was paid by farmers to fruit culture.
They seemed to be well-up in a knowledge of the
new varieties. The weakness of their system was
that they did not classify their Apples in sending
them to market.

Mr. Sinclair, market gardener, East Linton, read
a practical paper on " Strawberry Culture." Firm
clayey soil, well drained, he considered the best for

Strawberries, and trap-rock the best foundation for
such a soil. In order to have fruit in the market
early, it was necessary to plant in the sunniest
aspect ; but otherwise it was not desirable to
have a full southern exposure. He preferred
preparing his runners in autumn and planting
in March, to planting at any other season of
the year. As regards varieties, he considered that
the Jewer a market gardener grew the better.
Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury and Duke of Edin-
burgh, he considered the two best varieties for
market purposes in Scotland. It did not pay to
grow such late varieties as Elton Pine, as they had
to compete with Green Gage Plums and other fruits.
After eighteen years' experience in artificial irriga-
tion, he considered that it paid, even at heavy cost,
if done thoroughly when necessary. His practice
was to give a thorough soaking once a week, and
he had spent as much as £13 per week on watering
his Strawberry crops. Speaking on the subject of
markets, he thought the time was near when the
greater number of growers would confine themselves
to the supply of the jam manufacturers. He spoke
of the unfair competition which market gardeners
were exposed to, in so far as nearly every landed
proprietor now sent the produce of his garden into
the market. He did not object to that, but did
complain that he should have to pay more taxes on
23 acres of land than were paid on any nobleman's
establishment in the county.

Mr. J. Cheal, Crawley, read a paper on " Gather-
ing and Packing, and Storing Fruit," in which he
advocated greater care in gathering, sorting, and
packing of fruit for market ; described various
facilities for packing and storing, and the manage-
ment of late fruits in the storing-rooms.

Mr. Alex. Milne, Edinburgh, moved a vote of
thanks to the Association, and the proceedings ter-
minated with a similar compliment to the Chairman.

Societies.

ROYAL HOETICULIUEAL,

September 3.— A meeting of the Fruit and Vege-
table Committee was held at Chiswick on the above
date. Present : Dr. Hogg, F.L.S., in the chair ; and
Messrs. Wright, Pearson, Saltmarsh, Dean, DenniDg,
Willard, Norman, and Cummins. The committee
examined the collections of Potatos, Turnips, Runner
Beans, and Tomatos growing in the gardens.

Potatos. — The crop in general was found to be
inferior, the tubers large and coarse, and most of the
varieties greatly diseased. The following sorts were
selected by the committee for appearance, cropping,
&c, and then cooked :— Malshanger Kidney (Knel-
ler), Radclyffe Kidney (Selby), The Gentleman
(Veitch), Lord Salisbury (Wiles), The Times (Ross),
Ellington's Prolific (Ellington), Seedling (Studd),
Mottled Beauty (Wiles), Market Favouiite (Elling-
ton), Crawley Prizetaker (Cheal), Renown (Nye).
Mottled Beauty, Ellington's Prolific, and Crawley
Prizetaker receiving three marks (x x x) each.

Turnips. — Of these, forty-eight lots were grown,
the following receiving xxx: — The Early Milan
(Veitch, Benary, Harrison), the Early White Strap-
leaf American Stone (Vilmorin), the Large White
Globe Purple-Top (Vilmorin), the Large Green
Globe (Vilmorin), and Early Snow Ball (Veitch).

Scarlet and other Runner Beans. — Forty-four lots.
These were found to be scarcely in condition for
examination, with few exceptions. A First-class
Certificate was awarded to Sutton's Tender and True
— a Runner Bean of the dwarf kidney section, with
fine, long, straight pods.

Tomatos. — Of these 117 lots were grown under
glass, the following receiving xxx: — Golden Sun-
rise (Veitch, Barr, Daniels), Golden Nugget (Sutton),
Italian Wonder (Hooper).

Committee Awards.

Meeting at the Drill Hall, Tuesday, September 8.

Floral Committee.

Awards of Merit.

To Gladiolus Sir Arthur Sullivan. Sheila, W. S. Gilbert,

George Meredith, and Lady Brooke, from Messrs. Kelway

& Son9.

To Dahlias Arthur Rawlings, William Powell, and Mrs.
Keith, from Mr. West.
To Dahlia Clapton's Harlequin, from Messrs. Paul & Son.

346

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

To Croton Golden King, from Mr. H. B. May.

To Athyrium f.-f. superbum densum and t.-l. rerolvens,
from C. T. Druery, Esq., F.L.S.

To Scolopendrium vulgare muricatum superbum and v. m.
crispum, from E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.R.S.

To Aspidium angulare grandiceps coronale, A. a. setosum
gracile.A.a. plumoso-divisilobumgracile.andA.aculeatumcns-
tatum advastia, from E. J. Lowe, Esq. ;

To Asplenium ceterach var. multifolia- cristate, from
E. J. Lowe, Esq.

First-class CcrtificaUs.

To Athyrium f.-f. plumosum Drueryi, from C. T. Druery,

To Scolopendrium vulgare crispum decorum, from E. J.
Lowe, Esq.
To Scolopendrium supralineatum Moonte, from h,. j. Lowe,

To Scolopendrium rameo-inrequale laudabile, from E. J.
Lowe, Esq. „ _ _ , _

To Asplenium f.-f. lunulatum Neilliie. from E. J. Lowe, Esq.
To Aspidium angulare grandiceps Ueda, from E. J. Lowe,

To Aspidium a. cruciatum Nympha, from E. J. Lowe, Esq.

To Aculeatum cristatum hybridum, from E. J. Lowe, Esq.

To Nephrodium paleaceum Willsii, from E. J. Lowe, Esq.

To Osmunda reg.Uis capitate, from E. J. Lowe, Esq.
Botanical Certificates.

To Picea Omorika and Davallia assamica, from Messrs.
Veitch & Sons.

To Scolopendrium vulgare peraferens var. .Nepentnesoides,
from E. J. Lowe, Esq.

To Aspidium aculeatum cristatum circumglobitum, from
E. J. Lowe, Esq.

Commended.

To Strain of Quilled Asters, from J. Walker.

Medals.
Silver Flora.
To Messr3. Kelway & Son, for group of Gladioli.
To Mr. G. Phippen, for group of Dahlias.
To Mr. G. Phippen, for group of Lilies, &c.
To Mr. E. J. Lowe, for group of Ferns.
B onze Banksian.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for group of hardy plants.
ToC. G. Van Tubergen, for group of Gladioli.

Fruit Committee.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries, for
collection of Plums.

Award of Merit.
To Melon Halstead Favourite, from Alfred Gibson, gr. to
T. F. Burnaby Atkins, Esq., Halstead Plate, Sevenoaks,
Kent.

Orchid Committee Awards.
First-class Certificate.
To Miltonia Bluntii var. Lubbersiana, from Baron Schroder
(gr., Mr. Ballantine).

Cultural Commendation.
To AngriBCum articulatum, from C. J. Lucas, Esq. (gr.,
M r. Hasliani).

Botanical Certificate.
To Cattleya granulosa var. Dijaneeana, from Messrs. Sander
&Co.

To Mormodes Buccinator var. aurea, from Messrs. Hugh Low
&Cj.

To Catasetum fimbriatum, from Mr. G. Parrot, gr. to W.
Wright, Esq., Denmark Hill.
To Catasetum fimbriatum, from Hugh Low & Co., Clapton.

CRYSTAL PALACE.

Great Exhibition of Fruit, September 4 and 5.
— Judges : Messrs. A. F. Barron, Smith, Wythes,
Earley, Csomber, Hudson, Ford, Dean, Willard,
Laing, Whalley, and Wynne.

Fruit (open classes). — Collection of fruit, two com-
petitors— 1st, Earl of Haddington, Elvaston Castle,
Derby (gr., Mr. J. H. Goodacre) ; this lot consisted
of Black Hamburgh, Muscat of Alexandria, Barba-
rossa, and White Tokay Grapes, Violette Hative and
Kivers' Orange Nectarines, Noblesse and Bellegarde
Peaches, Kirke's and Golden Drop Plums, Queen and
Cayenne Pines, Victory of Bath and Conqueror of
Europe Melons, Worcester Pearmain Apple, &c, all
in good condition ; 2ud, Earl of Radnor, Longford
Castle, Salisbury (gr., Mr. H.W. Ward), who showed
handsome Sea Eagle and Prince of Wales Peaches,
St. Michael's Orange, Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury
Strawberries, &c.

Collection of twelve dishes of fruit, two com-
petitors, 1st, J. H. Rolls, Esq., The Hendre, Mon-
mouth (gr., Mr. Thomas Comber), a nice lot,
consisting of Gros Maroc and Muscat of Alexan-
dria Grapes, Pine-apple Nectarine, Bellegarde Peach,
Kirke's Plum, &c; 2nd, Earl of Radnor, Longford
Castle (gr., Mr. H. W. Ward), with Trebbiano and
Gros Guillaume GrapeB, Duchess of Oldenburgh
Apple, Brown Turkey Figs, &c.

Collection of eight distinct dishes of fruit (four
competitors).— 1st, Mrs. Mcintosh, Havering Park,
Romford, Essex (gr., Mr. A. Ocock), with Black
Hamburgh and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes,
Noblesse Peach, Havering Park Melon, Pitmaston
Orange Nectarine, Red Astrachan Apple, Williams'
Bon Chretien Pear, Brown Turkey Fig ; 2nd, Duke
of Beaufort, Badminton, Chippenham (gr., Mr. W.
Nash), who had good Black Alicante and Muscat of

Alexandria Grapes, large Barrington Peaches, nice
dish of Beauty of Bath Apple, &c.

For a collection of ten kinds of Grapes, W. C.
Watson, Esq., Clarendon Park, Salisbury (gr.,
Mr. C. Warden), was awarded 1st prize for the
only lot shown ; he had good Gros Maroc, Black
Alicante, Buckland Sweetwater, &c.

Two competitors for a collection of five kinds of
Grapes : 1st, Mr. George Reynolds, Gunnersbury
Park, Acton, with fine bunches of Gros Maroc,
Muscat of Alexandria, Chasselas Napoleon, Black
Hamburgh, and Alicante ; 2nd, Mr. Thomas Osman,
Ottershaw Park, Chertsey, Surrey, having beautiful
Lady Downes, Alicante, Mrs. Pearson, &c.

For best three bunches of Black Hamburgh
Grapes, there were ten competitors. Earl Cowley,
Draycott House, Chippenham, Wilts (gr., Mr. J.
Gibson), was an easy 1st.

Six exhibits of three bunches of Muscat of Alex-
andria Grapes, Sir Charles Phillips, Bart., Picton
Castle, Haverfordwest (gr., Mr. J. Dumble), being
1st, with large bunches of handsome berries ; Mr.
George Reynolds, Gunnersbury Park, being a good
2nd. The latter was also 1st, among four competitors,
for best three bunches of Gros Maroc Grapes ; Hon.
W. P. Talbot, Glenhurst Park, Esher (gr., Mr. C. J.
Waite), coming 2nd. For best three bunches of
Madresfieid Court Grape, there were six exhibits,
Earl Cowley, Draycott House (gr., Mr. J. Gibson),
coming 1st.

Among seven competitors for best three bunches
of Alicante, Mr. W. Marsh, 9, Henrietta Villas, Bath,
was 1st, with beautiful rich black bunches ; Henry
Tate, Esq., Park Hill, Streatham Common (gr., Mr.
W. Howe), being 2nd, with large bunches, but not so
well coloured. The prize forthree bunchesof anyother
white Grape went to W.C. Watson, Esq., Clarendon
Park, Salisbury, for Buckland Sweetwater. Six
corcpeted. The prize for three bunches of any other
black Grape was awarded to Earl of Radnor, Long-
ford Castle (gr., Mr. II. W. Ward), for very large
bunchesof Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat; Mr. George
Reynolds, Gunnersbury Park, was a good 2nd, with
well-coloured Alnwick Seedling.

Four dishes of distinct Peaches, three competitors
— 1st, Earl of Cork, Marston House, Frome (gr.,Mr.
W. Iggulden), showed Sea Eagle, Walburton Ad-
mirable, Barrington and Crimson Galande, of fine
size and colour ; 2nd, J. T. Hopwood, Esq., Ketton
Hall, Stamford (gr., Mr. W. H. Divers), with Belle-
garde, Crawford's Early, Prince of Wales, Grosse
Mignonne.'also very good. The latter exhibitor was
1st in Class 16, four dishes of Nectarines, consist-
ing of Pine-apple, Lord Napier. Victoria, Rivers'
Orange ; Mr. J. Mclndoe, gr., Hutton Hall, Guis-
borough, being 2nd, with Pine-apple, Humboldt,
Darwin, and Spencer, four competed.

For best single dish of Peaches, thirteen en-
tered, A. Willis, Esq., Lovell House, Crawley,
Sussex (gr., Mr. W. Lawson), taking 1st with
Grosse Mignonne ; Earl Radnor (gr., Mr. H. W.
Ward), being 2nd with Sea Eagle.

Seven entered with one dish of Nectarines, J. T.
Hopwood, Esq. (gr., Mr. W. H. Divers), being 1st,
with beautiful Lord Napier Nectarines. He was
also 1st, with collection of six dishes of Peaches,
and six dishes of Nectarines — two competed.

Twenty-four competitors exhibited green-fleshed
Melons, the best-flavoured being a finely-netted
variety, Halstead Favourite, shown by T. F. B.
Atkins, Esq., Halstead Place, Sevenoaks (gr., Mr.
A. Gibson) ; the 2nd prize went to Earl of Har-
rington, Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr., Mr. J. H.
Goodacre), for a smooth-skin variety.

Twenty scarlet-flesh Melons were exhibited ; the
best was Sutton's Triumph, exhibited by Mr. W.
Palmer, Kingston-on-Thames ; the 2nd being Blen-
heim Orange, from W. Stride, Esq., Coulsam Grange,
Caterham, Surrey (gr., Mr. J. Mathews).

Four dishes red Plums, eleven entered. — 1st, Vis-
count Falmouth, Mereworth Hall, Maidstone (gr.,
H. Markbam), with Victoria, Goliath, Prince of
Wales, Sultan — beautiful fruits ; 2nd, Earl of Cork,
Marston House (gr., Mr. W. Iggulden), with Vic-
toria, Prince of Wales, Angelina Burdett, and Pond's
Seedling. The latter was 1st, among eleven com-
petitors, with four dislips of yellow Plums, consisting
of Oullin's Golden Gage, Golden Esperen,Transparent
Gage, and Jefferson ; 2nd, Mr. J. Neighbour, Bickley,
Chislehurst, with Jefferson, Magnum Bonuin, Per-
ehore, and Green Gage.

Four dishes purple Plums, ten competitors. — 1st,
Earl Amhurst, Montreal, Sevenoaks (gr., Mr. Alfred
Bolton), with Prince Englebert, Prince of Wales,
Dymond, and Kirke's ; 2nd, Earl of Radnor (gr.,

Mr. W. H. Ward), with Kirke's, Dymond, Mitchel-
son, and Belgian Purple.

R. Sneyd, Esq., Keele Hall, Newcastle, Stafford-
shire (gr., Mr. John Wallis), was 1st, with three
dishes of Figs (the only entry).

Basket of black Grapes, above 12 lb. in weight.
—J. Parrott, Esq., East Barnet, Herts (gr,. Mr. D.
Macintosh), was 1st; W. J. Twigg, Esq., Croxted
House, West Dulwich (gr., Mr. E. Longley), was
2nd, both showing well-grown Gros Maroc ; nine
competed.

Three competitors showed baskets of white
Grapes above 12 lb. in weight. — 1st, Mr. W. Lane,
King's Ride, Ascot ; 2nd, W. Maw, Esq., Walk House,
Barrow- on- H umber, Hull (gr., Mr. G. Winter),
both with Muscat of Alexandria, in good form.

Two collections of 12 kinds of orchard-house
grown Apples were Btaged, the 1st prize going to
Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, Kent,
who showed beautiful Lady Sudeley, Queen,
Warner's King, Ribston Pippin, Peasgood's, Bis-
marck, Melon, Washington, Emperor Alexander,
Stone's Apple, Mother, and Red Bietingheimer, all
very fine.

Three collections of ten kinds of orchard-house-
grown Pears were put up, Mr. J. Mclndoe, Hutton
Hall Gardens, Guisborough, taking 1st, with large
specimens of Beurre d'Amanlis, Louise Bonne of
Jersey, Brockworth Park, Souvenir dn Congres,
Beurre Clairgeau, Clapp's Favourite, Van Mons,
General Todleben, Pitmaston Duchess, and
Doyenne du Cornice ; Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co.,
taking 2nd, with nice fruits, including rich yellow
examples of Dr. Jules Guyot.

Three collections of open-air autumnal Apples
were shown. — 1st, Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., with
forty-three kinds, including richly-coloured Beauty
of Bath, Worcester Pearmain, Cardinal, Early
Strawberry; also fine Lord Grosvenor, Golden Spire,
Northern Dumpling, &c. 2nd, H. L. C. Brassey,
Esq., Preston Hall, Aylesford (gr., Mr. A. Waterman),
with nice collection, including good Worcester Pear-
main, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Cox's Pomona, Golden
Spire, Queen, &c.

The only collection of open air autumnal Pears
came from Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., who had
twenty-eight sorts, including the new American
Lawson Pear, rich crimson and yellow with fine
aroma; Early Benoist, bronze-crimson; and very
good Doyenne Boussoch, Durondeau, &c.

Nine collections of six distinct Tomatos were
shown ; 1st, Mr. R. Spinks, Florist, Horley, Surrey,
who had splendid Acme, Trophy, Goldfinder, New
Jersey, Dedham Favourite, and Turner's Hybrid ;
2nd, Mr. Arthur Rawlings, Dahlia Nursery, Rom-
ford, with Trophy, Stamfordian, Perfection, Living-
stone, Earliest of All, &c.

Flowers (open classes). — Two collections of 100
Gladioli spikes : 1st, Messrs. J. Burrell & Co., Nur-
serymen, Cambridge, for a nice lot of Gandavensis and
Lemoine's Hybrids, among them Grand Mogul, ver-
milion, striped slate, large and open; Pactole, clear
lemon-yellow; Pasteur, pink, striped rose; Amalthee,
white, crimson eye. 2nd, Mr. W. H. Fowler, Clare-
ii'cint, Taunton, also very good, including Flam-
boyant, vermilion-scarlet ; and Grand Rouge, glow-
ing scarlet with purple eye.

Eight stands of two dozen quilled Asters. — All
were good, the 1st going to Mr. John Walker, nur-
seryman, Thame, with bright distinct flowers; 2nd,
Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, nurserymen, Chelmsford,
for neat pretty flowers. The last-named were also
first among fourteen stands of twenty-four French
Asters ; this lot had been "dressed," making the
flower incurved with an outer ray of expanded
florets. The 2nd prize here went to Mr. W. F.
Catlin, 9, Lower Midsummer Buildings, Bath, for
g)me flowers with nice colours.

Three exhibits of twenty-four Hollyhock blooms.
— 1st, Messrs. Webb & Brand, Nurseries, Saffron
Walden, the best being Vesta, blush-pink; and Mul-
berry Gem, purple crimson.

Two boxes of stove and greenhouse cut flowers
were staged. — 1st, T. F. B. Atkins, Esq., Halstead
Place (gr., Mr. A. Gibson), with tastefully-arranged
lot, including four varieties of Dipladenias, also
Ixora, Eucharis, Plumbago, Lapageria, &c, set up
with Maidenhair.

Two lots of six Cockscombs in pots. — 1st prize
going to W. M. Bullivant, Esq.,Homewood, Becken-
ham (gr., Mr. Thomas Crosswell), for dwarf compact
plants ; 2nd, T. Notbard, Esq., York House, Syden-
ham (gr., Mr. J. Slater), both lots had good combs.

Three groups of early-flowering Chrysanthemums
were arranged, the 1st prize going to Messrs. Reid
& Bornemann, nurserymen, Lower Sydenham, for a

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

347

large group consisting chiefly of Japanese varieties,
with dwarf Pompon in the front ; 2nd, Mr. H. J.
Jones, Ryecroft Nurseries, Lewisham, for a group of
nice plants, covering about 80 square feet.

Cut Flowers. — Amateurs. — Three stands of eighteen
Gladioli spikes : 1st, Mr. W. H. Fowler, Claremont,
a choice lot, including Pollux, deep rose; Grand
Ilouge, vermilion ; M. Brognian, blush ; Delilab,
rose, &c. 2nd, Mr. E. B. Lindsell, Bearton, also
very good, including Grand Rouge, Pyramidale,
Celmene, Pactole, &c.

Three stands of one dozen Hollyhock blooms were
staged, the 2nd prize being awarded to Mr. Thomas
Hobbs, St. Mark's Road, Easton, Bristol; 1st, with-
held.

Special prizes. — Given by Messrs. Sutton & Sons,
for the beBt collection of nine kinds of vegetables
(four competitors) : 1st, Hon. W. P. Talbot,
Glenhurst, Esher (gr., Mr. C. J. Waite) ; the col-
lection consisted of Satisfaction Potato, Prizetaker
Leek, Mammoth Cauliflower, Duke of Albany Pea,
Lemon Rocca Onion, &c, all very well grown ; 2nd,
Mr. W. Palmer, Kingston-on-Thames, for a good
collection, including Mammoth Cauliflower, Per-
fection Potato, Student Parsnip, &c. Eleven
entries of Sutton's Perfection Tomato : 1st, Hon,
W. P.Talbot; 2nd, Earl Cowley, Draycott_, House
(gr., Mr. J. Gibson).

Special prizes, offered by Messrs. James Carter' &
Sons, for the best 6ix fruits of Blenheim Orange
Tomato, brought six competitors — 1st, Mr. J. Fry,
Haydon Hall, Eastcote; 2nd, Mr. Joseph Slater,
Shepley House, Carshalton.

Offered by Daniels Bros., for the best fruits of
Daniels' Westley Hall Melon— 1st, Mr. W. Chessle-
burgh, Worsted House, Norwich ; 2nd, withheld.

Non-Competitive Exhibits.

Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, had a
fine collection of choice Peaches, Plums, Pears, &c,
particularly good Monarch and Grand Duke black
Plums.

Messrs. John Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, London,
had a charming lot of herbaceous cut flowers,
arranged with their own foliage, Bhowing what a
variety of colour can be obtained from hardy plants.
A large bank of Begonias in baskets lifted from the
open, interspersed with Maidenhair and Cocos Wed-
delliana, was brilliant. We noticed a rich lemon-
yellow double Begonia Duchess of Teck as being good.

Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshnnt,
besides herbaceous plants, had a collection of
ornamental foliage trees, among them Shepherdia
argentea, with brown shoots and silvery metallic
foliage ; plumose Elder, Ulmus myrtifolia purpurea,
small purple leaves.

Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham,
had a large collection of Cactus, Pompon and single
Dahlias, Bome nice dwarf plants of Tree Carnation
La Neige, pure white, and a large group of seedling
Begonias of most varied colours and shapes.

MessrB. Wm. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, Herts,
exhibited 150 dishes of choice Apples and Pears ;
specimens of the delicate pink, cup-shaped, Rose Spen-
ser, with recurved petals, a good autumn sort; also
Mme. Marie Lavalley, a Tea Rose, habit of Gloire de
Dijon, with pale pink, semi- double flowers.

Messrs. Henry Cannell & Sons, Swanley, had a
brilliant group of seedling double Begonias, pink,
yellow, white, and other tints ; the plants were raised
from seed sown last January. They also had a new
type of Cactus Dahlia, with twisted petals, named
Robert Cannell, magenta colour. Messrs. J. Cheal
& Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley, had a collec-
tion of hardy Pears and Apples, also Cactus and
bouquet Dahlias. Messrs. John Peed & Sons,
Mitcham Road, Streatham, collection of fruit, also
Apples and Pears in pots full of fruit.

First-class Certificates were awarded to T. S.
Ware, Tottenham, for Begonias Challenger and
Double Triumph ; and to Messrs. J. Burrell & Co.,
Cambridge, for Gladiolus Grand Mogul.

NATIONAL DAHLIA.

September 4 and 5.
See ante, p. 312.
Amateurs' Classes.
Show Dahlias. — The best twenty-four blooms,
fancy varieties being also admissible, came from Mr.
J. T. West, gr. to W. Keith, Esq., Cornwall?, Brent-
wood, a verv fine lot of blooms, consisting of R T.
Rawlings, H. Keith, Maud Fellowes, Duke of Fife,
Mr. Saunders (fancy), Harry Turner, Clara, J. T.
West, W. RawlingB, Henrietta, Lord Chelmsford,
William Powell (a very fine new yellow self), Mr.
D, gaunders, Henrv Glasscock (fancy), Willie

Garratt, Arther Rawlings (a very fine crimson self),
R. T. Rawlings, Mrs. Gladstone, Miss Henshaw,
Matthew Campbell (fancy), Shirley Hibberd, Frank
Pearce, Glowworm, Mrs. Langtry, and Prince of
Denmark. This stand was awarded the Gardeners'
Magazine Medal for excellence of culture, the blooms
being even, of good size, fresh, clean, and well-
coloured. 2nd, Mr. Thomas Hobbs, Lower Easton,
Bristol, whose leading flowers were J. T. West,
Colonist, William Rawlings, Maud Fellowes, George
Barnes (fancy), Mrs. Foreman, Prince of Denmark,
Mrs. Langtry, T. S. Ware, Joseph Ashby, R. T. Raw-
lings, Vice-President, Mrs. Gladstone.and Mrs. Harris.
With twelve blooms, the competition confined to
show Dahlias only, Mr. A. Ocock, gr. to Mrs. Mcin-
tosh, Havering Park, Romford, was 1st, with William
Rawlings, Clara, Prince of Demark, R. T. Rawlings,
Maud Fellowes, Mrs. D. Saunders, Mrs. Glasscock,
John Standish, Mrs. Gladstone, Majestic, George
Rawlings, and Mr. G. Harris ; 2nd, Mr. S. Cooper,
Hamlet, Chippenham, with R. T. Rawlings, Mr. D.
Saunders, Colonist, Crimson King, Mrs. Glasscock, and
T. J. Saltmarsh; 3rd, Mr.Thomas Anstiss, Brill,Bucks.
There were ten stands of six blooms, Mr. J.
Gilbert, Brooklands, Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
who had T. J. Saltmarsh, Willie Garratt, Florence,
Earl of Ravensworth, Mrs. Gladstone, and Joseph
Ashby ; 2nd. Mr. H. Gibbs. Ightham, Sevenoaks.

Fancy Dahlias. — Mr. J. T. West also had the best
twelve blooms of fancy Dahlias, and staged excellent
flowers of Professor Fawcett, Mrs. Saunders,
Duchess of Albany, Rev. J. B. M. Camm, Buffalo
Bill, Henry Eckford ; 2nd, Mr. S. Cooper, with
Duchess of Albany, Mrs. Saunders, Edmund Boston,
Dorothy, Frank Pearce.

Mr. A. Ocock had the best six blooms out of
nine competitors ; 2nd, Mr. G. Boothroyde, with
Mrs. Saunders, Rev. J. B. M. Camm, Henry Eckford,
and A. F. Barron.

Cactus and Decorative Dahlias. — The best six
varieties, six blooms of each, came from Mr. J. T.
West, who had Beauty of Brentwood, Marchioness
of Bute, Mrs. Rolfe, Mrs. Keith, new yellow and
silvery-pink — very fine; Black Prince, and Mrs.
Douglas. 2nd, Mr. P. Perry, gr. to J. C. Tasker,
Esq., Middleton Hall, Brentwood, who had Mrs.
Hawkins, Empress of India, Honoria, William
Darvill, Jaurezi, and white Cactus.

There were six competitors with six varieties,
three blooms of each, and Mr. H. Glasscock was
awarded the 1st prize, with Black Prince, Mar-
chioness of Bute, Robert Maher, Edmund Weekley,
Harry Freeman, and Mrs. Hawkins ; 2ad, Mr. E.
Mawley, Rosebank, Berkhampstead, with Mrs.
Hawkins, Juarezi, Asia, &c.

Pompon Dahlias. — Mr. J. T. West had the best
six bunches, ten blooms of each, but unnamed ;
Mr. H. Glasscock was 2nd, his best varieties
being E. F. Jungker, Lady Blanche, Grace, and
The Nigger. There were eight exhibitors. Mr.
S. Cooper was 1st with unnamed varieties, and
Mr. C. Steed, 2nd, who had Ariel, Mdlle. Faconet,
H. E. S?arle, and Vivid.

Single Dahlias. — The best six varieties, ten blooms
of each, came from Mr. T. W. Girdlestone, who had
Anuie Hughes, broadly edged with rosy-pink ;
Gwendoline, Yellow Perfection, Demon, rich dark ;
Lady Helen, yellow tipped with white, small; and
Bessie Halton. 2nd, Mr. H. Glasscock. The Gar.
dmcrs' Magazine Silver Medal was awarded to Mr.
T. W. Girdlestone for his 1st prize stand in this
class. Mr. E. Mawley was the only exhibitor of
six varieties, six blooms of each, and took the
1st prize with W. C. Harvey, Amos Perry, Miss
Henshaw, Sunningdale White, Miss Roberts, and
Victoria.

Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons offered special prizes
for twelve varieties, in bunches of six blooms,
and Mr. T. W. Girdlestone was placed 1st with
Ruth, EJie Clegg, Irene, The Mikado, Evelyn,
Phyllis, white, with side-edgings of yellow; Gwen-
doline, Hector, Dorothea, Marian Hood, Sunning-
dale, white ; Tetta, white, with side-margins of
yellow and cerise, &c. 2nd, Mr. C. Osrnan, who had
Mrs. Barker, Victoria, Paragon, Eynsford Gem,
Faust, Amata, Evening Star, and Eclipse.

Open Classes.

The best six blooms of any dark Dahlia were those
of William Rawlings, shown by Mr. C. Turner ;
Messrs. Keynes & Co. coming 2nd, with the same ;
and Mr. A. Rawlings, 3rd, with George Rawlings.

The beBt six blooms of a light Dahlia, and out of
seven competitors, six of them staged Mrs. Glad-
stone; Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son were 1st, Mr. H.
Gibbs was 2nd, and Mr. M. V. Seale 3rd, with this
charming variety.

The best six blooms of any yellow Dahlia were
those of R. T. Rawlings, shown by Mr. A. Rawlings ;
and Messrs. Keynes & Co., were 2nd, with the same ;
Mr. S. Mortimer was 3rd, with James B. Service.

The best six blooms of any tipped Dahlia were all
Mrs. Saunders (fancy), yellow, tipped with white ;
Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son were 1st, Mr. A. Rawlings
2nd, and Messrs. Keynes & Co. were 3rd.

Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son were also 1st with six
blooms of any striped Dahlia, having Frank Pearce
(fancy) ; Messrs. Keynes & Co. were 2nd, and Mr.
G. Humphries 3rd, with Mr. J. Downie (fancy).

The best six blooms of any edged Dahlia came
from Mr. J. T. West, who had J. T. West, yellow,
heavily tipped with purple ; Mr. Seale was 2nd, with
Henry Walton ; and Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, 3rd,
with J. T. West.

New Dahlias were somewhat largely produced, and
Certificates of Merit wereawarded to the following: —

Show varieties. — John Walker, a large pure white
self, of fine quality, and very constant, as Mr.
Walker, the raiser, has on all occasions shown twelve
or six blooms of it at one time (J. Walker) ; William
Powell, clear yellow self, a good sized flower, of
fine shape and centre (J. T. West) ; Arthur Raw-
lings, a fine deep shaded crimson self, of the finest
quality (J. T. West) ; John Rawlings. a clear lilac
self, of good quality, and a desirable shade of colour
(A. Rawlings). Mr. A. Rawlings also had George
Gordon, bright crimson self; Arthur Ocock, orange
red self; Mrs. Mcintosh, buff yellow ; and Mrs.
Hurst. Mr. G. Harris had Canary Bird, a large
deep yellow self, fine in colour ; Mr. J. T. West,
Ethel Keith, a light flower in the way of Mrs. W.
Slack ; and Emma Cornish, deep buff yellow.

Pompon varieties. — Certificates of Merit were
awarded to Messrs. Keynes and Co. for Lilian, pale
ground, heavily tipped with silvery lilac pink. To
Mr. C. Turner for Mars, bright pale scarlet, of good
shape ; and for Lorna Dooue, pale ground, heavily
tipped with purple.

Decorative varieties. — Certificates of Merit were
awarded to Harlequin, yellow, striped with crimson
(Paul & Son) ; Rayon d'Or, creamy white, the side
margins pale orange-scarlet, very distinct (C. Tur-
ner) ; Mrs. Keith, yellow ground, broadly margined
with delicate silvery pink, and slight lines of sulphur,
very distinct and attractive (J. T. West).

Cactus Varieties. — Certificates of Merit to the fol-
ing: Beauty of Arundel, dark crimson, tipped with
magenta (J. Cheal & Sons) ; Baron Schroder, rich
bright crimson, tipped and flushed with purple-
magenta, extra fine (Keynes & Co,) ; Kyriereth, very
bright pale scarlet ( Keynes & Co.) ; and St. Catherine,
yellow, with cerise-brown on the edges of the
basal petals (Keynes & Co.) ; Ernest Cannell, very
pale orange-scarlet ; and Robert Cannell, rosy-
crimson, tipped with bright pale magenta — both
from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, nurserymen,
Swanley.

Mr. Geo. Phippen, nurseryman, Reading, staged a
number of shields of Dahlias, set up with Ferns and
other plants; and Mr. E. F. Such, nurseryman,
Maidenhead, had a collection of bunches of hardy
flowers, &c.

KINGSWOOD AND WEST GLOUCES-
TERSHIRE HORTICULTURAL.

Auucst 26. — It is nineteen years sines a flower
show was held in this thickly - populated district.
Bat during that period the plant-loving residents
among the working classes have kept alive their
capabilities to cultivate, for the cottagers' tent
proved a perfect surprise ; good-sized and admirably
grown Cissus discolor, Caladiums, the variegated
Pineapple, Adiantum Farleyense, Begonias of the
Rex type, and Ferns of many kinds were staged that
would have done credit to any establishment. Many
of these working men have small glasshouses, in
which they grow these plants — such plants, indeed,
as are very rarely seen shown by cottagers ; their
cut flowers, hardy fruits and vegetables were very
fine.

In the division open to all, Mr. J. Cypher, of
Cheltenham, took the 1st prize, with twelve good
flowering plants. In the amateurs' division for six
Orchids, an exhibitor whose name could not be
ascertained, had Cattleya Gaskelliana, C. Harrisona;,
and C. Leopoldi ; Cypripedium longifolium, Dendro-
bium Dearii, and Aerides Lobbii. Begonias gene-
rally well grown in the west of England, were
good ; and other flowering plants included
Fuchsias, zonal Pelargoniums, Cockscombs, Japan
Lilies, Gloxinias, &c.

With eight fine-foliaged plants, Mr. Cypher came
to the fore with Croton Newmannii, C. Sunset, and

348

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 19, 1891.

C. Thompsoni, Latania borbonica, Cordyline indi-
visa, Kentia australis, K. Forsteriana, &c. A fine
lot of eight exotic Ferns came from an exhibitor
whose name was not placed upon the plants until
late in the day. It included examples of Todea
superba and T. pellucida, Adiantum concinnuru
latum, Davallia Mooreana, &c.

Cut Flowers.— Messrs. Parker & Sons, St. Michael's
Hill Nursery, Bristol, had the best twenty-four
Roses, comprising some very fresh and bright flowers.
Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham, were 1st. with
twenty-four show Dahlias — a fine lotof blooms. Inthe
class for twelve fancy Dahlias, Mr. Hobbs was 1st.
A good stand of single Dahlias was shown by Mr.
A. A. Walters, Bath; and Cactus Dahlias by Mr.
R. Pearce.

Other cut flowers comprised excellent German
and French Asters, Phloxes, Gladioli, stove and
greenhouse plants, hardy flowers, Hollyhocks, and
many others. In some respects, the plants and cut
flowers shown by amateurs were superior to those
shown in the open classes.

Fruit was not numerous. The best collection of
eight dishes came from Captain J. G. Bayley, who
had Black Hamburgh and Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes, Grosse Mignonne Peaches, Pine-apple Nec-
tarine, &c. ; Mr. G. Garraway. Bath, was a good 2nd.
Alicante and Black Hamburgh were th6 best black,
and Buckland Sweetwater and Foster's Seedling the
best white Grapes, Dymond and Royal George the
best Peaches, Pine-apple and Rivers' Grange the
best Nectarines, while Pears were represented
by Jargonelle, dessert Apples by Irish Peach and
Red Astrachan, culinary Apples by Lord Suffield,
Lord Derby, and Cox's Pomona, and other hardy
fruits were in excellent condition.

A WORKING-MAN'S FLOWER-SHOW
AT NEW CROSS.

One satisfactory feature about metropolitan gar-
dening is the fact that flower shows, in which only
the labouring-classes compete, are on the increase in
London. Lately, what is being done in Bethnal
Green was noticed, and this week we were invited to
one held at New Cross, in the midst of a small city
of streets of workmen's dwellings, that now cover
what was formerly South London market gardens.
In the midst are the engineering works of Messrs.
Stone & Co., and the principals of this estab-
lishment built opposite their works what is known
as the Welcome Institute, which includes a coffee-
tavern, workmen's club, &c, and attached to which
is a good-sized lecture-hall, available for con-
certs, &c. It is in this hall the flower show was
held. It was commenced last year; but the second
exhibition, which took place on August 28 and 29,
was a decided advance in quality.

In addition to the flower show, there was an in-
teresting and instructive exhibition of paintings,
drawings, and models, by adults and by youths under
twenty-one years of age. All members of the Wel-
come Institute are a'lowed to exhibit free, but non-
members are charged an entrance feet of sixpence.

Tasteful collections of pot plants were staged, in-
cluding Ficus elastica, Lilium auratum and L.
speciosum, Nicotiana affinis, evidently a plant that
blooms well in a close atmosphere ; Begonias, foliaged
and flowering ; Coleus, Aspidistra lurida, green and
variegated ; Fuchsias, Petunias, double and single ;
Stocks and Asters; Lobelia, Musk (Harrison's),
zonal Pelargoniums; and in one or two of the groups
were Tuberoses in bloom.

Considerable zest was given to the competition
because a silver cup was offered to the exhibitor
who made up the best portion of the show. This
was won by F. Bannister, who took five 1st and six
2nd prizes in leading classes.

Very tasteful and effective groups of plants were
furnished to help the display by Messrs. E. J. and
F. J. Preston, two members of the firm of Messrs.
Stone & Co.

Cut flowers included decorative Dahlias, Stocks,
Sweet Peas, annual Chrysanthemums, Zinnias,
Mignonette, &c. And in the vegetable classes were
Cucumbers, Vegetable Marrows, French Beans, and
Tomat08; all very creditable, considering the
locality which produced them. A band performed
each day during the afternoon and evening.

ROYAL OXFORDSHIRE HORTICUL-
TURAL.

Augost 27.— This was the third of a series of
four shows held annually by this Society in the quad-
rangle of Queen's College, the plants and flowers

being arranged under the covered colonnade ; the
vegetables on tables in the open. It is largely a
cut flower, fruit, and vegetable exhibition, but the
specimen plants which were staged were good. Mr.
G. Jacob, nurseryman, Witney, had the best six
stove and greenhouse plants — Latania borbonica,
Croton Weismanni, and a fine piece of Plumbago
capensis alba. The best specimen stove plant was
a fine Croton majesticus, from Mr. G. Jacob; a
Fuchsia Charming, from Mr. J. Mattock ; the best
ornamental-foliaged plant, Latania borbonica, from
G. H. Morrell, Esq.

In the amateur class, for a specimen hardy plant,
Mr. W. F. Cross was 1st, with Statice incaua. Mr.
J. Mattock had the best six Fuchsias, bush speci-
mens.

Begonias were a good feature. In the open
division, Mr. J. Johnson was let, with six well-
grown and bloomed plants of excellent varieties.

Mr. Johnson took the 1st prizes with half-a-dozen
of each of Pelargoniums, single and double (zonals).
In the class for six tricolors, Mr. Mattock was 1st,
with very fine grandly-coloured varieties, Mrs. H.
Cox, Empress of India, Dolly Varden, Lady Cullum,
Mrs. Laing, and Mrs. Pollock.

Foliage plants included an excellent half-dozen
Ferns from Mr. C. Jacob, Barton, who had Adian-
tum tenerum, A. Farleyense, A. cuneatum, A. grandi-
ceps, A. Williamsii, and a piece of the Bird's-nest
Fern. Hardy Ferns were shown by Messrs. Walker
and Johnson.

Cut Flowers. — A class for twenty-four bouquets
brought a good lot from Mr. J. Walker. Zonal
Pelargoniums in three trusses of twelve varieties
were superbly shown by Messrs. Mattock and Walker,
but in the class for the same number of double
varieties, the positions were reversed. Dahlias. —
Mr. J. Walker was 1st, with twenty-four excellent
blooms. Mr. Walker also had the best eighteen. Mr.
Walker was 1st, with Pompone varieties, and also
with singles ; and Mr. J. Mattock, with Cactus
varieties. Roses were well shown by Mr. J. Mattock ;
Hollyhocks, in twelve spikes, by Mr. C. Hill, Rowley
Nurseries ; Asters, German and French, by Mr. J.
Walker and the Rev. R. F. Dale, Bletchingdon
Rectory; Zinnias, double, by Mr. J.Walker; Gla-
diolus, by Mr. J. Johnson ; and hardy perennials, by
Mr. R. Price and Mr. T. Arnall.

A First-class Certificate of Merit was awarded to
Mr. John Walker, for twelve blooms of his fine white
self Dahlia, J. Walker.

Fruit.— The best Melon was Benham Beauty, fol-
lowed by Golden Perfection. The best dish of
Peaches was Alexander Noblesse, from Mr. C. T.
Hawkins, Summertown ; Colouel Miller of Shot-
over House, 2nd, with Grosse Mignonne. The best
dish of Nectarines was Hunt's Tawny, from Mr. G.
H. Morrell ; Colonel Miller, 2nd prize, with Elruge.
The latter had the best dish of Apricots. The best
Plums was Oullin's Gage, Reine Claude Violette
taking the 2nd prize. The best culinary Plums were
Goliath and Pond's Seedling. Green Gages shown
in a class by themselves, were plentiful and good.
The best dessert Pear was Jargonelle; the best
dessert Apples were Red Astrachan, Gladstone, and
Quarrenden. The best culinary Apples Domino,
Lord Suffield, and Lady Henniker. Black and
white Grapes were well shown ; Black Hamburgh
was finely shown for the former ; and White Muscat
for the latter.

Vegetables. — The soil surrounding Oxford is evi-
dently well-adapted for producing vegetables. A
variety of Runner Beans, named Oxonian, raised at
Oxford twenty years ago, long, handsome, and tender.
The best collection of six dishes of vegetables came
from Mr. J. Akers.

For some reason, it is not the practice at Oxford
to place the name of the gardener who exhibits on
the exhibition-card, though it is generally observed
elsewheie. This is the reason why the gardeners'
and growers' names do not appear in the foregoing
report.

DALKEITH FLOWER SHOW.

The Dalkeith Horticultural Society held its annual
flower show in the Corn Exchange, Dalkeith, on
the 5th inst. There was a falling off in the number
of entries, as compared with the average of recent
years ; but the quality of the exhibits was superior.
Keen competition took place in certain classes, par-
ticularly in hardy cut flowers, that requiring trusses
of eighteen distinct species, for which four prizes
were offered, bringing six competitors, the com-
bined effect of the several stands being an
imposing and attractive feature of the show. Mr.

Cairns, Dalkeith Gardens, was placed 1st, Mr. J,
Paterson 2nd, and Mr. T. Pringle (Secretary) 3rd.

A very interesting section of the show is that
which is devoted to industrial and art subjects, and
on this occasion it exceeded, both in extent and
general interest and excellence, any previous
collection of the kind.

THE SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION.

This Association held its ordinary monthly
meeting on the 1st inst., in 5, St. Andrew
Square, Edinburgh, Mr. James Greive, Vice-Pre-
sident in the chair. Mr. Mark King, Bonnington, read
a paper on " Poisonous Plants," in which he dealt
chiefly with those that are indigenous to Britain.
Dr. J. H. Wilson gave a lecture on the " Fertili-
sation of Flowers," which was illustrated by numerous
diagrams and blackboard drawings. Some interest-
ing original observations of the lecturer's, on the
fertilisation of Wachendorfia, Albuca, and Aspi-
distra, were much appreciated for their ingenuity.
Both the lecture and the preceding paper were
accorded warm votes of thanks. Of exhibits, there
were very few. Dr. Paterson, Bridge of Allan, sent
a specimen of Glycyrrhiza glabra in flower, interest-
ing on account of the rarity of its producing flowers
in Scotland. Dr. Paterson stated in a note accom-
panying the specimen that the plant had been known
to flower in Scotland only three or four times during
the last sixty years. A very nice selection of cut
blooms of seedling Carnations were exhibited by
Messrs. Methven & Sons.

READING HORTICULTURAL.

Septemeer 2. — The storm of wind which visited
the town of Reading on the 1st inst., blew down the
tent which covers the site for the exhibitions of this
society in the Abbey Ruins, and a series of teDts
pitched in the Forbury Gardens had to be used ; and
it seemed as if the entire change in the arrangements
pleased the many exhibitors. It was a capital show,
and some charming groups for effect were arranged.
The best came from Mr. Aitken, gr. to C. Meeking,
Esq , Ritchings Park, Slough ; Mr. Bright, gr. to P.
Karslake, Esq., White Knights, Reading, was a good
2nd. Some small groups were also shown, the best
coming from Mr. Bright, gr. to G. Palmer, Esq.,
Reading. Six excellent stove and greenhouse plants
from Sir. Aitken were awarded the 1st prize in
class 1 ; Mr. Mould, nurseryman, Pewsey, was 2nd.
The best new or rare plant was Gymnogramma
Pearcei robusta from Mr. Aitken. Mr. Bright's
Fuchsias were very fine, and some good tuberous-
rooted Begonias were staged.

Messrs. Aitken and Mould were also 1st and 2nd,
with six ornamental foliaged plants, the best speci-
men was a splendid Croton Queen Victoria, from
Mr. Aitken. Palms, Coleus, and table plants were
also good. Stove and greenhouse Ferns were a lead-
ing feature ; Mr. Aitken, and Mr. Hollis, gr. to H.J.
Simonds, Esq., Caversham, showing very fine
specimens. In the amateurs' division, the exhibits
were less numerous than usual.

Cut flowers comprised excellent Dahlias from Mr.
Mortimer, Swiss Nursery, Farnham ; and Mr. John
Walker, Thame. Very pretty bunches of single
varieties from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, nurserymen,
Crawley ; Roses from Messrs. Perkins & Sons, nur-
serymen, Coventry ; and Mr. E. F. Such, Maiden-
head, staged good Asters, Gladiolus, stove and green-
house and hardy flowers, Zinnias, &c.

Table decorations were, as usual, very pretty and
bright, and though small prizes are offered, the
competition by ladies is always very keen. Bridal
and buttonhole bouquets, baskets of sweet-scented
flowers, &c, were all pleasing features.

Fruit was largely and finely represented. Mr.
Aitken took the 1st prize with a collection of eight
dishes; Mr. Goodman, gr. to Miss Hammersley,
Bourne End, was a close 2nd. Mr. Johnston, gr.
to A. Gilliat, Esq., Stoke, had the best six dishes.
Fine Black Hamburgh Grapes were shown by Mr.
Turton, The Gardens, Maiden Erleigh ; and Mr.
Ashman, gr. to J. R. King, Esq., Billingbear. Any
other black were represented by fine Alicante, from
Mr. Osman, Ottershaw Park; and Mr. D. Pound,
jun., gr. to A. W. Sutton, Esq., Reading. Mr.
Gilbert and Mr. Cane, of Ascot, were 1st and 2nd,
with remarkably good white Muscats ; any other
white was represented by Buckland Sweetwater
from Mr. Ashman, and Golden Queen from Mr.
Doey. Peaches were represented by fine Bellegarde,
Nectarines by Pine-apple, and Apricots by Hems-

Seftembeb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

349

kirke. Plums were largely represented ; Mr. Good-
man had the best three dishes, staging fine Wash-
ington, Jefferson's, and Kirke's. Dessert and
culinary Apples were a great feature, the latter
especially , dessert and stewing Pears were good
also.

Vegetables were, as is usual at this exhibition, in
great force, and generally of splendid quality. Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, Reading, offered a series of prizes
in fourteen classes for vegetables grown from their
seeds, and these made a show of first-class
subjects in themselves. The special prizes offered
by Messrs. James Carter & Co., Holborn, C. Fidler
of Reading, and E. Webb& Sons, Wordsley, brought
vegetables of excellent quality also. But the great
demands upon our space requires the curtailment
of a report of a show well deserving a more extended
notice.

ARKETS.

CO VENT GARDEN, September 17.
Market still heavily supplied. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.
s.d. s. d.

Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4 0 6

Beans. French, lb. ... 0 3 0 4
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, perbunrh... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4-06
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 4- ...

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
.d.

Apples, £-ji eve ... 1 0-3 0
Damsons, £-sieve ... 1 6 ...

Grapes 0 6-19

Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0 ...
Lemons, per case ...20 0-35 0

d. s.d.

Melons 0 6-10

Peaches, per dozen... 10-40
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80
Plums, J-sieve ... 10-26

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

©fcttuarg.

WILLIAM BROWN.— William Brown, head gar-
dener to Mrs. Dugdale, of Merevale Hall, Ather-
stone, Warwickshire, was the eldest son of William
Brown, head gardener of Prestwold Hall, Lough-
borough, Leicestershire, having been born in the year
1812. He came to Merevale Gardens in 1835, where
he remained up to the time of his death, which
took place on September 5, 1891, in the seventy-
ninth year of his age, and in his fifty-seventh year
of faithful service and friendship to four generations
in the family of William Stratford Dugdale, Esq.
Amongst many things deserving of mention during
his faithful service, we will record a few. Mr. Brown
was typical of the name of the park where he lived,
Merevale (Merryvale), for no one who knew him
could avoid being attracted by his cheery, meek, and
kind disposition. As regards his abilities and ex-
perience as a gardener, it would be difficult to
over-estimate them ; he was successful in winning
many valuable prizes for choice fruit and flowers.
Throughout a long and honoured service, he won
the respect of all, and has left behind a name that
will be green in the memory for many years to come.

Jean Baptiste Joseph van Volxem — It is

with very great concern that we announce the death
of this gentleman, at Brussels, on the 14th inst.
M. van Volxem was in his sixty-second year. The
event was not unexpected, as only a few weeks' since,
he wrote us a valedictory letter, explaining that he
was about to undergo a serious operation, from which
he would probably not recover. His forecast has
been verified. Horticulture loses one of its most
accomplished votaries, and his colleagues one of the
most intelligent and estimable of friends. M. van
Volxem had been a great traveller, having visited
Japan, the United States, Colombia, the Caucasus,
not with the mere casual glance of a tourist, but
with the practised and appreciative eye of a
naturalist. In the course of his travels, he had
accumulated much and most varied information,
which was always at the service of his friends.

It is to him that we are indebted for the discovery
and introduction of Tacsonia Volxemi, described
and figured in our columns in 1866. To him, also,
we owe the noble Caucasian Maple, to which we
have repeatedly called attention, and of which he
sent us flowers only a few weeks since, flowers which
proved that our original statement was a valid
one. Near Vilvorde, M. van Volxem established
an arboretum, wheie he collected a very choice
assemblage of trees and shrubs, which are hardy
enough to withstand the climate of Belgium, and
interested himself also in hybridisation, one of his
results being a hybrid Carica, hardier than the
ordinary forms. M. van Volxem was a Foreign
Member of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Asters, French,
12 bunches 8 0-10 0

— English, per

dozen bunches ... 10-30
Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 1 0- 3 0

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-60
Cloves, per do/en

blooms 0 6-10

Cornflower, 12 buns. 16-20
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Gladiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lavender, doz. bunch 4 0-50
Lilium var, 12 bun. 6 0 12 0
„ Harrisii, doz. 3 0-50
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

s.d.

Marguerite?, per doz

bunches 2 0-40

Mignonette, doz. buo. 16-30
Orchids : —

Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0

Odonto gl ossu m
crispum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pansies. 12 bunches 0 6-16
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 3 0-40

— 12 spays 0 6-09

Poppies, various, per

dozen bunches ... 10-20
Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 2 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 16-30
SweetSultan,12bun. 2 0-30
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 3-06

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Adiantums. per doz. 4 0-12 u
Aralias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Aspidistra, per do/.. 18 0-63 0
Asters, per dozen ... 3 0- 6 0
Balsams, per dozen... 3 0-50
Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Caladiums, per doz. 12 0-24 0
Campanulas, per doz. 8 0-12 0
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen 6 0-90

Coleus, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0
Dracaenas, each ... 1 0 5 0

s. d. s. d.

Ficus, each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 3 0-50
Geraniums, per doz. 3 0-60
Heliotropes, per doz. 3 0-50
Latanias. each ... I 0-10 6
Liliumauratum,doz.l2 0 18 0

— Harriisi, doz. ... 9 0-12 0

— lancifolium, doz. 10-15 0
Marguerites, per doz. 5 0-10 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-81 0
Pteris, per dozen ... 4 0 1(1 0
Solaoums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

Ferns, small, per 100 8 0-15 0

POTATOS.

Supplies continue rath-r light, and prices are firm.
Best samples, 80s. to 90s. ; ordinary. 60s. to 75s. As
soon as the farmers have finished with the harvesting, larger
quantities will undoubtedly be pushed on the market, with
the result of much lower prices, that is likely to continue for
the next two months. J. B. Thomas.

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0- 1 6
Mushroom", punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4-06
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 f- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-09
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

The Weather.

'By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degreeBof
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contii ued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

SEEDS.

London. Sept. 16. —Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, ol Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report a
thin attendance of buyers on to-day's market, with but few
transactions passing. For all kinds of Clover seeds, the tone
is quiet, bat steady. There is an improved inquiry for Trifo-
lium incarnatum. New seed, Rye, and winter Tares are
cheaper. In blue Peas the tendency is also downwards. The
choice new Haricots just arrived, being cheap, meet with con-
siderable favour. Canary seed is slightly dearer. No change
in Hemp seed. Higher prices are asked for bird Millet. New
Es-ex white Mustard is now coming forward. For Rape seed
the market is strong.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Borough : Sept. 15.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. per
tally ; Broccoli, 3s. to 4s. do. ; Turnips, Is. id. to 2s , and
Carrots, Is. 6o\ to 2s., per dozen bunches; Peas, 2s. to 3s.;
Scarlet Beans, Is. to Is. 3d. ; and French Beans, Is. per
bushel ; English Plums. 2s. to 3s. ; Apples, 2s. to 4s. ; and
William Pears, 2s. to 5s. per bushel.

Spitalfields : Sept. 15— Quotations : — English Apples.
2s. id. to 5s. per bushel ; Pears. 2s. to 6s. per sieve ; do., Is. to
2s. id. per half-sieve; Victoria Plums, Is. id. to 2s. do.;
Orleans Plums, 2s. Orf. to 2s. 3d. do. ; Damsons, Is. 3d. to
Is. 9d. do.; Bullaces, Is. to Is. id. do. ; Greengages, 2s. to
2s. id. do ; English Tomatos, 4s. to 6s. id. per peck ; foreign
do., 9d. to Is. per box; Cabbages, Is. id. to 3s. per tally ;
Brussels Sprouts, Is. to 2s. per half-sieve; Greens, Is. to
Is. id. per dozen bunches; Marrows, Is. id. to 2s. id. per tally ;
French Beans, Is. id. to Is. 9d. per bushel; Scarlet do., Is. id.
to 2s. do. ; Turnips, 8s. to 2s. 3d. per dozen bunches ; Carrots,
Is. to 2s. do. ; Onions, Is. id. to Is. 9rf. do. ; Parsley, Is. to
Is. id. do.; Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle; Celery.
■%d. to Wd. per bundle; Cos Lettuc-, id. to Sd. per score;
Leeks, 2s. to 2s. id. per dozen ; Belg an Onions, 2s. to 2s. id.
per bag of 112 1b. ; Radishes, 2s. to 3s. id. per tally; Beetroots,
2s. to 3s. per dozen bunches; Frame Cucumbers, Is. 6a. to
2s. id. per dozen.

Stratford : Sert. 15.— There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned quota-
tions :— Cabbages. Is. to 2s. id. per tally ; Collards, Is. id. to
2s. id. do.; Cauliflowers, Is. to Is. 9d. ;er dozen; Carrots,
household, 35s. to 45s. per ton; Mangels, 20s. to 22s. do.;
Onions, English, 80s. to 100s. do.; do., Oporto. 6s. to 7s. per
bag ; Apples. English. Is. id. to 4s. per bu"hel; Scarlet Beans,
Is. to Is. id. do. ; Plums, Dutch. Is. id. to 2s. id. per balf-
sieve ; Watercress, id. to Bd. per dozen.

POTATOS.

Borough : Sept. 15.— Quotations :— Regents. 7Cs. to 80s. ;
Hebrons. tOs. to 80s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 70s. per ton.

Spitalfields: Sept. 15 —Quotations:— Magnums, 65s. to
70s.; Imperators, 50s. to 65s ; Hebrons, 50s. to 5's.; Early
R)se, 60s. to 55s. ; Bruce Magnums, 55s. to 70s. ; Snowdrops,
60s. to 70s. per ton.

Stratford : Sept. 15.— Quotations :— Magnums, black land,
fOs. to 60s. ; do., light land, 60s. to 70s. ; Imperators, 60s. to
65s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 70s. per ton .

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright
Sun.

V
-C M

w q

ill

h « »

Accumulated.

sis

0
t- ■-<

9
0

S3 c

»-s

9
a

3
a .

4) O

43
U
O .

u
o .

o-J

9 A

a 03

£^

S 0)

a S_;
•5-sg

9 J

arc

■S °
<rj a •

-5 '£ os

|„-

0 a

a. a

O q,

+"£

tt-

60.9

■ °

i I

3
0

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

1 —

+ 162'+ 79

14 +

158

32. i

— 57 + 101

i +

116

17.3

2 —

— 130 + 95

1 —

115

150

2 —

102

— 145 + 128

2 —

123

16.3

2 _

— 133 + 116

1 —

119

17.5

3 —

105

— 154'+ 149 0 aver

113

18.5

2 —

+ 73 + 46 21 +

124

24.(

2 —

— 14'+ 35

5 +

113

20.4

3 —

- 125 + IKS

2 +

120

23.7

2 —

-|- 25 + 29

10 +

140

2J.6

3 —

- 10+ 31

4 +

128

22.2

3 —

118

— 43 + 40

1 —

121

19.3

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

9
^ a

Accumulated.

■^ 4) .

ill

+ S •"
" °

O 3J

O .
0 **

lifference
n since
1891.
iifference
n since
1891.

1 v
Si*

a >.
6°

a ^

a
•-»

3^.

0 n>

Sis

Above 42°,

from Mea

Jan. 4,

Below 42°,

from Mea

Jan. 4.

+ s
-a

0
0

•2

-. 0
3 0

a. 2
a, +3

a, 0

oca
S*
a a

oj O

Day-

deg.

Day-

deg.

Day- Day-
deg. ' deg.

lOths
Inch.

Ins

3 +

+ 181 + 79

4 —

163

32.8

4 +

-107

— 33+ I'll

5 —

118

17.5

4 +

120

— 102 + 95

4 —

117

15.2

3 +

126

— 123 + 128

6 — |124

16.4

4 +

125

— 107 + 116

5 — 1120

17.6

4 +

140

— 126 + 149

5 - 115

18.3

3 +

107

+ 91 + 46

3 — 127 J24.8

6 +

137

+ 28+ 35

3 — 115

20.9

4 +

133

— 91+ 118

4 — J122

24.2

4 +

117

+ 31 + 29

4 — 144

21.1

2 +

116

+ 7+ 31

1 + 131

23.1

3 +

146

— 15+ 40

5 — 123

19.5

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — \, Scotland, N. ;
2, S-cotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Trincipal Grazing, eye, Districts—!. Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W.; 9, England, S.W.; 10. Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending September 12, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office: —

"The weather was somewhat unsettled during the
earlier part of the period, with heavy falls of rain over
the south of Ireland, and showers in nearly all other
parts of the Kingdom. As the week progressed,
however, very fine and warm weather set in over
England, and subsequently extended to Ireland, and
nearly all parts of Scotland.

" The temperature has been above the mean in
all districts, the excess having raDged from 2° in
' Ireland, S.,' to 4° in most other districts, and to as
much as 6° in 'England, N.YVY The maximum
readings during the latter part of the week were

350

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

considerably higher than any previously recorded in
either of the three preceding months. Over ' Eng-
land ' they varied between 80° and 86°, over
• Scotland ' between 74° and 81°, and over ' Ireland '
between 77° and 78°. The lowest of the minima
were registered at most stations, either on the 6th
or 7th, and were rather low generally. In ' Scotland,
N. and E.' they ranged from 34° to 35°, over ' Ire-
land ' from 36° to 37°, and over ' England ' from
39° in the ' Midland Counties,' to 45° in ' England,
S.WY In the ' Channel Islands ' the lowest reading
was 51°. The range of temperature during theweek
was very large ; in the ■ Midland Counties ' and
' Scotland, E.' it amounted to 47°.

" The rainfall has been a little more than the
mean in ' Ireland, S.,' but in all other parts of the
Kingdom a deficit is shown.

" The bright sunshine has continued short of the
mean in ' Scotland, N.,' but in all other districts it
has been greatly in excess. The recorded percentage
of the possible duration was as high as 89 in the
' Channel Islands,' 73 in ' England, E.,' and 65 both
in the ' Midland Counties ' and ' England, S.' Else-
where it ranged from 60 in ' England, S.W.,' to 42
n ' Ireland, N.,' and to only 22 in ' Scotland, N.' "

Notices to Correspondents.

American Blight : A Subscriber. Dissolve 1 lb. of
soft soap and 1 gallon of lime in water, to make a
thick whitewash. Apply this with stiff brush to
the branches now. Keep the ground free from
weeds, and see that it is well drained.

Boilers, Pipes : A. F. You may remove these,
which come under the designation of trade appli-
ances; but you should leave all in fair order, or
the landlord may sue you for damages done to his
property. Any glass and wood or iron buildings
that may be fixed with bolts to brick or stone
foundations becoming, failing an agreement to the
contrary, the property of the landlord.

Cabbage Diseased : W, <f S. See reply on p. 257,
under " Names of Plants."

Correction. On page 311, line 43, in our report of
Royal Horticultural Society, the Chrysanthemum
named Mrs. Whiteley, should be " Miss Whiteley."

Diseased Ivt : T. D. Common on Ivy leaves
(Phyllosticta hedericola). Pluck off and burn
every diseased leaf as soon as the disease appears,
and if this is done persistently, it will be stamped
out. M. C. C.

Diseased Melon : S. S. The roots of your Melons
are iniested with eel-worms. Turn all the Boil
out, and burn it along with the plants, and start
with fresh material.

Filberts : T. M. A fairly rich, friable loam of good
depth, resting on a rocky stratum, or on gravel.
The drainage should be good, and the position
open. There is a comprehensive work on the
subject in German, entitled, Die Haselnuss, by
F. Goeschke (Paul Parey, Berlin); and a pamphlet
of 230 pages, by Mr. D. T. Fish (Upcott Gill, The
Bazaar Office, 170, Strand, London, W.C.)

Fruits for Exhibition : S. W. N. C. Kitchen
Apples— Lord Grosvenor, Worcester Pearmain,
Cellini, Cox's Pomona, Warner's King, Ecklin-
ville, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Dumelow's Seedling,
Golden Spire, Bramley's Seedling, Winter Haw-
thornden, Emperor Alexander. Dessert Apples —
Blenheim Orange, Ribston Pippin, Beauty of Bath,
Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Cox's Orange
Pippin, Melon Apple, Syke House Russet, Red
Astrachan, Court of Wick, Annie Elizabeth, Brad-
dick's Nonpareil. Gooseberries, 6 best late kinds —
Perfection (Gregory's), Red Warrington, Iron-
monger, Whitesmith, Pitmaston Green Gage, Red
Champagne.

Magnolias; J.L. Magnolias may be cutback into
the old wood at this season, taking care to paint
over with dark-coloured oil-paint all the large
cut surfaces. The next best time is just bsfore
growth commences.

Names of Fruits: H. T. 1, Emperor Alexander ;
2, Cox's Orange Pippin ; 3, Wheeler's Russet ;
4, Bramley's Seedling ; 5, Tower of Glamis ;
Plum Jefferson : it is attacked by mussel scale
(Aspidiotus conchiformis ; wash the trees with
soft-soap suds and lime water, especially in spring ;
if on walls, unnail the trees and paint the wa 1
with cement "slip." — Led, 1, Louise Bonne of

Jersey; 2, Emile d'Heyst— M. F. 1, Probably a
seedling; 2, Ribston Pippin; 3, Royal Codlin ;

4, Cannot identify.— J. H, Apple not known —
worthless. — E. S. G. Pears, 2, Fondante d'Au-
tomne ; 3, Hessel ; 4, not known ; 5, Vicar of
Winkfield ; 6, Catshead Apple ; Peach Belle-
garde ; Plum Victoria. — J. B. M. 1, Washing-
ton ; 2, Black Diamond; 3, Kirke's. — Q. E. Apple:
Kerry Pippin. Plums : 1, Eugene Fiirst ; 2, Mit-
chelson's ; 3, probably Red Magnum Bonum (fruit
smashed) ; 4, Victoria ; 5, Diamond. — E. G. Pro-
bably, Mr. Gladstone.

Names of Plants : Ivy. Gypsophila paniculata,
hardy herbaceous perennial, from South-Eastern
Europe ; to be obtained from most nurserymen. —
W. J. Chenopodium urbicum (Upright Goose-
foot). — W. L. 1, Juniperus chinensis ; 2, Thuiopsis
borealis ; 3 and 4, varieties of Abies Douglasi ;

5, Retinospora pisifera; 6, Rhus cotinus — wig
plant. — G. N. 1, Salix caprea (we were in error
before) ; 3, probably S. phylicifolia. We cannot
name the others from the materials sent. —
W. H. M. Actoea spicata rubra. — H. H. 3, Cerasus
lusitanica azorica; 4, Coreopsis lanceolata ; Roses
next week. — L. C. H. Helianthus rigidus. —
E. E. Colutea arborescens, Troparolum speciosum.
— J. H. 1, Polygonum cuspidatum ; 2 Lycium
barbarum ; 3, Casuarina sp.

PLATVCERIUM GRANDE, RAISING FROM SPORES :

J. M. The plant being a native of the Malayan
Archipelago, its spores, when sown in scalded peat
and silver-sand, should be placed in a rather close
and warm propagating-case, or under a bell-glass
in a Pine-pit. The fertile fronds are stipitate,
rising from the sinus of the sterile ones. A good
deal of observation is needed, so as to obtain the
spores when they are in a mature state.

Plums : G. 8. Your seedling Plums^are inferior to
many others in cultivation.

Roses from Seed: G. P. We have no correspondent
at Lagos, but we do not think it likely Roses
would do well in such a climate. As no one can
tell till he tries, let trial be made and results re-
corded in Gardeners' Chronicle.

Scale on Black Currants : H. H. D. The branches
are infested with mussel scale (Mytilaspis pomo-
rum). Mix soft-soap suds and tobacco water and
a little sulphur powder, rub this in thoroughly
with a stiff brush. Repeat two or three times in
winter.

Sunflowers : W, S. You should either send some
flowers and leaves of your new crosses to us for
our inspection, or show them at the next meeting
of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Twin Dahlia : -Y. Two flower-heads were pressed
together at a very early stage, and became united
in consequence.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.
Jno. Jeffries & Sons', Cirencester — Dutch Bulbs,

and other flower-roots.
C. Sharpe & Co., Sleaford, Lincolnshire — Spring

Flower Roots for autumn planting.
Dobbie& Co., Rothesay, N.B. — Dutch Bulbs, Roses,

Pansies, Violas, Fruit Trees, &c,
R. Cleaver, 47, Bore Street, Lichfield— Select Bulbs

and Roots.
John T. Gilbert, Anemone Nurseries, Dyke,

Bourne, Lincolnshire — Bulbs and Tubers.
John Sharpe & Son, Bardney, Lincolnshire —

Selected Seed Wheats.
John Jefferies & Son, Cirencester — Select Bulbs.
Daniel Bros., Norwich — Dutch Flower Roots,

Roses, &c.
Samson & Co., Portland Street, Kilmarnock —

Trees, Shrubs, Roses. &c.
Barr & Son, Covent Garden, London, W.C. —

Daffodils, also Dutch and Cape Bulbs.
W. Tait & Co., Capel Street, Dublin— Bulbous

Flower Roots.

Communications Received.— Dr. Kran^lin, Berlin.— W. S.

— H. J & Sons— .1. C. & Sons.— W. P. & Son.— E. J. L.—
J. W.—J. v. V., Brussels.— V. C— F. v. M., Melbourne.—
A. B. McD. (many thanks, but we have no room).— F. R. L.
(shortly).— E. H. K , Haarlem.— M. C. C.— T. H —J. R. D.
— C. P. & Co. — A. Woodgate (kindly send the photograph. —
J Poun-ett.— O, W.— F. C— T. W.- J. H.— R. A. R— E. C.
— W. J. G.— W. G— J. R. J— J. J. W.— R. D.— Northern
Newspaper Siudicate.— P. I.. S.— J. Lowrie.— W N.- W. E.
Melina.— F. Ashman.— J. Mardonald.— T. G.— W. Home—
E. N.— A. H. W.—J. B S , Bournemouth.

Photographs Received, with thanks.— Laelia purpurata,
with twenty-two flowers, from J. W., Basingstoke.— Dinner-
table decoration, G. N.— J.— J. E. P., portrait.

6 feet

4 feet

12 feet

4 feet

6 feet

5 feet

12 feet

5 feet

12 feet

6 feet

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London ^penf.Mr.H.SKELTON, Seedsman, &c, 2, Holloway Rd.,N.

£, s.

[2 0

2 5

4 0

2 15

4 15

\5 12

ERUIT, &c, EVAPORATOR.

New Improved System Patent Kyder.

DRYING APPLIANCES,

FOR MANUFACTURE OF CONSERVES,

DRYING APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, &c.

WHOLESALE MANUFACTURE. Newest American
Patent FR1CK secures first-class drying produce and
highest saving in maintenance expenses.

PH. MAYFARTH & CO.,

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY MANUFACTORY,
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN; BERLIN, N.

London office: 16, MINCING LANE, E.C.

REPRESENTATIVE :

Mr. A. LUDWIG, F.R.H.S.

Illustrated CATALOGUES on application, ]}ost-free.

The Apparatus is placed ami working in the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, at Chiswick (close to Tumham
Green, London, W.), where it will be open to inspection
by all interested in Fruit Evaporating.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE. TUBULAR. INDEPENDENT,
anr: ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,

and guaranteed,

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,

CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN .- Discount for Cash.

Septembeb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

351

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses. Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, ice, constructed on our improved plan, are the
perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equa-'led. We only do one class of work,
and that the vert best.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

THE PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Strand,

LONDON. W.C.

1891.

Please send me " The Gabdenebs' Cheonicle " for .
commencing ,/or which 1 enclose P.O.O.

Months,

(g* Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for In advance. Ji

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15s.; 6 Months, 7«. dd. ; 3 Months, 3s. 9d.; Post-free,

FOREIGN SUBSCBIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. 6d. for 12 Months. India and China, 19s. 6tf .

Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for.

No.

P.O.O. to be made pat/able at the Post Office,
43, DRUBY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN.
Chnaues should he orossod " DRUMMOND."

G. C,
Sept. 19, 1891.

T/ms,m/mBW$®wy garden requisites.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5«. »d. per eaok ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBBOUS PEAT, 6s. per sack, 6 sacks, 22s. ; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel ; 16s. per half
ton ; 26s. per ton. in 2-bushel bags. id. each.

TELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD, Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &o. Write for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.. 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard), W.C.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3} feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, trom
1 foot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, is. per sack; NITRATE »f
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BON^:
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSrA MATS.
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOHLD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT and Co..

Hep Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street, London, S.E.

GLASS

CHEAP GLASS I

In Stock Sizes.

15-oz.. per 100 ft., 9s. 6d
21-oz., ,, 13s. <K

( 12X10. 1SX12. 18x14. 24X14
•? 14x12, 20x12, 18X16."24X1S
U6X12. 16X14, '20X16,24X18,

See.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at l"w prices.
Flooring, at os. per square ; Matching, at 3s. 9<z\ ; 2 X4, at %d.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars, Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.C.

RICHARDSON'S

PATENT

HOODED TUBULAR BOILERS

Have combined in one the advantages of the two best forms of
Boilers hitherto made— the plain Siddle and Tubular Saddle.

They Heat more than Twice the Quantity of
Piping

that can be heated by an ordinary Saddle with an equal amount
of fuel. They are durable, quiek-h«*ating, easily set. and easy
to manage. Send for PRICE LIST to the patentees and aola

""* W. RICHARDSON & CO.,

Horticultural Builders and Hot-water Engineers,

DARLINGTON.

WALTON YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM.
WALTON YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM.
Must be cleared, in consequence of Ground being taken up
for Brick-making purposes, about 3 Acres of above (6 inches
top spit); also 3 Acres of well-rolled 3 feet by 1 foot turves
off above. Can be loaded into trucks on S. E. F.y., Eeigate,
or L. B. & S. C. Ey.. Kedhill. For terms, apply to—
D. PITT AND SONS, Beigate.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, rjewly
made, the same as supplied to the Royal Horticultural
Society. Truck-load of 2 tons, £1, free, on to the following
rails— G. W.. G. N., Midland, L. and N. W.. L. and S. W. ; and
other lines, £l bs. ; in bags, 20, 16s. : 40, 80s. N.B.— A re-
mittance to accompany all orders.— J. STEVENS and CO.,
Cocoa-nut Fibre Merchants, 153, High Street, Battersea, S.W.

352

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,

and on every important estate in tlie Kingdom. Has stood

the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be

applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station. If. 8d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
Q gallons.
y~t a -tt m -r s\ »t Every Cask bears the above

U A U 11 (J IV. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118. Queen Victoria Street, London, H.C.

47, Dawson Street. Dublin.

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE I GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY USzD IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

Sec Report "London County Council v. The New Wirt
Jl'ore Roofing Co., Ld." May and June iSql.

INVALUABLE FOB, FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes Of Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

21-OZ. and 18-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FABMILOE & SONS,

Lead. Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, E.O.

Stook Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

TRADE

MARK.

FOR PLANTS.

QUICK. LASTING. ECONOMICAL.

The Gardens, Seacox Heath, Hau-hhurst, Kent, March 11, 1891.
Dear Sir, — Having used your" Clay's Invigorator" for some
time, I am exceedingly pleased with the results obtained from
it. As an Exhibitor I have used it upon most sorts of Vege-
tables with great advantage; also upon many sorts of Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Pot
Strawberries, Chrysanthemums. &c. For Lawns it has a quick
and beneficial effect. For Amateurs and those with small
gardens, where there is a difficulty in obtaining stable or farm-
yard manure, your "Invigorator" ought to be of special value,
as it is clean in use, easy of application, and reasonable in
price.— Yours respectfully, J. GILMOUE, Gardener to the
Right Hon. G. J. GOSCHEN, M.P.

Sold by Seedsmen, Florists, and Nurserymen, or direct from the
Works, in 6d. and Is. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:—
7 lbs. 14 lbs. 28 lbs. 55 lbs. 112 lbs.

2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s.

The above Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag,
and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth
of each Bag.

A Sample Packet will be sent post-free on receipt of
One Shilling by the MANUFACTURER—

S. C. CLAY,

Marsh Island, Stratford New Town, London, E.
NO CONNECTION with ANY OTHER FIRM

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning

Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The mo9t beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

T ATRINE MANURE.

-1 -/ For Sale at Bisley.

Offers are invited to be sent to
THE SECRETARY, National Rifle Association, 12, Pall Mall
East.

Bon&
Fide

BENTLEY'S

Bond,

Fide

WEED DESTROYER.

Mr. J. Hudson, Gunnersbury House Gardens, writes : — "I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

Mr. A. Ward. Stoke Edith Park Gardens, writes :—" I am
pleased to tell you that I am exceedingly gratified with the
results of your Weed Destroyer, as it destroys both Weeds and
Moss on the walks most effectually, and gives the gravel a
bright appearance."

In the following sizes, carriage paid:—

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 19s. 0d

6 ,, „ 10s. 0d. I 18 „ ., 27s. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 60s.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

YTo Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Aroh-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade ; also
Petersburg Matt, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free. — 4 and 5, Wormwood Street. E.O.

THE STOTT

SPECIALTIES for DESTRUCTION OF INSECT PESTS.

PATENT DISTRIBUTOR.

Letter received from The Earl Of LlsbUTne.

S. Wales. June 20, 1890.
Sir, — Am very well pleased with the Distributor; it does its
work well, and is a most useful invention. — Yours faithfully,

LISBURNE.

PATENT SPRAYER.

Extract from letter from Mr. G. Norman, Gardener to
The Right Hon. The Marquis of Salisbury.
The Gardens, Hatfield House, Herts. April 20. 1891.
Sir,— I am pleased to report that I consider your Distributor
a very useful invention.

PATENT SYRINGE.

Extract from letter from R. White, Esq.., Arddarroch,
Gareloch Head, Dumbartonshire.

July 20, 1891.
I consider the Syringe bought from you one of the cheapest
and best I ever had. It is especially good for spraying Odonto-
glossums.

KILLMRIGHT.

Extract from letter from Mr. J. Young, Head Gardener to
the Zoological Society, llegtnt's Park, London.

July 22, 1891.
It is the best Insecticide I have ever used, and the cheapest.

FEEDMRIGHT.

Extract from Letter from Mr. T. Wise, Gardener to
F. TAYLOR, Esq., Ash Lawn, Heatm, Bo/ton.

September 20, 1890.
Your Tatent Manure has given us every satisfaction.

TESTIMONIALS and PRICE LISTS on application.
Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and
Retail from the STOTT DISTRIBUTOR CO. Ltd., Barton
House. Manchester.

THE

PERFECT

WEED KILLER.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden

Walks, Carriage Drives, &c.

Sole Manufacturers :

The Horticultural and Agricultural Chemical Co.

Works. 97, MILTON STREET, GLASGOW.

SOLD BY SERBS 31 JEN, $e.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, &d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

EPPS'S^'PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL. C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.r'atentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allotherGarden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter,
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. pet

sack ; 5 for 475. Gd.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-

DRONS, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. 6d.

PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. Qd. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, U.
per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
Special Terms to the Trade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions
For Price List, and Speoial Quotations for larger quantities,
apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Sto»e and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO.. Farnborough, Hants,

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

353

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Gardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines

5 ,,

6 „
1 „
8 „
e .,

10 „

U „

13 „

14 „

AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If Bet across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20*.

[f set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s.

Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column. £3.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
26 words, including name and address, Is. 6d.,
and Qd.for every additional line (about nine
words) or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each
insertion.

N.B. — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current tceek must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months. 15s.; 6 mo7iths, 7s. Gd.;
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and China), including Postage, 17s. 6d. for
12 months; India and China, 19s. 6d. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

ESTATE SALES.

The Beat County Medium for Advertising Sales of Estates is

THE "WORCESTER HERALD,"

ESTABLISHED 1794.

The Leading County Paper. Extensive circulation among the
upper and middle classes in Worcestershire and adjoining
counties. Advertisers would do well to forward for reference
and distribution plans and particulars of Estates, Catalogue!
of Machinery, Furniture, Books, and other Property advertised
in the Columns of the " HERALD."

Sales of Stock and Agricultural Effects.

The *' WORCESTER HERALD " is the most effective organ
for giving publicity to announcements of this class. It is the
leading Agricultural Paper in the County, and Circulates
most extensively among Agriculturists in and around
Worcestershire.

Farms to Let.

Situations Vacant and Wanted.

For producing results the "WORCESTER HERALD" is
recognised as a specially good medium. Cheap Rates.
Apply for terms.
SPECIMEN' FREE. Price 2d.
Published Friday for Saturday.

Offices : — 72. HIGH STREET. WORCESTER.

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

AND

NEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

CONTENTS .—

INTERCOLONIAL and GENERAL NEWS.

SPORTING and the FIELD, m which is incorporated BELL'S
LIFE in SYDNEY.

RECORD of RACES, and NOTES on the TURF.

CRICKET and AQUATICS.

THE FLORA of AUSTRALIA. (Drawn and engraved especi-
ally for this Journal.)

NATURAL HISTORY. (Original Articles.)

AGRICULTURE, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURE.

GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

ORIGINAL and SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.

TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
AUTHORS.

THE FASHIONS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.

THE CHESS PLAYER. THE HOME CIRCLE.

COMMERCIAL NEWS.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.
The SYDNEY MAIL has a wide circulation throughout the

Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Polynesia, &c. It contains

a large amount of information on a great variety of subjects.

Subscription In Advance, £l 6s. per Annum.

Single Copies. 6d. ; Stamped, Id.
Publishing Office — Hunter Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

ENGLAND.

The undermentioned Newspaper and Advertising Agents are
authorised to receive ADVERTISEMENTS for the
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL :—

LONDON MessTS. Geo. Street & Co., 30, Cornhill. E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon & Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet Street. E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 186, Strand.

Bristol James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
Manchester... James and Henry Grace, 73, Market Street.
Edinburoh ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

Glasgow W. Porteous & Co., 15, Royal Exchange

Place.

<3T Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices for the use of Advertisers.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any cne desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residenoe, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

SUPPLIED FREE FOR SIX WEEKS,

m¥m

/£?

CONWAY O. WARNE,
Royal Potteries, Weston-super-Mare

i-.V/Z'YlYli YELLOW, FIBROUS.

On rail in Bucks, also in Surrey and Middlesex.

Cheap Railway Rates arranged to any
Railway Station.

1, Belvedere Crescent,

Lambeth, London, S E.

G. H. RICHARDS,

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3*. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 'id. ; sir for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is. ad. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgate hill, London.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mit. A. Hatwell, for 1he last three and a
half years Foreman to Mr. Smith, Wootion
Gardens, Aylesbury, Bucks, as Head Gardener to
Capt. J. R. Dymond, Brooklands, Charminster,
Dorchester.

Mr. C. Wood, for the past four years Foreman
at Pendell Court, Bletchingly, as Head Gar-
dener to the Rt. Hon. Lord Hylton, Merstham
House, Merstham, Surrey.

Mr. T. W. Berridoe, formerly Head Gar-
dener to Major Finlay, Manor House, Little
Briekhill, Bletchley, as Head Gardener to J. F.
Starkey, Esq., Bodicote House, Banbury,
Oxfordshire.

Mr. G. H. Hecke, Assistant in Hyde Park
and Kensington Gardens, has been appointed by
the Cahfornian Land and Commercial Company,
Manager of their Bakersfield Estate, Kern
County, California.

Mr. D. Tapp, late Gardener to Colonel Sturt,
Llandihangel Court, Abergavenny, as Head
Gardener and Manager of Farm to F. S. Collins,
Esq., Lincoln Hill, Koss, Herefordshire.

Mr. Charles Ritchings, for the last four
years Gardener to W. Lindsay, Esq., Brandries,
Beddington, has been appointed Gardener to
Dr. Frankland, F.R.S., F.R.H.S., The Yews,
Reigate Hill, Surrey.

Mr. A. Willis, late Foreman at Davenham
Gardens, Malvern, has been appointed Head
Gardener to Sir Samuel Baker, Bart., Sand-
ford Orleigh, Newton Abbot, Devonshire.

Mr. Harry Mundey, previously Head Gar-
dener to the late H. W. Trego, Esq., The
Brokes, Reigate, is appointed Head Gardener
to S. T. Southgate, Esq., Hazlewood, Upper
Norwood.

Mr. W. Fuller, formerly with C. F. Da vies,
Esq., Earlsfield, Wandsworth Common, S.W.,
has been appointed Head Gardener to Geo. H.
Cox, Esq., The Grange, East Barnet, Herts.

Mr. George Reason has been appointed
Head Gardener to Viscount Boyne, Brancepeth
Castle, Durham.

Mr. A. Abrahams, now Gardener at Hazel-
holt Park, Bishop's Waltham, to the charge of
Ugbrook Park Gardens, the residence of Lord
Clifford, Chudleigh, Devon.

Mr. G. Fulford, formerly Foreman at Haver-
ing Park Gardens, as Gardener to Earl Nelson,
Trafalgar Park, Salisbury.

Mr. H. Crawley, for the last two years
Foreman at Sanderstead Court Gardens, as Head
Gardener to Captain Peacocke, Efford Park,
Lymington, Hants.

354

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

PARTNERSHIP. — Advertiser wishes to
invest £150 in a going concern. Florist and Jobbing.
Middle-aged practical man, well up in general routine.—
KliNTIA, Booking Office. Sydenham Station, S.E.

Borough of Barnsley.

THE CORPORATION REQUIRE a GAR-
DESER to take charge of the Locke Park. Wages, 30s.
per week, with house rent free, and coal ani gas. One with
a knowledge of Forestry and Landscape Gardening will be
preferred. Written applications, with testimonials, must be
sent to me on or before Thursday, the 21th inst. Canvassing
the members of the council is prohibited.

By Order, HENKY HORSFIELD, Town Clerk.
Septembers, 1891.

WANTED, a HEAD -WORKING GAR-
DENER; aged about 35, married; with thorough
knowledge of Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Unexception-
able reference from last place required. Wagjs, 25?. a week,
and Cottag-*.— Address, L. D, C, Messrs. Deacon's, Leadenhall
Street, E.<J.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a HEAD
GARDENER; hardworking, honest, really efficient,
and enterprising. Large Grounds ; much Glass; several men ;
also Schoolboys working for Culonies.— F. ADAMS, Wellingore
Hall, near Lincoln.

WANTED, a really good SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER, in the Suburbs; accustomed to all
branches, —Apply, by letter only, Mr. R. WILLEY, tid, Ludgate
Hill, E.C.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, where
two are kept. Must be thoroughly trustworthy, able,
willing, and industrious. To work Out-of-doors as well as in
the Houses. Wages 2 5 per week.— Apply by letter, stating
age. to MR. MOE, Feldheim. Wimbledon Common.

WANTKD, a GARDENER and WIFE.—
Without family. Assistaut kept. Orchard, Grass,
Vegetibles. Hardy Borders, Melons, Gre-uihouse, and Poultry.
Wife as Housekeeper, Cook, and House-servant at end of
week. Rooms, fuel, and 235. per week.— Apply, in own hand-
writing, before Oct 1, to J. SPARKES, Ewhurst. Guildford.

WANTED, GARDENER and WIFE, at
Birkdale. Southport. Gardener must be a thoroughly
good all-round Man, respectable, and able to handle a horse.
Wife good laundress, and without family. Cottage, coal, and
gas provide 1. Good permaneut home for suitable couple.
Address, with fullest particulars, and wages exp-cted, to W.,
7(3, C. Birehail, Advertisement Contractor, Liverpool.

WANTED, a competent experienced young
MAN, about 30, to take charge of a collection of
Orchids, Vine?, and Kitchen Garden. Two m«n to assist.
Wages, 3.5s. a week. — Address, S. H. B., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a good practical man, as FORE-
MAN, in the Houses, having had good experience in
the Culture of Fruit* and Plants, and well up in Con-ervatory
Decoration. Must have first-class references as to character
and ability. Wages, 19s. per week, rooms, and Vegetables. —
R. BROWN, Capel Manor, Horsmonden, Kent.

TKfANTED, as NURSERY FOREMAN.— A

* T thoroughly practical MAN, as outdoor Foreman.—
Apply, stating age and salary required, with testimonials, to
JOHN PERKINS & SON, Billing Rd. Nurseries, Northampton.

WANTED, a steady, trustworthy, married
MAN, as Kitchen Garden Foreman, wiih good cha-
racter. Mu-t have filled a similar situation. Wages. 19s. per
week, with cottage.— E. BECKETT, The Gardens, Aldenharn
House, Elstree, Herts.

WANTED, a Young MAN, to Grow and
Propagate Dahlias and Bud Roses. One who has had
experience in Growing fur Exhibition preferred. — Apply,
stating wages [required and references, to POPE i5D SONS,
King's Norton, Birmingham.

WANTED, a young MAN, with a knowledge
of Chrysanthemum and Tomato Growing for Market.—
State references, and wages expected, to MANAGER, Llys-
onen Gardens, near St. Clears.

Ty ANTED, a young MAN, about 21 or 22, as

' \ . Under Gardener, at a place where five are kept.—
Must have good knowledge of the management of Houses and
all kinds of Garden work. Good character required.— M. M.,
The Gardens, Cackley Cley Hall. S waff ham, Norfolk.

WANTED, TWO Young MEN, one wbo
thoroughly understands Kitchen Garden, aiso one for
Kitchen Garden and Pleasure Grounds. Excellent characters.
—Apply to Mr. HUTT, The Gardens, Beaulieu Palace, Hants.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a MAN who
thoroughly understands Jobbing. Must be energetic,
and well recommended.— State wages to W. CHAMBERS,
Westlake Nurseries, Isleworth.

WANTED, married MAN, for the Garden ;
one used to the Scythe and Lawn Mower, and the
usual routine of work Outdoors. Must be energetic, and not
afraid of work, and of good character. Good Cottage with
Garden found. Wagjs, 17s. per week, with Milk.— Apply to
A. ALDERMAN, The Gardens, Effingham Hill House, DorkiDg.

WANTED a general NURSERY HAND,
good Builder and Grafter. Constant employment to
a steady man. State particulars to CHARLES TOWNSEND,
Fordham, near Soham.

WANTED, a CARMAN, in London Market
Nursery; must thoroughly understand Houses. First-
rate character indispensable. Married man and total abstainer
preferred. Wages, about £1 per week, and Overtime. —
Address, CARMAN, Garden-rs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a young MAN, with a knowledge
of the Seed Trade to act as Second Warehouseman. —
Write full particulars to WARD and CO., Bristol.

WANTED, a TRAVELLER, for the whole-
sale Nursery Trade. Apply, stating experience, &c,
to THOS. CRIPPS and SON, The Tuubridge Wells' Nurseries,
Kent.

ANTED, a young MAN, to keep Books,

and assist in the Seed, Bulb, Flower, and Fruit
Business. One having a knowledge of Making-up Wreaths,
Bouquets, &c, preferred. Good references indispensable. —
Apply, stating particulars, to B. TEW, High Street, North
Finchley, London, N.

WANTED, a CLERK, BOOK-KEEPER,
and SALESM AN, and if with some knowledge of the
Seed, Bulb, and Cut-flower Trade, so much the better. A
youngman in the above capacity wanted for the next three or
six months, shortly after Michaelmas, in a Tree, Shrub, and
General Nursery, close to the South Coast. Wages, 30s. per
week. — Apply, with full particulars and references, which
must be first-class, to J. E . Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

ANTED.— A young MAN specially for

Wreath and other Cut Fower work, to fill up spire
time in the Greenhouses; also a SECOND MAN for the
Houses, with a good knowledge of Growing Plants and Cut
Fluwers for Market.— State age, wages, and references, to —

WM. THOUGHT ON, Nurseryman, Preston.

WANTED, a very respectable young LADY,
of good character, with some experience in General
Florist Work, to a first-class Floral Establishment. Board and
lodging in the house. — Apply- by letter, stating age and full
particulars, to A. MULLER SOHN, Frankfort on-Maine,
Germany.

ATTAINTED, a young LADY.— Must be well

T T up in Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays, &c., and willing to
Serve. Must have good reference. — Apply, stating salary
required, to T. CHALLIS, Kent House Nursey, Beckenham,
Kent.

WANTED, a good SALESWOMAN, for
a first-class Florists' Shop. Good maker-up of Posies,
Sprays, Button-holes, &c. Good appearance and character
indispensable.— TURNER BROS.. Florists, Parker Street,
Liverpool.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, CHESTER."

RICHARD SMITH a~nd C~0.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

SANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

To Noblemen ana Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

GARDENER (Head"), and ORCHID
GROWER. — Age 31 ; seventeen years' experience in
Orchids. Stove and Greenhouse Plants, early and late Forcing,
hardy Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens. — WILLIAM
LAKER, Quorn Lodge, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

GARDENER (Head).— A. Milne. Gardener
to the Right Hon. Earl Ashburnham, Battle, Sussex,
can with confidence recommend his Foreman as an energetic
workman and good all-round man.

GARDENER (Head).— Married; thoroughly
understands Glass, and good all round. Excellent
references.— C. MARTIN, Vale Nursery, Tiptree, Kelvedon,
Essex,

GARDENER (Head), where three or more
are kept.— Mr. Kersey, gardener to the Right Hon.,
Sir H. Selwin Ibbetson, Bart., M.P., Down Hall, Harlow,
highly recommends his Foreman, H. BaKer, to any lady or
gentleman requiring a good practical man, versed in all
branches of his profession. Has ten and a half years' good
references from first-class places, including two and a half
from present place. Is well recommended by the above
gentleman. Abstainer.

GARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver can
most confidently recommend a thoroughly good Man
as above. An excellent Plantsman, Fruit Grower, Flower
and Kitchen Gardener. Trustworthy and energetic, and.
highly recommended. — Streatham and Norbury Nurseries,
S.W. ; and 3, Marlborough Mansions, Victoria Street, West-
minster, S.W.

/?}.ARDENER (Head) ; married no children.

VJ — To Noblemen, Gentlemen, and Ladies, who market
their surplus produce, H. Eldridgi is open to engage with
anyone requiring the services of a good all round Gardener.
Used to seil surplus produce. Twelve years in list place. Any
part of England.— 3, Springfield Terrace, The Honies, Bexhill,
Hastings.

GARDENER (Head).— James Child, for
five years Head Gardener to Bailey Hiwkins, Esq.,
Houndswood, St. Albans, and fourteen years at Gorbouu I Hall,
Ewell, wishes to engage with any Gentleman requiring a
good all-round Gardener.- 2, Alexandra Koad, Epsom.

GARDENER (Head).— Single ; trustworthy,
intelligent, and possessed of an excellent knowledge of
his business in all departments. Abstainer. High testi-
monials. Home Counties preferred.— J. H., tiO, Gordon Plxce,
Kensington.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
FARM BAILIFF; age 26; thinking of marrying as
soon as suited. — Advertiser would be glad to heir from any
Lady or Gentleman requiring a practical man as above. Four-
teen years' practical experience in all branches of Gardening,
under Glass and Outside. Could manage a Home Farm if
required. Abstainer.— G. H., Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Seed
Merchants, Reading.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF.— A Gentleman highly recommends his
Head Gardener, a thorougli practical man in all branches of
gardening, also Land and Stock. Life experience in leading
gardens, Ten ye-rs as Head. Highest references. — K., The
Manor Hous'-, Effingham, Leatherhead.

GARDKNER ~(Head Working).— Age 38^
married, no children. Wife could take dair^or poultry,
if required. Can b' well recommended. State terms, &c, to
GARDENER, P. MacArthur. London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale.

G^AKDENER (Head Working); age 31.—
M Where three or four ar* kept. Fifteen yearV good
experience. Five years as He »d. Good references. — C. BRANT,
Ruffett Cottage, Chipstead, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 42,
married; thoroughly experienced m all branches, in-
cluding Orchids, First-class testimonials.— J. STEWART,
Potton, Beds.

GARDENER (Head Working).—
Thoroughly competent and trustworthy. Thorough
knowledge of Culture of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables,
Forcing. &c. Well recommended for the abive capacity by
a Gentleman (late employer) well known in London. —
GARDENER, 27. St. Augustine's Road, Camden Square, N,W.

GARDENER (Hfad). — A Gentleman,
going abroad, can with confidence recommend his
Head Gardener (James Cook), who has been with him twelve
years, as a thurough practical man in all departments,
including Orchids, Store Plants, Early and Late Forcing.
Thoroughly trustworthy. Age 36, married, with family. —
S. EZEKIEL, Esq., Camden House, Sutton, Surrey,

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 36,
married ; twenty years' experience in all kinds of Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegetables, Early and Late Forcing. Wife as
Laundress, if required. Good character, and well recom-
mended. - B. S., Oroxley Grove, Rickmanswortli.

G1ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 93,
A married; Abstainer. A thoroughly good practical and
competent Gardener. Twenty- three years' experience in
growing Grapes, Peaches, Fig*. Melons. Cucumbers, Tomatos,
Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Piants, Orchids, Flower
and Kitchen Gardening. Early and Late Forcing. Highest
references.— GARDENER, Bignor Park, Pulborough, Sussex.

/GARDENER (Head Working), where one

V!T or two others are kfpt. — Age 29. married. Thirteen
years' experience in Vines, Peaches. Melons, Stove and Green-
house Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Good character.
— G., Mr. Burt, Aloert R >ad, Cosham, Hants.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 26;
thirteen years' expkrience in Vines, Stove and Green-
house Plants, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Good character.
Abstainer.— C. HOWELL, Westhill House, Gravesend.

September 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

355

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept.— Age 30, single; thoroughly expe-
rienced in all branches. First-class references.— GARDENER,
6. Sandford Street, Cheltenham.

/GARDENER (Head Working).— Married,

" "X no family; excellent character and experience.— The
RECTOR, Wieken, Newport, Essex.

GAKDENER (Head Working).— Age 31 ;
widower; three children. Thorough practical experi-
ence in all branches. Disengaged, October Ltf. — W. CLAYTON,
Head Gardener, Maesgwyune, Whitland, S. Wales.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Married.
Good I'rovin Ud Nursery. Experienced Fruit and Plant
Grower. Eleven years' experience; well recommended. —
W. PHILLIPS, Greyhound Cottage, Rrockton, Lydbury North,
Shropshire.

pARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,

yjT married, two childreu ; thorough practical experience
in all branches; seven years with present employer, eight
with previous. Excellent character, with references. Leaving
through establishment being broken up. — W. DOUST, Lamber-
hurst, Kent.

GAKDENER (Head Working), where three
or four are kept.— Age 32; thoroughly practical in all
branches of the profession. Good references. State wages to
GARDKNER. 164, Homesdale Road, Bromley. Kent.

GAKDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
no family. Excellent character. Life experience in
all branches of Gardening. — E. W. JENKINSON, Mount
Pleas-ant, Fulbeck, Lincolnshire.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. Fourteen years' good practical expe-
rience in Vines, Peaches Store and Greenhouse Plants,
Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent character and
references.— GARDKNER, Holly Cottage Windlesham, Surrey.

GARDENER ^Heat7 Working), where three
or more are kept. — Age 35. married, one child (age 3);
twenty years' experience in all branches of Gardening*. Dis-
engaged when suited. Character will bear the strictest in-
vestigation.—J. B., ;'0, Choumert Road. Peckham, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept. — Age NT ; understands Girdening in
all its branches. Leaving through owner reducing his Garden.
Twelve years in present situation. Good reference from
present and previous emplojer. — H. WILLIAMS, The
Gardens. The Shrubbery, St. Neots, Hunts.

C GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
X Age 34; practical experience in all branches. Nine
years' good character. Knowledge of Cows. — W. L.. 2, Park
Villas, Park Place. East Finchley. N.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 37;
married, tliree children. Five and n half years' good
character. No objection to horse or cow.— J. E., $$, Dorset
Road, Clapham. S.W.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or -where
another is kept. — Age 31, married; good practical ex-
perience of Plants, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardening.
Four 5 ears in present and ten years in previous situation.
Good references.— W. H. BELL, 46, Durham Road, Cottenham
Park, Wimbledon.

GARDENER (Single-handed), Inside and
Out. — Age 24, married when suited; good character
from present and previous employers. — A. C., The Node,
Welwyn. Herts.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or other-
wise) ; age 22, single. Five years' references from late
employer. Willing and obliging.— GARDENER, 18, Duff
Street, East India Road, Poplar, E.

GARDENER (Wobking).— Age 35, married,
no family; nineteen years' good practical experience,
Inside and Out : Early and Lite Forcing Fruits Flowers, and
Vegetables. Good references. — BARKER, 4, Delemere
Cre.-cent, West-bourne Square, London, W.

GARDENER (Second), Inside and Out, where
three or four are kept. — .Age 23, single; nine years'
experience. Good leferences. — W. flf. 30, Pope Road, Bromley,
K-ut.

GARDENER (Second, or good Single-
HiNDED), or where help is given. — Age 30; t-ixteen
years' experience in Vines, Melons, Cucumbers, Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. G«-0d
character from present and previous employers. — A. W.
MEECH, Oak Lodge, Beddingtou Lane, Mitcham.

GARDENER (Second), or JOURNEYMAN
where four or more are kept. — Agp 22 ; single. Excel-
lent: character for ability and conduct.— J. GAY, 77, Wellfield
Road, Streatham.

GARDENER (Second, or good Under). —
Age 23; .-even years' experience. Inside and Out. Good
references from last employers.— C B., 33, Parkfield Road,
Willesden Green, N.W.

GARDENER and BAILIFF (Working).—
Scotch, middle aged, married (one child at home).
Abstainers. Experienced in North and South of England.
Goud references.— W.S.CAMPBELL, Porters, Shecley, Herts.

GARDENER; married, two children,
youngest 7 years.— Mr. CuKLIFFE is anxious to find a
situation for Ids late father's Gardener. Highest character.
R. CUNL1FFE, Esq., Stoneleigh, Tunbridge We.ls.

GARDENER. — Married, no encumbrance ;
strong, persevering young man ; seventeen years' experi-
ence in all branches. Good character. — J. S., 34, Queen's
Cottages, Sandycombe Road, Richmond, Surrey.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 20; four years'
experience. Good character. Buiiiy preferred. — H. COE,
10, Morley Road, Charlton, Kent.

GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.—
Age2i; can have good character. — A. B., Green Lane,
Great Stanmore, Middlesex.

GROWER. — Age 32, married. Carnations (a
specialty ), Poiusettias, Pelargoniums, and general
Nursery Work. Five years* good character. Leaving through
expiration of lease. — T. H., 57, Stanly Gardens, 'ihe Vale,
Acton, W.

To Nurserymen.

GROWER, FOREMAN, or FLORIST.—
Age 25. Nine years' nursery experience. Wreaths,
Bouquets, Decorations, general Propagation, ani Growing;
Sales, &.C.— H. ALCOCK, Gateacre. Liverpool.

To Kose and Fruit Tree Growers.

PROPAGATOR (Foreman), and GROWER,
under Glass and Outdoors.— Wanted, by a person of
; bility and practical experience extending over many years, and
attended by great success, an engagement as above. Has a
tborough knowledge of every department in Nursery Stock,
m Luagement of men, and of first-class education. The highest
testimonials and re erences, — W. Y., Mr. Thompson, Post
Office, Buntingford.

PROl'AiiAToll and MARKET GROWER.
— Choice Fruit, Mushrooms Roses, Lily-of- Valley, Fern-,
Chryi-antheniums, Carnations, Double Primulas, Bouvardiia,
and all Howe ing- plants for Cut Bloom and Trade. Covent
Garden experience. Good Salesman, — A. B., Mr. Adcock's,
Book-eller, Chichester.

PROPAGATOR. — Roses, Rhododendrons,
Conifers, CI mat-is, and other Climbing Plants, Bedding
and General Nursery Stuff. Twenty years' experience.—
A. B., 65, Natal Koad, Streatham. S W.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 2b";
all Market Plants. Fern-, Vines, TomatOS, Cucumbers,
&c. — H., Gardeners' Chronicle Oltice, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, or MANAGER of Branch
Establishment. — Age 27; thirteen years' experience in
the Trade. Good references. Practical, energetic, and steady.
— E. B., Dysnrt Coffee House. ILini, Surrey.

FOREMAN, in the Houses, or otheiwise. —
Age 37; twelve jears'good experience. Inside and Out.
Two places pre- iously as Foreman. Good testimonials. — J. H.,
26, Salisbury Road, Highgate Hill, N.

FOREMAN, or SECOND, Inside, wishes
situation now or at term.— Age 24 ; nine years' expe-
rience. Total abstainer.— W. S. C, The Gardens, Broomneld,
Davidson Mains, Midlothian.

FOREMAN, in good establishment. — Mr.
ALEX. KIRK, Norwood Gardens, Alloa, N.B., can with

confidence recommend his Foreman as above. — JOHN SHAW,
The Gardens, Nurwuod, Alloa, N.B.

FOREMAN, Inside, or General, in a tirst-
clasj Garden. — Age *o; Highest references as to ability
and character. — H. SMITH, Gardensr*' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

FOREMAN. — Age 26; eleven years' experi-
ence. Good references. — H. D., Beech House, Sher-
wood Rise, Nottingham.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN or MANAGER.— Thirteen years'
experience in Palms. Dracienas, Euchari-, Gardenias,
Ferns, and Roses; also general Sofc-wuoded Plant--, ami Forcing.
Good references from leading English and Continental Jrirms.
— S., -■"', ArgyleRoad, Gursion. Liverpool.

FOREMAN, in large establishment; age 28. —
Mr. Friend, gardeuer to the Hon. P. C. Glyu, Rooks-
nest, God-tone, Surrey, cm confidently recommt-nd his late
Foreman to any Gardener requiring a thoroughly practical and
deserving man ; fourteen years* experience.

F OK EM AN (Inside).— Age 26. Well
acquainted with Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Early and
Late Forcing. Ten years' experience under Glass.— PALMS,
Chidham, near Emi worth, Hants.

FOREMAN, in a good Establishment. —
Age 2t5 ; thoroughly understands the Management of
Kitchen and Flower Garden, Early and Late Forcing, Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, and good Decorator. Characters will
bear strict investigation. — J. DEAN, Lower Eaton, Hereford.

FOREMAN (General), under Glass —
J. Morton, now retiring from the services of the Liver-
pool Horticultural Co., where he has been in the above capa-
city for four and a half years, would like to meet with a
similar appointment. Satisfactory references.— 31, Argyle
Road, Garston.

FOREMAN (FRUIT, PL ANT, or GENERA L),
in good establishment. -Age 24. First-class references.
—Please state jarticulars. to G. W. WEST, Brentry Hill,
Wes burv-on-Trvm, B-istol.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses in good
establishment. — Age 21 ; 'evei years' experience. Can
be well lecommended.— W. VALENTINE, West End, Es-.endon,
H afield, Herts.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 10;
Five years' experience in Foreign and English Nurseries.
Good references.— H. D., German Home, 90, Lehman Street.

J~ OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 2-1;
seven years' experience, Good character. — F. RUSH,
21, Acton Street, Gray's Inn Road, W.C.

JOURNEYMAN (Second), under good Fore-
man. — Age 20; four and a half years' experience. Good
character. — H. HACK WELL, The Hoo Garuens, Welwjn,
Berts.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— F. Kirby,
The Gardens, landthorp House, Wennington Rain hum,
E^sex, wishes to recommend a young man as above. Has been
with him one year and six months. Address as above.

J~~ OURNEYMAN (Second), in the Houses.—
Has had fair knowledge of both Inside and Out. Two
years' good character.— C. HILLS, Post Office, Crawley Down ,

Susses.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out; age 23.—
Mr. G. Harding, Head Gardeuer, Marndiff Court Gar-
dens, Abergaveuny, wishes highly to recommend W. Beale,
who has been here two years aud a half years _Iuside, giving
every satisfaction, Bothy preferred.

IMPROVE R.— A strong, willing Youth,
age 18, in a good Garden. Three years in present
situation. Good character. — T. MERRiTr, Hermitage,
Newbury.

TMPROVER or SECOND, under Glass.—

A Age 22 ; eight years' experience. Good characters. —
R. B., I'he Lodge, Blackstouts, Rechill Common, Surrey.

IMPROVER. — Age 18; two years' experience.
Leaving through family going away. — The GaRDEinER,
Shrub. ands, Lexden, Colchester, Essex.

TMPROVER, in the Houses, — Age 21; six

■A. years' good character. Would pay a moderate premium.
Bothy preferred. — H. MORGAN, Horricger, near Bury St.
Edmunds.

'TO UARDENEKS.— Situation wanted, by a

JL young Man (age 20) in gojd Garden. Experience In-
side and Out. Four years' good character from present
Bituation.— A, J., Mrs. Hudson, Crown Road, Suttou, burrey.

rro GARDENERS, &c— Situations wanted by

-I- two ycung men (age 21j, as Odd Men, in the Garden;
in the same place preterred. — C. RHODES, Oak Cottage,
Diceland Road, Banstead, Surrey.

rPO GARDEJSERS, &c— Situation wanted,

JL in a Gentleman's Garden preferred. Good references.
Age 20. Willing to mike himself useful. Abstainer. — Dix
Cottage, East Sheen Lodge, Sheen Surrey.

T~RAVELLER or SHOPMAN. — Age 36,
married ; twenty-three years' experience in all branches.
Character will bear the strictest investigation. Advertiser
has taken the journeys in Manchester district for the past nine
years amongst the Market Growers.— G. F. SHAW, li. Mode
Wheel Road, Weaste, Manchester.

Nursery, Seed, and Fruit Trade.

MANAGER or SHOPMAN, with view to
Partnership or Purchase. Advertiser, being practical,
experienced, aud energetic, desires situation as above. Refer-
ences, first chv>s.— WM. PARKE, 26, Hesketh Street. South port.

^jANAGER, or" SHOPMAN (Head).—
A Age 29 ; thorough practical knowledge of the Nursery,
Plant, Seeds, Bulbs, Sundries, and Cut Flower Trade, and a
first-class Maker- up. Many years' London experience. Would
go abroad, or Travel.— Particulars to H. T., 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

MANAGER, or SHOPMAN.- Age 28; ex-
perieuced in all branches of the Trade, including
Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays. Plants, Bulbs, Book-keepiag, &e.
Excellent references.— EUCHARIS, 93, Acre Lane, Bnxtun.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of SeeJ, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, Eist Grinstead, Sussex.

CHOPMAN, or ASSISTANT. — Age 24;

O thorough knowledge of Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, and Cut
Flowers. Can make up Wreaths, Sprays, &:. Excellent
references— C, Hyde House, Acton, W.

^HOPMAN or ASSISTANT.— Age 24;

O thorough knowledge of Seed Trade; nine years' expe-
rience ; four years present situation. — J. H., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

T ODGE- KEEPER or CARETAKER.—

JLi Situation wanted as above by a man and wife. — Age 35,
no family. Man to work in a garden and make himself useful.
Woman willing to assist in the housework. Well recommended
byE. GIBBS, Eythrope, Aylesbury, Bucks.

HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS
need only a single trial to make known their capabili-
ties. No outside sore or inward inflammation can long with-
stand the cooling, purifying, and healing influences exerted
by these twin Medicaments. Be the mischief recent or chronic,
great or slight, painful or simply annoying, it will succumb
before the curative virtues of these noble remedies, vhich can
be rightly applied by any person who will attentive y read
their accompanying directions, which are prnpouiided'in the
plainest language, void of technical term*, and printed in the
most legible characters.. To the man of business, cm fined to
his counting-house, and harassed by engagements, these Pills
are invaluable; for the man of pleasure, addicted to free
living, they are peerless.

356

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[September 19, 1891.

CRISPDM ALEXAND

BEST (PADRO) VARIETY.

OUILLERMO KALBREYER begs to offer the above well-known and justly-prized Orchid at the

following prices, free on board of Royal Mail Company's steamers, at Savanilla :— £40 per 1000 good and healthy pieces.

G. K. also can supply : — ■

CATTLEYA TRIAN^l £8 per case.

SCHRCEDERII, £10 per case.

Each case contains about sixty good and strong pieces.

ODONTOGLOSSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM,

CUSPIDATUM PLATIGLOSSUM,

£36 per 1000.

The plants are packed with the greatest care and best method, but under no circumstance will G. K. hold himself responsible for the state of plants
on their arrival in Europe. Conditions .—All Consignments are shipped entirely at Buyer's risk and expense from port of shipment. Plants ordered
must be paid for on receipt of bill of lading to Messrs. ROESING BROTHERS and CO., 10, Basinghall Street, London, E.C., who will then give
orders for forwarding the consignment to the Purchaser.

The best time for dispatching Orchids from here are the months— December to April, and July to October.

Address : — G. KA.LBREYER, La Flora, Bogota, Republica de Colombia.

Telegram Address :— FLOHA, BOGOTA.

ORCHID HOUSES— AS THEY SHOULD BE.

J n vv EEaCS 06 C\_J« give their special attention to the proper construction of Houses,
in which to produce these beautiful flowers, and use only the latest improvements in Ventilation, Heating, and
Forms of Stages. The drip of condensation from the roof-bars is successfully provided against.

PLANS AND ESTATES FREE ON APPLICATION, also latest edition of ceneral book of designs.
J. WEEKS & CO., F.R.H.S.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, WARMING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS,

CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

ROGHFORD HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER.

Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.

Can be erected by unskilled labour in a feiv hours. No Caulking
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdown.

PATTERN No. I.

Heating-power in
furnace, S water-bars

4-ineh pipe.
1.200 feet
l.tiUO feet
2.000 feet

£ «.

13 12
15 2
17 8

SECTION OF JOINT.

Bolting together with India-rubber King Joints.

Length,
feet fl inch, long
IS, „ ' „ „ " 6feet 6 inch, long

C, ,, ,, ,, 9 feet 6 inch, long

Discount to the Trade.

Above Prices include all Castings, Bolts and Washers, Furnace-door fitted to front
Casting, and India-rubber Joint Rings,

Largest Stock of Hot-water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, in the Trade
IlluArated CATALOGUE free on Application to—

65a, SOUTHWARK ST.,
LONDON, S.E.,

IRONFOUNDERS, ENGINEERS, BOILER-MAKERS, &c.

GHAS. P. KINNELL & GO.,'

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Coveut Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew. & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, September 19, 1691. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

Established

No. 248.— Vol. X.

f Third
\ Series,

'.}

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBEE 26, 1891.

Eegt. as a Newspaper. /PRICE 3d.

WITH SUPPLEMENT. [ PoST-FHEE, 3£d.

CONTENTS.

Anemones, Japanese ...
Books —
Annual Report of Bo-
tanical Department,

Hong-Kong

Botanical Magazine ...
Handbook of Destruc-
tive Insects of Vic-
toria...

Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society

Cattleya labiata

,, ,, sale of

Churchtown Gardens ...

Conifer Congress.

County Councils and
Technical instruction .
Cupressus arizonica
Dionoea niuscipula, move-
ments, secretion, and
structure

368

364

Dogwood, new varie-
gated

Flower garden

Fruit garden, hardy

Fruits under glass

Kitchen garden

Mushrooms

Orchid-houses

Plants under glass

Roridula dentata

Salt, influence of

Societies : —

Royal Caledonian
Royal Horticultural ...
Royal Horticultural of

Ireland

Stowmarket

Stock-taking: August...

Town fog

Vegetables at Glenhurst

Wellesley, Massachusetts

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Drosera, glands of

Droseras. group of

Pinguicula grandiflora

Roridula dentata.

Pavilion Wellesley, Massachusetts (see Supplement).

363
369
369
368
368
368
369
3ti9
366
371

376
376

371
376
372
373
374
-■(71

364
3d5

373
367

Now Ready i in Cloth, lis. 6d.t " The Gardeners'
Chronicle" Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publishes,, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W. C.

" Paxtoris Calendar" New Edition, "The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, 3|rf. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London i W.C.

JUDGES and COMMITTEE of the INTER-
NATIONAL SHOW, in connection with the ROYAL
CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — PHOTO-
GRAPHS of the above GROUP, taken in Waverley Market,
Edinburgh, on opening day of Show, to be had from
W. K. MUNKO, 16, Pitt Street. Edinburgh.
Price, 4s. each copy ; Packing and Postage, Is. extra.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. McARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALT Y.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s, per 100. Order
earlv of—

WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 25s. per 1000, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. GELL, St. Lawrence. Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

DOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
best HYACINTHS, TULIPS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
PANSIES, VIOLAS, &c, can be had post-free on application.
Everyone interested in any of the foregoing is invited to send
for a copy.— DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland-

DOUBLE WHITE PRIMULAS, in 3-inch
pots, ready for 48's.— 5s. per dozen, 35s. per 100; in 48'9
ready for 32's, 12s. per dozen. Free on rails.

G. BENNETT, Florist, Hanwell.

FOR SALE, 8 very Large White AZALEAS,
INDICA ALBA. No reasonable offer refused.
W. DAVEY, Church Road Nurseries, Beiley Heath.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Lilies, &c.

CG. VAN TUBERGEN, Jun., Haarlem,
• Holland. Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and
may be had free on application to —

Messrs. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars, E.C.

N.B. — Many new, rare, and interesting plants and bulbs will
be found in this Catalogue.

HE CREAM of all STRAWBERRIES will

be found in the Four Varieties named s —
RUSKIN, for Forcing Early, in pots, 25s. per 100.
BRITISH QUEEN, for Forcing Late, in pots, 15s. per 100.
LATEST OF ALL, LAXTON'S. Runners, 15s. per 100.
OXONIAN, a Topper, 6s. per 100.

Plants Guaranteed best in the Trade.

R. GILBERT. High Park, Stamford.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S IMPROVED
• MUSHROOM SPAWN for Outdoor and Indoor
Culture. Per bushel, 5s.; per cake, 6<f. Per cake, free by
Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London , N.

NOW READY for TRADE.— 3000 AZALEA
INDICA. Deutsche Pearl, Bernard, Andrea, alba, and
other varieties, strong plants with buds: 5000 SPiREA
AUREA RETICULATA.

JULES DE COCK, Nurseryman, Ghent (Belgium).

ROSES in POTS for Sale— Room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Spruut, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Souvenir
d'un Ami, Marie Van Houtte, and Marechal Niels. Grand
stuff, in 12 and 16-pots. Price, from £5 per 1UO.

GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Durants Nursery, Ponders
End, Middlesex.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6(f.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Autumn Catalogues.

CHARLES TURNER'S Descriptive Priced
LIST of DUTCH and other BULBS is now ready.
Also new CATALOGUE of ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
SHRUBS, and CONIFERS. Both sent free on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

FLORAL COMMISSION AGENCY.— W.
CALE receives on Commission all kinds of choice
flowers and Fruit. Boxes and Labels supplied.— 10, Burleigh
Street, Strand, and 93, Flower Market, Covent Garden., W.C.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

SUTTON'S BULBS.— The FINEST of the
SEASON.— "The Bulbs you sent to Beach Mount have
been splendid— the best I have had for years." Mr. D. A.
Marsh, gardener to R. Neil, Esq.

BUTTON'S HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

KJ NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, and other spring
ilowering bulbs, are now ready for delivery. For full parti-
culars, see Sutton's Bulb Catalogue.

COTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct

KJ from SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Bulb orders value 5s. and upwards, carriage free.

Dutch Flower Roots. Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON'S
CATALOGUE, specifies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post free.
HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots, 40s. to 80s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 15s. to 2ls. per 100.
HYACINTHS, White. Red, and Blue, niiied shades, 12s. per 1U0.
TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 5s. per 101).
CROCUS, by name, and mixed shades. Is. id. to 3s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, LILIUiMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS, FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

IfERNS.— 7000 Polypodiums, in small 60's,

X. extra strong, tit for potting into 48's, 15s. per 100, £1 per
1000. Packing free. Cash with Order.

B. PRIMROSE. Blackheath Nursery, St. John's Park,
Blackheatb.

OVEL'S YORlv ??sar,tE STRAWBERRIES.

flowers

ANTED, 250 CUTTINGS of GERANIUM

MRS. MAPPIN, or other Silver-leaved, with white

F., Box 30, Post Office, Hull.

-Strong, healthy, a,, well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 3s. per 100, carriage
paid ; 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen, id. LIST free.
W. LOVEL AND SON, Driffield.

NOBLE STRAWBERRY.—
Thousands of rooted runners.
VICTORIA PLUM.— Thousands of stout Standards.
CHERRIES, in variety.— Fine Standards and Dwarf Maidens.
PEARS, in variety. — Maidens on Pear and Quince.

WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex.

Bulbs In Perfection, from Holland.

HC. HARTEVELT, Bulb Grower, at
• Lisse, near Haarlem, Holland, SUPPLIES PRIVATE
CUSTOMERS with the very best quality of BULBS. CATA-
LOGUES on application. Orders lor £i and over, freight paid
to nearest English seaport.

STRAWBERRIES.— Laxton's "Noble," King
of Strawberries; Scarlet Queen and White Knight, best
new, certificated Fruit Conference, high quality ; Commander,
Crescent, King of Earlies, J. Ruskin, A. Nicaise, V i com t esse,
Captain, Carainal, Competitor, Countess, Lucas, Aberdeen
Favourite, Bothwell Bank, Stirling Castle, Paxton, President,
J. Veitch, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, Albert (tine, new, late},
Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo, Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and
150 best sorts, true to name. Lists free.

T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

NOW READY, Blush Souvenir de la Malniai-
son CARNATION LAYERS, strong, well-rooted stuff,
Js. Qd. per doz. ; postage and packing free. Cash with order.
E. S. NIGHTINGALE, Rohais. Guernsey.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 25s. per HOO, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, L-le of Wight.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms 1 !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA
COCOS, PHffiNLX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLAJNT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

358

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembee 26, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers

CTIOV ROOMS and ESTATE OFFICES. 67 and 6S, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FHEE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs-Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY. TUESDAV. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, *7 and 63, Cheapside.
London, E.C FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'Clnck each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-cla=s
HYACINTHS, TULIPS. CROCUS. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Hammersmith. W.

DISSOLU1ION of PARTNERSHIP.

ABSOLUTE SALE, without re>erve. LEASE, STOCK, and

UTENblLS iu TRADE.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Peacock
Nursery. Great Church Lane, Hammersmith, on MONDAY.
September 28. at 12 o'clock (unless previously sold by private
contract), the BENEFICIAL INTEREST in the LEASE of
the NURSERY, with 17 GREENHOUSES, and several PITS.

Immediately following the Sale of the Lease, the whole of
the Stock will be offered in suitable lots, comprising
1000 PALMS. 1400 CHRYSANTHEMUMS, 160 AZALEAS,
500 BEGONIAS, 7u0 LILIES of sorts, 3000 FERNS, 10,000 GLA-
DIOLUS The Bride, ICELAND POPHIES, several 2-light
FRAMES, POTS, WATER-CANS, MUSHROOM BEDS, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
had on the Premises, of Me,srs. MEAK1N AND SON, 6, Martins
Lane. Cannon Street, E.C, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and
63, Cheapside, E.C.

Friday Next.

2000 OLD LABIATAS.

THE TRUE OLD AUTUMV-FLOWERTNG CATTLEYA
LABIATA.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. F. Sander to SELL by AUCTION, at
their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 63, Cheapside, London, E.C,
on FRIDAY NEXT, October 'i. at half-past 12 o'clock, a mag-
nificent importation of the TRUE OLD AUTUMN FLOWER-
ING CATTLEYi LA-ilATA.

The whole importation is offered, and the plants are in
magnificent order and cmdition, ; from 4 to 6 flower-seats can
be seen on the old spikes, many of which are of enormous size
and thickness.

ALL THE PLANTS ARE GUARANTEED TRUE.
The genus Cattleya was founded upon the species we now
offer. Dr. Liudley first described it from Swainson's plant,
introduced in the year 1818, and named it in honour of W.
Cattley. Esq., of Barnet. This-u'n~|| now re-discovered and
re-introduced, is absolutely ' \fl CATTLEYA LABIATA
AUTUMNALIS VERA from Swainson's original hunting-
ground.

CATTLEYA LABIATA, TRUE,
the queen of Cattleyas, and the finest of the genus.

Cattleya labiata was discovered by W. Swainson in 1817,
and since that year several small consignments have arrived in
Europe; but in about 1830, Mr. Hor^fall.of Li verpool, received
some through a captain of one of his ships. Again, in about
184n, some plants came to Europe, and in 18S2, Mr. Bartlett,
of the Zoological Gardens. London, received a small consignment,
and he disposed of it to Mr. K. S. Williams, of Upper Holloway ;
and two years ago a gentleman in Paris received a small
importation. Now, however, we have succeeded in securing
the enormous quantity above offered, and the whole in grand
health ; and such a consignment as offered to-day to the public
could never have been thought of years ago, and our collectors
had to employ more than a hundred men iu order to get the
plants together, fearing the rainy and growing season would
set in. For trade growers, an opportunity like I he present to
purchase this Cattleya is specially opportune, as all the plants
are in splendid order. The old labiata is a free-growing
Cattleya, and makes rapid growth, and is unequalled for cut-
flower purposes and grandeur of variety as a selling plant.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT, October 2,
the following valuable Orchids : —

VANDA SANDERIANA, splendid plant, in bud.

SOBRALIA LEUCOXANTHA, splendid plant.

CYPRIPEDIUM NITIDISSIMUM, finer than GRANDE.
First-clas3 Certificate. Splendid specimen.

L.EL1A ARNOLDIANA, a grand hybrid, which gained the
Gold Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society.

ODONTOGLOSSUM HOR3MANNIANUM, Reich, and Rolfe,
very fine plaut, and unique.

ODONTOGLOSSUM HYBRIDUM LOXDINESSE, shown at
last Temple show.

VANDA ROBERTSIANA, new. Will shortly be described.

DENDROBIUM CASSIOPE, fine hybrid between D. nobile albi-
norum and japonicum.

Also many popular and useful Brazilian Orchids
. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Seedling Cypripediums.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT, October 2—
Nearly 100 SEEDLING CYPRIPEDIUMS, raised by the late
Mr. F Horx, of Dresden. The plants are from 1 to 3 years
old, and in hne health.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Derby. „

TWO DAYS' UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of STOVE
and GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
the Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby, about a mile from the Midland
Railway Station, on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, Sep-
tember 29 and 30, at 12 o'clock precisely each day, Without
Reserve, the whole of the STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, comprising 2000 Aralias, large specimen Roses,
250 large Camellias and Azaleas, suitable for cut flower; 400
Camellias, 2 to 4 feet; specimen Orchids, suitable for cut
flower; specimen Palms and Greenhouse Rhododendrons,
Lapagerias, 200 Palms, of sorts ; 1500 choice Ivies, 4000
Maidenhair Ferns, 6000 Narcissus, and quantiiies of other
Stock. Also brown HORSE, two Spring MarKet VANS, two
Spring DRAY'S. GARDE* ROLLER, LAWN MOWERS, and
a quantity of GLASS and useful Sundries.

May be viewed three d tys prior to the Sale. Catalogues
had of Mr. COOLING, on the Premises; and of the Auc-
tioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. E.C

N.B.— The Sale of the Outdoor NURSERY STOCK will take
place on the Premises in October next.

Bagshot.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRTS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the celebrated
Bagshot Nurseries, Bagshot. Surrey, close to Bagshot Station,
on WEDNESDAY, September 30, and two following du\s. at
12 o'clock each day, without reserve, several acres of NUR-
SERY STOCK, grown to the greatest perfection, and exceedingly
well-rooted, comprising a variety of Conifers, splendid speci-
mens, 4 to 7 ft., particularly adapted for effective planting;
well-coloured Golden Retinosporas; very fine specimen Gold
and Silver Variegated Hollies, 4 to 6 ft. ; finely-grown ex-
amples of Waterer's Holly ; Standards and Pyramids fine single
specimens; 1000 Green Hollies, 3 to 5 ft. ; very tine English
Yews. 2£ to 3 ft.; 20 "'0 named Rhododendrons, 2 to 2J ft.,
bushy plants of the best and newest kinds; Ponticum Rhodo-
dendrons in quantity; 3000 Spruce Firs, 2£ to 4 ft., and a
quantity of larger plants adapted for Christmas Trees ; 5000
Standard Ornamental Trees, 8 to 12 ft. ; Purple Beech and
Limes, 10 to 12 ft.; thousands of Flowering Shrubs; and other
Stock.

Purchasers -will be allowed until December 31, 1891, for the
removal of their lots.

May now be viewed. Catalogues can be obtained on the
Premises, or on application to the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E.C.

The Cnilwell Nurseries, Cnilwell, Notts.

Three-quarters of a mile from Beeston Railway Station,
Midland Railway.

IMPORTANT SALE of EVERGREENS. CONIFERS, &c,
growing upon two branch nurseries which are required for
building purposes by order of Messrs. J. R. Pear.-ou & Sons,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises as
above on THURSDAY. October 1st, at 1 o'clock precisely, 1,000
specimen GOLDEN YEWS, a fine collection of Green and
Variegated HOLLIES, 900 Bushy AUCUBAS, specimen and
half-specimen RHODODENDRONS, of the finest named varie-
ties, thousands of SMALL SHRUBS for potting or growing on,
300 YUCCA FILAMENTA VARIEGATA. the largest number
of this scarce plant ever offered, 4,000 LAURELS of sorts,
1.200 CUPRESSUS, including 400 C. ARGENTEA. perfect
specimen Standard and Dwarf ROSES, Standard THORNS and
other Stock.

This Sale is especially worthy of attention owing to the
high-class character of the Stock, all of which has been
recently transplanted and grown with plenty of room.

The Golden Yews and Yuccas, for which the Nurseries have
long been famous, are the finest lot ever offered by Public
Auction.

May be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues
obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, Cheapside.

Enfield Highway.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE, by order of Mr. George
Perry, Jun., who is relinquishing business.

VTESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1t_L SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises. 2, Bedford Road,
Green Street, Enfield Highway, N., eight minutes' walk from
Brinsdown Station, G.E.R.. on TUESDAY', October 6 at
12 o'Clock, 18,000 HERBACEOUS PLANTS in grand assort-
ment; 12.000 PANSIES, all of the choicest named kinds; 20,000
CARNATIONS (ll.OuO in pots), comprising Germania, Mrs.
Reynolds Hole, Mrs. Frank Watts, Mrs. Wardle Braggart,
Mr. G. Perrv, Florence Perry, and others; also a large
number of choice Seedlings, 10, '00 PINKS, 4000 VERONIClS,
6000 ROSES, on own Roots; 600 AUCUBAS and BOX, Erection
of Shed, &c. Six weeks will be allnwed for remnval of Roses.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Walham Green.

CLEARANCE SALE of GKcESHOUSE LIGHTS, PIPING
and STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, The Nursery,
Farm Lane, Walham Green, on WEDNESDAY, October 7, at
12 o'Clock, by Older of Mr. W. Brewin, without the least
reserve, 30T0 FERNS, 1000 CHRYSANTHEMUMS FICUS
REPENS, BEGONIAS, 20,000 GOLDEN and GREEN EUONY'-
MUS, the erections of eleven GREENHOUSES, HOT-WATER
PIPING. BOILERS, 250 PIT LIGHTS, and FRAMES, SHEDS,
MARKET VAN, and other items.

On view two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the
Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Sunnlngdale, Berks.

ANNUAL SALE, without Ke3erve.— SIX DAYS' ABSOLUTE
CLEARANCE SALE of several acres of beautifully-grown
and thriving young NURSERY STOCK, carefully prepared
for removal ; by order of Mr. Charles Noble.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, The Nurseries,
Sunningdale, close to Sunningdale Station, on MONDAY,
October 5. and five following days, st 12 o Clock precisely each
day; a splendid lot of Standard and Bu-h Rhododendrons, of
the best kinds, many of them ex'ra fine specimens for which
these Nurseries are so famed ; good bushy Ponticum Rhodo-
dendrons, 1 to 2£ feet; Flowering Shrubs, in great variety.
Many thousands of Conifers, 3 to 8 feet, consisting of Cupressus,
Thujas, and Mjopsis, specially adapted for hedges or borders; a
large assortment of specimen Trees and Shrubs, including
Golded Retino>pores, variegated Hollies, Abies, and others for
effective planting. 10,0 Ooval-leav-d Privet; a large quantity
of Mahonia Aquifolia, Hardy Heaths, Ivies; a tine collection
of Standard and Pyramid Apples, Damsons, Pyramid Peais,
Gooseberries and currants o£ the most approved kinds ; Cob
Nuts, and other Slock.

Luncheon will be provided for intending purchasers, and
arrangements can be made with Mr. Noble to lift and forward
lot~ to all parts of the Kingdom at the mere cost of labour in-
curred and material used.

The Stock may now be viewed. Catalogues can be obtained
on the Premi°es, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 6S, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Isleworth.

ANNUAL SALE of YOUNG NURSERY STOCK,
grown specially for the Trade.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are instructed by Messrs. C. Lee & Son to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, the Wood Lane Nursery, Isle-
worth, on THURSDAY, October 8, thousands of young
CONIFERS, for growing on, and other Stock.

Catalogues of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Leyton. E. By Order of the Mortgagee.

The VALUABLE LEASE of the NURSERY, 87 years
unexpired; also the ERECTIONS of SEVERAL GREEN-
HOUSES, PIPING, and BOILERS; 60H0 CHRYSANTHE-
MUMS, in 16 and 24-pots; 600 MYRTLES, large WHITE
AZALEAS. MAIDENHAIR FERNS, TUBEROSES,
TULIPS, and other STOCK; VAN, BARROWS, and
TOOLS, in suitable lots.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL the above by AUCTION, on the
Premises, the Nursery, Beaumont, Road, Leyton (between
Leyton and Hoe Street Stations, G.E.Ry.), on THURSDAY,
Octobers, at 12 o'clock.

May be viewed. Catalogues had of Mr. HART, on the
premises; of Messrs. W. H. SMITH AND SON, Solicitors,
Gre-diam House, Old' Broad Street, E.C; and of the Auc-
tioneers, 67 and 6S. Cheapside, E.C, and Leytonstone, E.

WoWng.
UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT SIX DAYS' SALE of excep-
tionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK, in the finest
possible condition for transplanting, and embracing the
most important lot of stock offered for Auction for many
years, the quality of which is unsurpassed in the Trade.
GREAT UNRESERVED SALE by order of the Trustees of the
late Mr. George Jackmau.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Woking
Nurseries, Woking, Surrey, on MONDAY, October 12, and
FIVE FOLLOWING DAYS, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day,
several acres of unmuaUy well-grown NURSERY STOCK,
comprising 10,000 Conifers, 3 to 7 feet; thousands of smaller
Evergreens and Conifers; 1500 Picea Nordmanniar.a and
Pinsapo; 4000 Box, in variety, 1 to 4 feet; 1000 Araucaria
imbricata, 1 to 3 feet ; 3000 Aucubas, in variety, 1 to 4 feet ;
3000 Laurels of sorts, 2 to 5 feet; 2000 English and Golden
Yews, 2 to 7 feet; 1000 Gold. Silver, and Green Hollie-t; 5000
deciduous Flowering Shrubs ; 5000 named Rhododendrons, 1 to
3 feet; 2000 Limes. 5 to 10 feet; 100'J Purple Beech. 6 to
10 feet ; 1000 Maples, in variety, 7 to 10 feet ; Forest Trees in
great quantities; 60,000 common Ash, 2 to 5 feet; 50.000
Quick, 1 to 2 feet; 10,000 English ntid Turkey Oaks. 2 to
5 feet ; 6000 English Laurels, 3 to 5 feet ; a splendid collection
of Ornamental Trees for park and avenue planting, 10 to
20 feet ; 5000 Standard and Feathered Plums ; Damsons,
Quinces, &c. ; 2000 Standard and Feathered Flowering
Aimonds, Peaches, and other Stock.

Goods can be transmitted from Woking Railway Station to
all parts without change of truck.

An inspection will well repay a visit by those contemplating
planting during the season.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside, E.C.

Windlesham Nurseries, Bagsliot, Surrey.

GREAT ANNUAL SALE of the exceedingly well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, carefully prepared for removal, and
lotted to suit the Trade and large Buyers, by order of
Mr. Richard Mason, whose reputation as a Grower of
Nursery t-tock is so well-known,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRTS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Windlesham Nurseries,
Bagshot, Surrey, twenty minutes' walk from Bagshot, and
2£ miles from Sunningdale, Stations, on MONDAY, October 19,
and three following days, at 12 o Clock precisely each day,
several Acres of exceptionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK.
May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 aod 68, Cheapside, E.C.

September 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENIAS' CHRONICLE.

359

Wednesday Next. -

AZALEAS, and OTHER l-LAMa frcm TtELGILM.

MESSRS. PKOTHEKOE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE of BULBS, on WtDNESDAY
NEXT, a consignment of AZALEAS, PALMS, and other
PLANTS, from BELGIUM.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

~~ Tunbridge Wells.

About 1J miles from the South Eastern Railway Station,

and 1 mile from Southborough.

IMPORTANT to GENTLEMEN, BUILDERS, and OTHERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. John Charlton to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, The High Brooms Nurseries, Tun! ridge Wells,
on FRIDAY, October 9. at 12 o'clock precisely, a quantity of
thriving and well-grown NURSERY STOCK, including a great
assortment of Conifeiai and Evergreen Shrubs. 2000 American
Arbor Vitre, suitable for hedges; 750 Thuja Lobbii, 600
Cupressus Lawsonii, various sizes; 500 Laurels of sorts, 500
Standard and Dwarf Roses of the leading kinds, 900 choice
Herbaceous Plants, in best named kinds ; Flowering Shrubs,
Hard; Climbers, Red and Black Carrants, &c, specially lotted
to suit privaie buyers.

May be viewed anv day prior to Sale. Catalogues may be
had on the premises' at the Seed Warehou-e, 37, Ye Pantiles,
Tunbridge Wells; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, London, EC.

Tuesday, October 13.

IMPORTANT SALE of a celebrated FRENCH COLLECTION
of ORCHIDS formed by the—
COUNT HORACE DE CHOISEUL, embracing a large
number of SPECIMEN and RARE CATTLEYAS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION at
their Rooms, 67 and 68, Ctieapside, London, EC, on TUES-
DAY. October 13, the above valuable collection of Established
Orchids.

Further Particulars will apppar in future advertisements.

Liverpool

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

By order of the executors of the late Mr. George Cunningham.

The FIRST PORIION of the extensive NURSERY STOCK,
consisting of FRUIT and FOREST TREES, EVER-
GREEN and DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS, in great variety.

MESSRS. PROIHEROE and MORRIS beg
to give notice of this IMPORTANT SALE, which is
fixed to take place on the Premises, the Oak Vale Nurseries,
Old Swan. Liverpool, on MONDAY, October 19, and THREE
FOLLOWIl^G DAYS.

The Stock may be viewed any time prior to the Sale.
Catalogues may be had on the Premises, audof the Auctioneers,

67 and 68. Cheapsuie, London. E C.

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVElNS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Gr«*at Rooms, .IS, King Street, Coven t
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY, at half past 12 o'clock pre-
cisely each day, firat-olass ron-ignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

VALUABLE IMPORTED aud ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS,
TREE FERN-J, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent
Garden on THURSDAY, October 1, at half-past 12 o'Clock
preci-ely, a valuable IMPORTATION of ORCHIDS, comprising
tine plants of Cie'ogyne speeiosa, Dendrobium macranthum,
D. Veitchianum, D. ochreatum, Calanthe veratnfolia, Cypri-
pediutn barbatum. Phaius Blumei. Vanda tricolor, V. suavia,
Angneeums, Sec, &c. Alsoagoud collection of ESTABLISHED
ORCHID-*, many in Flower; several fine TREE FERNS, just
received in splendid condition ; 10,000 LILIL'M H.vKKlsl and
L. CANDIDl'M, &C, &c.

On view morning of Sale, and catalogues had.

Valuable Collection of Established Orchids

MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions
fiom the Executors of thf late G. Neville Wyatt, Esq.,
of Lake House. Cheltenham, to SELL by AUCTION, at his
Great Rooms. 38, King - treet, Covent Garden, W.C.. on
WEDNESDAY aud THURSDAY, October 21 and 22, at half-
past 12 o'Clock precisely each dav. his highly important and
valuable COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHJDS (With-
out the least Reserve), which contains many fine things,
amongst which will be found : —
Cypripedium Mooreana Laelia Pilcheri

,, Measures, an a J Masdevallia Veitchii grandi-

„ Chantini j flora

Onoidium Ornithorhynchum | Anguloa Ruckeri sanguinea,

album grand form

Epidendrum WaLisi : Oncidium incurvum album

Batemanuia Burti Ada anrantiaca

Ceelogyne cristnta lemoniana, | Lffilia Wyattiana

splendid specimen
Cypripedium hirautissimum,

splendid specimen
Lycaste Skinnen alba, several

plants
Odoptoglos^um Rossi Amesia-
num
,, uro-Skinneri, splendid

specimen
., ramosissiraum
Cattleya labiata , autumn-
flowering variety, true
Anthununi Scherzerianum,
Lake House variety, grand
plant &c. &c, &c.

A MOST BEAUTIFUL and LARGELY-FLOWERED VANDA
C02RULEA, a UNIQUE VARIETY.
On view niomiug* of Sale, and Catalogues bad.

Cattleya Mendelii, including
many fine forms
„ Skinneri occulata
,, exoniensis
.. gigas

, , liu -vkelliana var. Dal-
liense

Vanda Kimballiana

,, Sanderiana, several
plants

Saccolabium Htathi, ex-
tremely rare

Ceelogyne cristata, Chats-
worth var.

VfESSRS. BYRON and RANGELEY are

ItX instructed by J. Burton Barrow, Esq., Ringwood Hall,
near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, to SELL bv AUCTION, on
THURSDAY", October 8, 1891, the whole of the valuable col-
lection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including
Palms, Azaleas, Camellias, Ferns, Sweet scented Bay, Tea-
scented and other Roses, Orange Tree, Rhododendrons, btepha-
notis, Chrysanthemums, and a choice collection of many other
varieties in 250 lots.

The Auctioneers beg" to call the attention of the Gentry,
NurserymeD, Amateur Gardeners, and others to this important
Sale of choice and valuable collection of plants which are
clean and healthy, and will be fold without reserve.

Catalogues can be had from the Auctioneers, 5, Low Pave-
ment, Chesterfield ; or from Mr. BOWND, at The Gardens,
Ringwood, one week previous to day of Sale.

Ringwood Hall is situated 1 mile from Stavely, and 2£ miles
from the Midland Station, Chesterfield.

Sale to commence at 12 o'Clock.

Notice.
HIGHLY' IMPORTANT FIVE DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE
of beautifully grown NURSERY STOCK, all well-rooted,
and carefully prepared for removal, and specially selected
for the Sale. By order of Messrs. Isaac Matthews & Son.

MR. JOHN OAKS, Ash, will fcELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, at the far-famed Bagnatl
Tite Oaks and Milton Nurseries, on OCTOBER 21 and FOL-
LOWING DAYS, without reserve, several Acres of NURSERY
STOCK, grown to the highest perfection. The Nurseries are
in an extremely cold situation, and all the trees are perfectly
hardy, and grown to the highest perfection. Extremely well-
rooted and well-furnished Hodgen's, Common, Maderiensis,
Silver, and Gold Hollies in variety. 200,000 Rhododendrons
various, a large quantity of all leading varieties of Conifers,
Evergreens, &c, suitable for Ornamental Planting, Parks,
Cemeteries, Pleasure Grounds, Sec. Large quantities of Thorn,
Quick, Ash, Elm, Alder. Privet, Austrian Pines, Spruce Fir,
Chestnuts, Willows. All other trees for Woods and other
plantations.

Catalogues seven days prior to Sale on application to the
Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent, Milton is the nearest
station. L. & N. W. Railway. All trains met.

WANTED to RENT, a small NURSERY,
0 Greenhouses, and half an acre of Land. Must ba
doing a good business. State full particulars. Price must be
low. — A. W, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W C.

WANTED to RENT, a SMALL NURSERY,
With DWELLING-HOUSE, all to be in good repair,
W. BRUNSWICK, 58, Quentin, Lee, S.E.

To Seed Merchants and Others.

TO BE SOLD, the HOUSE, SHOP, WARE-
HOUSE, and PREMISES lately occupied by the late
Mr. William Miller, deceased, situate at East Herriugton,
near Sundprland, and tued by him as a Seed, Grain, and
Oilcake Merchant, together with the Goodwill of the Business.
If not Sold, a suitable tenant would be accepted. Cards to
View, aud further particulars, may be obtained of WILLIAM
BELL and SONS, Solicitors, 23, Lambtou Street, Sunderland.

TO BE SOLD, the TWENTY YEARS'
LEASE of a small COMPACT NURSERY, situate in the
North of London, 8 miles from Covent Garden. The Glass
consists of 6 Greenhouses and Vineries in full profit, the largest
Vinery being 116 by 20 feet. The grounds consist of 1 .', Lcres,
the chief of which is in Orchard, the whole being a good going
concern. Low Rental Stock and Crop at Valuation.
Apply to J. W. WOODHALL, Oahleigh Road, Whetstone, N.

To Gardeners.

FOR DISPOSAL, at September Quarter, good
JOBBING BUSINESS, small, near Loudon. Good con-
nection. Greenhouse Plants, Sec, Tools requisite for carrying
on same.

For particulars apply, E. G. L., Mr. Gibson, Stationer, Rich-
mond, S.W.

TO BE SOLD, a Bargain (through a death).—
The LEASE of a capital MARKET NURiEKY.8 miles
from Covent Garden, with eleven good Glasshou-es, all
exceptionally well heated ; also 200 good Pit-lights and
Fixtures. Capital Stabling and Dwelling-house with every
convenience. Rent only £35 per annum. Price £375, or near
offer.
Apply to J. S , 2, Elm Villas, Town Road, Lower Edmonton.

ii-t —SURREY HILLS; 18 Miles. Freehold

^•A» Poultry Farm, Building, or Garden Plots. 2) feet
by 150 feet. £10 each. Deposit, £l and eighteen half-yearly
instalments of 10s. — Plans, Mr. BROUGHTON, Yatsfield,
Westerham. Sunday fare Is. 9d. return.

FOR SALE, the twelve years' LEASE of a
NURSERY (2 acres), seven Glasshouses, all heated.
Within 10 miles of Covent Garden, and close to two stations.
Apply, F. H., 5, Gladstone Villas, Fairfield Road. Edmonton.

FOR SALE, very substantial first-class
VINERY, 44 feet by 15 feet; and CUCUMBER-HOUSE,
15 feet by 11 feet, with necessary hot-water pipe, and gearing
for lights.— Apply. SMITH BROS., 28, Gold St., Northampton.

7TO FL'ORISTS.— NURSERY (Large)

X North of London, TO BE LET, or LEASE to be SOLD ;
or suitable Man with small Capital taken as MANAGING
PARTNER.

Letters to F. W., 27, Fitzroy Street, London, W.

JWEEKS and C O., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society.
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

EXHIBITIONS.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXHIBITION and CONFERENCE on

PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. MICHAELMAS DAISIES

and CONE-BEARING TREES and SHRUBS,

At CHISWICK GARDEX3,
On OCTOBER 6, 7, and 8, 1891.

Schedules and all particulars lobe obtained from the Soc iety'
Office. 117. Victoria Street. Westminster. S.W.

APPLICATIONS for SPACE to EXHIBIT to be made to Mr.
A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chis-
wick, S.W.. not later than FRIDAY, October 2.

p R Y S T A ~L PALACE

\J GREAT AUTUMN EXHIBITION of FRUIT.
OCTOBER 8 to 1U.
ENTRIES CLOSE OCTOBER 1 .
Schedules and Entry Forms post-free, on application to Mr.
W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal
Palace, S.E.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
brings experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., HerefordMiire.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers hare the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

UOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS

-T to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
Btock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Paocraa.

IP U li SALE, cheap, a handsome pair of
LATANIA PALMS, about 10 feet high; cleau and
healthy. Ptice. 7 guineas; worth 15 guinea-,.

W. CLEMENTS. Nurseryman. Church End. Finchley.

SAMUEL SMITH, Nurseryman, Slaghills

kj Nursery, near Matlock, Derbyshire, makes very liberal
Selections of 100 Sorts of ROCK PLANTS, and 100 Sorts of
BORDER PLANTS; strong, from open ground; in one plant
Of a sort, at 165. 8d. per luo ; if taken in three plants of a sort,
at 10*. 6'(. per 100. LIST, free on application.

BARGAINS in BULBS.— By Act of Parlia-
ment. Railway crossing our Gardens. Must clear.
Pheasant Eye Narcissus, 6s. per 1000 (10s. 6d. per cwt. as
lifted); Blue Scillas, 10s. ; Spanish Irises, 17s.; Bethlehem
Stars, 12s. erf. ; Aconites, 13s. 6d. ; Billorus, 12s. ; Mixed
Narcissi. 30s. All per tOOCh

D'ALCORN and CO., Spalding, Lincolnshire.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

TJANNUCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersiugham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

TERIS VICTORIES.— The best new plant of

the year, nice plants, 3s. 6d. each ; 2 for 6s. ; 6 for 15s.,
free by post. .

ASrLENIUM PTEROPUS.— New and rare, long shining
dark green fronds, beautifully recurved, a splendid market or
table Fern. Nice plants 2s. tid. each ; 2 for 4s. Post free.
Cash with order.

WILLIAM GOLBY, Ecigend Nursery, BnerBeld, near
Burnley, Lancashire. ^^^

BMALLER and SONS beg to offer to the
• Trade a very extensive and unusually well grown
Stock of ERICAS (Hyemalis and other varieties). EPAORIS.
SOLAUUMS, GENISTAS, CYCLAMEN, BOUVARDIAS of
sorts ADIANTUM CUNEATUM. and other FERNS; PALMS,
in variety GARDENIAS, STEPHANOT1S, FICUS ELASTICA,
CROTONS, GREVILLEAS, TEA ROSES (in pots), BORONIA
MEGASTIGMA, VINES (in pots), &c.

An Inspection is invited.

Trade CATALOGUES forwarded on application.

Burnt Ash Lane Nurseries, Lee, S.E.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 page9
in Fnirlish) is now readv, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on application to thei/ Agents. Messrs. MERTENS AND CO.,
3. Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill. London, E.C. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.
jr.B. No connection with any other firm of the same name.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

ORCHIDS, &c.-At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWNJ3PECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Loochristy,
# Ghent. Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of—
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crunched Friars, Loudon, E.C.

360

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 26, 1891.

TWO GRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMAT) S SMITH'S SNOW - WHITE

JACKMAN1I.— The flowers are paper-white, about the
same s.ze as those of the old purple Jackmanii but pro-
duced in even greater profusion. It is unrivalled for beds,
and also for climbing. Ready in August. 7s. 6c!. each.

PTERIS TREMTJLA SMITHIANA.—This

is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
Bhould be without it. Illustration and description free.
5s. to 10s. 6d. each.

BULBS. — The best procurable.
STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds. De-
scriptive LISTS free.
Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
planting out.

RICHARD SMITH & CO.,

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

I ! MUSHROOM SPAWN ! !

FOR THE BEST, send to

CU DIOUADnC 1, Belvedere Crescent,
. H. nluHAnUO, Lambeth, London, S E.

One out of many Testimonials :— " The 20 bushels of Spawn
I had from you for our Mushroom Farm, at Poole, has proved
very satisfactory ; in fact, the best I have ever had.— T. H.
Crasp, Canford Gardens."

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c, free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

LIUUM WALUCHIANUM SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly fine and rare Lily. The plants are
strong and healthy, in flower and bud.

Price, 5s„ 7s. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each.

Price to the Trade on application.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

EARSONc

^CHOICE **J

BULBS

^klTY UNSURPA§§Si

See Testimonials. **>»

Price Unequalled.

Every article grown by a specialist.
CARRIAGE FREE

On Orders of Ten Shillings.

J. R. PEARSON & SONS,

Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

VANDA (RENANTHERA) LOWII.

HUGH LOW & CO.

INSPECTION INVITED.
CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N E.

CURRANT TREES.

RED and BLACK, strong 2-year-old.

DUTCH RED, 10J. per 100.
RABY CASTLE RED, 10s. per 100.
NAPLES BLACK, 12s. per 100.
2s. per 100 less for quantities of 1000. Sample lots of

12 trees of either above sorts. 2s. 6d.
The above are offered free ou rail at Wisbeach, and will be
ready for removal in a few weeks. Remittance with order for
lots of under 500. Banker's or London reference for larger
quantities. When ordering, name this Paper.

MANAGER, Osborne House Fruit Farm. Wisbeach.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams— Streckeb, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1J Year).

Phice, 12s. 6d. pee 100.
SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

BULBS-BULBS-BULBS.

CHARLES SHARPE & GO.

Have just received their first Consignment of

DUTC H BULBS,

IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

Single and Double SNOWDROPS, Named
and Bedding HYACINTHS (CROCUS,
named, and in mixture), Single and Double
TULIPS, Border NAR.CISSUS, POLYAN-
THUS NARCISSUS, ROMAN HYA-
CINTHS, and all other kinds of BULBS,
at very low rates.

Wholesale and Retail CATALOGUES
on application.

Retail Orders over 10s. in value, Carriage Free.

CHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

SEED GROWERS, SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS,

SLEAFORD.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

THE
YEEY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, L1LLIES, &c.

AH thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. 397.

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DicksonSgHs Chester

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

EDINBURGH.

Our remarks in last week's, respecting our BEGONIAS and
CACTUS DAHLIAS iu the South, applies exactly now to our
exhibit at the great International Show in the North, only
with greater force, weight and effect; for there was nothing
there, or had there ever been, to approach either. It was
openly said they were the feature of the Show, and would
remain vivid on the minds of all as long as memory lasted.
But it was almost grievous— after what we have done, and are
still doing, to perfect the habit and flowers of the lovely Begonia
— to find such a quantity of inferior ones in the neighbourhood.
We ask all to " Come and See." We le.'t at home far better
ones for seeding thau those we exhibited at the two recent
Shows.

As a proof of the above, we append the following ; —

Captain W. E. MAY, Rutherford House, Penicuik.

September 10th, 1891.
Gentlemen, — Allow me to congratulate you on your magnifi-
cent display of Dahlias and Begonias at the Edinburgh Show,
which was one of the features of the Exhibition. It was
allowed by all to be the finest exhibit ever seen in the North.

J. MITCHELL, Esq., Emerald, Aberdour.

September 12th, 1891.
Sirs,— At the recent great Show in Edinburgh, I was greatly
impressed with the beauty of your Begoaias and Cactus Dahlias.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

Septembeb 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

361

ANTHONY WATERER invites an
inspection from intending Planters to the following
well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with
handsomely-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from
frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth
of the stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground.
ACACIA BESSONIANA, 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 4 inches.
ACER DASYCARPUM, 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.

„ „ WIERIILACrNIATUM.10tol4feet,girth3to5 inch.
„ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
,, RErTENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
„ SCHWEDLERII. 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.
,, WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
CERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet,

girth 4 to 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS. Horse. 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
„ „ Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
„ „ Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS, English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
.. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIMES, 12, 16. and 20 feet, girth 3 to 10 inches.

„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTITA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6

inches.
„ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUIDAMBER, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.

„ Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

,, Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet.
,, ,, Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
,. ,, White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.
BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet.

,, Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young*a Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
„ Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet.
JOPLAR, Weeping. Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantnm cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, 50s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, 6s. per dozen, 45s. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction. S.W.

TREE CARNATIONS.— Duke of Clarenoe,
new, the finest crimson-scarlet in cultivation, very large
flowers ; good plants, in 5-inofa pots, 12s. per doz. Price per
100 on application. Carnation Souv. de Labruyere, bright
Fcarlet, remarkably free in winter; bushy plants, in 5-iuch
pots. 9«. per doz. Packing free for cash.

CRANE and CLARKE, Hillside Nursery, March, Cambs.

GARDEN

BULBS, ROSES, ETC.

Never has there been such a complete Catalogue issued of
everything required for the garden as the one we are now
sending post free; neither has there ever been such a
Bplendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
fertility give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

^tmtearid &£&.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

To those about to Plant.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses,
Fruit Trees, Conifers. Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs,
Rhododendrons, Ornamental and Forest Trees. Clematis, and
other Climbing Plants, in large variety, sent free on applica-
tion to—

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area. 150 Acres.

OAA AAA BERLIN LILY OF THE

^UU^UVV VALLEY CROWNS, strong and well-
rooted, of own growth, and able to bloom, are for Sale this
year by the undersigned. Price, per 1000, free on board, at
Hamburg. 23 Marks. The advertiser begs to remark that he
will forward only such crowns as have been grown in the very
best ground, and that Berlin dealers are, by preference, buying
his crowns for the Export Trade ; but, as these dealers make,
with re>pect to 'he price they pay, no difference between good
and bad crowns, he has resolved to forward his crowns himself.
He would therefore like to sell the above Lot to one firm
direct, at the price quoted, and would remark that next year
he will be able to supply 500,000 crowns.

Intending buyers are requested to apply as soon as possible to
FRANZ GOETZE, Berlin, O., vor dem Stralauer Thore, 37.
Germany.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVEBPOOL.

VANDA CCERULEA.

A grand lot of the above are now finely in
bloom, and well worthy a visit by Gentlemen
interested in the culture of this lovely Orchid.
Inspection cordially invited.

HUGH LOW 8c CO.,

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

SHARPE'S VICTOR

POTATO,

EARLIEST OF ALL.

Now Is the time to procure ; and to prevent
disappointment. Order direct of the Raisers.

Plant "VICTORS" now for using at

Christmas, or put into boxes to sprout for

planting out-of-doors early in March.

Prices on application, to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

Seed Farmers axd Merchants,

SLEAFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.

THE NEW ENCLISH ROSES OF THE YEAR

BOURBON, MRS. PAUL,

The finest light Rose for English Gardens. Strong
Dwarfs, -Is. each ; Standards, 5s.

H.P. BRUCE FINDLAY,

The Crimson Autumnal Bedder. Dwarfs, 5s.
each, 4&S. per dozen ; of

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT,

AND ALL LEADING NURSEB13IEN.

MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded),
; The best of all for Forcing. Thousands
for Disposal.

CROUXetFILS,

Nurserymen,
"• le val. d'aulnay, prbs sceaux
(seine), france.

^T« t*^a* Great Specialty In Trained Fruit
I ____^_ Trees for Immediate Planting.

a.iffiflHf*? CATALOGUES fr*>a on application.

Chrysanthemums.

FOR SALE, about 100 PLANTS, in pots.
New and large-flowering varieties. For further particu-
lars, apply to

FULFORD, Trafalgar Gardens, Salisbury, Wilta.

SPECIAX CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of

Fruits, post-free.
The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

=55

1 1

100 ACRES OF

EVERGREENS

TO SELECT FROM.

Regularly Transplanted.
Hardily-Grown.

Lift with balls of earth, bo can be conveyed any

distance & safely planted.

Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free.

— PLANT NOW. —

DlCKSONSrrcrCHESTER

FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION

HEATINC APPARATUS.

Complete Apparatus from £4 12s.
SUCCESS GUARANTEED.

Enormous num-
bers in use all
over the country.

Only Slow Com-
bustion Appara-
tus of the kind.
CAUTION.

Beware of in-
efficient incom-
plete Apparatus,
which will not
last all night.

Full particulars
and Prices of
every sized Ap-
paratus, and see
numerous Testi-
monials for the
last five seasons,
Bhowing enorm-
ous success, post-
free on applica-
tion.

^<^^-^ ~

BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST

Greenhouses, Forcing-houses, Pits, Frames, Plant

Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c.

Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-pee from

CROMPTON & FAWKES,

CHELMSFORD.

362

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

WEBBS'

COLLECTIONS

BULBS

CONSIST of the FINEST
SELECTED

HYACINTHS,

TULIPS,
CROCUS, LILIES,
SNOWDROPS, &c.

Prices, 5s, li. 6 j., 10s. 6d., 15s., 21s., 42s., 63s.,
and 105s. each; Carriage Free.

FIVE PES CENT. DISCOUNT FOB CASH.

WEBBS' BULB CATALOGUE,

Beautifully Illustrated, Gratis, and Post Free.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen,
and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application :—
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS, 10s. Qd., 21s., 42s., t>3s.,&. upwards.
COLLECTIONS of DAFFODILS, 5s.6rf., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6rf.. to lOSs.
Hvaeinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Pjponies, Lilies, &c.
BARR and SON, 12, King Street. Covent Garden, London.W.C.

VEITCH'S BULBS

EARLY FORCING.

VEITCH'S BULBS

FOB.

POT CULTURE.

veitcWbulbs

FOE

OUTDOOR PLANTING.

UNEQ UALLED for Q UALITY.

LOWEST PRICES.

For details see CATALOGUE, forwarded Gratis
and Post-free on application.

James Veitch & Sons,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY,
I CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

CARTERS'

FORCING BULBS,

For Planting daring this and next Month to
produce beautiful White and Coloured Flowers
for Christmas and Easter Decoration.

WHITE ROMAN HYACINTHS.

Very large Bulbs, price 21s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
Large Bulbs, price 15s. per 100; 2s. per dozen.

DOUBLE ROMAN NARCISSUS.

Price, 6s. per 100; Is. per dozen.

PAPER WHITE NARCISSUS.

Price, 6s. per 100 ; Is. per dozen.

VAN THOL TULIPS (Scarlett Yellow).
Price, 7s. 6d. per 100; Is. per dozen.

WHITE EASTER LILY.

Fine Bulbs, from the largest cultivator.

Price, Is. and 2s. Qd. each ; 10s. 6d. and 21s. per dozen.

ALL PARCELS CARRIAGE FREE.

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a

beautifully-coloured Plate of the White Easter Lily,

GRATIS and POST-FREE to Customers.

Royal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants,

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

237
238

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

FOSTER & PEARSON,

Bataui.h9d i84i. 22 FIRST PRIZES. BEESTON, NOTTS.

Estimates on Application

FOR

VINEEIES,

ORCHID HOUSES
PEACH HOUSES,

CONSERVATORIES,
PLANT HOUSES,

WALL COVERS,

CARDEN FRAMES,
HEATING APPARATUS

CARNATION HOUSE, 18 feet wide.

&c, &c.

All Timber thoroughly
Seasoned.

Septembeb 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

363

SANDER

FOUND THE OLD LABIATA,

FIRST DISCOVERED BY SWAINSON

(UOT GARDNER'S LABIATA).

2000 SPLENDID PLANTS

WILL BE OFFERED BY

Messrs. Protheroe h Morris,

FRIDAY NEXT, OCTOBER 2.

It is the True Old Plant of Swainson, and is
Guaranteed True by the Re -Importers.

IT HAS NO SYNONYM.

IT IS THE TRUE OLD LABIATA-

CATTLEYA LABIATA
AUTUMNALIS VERA

OF LINDLEY.

THE TRUE OLD TYPICAL PLANT.

It is a Species full of Varieties— RED, WHITE,

AND YELLOW— IN ALL THEIR SHADES.
RE-INTRODUCED BY

F. SANDER & CO.,

ST. ALBANS.

THE

(Sarilenra' (ttltnmklt

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1891.

THE CHUECHTOWN GARDENS.

rPHESE well-conducted gardens, intended for
-*- the delectation of the people of Lancashire
are situated at Southport, a favourite watering-
place, 15 miles north of Liverpool. The gardens
were established sixteen years ago by a company,
and their success speaks well for the management
of Mr. Bull, and for the love of flowers and gar-
dening prevailing among the industrial classes of
this populous county. On high days and holi-
days many a black and smoky town, like AVigan
and St. Helens, two of the most smoke-stained
and sulphurous places in England, pouri forth
its pleasure-seekers in search of change and pure
air, and many of them come to Southport and
find their way to the Churchtown Gardens in such
numbers that the Company, it is said, have
reaped good dividends.

Mr. Bull showed myself and two friends over
the whole establishment, within and without
doors. In a charming garden of 7 acres, the
visitors from mines and nether regions, delighting
in flowers as they often do, but whose gardens at
home must be limited in size, can here ramble
among flower borders as artistically decked out
every season, and through shrubberies as choice
and well disposed as at Knowsley, Worsley, or
Uroxteth Hall. The chief attractions of the place
are the gardens, with a lake for boating, a large
conservatory, where a good band discourses sweet
music from amidst the foliage of Palms and Tree
Ferns ; a fernery, and a very popular museum, well
filled with objects connected with natural history
and refreshment rooms nicely decorated with
handsome plants. The plants in the conserva-
tory are correctly labelled, and among them are
good specimens of Araucaria Cunninghamii, A.
excelsa, Chamserops Fortunei, and other exotics
growing in pots or borders, and well selected for
the purpose of exhibiting to unaccustomed eyes
the gorgeousness of tropical foliage. To the
majority of persons who visit this local watering
place, the gardens at Kew are an inaocessible
wonder-land, and the stately foliage seen in
this conservatory is quite sufficient to surprise
and delight them.

The greater part of the revenue of the gardens
is derived from admissions, but there is another
source of profit in the sale of fruits, flowers, and
plants. Specimen plants are largely propagated
and are offered at such prices that the admiring
colliers and other well-paid working people can
no more abstain from purchasing them than a
hungry fish can resist the bait. Good big pots
of Maidenhair Ferns are sold at a very reason-
able price, and attractive " button-holes," pre-
pared by practised hands, are taken home in
great numbers. It might be supposed that
hundreds of colliers intended next day to descend

364

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891,

the shafts with flowers in their coats ; but this
is not the case. The little works of art and
nature blended— that is the " button- holes," are
not destined to be hid under a bushel, or to
waste their sweetness in a coal-mine, since they
are purchased for exhibition at the numerous
little flower shows which, in Lancashire, are
held throughout the summer in the villages,
when small prizes are awarded to successful
exhibitors in the various classes. The Church-
town Gardens, therefore, may claim the merit of
creating and extending a love of flowers, which
refines and humanises all who come under its
influence. Formerly, in Lancashire, the Goose-
berry reigned almost supreme amongst the
horticultural objects on which people bestowed
thought aud minute attention, and bloated
specimens they were ! Bnt the big Gooseberry
has now been, happily, dethroned, and a demo-
cracy of flowers, Roses, Pansies, Auriculas,
Chrysanthemums, " button-holes " and many
florists' flowers, have been established in its place.
The art of floriculture has been long seated in
Lancashire, but it has been greatly extended in
our own times by such influences as those I
have referred to, and by the opportunities
of comparison and competition, which the
more extended social intercourse of the time
promoted.

In some cases, working-men of a practical
turn have greatly increased their loaves and
fishes by the culture of flowers for market. A
collier, possessing a fine specimen of Marechal
Niel Rose on his wall, built a glasshouse over it,
and now makes £28 a year of the Roses cut
from this single plant ; and as the Rose grows,
he extends its house. Stimulated by modern
influences, and aided by association, some of
the colliers have become excellent botanists, and
the interest that many of them take in the
study of flowers may be recognised in the number
of botanical societies supported by them at
Wigan, Haywood, and elsewhere, and by the
field excursions connected with these societies,
when they become eager listeners to the lectures
of the learned, some themselves playing the part
of spokesmen occasionally.

Having referred to the sale of fruit and plants
at the gardens, I must add, that in connection
with this department, there are nine vineries
filled with Ilamburghs, Muscats, and Alicantes ;
six propagating houses for the growth of plants
sold on the spot ; a Pelargonium-house two To-
mato-houses, and a Rose-house. There is also a
nursery, where a considerable business is done in
fruit trees and in shrubs, and such " stuff " as
nurserymen usually dispose of.

The selection of Apples and Pears adapted to
the district is assisted by an orchard, now in full
bearing, and carrying a good crop of each of
those fruits, which, however, can hardly ripen
in a season like this, when clouds and lain and a
low temperature have afflicted the country at a
time when heat and sun are expected. Last
year, ripe Apples and Pears were sold to the
visitors on Bank Holiday, August 3, while this
year, at that date, a month of fine weather was
still required to ripen the same varieties.

Among the Apples which Mr. Bull recom-
mends are Cellini Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Dumelow's Seedling, Emperor Napoleon, Golden
Spire, Grenadier, King of Pippins, Lord Suffield,
Lord Grosvenor, New Hawthornden, Stirling
Castle, and Pott's Seedling. Among Pears he
prefers Beurr6 d'Amanlis, Citron des Carmes,
Hessle, Jargonelle, Louise Bonne, Marie Louise,
and Williams' Bon Chretien. His favourite
Roses are too numerous to mention. H, E,

New or Noteworthy Plants.

CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA*
An interesting species, discovered on the moun-
tains of Eastern Arizona in 1880 by the Rev. L.
Greene, and subsequently by other travellers in other

FIG. 41.— CARNIVOROUS PLANTS: GLANDSJJOF^DROSERA.

(Natural size, also highly magnified.) See Leader page.

A, part of leaf of D. dichotoma, natural size ; B, single gland,
greiitly magnified ; C, portion of stalk, more highly mag-
nified ; D, pigment cells on leaf ; E, tips of glands in
contact with insect, showing the fluid discharged, and the
glands bent ; F, gland of species of Drosera, showing also
unicellular hairs of the leaf.

parts of the mountains of that state. Greene describes
it as "a tall conical tree 40 to 70 feet high, with

* Cupressut arizonica, Greene, in Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, May, 1882, vol. ix., p. 64 ; Rusby, in Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club, ix., 79; Sereno Watson, in Proc. Amer.
Acad. Sciences, i8S3, xviii., p. 157 ; C. S. SargeDt, Tenth
Census Report, 1834, p. 180, as synonymous with C. guadelu-
pensis. but this is doubtful (A/. T. Af.); Lemmon, Third
Report of the Cali/ornian State Board of Forestry, 1890, p. 180.

horizontal branches, trunk 2 to 4 feet in diameter,
covered with a dark red fibrous bark ; bark of the
branches flaking in thin plates, and leaving a smooth
surface ; branchlets stout and rather rigid, sharply
quadrangular ; leaves closely imbricated, very glau-
cous, neither pitted nor glandular [we find in culti-
vated specimens glands not infrequent], their margins
entire, or in the very oldest denticulate ; cones
crowded on short stout peduncles, globose, about
1 inch in diameter, of six to eight very thick and
strongly bossed scales ; seeds numerous, 2 lines or
more wide."

The tree is, moreover, stated to be peculiar in that,
while the bark of its trunk is shreddy, that of the
branches is scaly, falling off in thin plates. The
wood is described as light and straight-grained,
splitting with the utmost facility, that of the heart
being deep red, as in the red Cedar (Juniperus vir-
giniana). The branchlets are said to bear so strong
a likeness to those of Juniperus pachyphlaea of
Torrey, that without fruit they are hardly distin-
guishable. It is the principal tree to the north of
Mount Graham, and forms dense forests, particu-
larly on the northern slopes (Greene, I. c.) Parry
and Palmer met with the same tree in the Sierra
Madre, south of Saltillo, in Central Mexico. Sereno
Watson, in commenting on the specimens collected
by these botanists, doubts whether the species is
really distinct from C. Benthami. The trunks of all
the trees, says Lemmon, who found it in the Chiri-
cahua Mountains, are 40 to 50 feet high, and retain
the bark, which is greyish, of moderate thickness,
and disposed in longitudinal ridges, dividing into
sections a few inches in length by diagonal reticula-
tions, producing a curious latticed appearance.

Judging from the specimens in the herbarium,
and the plants growing at Kew, and in Messrs.
Veitch's nursery, we should say that it differs
from C. Benthami in its looser habit, more
regularly divaricate or crossed branchlets, which
are thus in four planes, and in its coarser foliage.
It is nearer to C, Lindleii, but differs in its
looser habit, crossing branchlets, more fleshy
leaves, which are more ovate and less sharply pointed
than in the last-named species. From C. guade-
loupensis it differs in the crossing and more sharply
four-cornered branchlets, whilst its leaves are
deltoid and glandular, flatter, and not so convex ;
the cones, moreover, of arizonica are smaller.
It is true that all these characters are subject
to variation, but for horticultural purposes it is
requisite to look upon plants from a rather different
standpoint from that of the botanist, and if we find
one form hardy and the others not so, we naturally
attach greater significance to that point than a
botanist would do. The young trees, as seen at
Kew and Combe Wood, are of columnar or fastigiate
habit, resembling in this particular C. Goveniana,
with loosely arranged, ascending branches ; the ulti-
mate branchlets form pyramidal masses or systems,
they are markedly decussate and straight, and of
about equal length. The foliage is glaucous, leaves
about Tls inch long, ovate, deltoid, bluntish, glandular,
straight-edged, as seen from the side. The cones
are (in herbarium specimens) on short stalks,
globose, about half an inch in diameter ; the scales
convex, with a prominent umbo or boas. The tree
is perfectly hardy at Kew and Combe Wood, even
after the last winter, a point again in which it differs
materially from most or all the Mexican Cypresses.
When shown at a recent meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society by Messrs. Veitch, it was
deservedly awarded a First-class Certificate. M. T. M.

THE MOVEMENTS, SECEETION,
AND STRUCTURE OF DION^EA
MUSCIPULA.
At the recent meeting of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, Dr. J. M.
Macfarlane made a communication on the above, of
which the following is a brief summary of results,
obligingly communicated to us by the author. He
had noticed several years ago that two touches
were necessary under ordinary conditions to cause
closure of the leaf, and on more careful experiment

(The Gardeners' Chronicle, September 26, 1891.

FlQ. 42. — CABNIVOKOUS PLANTS. GROUP OF DBOSEBAS : SUNDEWS. (sEB LEADEB.)
A, Drcwra dichotoma; B, Drosera capensia; C. Dro:era epathnJa'j; D. Droaophyllum lusitanicum.

366

THE GA BD ENEB S' CUB ONI CL E.

[September 26, 1891.

since, he found that whether one only of the six
irritable hairs was touched twice gently or strongly,
or whether two were each once touched, the same
result occurred. He then tried to ascertain how long
influence of the first of the two stimuli would be
retained by the protoplasm of the leaf-cells, and
found that sharp memory-power, if it may be so
called, was exhibited for fifteen seconds, that during
the next forty seconds it became greatly weaker, and
recollection of the first stimulus was greatly lost in
sixty to seventy seconds. He showed the relation of
this to Burdon Sanderson's and Page's results, and
pointed out that the period between the two stimuli
exactly corresponded to that " latent " period of
muscular contraction in animals, though extended
over a greatly longer space of time. But even three
stimuli might be given before closure of an interval
if less than about the one-fifth of a second elapsed
between the first and second shocks.

It was further stated and demonstrated, that every
part of the leaf-blade is sensitive, and closes after
two gentle forceps snips, or after three if two of
these closely succeed each other, also if the outer or
inner surface be irritated. But if the first of the
snip-shocks given be pretty strong, the memory of
the protoplasm is intensified, so that even after the
lapse of two or three minutes closure occurs on
second shock. But while these are the simpler con-
ditions, it was proved that an extremely powerful
forceps shock, or strong jet of water, would at once
cause contraction.

An interesting peculiarity, which the author con-
sidered could only be compared with the condition
known as " contraction remainder " in muscular
tissue, was demonstrated : a leaf, which had been
closed, and was slowly opening, was gently pulled out
further, and held for sixty to ninety seconds. Jt
then remained rigidly open, but exhibited on stimu-
lation all the above features, though in a rather
sluggish manner.

The action of electrical and chemical stimuli was
then described, the action of these being to indicate
identity of behaviour in the leaf-cells with a neuro-
muscular cell in the lower animals.

Reference was then made to the nature and pro-
duction of the digestive secretion, and gave reasons
for considering that it might largely correspond to
the waste materials excreted by contracting muscle.

After minute histological examination, the author
stated that certain cells in the third and fourth
layers next the upper surface showed an extremely
fine waviness of the protoplasm, but on this point
he desired to make further investigation. The
description was rendered specially interesting from
the presence of a beautiful lot of plants secured for
the occasion by Mr. Oliver, of the Washington
Botanic Garden, formerly of the Edinburgh Botanic
Garden. On these plants the author demonstrated
many of his results.

RORIDULA DENTATA.

One of the most remarkable of all the Sundews is
that of which we now give illustrations (Fig. 43).
They were taken from a plant growing at Kew, and
now some 2 feet in height ; but, in South Africa, it
reaches a considerably greater stature, whilst its
leaves are such efficient fly-traps, that they are hung
up in the houses of the colonists for the purpose of
abating the nuisance caused by the insects. It is a
near ally of our common Drosera, differing from it
only in slight technical details, but sharing its blood-
thirsting propensities.

CATTLEYA LABIATA, Lindl.

The re-discovery and re-introduction, after so long
a period, of the genuine old autumn-flowering Catt-
leya labiata is one of the most interesting and
important events to the horticultural world that has
occurred for many years. Its continued existence in
a wild state, notwithstanding all that has been
written to the contrary, is now an assured fact.

The announcement in these columns on the 12th
inst., that a magnificent importation of the true old
autumn-flowering Cattleya labiata would be offered
for sale by Mr. F. Sander, of St. Albans, who had
re-introduced it from Swainson's original hunting-
ground, came as a great surprise to most people, and
we have it on good authority that on Friday last the
sale-room presented such a scene as has seldom been
witnessed, and that the whole of the 600 plants
were disposed of to eager buyers. The announce-
ment was assuredly sufficiently startling, for many
have been the expeditions sent in search of the
plant, and as so many had ended in disappointment,
the belief gradually gained credence that it had been
exterminated many years ago.

Much that is pure romance has gathered round the
history of this magnificent plant, in which may be
included the statement made last week, that while
innumerable varieties of Cattleya labiata have filled
our stoves, the true and original form, named after
Mr. Cattley in 1821, has vanished. It may, there-
fore, be well to review somewhat critically the facts
of the case.

Cattleya labiata was originally described and
figured in Lindley's Collectanea Botanica, t. 33,
where we are told that " this is another of the fine
orchideous plants that were collected with our
Oncidium barbatum by Mr. Swainson in the Brazils,
and sent by him to Dr. Hooker. Our drawing was
made by Mr. Curtis from a specimen which flowered
in Mr. Cattley's stove last November. Without
exception it is the handsomest species of the order
we have ever seen alive." The date on the title
page is 1821, but the work appeared in parts, and at
intervals, so that the precise date of introduction
must be sought elsewhere. We may also note that
the Oncidium barbatum alluded to is figured at t. 27
of the same work. Lindley remarks that " for the
figure of this new species of Oncidium we are in-
debted to Dr. Hooker. It was received by him, with
several other fine orchideous plants, from William
Swainson, Esq., who collected it during his residence
in Brazil."

In 1825, a fine coloured plate of Cattleya labiata
appeared in Hooker's Exotic Flora, vol. ii., t. 157,
where appears the following note, evidently written
by Mr. Cattley himself: — "The most splendid,
perhaps, of all orchideous plants, which blossomed
for the first time in the stove of my garden in Suf-
folk, during 1818, the plant having been sent to me
by Mr. William Swainson during his visit to Brazil."
Then follows a note by Sir W. J. Hooker :— " The
individual here delineated is an offset from the parent
plant just mentioned, and it flowered at the Glasgow
Botanic Garden in November, 1824. . . . Mr. Catt-
ley's plant was derived from the same source."
There is also a dried flower in Sir W. Hooker's Her-
barium, now at Kew, with the label, " Brazil, W.
Swainson, Esq., fl. in Hort. nostr., 1819," from which
it would appear that it flowered in the Glasgow
Botanic Garden in 1819, the year after it first
flowered with Mr. Cattley. From these facts it
appears that the plant was sent to Cattley by Swain-
son, and first flowered in 1818 ; that Hooker's plant
was an offset frooi Cattley's, and floweied duringthe
following year, and that Lindley's original figure and
description was prepared from a plant which flowered
in Mr. Cattley's stove daring November, either of
1818, or of one of the years immediately following.
The only point which is a little contradictory in the
two accounts, namely whether Swainson sent the
plant to Cattley or to Hooker, is of very secondary
importance. From Hooker's own account the former
would appear the more probable, but from what
Lindley says about Oncidium barbatum it is clear
that Hooker did receive Orchids direct from Swain-
son, and if it could be shown that part of a clump
so received was passed on to Cattley by Swainson's
request, and part retained, there would be no con-
flict of evidence. He may, indeed, have sent to
both, but against this must be set the statement that
one was an offset of the other.

What is not stated is, where the plant was found
growing wild, but it is known that Swainson's col-
lections were made in the neighbourhood of Kio de

Janeiro, and the statements of Gardner, now to be
considered, are sufficiently definite to settle this
point. The latttr first set foot in Brazil on July 23,
1836, at Rio de Janeiro, and soon afterwards made a
series of excursions in the neighbourhood. From
his Travels in the Interior of Brazil, second edition,
published in 1849, the following facts are derived : —

'.' Near the sea," he writes, on p. 21, " and about
15 miles distant from the city [of Rio de Janeiro],
rises the Gavea, or Topsail Mountain, so-called from
its square shape, and well-known to English sailors
by the name of Lord Hood's Nose. It has a flat
top, and rises about 2000 feet above the level of the
sea, to which it presents a nearly perpendicular pre-
cipitouB face." A little further on (p. 22) he con-
tinues : " On the face of the mountain, at an eleva-
tion of several hundred feet, we observed some large
patches of one of those beautiful large-flowered
orchideous plants whicjh are so common in Brazil.
Its large rose-coloured flowers were very con-
spicuous, but we could not reach them. A few days
afterwards we found it on a neighbouring mountain,
and ascertained it to be Cattleya labiata. Those
on the Gavea will long continue to vegetate, far from
the reach of the greedy collector." Now comes the
visit to the neighbouring mountain, just mentioned.
On p. 23 he observes : '* We made an excursion to
a mountain called the Pedra Bonita, immediately
opposite the Gavea ; " and on p. 24, " Near the
summit of the Pedra Bonita, there is a small fazenda,
or farm, the proprietor of which was then clearing
away the forest which covers it, converting the trees
into charcoal. From the massive trunks of some
of them which had just been felled, we obtained
some very pretty orchideous plants." Finally, on
p. 25, we read : " On the edge of a precipice on the
eastern side [i.e., of the Pedra BonitaJ, we found,
covered with its large rose-coloured flowers, the
splendid Cattleya labiata, which a few days before we
had seen on the Gavea."

Let us now turn to Gardner's dried specimens,
preserved at Kew. The label, in his own hand-
writing, is as follows : " It was with much difficulty,
and no little danger, that I could obtain about a
dozen specimens of this from the edge of a precipice
on the Pedra Bonita Lynca. I collected, however,
abundance of living plants. G. <?., Nov., 1836." The
word " specimens," of course, alludes to pieces suit-
able for drying, two of which, consisting of pseudo-
bulb with leaf and flower, are preserved at Kew, and
these prove conclusively in themselves, as well as by
their time of flowering, that Gardner's plant was
identical with that of Swainson, as, indeed, they were
determined to be by Lindley himself. It is signifi-
cant that although Gardner subsequently visited the
Organ Mountains, Bituated about 60 miles north of
Rio, and other localities, and collected other Catt-
leyas and Lselias, he does not appear to have again
met with Cattleya labiata.

Gardner's concluding words about the Pedra
Bonita were truly prophetic : " The following year,"
he observes, on p. 25, " on my return from the Organ
Mountains, I again visited this spot, and found that
a great change had taken place. The forest, which
formerly covered a considerable portion of the sum-
mit, was now cut down and converted into charcoal ;
and the small shrubs and Vellozias which grew in
the exposed portion had been destroyed by fire. The
progress of cultivation is proceeding so rapidly for
twenty miles around Rio, that many of the species
which still exist will, in the course of a few years,
be completely annihilated, and the botanists of future
times who visit the country will look in vain for the
plants collected by their predecessors." How true
have these words proved to the numerous persons
who have sought for Cattleya labiata, after its value
became fully recognised.

A few plants, however, have in some unaccount-
able way reached this country on at least two, and
probably three, occasions, though the number of
plants in cultivation has been so limited, that it has
invariably commanded high prices. But it is often
the unexpected which happens, and its re-discovery
opens a new chapter in its history. The sale last
week of a batch of 600 plants by Mr. Sander, at

September -l>, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

367

Fio. 43. — carnivorous plant: boridula dentata, much reduced; flower above, to the bight,

13 the real size, (see p. 366.)

Protheroe & Morris' rooms, is now matter of history,
and as a matter personal to the writer is involved
in its reappearance, we may conclude with a few
remarks on a subject which has been many times
alluded to in the horticultural press during the past
twelve months, namely, whether my C. labiata var.
Warocqueana (or C. Warocqueana, L. Linden) is or
is not the true old C. labiata.

At the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
held on May 13, 1890, a newly- imported Cattleva
was exhibited by Messrs. Linden, of Brussels, under
the provisional name of C. Warocqueana. As the
flowers had opened on the journey from Belgium,
and had only just been received from abroad, no
opinion was passed upon it by the Orchid Com-
mittee. Two racemes, one with three, the other
with five flowers, which had developed on the
journey home, and expanded almost immediately
the cases were unpacked, were sent to me, together
with a living plant, two wild dried flowers, a photo-
graph, and five coloured drawings, and I was
requested to describe it. I replied that it was
unquestionably a variety of C. labiata, but which one
I could not possibly say from such a series of varied
materials. I therefore counselled a little delay, until
more characteristic flowers should be developed.
Unfortunately, delay is impracticable when a large
batch of plants is involved, and being urged to pro-
ceed, I wrote to an experienced member of the
Orchid Committee, asking him if he thought the plant
exhibited could be referred to any known variety ;
to which he replied in the negative, pointing out,
however, that the plant was not properly developed.
I therefore proposed the provisional name of C.
labiata, var. Warocqueana, adding: — "The relation
it bears to other forms of C. labiata is the more
difficult to determine because of the range of varia-
tion it exhibits, and the absence of information as
to its habitat, and must be left until the plant be-
comes fully established." {Gardeners' Chronicle,
June 14, 1890, p. 735.)

On October 23 came two flowers from Mr. K
Johnson, gr. to T. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, White-
field, Manchester, whose resemblance to the old
autumn-flowering plant at once struck me ; and a
few days later came others from Messrs. Linden,
with a letter to the effect that the two could not be
distinguished. All were from the same batch of
imported plants, and I began to suspect that in some
way there were two things mixed up. The plants,
however, continued to be exhibited as C. Waroc-
queana, though a belief gradually spread, which was
expressed by M. Lucien Linden in the Lindenia for
February (t. 268), as follows :— " Part of the plants
which flowered last year, from October until the
early davs of January, are not distinguishable from
the ancient Cattleja labiata autumnalis." And the
belief that the long-lost plant had reappeared was
also expressed elsewhere.

The question which now remains to be answered
is, whether the summer flowering variety Waroc-
queana is distinct from the autumn one ? The living
plant, received in May, 1890, carrying a raceme of
three expanded flowers (now dried and carefully
preserved), was presented to the Kew collection.
This year it has made a good growth, and now carries
a fine double sheath, which promises to flower about
November. This seems to show that the summer-
flowering was abnormal, and induced by the adverse
conditions it was necessarily placid under during
transit. The question can hardly be considered
settled until the next flowers expand, and if it should
prove that autumn is the normal season, there will
remain the remarkable fact that two horticultural
firms should have independently re-discovered a
plant, which has been searched for over and over
again, and both within a short period of each other.
But reverting to Messrs. Linden's plant, it is re-
markable that neither their collector, nor themselves,
nor the Orchid committee, nor myself, should have
recognised it. For some of us, at least, the time of
flowering, the small undeveloped flowers, and the
absence of knowledge of the plant's habitat, is suffi-
cient excuse, but I distinctly remember that the

361

THE GARDENERS' UHRONICLE.

[Seftembeb 26, 1891.

dried flowers (which, together with the drawings and
photograph, had to be returned) were more like C.
labiata than any of its Tarieties, and believe I
mentioned this in my letter as an argument against
its being considered a new species. Had I pro-
nounced it to be the genuine old C. labiata, and
flowering in May — but we may leave the reader to
finish the sentence.

Now for the habitat ! Well, I do not know it.
Not Swainson's, clearly, which was almost certainly
Gardner's ; unless, as is, indeed, probable, it was still
more common near Rio in 1818 than eighteen years
later. But if the two importations just named repre-
sent the same plant, I have no doubt both came
from Brazil, and, indeed, from no great distance
apart, unless the species is more widely diffused than
we suspect even at the present moment. It is also
more variable than has hitherto been supposed, and
the next year or two may witness some striking
developments. From every point of view its re-
appearance is one of the most important events that
has been chronicled for a long period. R. A. Rolfe,
Femdale, Lawn Crescent, Kew,

vegetable refuse, can be then added, it will prove
advantageous.

In planting let it be remembered that the type
grows from 2 to 2i feet in height, but the varieties
3 to 3.V feet. They should, therefore, be planted
further back in the border, and indeed the white
makes a good background for the species, if. D.

JAPAN ANEMONES.

The Japanese Anemone (A. japonica) and its
varieties, are just now in the full flush of their
autumn beauty. The genus is an extremely inter-
esting and instructive one, because representatives
of it are among our earliest spring flowers. A.
apennina, blanda, coronaria, fulgens, hepatica, nemo-
rosa, and others are beautiful in our gardens, and,
with one or two that flower later, carry on the
season of bloom to midsummer; and then comes
something like a pause, until A. japonica begins to
flower in August with prodigality, and with its
varieties alba and intermedia, the blooming season
lasts till the early days of winter. I do not think
that I ever before witnessed the autumn-flowering
Anemones blooming so finely as at present ; the wet
summer appears to have caused the plants to make
a very vigorous growth, and the size and substance
of the flowers are in keeping with the robustness of
foliage. The Japanese Anemone shares with the
Dahlia and the Chrysanthemum the glory of fur-
nishing the finest floral display of the waning year.

We have come to grow the white form so much
in gardens, that the beauty and usefulness of what
we regard as the type is in danger of being over-
looked. It is of somewhat dwarfer growth than its
white and rose-coloured varieties ; and almost inva-
riably twelve-petalled, thus imparting to the flower
an appearance of semi-doubling. But they are
narrower in width than the petals of the other two,
and they have but nine each. I have seen them
with fewer, but never to my knowledge with more,
and indeed it seems as if the addition of another is
not at all requisite. Both as near such simple
beauty and perfection as seems to be necessary
or possible, the small golden-green ball-like seed-
vessel in the centre, surrounded by its frill of
numerous deep orange stamens, appears to be quite
in keeping with the winsomeness of its other parts ;
and then the freedom and continuity in flowering,
as if it could not do too much in the way of floral
service.

No one need be under any concern as to propa-
gating it ; it is much easier to propagate than to
get rid of. Hundreds of creeping fibrous roots push
their way below the surface of the soil, and throw
out germs at all points, which in a short space of
time make plants, and so a single plant soon grows
into a large tuft. In making a plantation, a good
deep loam is preferable, and it should be deeply
dug and manured. It is practically impossible to
lift the roots with soil adhering to them, and so
when a plantation is made, the plants flower but
sparingly. By the next season they are fully estab-
lished, and they will go on flowering for years. It is
so hardy that the hardest frost will not injuriously
affect them. The flower-stems should be cut away
in winter, when they have quite died down, and if
some mulching of dung and leaves, or fertilising

Trees and Shrubs.

NEW VARIEGATED DOGWOOD.
Those who wish to have one of the finest of all
golden variegated deciduous shrubs should make a
note this planting} season of Cornus alba Spathii,
which is by a long way the best of the variegated
Dogwoods, and has no rival among any of the golden-
leaved shrubs. I have seen it for the past two sea-
sons, and have noticed that it does not become dis-
coloured during summer as some variegated shrubs
do, and even in a dull sunless summer as the present,
it shows no tendency to become greenish. It is now
largely propagated in the chief tree nurseries, as it
is sure to be much sought for when the public know
what a good thing it is, but let us hope that it will
not be planted so lavishly and inconsiderately as the
variegated Maple and other too-popular variegated
trees and shrubs that give to gardens, especially
small ones, the " spottiness " that is not admirable.
W. G.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CARROTS. — If the soil is of a wet nature, these
roots should be taken up forthwith, and stored,
excess of moisture at this season causing them to
split. In sandy soils, such as the Carrot delights in,
the Horn varieties may be pulled up, but on heavy
ones some of the soil must be previously removed
from them with a fork. The tops should be cut
about an inch from the crown, and the soil adhering
cleaned off. The roots keep fresh if they are put
up into ridges of sand or fine coal-ashes in a cool
place out-of-doors. The roots, which should not be
bruised, may be packed in layers, with the crowns
sticking outwards ; when the ridge is finished, some
straight straw should be laid over the sides of the
ridge, to prevent the soil, which will be put over
the heap whei hard weather begins, from touching
them. This covering of soil may be 6 inches thick ;
and, if the ridge is a long one, a few bunches of
straw may be stuck into the top of it, to allow of the
escape of moisture. In this way, Carrots will keep
good till late in the spring.

BEETROOTS should be very carefully lifted, and
stored before hard frosts occur. The roots of mode-
rate size are those best liked, but if the colour is
good throughout, a large root is as good as a small
one. The method of storing the crop, is to select
the best shaped roots, of the finest dark colour,
sorting them carefully, so as not to break or bruise
any ; and, on an out-of-the-way border, lay them
in rows, which is best performed by taking out a
trench deep enough to hold the roots comfortable in
an upright position. The roots may be laid along
the trench, at about one inch apart. One trench
being filled, the next should be opened, and soil
should be turned into the first, and so on, till the
job is finished, keeping the rows about one foot
apart. The roots may be kept about 2 inches below
the ground-level. A layer of dry tree-leaves, 8 inches
thick, should be put over the ground in frosty
weather, with enough light litter to keep them from
blowing away. The leaves of the plant ought not to
be removed, and when they are taken to the kitchen,
they should never be cut off close to the crown.
Beet may be stacked like Carrots, using earth
instead of sand, &c.

MUSHROOMS. — The present is a good time to
make up beds in the open air. The place should be
sheltered from the east and north-east winds, and
well drained, and the stable-dung prepared as for
beds in the Mushroom-house, excepting that, as
these beds contain more manure than those,
greater care is needed to prevent the bed get-
ting overheated, which would spoil the spawn.
The materials being in readiness, the beds may be

made up, 4 feet wide at the base and 3 feet high to
the apex, putting it up in sections of 10 feet at a
time, spreading the materials along that length in
layers, beating them firmly, and when one section is
finished, another may be begun, and when the bed is
of the required height, the sides should be dressed off
smoothly, and beaten with a fork. In showery
weather, the beds must be covered with tarpaulins or
canvas, at the same time giving plenty of ventilation,
or overheating may occur. As soon as the heat of
the beds has declined to 80° or 85°, break up some
good fresh spawn into pieces about the size of an
egg, and put it under the surface, at 8 inches apart,
making the beds quite firm after the diaturbance.
At the same time, or in a day or two, the beds
should be soiled to the thickness of 1.} inches,
beating it down with a clean spade, and cover-
ing it with long litter, and protect from rain as
before ; and as soon as it is seen that there is
no longer danger of too great warmth being set
up, a covering of Oat or Barley straw may be put
over all, varying it in thickness according to the
weather, from 9 to 12 inches being not too much
in cold weather. Tarpaulins can be used over the
straw, the heat will then be better maintained,
and there will be less risk of cooling down by
snow or rain. Early in December on a mild day
examine the beds for produce, and place a little
fresh litter directly on the surface in place of that
which will have decayed.

LETTUCE AND ENDIVE. — Where the consump-
tion of Lettuces and Endives is constant and regular,
a good stock of large plants should be placed in
frames or pits. Take up the plants with a ball of
earth attached, and plant carefully, and wide enough
apart to allow for growth without crowding, and
tread the soil firmly and evenly about them, which
will in a measure reduce the quantity of moisture in
the frames later on. Unless frost threaten, or
during heavy rains, the lights need not be made use
of for the next two or three weeks. During very
bright sunshine a little shade may be needed for a
few days. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

ORCHARD HOUSE. — Now is a good time to
examine the early fruiting kinds standing in pots
top-dressing or repotting then as may be required.
Where the plants have grown to their full size, and
no more pot-room can be afforded, the ball should
be made smaller, the large roots should be shortened,
the small fibrous roots being retained, the old soil
being picked out with a sharp- pointed stick, and the
ball of earth remaining thoroughly moistened, if
dry, previous to repotting. Hazel or pasture loam,
mortar rubble broken fine, bone-meal, and some
wood-ashes, form an excellent compost for fruit
trees. A rammer should always be used when
potting, as it is found that a loose soil does not
produce the best results. Any plants having few
roots should be treated differently, their roots being
cut back to a healthy part, and rather smaller pots
made use of than those they have occupied ; but it
is a matter for doubt if much is gained by retaining
any tree which has got into an unhealthy state,
young trees being purchasable at a cheap price,
which, if liberally treated, soon make up the loss,
especially if they are Peaches and Nectarines. For
orchard-honse work, and where the chief supply of
fruit is obtained from pot trees, a reserve stock should
always be kept, for the supplying of fruiters in pots.
Trees, after the repotting, may be stood out-of-doors
plunged to the rim in coal ashes or gravel, taking
them indoors a week or two before starting them.

FIGS IN POTS. — These, if well ripened as re-
gards the wood, and the embryo fruits are show-
ing, should, when required for early forcing, have
all those that are larger than horse beans pulled
off as being useless, and only those just pushing
retained. Repotting into larger pots, if this be
required by the plants, should be done, employing
for the work a heavy kind of loam, and using the
rammer freely. I do not advocate a too free use of
manure for Figs, its tendency being to produce
too much leafage, and too few fruits. Liquid-
manure is better, as it can be afforded the trees ■
when it is most wanted, which is not at first —
a top-dressing'of Thomson's Vine Manure may take
its place. At Syon the latter is used largely when the
fruits are at their final stage, and a good dressing is
afforded the trees as soon as the first crop of Figs is
past. When repotting and top-dressing are finished,
very little water will suffice during the rest period ;
but dryness of the soil must be guarded against.
Pruning should take place before the potting of

Septembeu 2G, 1801.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

369

large trees which have outgrown their space, being
reduced in size by the removal of the naked and
and unfruitful wood. If scale be troublesome, the
present is a good time to clean the trees, and if they
are badly infested, painting the old wood with clay,
tobacco- water, soft-soap, and sulphur is'a safe remedy,
if the last two substances are not used too freely.
Cuttings of the ripened wood may be secured if an
increase in the number of any variety is required,
the cuttings soon putting forth roots in the early
spring if potted up at this date, and wintered in a
fruit-house or pit. G. Wythes, Syon House, Brent/ord.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Nothing adds so much to the enjoyment of a col-
lection of Orchids as perfect cleanliness in pots,
stages, glass, &c. In the country, a thorough clean-
ing of these twice or thrice in a year will be found
sufficient, but in smoky localities it is required much
more frequently, especially the glass, for when that
is semi-opaque, as it soon becomes, flowers become
small, weak, and they open badly. But little shading
will now be required, unless it be for Phaloeuopsis ;
but where whiting or " Summer Cloud " have been
used on the glass, they may be washed off, the simple
shading being now sufficient. Calanthe Veitchii and
C. vestita will require thick shading during strong
bursts of sunshine, or the foliage will quickly die
away, not only spoiling the appearance of the plants,
but the flower-spikes and flowers also. The foliage
should not die down until the flowers are about half
opened. Liquid manure, in the form of guano,
should be continued. Many growers of Calanthe
cut off the supply of water when the spike3
begin to push out from the side of the
pseudobulb, but that is a thing I never do until
nearly all the flowers are opened. Vandas should
be placed in such a position in the house that they
may be easily shaded from the sun, especially the
strong-growing species. These always flower freely
without being roasted in full sunshine, and if they
are allowed to get full sunshine, the dark green
colour so indicative of well-doing is lost. Vanda
Sanderiana is flowering well here. The plant seems
to prefer any degree of warmth and much atmo-
spheric moisture during the growing season, and but
little water during rest, which usually lasts from
November to March. I have seen it mentioned that
Vanda Hookeriana is shy to flower — those who have
followed my advice in their treatment will, I think,
hardly endorse this dictum. We have been successful
in having many scores of flower-spikes, several of
which have had three, and in one case four flowers
each ; and many plants are flowering for the second
time this year. In a former Calendar I have named
the conditions under which our plants grow, and I
may further add that they are all grown in a stove
facing due south ; the plants are thoroughly syringed
twice a day in winter, and sometimes three and four
times in summer. The drying-off of these plants is
undoubtedly a great mistake. A. G. Catt, Park-field.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

THE FLOWER BEDS. — At no time during this
season have the beds looked brighter, or shown to
more advantage than during the past fortnight ; the
colouring of the several varieties of Alternanthera is
now at its best, and the zonal Pelargoniums Henry
Jacoby, Tom Thumb, Christine, and the variegated
Manglesi are full and rounded masses of varied
colour, which are well contrasted with adjacent beds
of Ageratum Tom Thumb (mauve), Lobelia pumila
magnifica and Salvia patens (blue), Calceolaria
amplexicaulis and floribunda (yellow), &e. It is,
therefore, sad to contemplate what a change the
first few degrees of early frost will occasion. Bear-
ing this in mind, many people have made due
preparations, not only in raising in May and June
last the necessary number of the kinds and varieties
of winter and spring-flowering subjects wherewith to
replace the summer-flowering plants, but in planting
Golden Queen and Blue Perfection, or similar varie-
ties of the Viola, between the plants of silver-leaved
and golden-bronze Pelargoniums, occupying a due
proportion of the flower-beds when filling the latter.
The Violas are allowed to extend their growth in
September, and when frost renders the removal of
the Pelargoniums, &c, necessary, these are carefully
pulled up, so as not to disturb the roots of the
Violas, or otherwise interfere with their gay ap-
pearance, levelling the slightly-disturbed surface as
the work is proceeded with. Thus arranged the plants
continue to flower, more or less freely, during the
autumn, winter, and spring months, the intervening
beds being filled with plants of the dark (Harbinger)

and golden (Cloth of Gold) Wallflower, Myosotis
dissitiflora (Forget-me-Not), Arabis, Aubrietia del-
toidea, common Primroses, Diffodils, Crocuses.Snow-
drops, Saxifrage umbrosa (London Pride), Sapo-
naria calabrica, SUene pendula compacta, Hyacinths,
and Tulips. The bulbs being deeply planted, re-
main in the ground from one year to another, and in
addition to saving a considerable amount of labour
(a fact never to be lost sight of) in taking up and
replanting the bulbs, as is practised in some places,
they flower all the better by being treated in the
manner indicated.

CLEARING THE "BEDS.— As soon as there has
been frost enough to destroy the beauty of Helio-
tropes and Dahlias, the removal of any plants of
Pelargoniums, &c. which it is desired to save in
some quantity should be carried out, taking up the
plants, if the ground should be firm, with the assist-
ance of a five-tined fork, so as to preserve some of
the roots ; these, with the top-growth, should be
trimmed when taken to the potting-shed for potting.
As fast as the plants are removed, dig the beds lightly,
planting them with the various subjects of winter dis-
play. Arabis and Aubrietias may be planted almost
close together, if plants are plentiful. Other plants
need more space, from 1 foot to half a foot, according
to habit and the amount of growth that they
usually make. Variegated and Golden Thyme
may be turned to good account in the beds, also
dwarf Laurustinus, Box, Golden Yews, and such-
like, if they can be planted, on a ground-work of
Cerastium, Sedum, or Pyrethrum. Periwinkles in-
termixed with variegated Ivy also show to advan-
tage. In the case of the carpet beds, we simply
clear away all the tender plants as soon as nipped
by frost, and level the soil. If the weather is dry at
the time of setting the plants in the beds, water
should be afforded to settle the soil about them.
B. W. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

ROOT- PRUNING —It is quite time that note be
taken of unfruitful trees intended to be root-pruned
or lifted, when the time comes for such work. Proper
materials should be got in readiness, so that there
shall be no delay when once the work is begun. Most
fruit trees may be root-pruned or transplanted at
almost any age or size, although in the case of large
or very old trees, it is better to do the work piece-
meal, instead of all at one time. The best time for
pruning the roots of trees is towards the end of the
month of October and during November, the soil
being then still warm, and wounds on the roots are
soon healed over, and the fibrous ones make a little
fresh growth, the trees breaking into growth without
anv apparent check the following spring. It should
also be at once decided what amount of new planting
shall be done, and a selection made of the different
fruits. If the planter is in doubt about any of the
novelties, the present is the best time to visit a
nursery, and see the trees in bearing.

BORDERS FOR PEACHES AND NECTARINES —
Those intending to plant Peaches and Nectarines on
newly-erected walls, should shortly begin the pre-
paration of the borders. The wall should not be
lime-washed, as doing this prevents the heat pene-
trating the bricks, and a whitewashed wall is never
so warm as one that is left of its natural colour.
The border should consist at the bottom of plenty
of materials, more or less according to the condition
of the subsoil, and it is usually better for the trees
if the border be raised several inches above the sur-
rounding level, except the soil be light and overlies
gravel ; but where the climate is good for Peach-
growing, it may be made on the level. As a begin-
ning, a width of 4 feet will be ample, 2 or more feet
of new soil being added to its width two years after-
wards, or when the roots reach this distance, if the
staple is unsuitable. Good pasture loam, with a
fair sprinkling of mortar-rubble, wood-ashes, or
burnt earth, and some bones broken small, well
mixed, and made very firm, is a very suitable com-
post for the Peach. At Mereworth, Peaches and
Nectarines thrive admirably in yellow marl, which
has little or no fibre in it ; to this some half-
decayed manure is added, and the growth, although
it is strong, usually ripens well, and produces fine
dark-coloured Nectarines, and Peaches of good size,
&c. Filberts, Pears, and Apples also succeed in this
kind of soil.

FIGS will require to have, when they are crowded,
the spongy shoots cut away close to the point from
which they have sprung, and the others, the hardier
and better ripened, neatly secured to the walls.
Young Figs will not ripen, and should be pulled oft",

the embryo fruits at the extremities of the young
shoots furnishing the fruits of next year. Brown
Turkey and Brunswick are good useful Figs to plant,
being excellent croppers, very hardy, and nice-eating
fruits. Fig trees which may be growing with too
much vigour should be lifted, or root-pruned, or the
border restricted. Do not let manure come near the
roots of too luxuriant Figs. H. Markham, Mereworth
Castle, Maidstone.

PLANTS UNDER GLA.SS.

SHOW AND FANCY PELARGONIUMS. — The
plants which were cut back after blooming will have
broken well, if the proper treatment has been ob-
served ; and they should be shaken out of the old
soil and repotted, before the young shoots have grown
much, in turfy loam (three parts), decayed manure
(one part), a 60-potful of soot to one peck of soil, and
a fair proportion of sharp sand to keep the whole
porous. Employ smaller pots for this shift than
those they have been growing in, affording them
another shift at a later date ; slightly water them,
letting the water drain away. Place in a greenhouse
or light dry pit, and syringe the tops lightly in bright
weather. The plants will require little more water
until the roots commence to run through the fresh
soil ; but fumigation with tobacco or its preparations
should be resorted to at short intervals, to keep
greenfly in check.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS. — Plants which are in-
tended to bloom in the winter should now be placed
in their flowering quarters, and not left out any
longer in cold frames, there being great risk of the
flower-trusses getting damaged there by damp. The
best position to flower these plants during the winter
is a low, narrow span-roofed house, running east and
west, the plants will then get all the sunlight
obtainable. Avoid crowding, and examine each
plant before water is given it by tapping with the
fingers, or otherwise examining them. The
temperature may range from 50° to 60°, in accord-
ance with the temperature outside. Admit air on
all favourable occasions, and when the pots are well
filled with roots, occasionally apply a fertiliser in a
clear condition, alternating these waterings.

POT ROSES.— These should now be examined,
and repotting done where it is required, but such as
occupy pots sufficiently large, the soil in good
condition, and the drainage perfect, no repotting
will be needed, only frequent applications of clear
manure-water. A good compost for pot Roses
consists of a heavy fibrous loam, a sprinkling
of bone-dust, and sufficient sharp sand to keep the
mass open and allow the proper percolation of
water; but where the loam is very heavy, it will
be advisable to add one-sixth part of leaf-mould to
the rest. The foliage should be kept clean and
healthy, for should it drop too soon, the buds will be
immature, and the flowers not of the best quality. Tea
Roses which were forced in the spring will be found
now to have a quantity of flower-buds set, and these,
by placing the plants in a cool house, will expand
freely, and be found very useful in the late autumn.

SOLANUMS which were planted out in the open
should now be lifted and placed in suitable pots, pre-
serving as many of the roots as possible, afterwards
placing the plants in a cold frame, dewing them over
with the syringe, and shading them from bright sun-
shine until the roots push forth into the new soil.

CARNATIONS.— All plants in pots should be
brought under glass forthwith, or mildew may make
its appearance on them. Place them in a light, airy
house or pit, keeping them well up to the glass.

CALLAS— The earlier batch of these, which have
been growing in pots during the summer, should
now be taken indoors, and placed in a light position,
affording them a plentiful supply of water at the roots,
and an occasional dose of liquid-manure. In the
case of plants which have been grown out in the open
in prepared beds, these will have made strong growths,
and may now be lifted, preserving as many roots as
possible, afterwards placing them in a pit or cool-
house, syringing them daily, and affording shading
until they are established.

MISCELLANEOUS —By placing Schizostylis coc-
cinea, in a house where there is a little warmth, it
will furnish a quantity of blooms late in the year.
Deutzias, Lilacs, especially Charles X. and virginalis,
Staphylea colchica, Kalmias, Hydrangea paniculata,
Azalea mollis, Helleborus niger, H. angustifolius, and
Miss Hope variety, and other kinds of roots and shrubs,
which are used in forcing, should be lifted early, as
they then receive a check, which tends to early and
free blooming. After potting, plunge them in the
open, in Cocoa-nut fibre, or coal ashes. R. Milner,
Penrice Castle Gardens, Swansea.

370

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the lignature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK,

FRIDAY.

MEETINGS.

2 i Dundee Horticultural Association
\ meets.

MONDAY,

TUESDAY,

1 (
Du

\ 1

SATURDAY. Oct. 3 \ **££" and FQlW0<", ****»

S ALE8.

(Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe &

I Morris' Rooms.

' The Lease. Stock, &c, at the

(Peacock Nursery. Hammersmith,
by Protheroe & Morris.
Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

Clearance Sale of Stove and Green-
house Plants, at The Mile Ash
Nurseries, by Protheroe & Morris
(two days).

tch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.

Dutch Bulbs. Azaleas, and other
Plants, at Protheroe 8c Morris'
Rooms.

Great Sale of Nursery Stock, at the
celebrated Bitgshot Nurseries,
by Protheroe & Morris (three
days).
^ Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

Nursery Stock, at the Chilwell

Nurseries, Notts, by Protheroe &

Morris.
Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &

Morris' Rooms.
Imported Orchids, &c., at Stevens'

Rooms.

( Important Snle of Orchids, at Pro-
l theroe & Morns' Rooms.

Protheroe &

WEDNESDAY, Sept. 30

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,
SATURDAY,

Oct. 2

Oct. 3

Dutch Bulbs, at
Morris' Room9.
tch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

( Du
I Du

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-64°.9.

" A fellow-feeling makes us

^Pianto*'"8 wondrous kind-" Was it some
such feeling as this, we wonder,
which sufficed to fill the auditorium at the Drill
Hall on Tuesday last ? Was it the blood-
thirstiness of which our French friends accuse
us ? Was it a faint reflex of the interest excited
quite lately by the exploits of the fasting man a
few hundred yards distant ? Whatever the
cause might be, there is no doubt that a much
larger audience than any we have seen before
attended to hear Mr. Lindsay's lecture at the
Royal Horticultural Society on Tuesday last.
There were some disappointments over the
business. We will confront them, and get them
out of the way as soon as possible. First :
Mr. Lindsay was not present. His paper was
so good and so comprehensive, botanically and
culturally, that we can but regret he was not
present to read it and receive the tribute dire to
him. Next, Mr. Castle not only obliged to
ahsent himself, but left no trace behind in the
shape of a paper. But in the eyes of the public
— we mean the public not the initiate — the
greatest deficiency of all was in illustration. If
it had not been for a small collection shown
by Messrs. Veitch, the carnivorous among
plants would not have been specially represented
at all. When we remember how well these
plants are shown by Mr. Bull, Mr. Williams,
and others at ordinary shows when carnivora are
not supposed to be to the fore, and when we call to
mind the splendid collections at Glasnevin, Kew,
and Edinburgh, we can but regret the coup manque

that was played by the Royal Horticultural
Society on this occasion, and still more that the
exhibitors lost so good a chance. Could the autho-
rities have foreseen that the subject would have
'• drawn " as it did, they would surely have
exerted themselves more fully to secure an
adequate representation. As it is, we saw, not
only a great crowd of mere curiosity-seekers,
and not a few irate sight-seers, but a distinct
infusion of persons high in the world of science
who had been attracted by the announcements
and communiques in the press. And the dis-
appointment experienced was proportionate.

No such feeling could be felt in the
case of Mr. Lindsay's paper, which, though
only read in abstract, was recognised to be
an admirable summary of our knowledge
on the subject. Laughed at at one time,
contested at another, the general facts are
now known to be beyond dispute. Digestion of
organic matter is not, as once supposed, con-
fined to animals, but is shared by plants. A
seed cannot germinate, nor an embryo root
push its way from its starting point in the
interior of the main root to the surface without
the agency of a fermentative and digestive
process such as the leaves of the Droseras mani-
fest. But though the facts themselves are now
the supporters and vindicators of a general
theory, there are yet points of detail which are
still open to question — still matters of hypothesis
rather than of theory. Our French friends, for
instance, attribute all the phenomena witnessed
to the agency of bacteria.

The bacteria, as we know, excite fermentation,
and are invariable accompaniments of putrefac-
tion. They render soluble and efficient the
insoluble and inert nitrogenous matters in the
sjil, they afford the Leguminosfe with a special
means of obtaining nitrogen. The bacteria are
sure to be present when any putrefactive action
is going on, and no doubt they contribute their
share to the general turmoil of the elements that
is going on under such circumstances. Keep
the bacteria away, and the phenomena witnessed
by every experimenter heretofore will, doubtless
not be observed.

Admitting all this, we do not see that the
digestive process in plants can be denied, even if
it be also admitted that Bacteria have their share
in the work. On the contrary. ''But," say the
cultivators, " the plants derive no benefit from
catching flies ; rather are they damaged and
caused to rot." Well, perhaps they are, in part;
the fly-trap rots, but not before it has yielded up
to the plant the nitrogenous matters it needs.
Besides, in cultivation, the requirements of the
plants are more efficiently secured than they
would be in nature, and we know that while under
natural conditions the roots of these plants are re-
latively small, under cultivation they become
largely developed. Again, in Nature, the aim
is to secure perfectly-formed seed, in which
process chemical changes of complex character
and stores of food are required. Under cultiva-
tion, the object is to produce good foliage and big
pitchers — quite a different state of affairs. On
the whole, then, we do not think the theory of
the so-called carnivorous tendencies of plants
are at all invalidated by the more recent re-
searches to which we have on various occasions
called attention, particularly as experimental
research, not mere eye observation, has proved
that the plants do benefit very materially from
the administration of nitrogen in some form or
another, and that if this be withheld the benefits
do not accrue. Our illustrations this week are
devoted to these so-called carnivorous plants, and
show, at p. 364, the glandular apparatus by which

the pepsinous matter is secreted, which effects the
solution of the organic matter in Drosera, as. well
as several illustrations of species of Drosera,
Roridula, Pinguicula, &c.

The next event of the season in
C°fZ,C,tt~ the horticultural world of London
will be the Exhibitions and Con-
ferences to be held at Chiswick next month.
The following is the programme issued : —

An exhibition of Asters, Sunflowers, and Conifers
will be held at Chiswick Gardens, on October 6, 7,
and 8, 1891.

On October 6, 1891, a Conference will be held at
2 p.m., on Asters (Michaelmas Daisies) and Perennial
Sunflowers, and the following papers will be read : —

1. Opening Address, by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., &c.
Chairman. 2. " The Genus Aster," by Professor
G. L. Goodale, Director of the Botanic Gardens,
Harvard University, U.S.A. 3. " Michaelmas
Daisies," by the Rev. C. Wolley-Dod, M.A. 4.
" Perennial Sunflowers," by Mr. D. Dewar. 5. " Cul-
ture of Sunflowers," by Mr. E. H. Jenkins.

On October 7, 1891, a Conference will be held at
2 p.m., on Cone-bearing Trees and Shrubs. Papers
to be read : — 1. " Opening Address on some Special
Features of Interest in the Order of Conifers," by
Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.K.S.. &c, Chairman.

2. " Japanese, Chinese, and Californian Conifers,"
by Mr. H. J. Veitch, F.L.S., &c. 3. " Conifers as
Specimen Trees and for Landscape Gardening,"
by Mr. G. Nicholson, A.L.S. 4. " Conifers for
Timber and in Plantations," by Mr. A. D. Web-
ster. 5. " The Decorative Character of Conifers,"
by Mr. Edmund J. Baillie, F.L.S. 6. " Conifers
at Bicton, Devon," by the Hon. Mark Rolle. 7.
" Conifers at Dropmore," by Mr. C. Herrin.

Ou October 8, 1891, the Conifer Conference will
be resumed at 2 p.m. Papers to be read. — 1. Open-
ing Address, by Professor Bayley Balfour, M.A.,
F.R.S., &c, Chairman. 2. "The Value in the
British Islands of Introduced Conifers," by Mr.
Malcolm Dunn, F.R.H.S. 3. "The Quality of
Coniferous Timber as Affected by Sjlvicultural
Treatment," by Dr. Wm. Somerville. 4. "The
Timber of Exotic Conifers Grown in Scotland : its.
Uses and Comparative Value," by Mr. D. F.
Mackenzie. 5. " Fungoid and other Diseases of
Conifers," by Professor Marshall Ward, M.A.,
F.L.S. 6. " Insects Injurious to Conifers," by
Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, M.A.

Fellows of the Society are particularly invited to
assist in making the Exhibition a great success,
either by contributing specimens of Asters {i.e.,
Michaelmas Daisies), Sunflowers, or of Conifers
themselves, or by inducing others to do so.

Intending exhibitors may now obtain schedules
and latest particulars of prizes offered, &c, at the
Society's Offices, 117, Victoria Street, S.W.

In addition to the prizes offered in the schedule,
awards will also be made to Coniferous plants
plunged in banks or beds of cocoa-nut fibre. The
fibre will be provided in the gardens.

Drawings or paintings in black and white, water
or oil colours, &c, and any literature relating to
Conifers will be much appreciated in connection
with the Conference and Exhibition.

Prizes, it may be added, are offered for bunches
of hardy perennials, Asters, and Sunflowers, to
be competed for by amateurs exclusively ; while
for a collection of fresh cones with branches and
foliage, the Veitch Memorial Medal and £5 are
offered, also to amateurs.

It is greatly to be desired that planters and
tree-lovers will take part in the proceedings ; or,
if that be not practicable, that they will send
specimens of all kinds, and details relating to the
rate of growth of various Conifers, their value
for particular purposes, and their suitability to
particular soils. In this way a great body of
information may be got together, at present not
readily accessible.

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Septembeb 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

375

Wellesley, Massachusetts.— On various

occasions we have given illustrations of this, one
of the finest, if not the finest, garden in America.
We now add another, showing a pavilion, over-
looking the lake, and affording the luxuries of
coolness and shade. The architectural features are
simple but effective, while the clipped shrubs, gene-
rally to be deprecated , are in harmony with the vertical
lines of the pillars. (See Supplementary Illustration.)

Cattleya labiata, True Autumn- Flower-
ing.— At the sale of Messrs. F. Sander & Co.'s fine
importation of this much-coveted species, on Friday,
September 18, a refreshing revival, after the lull
which always ensues during the holiday season, took
place. The bidding was very spirited, and the
amount realised for this Cattleya was £800. Not
a single plant was left unsold, and many would-be
buyers had to go away unsatisfied. We understand,
however, that their wants will be supplied by a
further consignment in grand order, which will be
sold at Messrs. Protheroe & Morris' Rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside, on Friday, October 2.

The Royal Horticultural Society.— The

new number of the Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society contains, besides extracts of proceedings, a
number of interesting papers. Mr. W. Warren
writes on " Persian Cyclamen " ; the Rev. W. Wilks
on " Hardy Cyclamen "; Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R S..
on "Germination of Cyclamen." "Snowdrops,"
form the subject of papers by Mr. J. Allen, Mr.
D. Melville, and Mr. F. W. Burbidge. There are
also papers on the " Cultivation of Hardy Bulbs and
Plants," by Herr Max Leichtlin; " Lachenalias,"
by Mr. F. W. Moore ; " Cape Bulbs," by Mr. J.
O'Brien ; and " II> brid Rhododendrons," by Pro-
fessor Henslow.

The Royal Horticultural Society of

IRELAND. — A special council meeting of this society
was held at the office, 189, Great Brunswick Street,
on September 14. The following members of coun-
cil were present : Sir Percy R. Grace, Bart., D.L , in
the chair; Mr. H. Cusack, Mr. C. Strong King,
J.P. ; and Mr. Hamilton Drummond, Hon. Secre-
tary. The secretary was instructed to obtain infor-
mation regarding premises available for permanent
buildings for the Society. Many annual members of
the society were elected.

The Climatic Conditions for the Deve-
lopment of Nicotine in Tobacco Plants.
— It has been pointed out by Mr. A. Mayer that by
the use of a rich and easily assimilated nitrogenous
manure, the percentage of nicotine in Tobacco
plants is increased. He has now been examining
into the influence of climatic conditions — eg., heat,
water, light, and the moistness of the air. Plants
grown under glass contained in some cases double
the percentage of nicotine found in those plants
grown in the open, and consequently at a lower tem-
perature ; and in those plants grown under shelter
a higher temperature corresponded with a higher
percentage of nicotine. Full lighting was also
accompanied by an increase in the nicotine contained
in the plants — an increase which rose as high as
100 per cent, of that contained in plants from which
the light was partly cut off. A small supply of
water seems to be the most beneficial to full deve-
lopment, and an excess of water is inimical. By
increasing the moisture of the atmosphere surround-
ing the plant, transpiration is diminished, and this
leads to an increase in the amount of nicotine,

"Handbook of the Destructive Insects
OF VICTORIA " — Mr. C. French, the government
entomologist of the colony of Victoria, has published
the first part of a useful little book on the insects
injurious to fruit trees in Victoria, and on " the
methods to be adopted to check and extirpate them."
Coloured plates of the American blight, the Codlin
moth, the Apple-borer, the Apple bark-scale, the
red spider, the Pear slug, the Pear mite, and other
insects are given. The author fully acknowledges
his indebtedness to the works of Westwood, Riley,

Ormerod, Murray, and others, and has done his
work conscientiously and well.

Orchid growing in England. — M. Lucien

Linden, whose remarks on Orchid-growing in this
country we alluded to on a former occasion, reverts
to the subject in the last number of the Journal des
Orchidees, wherein he asserts that his remarks applied
more particularly to London and its vicinity. In
future numbers, he is to tell us his opinion of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, and of certain Orchid
collections round Manchester.

" Botanical Magazine."— The plants figured

in the September number are : —

Heritiera macrophylla, t. 7192 — the looking-glass
tree of India, by some supposed to be a large-
leaved variety of the H. littoralis. There has been
a fine specimen of the tree in the Palm-house at
Kew for many years.

Tulipa Sintcnesii, t. 7193. — This is the new
species described by Mr. Baker in our columns, 1S91,
vol. i., p. 330. Kew.

Citrus Aurantium, var. Bergamia. — The Ber-
gamot Orange, t. 7194, a variety of the common
Orange cultivated in Calabria for its oil. The
specimen figured came from the garden of T. Han-
bury, of La Mortola.

Impaticns mirahilis, t. 7195. — A remarkable
species with an erect stem 4 feet high, and as thick
as a man's leg, crowned with a tuft of many large,
long-petioled, fleshy, spreading leaves nearly 1 foot
long ; and from the axils of which spring erect
racemes of large yellow flowers. The plant came
from Messrs. Veitch, and is supposed to have come
from the Island of Langkawi, off the east coast of
Sumatra.

Phaltenopsis Esmeralda, t. 7196. — Sir J. Hooker
includes under this species P. antennifera, P.
Regnieriana, and P. Buyssoniana.

HONG KONG— The Annual Report of the Bota-
nical Department contains a notice concerning the
origin of the Chinese preserved Ginger, which was
lately attributed to Alpinia Galanga. Mr. Ford,
however, holds to the opinion that it consists of
the rhizomes of the true Ginger, Gingiber officinale,
which is largely cultivated by the Chinese. About
hilf a million of trees have been planted in the
island, principally Pinus Massoniana (sinensis).

A Natural Hybrid Cypripedium. — M.
Barbey has described and figured a hybrid between
C. calceolus and C. macranthum. It appears that
in Siberia the two species grow together. M.
Boissier obtained from Siberia what were supposed
to be roots of C. macranthum, but which produced
flowers intermediate in character between those of
the two species named. A comparative description
of the two parents, and of the hybrid, accompanied
by a coloured plate, is given.

FOREST OF Box. — Near Antkjel may be seen
the remains of an old Box-tree forest. This tree is
now rare even in the Caucasus ; a wood containing
about 20,000 trees, ranging up to 2 feet in diameter,
still stands at a higher elevation near Bsipp, but has
recently been purchased by an English company for
nearly one million dollars. A Box forest, says Dr.
Dieck, in Garden and Forest, is the genuine forest of
the fairy tales. " No soul can be so dull as not to
feel its influence. Hardly a ray of sun can penetrate
its thick roof of foliage ; perpetual twilight and
solemn silence reign within it. All the trunks,
all the knotted branches, all the twigs are
thickly covered with long trails of moss, while
the dark soil beneath bears only a rare tuft of Ferns
or group of shrinking fungi. No bird's voice is
heard, no insect whirs through the air ; only the
rustling of the tree-tops and the moaning of the
wind-twisted boughs breaks the church-yard still-
ness of this ghostly wood."

Araucaria EXCELSA. — This neat and favourite
plant for indoor decoration has long been exten-
sively cultivated in Belgian and French nurseries,

and in a less degree in England also. Recognising
its merits, Messrs. Hugh Low & Co. have worked up
a large stock, almost filling two long houses. The
plants range from the young plant only a few inches
in height, to the large specimen, but all are of
perfect form, and, being evergreen, are available for
use all the year round. It is not generally known
that Araucaria excelsa is one of the very best plants
for permanent use in the dwelling-house, and care-
fully tended, it thrives well even in the London
smoke.

LlLIUM WALLICHIANUM SUPERBUM. — Many
plants of this grand creamy-white and yellow Lily
grown under glass at Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.'si
nurseries at Clapton, display its beauty, but with
these, as with most of this species which we see
exhibited, the flowers are borne on very tall stems
in consequence of their being forced, and the
plant has acquired an unmerited character of being
of ungainly habit. A large bed of it in the open
ground at Clapton, and on which the buds are
well advanced, shows it in its natural growth, its
stature being 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches — not an
inch too tall to arrange well with the very largg
blooms borne on this Lily.

The Influence of Salt on the Food-
Reserves of Plants. — The influence of salt on
the quantity of starch contained in the vegetating
organs of Lepidium sativum has been recently studied
by Mons. P. Lesage. He watered the plants with
solutions containing from 1 to 25 grammes of salt
per litre, and in the second series of experiments he
employed sea-water in strength ranging from 4 to
100 per cent. With from 12 to 15 grammes of salt
per litre, the starch disappeared completely from
every part of the plant ; but this disappearance of
food-reserves is not directly proportional to the
quantity of salt present in the water. In both series
of experiments there was a minimum of salt in the
leaves and roots when the plants were treated with
water containing 166 grammes of salt per litre, or
6 7 per cent, of sea-water. Curiously enough, when
stronger solutions of salt were used in watering the
plants, the quantity of starch again increased until,
when from 12 to 15 grammes was reached, the
amount of starch, as already stated, disappeared
altogether. It is not improbable that the real
maximum is obtained by watering with solutions
which contain a quantity of salt between 01 an3
1'66 grammes per litre.

Palermo Botanic Garden.— Professor, the
Baron Todaro has lately issued another part of his
illustrated folio record of interesting plants which
flower in the Palermo Botanic Garden. The plants
illustrated are Aloe Rossi, an ornamental species
from Madagascar, with tufted fleshy, arcuate ovate-
lanceolate leaves shortly and remotely toothed at ths
margin, and with a pyramidal raceme of nodding
red and yellow flowers. Aloe Lanzse has linear lan-
ceolate leaves, with whitish blotches and deltoid
marginal teeth. The inflorescence is more elongats
and less pyramidal than in the first-named species.

The Destruction of Slugs.— a recent

number of Cosmos, referring to the slugs which, it
states, are this year a veritable plague in the kitchen
gardens in France, says, of all the hundred-and-
one remedies which have been proposed to reduce
these pests, none is so good as the "toad." The
French gardeners used to kill the toad whenever
they had the chance, as they had the mistaken and
vulgar notion that they were harmful ; they will now
gladly pay a sou each for toads. In some districts,
where toads are scarce, the gardeners are giving as
much as three francs (half-a-crown)adozen for these
useful scavengers.

SYDNEY. — The Agricultural Gazette of yew-
South Wales is publishing a series of illustrated
articles on the grasses of New South Wales by Mr.
Turner, who also contributes articles on the weeds
of New South Wales, and on new commercial crops
(Liquorice, Manilla, and Hemp). Various ento-
mological articles are also contributed.

372

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septemueh 26, lfi'Jl.

County Councils and Technical In-
struction.—The Technical Instruction Committee
of the County Councils have recognised the prin-
ciple that the instruction to be provided shall be
suited to the needs, and adapted to the industries, as
far as possible, of the town or village concerned ;
thus, for example, in urban districts, such subjects
are suggested as mechanics, building construction,
steam, electricity, chemistry of common life, laws of
health, &c. ; and in rural districts, horticulture,
agriculture, including bee-keeping, butter-making,
&c. In Surrey, a syllabus has been printed of pro-
posed horticultural lectures as follows : — 1. Advan-
tages of allotments and high culture of the land,
{a) outline of general principles, (b) routine and
results, (c) practical education. 2. The soil : its
nature, preparation, and improvement, (a) erroneous
and correct procedure, (b) implements and their
uses, (c) essential parts of plants, flowers, fruit, seed,
leaves, and roots. 3. Raising crops, plants, and
trees, (a) from seeds, (b) by cuttings and layers, (c)
preliminary remarks on budding and grafting. 4.
The food of crops, and its influence on productive-
ness, (a) manures, their nature and application ;
(b) thinning, sustaining, and supporting crops ; (c)
rudimentary pruning. 5. Enemies of crops and
trees, (a) weeds, (6) insects : grubs, their ravages,
prevention, and extirpation ; (c) advanced stage in
budding, (d) grafting and pruning. 6. Planting vege-
tables and fruits, (a) mistakes pointed out, and
correct methods described ; (A) cultivation in the
early stages of growth ; (c) use and abuse of water
and liquid manure. 7. Encouragement and endeavour,
(a) prizes for gardens, and how to raise them ; (b)
exhibiting, (c) standards of excellence in vegetables,
fruit and flowers; (d) judging. 8. Profitable crops,
and how to produce them ; (a) green crops, (b)
small fruits, (c) advanced stages in culture and
pruning. 9. Root crops and fruit trees, (a) cost and
value, (b) qualities and varieties, (c) superior culti-
vation in gardens and fields. 10. Constituents of
vegetables and fruits, (a) nutritive properties and
uses, (b) aids to maturation, (c) summer-pruning,
(d) root-pruning. 11. The preservation and disposal
of garden produce, (a) fruits, vegetables, and
flowers; (i) gathering and packing; (c) storing,
(d) marketing. 12. High ideals in gardening, and
how to attain them : (a) England to be the garden
of the world, (S) its people, who work on the land,
masters in the art of cultivation ; (<?) bright, full
gardens, and happy homes !

Palms, etc., Out-of-doors at ^Prospect
House, Woodford Green —Palms and Cycads,

&c, ha7e been used during the summer with much
effect at this piace. The undulating grounds quite
lend themselves to this form of decoration. Being
sheltered as well, the gales of a week or so since did
them little or no damage. Fine examples of
Cbamaerops robusta, Seaforthia elegans, Latania
borbonica, Phoenix compacta, Cycas revoluta,
Zamia, and an Aloe variegata, some 15 feet high,
arranged in commanding positions, give quite a
tropical appearance to the garden, enhanced as it is
with effective clumps, here and there, of Acanthus
latifolius, Caladium esculentum, and Cannas rubra
and Gibsoni. The variegated Coltsfoot has been
used as a foreground to the Cannas, a position for
which it seems well adapted, and Castor Oil plants
look well placed singly about on the grass.

Society of American Florists.— The next

meeting will be held at Washington in 1892.

Mr. Chas. Whitehead.— Our readers will hear
with regret that Mr. C. Whitehead, of fruit-growing
fame, is suffering from the effects of sunstroke, but his
illness is not considered to be of a dangerous
character.

STOCK-TAKING: AUGUST. — The Board of
Trade Returns for the month of August are of a very
interesting character, and indicate a rise in the im-
ports as compared with August last year, amounting
to £1,423,382. Of course, articles of food figure
largely, but the increase is distributed over some

half dozen other sections. As the Flax crop in Italy
is reported to be a very favourable one, doubtless onr
Belfast and Dundee friends are looking it up. The
following is extracted from the monthly summary of
imports^of foreign and colonial productions for the
month compared with last year, and showing the
difference : —

1890.

1891.

Difference.

Total value for month

£.
£31,322,897

£.

£32.746,279

£.
+1,423,332

511.— (A.) Articles of
food and drink —
duty free

11,187.665

11,799,608

+611,843

(B.) — do., dutiable

1.998,108

2,113,185

+115,077

$VI. — Raw materials
for textile manufac-
tures (including
Flax, Hemp, and
Jute)

3,011,132

2.957,157

—53,975

$VTI. — Raw materials
for sundry industries
and manufactures
(including wood and
timber, hewn, sawn,
split, dressed ; vege-
table materials, for
paper-making, &c.)

4,137,800

4.436.652

+898,852

$IX. — Miscellaneous
articles (including
Clover, Grass, Flax,
Rape, Linseed)

969.110

1,122,179

+ 153,069

(B.)— Parcel Post ...

32,106

38,761

+6,655

It may here be suggested that from one of our
colonies at least a much larger supply of cereals
ought to be forthcoming — we refer to Canada. The
recently published results of the census taken in the
Dominion this year are not at all satisfactory.
There would appear to be a steady stream of emigra-
tion to Canada from the United Kingdom, and that
the larger part of it makes for the United States as
soon as possible. The agricultural population does
not increase as it ought to do, and there is a ten-
dency to flock from the field to the town. How
much the Government — the conditions of existence
— are to blame for this state of things we have not
the space to dilate upon ; but the fact remains, that
the population is not what it ought to be by over a
million (so it has been contended), and we do not
receive from Canada the amount of food-produce
which even under present circumstances she ought
to produce and export. As was remarked in our
pages a year or two since, we seem to be doing our
best to educate young persons in order that the
United States may reap the benefit of the'education.
A falling off of some 9 per cent, in the values of
exports of British and Irish products has to be
noticed ; the decrease is exactly £2,147,120. Of
course, this is greatly to be regretted — but there is
peace in Chili, and " Brag " on the Continent has
ended in a new Russian loan ! So, possibly, there
may be a better record for September. The figures
in the following little table speak for themselves —
they relate to the —

Imports of Fruit, Vegetables, §c.,for August.

1890.

1891.

Difference

$ 11. Fruit:—
Apples, raw bush.

136,270

116.763

—19,507

Unenumerated, raw

675,893

975.137

+299,244

Onions

339,219

261,009

—78,210

Potatos cwt.

17,008

41,716

+24,708

Vegetables, raw, unenu-
merated value

£97,031

108.928

+11,897

In the matter of Potatos, the London market record
shows a range in prices from 46s. to 106s. per ton.
A difference of 60s. is not to be altogether accounted
for on the ground of quality; the untoward season
and the fear of disease doubtless have had very
much to do with the great range. Possibly first-
class Potatos have not been so cheap in the metro-
polis for years. The weather during the past month
has been terribly trying for all kinds of crops — fruits,
roots, and cereals alike; but agricultural condi-
tions are slowly but surely altering in Great Britain.
From a summary of the Agricultural Returns for
1891, issued the other day by the Board of Agricul-
ture, it appears that there is but a slight increase

this year of land under cultivation, compared with
1890 ; the only noticeable increase is in Hops — the
average here has risen just over 4 per cent., though
still 2 per cent, under the acreage of 1889. The
acreage under Potatos has increased only 0 6 per
cent., and the land under Barley has increased only
1600 acres, or less thau a tenth per cent, on last
year's acreage. The quantity of land under Wheat is
still diminishing; in 1889, there were nearly 2,500,000
acres of Wheat— last year over 2,386,000 acres,
but this year only a little over 2,307,000 acres. On
the other hand it is to be noted that our wealth in
cattle, sheep, and pigs, calculated in numbers at
least, has uniformly increased. In Great Britain
there are nearly 7 million head of cattle, 29 million
sheep and lambs, and nearly 3 million pigs. This
shows an increase of nearly 5 per cent on 1890. and
over 13 per cent, on 1889. The Board of Trade
Returns month by month bear witness to the fact
that we are becoming more and more reliant upon
ourselves for live animals, which constitute a section
by themselves.

Royal Presentation to Mr. T. Jones —

We learn that the Queen has presented a silver tea
service to Mr. Jones, Her Majesty's Head Gardener
at Frogmore, on his relinquishing that post.

United Horticultural Benefit and Pro-
vident SOCIETY.— The annual dinner and gather-
ing of members and supporters takes place at the
Cannon Street Hotel, on October 15. Mr. G. A.
Dickson, of Chester, and ex-Mayor, will be in the
Chair.

Seaforthia elegans.— Mr. Polson obligingly

sends us a photograph of a fine plant of Seaforthia
elegans, which has produced its flowers in his con-
servatory near Paisley. The tree is about 20 feet in
height, with a diameter of 12 inches at the base.
We may take another opportunity of alluding to
the matter.

Vanda coirulea at Tring Park.— Lord

Rothschild's gardens are famous, amongst other
matters, for the perfection to which Phalsenopsis
and Vanda teres are grown. The house devoted
to the last - named plant had recently upwards
of five hundred flower-spikes. In the same house,
Vanda Hookerii and Aorides Vandarum are grown,
and the only specimen in cultivation of the true
Aerides cylindricum, which is a very different plant
from the A. Vandarum, which in some gardens goes
under the name of A. cylindricum. The Tring Park
collection now includes a houseful of the beautiful
Vanda ccerulea, and it is anticipated that before the
season is finished over one hundred and fifty spikes
will be furnished by the healthy specimens of this
species, which range in size from a single plant to
masses of more than twenty stems. One variety has
almost wholly bright blue flowers, with a dark blue
labellum ; another fine mass has four spikes, each
bearing from fourteen to sixteen large flowers, in
which the white ground of the segments shows
through the rich blue veining. The finest specimen
has seventeen strong flower-spikes, and will probably
be the best ever seen.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.— Report of the De-
partment of Agriculture, 1890-91. Cape Town. —
Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. —
Trees and Flowers of California. San Diego, Cali-
fornia. The Orcutt Seed and Plant Company, sub-
stantially a trade list, but containing many inte-
resting things, with notes on their growth, &c. It
is a mistake to say Abies bracteata is unknown in
cultivation. Mr. Obcutt does not read his Gardeners'
Chronicle.

The REDWOOD— One of the greatest curiosities
of the Chicago World's Fair, says the Times, pro-
mises to be that sent by Tulare, California. A
Ked-wood tree is growing there which is 390 feet
high, It is intended to cut from this tree a log
90 feet long, and 20 feet in diameter. By cutting
the log in half, and hollowing out each portion, it
will be turned into two railway carriages, one fitted

September 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENER S' CHR0X1 CL E.

373

up as a dining-car, with buffet, bath-room, barber's
shop, and kitchen ; the other to be a sleeping-car,
with an 'observation "-room. The rough bark of
the tree will be left on for the roof, while the sides
and ends will be of the natural wood, unpolished.
The cars will be occupied during the exhibition by
the families of the makers, and the rest of the tree
will be cut up and worked into souvenirs.

Chester. ('2). The changes exhibited by protoplasm
are much slower than your report would indicate.
The effect of a current of London fog upon delicate,
unprotected plant structures, takes some hours to
manifest itself. The changes are identical with
those occurring when sulphurous acid, of appropriate
dilution, is passed over such structures. As the
strength of the acid is increased, the effects in ques-
tion are accelerated. (3). The concluding sentence

F. W. Oliver. [The report was furnished by a press-
agency, and was unfortunately not revised. Authors
would do well in such cases to send their own ab-
stracts for publication, or at least to make known
the fact that thev are going to read papers on a
particular subject.]

WHAT IS A HARDY PERENNIAL ?— If " A. D." is
right on p. 344, in classing HydraDgea paniculata as

'O^i. INCHED
FlO. 44. — CARNIVOROUS PLANT — FINGU1CCLA ORAND1FLORA : BOTTERWOET. (SEE P. 370.)

Home Correspondence.

TOWN FOG. — In the abstract, given on p. 340, of
your last impression, of the recent discussion on
" Town Fogs and their Effects " at the -International
Congress of Hygiene and Demography, some mis-
leading statements are attributed to me. These I
venture to correct : — (1). Sulphurous acid is con-
spicuous in both Manchester and London fogs ;
hydrochloric acid is present in both, though in less
quantity in the London fog than in that of Man-

— " It has been found necessary for the preservation
of plants at Kew, as for the protection of legislators
in the House of Commons, to filter the air through
cotton-wool, and to supply the deficiency of light in
foggy weather by electric illumination " — represents
the /acts only as touching our legislators. Plants at
Kew are without this sort of protection. The state-
ment has doubtless arisen from the erroneous attri-
buting to me, by a reporter, of remarks which fell from
the lips of Sir Henry Roscoe, President of the Section
in which the discussion took place. If I remember
aright, the President was alluding to precautions
which might become necessary in the near future.

hardy (I very much doubt if it is hardy so far north
as this, even if grown as an herbaceous plant), I
cannot agree with him that it should be called a
" hardy perennial " in the ordinary sense of the
words. " A. D." goes on to say : " If Roses and all
ordinary hard-wooded shrubs which are not her-
baceous, but are perennial, are excluded from
classes termed hardy perennials, it can only be by
some general understanding." I contend that such
an understanding exists in the manner the term
"hardy perennial" is generally applied. Who has
heard of Rose trees or any other flowering shrub,
say, DeuUia scabra, Berberis Darwinii, Althaea

374

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

frutex, Cistus ladaniferus, Pteony Moutan, Paul's
Scarlet Thorn, and hundreds of other similar plants
■being called " hardy perennials." I admit that the
term can be extended to include any plant that is
perennial and hardy, but the fact remains that it is
not usually so understood, but is taken by the
majority of growers to mean a hardy plant that
does not form a woody stem [above ground],
•and which, under the most favourable circum-
stances as to temperature, would still prove to
be herbaceous. Granting that Hydrangea panicu-
lata will succeed if treated as an herbaceous
plant, the difference in the classes would soon be
seen if a plant of it, and a plant of any ordinary
herbaceous plant, say, for instance, Delphinium
formosum, were lifted from the borders at the time
when the latter commenced flowering, and grown on
in a temperate house, the shrubby character of H.
paniculata would soon appear as an absolute cer-
tainty, and its opponent would as certainly prove
herbaceous. No shrub should be classed as an " her-
baceous plant " or an " hardy perennial " in the
•ordinary sense of the term, and I consider the judges
were quite right in the way they interpreted the
schedule. To speak of " hardy herbaceous shrubs,"
as your correspondent does, is only to make confusion
worse confounded. The terms " herbaceous " and
" shrub " are exactly opposed to each other. W. H.
Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford.

NEW BRITISH FUNGUS —The meeting of the
Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, held during the
past week at Doncaster, was devoted mainly to
•mycology. Of course there was the usual gather-
ing of enthusiasts, a contingent of whom is always
to be found haunting these fungus forays, at Don-
taster to-day, at Paisley to-morrow, and in France,
in Sweden, or in Denmark the next day — whispers
were even heard that some might cross the Atlantic
next year, " Just to see what the American species
are like, you know." Old faces drop out from these
meetings, but new ones appear to take their places—
so wags the world. On September 17 an excursion
was made to a wood near Doncaster— Sandbank
Wood, I believe, is the name— when my friend Mr.
H. G. Ward was fortunate enough to find a Tilletia
not hitherto recorded as British. It occurs in the
■ovaries of Holcus mollis, and when once found can-
not fail to be recognised by its markedly alveolate
spores. It is doubtless the species described by
Fischer von Waldheim under the name of Tilletia
Rauwenhofii ( = Polycystis Holci, Westd.). Westen-
•dorp's plant, however, was on Holcus lanatus, but
they are probably identical. The Doncaster plant
■occurred in considerable abundance. Charles B.
Plovsright, M.D., King's Lynn, September 20.

A NEW VARIEGATED FERN.— On a visit to the
nursery of Messrs. Rogers, at Lodsworth, in Sussex,
the other day, I saw, among other interesting things,
3, variegated form of Adiantum macrophyllum, which,
so far as I know, is not in general cultivation , though
it has been exhibited at one of the meetings at
Westminster. As I saw it, with its fronds copiously
mottled and freckled, I thought it a pretty plant,
•especially when the rose-tinted young fronds are
likewise variegated. I am told that it is in best con-
dition in spring, when the young fronds are freely
•developed. It will be a useful decorative plant,
while among Ferns, it is most distinct, very different
from any I have seen, and the floral decorator will,
no doubt, put it to good use when it is obtainable.
It is quite as strong in growth as the original, and
requires the same treatment. There is an interesting
•collection of Orchids at this nursery, including some
uncommonly good Cypripediums, notable among
thembeing the best form of C. barbatum nigrum I have
seen, and with larger flowers and deeper colours than
■ordinary. Outside one may see a thriving stock of
several things which in that part of Sussex thrives
admirably, one being the Japanese Elaeagnus pungens,
reflexa, and glaber, which are not generally planted,
because insufficiently known, though they are among
the handsomest of evergreen shrubs. W. (i.

THE LATE MR WILLIAM HOLMES.— Soon after
the death of Mr. Holmes, a committee was formed
m Hackney to raise a fund for providing a local
memorial of his worth, and the esteem in which
he was so generally held. With the concurrence
of his widow, this took the form of a handsome
headstone in white marble, continued round the
grave to a suitable height, so as to admit of the
surface being planted with flowers. The upper
portion of the headstone is finely sculptured,
showing clasped hands, with the sentence below,
» e shall meet again ; " having representations

of Chrysanthemums above and at the sides in
bas-relief; and at the top of each of the two dark
granite columns which support the upper sculptured
portion, a bunch of Primroses commemorative of
his association with the local Primrose League.
The inscription between the two columns set
forth the date of Mr. Holmes' death, September
18, 1890, and goes on to state that, " This
memorial was erected by a number of friends of the
late William Holmes, as a token of their affectionate
regard for his manly Christian character, and to mark
their sense of his valuable services to the people of
Hackney, as one of their most trusted and zealous
representatives upon the various local boards ; also in
grateful remembrance of his unceasing labours in the
world of horticulture, especially in connection with
the culture of the Chrysanthemum." In spite of the
very wet weather, a considerable number of friends
were present at the Abney Park Cemetery, and, after
a short service, conducted by the Rev. W. Langhorne,
the Chairman of the Memorial Committee, the
erection was formally handed over to the widow,
Mrs. Elizabeth Holmes. Several members of the
National Chrysanthemum Society were present,
which was officially represented by the Chairman,
Mr. Robert Ballantine, and the Secretary, Mr.
Richard Dean. R. D.

POTATO POINTS AT EXHIBITIONS — " One who
Wishes to Learn " does not make his wishes very clear
in respect to what he terms types of Potatos at
exhibitions ; but, presumably, he refers to their
respective classes, as exhibitors have usually classi-
fied them. I was not at the Edinburgh show, and
therefore did not see the Potatos, but, as I learn,
large and coarse tubers were disregarded by the
judges in favour of tubers of a more-refined cha-
racter, and can very well understand the disappoint-
ment of those northern competitors whose notions
with respect to show-tubers are, in some cases,
indefinite. Generally, exhibition Potatos have been
classified into white Kidneys and white rounds,
coloured Kidneys and coloured rounds. In associa-
tion with the two latter classes, however, it has
been wisely agreed to include all having white skins,
if only moderately blotched with any other colour.
So much for the classification. I do not know
whether that is what is meant by " One who Wishes
to Learn," when he refers to types. It must not be
understood, however, that it is easy to class all
Potatos into these four divisions. White and
coloured are clearly enough defined, but rounds and
Kidneys are much confused, because we have so
many sorts that are of undefined form, and being
flattish-long, sometimes come in as round, some-
times as Kidney. However, in selecting varieties for
distinct sections, the exhibitor should seek for those
which seem most to conform to the requirements of
the classes. Ashleaf Kidney, Snowdrop, Governor,
The Canon, Magnum Bonum, with many others of
the long, flattish, pointed form, are all true white
kidneys ; and of coloured ones, Prizetaker, Edgcote
Purple, Mottled Beauty, Beauty of Hebron, and
others, show what sort of form these should have.
Of white rounds, Schoolmaster, London Hero,
Sutton's Seedling, and Satisfaction are all good
types ; and of coloured ones, Reading Russet, The
Dean, Vicar of Laleham, or Adirondach are good
examples. All other varieties may come into large
collections of twelve, eighteen, or twenty-four dishes,
when no special classification is stipulated. Still, in
the case of these collections, they are strong or
otherwise, just as they may include a fair admixture
of colour amongst the whites, and of the recognised
sections of Potatos ; but of course it is more im-
portant that the individual tubers should be of the
best form. This comprises good medium size, but not
unduly large tubers, skins very bright, clean, and
smooth, and the outlines as perfect and even as
can be obtained. No tubers should have scab or
roughness of skin, or abrasions or warta, but be what
can conscientiously termed handsome. It is but
right that as much beauty should be found in
Potatos as the tubers can furnish, this, of course,
irrespective of quality ; but the term " Show Potatos,"
as commonly used, is misplaced, because all varieties,
good or bad, give handsome tubers, just as grown in
good or bad soils. Specially should the tubers ex-
hibited be of fairly even size. After all, there is
nothing like a good show to educate novices in
Potato exhibiting, and one regrets that the bright
International Potato shows no longer exist. A. D.

THE ELEPHANTS FOOT— TESTUDINARIA ELE-
PHANTIPES. — The tortoise-corm Yam, or Elephant's
Foot, grown in pots, is a quaint-looking plant, and
one that is only likely to be found here and there in

gardens. At the same time, there can be no reason
why a lesson should not be taken from Cape Colo-
nists, and the way they employ the plant for door-
way decoration. At Port Elizabeth, they have been
grown on house-porches for generations, and it need
not be said, the huge, hard, outside coverings of the
roots, prove permanently ornamental, as a base,
whilst the annual growth from them, covering
trellis-work with its neat foliage and yellow in-
florescence, is at least, refreshing amidst the glare
of sunlight and the prevailing dust — especially,
when occasional rain storms cause them to glisten
with renewed freshness. I would suggest match-
pairs planted at the entrance of conservatories, or
greenhouses (on the inner sideof course), and indeed in
cool ferneries they would prove a novelty, both as
regards the rustic base and over-meeting growth,
such as would be generally appreciated. Meantime,
has it been ascertained whether these Dioscoreacese
have any culinary merit ? William Earley.

VEGETABLES AT GLENHURST.— When I looked
in upon Mr. Waite at Glenhurst, Esher, Surrey,
sometime since, he was very busy preparing his
vegetables for the exhibition of the Co-operative
Association at the Crystal Palace, where he exhibits
annually in scores of classes ; and also for a vegetable
competition of a much higher status, perhaps the
most important of any similar competitions in the
provinces — that at Shrewsbury, on the 19th and 20th
inst. A good deal of courage is required from any
exhibitor who proposes to carry a quarter of a ton
weight of vegetables so far from home as Shrewsbury
is from Esher, and it involves likewise a considerable
outlay. Still Mr. Waite has been there frequently,
and found more or less success. His stoutest opponent
there was Mr. Lambert, who however has, since last
year, been called to Wales, where doubtless he
will try hard to sustain his high reputation as a
vegetable grower. Mr. Waite, however, is second to
none with vegetables. It is true he sometimes finds
his match, because with a show period of some five
months, it is certain that occasionally some of
his productions will be weaker than others. But
few gardeners in the kingdom have a longer list of
wins than he can show, and no other gardener,
perhaps, attempts to show so often. The season
begins in June, and ends with the latest of
the Chrysanthemum shows, and during that time,
perhaps, some twenty-five to thirty shows are com-
peted at, and over one hundred prizes won. These
latter, however, would not be of great merit were
they seconds or thirds. Mr. Waite's average of
firsts is very high, and such nrst-class results can
only be secured by the best cultivation, and the
highest capacity to select good products and set
them up on the exhibition tables to the very
best advantage. The large open space of ground
taken from a rich meadow at Glenhurst, and con-
verted into a kitchen garden, is every year fullv
cropped, and every year produces splendid resuhs. It
consists of a deep, friable soil, soft in texture, yet
holding, in which all kinds of vegetables thrive.
Then the very best selections are grown, and these
are sown fairly thin, have ample room, and are care-
fully tended, so far as it is possible so to do. An
instance of the exceptional care taken to secure the
best possible samples is shown in some plants of
Canadian Wonder French Beans, which have been
hard-thinned to single plants, each 1 foot apart, on
a south border, and these plants again reduced to
single stems, and the production of a few pods, so
as to ensure them straight and long. Celery, again,
of the earlier planting, is blanched by means of bands
of brown paper, and not with the soil. Not only is
6uch method of blanching effectual, but it results in
cleaner aud finer stalks ; still further, the finest can
be selected and lifted as needed, whilst all the
plants can be to the last freely supplied with liquid
manure. Then with Cauliflowers, the greatest care
is taken to have the plants tied up neatly, and not
too closely, so soon as heads begin to show. The
practice would not, perhaps, answer in wet weather,
as it might too much enclose moisture, but in hot
weather the effect is to keep the light from the heads,
so that when cut they are of a pearly-white, very
solid, and clean. For the season, more perfect
samples of Cauliflowers than were at Glenhurst
the other day could hardly be found. These simple
things evidence the special pains taken by Mr.
Waite to have the best, and to do all that can be
done to secure the highest awards at the exhibitions.
The chief subjects in vegetables shown at Shrews-
bury from Esher comprised Autumn Mammoth
Cauliflower, a fine stock turning in during August,
and well in advance of the Autumn Giant ; Excelsior
Onions, very fine, and of cricket-ball form, still

September 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

6(i>

capable of enlargement if left to grow ; Snowball
Turnip, the best of all for early show-work ; new
Intermediate Carrots, very handsome, clean, and
rich in colour ; Leicester R*d Celery, very solid and
clean ; Exhibition Marrow Peas, a very prolific tall
variety, which carries very fine pods ; Satisfaction
Potatos, white, round, clean, and handsome; Ne
Plus Ultra Runner Beans, a wonderful crop on the
bine, and the pods very straight, long, and of good
colour; Model Cucumber, Globe Artichokes, Lyon
Leeks, and Glenhurst Favourite Tomatos, a very
rich-coloured, handsome, prolific form of what is
now the most popular vegetable- fruit grown. Be-
yond these, there are for extra dishes, if needed,
Canadian Wonder French Beans, Exhibition Long-
pod Beans, Parsnips, and Cabbages ; but the
expert exhibitor of vegetables knows well what
are the best things for the season, and what
should be winning samples. The gardener who
has a good appreciation of the required quality
knows at home so soon as his samples are
clean and ready just about what his chances are
in the intending competition. Few men in the
matter of vegetables should understand what is good
and what is not better than Mr. Waite, hence his
oft successes, and high record of winnings. A. D.

Societies.

ROYAL HOETICULTUBAL

The meeting on the 22nd inst., was very well
attended by the public, and on this account it is to
be regretted that only one small collection of insect-
eating plants was brought. Mr. Lindsay's interesting
paper on these plants was read by the Secretary,
the Rev. W. Wilks, and was much appreciated.
Messrs. Veitch bad the only collection of insecti-
vorous plants exhibited, consisting of Nepenthes
Burkei excellens, with dark shining crimson pitchers
with crimped rim ; N. Mastersiana X , mahogany-
coloured pitchers, and others ; also Drosera dicho-
toma, Sarracenia Stevensi, and others, many of
which are figured in the present issue.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair ;
Mr. James O'Brien, Secretary ; and Messrs. Sydney
Courtauld, T. B. Haywood, E. Hill, Jas. Douglas,
Hugh Low. F. Sander, L. Castle, and H. Ballantine.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited a
small group of Orchids, comprising a grand dark
variety of Lselia grandis tenebrosa, several forms of
Miltonia vexillaria, including the variety superba,
Cattleya Gaskelliana alba, Vanda Hookeriana,
several plants of Cypripedium Maynardii X (purpu-
ratum X Spicerianum), and three examples of the
handsome C. Pollettianum x (calophyllum x cenan-
thum superbum) the wide difference between which,
although the seeds came all from one pod, should act
as a warning against naming slight variations, and
especially colour differences. The great feature in
C. Pollettianum is its large, perfectly circular dorsal
sepal, which is quite flat. It partakes of the
bright colouring of C. <cnanthum superbum ; the
upper edge of the dorsal sepal is pure white and
beneath the white margin, clear bright rose, the
lower half radiating from the column having many
lines and spots of shining dark chocolate. In one
of the forms exhibited, the flowers were much paler
than the type, and with but little marking on the
dorsal sepal, and the other form had slightly larger
flowers, in colour intermediate between the two. A
Silver Banksian Medal was unanimously voted for
the group.

Baron Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr., Mr.
H. Ballantine), exhibited Cypripedium Antigone
(niveum X Lawrenceanum). Its flowers are a9
large as those of C. Lawrenceanum, but with much of
the form of those of the other parent ; they are
white, tinged over the face of the lip and the sepals
and petals with rose colour. A First-class Certifi-
cate was awarded. Mr. Ballantine also exhibited
flowers of Cattleva Hardyana and C. Dowiana.

T. Statter, Esq.. Stand Hall, Whitefield, Man-
chester (gr., Mr. R. Johnson), sent Cattleya inter-
media alba, a variety with fine white flowers (First-
class Certificate) ; C. Loddigesii splenderrs, with rich
rosy-crimson sepals and petals, and distinct bronzy-
orange stain on the lip ; also cut flowers of C.
Loddigesii and Miltonia Moreiana atrorubens.

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham
(gr., Mr. G. Duncan), exhibited a plant of a light
form of Aerides Rohanianum and Odoutoglossum

Pescatorei ; and cut spikes of a very Hue form of
Cattleya Schofieldiana and C. bicolor, and of Vanda
Sanderiana.

Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, 112, Lordship Lane, East
Dalwich, staged a fine plant of Grammatophyllum
Seegerianum, with a 4-feet scape of about three
dozen flowers, greenish-white, heavily barred with
brown.

Messrs. W. L. Lewis & Co., Chaseside, Southgate,
sent a dark form of Cypripedium Harrisianum and a
plant of Masdevallia Gaskelliana.

Captain Hincks, Brechinboro, exhibited his new
hybrid Masdevallia Stella X (M. Harryana 3 X M.
Estradte 9 ) ; the scapes are slender, and bear one
pale lilac flower.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, the United States
Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent, showed two
plants of the pretty lilac-coloured Lrelia Eyer-
manniana, a fine form of Cattleya maxima, Burling-
tonia fragrans, Cypripedium Harrisianum x , and
the darker C. H. Rougerii X , C. Chas. Canham x ;
and, under the name C. intermedium X,a variety
with much resemblance in the flowers to C. selli-
gerum X. A vote of thanks was recorded.

J. C. Parr, Esq., Grappenhall Heyes, Warrington,
sent a three-flowered spike of Cattleya Hardyana.

Fruit Committee.

Present :— Philip Crowley, Esq., in the Chair;
also Messrs. Harrison Weir, It. D. Blackmore,
T. Francis Rivers, J. Cheal, G. W. Cummins, W.
Warren, T. J. Saltmarsh, A. H. Pearson, A. Dean,
W. Bates, George Cliffe, George Wythes, James
Hudson, F. Q Lane, H. Balderson. G. Reynolds,
J. Willard, Dr. Hogg, and Rev. W. Wilks.

A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded to Messrj.
William Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, for collection
of sixty dishes of Apples and sixty dishes of Pears,
comprising all the best kinds, large and well coloured
Souvenir du Congres and Clapp'a Favourite Pears,
Duchess's Favourite, Duchess of Oldenburgh Melon,
Lord Suffield and Emperor Alexander Apples, &c.

Two dishes of Solway Peaches, fruits 4 to 5 inches
in diameter, beautiful chrome-yellow, flushed red,
were exhibited by the Rev. L. R. Flood, the Rectory,
Merrow (gr., Mr. J. Gillart). Awarded a vote of
thanks. The same acknowledgment was given to
Mr. John Roberts, the Gardens, Tanybwlch, for dish
of Passiflora edulis, fruits the size of large Plums,
of dark purple colour.

Vote of thanks was passed to Messrs. James
Veitch & Son^Chelsea, for a Crab Apple called John
Downie, nicely-coloured, fruit of Pyrus malus,
X Elise Rathe, with pendulous branches, and conical
medium-sized fruit, green with red cheeks ; Farleigh
Prolific Damson, with enormous crops of fruit.

Rev. W. Wilks exhibited a new Pear, Marguerite
Marillat, 6.+ inches long, 4i inches largest diameter,
pale yellow with russet dots.

Mr. Bloxham, Great Brickhill Manor, Bletchley,
received a vote of thanks for some samples of Veitch's
Main Crop Onion, 4 to 5 inches in diameter, flat and
even, small neck and heavy. II. Lane & Son, Berk-
hampstead, showed a small pear-shaped Apple.

Messrs. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, had four
dishes of seedling Plums which had been dried in
Mayfarth & Co.'s Fruit Evaporator at Chiswick
Gardens.

Three seedling Melons, as well as new Apples
and Plums, came from various raisers, but these
received no award.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq, in the chair; and
Messrs. C. T. Druery, It. Dean, B. Wynne, G. Phip-
pen, G. Nicholson, C. Jeffries, ;G. Mynton, R. B.
Lowe, T. J. Bennett-Pee, H. Cannell, C. Noble, J.
Walker, J. Fraser, W. Goldring, G. Gordon, and
Rev. Honeywood D'Ombrain.

Mr. J. Walker, nurseryman, Thame, Oxon, received
a Bronze Banksian Medal for a large collection of
German quilled Asters, the most attractive being The
Bride, white, surrounded with pink ; Modesty, white,
shaded with pale pink ; and Duchess of Edinburgh,
rose, white centre. They were shown in small shields,
with their own foliage.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, had a varied
and interesting collection of plants. A greenhouse
Rhododendron, Ceres, chrome-yellow self, carmine
stamens ; received a first-class Certificate. They
showed six baskets of different Elteagnus, E. pungens
maculatus, leaves with pale yellow centres, and
narrow green margins, received a first-class Certifi-
cate. E. p. aurea marginata, with broad golden edge,
was good.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, Hextable, Swanley.
show el p ins of Cuphaia Llavse, with two upper perianth

segments brilliant scarlet, which contrast with
purple hairs on stamens. Awarded a Botanical
Certificate.

W. Marshall, Esq., Bexley, received a Cultural
Commendation for a large pot of Nerine flexuosa,
the mass of deep piuk flowers being effective.

A Silver-gilt Flora Medal was awarded to Mr.
George Phippen, nurseryman, Reading, for handsome
bank of flowers, consisting mainly of Cactus Dahlias
in shields backed with Bracken Fern, also Lilium
lancifolium and L. auratum in pots, the colour re-
lieved with Asparagus pluniosue, Grevillea robusta,
Cocos Weddeliana, tall Dracaenas _at the back, and
Adiantum in front.

Messrs. William Paul & Son, Waltham Cross,
received a Bronze Banksian Medal for an important
collection of autumnal Roses, filling six boxes, shown
in clusters. The best of them were Ulrich Brunner,
Grand Mogul, very good; Mrs. J. Laing, Duke of
Wellington, and A. K. Williams. Teas: Marie Van
Houtt.e, Sunset, Niphetos Safrano, Dr. Grill.

Dahlias.— Mr. St. Pierre Harris, Orpington, Kent,
had three seedlings, viz., Draughtsman, crimson,
flushed on the edges with orange-salmon ; very fine
shell petal-centre, and excellent outline (Award of
Merit) ; Mariner, deep crimson, shaded with purple
on the edges ; and Lancer (fancy), blush, the sides of
the petals yellow, the reverse cinnamon ; a pretty and
lively looking flower, something in the way of Polly
Sandell.

Mr. A. Rawlings, florist, Romford, staged a very
fine collection of nearly two hundred show and fancy
varieties, and, in not a lew cases, three blooms of each .
Of new varieties, he had Mrs. Ocock, yellow, slightly
tipped with salmon red, and having a slight margin
of pale mauve to some of the petals — very distinct
and promising (Award of Merit) ; Mrs. Hurst, a pale
variety, in the way of Queen of the Belgians, but
paler in the ground colour, and being edged with a
very slight beading of bright rosy purple ; George
Gordon, a bright crimson self; Fred Gunston (fancy),
deep lilac, flaked with maroon ; Nicol Walker
(fancy), deep buff-yellow, striped with crimson ;
George Arnold, crimson, flushed with purple; and
Arthur Ocock, a large orange-red self. Of older
varieties he had, in very good condition, Queen of
the Belgians, Harry Keith, R. T. Rawlings, Shirley
Hibberd, John Heushaw, Majestic, a novel and
attractive flower ; Nellie Cramond, and others,

Mr. J. T. West, gr. to W. Keith, Esq., Cornwalls,
Brentwood, staged a collection of new Cactus va-
rieties, that were not in sufficiently good condition
to tempt the Floral Committee to make an award to
any of them : they were Mrs. Harwood, orange-
scarlet ; Mr. Rolfe, deep orange; Emily Girdlestone,
orange, suffused with red ; Glory of Brentwood,
crimson, the points tipped with pale purple ; and
Annie Goddard, pale yellow. Mr. West had bunches
also of older varieties, and a large collection of cut
show Dahlias, including nine blooms of his fine new
yellow self, William Powell. His blooms were very
fine for this late part of the season.

Mr. G. Humphries, florist, Chippenham, had a
collection of Dahlias, including six blooms of Mr.
G. Humphries, a very attractive, light variety,
flushed with warm pink, and slightly tipped with
purple on the centre florets — very constant, and of
fine quality (Award of Merit) ; and Pompon Little
Sarah, buff ground, heavily tipped with rosy- pink
(Award of Merit).

Mr. Turner, Royal Nursery, Slough, sent a collec-
tion of show Cacti and Pompon Dahlias ; of the
former, the following new varieties were staged : —
Ada Rfhan, soft pinkish-lilac, in the way of Clara,
but deeper in colour, the petais more erect ;
very pleasing indeed, and novel, six very good
blooms beiDg staged (Award of Merit); Touch-
stone (fancy), shaded yellow ground, striped and
flaked with crimson (Award of Merit) ; also Nugget,
yellow, heavily tipped with reddish-orange ; El-
dorado, crimson, tipped with purple; Hero (fancy),
pale lavender ground, heavily flaked and striped
with crimson ; Oliver, crimson self; Old Tom, a
lightly shaded crimson self, of great promise ; Lorina,
deep buff yellow, &c. Of new Pompon varieties,
Mars, rich bright scarlet, small and of the finest
form (Award of Merit) ; Lorna Doone, pale lilac-rose
ground, heavily tipped with claret-crimson, perfect
in shape (Award of Merit) ; Cecil, ruby-red, tipped
with white,' finest shaped petals (Award of Merit).
Beside these were six new pompon varieties, viz..
Marion, Othello, Rubens, Midget, The Mikado, and
Martial, all very fine.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, nurserymen, Swanley,
staged several bunches of new Cactus and decorative
varieties, viz., Ernest Cannell, very pale bright

376

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

orange-scarlet, true Cactus type (Awart of Merit) ;
Sir Roger, brilliant orange- scarlet, true Cactus type,
a most striking variety (Award of Merit); Mrs.
Thornton, the base of the petals warm bright rose,
the greater portion of the petals bright deep rosy-
pink (Award of Merit) ; Beauty of Eynsford, salmon,
flushed with reddish-orange and yellow ; Marchioness
■of Abergavenny, pale yellow ; Princess Christian,
■bright rose, flushed with magenta-purple on the
«dge ; and some few other good varieties.

A large representative collection of Dahlias came
from Messrs. J. Cheat & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries,
Crawley. There were forty-eight bunches of single
varieties, including several quite new, such as Lady
Whitehead, deep rose, a peculiar and novel shade
of colour ; Gertrude, pale mauve-purple edged
with silvery - mauve ; Cleopatra, fiery-crimson
shaded off to maroon-crimson ; Miss Sperati,
yellow, flushed and striped with deep red ;
Duchess of Albany, Alba perfecta Christine,
a very pleasing shade of pinkish lilac, &c.
single blooms, and large and imposing bunches of
Cactus and decorative Dahlias, such as Lady Mar-
sham, Empress of India, Juarezi, Marchioness of
Bute. These and thirty-six show Dahlias com-
pleted the large-flowered part of the exhibit. There
were also thirty bunches of pompon Dahlias, some of
the most pleasing being Dora, Janet. Admiration,
Eurydice, Favourite, Guiding Star, Phcebe, E. F.
Jungker, ElieMeillard, white ; and Blanche.

Next to this Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nur-
series, had arranged an imposing pyramid of Cactus
and decorative Dahlias, which, despite its formality,
had attractiveness for many. The group included
Delicata, tinted-blush, very nice ; Oban, salmon
flushed with mauve ; John Bragg, rich maroon ;
Edmund Weekly, Mrs. Douglas, &c. Also a number
of pretty bunches of Pompon varieties, comprising
several new sorts, such as Mrs. Walter Besant, pale
■buff, tipped with purple, very pretty (Award of
Merit) ; Nellie Machray, deep orange- buff, very
novel and distinct (Award of Merit); Edith, white
slightly tipped with purple, very pretty and delicate ;
Sose Perry, pale yellow, edged with claret ; and
others. Also bunches of single varieties, a lot
of plants in pots of his new white Carnation La
Neige, which seems to improve as the summer
wanes ; and a collection of pretty bunches of early
flowering pompon Chrysanthemums, foremost among
them being Toreador, yellowish buff; Anastasio,
pinkish-lilac ; Precocite, Early Blush, &c.

Mr. Ware had some plants of new early- flowering
Japanese Chrysanthemums. Mr. W. Whiteley, The
Nursery, Hillingdon, again sent his new white
Japanese Chrysanthemum, Miss Whiteley, but not
improved in appearance. Lastly, came Mr. R.
Owen, Castle Hill Nursery, Maidenhead, with a large
and representative collection of .'early- flowering
Chrysanthemums, Pompon and Japanese, including
seedlings of his own raising, and new continental
varieties. There were twenty bunches of selected
early Pompons ; several new Pompon varieties, Buch
as Madame Edouard Lefort, fimbriated yellow ; Vis-
count Cliquot, deeply yellow, with slight flush of
orange-red; very compact aud pretty (Award of
Merit) ; G. B. Duvoir, bluish-white (Award of
Merit), &c. ; also a large collection of new early-
flowering Japanese varieties, including M. Pynaert
Van Geert, deep brownish-gold ; R. du Mesnil
du Mont Cheauve, blush and deep lilac-rose,
Mdlle. Louise Morlot, blush, suffused with purplish-
rose ; N. Molyneux, a seedling from E Molyneux,
but with the surface fiery-chestnut, with silvery
reverse ; Lady Emily Fitzmaurice, bright yellow ;
Autumn Queen, resembling a deep golden form of
Madame Desgranges ; Mrs. Burrell, sulphur ; M.
Merendet, deep pink.

STOWMARKET HORTICULTURAL.

This Society, after being dissolved twelve years
•ago, through lack of funds and other reasons, has
been reconstituted under the presidency of Mr. R.
5. Pettivard, a large number of local gentlemen
'being appointed vice-presidents, and a strong com-
mittee having been elected, a successful show was
held on September 4. In the fruit classes, com-
petition was not very keen, except for Plums, A pples,
and Pears ; nor for vegetables, except Potatos and
Onions, the former of which were exceptionally fine
and good, more especially the cottagers' productions.
The Rev. F. J. Warmoll kindly offered special
prizes for vegetables grown on his allotments, and
as a great many of the exhibits in the ordinary cot-
tagers' classes were from the same allotments, this
give additional chances of finding a place in the

winning list. There were two classes for honey,
comb and extracted, and some excellent 1 lb. and
2 lb. bottles were shown.

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICUL-
TURAL INTERNATIONAL

Special Awards for Exhibits not in
Competition.

[We publish this list subject to correction, as it is we believe
still incomplete, and the official record has not even yet
reached us. Ed ]

A Gold Medal was awarded to Messrs. Wm.
Thomson & Sons, Tweed Vineyard, Clovenfords,
Galashiels, for a table 60 feet by 14 feet, composed of
choice Palms, Orchids, Ferns, fruit, cut flowers, and
vegetables, remarkable for good culture and tasteful
arrangement.

The following were awarded Silver-gilt Medals: —

The Royal Horticultural Society, London, per Mr.
Barron, Chiswick, for an interesting and instructive
display of fruit, consisting of sixty-two varieties of
Apples, twenty-five varieties of Plums and Damsons,
and seventv varieties of Tomatos.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, Kent, for
a first-class collection of fruit, made up of forty-six
dishes Apples, twelve dishes Pears — all beautifully
coloured — and two dishes Kentish Cobs.

Mr. Walker, Ham, Surrey, for a collection of
Apples and Pears from standard trees ; there were
sixty samples of Apples and thirty samples of Pears,
all large and good.

Messrs. Birkenhead, Sale. Manchester, for a rich
and interesting display of Ferns, many rare, and all
beautiful.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, for a
splendid display of Tuberous Begonias, Cactus,
Dahlias, &c.

Messrs. James Dickson & Sons, nurserymen,
Hanover Street, Edinburgh, for a choice collection
of ornamental Conifers.

Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Holloway, London,
for a table of stove and greenhouse plants, comprising
many new and rare species and varieties.

The following were awarded Silver Medals : —

Messrs. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, Sussex, for a fine
collection of sixty dishes of Apples, and thirty dishes
of Pears, along with a numerous exhibit of Dahlias
and other cut flowers.

Mr. John Watkins, Pomona Farm, Hereford, for
eighty dishes of Apples, forty dishes of Pears, twenty
of Cider Apples, and twelve of Perry Pears, thirty
of Plums and Damsons, with samples of cider cham-
pagne and perry champagne.

Messrs. Cocker & Sons, nurserymen, Aberdeen,
for an excellent and extensive display of Roses and
cut flowers of hardy perennials.

Messrs. Cross & Sons, Glasgow, for an interesting
group of well-cropped orchard-house fruit trees, cut
flowers, and vegetables.

Mr. Deverill, Banbury, Oxfordshire, for samples of
splendidly grown Onions and other vegetables.

Messrs. Dobbie& Co., Rothesay, N.B., for a tasteful
display of cut flowers and choice vegetables.

Messrs. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, London, for a
table of tuberous Begonias and other decorative
plants.

Messrs. Methven & Sons, nurserymen, Edinburgh,
for a well-arranged table of decorative stove and
greenhouse plants.

Mr. James Taylor, Bangholm, Edinburgh, for an
extensive display of vegetables, as put up in quan-
tities for the Edinburgh market.

The following were awarded Bronze Medals ; —

Mr. Rust, The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Sussex,
for a tine collection of fruit, comprising ninety dishes
Apples, and twenty-four dishes Pears, grown at
4O0 feet above sea-level.

Mr. Campbell, Blantyre, N.B., for a table of choice
florists' flowers.

Mr. Cuthbertson, Rothesay, N.B., for a table of
choice florists' flowers.

Messrs. Dicksons & Co., nurseryman, Edinburgh,
for an excellent table of miscellaneous decorative
plants.

Messrs. Laing & Mather, Kelso, for a display of
choice Carnations and other cut flowers.

Messrs. Stuart & Mein, Kelso, for a display of
Gladioli and other cut flowers.

Messrs. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, London, for a
fine table of miscellaneous decorative plants.

Mr. Hugh Dickson, Belmont Nursery, Belfast,
for an exhibit of forty-eight splendid blooms of Rose
Mrs. John Laing.

The following were Commended : —

Mr. John Downie, nurseryman, Edinburgh, for a
showy table of Tuberous Begonias, &c.

Mr. John Forbes, nurseryman, Hawick, for a table
of cut flowers and vegetables.

Mr. Findlay, Markinch, for a collection of new
varieties of Potatos.

Messrs. Thomas Smith & Sons, nurserymen,
Stranraer, for a stand of blooms of Rose Mrs. John
Laing.

The following received First-class Certificates : —
The Saratoga Packing Company, California, for

high quality of sun-dried Prunes, and excellence in

curing aud packing.

Mr. John Watkin, Pomona Farm, Hereford, for

excellence of cider and perry champagne.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
:in inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

3 a

Accumulated.

a
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ill

-H

O .

o
A

fference
since
B91.

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+ o»

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> ca
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o'-J

o-4

bove 12°, d
from Mean

Jan. 4, 1
elow 42°, d
from Mean

Jan. 4. 1

'3 a

*o
6

.S
S

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« a

01 *J
01

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a a

01 o
u *-£

-fl SI

ill

Day-

Day- Day-

lOths

Ids

deg.

deg. 1 deg.

Inch.

3 +

+ 194 4- 79

4 +

170

34.2

4 +

- 194- 1.1

1 -

123

1S.1

4 +

111

— 83 + 95 0 aver

121

15.8

4 +

122

— 107 4- 128 0 aver

128

17.0

4 +

117

— 91 + 115

1 —

124

18.2

3 +

121

— 118'+ 149

1 +

120

19 0

3 +

100

+ 109 + 45

2 —

133

25.7

4 +

118

+ 50+ 35

2 +

120

22.0

2 +

115

— 82 + 118

4 +

127

25.6

4 +

107

+ 68 + 29

150

21.5

3 +

111

+ 22+ 3i

5 —

135

23.4

1 +

127

— 8+40

4 +

127

20.6

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, Eugland, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, ."yc, Districts — 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England. S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending September 19, is furnished from
the Meteorological Oflice : —

"The weather was fine and warm at the com-
mencent of the period, but soon became much
cooler, unsettled, and showery in all parts of the
Kingdom.

"The temperature has continued above the mean,
the excess having ranged from 3° or 4° in most
districts, to 1° in the ' Channel Islands.' The
highest of the maxima were recorded on the 13th,
when the thermometer rose to 83° over Central,
S., and E. England, to 80° in ' England, N.E. and
N.W.,' and to between 73° and 78° in the ' W. and
N. parts of the Kingdom.' The lowest of the
minima were registered on the lotb, and varied
from 40° in ' England, S.W.,' and 43° in ' England,
S.' and ' Scotland, W. and E.,' to 46° in ' Ireland,
N.,' and to 52° in the ' Channel Islands.' During
the greater part of the period the minima were
considerably above the mean for the time of year.

" The rainfall has been rather more than the
mean in ' Scotland, N.,' and all the ' W. parts of
England,' as well as in ' England, S.' and the
'Channel Islands.' In the ' N.E. and E. of Eng-
land ' the fall has just equalled the mean, while in
the remaining districts there has been a deficiency.

September 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

377

" The bright sunshine has been very little prevalent
as a whole, but in the ' N. and E. of Scotland ' it has
been rather in excess of the mean. The percentage
of the possible duration was greatest at the eastern
stations, and ranged from 31 in ' Scotland, E,' and
29 in 'England, E.' to 19 in 'England, S.W7 "

Markets.

CO VENT GARDEN, September 24.

[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It must be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]
Market still heavily supplied. James Webber,

Wholesale Apple Market.

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.
s.d. s. d.

Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 3 o 4

Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30

Carrots, per bunch... 0 6- ...

Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4-06

Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36

Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09

Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30

Herbs, per bunch ... 0 4- ...

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s. d.
Apples, J-sieve ... 10-30
Damsons, J-sieve ... 1 6 ...

Grapes 0 6-19

Kent Cobi, 100 lb. 35 0 ...
Lemons, per case ...20 0-35 0

Potatos.
Supply rather heavier, consequently prices rule rather
lower. Best samples, 70s. to 805. ; ordinary, 55s. to 60s.
Beauty of Hebron, good samples, are in demand, and sell
freely. J. B. Thomas.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s.d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 10-16
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4-06
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-09
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

s. d. s. d.

[elons

0 6-10

eaches, per dozen..

10-40

ine-apples, St. Mi

chael. each

2 0-80

lums. £-sieve

10-26

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunehes 8 0-10 0

— English, per
dozen hunches ... 10-30

Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 1 0- 3 0

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-60
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 0 6-10

Cornflower, 12 buns. 16-20
Dahlias, 12 bun. ... 2 0-30
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Ghidiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lavender, doz. bunch 4 0-50
1. ilium var, 12 bun. 6 0 12 0
,, Harrisii, doz. 3 0-50
Liliums.various.doz. 10-30

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.

s. d. s.d.
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerites, per doz.

bunches 2 0-40

Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-30
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontog 1 ossu m
crispum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 3 0-40

— 12 spays 0 6-09

Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-
chals),perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 2 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buus. 16-30
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 3-06

-Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Adiantums. per doz. 4 0-12 0
Aralias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0
Asters, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Balsams, per dozen... 3 0-50
Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Caladiums, per doz.12 0-24 0
Campanulas, per doz. 8 0-12 0
Chrysanthe mums,

per dozen 6 0-90

Coleus, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0
Dracffinas, each ... 1 0 5 0
Ferns, small, per 100 8 0-15 0

s.d. s.d.

Ficus, each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 3 0-50
Geraniums, per doz. 3 0-60
Heliotropes, per doz. 3 0-50
Latanias. each ... 1 0-10 6
Liliumauratum,doz.l2 0-18 0

— Harriisi, doz.... i» 0-12 0

— lancifolium, doz. 10-15 0
Marguerites, per doz. 5 0-10 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-81 0
Pteris, per dozen ... 4 0-10 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Stratford : Sept. 2 J. — There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade was doue at the undermentioned quota-
tions :— Cabbages, Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd. per tally ; Cauliflowers, Is.
to Is. Gd. per dozen, and 3s. to 6s. per tally ; Turnips, Is. Gd.
to 2s. per dozen bunches; Carrots, household, 35s. to 50s. per
ton; Mangels, 17s. Gd. to 20s. do. ; Swedes, 25s. do. ; Onions,
German, 5s. to 6s. per bag; do.. Oporto, 6s. to 7s. per case;
Apples, English, Is. Gd. to 4s. Gd. per bushel; Scarlet Beans,
Is. to Is. 6d. per sieve, and Is. 9d to 2s. per bag.

Spitalfields : Sept. 2*.— Quotations :— English Apples,
2s. to 5s. per bushel ; Pears, Is. to 2s. Gd. per half-sieve ; Egg
Plums, Is. to Is. Gd. do. ; Orleans do., 2s. to 2s. 9d. do. ; Dam-
sous, Is. Gd. to 2s. do. ; Greengages, 2s. to 3s. do ; Cabbages,
Is. Gd. to 3s. 3d. per tally ; Cauliflowers, 2s. to 4s. per dozen ;
Brussels Sprouts, Is. Gd. to 2s. per half-sieve; French Beans,
id. to Is. per bushel; Scarlet do., Gd. to Is. do. ; Greens, Is. to
Is. 3d. per dozen bunches; Turnips, Is. 9^. to 2s. Gd. per dozen

bunches ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. 6d. do. ; Onions, 2s. to 2s. Gd. do. ;
Parsley, Is. to Is. Gd. do. ; Celery, Gd. to lOd. per bundle ;
Horseradish, lPtf. to Is. Id. do. ; Spanish Onions, 5s. to 6s. per
case; Belgian do., 2s, to 2s. Gd. per bag; Leeks, Is. Qd. to
2s. Gd. per dozen ; Endive, Is. to Is. Gd. do. ; Cos Lettuce, id.
to 8d. per score ; Marrows, Is. Gd. to 3s. per tally ; Spinach, Is.
to Is. Gd. per bushel ; Radishes, Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd. per tally;
Beetroots, Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd. per dozen bunches.

Borough : Sept. 22.— Quotations :— Cabbages,'2s. to 5s. per
tally ; Broccoli, 3s. to 4s. do. ; Turnips, Is. Gd. do. ; Carrots,
Is, Gd. per dozen bunches; Scarlet Beans, 9rf. to Is. per
bushel; French Beans. Is. do. ; English Plums, 2s. to 3s. do. ;
Apples, 2s. to 4s. do. ; and William Pears, 2s. to 5s. do.

Enquiries.

— . —

" He that questioneth much shall learn much." — Baoon.

Cupresscs Kniohtiana, C. Codltkri, and C.
TJhdeana. — The Editor would feel greatly obliged to
any Correspondent who would furnish him with a
small scrap of either of these Cypresses without, or
preferably with, a cone.

Passifloha edulis. — Will some correspondent
oblige by sending a few seeds of this to the Editor ?

Notices to Correspondents.

Apricots from Sbed : S. E. B. File the edges of the
stone, but not so as to let moisture into the
cavity ; lay them in soil in a cold frame, covering
them about G inches. The soil should not be
allowed to freeze. In the spring take them out,
and sow in drills on a south border, about as deep
as Broadbeans are sown.

Carpet Bedding Designs : Decorator. Handy-book of
the Garden. D. Thomson. Blackwood & Sons,
Edinburgh and London.

Cucumbers dying off : A. H. W. The loss of the
plants is probably due to the presence of eelworms.
Kindly send bits of roots and tops.

Decated Tree : De la Bere. Support the trunk by
props or guy-lines. Remove all dead wood and
fungus so far as possible. Swob out the cavity
with carbolic acid in strong solution, then (ill up
with broken bricks or cement. The object is to
prevent the entrance of water and of fungus
spores so far as possible, and by watchfulness and
attention much may be done. Remember the
acid is a violent poison and caustic, and be careful
in using it accordingly.

Fungus on Peabs : P. The leaves are infested with
a species of Gymnosporangium. Better remove
all leaves (this will not now injure the trees), and
burn them. The fungus passes another (teleu-
tospore) stage on Junipers. Kindly examine any
of these trees in your neighbourhood, and if you
find a fungus on them, send us specimens.

Geranium : F. B. Your specimen had fallen when
received here.

Legal Question : Cr.il/. We are not lawyers, but
we do not believe for one moment that a lady in
the condition you mentioned would be any more
exempt from the consequences of petty larceny
than any other citizen.

Lucerne : J. S. Sow in April in rows 1 foot apart
on light calcareous loam well cultivated. It will
yield one cutting the first year, and three and even
more the following seasons. A top-dressing of
manure should b^ applied, and weeds kept down.
The crop will remain productive for six or seven
years if properly cultivated. The roots are very
long, fleshy, and deep-rooted, so that the plant
does not suffer from drought so much as some
plants.

Names: P. D. Mdlle. Marie Planchon, that of a
tine semi-double white-flowered Azalea indica.
Madame J. Wolf is unknown to us.

Names of Fruits: T.H. 1, Gloria Mundi ; 2, Here-
fordshire Pearmain ; 3, Kerry Pippin ; 4 and 6,
not recognized ; 5, Beurr6 de Capiaumont. — Carter,
Page, ef Co. 5, Irish Peach ; 9, Dumelow's Seed-
ling; 10, Court of Wick ; 11. King of the Pippins ;
13, Tower of Glamis. — J. Millbum. Plum decayed ;
Apple not recognised. — J. M. D. 3, Bedfordshire
Foundling; 4, Green Balsam; 5, Adamsi Pear-
main ; 8, Devonshire Quarrenden.

Names of Plants: H. K. Stanhopea Wardii aurea,
Cattleya Warecewiczii (syn. C, gigas), Cypripedium

Godefroyae. We fail to trace the slightest depar-
ture from the typical C. Godefroyae in this.—/. O.
Eccremocarpus scaber. — H. H. Rose 1, Marquise
Bulbiano; 2, too far gone to be recognized. —
A. M. Clary (Salvia sclarea). — R. H. B. An
Artemisia, closely allied to Tarragon, but not
the true form. — W. S. S. 1, Spiraea Lindleyana ;
2, Spira;a, next week : 3, next week ; 4, Berberis
Darwinii ; 5, B. empetrifolia, probably ; 6, B.
stenophylla ; 7, B. vulgaris. — A. K. Calycanthus
floridus.— G. M. A. 1, Impatiens Roylei; 2,
Euphorbia chamiecyparissus ; 3, Dipladenia bo-
liviensis ; 4, Croton volutum; 5, Campanula, next
week; 6, Pelargonium, cannot name ; send to some
florist. — J. B. 1, Adiantum formosum ; 2, Pteris
argyrasa ; 3, Adiantum hispidulum ; 4, Selaginella
Wildenovii ; 5, Pteris s>rrulata cristata ; 6,
Asplenium fceniculaceum. — J. H. Centradenia
rosea, Catasetum macrocarpum. Fruits next week.
— M. M. 7?. An Asclepias, perhaps A. verticillata ;
but it is impossible to tell from such a scrap.

Notice to Leave Employment : T. B. According to
your agreement you are a yearly servant, and the
proper amount of notice on either side would be
3 months, but in practice it is considered that
1 month is sufficient. Forfeiting wages in lieu of
notice on your part would be a matter of arrange-
ment with your employer.

Pear Diseased : Subscriber $ S. H. § L. H. The upper
surface of leaves has been eaten by slugworms
(Selandria atra). Give several dustings, of
quick-lime or syringe with soft-soap suds and
lime water. Remove about 4 inches of surface
soil in winter, and barn it to destroy cocoons.
The mussel scale (Mytilaspis pomoruno) on the
branches of one of the specimens must be removed
by applying soft-soap suds and sulphur with a
stiff brush, repeat till the trees are quite clean.
Queenstown Botanic Garden : C. G. H. We are
interested in seeing the directors of this establish-
ment complaining, as well they may, of the
" foolish regulations " of the Phylloxera Act as
carried out at Cape Town. Such regulations are
useless, except in the case of Vines, the more so
" seeing no restrictions are in force in Natal, the
Transvaal, and the Orange Free State."

Situation in a Garden where Vines and Peaches
are extensively grown: V. B. Advertise.

Stove to Heat a Small Greenhouse : Melina. Any
of the small double cylinder, upright boilers, of
simple construction, larger at the bottom than the
top, and fed from the top, would answer your
purpose. They do not need any brickwork setting,
or to stand under cover. See that the ashpit door
acts perfectly ; the bars are made to drop, so that
clinkers and ashes can be readily removed, and
the chimney is provided with a close - fitting
damper. These boilers are economical of fuel,
and can be made to burn anything, and fast or
slow by regulating the ash-pit door and the
damper.

Table Decoration : Decorator. Floral Decorations for
Dwelling Houses. Annie Hassard. (Macmillan &
Co., Bedford Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. )

Tram Stable Dung . A Young Gardener. The
materials consisting of sawdust and horse-drop-
pings, they are not fit for making a Mushroom-
bed. If you could sift out the sawdust and use
the manure only, mixing it with short stable-
litter, it might be employed for the purpose.

Tree Seeds : B. The catalogue you refer to is that
of J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Winter Moth and American Blight on Apple :
F. S. Do not use tar, it is injurious. Put good cart-
grease on grocer's butter-paper, use a good daub,
and apply not later than the middle of October.
The band must be long enough for the ends to
overlap well, fasten these by paste, and secure
with piece of bast; apply grease with piece of flat
wood. For American blight wash with | lb. of
soft soap, and | lb. of sulphur in a gallon of
water. Remove rough scaly bark and burn it.

Communications Received.— Messrs. Krelage, Haarlem. —
T. Meehan, Philadelphia.— A. B. M. D.— C. C— G. N.—
A. W. C— Dr. Kranzlin, Berlin.— M. D.— W. H. W.— Consu
Lehmann, Medellin.— J. M. Thorburn & Co.. New York.— C.
Toope.— J. M. M. F.. Philadelphia.— F. R. L.-F. W. O.—
A. D.--J. W.— J. B. & S.— H. I.-J. H.— C. G.— T. K. & Co.
— Ted.— W. J. S.— R. W.— W. Smythe.— Pioneer.— D. O. C.
— D. T. F.— C. W.— J. M.— J. R. J.— W. G.— J. J. W.—
A. P.— J. O. N.— R. D.— W. P.— E. J— W. J. S.— R. Hart-
land.— C. Millard.

DIED.— Mr. G. G. Hartland, at Worthing, on
September 19, the Hon. Secretary of the Chiswick
Horticultural Society.

378

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £

light, 4 ft. by 6 ft. .

8 ft. by 6 ft.
12 ft. by 6 ft..
16 ft. by 6 ft..
20 ft. by 6ft..
2-1 ft. by 6ft..

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

^7 10

CO.,

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY &

KOYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London ^en£lMT.H.SKELTON,Seedsman,&c.,2,HollowayRd.,N.

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL

GARDEN

SEND FOB A

SUNDRIES.

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS.

Fob Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over 10U designs, free on
application.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
"HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smitofleld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cvrt., and Oil Mixture. Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Paisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, *o.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN. -Discount for Cash.

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses.
Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames ; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot-water Pipes, and all appliances for
heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Price 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country ; an inspection of
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
as enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

London Office :— 163, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

WRIIMCH & SONS,

ST. LAWRENCE
WORKS,

Full
Illustrated
Catalogue,
post - free on
application..

All Estimates Free.

Intending Purchasers waited
upon in any part of the kingdom.

CONSERVATORY,

No. 42 Design,
Registered
Copyright.

ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE,

POST-FREE.

WRINCH & SC

And 57, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.

IPSWICH.

Established isis.

55,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

SEPTEMBER 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

379

ROGHFORD HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER.

Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.

Can be erected by unskilled labour in a few hours. iVo Caulkiny
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdoivn.

PATTERN No. I.

, 11 pipes at top, 4 each side of ) Length.

... J 4feet 6 inch, long

Heating-power in

4-inch pipe.

1.2U0 feet

1.600 feet

2,000 feet

£ s.
13 12

15 2
17 6

furnace, 8 water-bars

6 feet 6 inch, long
,. ,, ,, 9 feet 6 inch. loDg

Discount to the Trade.

Above Prices include all Castings, Bolts and Washers, Furnace door fitted to front
Casting, and India-rubber Joint Rings.

Bolting together with India-rubber

SECTION OF JOINT.

Ring Joints.

Largest Stock of Hot-water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, in the Trade.
Jllu trated CATALOGUE free on Application to—

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HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

Undertake the complete ereotion of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c.
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END, Etc.; VENTILATINC CEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, au arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
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MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

'P H O S. W. ROBINS
-L I

Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge.

&c.

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,
SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers.

MERKYWEATHER A3D SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our

pamphlet, " Water Supply to Mansions."

0 N> SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT- WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO..

CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

GLASS! CHEAP GLASS I

In Stock Sizes.
,,„, _ .„„,. „ „, I 12X10, 18x12, 18X14, 24X14
15-oz., per 100 ft. 9*. 6 M u x 12 20xl2j 18x,6, 24xi6

ZL-oz., ,, 13s- "'• j 16x12. 16x14, 50x16, 24x18,

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. per square ; Matching, at 3s. 9d. ; 2 X 4. at %d.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
73. Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.C.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. Sd. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 31 feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truokload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE ef
SODA. SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BOIJE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT am> Co..

Hop Exchange Warehouses; South wark Street, London, S.E.

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot - water Apparatus

for warming

Buildings of every

description.

Illustrated Circulart

Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3b.

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON ant SCULL. flO. Lowpt Thames Street. London. K.C.

SCOTT'S WASP DESTROYER.— Has stood
a test of many years as the only effectual protection for
Fruit Trees. &c, from Wasps and Flies. Price U. 6d. and
3s. Sd. per bottle.
CORRY and CO., Limd., 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.C.

380

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

Sold in Packets, 6d. and 18. each, and in
Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb., 2/6; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 561b., 12/6; 1 cwt., 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, EC.

f A T R I N E MANURE.

-*-^ For Sale at Bisley.

Offers are invited to be sent to
THE SECRETARY, National Rifle Association, 12, Pall Mall
East.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Brown and White Scale
Worms, Wood Lice. &c.

" P I T, R P M A " THE UNIVERSAL
r i \J I\ D IX Aj INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest lDj'ury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January!, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
Ji. b. WILLIAMS.

Hold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists
in Bottles at Is. %d., 2s. Gd., and 3s. Gd. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. 6d. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen.
Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 167, Queen Victoria
Street, London.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

SILVER SAND

Is admitted by the
leading Nurserymen

to be the Best
Quality obtainable in the Trade

™S?TF* JhSu!d Buy Dlrect trom th° Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
«hM»hble,«pp^olSpl(ndid Sand, and ihj save half the
/™i»££ '■* * 1^. ™AvrELLERS OR AGENTS.

mtr7J£nK -V ^ PT0pivl,e,10r for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All (Jrders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kindsof PEATsupplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to

OEO, GARSIDE, Jun.,F.R.H.S., Lelghton Buzzard, Beds.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. pel
sack ; 5 for 47s. 6d.

SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.
per sack ; 5 for 37s. Gd.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,
5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. Gd.

BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.

GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;
5 for 12s. Gd.

PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. Gd. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.
per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
Special Terms to theTrade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions
For Price List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,
apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard ton

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE
fresh SPHAGNUM, Patent MANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD. HANTS.

T /~\ A 11 H A Good Cut of

Lu\Jl\ AY1 j YELLOW, FIBROUS.

On rail in Bucks, also in Surrey and Middlesex.

Cheap Mailway Rates arranged to any
Raihvay Station.

CU RIPUAPnQ 1, Belvedere Crescent,
. n. nlUnflnUO, _ Lambeth, London, S.E.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Gd. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, ana Florists.
[" BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-

^J • angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free.— 4 and 5. Wormwood Street, E.C.

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3*. ; three for

KJ 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is. Gd. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies'
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO.. 29. Ludgate hill. London!

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insert Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seed men. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

"Nothing Succeeds tike Success.''
(SOLUBLE)
INSECTICIDE

HUGHES'

UTAH

The most reliable and best of all Insecticides
for destroying Insects and Vermin on Plants
and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ;
and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing-
Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of
each Bottle.

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, i/6, 2/6, & 4/6; J^-gallon
7/6, i-gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUCHES, Victoria-st, Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Roi.ker & Sons.

the "^p^r

PERFECT"

WEED KILLER.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden
Walks, Carriage Drives, &c.

Sole Manufacturers:
The Horticultural and Agricultural Chemical Co.

Works. 97, MILTON STREET, GLASGOW.

SOLD BY SEEDSMEN, 0-g.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed. 25 ft. by 12ft., £50; 30ft. by 15ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted . For part iculars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

Superior Portable Frames large stock ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, glazed with
21-07.. glass, carriage paid:— 1-light frame, 4 X 6. 3os. tirf. ;
2-light frame, 6 X 8. 58s. ; Slight frame. 12 X li. 85-. Gd.
Span-roof Frames:, 12 x 4, £1 7s. Gd. ; 9 x 5. £.'! 15s. ;

HARDY BRUIN * CO., G8rg LEICESTER

SEPT«itBEB 2G, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

:>,h\

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

AND

NEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

CONTENTS .—

INTERCOLONIAL and GENERAL NEWS.

SPORTING and the FIELD, in which is incorporated BELL'S
LIFE in SYDNEY.

RECORD of RACES, and NOTES on the TURF.

CRICKET and AQUATICS.

THE FLORA of AUSTRALIA. (Drawn and engraved especi-
ally for this Journal.)

NATURAL HISTORY. (Original Articles.)

AGRICULTURE, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURE.

GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

ORIGINAL and SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.

TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
AUTHORS.

THE FASHIONS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.

THE CHESS PLAYER. THE HOME CIRCLE.

COMMERCIAL NEWS.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

The SYDNEY MAIL has a wide circulation throughout the

Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Polynesia, &c. It contains

a large amount of information on a great variety of subjects.

Subscription In Advance, £1 6s. per Annum.

Single Copies, Hd. ; Stamped, Id.
Publishing Office— Hunter Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

ENGLAND.

The undermentioned Newspaper and Advertising Agents are
authorised to receive ADVERTISEMENTS for the
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL :—

London Messrs. Geo. Street & Co., 30, Cornhill, E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon & Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet Street, E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 186, Strand.

BRISTOL James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
MANCHESTER... James and Henry Grace, 73, Market Street.
Edinburgh ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

GLASGOW W. Porteous & Co., 16, Koyal Exchange

Place.

<gP" Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices for the use of Advertisers.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting "& Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, oan have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

ifc§ ricutturat ■ iicmtmmat

An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, of 52 pages
and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate
of co-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites,
and the sale of produce ; organ of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of
pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple-
ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription,
per annum, 5s., inclusive of postage. Single copies 6rf. each,
through all Newsagents.

3, Agar Street, Strand, London, W.C.

BOULTON & PAUL,

H0Kyu*iLuDELURAL NORWICH.
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

GARDEN FRAMES .& VARIETY.

BOILERS

Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always in tock.

Our Celebrated No.

CHECK END BOILER.

To heat from 300 to 5000 feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

To heat from 100 to 300 feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 12.

AMATEUR'S

SLOW

COMBUSTION

BOM-ER.

PRICES ON

APPLICATION. 5s

To heat from

40 feet

to 100 feet

4-in. Piping.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDINGS and APPLIANCES, IRON BUILD-
INGS, POULTRY, and KENNELL REQUISITES, &c.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

"OUftOUNE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wire
Wove Roofing Co., Ld." May and June iSgi.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

♦

CONWAY G. WAENE,

Royal Potteries, Weston-super Mare

Special Reductions.
ARDENERS, &e., requiring PEAT, LOAM,

\-M SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS, COCOA-
NUT FIBRE, &c. before ordering elsewhere should send fur
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKWORTH AND SONS, Reading.

HILL
BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork , Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the coat.

Price Lt, 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, Is. tid. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
r* a rr m t r\ it Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 (J iV • Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brierley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

47, Dawson Street. Dublin.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. W. Silcock, for the last four and a
half years Foreman at Buxted Park, Uckfield,
Sussex, as Head Gardener to C. Havksiiaw,
Esq., Hollycombe, Liphook, Hants.

Mr. C. Burton, late Foreman to L. H. Du-
forest, Esq., of Rosehill, Putney, as Gardener
to James Macmichael, Esq., of Spike House,
Hammersmith.

Mr. F. Pay, previously Head Gardener to
Lord Tennyson, Farringford, Freshwater, Isle
of "Wight, as Head Gardener to R. LoVELAND
Loyeland, Esq., Barrow Point, Pinner, Middle-
sex.

MR. R. BROWN, Capel Manor, Horsmonden,
Kent, begs to thank all applicants for his FOREMAN'S
PLACE, and to state that he is SUITED.

LANDSCAPE DRAUGHTSMAN
REQUIRED, to Prepare Plans. &c, for Laying Gardens,
&c.— One who is a good Surveyor and Leveller preferred —
S.. Steel & Jones, Advertising Aeents. Spring Gardens. S.W.

WANTED, a GARDENER, in Gentleman's
family, under 40. married. Cottage found. Must
specially understand Peaches, Strawberries, and Tomatos. and
have first-class references— Apply, stating wages required,
and all particulars, to Messrs. LAWS, Beccles Nurseries,
Suffolk.

WANTED, a GARDENER, thoroughly
acquainted with Golf. Must be able and willing to
teach the game. Good wages. Full particulars to HEWITT
AXD CO., nurserymen, Solihull.

382

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 26, 1891.

TXT ANTED, single MAN as GARDENER

VV who has' been in g^V'^TAYLOR'S ^fctajffi
wages. Assistance given.-Address, TAiLORS, t-nigweu,

Essex. ^_ -

WANTED, GARDENER and WIFE with-
out vouni children, to take Charge of an Unfurnished
Mouse at°Wa5n0.aKf. Berks, and to have for the i, "ration
the full benefit of the Fruit and VpS' -'^t, ,x Solic tors
and Oreenhouse.-Apply to Messrs. OKMOND. Solictors,

Wantage.

WANTED, a GARDENER and his Wife,
without family, for a small place near Tunbndge
Wells. Man must be a good all-round hand ; will be "q.iired
to take charge of Cows and Milk; assistance given Wife
must be a thorough practical Dairy-woman ; Poultry re,nng
required. Joint Wages, 27s. per week, Fuel, and Rooms
Personal interview will be required- It is hoped ,M pawn
will answer this advertisement unless ab'e to comply exactly
with the conditions. - Address R., Beech Green House,
Withyham, Sussex.

WANTED, a GARDENER and WIFE.—
Without family. Assistant kept. Orchard, Grass,
Vesetibles. Hardv Borders, Melons, Greenhouse, and Poultry.
Wife as Housekeeper, Cook, and House-servant at end of
week. Rooms, fuel, and 23s. per week.-A pply, in own hand-
writing, before Oct 1. to J. SPARKES, Ewhurst, Guildford.

WANTED, an UNDER GARDENER, ac-
customed to Houses. Wife for Poultry. No children.
Wages. 80s., with cottage.-Apply to O. CABNALL, Windles-
ham Court, Windles-ham, Surrey.

TJI7ANTED, as NURSERY FOREMAN.— A

VV thoroughly practical MAN. as outdoor Foreman.—
Apply, stating age and salary required, with testimonials, to
JOHN PERKINS & SON, Billing Rd. Nurseries. Northampton.

WANTED, for end of October, a steady
sober young MAN. used to the names of Roses and
Fruit Trees, and able to make up orders in a nursery under the
Foreman, and to till up time with general Nursery Work. No
one need apply who is not fully acquainted with the names of
Roses and Trees. Wages, 25s. per week-Apply, CAR1EK,
PAGE AND CO., 53, London Wall, London, E C.

WANTED, an industrious young MAN in
the Gardens for Outside and Inside work. Abstainer
preferred.— Apply stating age, wages required (no bothy), and
references, to GARDENER. Us Heigh. Edgware, Middlesex.

WANTED, a young MAN, for the Houses —
Age from IS to 20. Must have hid some experience
under Glass. Wages to commence at 12s. per week. Bothy,
&c. Apply, with reference, to W. WELCH, Uartham Park,
Corsham, Wilts. ^ __

ANTED, an active young MAN, with

general knowledge of Market Nursery. One used to
Cucumbers and Tomatos preferred. Apply, Vine Nursery,
Down's Road. Clapton. London. N.

X\T ANTED, a young MAN, used to Market

V* Nursery. Apply, with particulars, giving age and
reference, to C. L.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W C.

WANTED, as IMPROVER, a young Man,
about 19, under Glass, for two years. Premium, £5
per annum. Wages, 12s. the first. 14s. per week the second
year. Bothy, &c— A. EVANS, Lythe Hill, Haslemere.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, Practical
WORKING MANAGER, for Fruit Farming.— Apply,
giving references, and stating wages, to THOMAS B. DIXON,
Wickham Mills, Witham, Essex.

WANTED, a young MAN, as SALESMAN,
for Covent Garden Floner Market. Must have good
knowledge of Plants, and their value. Only those who can
be well lecommended need apply.— H. B. MAY, Dy.on's Lane
Nurseries, Upper Edmonton.

WANTED, a JUNIOR ASSISTANT, used
to a smart Counter Trade. One who has some know-
ledge of the prices of Nursery Stock preferred.— State age, ex-
perience, and salary required, to GEO. COOLING AND SONS,
Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, Bath.

WANTED, a CLERK, with a knowledge of
Seeds. Bulbs, and Plants. Good Correspondent. State
age, experience, salary expected, &c, to A. M.. Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

KICHARD SMITH and CO.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeuers seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars. &c. — St. John's Nurseries. Worcester.

OANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

O RECOMMEND several firstclass HEAD GARDENEKS.

Gardeners. Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DIcKSONS, CHESTER."

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

-L CO. (Johk Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to "commend a
firstrkte man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDEN™ and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man as j±hau "»"-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids ; unexceptional

references in each case. -

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and ««*-ra^J?"?£™-
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIt rb,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have '"If Par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill.
London, S.E. .

BS. WILLIAMS and SUN beg to intimate
• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon
their Register some excellent Men, competent either _to mi
the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN
or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any 01
the above will please send full particulars, when the best
selections for the. different capacities will be made.— Victoria
and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway. N.

GARDENER, age 30. — Mr. J. Tullett,
Head Gardener to Sir Edward Blackett, Bart,. Mat fen
Hall, Newcastle-oi-.-Tyne. will be pleased to recommend his
Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good gardener.
Thoroughly understands Early and Late Forcing of all kinos
of Fruits, Plants, and Vegetables, and general requirements ol a
good garden. Character exemplary ; sixteen years' experience.

GARDENER (Head), and ORCHID
GROWER.— Age 31; seventeen years' experience in
Orchids. Stove and Greenhouse Plants, early and late Forcing
hardy Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens. — WILLIAM
LAKER. Quorn Lodge, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

GARDENER (Head).— J. W. Silver can
most confidently recommend a thoroughly good Man
as above. An excellent Plantsman, Fruit Grower, 1 lower
and Kitchen Gardener. Trustworthy and energetic, and
highly recommended. — Streatham and Norbury Nurseries,
S.W. ; and 3, Marlborough Mausions, Victoria Street, West-
minster, S.W.

C^ ARDENER (Head).— Age 40 ; thoroughly
X practical in details of Horticulture. Twenty-four years'
experience. Six years in present situation. Highest testi-
monials.-JOHN KEMeTOV. Cohvorth, Bedford.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three
are kept, or FOREMAN, in good establishment.—
Age 26, married when suited; thirteen years' experience.
Well up in Vines. Meloas. Cucumbers, Stove Plants, also
Chrysanthemums.-H. MASON, The Gardens, Shuckburgh
Park, Daventry, Northamptonshire. _^_

GARDENER (Head).— Age 34, married,
small family; sixteen years' experience in Early and
Late Forcing. Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. Left, through
a death. Twelve years' excellent character.— H. LEWIN, 7,
Christchurch Road, Hemel Hempstead, Hert-..

ARDENER (Head), where two or more are

kept. Age 35, married. Twenty-two years' experience
in good gardens; six years as Head ; four years with the late
C Haycock, Barham Court Gardens. Wife Laundress ; under-
stands Poultry.— S. RICHARDSON, Brook Cottage, Loo=e
Road, Maidstone Kent.

GARDENER (Head), or good Single-
handed.— Age 29, married; has had a life experience
with Glas-i, Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Abstainer.
Good character.— H.. 9, Sunnyside, Edeubridge.

GARDENER (Head) ; married, two children,
youngest seven years.— A. Stringer, for the past eleven
years Gardener to R. (.uiiliffe, Esq.. Stjneleigh. Tunbndge
Wells is open to engase with a Gentleman requiring a good
all-iound man. Highest Character. Deaih of employer cause
of leaving. —A. STKlNGElt, Stoneleigh. Tunbridge Wells.

G1 ARDENER (Head).— Practical, married,
I" without family. Required for Cannes, South of France.
To live iueutrance-lodge, Wife to care forsame. Fonrmenem-
ployed Good wages given to a respectable couple. Longand
yood testimonials as to both character and capability indis-
pensable.—Apply, by letter, enclosing copies of testimonials,
to B. C, Bolton's Library. Kiiightsbnilge.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
FARM BAILIFF; age 29; thinking of marrying as
soon as suited.— Advertiser would be glad to hear from any
Lady or Gentleman requiring a practical man as above. Four-
teen years' practical experience in all branches of Gardening,
under Glass and Outside. Could manage a Home Farm if
required. Abstainer.— G. H., Messrs. Sutton & Sous, Seed
Merchants, Reading. __

ARDENER(Head Working).— Thoroughly

under-tands Houses, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. First-
class character. Leaving through Gentleman breaking up his
establishment.— G. L.. hulgmont Vicarage. Bletchley. Beds.

ARDENER (Head Working), age 31.—

S. Bolton, gardener, Brasted Park, can confidently
recommend his Foreman, W. Adams, as above; four and a
half years in present situation.— Brasted Park, Sevenoaks.

(^ ARDENER (Head Working), where four
TT are kept; age 28.— Mr. Hall. Shiplake Court Gardens,
Henley-on-Thames, can thoroughly recommend a reliable man
as above.

/I ARDENER (Head Working); age 41.—

\^K A Gentleman wishes to recommend a man who has
been employed by him as Gardener for the last fifteen years.
Has a thorough knowledge of Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Early and Late Forcing, &c— Apply, in first instance,
to E. S., 20, Argyll Terrace, Bognor, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept,— Age 45, married, one little girl.
Fourteen years Head in last situation. Thoroughly expe-
rienced in Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatcs,
Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and
Kitchen Gardens. Good testimonials.— GARDENER, 11, St.
Barnabas Street, Wellingborough.

G~ AluTElNL^R^H~EArr~WoRKiNG).— Age 38,
married; one child, age 17. Energetic, industrious, and
trustworthy ; seventeen vears as Head ; first-class grower of
Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables; nineteen months' personal
character ; nine years' testimonials. Understands Stock. —
J. WILLIS. Oxford Street. Bletchley, Rucks.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept.— Age 35. married, one child (age 3) J
twenty years' experience in all branches of Gardening. Dis-
engaged when suited. Character will bear the -trictest in-
vestigation.— J. B., 1'9, Ohoumert Eoad, Peckham, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-handed).— Age 31, will marry when suited.
A Lady wishes to recommend her present gardener to any
Lady or Gentleman requiring a perfectly trusty, honest, and
sober man, as above. Wages, -6s. per week, with Cottage or
Lodge found fiee. Wife would manage small Dairy if
required.— Address, in fust inrtance, to H., Mrs. Frost,
Stationer, 62, High Street, Wimbledon, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept.— Age 32. two children; thoroughly
experienced in all branches. Excellent character from present
and previous employers. Seven years as Head with present
employer.— W. DOUST, Lamb-rhurst, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working), in a gocd
establishment. — Age 31, married when suited; life exp -
rience ; to any Nobleman, Lady, or Gemleman requiring a
first-class man in every respect. Highest reference as to
ability and trustworthiness.— H. U., Messrs. Sutton & Sons,
Seedsmen, Reading.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
married ; Abstainer. A thoroughly good practical and
competent Gardener. Twenty three years' experience in
growing Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomato?,
Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids, Flower
and Kitchen Gardening Early and Late Forcing. Highest
references. — GARDENER, Mr. Ronald's, Seedsman, South
Street, Chichester.

GARDENER (Head Working), who can be
highly recommended, desires re-engagement.— Age 29,
married, two in family ; experienced in Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Orchids, Vines, Chrysanthemums, Flower and Kitchen
Garden. Five years' gool character. Abstainer. — F. NEGUS,
Couching Street, Watlington, Oxon.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
married, no family; thoroughly experienced in all
branches under Glass, and Outside, Forcing and Propagating,
Vegetables. Landscape Work, &c. Well educated. Willing
to gj abroad.— H. H., 14, Shoreham Road, Wortley, Leeds.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
married; sixteen years' experience in Fruit and Plant
Growing under Glass, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Six
years in present situation as above.— C. MUSK, The Lodge,
Sea field Park, Fareham, Hants.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 20,
single.— Mr. Scott, The Holme, Regent's Park, N.W.,
can with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or
Gentleman requirii g a good practical all-round man as above.
He has bten with him for the past five years.

(^ ARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
!T >gr? 36, married; twenty-two fears' experience with
Glass. Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables. Good character. —
GARDENER, Wickham Place, near Witham. Essex.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 28,
single; seven years' good character.— A. WHITING,
3, Stafford Cottages, Ham, Surrey.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Good prac-
tical experience of Plant?, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen
Gardening. Good references from last employers.— G. W ,
Mrs. Wiggins, Link field Hoad, Nleworlh.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or where
another is kept.— Age 30, married, one child ; practical
experience in all branches. — A, P., Lock's Cottages, Ashford
Road, Staines, Middlesex. __

G« ARDENER (Single-handed, or other-
W wise). — Age 30, married, one child ; sixteen years' expe-
rience. Disengaged. Excellent character and testimonials. —
M. C, 2, Norfolk Villas, Saunders' Road, Plumstead, S.E.

GARDENER (Second), Inside and Out, where
three or four are kept.— Age 23, single; ten years*
experience. Two and a half years' gooi character.— GEORGE
MFRCER. Hurtmorc, Gorialming, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second or good Single-
handed).— H. Young, late Second at the Grange,
formerly Foreman, Ea-twick Park, seeks engagement as
above. Abstainer,— 33. Morland Road, Sutton, Surrey.

(^ ARDENER (Second), where two are kept. —
"X Age 20. single; thyee years' good character. Well up in
his work.— G. R.. Wood field House. Oving. Chiche-ter.

GARDENER (Second), under Glass. — Age
23. Good references from last employer.— T. J., Well-
brook Cottage, Farnborough. Kent.

GARDENER (Second), Inside and Out,
where three or four are kept —Eight and a half years'
experience. Good references.— T. WINSLADE, Weybourne,
Farnham, Surrey.

September 26, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

383

GARDENER (Second), under Glass, or
Inside and Out.— Am 25; eleven years' experience.
Good references.— W. CORNWELL, Uadlow Down, Buxted.

GARDENER (Second or Thibd), in a good
garden.— Age 20; seven years' experience Inside and
Out. Good character.— A. LUCAS, Ashcroft Gardens, Wotton-
under-Edge, Gloucester.

GARDENER (Second or Third).— Age 26,
single; understands Vines. Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos,
Stove pfants. Flowers, and Kitchen Garden. Undeniable
personal character.— GARDENER, 4, Grove Terrace, Church
End, Finchley.

GARDENER (Under), with fair knowledge,
Inside and Out.— Age 2.3; can be highly recommended.
Total abstainer.— A. G., 53, Stork Road. Stratford, E.

GARDENER (Under), where two or three
are kept; Inside and Out.— Age L'5. single; eight years'
good character.— C. S., Ivy House, Balham Hill, London. S.W.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 21; six years'
experience, chiefly Indoors. Well recommended, total
abstainer,— J. 15. Gibson Buildings, Stoke Newington.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 20; six years'
experience. Inside and Out. Sixteen months' character.
— A. T., Mrs. Humphrey, Langton Road, Tunbridge Wells.

GARDENER (Under); Inside and Out.—
Mr. SHARPR, Low Hill Gardens, Bushbury, Wolver-
hampton, will be pleased to recommend Alfred Merideth,
age 22; and Albert Whitley, age 21, who is leaving him, as
strong, useful young men.

GARDENER (Under, or good Sincile-
HANDEP), where boy is kept. — Respectable young man.
Two and a half years' good character.— A. AKHURST, Wood-
side, Sundridge, Kent.

ARDENER (Under). — Age 22. Seven

years' experience Inside and Out. Used to Firing, and
willing to make himself generally useful. — W. SCHURE,
Wellington Road, Ilkley, via Leeds.

GARDENER (Under).— Respectable young
Maa, age 21. La*t place two years. Excellent
character.— J. F.. 8, Rutland Villas, Perry Vale, Forest Hill.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed);
age 22. — Mr. Grant, the Rookery Gardens, Dorking,
would like to recommend to any Gentleman or Gardener, W.
Goddard, asaVove.— W. GODDARD, Comptou, Guildford.

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed).
—Single. Six years' reference.— JERMY, Meadows,
Wroxliam, Norwich.

GAKDEM'Mf (Under, or Sinole-iiandeh).
— Age ^5; abstainer. Five years' excellent character.
— B. F., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W,C.

C"* ARDEiNER (Under). — Age 19 ; seven years'
T expeiience Inside and Out. Fifteen months' good
character from last place.— F. MESSENGER, 2, Ivy Cottage,
Railway Road, Teddington.

ARDENER (Under).— Age 20; five years'

experience, Inside and Out. Excellent character. Can
be well recommended, by late employers.— W. H., 19, Stan-
hope Mews East, Queen's Gate. Kensington,, S.W.

GARDENER and BAILIFF (Working).—
Scotch, middle aged, married (one child at home).
Abstainers. Experienced in North and South of England.
Goed references.— W. 8. CAMPBELL, Porters, Shecley, Herts,

ARDENER, Good.— Age 44; thoroughly

experienced in all branches. Two and a half years' good
character. Wife thorough Laundress or Dairy.— B. C,
25, Avnhoe Poad, Kensington. W.

GARDENER. — Married, no encumbrance ;
age 31, strong, persevering young man ; seventeen years*
experience in all branches. Good character. — J, S.t 31,
Queen'B Cottage*. Sandvcombe R^ad, Richmond, Surrey.

GARDENER. — C. Puzky can, with every
confidence, recommend his Foreman, F. Lupron, as
Foreman in a grjod establishment. — Scampson Hall, Rtllingtou,
Yorks.

FOREMAN, in a Market Nursery under Glass.
Age 28, single; well up in Strawberries, Cucumbers,
Tomatos. Mushroom Growing, Carnations, Roses, and Soft-
wooded Plants.— BRILL, Ham Common, Surrey.

FOREMAN (GENERAL), PROPAGATOR,
and SALESMAN.— Age 35; married. Practical know-
ledge in cultivation of Palms, Ferns, decorative Plants,
Tomatos, Cucumbers, and Bedding Stuff. — GEONOMA,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41. Wellington St., Strand. W.C.

Ij1 OR EM AN, in good establishment. —
Age 26; thoroughly understands the Management of

Kitchen and Flo.ver Gardens, Early and Late Forcing; good
Plantsman and Decorator. Good characters.— J. DEAN,
Lower Eaton, Hereford.

FOREMAN.— Age 26; eleven years' experi-
ence. Good references. — H. D., Beech House, Sher-
wooi Rise, Nottingham.

TTOREMAN ; age 26.— Mr. C. J. Goldsmith,

_T High Trees Gardens, Redhill, will be pleased to recom-
mend his First Journeyman as above. Twelve years' expe-
rience '

FOREMAN, in a good Establishment. —
Age 25; good Plant and Fruit Grower. Highly recom-
mended.—A. SMITH, Rotherwas. Hereford.

FOREMAN, age 26. — J. Harris, Tubney
House Hardens. Abingdon. Berks, would be pleased to
recommend his Foreman, H. Gibbens; lifetime experience;
two years in present place.

1TOREMAN, in large establishment; age 28.—

J? Mr. Freesd, gardener to the Hon. P. C. Glyn, Rooks-
nest, God»tone, Surrey, cm confidently recommend his late
Foreman to any Gardener requiring a thoroughly practical and
deserving man ; fourteen years' experience.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN or MANAGER. —Thirteen years
experience in Palms, Dracaenas, Eucharis, Gardenias,
Ferns, and Roses; also general Soft- wooded Plants, and Forcing.
Good references from le iding English and Continental Firms.
— S., 25, Argyle Road, G:irs'on. Liverpool. __

LTOREMAN. — Age 24; thoroughly understands

JT his work ; ten years' experience m all branches; highest
references as to ability and character. Diseiig.i^'-.l. —
F. HARRIS, Hardingstone. Northampton.

FOREMAN, Inside, or General, in a iirst-
clas* Garden.— Age 25; HUhest references as to ability
and character. — H. SMITH, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN (Working), in a small Market
Nursery. — Some y ars' experience in the Trade. — E. B.,
35, Greensides Road, Shepherd's Bush, London, W.

f'OREMAN, in a good Gentleman's establish-
me t. — Age 25. Well acquaint d with Stove and Green-
house Plants, Sec. ; also Tomatos, Cucumbers, Vines, &c.
Total abstainer. Good leferences.— C. HOLDEN, Park Road,
Ealing. W.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER. — Age 27.
Twelve years in London and Provincial Nurseries. Well
up in the propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Plant*, and
Soft-wooded Stuff ; also Clematis. Used to Forcing, Wreath-
making, &c. Abstainer.— X. Y. Z , Davis, Newsagent, Upper
Edmouton.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 26;
all Market Plants, Perns, Vines, Tomato*. Cucumbers,
&c— H., Gardeners' Chronic e Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

PROPAGATOR. — Roses, Rhododendrons,

-L Conifers, Clematis, and other Climbing Plants, Bedding
and Geueral Nursery Stuff. Twenty years' experience.—
A. B-, 5-i. Natal Road. Str«*atham. S.W.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR (Assistant). — A young
married man ; several years with Mr. J. C>pher, Chel-
tenham. Excellent character. — JOHNSON, 2, Maryville
Cottages, Naunton Crescent, Cheltenham.

1>OSE GROWER.— Well up; a very sue-
V cessful Exhibitor at National and Provincial Shows.
First-class references — C. G. A., 18, Bergholt Road, Coli (tester.

To Nurserymen.

GROWER, FOREMAN, or FLORIST.—
Age 25. Nine years' nursery experience. Wreaths,
Bouquets, Decorations, general Propagation, and Growing;
Sales, &c— H. ALOOCK, Gateacre, Liverpool.

GROWER, PROPAGATOR, &c. (or good
Second). — Age 23; Palms, Ferns, Ficus. Aspidistias,
Cucumbers, Tomatos, &c. Good references. — G. G ALTON,
104, Hazelrigge Road, Clapham, London. S.W.

O-SE GROWER. — Advertiser seeks a

Situation as above, or take charge of Branch Nursery.
Twenty-three years' experience. Highest references from a
fir-.t-class Firm. — F. G., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

OURNEYMAN, in a good Establishment.—

Age '^2; eight years' experience. Good references. —
F. D. DOWNES, Anderson's Road, Oatlands Park.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
Establishment. — Age 2i; ten years' experience. Good
references.— F. MATTHEWS, Kesteral Grove, Bushey Heath,
Herts.

JOURNEYMAN, in a private establishment.
— Age 20 ; has been accustomed to the general routine of
Gardening Indoors and Out. Sober and industrious. Bothy
preferred. Reference may be made to Gardener, H. HACK-
WELL, The Hoo Gardens, Welwyn. Herts.

JOURNEYMAN, in a good private establish-
ment; near London preferred — Age 23; Good character.
Abstainer.— W. N., The Cottage, Hertford Lodge, Church End,
Finchley, N.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside or Inside and Out,
age 19. — Mr. Wright, gardener to the Marquis of
Anglesey, PlasNewydd, Llanfair, Anglesey, can highly recom-
mend T. Hazeldine as above. Has been with him eighteen
moi ths under the Foreman ; three years previous, Woodcote
Hall. Good testimonials.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out ; age 23.—
Mr. G. Harding, Head Gardener, Marndiff Court Gar-
dens, Abergavenny, wishes highly to recommend W, Beale,
who has been here two and a half years Inside, giving every
satisfaction. Bothy preferred.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 20; five years' ex-
perience. Leaving through reducing establishment.
Highly reommended.—B. MARSU , Stuiton-le-Steep!e, Lincoln.

TMPROVER, in the Houses.— Age 21. Good

J- characters. Would pay £3 premium in a good phce.
Bothy preferred.— W. NASH, Sea View, We of Wight.

IMPROVER, in the Houses. — Age 21; six
years' good character. Would pay a moderate premium.
Bothy preferred. — H. MORGAN, Horrioger, near Bury St.
Edmunds.

IMPROVER, in a Nobleman's or Gentleman's
Garden, under Glass. — Age 16. Good character. Bothy
preferred. Small Premium giren.— R. SIMPSON, The Gardens,
Ecclesall Grange, near Sheffield.

IMPJROVER in the Houses.— A strong, active,
willing young man, age 19. Three and a half years under
Glas». Well recommended.— C. JONES, Eastrop, Highwurth,
Wilts.

IMPROVER.— Mr. T. W. Sanders, F.R.H.S.,

J- wishes to strongly recommend a steady, industrious
youth (age 18), to any Gardener requiring an Improver under
Glass. Youth has had three and a half years' experience
uudera good Gardener. Excellent references.— 57, Cres=ingham
Road. Lewisham, s.E.

rro GARDENERS, &c— Young Man, age 18,

-L with good knowledge of all-round Gardening, teeks
situation iu a good establishment; outside preferred. Four
years' experience. Good character, and excellent recom-
mendations.—J. RENDALL, Hawkwell Place, Peoibury, Kent.

TO GARDENERS, &c. — A young Man
(age 23) seeks a situation in a Gentleman's Garden,
under Glass. Good references from last situation.— THOMAS
JONES, Wilton Villa, 101, Moffat Road, Thornton Heath.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted in; a
Gentleman's Garden bv r young man, age 20. Good
reference. — A. WILSON, the Gardens, Bourton Housa,'
Shnvenham, Berks.

rpO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a

J- young man in a Market Nursery. Age 21. State wages,
&c, to E. G., 63, Taunton Road, Lee, S.E.

VIl U1T GROWERS.— MANAGER.— Adver-

-L User, long experience, desires engagement as above.
Thoroughly experienced in Growing in quantity for Market,
Grapes, Cut Flowers, &C, and details of Management. Highest
references. — POMONA, 41, Wellington Street, Strand.

GENERAL NURSERY HAND. — Young
man (age 21). Good Budder and Grafter. Willing to
be generally useful in Houses and Out. Excellent character.
— A. Z., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

HOUSE CARPENTER, PAINTER, &c—
Understands all kinds of Ironwork, Blinds. Carpets,
and all General Repairs. On a Gentleman's Estate preferred.
—Full particulars to C. S.. Mr. R. Brown, The Gardens, St.
Leonard's Hill, Windsor, Berks.

HANDY MAN (young).— Situation wanted
as above, on Nursery or Gentleman's Estate. Carpen-
tering, Plumbing, Painting, and Gla/.ing.— J. C, Mr. Allen,
27, Holly Road, Chiswick.

Nurserymen, Gentlemen Gardeners.

HANDY-MAN seeks situation. Painter,
Glazier, Repairs. Own tools. No objection to job,
attend Fires, be useful.— G., 7, Lulot Street, Dartmouth Park
Hill. N.

LTRUITERERS' arid GREENGROCERS'

J? BOOKKEEPER, or BOOK-KEEPER an i SHOPMAN,
in first-class House. Eight > ears' experience.— Please state
wages and hours to A. B., Mrs. Garrad, 10, St. Ervans Road
North Kensington.

MANAGER^ or" SHOPMAN (Head).—
Thorough practical knowledge of the Trade iu all
branches. Fifteen years' experience in London and country.
First-class Florist. Maker- up of Bouquets. Wreaths, &c.
Highest icference. Used to Travel, priva.e and trade. Would
go abroad.— H. T., 314. Fratton Road, Portsmouth.

\I ANAGER, or SHOPMAN, age 28; experi-

-LVL enced in all branches. Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays, &c.
Good knowledge of Bulbs. Nursery Stock, Buok-keeping. Ex-
cellent references.— EUCHARIS, 93, Acre Lane, Brixton, S.E.

QHOPMAN (Assistant). — Age 25. Good

O knowledge of Seeds, Bulls, Plants, and General Nursery
Stock.— T, B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Goud references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, E*st Grinstead, Sussex.

SEED TRADE.— Situation wanted by a young
man (age 18), as ASSISTANT, in a good house. Two
years' reference. — WOOD, 5, Edgbaston Road, Birmingham.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS. — Nervous Irrita-
bility. — No part of the human machine requires more
constant supervision than the nervous system, for upon it our
health, and even life, depends. These Pills strengthen the
nerves, and are the safest general purifiers of the blood.
Nausea, headache, giddiness, numbness, and mental apathy
yield to them. They relieve in a summary manner those
distressing dyspeptic svmptoms, stomachic pains, fulness at
the pit ot the stomach, abdominal distension, and regulate
alike capricious appetites and confined bowels — the commonly
accompanying signs of defective or diminished nerve tone.
Holloway's Pills are particularly recommended to persons of
studious and sedentary habits, who gradually fall into a
nervous and irritable state, unless some such restorative be
occasionally taken.

884

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 2G, 1891.

"A LADY WANTS NO OTHER COSMETIC

THAN

But one caution is absolutely necessary from a hygienic point of view. It is a notorious fact that Pears' Soap is
sold at a very small profit (I think not more than about one half-penny per tablet), on the wholesale cost price,
consequently, one or other of the many soaps in the market (on the sale of which a profit of threepence or
fourpence per tablet may be made), is sometimes either substituted or recommended to the buyer as ' just as good,'
' equally pure,' &c, &c, &c, the real object of the dealer, of course, being simply to obtain the greater profit by
the sale of the inferior article which he recommends or attempts to substitute. Patients should, therefore, insist
on having Pears' Soap when they ask for it, otherwise they may find that, instead of being served with a Genuine
Soap, they have an article of most inferior quality foisted upon them ; something worse than worthless, calculated
only to set up HEAT, REDNESS, IRRITATION, and general unsightliness of the skin."

Prom " HYGIENE OF THE SKIN," by Mr. J. L. MILTON, Senior Surgeon,

St. John's Hospital for the Skin, London.

PEARS' SOAP makes the Hands white and Fair,
the Complexion bright and clear, and the Skin soft and
smooth as Yelvet.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. BRADBURY, AGNEW. & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Wbitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

ARTHUR George Martin, at the Officii, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, September 26, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

Established

No. 249.-Vol.X.{st—}

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper.

Price 3d.

Post-free, tycl.

CONTENTS.

Abies Webbiana 395

Actinidia Kolomicta ... 402
Apple Lord Grosvenor ... 405
Australian fruit impor-
tations 400

Begonias at Tring Park 400

Bone-meal manures ... 401
Book notices : —

Bush Friends in Tas-
mania 402

Our Country's Flowers,

and how to know them 402
Tillige and Imple-
ments. 402

Cactus plants, respira-
tion of 401

Calceolaria pinnata ... 402

Calcutta Botanic Garden 396
Carnations, prolitieation

of 404

Cattleya labiata vera ... 101

Celsia cretica 402

Centaurea nigra, white-

rlowered 403

Cheap fruit transit rates 401

Chiswick Conferences ... 398
Conifer seed, saving and

sowing 404

Cross-bred Orchids ... 396
Cypripedium Godefroyee

car. luteum 393

Dianthus Napoleon III. . 404

Exochorda Alberti ... 402

Flower garden 397

Fruits under glass ... 397

Gladiolus Miileri 393

Hardy fruit garden ... 396

Hydrangea paniculata,
404,

Indian garden, an

Kniphofia

,, Northiae

Market measures

Orchid hou-es

Orchids at Oakwood (see
Cross-bred Orchide) ...

Orchids, cross-bred

Plants under glass

Potato crop, prospects of

Scotland

Scotland, contributors in,
to the Conifer Con-
ference

Societies —

National Chrysanthe-
mum

Royal Botanical and
Horticultural of

Manchester

Royal Caledonian
Royal Horticultural 398,
Stirling Natural His-
tory and Archaeo-
logical

Yorkshire Naturalists'
Union

Tomatos iu the open
ground

Trees and shrubs

Tropaeolum Mrs. Clibran

Tropeeolum pentapbyllum

Watsouia indifoha, var.
OBrieni

Zephyranthes Candida ...

405

403
391
393
395
296

396

3H>1
397
398
404

ILLU8TRATION8.

Abies Webbiana, Shoot and Cones
„ ,, female Cones ...

,, ,, male Cones ...

Bridge in an Indian Garden

Kniphofia Nortbise

Slugworm

399
395
393
403
393
407

NOW READY, Blush Souvenir de la Malmai-
son CARNATION LAYERS, strong, well-rooted stuff,
7s. Qd. perdoz. ; postage and packing free. Cash with order.
E. S. NIGHTINGALE, Rohais, Guernsey.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million iu November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s, per 100. Order
early of—

WALSHAW AND SON, Scarborough.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 3s. per 100, carriage
paid ; 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen. 6<i. LIST free.
W. LOVEL and SON, Driffield.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISSUS. — Fine
Strain, 255. per 1000, on rail. Sample 50 by post for
2s., or 100 for 3s. id. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLAKK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

SPECIMEN ERICAS. — For Sale, three fine
Plants, 3 feet in diameter, of E. eemula, E. Farieana, and
E. obbaia purpurea.

R. WATTIE, Victoria Gardens, Tjdu, Newport, Mod.

VINES. — Strong planting Canes, 6 to 8 feet
long, of the following sorts, to offer cheap:— Black
Hamburgh, Gros Colmar, Alicante, and Muscat of Alexandria.
Price on application to

ARTHUR MATTHEWS, Nurseries, Waltham Cross.

SUTTON'S BULBS.— The FINEST of the
SEASON.—" The Bulbs you sent to Beach Mount have
been splendid— the best I have had for years." Mr. D. A.
Marsh, gardener to R. Neil, Esq.

BUTTON'S HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

O NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, and other spring
flowering bulbs, are now ready for delivery. For full parti-
culars, see Sutton's Bulb Catalogue.

CUTTON'S BULBS Genuine only direct
O fhom SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READINU.

Bulb orders value 6s. and upwards, carriage free.

Dutch Flower Roots. Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON'S
CATALOGUE, specifies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post fre e.
HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots, 40s. to 80s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 15s. to 21s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, White, Red, and Blue, mixed shades, 12s. per 100.
TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 5s. per 10U.
CROCUS, by name, and mixed shades. Is. fid. to 3s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS, FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse, 12. Old Millgate, Manchester.

Azaleas, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Palms,

OkCHIDS, &.C.— At LOW PRICES.
PLANTS GROWN SPECIALLY FOR ENGLISH TRADE.

CVUYLSTEKE, Nurseryman, Looohristy,
. Ghent, Belgium.

Wholesale CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had free, of —
Messrs. R. SILBERRAD AND SON, 25, Savage Gardens,
Crutched Friars. London, E.G.

DAFFODILS I ! !— The Cream in all the
sections. Grown in undisturbed Hundred - year - old
pasture Loam; and better still, Irish. Can be procured fr» m
Hartland's Unique Collection at Cork. Illustrated Price Lists
free, and immediate delivery to all parts of the United Kingdom.
|WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., seedsman, Cork.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Ceutre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

JW, BAKNHA.1VI Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. BasketB
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

WD. BUND AY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS. GRAPES, &c. Good references.

WANTED, large PALMS, FERNS, ARAU-
CARIA EXCELSIOR, Sec, for Rockwork, in a large
Conservatory. State price, size, and sorts.

WM. CLAPHAM, Landscape Gardener and Rock Builder,
Bramhall Park, Stockport.

WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS,
in quantity i—
JACOBY, VESUVIUS, WEST BRIGHTON GEM, &c.

Cash, or EXCHANGE STRAWBERRY PLANTS.
LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford.

ANTED, a good COLLECTION of FOLI-

AGE PLANTS for Conservatory.
J. J., Mr. Waters, Stationer, Chislehurst.

WANTED, OLD GERANIUMS fTom
Flower Beds. State name and price per 100 to
H. SMITH, Nurseryman, &c, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts.

WANTED, CALCEOLARIA CUTTINGS,
good strong stuff. Golden Gem and A urea floribunda.
Any quantity. Samples and price per 1000 to H. TITE,
Hampton, Middlesex.

ANTED, BARRON'S PATENT TREE

LIFTER, in good condition. State size and price to
MAWSON BROS., Windermere.

CARTERS' CHOICE BULBS, as supplied to
H.M. the Queen, the Royal London Parks, and the
London County Council. For full particulars, see CARTERS'
BULB CATALOGUE, containing a beautifully Coloured Plale
of the White Easter Lily, gratis and post-free to Messrs.
Carters' customers ; price <>d. to the general public, the amount
to be deducted from first order.

237 and 238. HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. W.C.

FOR SALE, 60 Pot PEACHES and NECTA-
RINES (3-yr.), Named Sorts. Also 30 VINES, consisting
of Black Hamburgh, Alicante. Muscat, &c.

CHIPPINGDALE and CO., The Paddock, Eomford.

T'UBEROUS-KuOTED BEGONIAS,

JL SINGLE and DOUBLE.

I beg to intimate that my splendid Collection of the above
IS NOW IN FULL BLOOM IN THOUSANDS. For beauty
of form aud novelty of colour they are not surpassed.

Iuspectiou Invited.
JOHN DOWNIE, BeechhU Nursery, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.
STRAWBERRIES.— All the best of the New

O and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections in tha
Trade. Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
issued. Special quotations for quantities lo grow for Market.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

PTERIS VICTORLE.— The best new plant of
the year, nice plants, 3s. 6rf. each ; 2 for 6*. ; o for 15*.,
free by post.

ASrLENIUM PTEROPUS.— New and rare, long shining
dark green fronds, beautifully recurved, a splendid market or
table Fern. Nice plants 2s. 64. each ; 2 for U. Post free.
Cash with order.

WILLIAM GOLBY, Ec*gend Nursery, Brierfield, near
Burnley, Lancashire.

^AMUEL SMITH, Nurseryman, Slaghills

O Nursery, near Matlock, Derbyshire, makes very liberal
Selections of 100 SortB of ROCK PLANTS, and 100 Sorts of
BORDER PLANTS; strong, from opeu ground; in one plant
of a sort, at 165. Sd. per L00 ; if taken in three plants of a sort,
at 10s. tid. per 100. LIST, free on application.

BOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
best HYACINTHS, TULIPS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
PANSIES, VIOLAS, &c, can be had post-free on application.
Everyone intere;>ted in any of the foregoing is invited to send
for a copy.— DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

rpHE CREAM of all STRAWBERRIES will

J. be found in the Four Varieties Darned : —

RUSKIN, for Forcing Early, in pots, 25s. per 100.
BRITISH QUEEN, for Forcing Late, in pots, 15s. per 100.
LATEST OF ALL, LAXTON'S, Runners, 15s. per 100.
OXONIAN, a Topper, 6s. per 100.

Plants Guaranteed best in the Trade.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousand!
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUB,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

ROSES in ROTS for Sale — Room wanted. —
Several thousand Niphetos Catherine Mermet, Perle dea
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrauo, Souvenir
d'un Ami, Marie Van Houtte, and Marechal Niels, Grand
stuff, in 12 and 16-pots. Price, from £5 per 100.

GUIVER BROS. AND LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

T~llOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road , Putney.
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

386

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION BOOMS and ESTATE OFFICES. 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE. E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs-Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London E.C, FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past

11 o'Clock each day, LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS TULIPS, CROCUS. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

AZALEAS, and OTHER PLANTS from BELGIUM,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE of BULBS, on WEDNESDAY
NEXT a consignment of AZALEAS, PALMS, and other
PLANTS, from BELGIUM. , „' . j

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Enfield Highway.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE, by order of Mr. George
Perrv, Jun., who is relinquishing business.

MESSRS'. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, 2, Bedford Road,
Green Street, Enfield Highway, N., eight minutes' walk from
Brinsdown Station, G.E.B., on TUESDAY NEXT, October 6, at

12 o'Clock, 18,01)0 HERBACEOUS PLANTS in grand assort-
ment ; 12,000 PANSIES, all of the choicest named kinds ; 20,000
CARNATIONS (11,000 in pots), comprising Germania, Mrs.
Reynolds Hole, Mrs. Frank Watts. Mrs. Wardle Braggart,
Mr G Perry, Florence Perry, and others; also a large
number of choice Seedlings, 10,000 PINKS, 4000 VERONICAS.
5000 ROSES, on own Roots ; 600 AUCUBAS and BOX, Erection
of Shed, &e. Six weeks will be allowed for removal of Roses.

May tie viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Walham Green.

CLEARANCE SALE of GREENHOUSE LIGHTS, PIPING,
and STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, The Nursery,
Farm Lane, Walham Green, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, Oct. 7,
at 12 o'clock, by older of Mr. W. Brewin, without the least
reserve 30C0 FERNS, 1000 CHRYSANTHEMUMS, FICUS
REPENS BEGONIAS, 20,000 GOLDEN and GREEN EUONY-
MUS the erections of eleven GREENHOUSES, HOT- WATER
PIPING. BOILERS, 250 PIT LIGHTS, and FRAMES, SHEDS,
MARKET VAN, and other items.

On view two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the
Premises, and of the Auctioneers. 67 and 68, Cheapside. E.C.

Leigh-on-Sea, near Southend, overlooking the Channel.

FREEHOLD BUILDING PLOTS on the West-cliff Estate,
adjoining the Leigh Railway Station.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, in a marquee on the Estate, on
Tuesday, October 6, at 1.30 o'Clock, the FIRST PORTION of
the above valuable estate, comprising 120 lots, mostly on the
miin road, including several stop plots and a grand hotel site
of nearly an acre. Immediate possession. Free conveyances
and eas. payments. A limited number of tickets for special
train will be issued to intending purchasers, at 2s. each.
Luncheon will be provided.

Particulars and plans had of A. U. Higgins, Esq., on the
Estate; Messrs. Pollock & Co., Solicitors, 6, Lincoln's Inn
Fields, W.C. ; and of the Auctioneersand Land Agents, 67 and
68, Cheapside, E.C, and Leytonstone.

Leyton. E. By Order of the Mortgagee.

The VALUABLE LEASE of the NURSERY, 87 years
unexpired; also the ERECTIONS of SEVERAL GREEN-
HOUSES, PIPING, and BOILERS; 8000 CHRYSANTHE-
MUMS, in 16 and 24-pots ; 600 MYRTLES, large WHITE
AZALEAS, MAIDENHAIR FERNS, TUBEROSES,
TULIPS, and other STOCK; VAN, BARROWS, and
TOOLS, in suitable lots.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL the above by AUCTION, on the
Premises, the Nursery, Beaumont Road, Leyton (between
Leyton and Hoe Street Stations, G.E.Ry.), on THURSDAY
NEXT, October 8, at 12 o'Clock.

May be viewed. Catalogues had of Mr. HART, on the
premises; of Messrs. W. H. SMITH and SON, Solicitors,
Gresham House, Old Broad Street, E.C. ; and of the Auc-
tioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C, and Leytonstone. E.

Friday Next.

ESTABLISHED and IMPORTED ORCHIDS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
6S, Cheapside. London, E.C , on FRIDAY NEXT, October 9,
at half-past 12 o'Clock, IMPORTED ORCHIDS, from Messrs.
Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co. ; 50 lots of selected
ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, from a private Collection; and
200 lots of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS from well-known
growers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Fulham, S.W.

10 minutes' walk from Parson's Green Station.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, the Cole Hill
Nurseries. Fulham, S.W., by order of Mr. M. M. Smith, on
TUESDAY, October 13, 1891, at 12 o'Clock, a large quantity of
well-grown NURSERY STOCK, comprising 1,000 Box, 3 to 4
feet; 3000 Aucubas, 4 to 7 feet, amongst them a large number
of very fine plant 11 ; Thorns, Poplars, Laburnums, and other
Staudard Trees. Flowering Shrubs in variety. 300 Irish Ivies,
6 to 10 feet. 400 clumps of Iris. Rhododendrons, Hollies, Cu-
pressus, and other Stock.

May be viewed one week prior to sale. Catalogues had on
the premises, and of the Auctioneers,

Isleworth.

SPECIAL ANNUAL TRADE SALE of thousands of beauti_
fully-grown young CONIFERS and GOLDEN EUON1-
MUS, suitable for immediate potting, window-boxes, or
for growing out, by order of Messrs. C. Lee & Son.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Wood Lane
Nursery, Isleworth, five minutes* walk from Islewortli Station,
on THURSDAY NEXT. October 8, at 12 o'clock precisely, in
consequence of the large number of lots. 4000 best Silver and
Golden EUONYMUS, splendidly coloured ; PHILLYREA
LAURIFOLIA, and thousands of small Boxing Shrubs, in-
cluding Junipers, Cupressus, Retinosporas. Aucubas, Thuiopsis,
Cedrus deodara, and Thuias ; 6000 CONIFERS, from 1 to
8 feet; including Thuiopsis dolobrata, T. borealis, Picea Nord-
manniana, C. erecta viridis, Abies Menziesi glauca, C Law-
soni, &c. ; 1000 BOX, 9 inches to 2 feet; 1000 AUCUBAS, 1 to
2 feet; 2000 YEWS. 9 inches to 4 feet; 1000 Standard and
Pyramid PEARS ; 1000 Green HOLLIES, 1 to 4 feet. Hundreds
of ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, 9 inches to 3 feet; Lombardy
POPLARS, LIMES, &c. ; 500 AZALEA MOLLIS, 1 to 2 feet,
splendidly budded; 1000 Standard and Half-standard VIC-
TORIA PLUMS, GREENHOUSE PLANTS and CAMELLIAS ;
FIGS, in pots ; well-berried SOLANUMS, in pots ; 1000 TEA
and H.P. ROSES, and other STOCK.

May be viewed. Catalogues may be had on the Premises ;
at the Royal Vineyard Nursery, 2, Hammersmith Road, W.j
and of the Auctioneers. Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and Leytonstone, E.

Tunbridge Wells.

About 1± miles from the South Eastern Railway Station,

and 1 mile from Southborougb.

IMPORTANT to GENTLEMEN, BUILDERS, and OTHERS.

TVfESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are

\SX instructed by Mr. John Charlton to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, The High Brooms Nurseries. Tunbridge Wells,
on FRIDAY NEXT, October 9, at 12 o'clock precisely, a
quantity of thriving and well-grown NURSERY' STOCK,
including a great assortment of Conifera? and Evergreen
Shrubs, 2000 American Arbor Vitas, suitable for hedges;
750 Thuja Lobbii, 600 Cupressus Lawsonii, various sizes; 500
Laurels of sorts, 500 Standard and Dwarf Roses of the leading
kinds, 900 choice Herbaceous Plants, in best named kinds;
Flowering Shrubs, Hardy Climbers, Red and Black Currants,
&c, specially lotted to suit private buyers.

May be viewed anv day prior to Sale. Catalogues may be
had on the premises' at the Seed Warehouse, :)7, Ye Pantiles,
Tunbridge Wells ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, Loudon, E.C.

Woking.

UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT SIX DAYS' SALE of excep-
tionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK, growing on por-
tion of the land required for other purposes, in the finest
possible condition for transplanting, and embracing the
most important lot of stock offered for Auction for many
years, the quality of which is unsurpassed in the Trade.

GREAT UNRESERVED SALE by order of the Trustees of the
late Mr. George Jacknian.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Woking
NuTseries, Woking, Surrey, on MONDAY, October 12, and
FIVE FOLLOWING DAYS, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day,
several acres of unusually well-grown NURSERY STOCK,
comprising 10,000 Conifers, 3 to 7 feet; thousands of smaller
Evergreens and Conifers; 1500 Picea Nordmanniana and
Pinsapo ; 4000 Box, in variety, 1 to 4 feet ; 1000 Araucaria
imbricata, 1 to 3 feet ; 3000 Aucubas, in variety, 1 to 4 feet ;
3000 Laurels of sorts, 2 to 5 feet; 2000 English and Golden
Yews, 2 to 7 feet; 1000 Gold, Silver, and Green Hollies; 50P0
deciduous Flowering Shrubs; 5000 named Rhododendrons, 1 to
3 feet; 2000 Limes, 5 to 10 feet; 1000 Purple Beech. 6 to
10 feet; 1000 Maples, in variety, 7 to 10 feet ; Forest Trees in
<reat quantities; 60,000 common Ash, 2 to 5 feet; 50,000
Quick, 1 to 2 feet; 10,000 English and Turkey Oaks, 2 to
5 feet ; 6000 English Laurels, 3 to 5 feet ; a splendid collection
of Ornamental Trees for park and avenue planting, 10 to
20 feet; 5000 Standard and Feathered Plums; Damsons,
Quinces, &c. ; 2000 Standard and Feathered Flowering
Almonds, Peaches, and other Stock.

Goods can be transmitted from Woking Railway Station to
all parts without change of truck.

An inspection will well repay a visit by those contemplating
planting during the season.

May be viewed. Catalogues bad on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Sunningdale, Berks.

ANNUAL SALE, without Reserve.— SIX DAYS' ABSOLUTE
CLEARANCE SALE of several acres of beautifully-grown
and thriving young NURSERY STOCK, carefully prepared
for removal ; by order of Mr. Charles Noble.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, The Nurseries,
Sunningdale, close to Sunningdale Station, on MONDAY NEXT,
October 5, and five following days, at 12 o'Clock precisely each
day; a splendid lot of Standard and Bu«h Rhododendrons, of
the best kinds, many of them extra fine specimens for which
these Nurseries are so famed ; good bushy Ponticum Rhodo-
dendrons, 1 to 2£ feet; Flowering Shrubs, in great variety.
Many thousandsof Conifers, 3 toSfeet, consisting of Cupressus,
Thujas, andMjopsis, specially adapted for hedges or borders; a
large assortment of specimen Trees and Shrub3, including
Golded Retinospores, variegated Hollies, Abies, and others for
effective planting. 10, OOOoval-leaved Privet; a large quantity
of Mahouia Aquifolia, Hardy Heaths, Ivies; a fine collection
of Standard and Pyramid Apples, Damsons, Pyramid Pears,
Gooseberries and currants of the most approved kinds ; Cob
Nuts, and other Stock.

Luncheon will be provided for intending purchasers, and
arrangements can be made with Mr. Noble to lift and forward
lots to all parts of the Kingdom at the mere cost of labour in-
curred and material used.

The Stock may now be viewed. Catalogues can be obtained
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Tuesday, October 20.

The COLLECTION of ORCHIDS from Old Park, Ventnor, Isle
of Wight.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL the above by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, on TUESDAY, October 20.

Ealing. -Expiration of Lease.

CLEARANCE SALE of about 11.000 CONIFERS and other
STOCK, by order of Messrs. Hart Bros., whose Lease of
this branch Nursery will shortly expire.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Castle Bar
Nurseries, Ealing, on WEDNESDAY. October 21, at 12 o'Clock,
the whole of the NURSERY STOCK.

Maybe viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises; at the
Grove Nursery, Ealing; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E C.

Wimbledon.— Expiration of Lease.

CLEARANCE SALE of about 4J acres of thriving and well-
grown NURSERY STOCK, growing upon a portion of the
Nursery the lease of which is about to expire, by order of
Messrs. D. S. Thomson & Sons.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, the Nur-
series. Wimbledon, on MONDAY and TUESDAY, October 26
and 27, at 12 o'clock precisely, Without Reserve, 9,0.0 Fruit
Trees, 5,003 Gooseberries and Currants, a large quantity of
other stock, particulars of which will be announced.
Catalogues of the Auctioneers.

Havant— Expiration of Lease.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. Ewing & Co. to SELL by AUC-
TION, on the premises, the Sea View Nursery, Havant, on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY', October 28 and 2J, at 12
o'clock, the first portion of an extensive Nursery Stock, grow-
ing upon the leasehold Nursery, the tenancy of whicn will
shortly expire.

The Freehold Nursery of about 3 acres with Residence is to be
LET or SOLD. Particulars on application to the Auctioneers.

Windlesham Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Windlesham Nurseries,
Bagshot, Surrey, twenty minutes' walk from Bagshot, and
2i miles from Sunningdale, Stations, on MONDAY, October 19,
and three following days, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day,
several Acres of exceptionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK,
comprising:

Tuesday, October 13.

IMPORTANT SALE of a celebrated FRENCH COLLECTION

formed by the—

COUNT HORACE DE CHOISEUL. Without Reserve.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68 Cheapside, London, E.C, on TUESDAY*, October 13, at
12^30 o'clock, Without Reserve, the celebrated collection of
Orchids formed during the last ten yeas by the COUNT
HORACE DE CHOISEUL, formerly President of the Floral
Department at the International Exhibition of 1889.

This collection is composed of only the choicest plants.
Over 100 of the Cattleyas have 30 to 40 bulbs, and of the 400
plants which will be offered, no inferior variety has been in-
cluded by this well known Amateur.

On view morning of Sale and Catalogues had.

5,000 hybrid Rhododendrons
to name, 1J to 2 feet.

3,000 Andromeda floribunda,
well set for bloom

1 000 Azalea poutlca, 1^ to

2 feet
10,000 Rhododendron ponti-
cum, 1£ to 3 feet

5.000 Berberis aquifolium

2,000 Berberis Darwinii

2^000 Pinus austriaca, 21- to
4 feet

1 000 Spruce Firs, 2J to 8
feet,

1,000 Pinus strobus, 5 to
9 feet

2,000 Portugal Laurels

2.000 Colchicum Laurels, 3 to
5 feet

5.000 Oval-leaved Privet, 2J
to 4 feet

4,000 Thuia Lobbii, Abies,
Thuiopsisborealis, and
Cedrus, 2 to 7 feet
10,000 strong Quick

1,000 Conifenc and Orna-
mental Trees, 1 to
10 feet

10 000 Retinospora plumosa aurea, beautifully coloured,
and others suitable for potting and boxes ; 10,000 Cupressus
Lawsoniana, 2 to 6 feet ; 500 erecta viridis, 3 to 3J feet ; Fruit
Trees, and other Stock.

The Auctioneers will be pleased to execute Commissions for
Gentlemen who cannot attend, and Mr. Mason will lift and
forward any lots. _

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, ana oi the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

October 3, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

387

Liverpool.

GREAT UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, by order of the executors of the late
Mr. George Cunningham (Messrs. George Cunningham &
Son), in consequence of the Land being required to be
cleared for Building purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Oak Vale
Nursery. Old Swan. Liverpool (10 minutes' walk from Broad
Green Station, L. & N. W. By.), on MONDAY, October 19,
and three following days, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day, the
first portion of the well- grown and valuable NURSERY
STOCK, comprising great quantities of Trees and Shrubs,

1 to 6 feet; splendid^Specimen Variegated and Green Hollies,

2 to 6 feet, embracing nearly all the hardy varieties in culti-
vation ; several hundreds of Silver and other varieties, 4 to 9
feet; a large assortmentof Deciduous Flowering Trees, Shrub1,
thousands of Rhododendron ponticum, Oval-leavnd and Com-
mon Privet and Common Hollies, suitable for Hedges; large
quantities of Fruit Trees, 4 to 10 feet; 30,000 strong trans-
planted Quick; together with a fine collection of Fruit Trees.

The Stock may be viewed any day prior to the Sale.
Catalogues can be obtained on the Premises, and of the Auc-
tioneers, Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Note.— The Valuable Freehold Building Estate of about 13t
acres, with the important and extensive Frontages to Broad
Green and Nursery Road, ready for immediate development, is
for Sale by Outside Treaty. Particulars of the Auctioneers.

Groombridge near Tunbridge Wells.

HOLLAMBY'S NURSERIES.

GREAT UNRESERVED SALE of valuable NURSERY STOCK

in the b^st possible condition for removal.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, close to
the Groombridge Station, on THURSDAY" and FRIDAY",
October 22 and 23, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day, by order
of Mr. Edwin Hollamby, enormous quantities of CONIFERJE,
Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing ROSES, 100,000 LARCH and
Scotch FIRS. ASH, and Spanish CHESTNUT, 20,000 CUPRES-
SlTSLAWSONHand THUIA LOBBII, 10,000 strong trans-
planted QUICK, 10,000 named and other RHODODENDRONS,
500 Ghent and Mollis AZALEAS, 500 ANDROMEDA FLORI-
BUNDA, 5000 extra strong SEAKALE, for forcing; 10,000
PINUS AUSTRIACA, 3000 Hardy CLIMBERS, established in
pots; Portugal, Caucasian, and other LAURELS.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Valuable Collection of Established Orcbids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions
from the Executors of the late G. Neville Wyatt, Esq.,
of Lake House, Cheltenham, to SELL by AUCTION', al his
Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
WEDNESDAY' and THURSDAY, October 21 and 22, at half-
past 12 o'Clock precisely each day, his highly important and
valuable COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS (With-
out the least Reserve), which contains many fine things,
amongst which will be found : —
Cypripedium Mooreana Laelia Pilcheri

,, Measuresiana Masdevallia Veitchii grandi-

,, Chautini I flora

Oncidium Ornithorhynchum i Anguloa Ruckeri sauguinea,

album ' grand form

Epidendrum WaXisi Oncidium incurvum album

Batemannia Burti Al:t aurantiaca

Coelogyne cristata lemoniana, ' Lielia Wyattiana

splendid specimen
Cypripediuni hirsutissimum, i

splendid specimen
Lycaste Skinneri alba, several '

plants
Odortoglossum Rossi Amesia-
num

,, uro-Skinneri, splendid
specimen

., ramosissimurn
C;ittlfya labiata, outumn-

rlowering variety, true
Anthunum Scherzerianum,

Lake House variety, grand

plant

Cattleya Mendelii, Including
many fine forms
,, Skinneri occulata
,, exoniensis
., gigas

„ Gaskelliana var. Dal-
liense

Vanda Kimballiana

,, Sanderiana, several
plants

Saccolabium Heathi, ex-
tremely rare

Cu_'!ogyne cristata, Chats-
worth var.

&c, &c, &c.

A MOST BEAUTIFUL and LARGELY-FLOWERED VANDA

CCERULEA, a UNIQUE VARIETY.

On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Dutch Bulbs, Dutcb Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY.
and frequently on THURSDAY, at half-past 12 o'Clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

ADnual Sale of Nursery Stock.

THE DORKING NURSERIES— five minutes' walk from Dork-
ing Station, L. B. & S. C, and Box Hill, S. E. Railway.

MESSRS. WHITE and SONS are instructed
by Messrs, Ivery & Son, to SELL by AUCTION, as
above, on FRIDAY and SATURDAY', October 9 and 10, 1891. at
12 o'Clock precisely, a great variety of THRIVING YOUNG
NURSERY STOCK (in first-rate condition for transplanting,
all having been moved during the last two years) including
Aucubas. 1 foot to 2 feet; Box, Hollies, Portugal Laurels,
Garden and Common Yews, 2 feet to 4 feet ; Flowering Shrubs,
in variety; Thuias of sorts; Abies Douglasii, Thujopsis, Reti-
nosporas, and Cnpressus, of sorts. 2 feet to 6 feet ; Pinus and
Piceas, in varieties ; Spruce and other Firs, of various heights ;
Cedars, Junipers, Araucarias, &c, and thousands of Quicks
and Common Laurels. 2 feet to 5 feet ; Acer varie"gata, Thorn*,
of sorts; Catalpas, Chestnuts, &c. Also a quantity of Orna-
mental Trees, Standard find Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums.
Catalogues may be obtained at the Inns and Hotels in the
neighbourhood; at the place of Sale ; and of the Auctioneers,
Land Agents, and Valuers, High Street, Doming, and on
Fridays at Leatherhead,

THURSDAY NEXT.

CATTLEYA LABIATA VERA,

Semi-established in pans, and rooting freely.

SWAINSON'S OLD LABIATA,

NOT GARDNER'S LABIATA.

CATTLEYA SANDERIANA,

Must not be confused with C. gigas
Sanderiana.

CATTLEYA SPECIES,

Found in the Chrysotoxa district.

CATTLEYA GO DSEFFI AN A,

Absolutely new.

CATTLEYA,

THE NEW LABI AT A (?).

ME. J. C. STEVENS has
received instructions from Mr. F.
Sander, St. Albans, to SELL by AUCTION,
at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, Octo-
ber 8, at half-past Y2 o'Clock precisely : —

THREE HUNDRED GRAND PLANTS,

Selected, semi-established, of the true old autumn-flowering

labiata. Imported four months ago, and are simply in

splendid order and condition for blooming strong and fine.

Every plint guaranteed true, and all are undowered in

Europe.

CATTLEYA SANDERIANA,

Not gigas Sanderiana.

This is perhaps the finest Cattleya extant, and is aUo-
luttdy new.
Natives say that the hlooms are nearly a foot across.

CATTLEYA SPECIES.

From the same district as C. chrysotoxa. Flowers warm
pink, with enormous crimson and gold labellums, section of
Hardyana, Byrkley Lodge var., shown at Drill Hull ; Mnssaiana,
Young's, and Statter's vars. — rarely has there been seen a
Cattleya so promising.

CATTLEYA GODSEFFIANA.

H must not be supposed from the habit of this Cattleya t hat
it resembles C. Skinneri.

" It is an absolute new species."

Flowers round, -1 inches across, mauve sepals and petals, anil
striped lip.

CATTLEYA,

THE NEW LABIATA F

From a new locality, where Orchids have never before been
gathered. Free flowering, and very showy and large.

SPRING-FLOWERING CATTLEYAS.
SUMMER-FLOWERING CATTLEYAS.
AUTUMN-FLOWERING CATTLEYAS.
WINTER-FLOWERING CATTLEYAS.

The following are a few of the kinds repre-
sented in the Catalogue : —

Cattleya Mendelii var. from
Cayaixa

,, Triana?

,, chrysotoxa

,, Schroderx*

, , amet hystoglcssa

,, citrina

,, dolosa

,, Eldorada

,, granulosa

„ Schofieldiana

,, crocata

,, guatemalensis

I Cattleya Bowringiana

, , MosMse

,, Percivaliana
., erii

, , W i-cewiczii

,, maxima peruviana

,, Walkeriana

, Lawreneeana

, Gaskelliana

, crispa

, velutina

, autumnalis

, bulbosa, &c.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Notice.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FIVE DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE
of beautifully grown NURSERY STOCK, all well-rooted,
and carefully prepared for removal, and specially selected
for the Sale. By order of Messrs. Isaac Matthews & Son.

MR. JOHN OAKS, Ash, will fcELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, at the far-famed Bagnall
Tite Oaks and Milton Nurseries, on OCTOBER 21 and FOL-
LOWING DAYS, without reserve, several Acres of NURSERY
STOCK, grown to the highest perfection. The Nurseries are
in an extremely cold situation, and all the trees are perfectly
hardy, and grown to the highest perfection. Extremely well-
rooted and well-furnished Hodgen's, Common, Maderiensia,
Silver, and Gold Hollies in variety, LOO, 000 Rhododendrons
various, a large quantity of all leading varieties of Conifers,
Evergreens, &c, suitable for Ornamental Planting, Parks,
Cemeteries, Pleasure Grouuds, &c. Large quantities of Thorn,
Quick, Ash, Elm, Alder, Privet, Austrian Pines, Spruce Fir,
Chestnuts, Willows. All other trees for Woods and other
plantations.

Catalogues seven days prior to Sale on application to the
Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent. Miltoa is the nearest
station, L. & N. W. Railway. All trains met.

King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

IMMENSESALEof UNUSUALLY WELL-GROWN NURSERY
STOCK. Included therein : 6000 STANDARD, PYRAMID,
and TRAINED FRUIT TREES, without the Least
Reserve. As a portion of the Land will shortly be offered
for Sale for Building purposes, it is absolutely necessary
to Clear the Ground.

A LEXANDER, DANIEL, SELFE, and CO.

■iX will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises as above, on
TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY, October 20, 21,
and 22, '891, at 11 for 12 o'Clock precisely, several Acres of
first-class NURSERY STOCK.

Further Particulars in future Announcements, but the
Stock may be Viewed at once.

CATALOGUES may be obtained at the Nurseries, or of the
Auctioneers. Corn Street, Bristol (and 31, Old Jewry,
London, E.C).

Vy ANTED, a quiet, comfortable HOUSE,

T T Furnished, or Unfurnished, with from 10 to 30 Acres
of light FARM LAND, suitable for a POULTRY FARM.
Ornament no object. Heath country in Surrey preferred.

Apply, by letter, R.. Mr. Lord, Stationer, 12, Gloucester
Road, South Kensington, S.W.

WANTED to RENT, on LEASE, a good
DWELLING-HOUSE, with GLASS, and about an
Acre or more of Land.
BLUNDELL, Florist, Enfield.

I? OR DISPOSAL, an old established
NURSERY, FLORIST, and SEED BUSINESS, about
20 miles from London. Nursery 2 acres, -well stocked; three
Houses, Pits, Potting-sheds, &c., Duelling House, and Shop.
On Lease. Rent moderate.

Particulars on application to H. J., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TO BE SOLD.— Navarino Freehold Property,
Worthing. TWO HOUSES, facing the Sea, large
Gardens enclosed with :high wall running south to north,
planted with choice Fruit Trees; splendid soil, suitable for
Grapes and Tomato^. Room for 500 or 600 feet of glass. Also
THREE COTTAGES.

Apply, W. MITCHENER, Navarino, Worthing.

To Seed merchants and Others.

TO BE SULD, the HOUSE, SHOP, WARE-
HOUSE, and PREMISES lately occupied by the late
Mr. William Miller, deceased, situate at East Herrington,
near Sunderland, and used by him as a Seed, Grain, and
Oilcake Merchant, together with the Goodwill of the Business.
If not Sold, a suitable tenant would be accepted. Cards to
Vh'w, and further particulars, may be obtained of WILLIAM
BELL and SONS, Solicitors, 23, Lambton Street, Sunderland.

Highgate.
rVO BE SOLD or Let.— Excellent Detached

-I RESIDENCE, with Stabling for 4 horses; 2 Cottages,
and CHARMING GARDENS, including Tennis and other
Lawns, Ornamental Water, small Orchard, Vineries, Peach
House, Orchid House, &c— in all an Acre and three-quarters;
10 Bed and Dressing-rooms, Bath-room, 3 Reception-rooms,
Fernery, and well lighted Studio and buildings : more land
available.

Messrs. PRICKETT and ELLIS, Highgate; or Messrs.
DEBENHAM AND CO., 80, Cheapside. (jf.502.)

To Nurserymen, Market Gardeners, and Florists.
'IXJ be LET, or SOLD (through the death of the

-L Tenant), BUSINESS PREMISES, as a Going Concern,
consisting of a House and Shop, four Greenhouses, and from
2 to 3 Acres of L3nd, as a Nursery, in the town of Abergavenny,
near the London and North -Western Railway Station. A
thriving and profitable business has and is being carried on.

Apply to EVAN JONES, Mardy Park, Abergavenny; or,
T. GLASBROOK RICHARDS, Solicitor, Swansea.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS,
to Grow Them, apply to SLANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.
Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens. Florist and Seed

BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF.

"YfESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS'

1VL HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti-
culars of the above, and can be obtained, gratis, at
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

The Special Culture of Alpine Plants and Hardy

PERENNIALS.

MPRICHARD, Riverslea Nursery, South-
• bourne, Christchurch (many years Foreman at Paul &
Son's, Broxbourne Nursery), begs to intimate that he has still
time on hand for which he is disengaged during the coming
season, in the formation of Rock Gardens, for the successful
growth of Alpine Plants, &c, combined with economy and
picturesqueness. Absolute personal superintendence.

388

THE GAItBENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

BULBS-BULBS-BULBS.

charles^sharpT & CO.

Have just received their first Consignment of

DUTCH BU LBS,

IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

Wholesale and Retail CATALOGUES
on application.

Retail Orders over 10s. in value, Carriage Free.

CHARLES1HARPT& CO.,

SEED GROWERS, SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS,

SLEAFORD.

GIGANTIC PRIVATE SALE.

FRUIT TREES,

Roses, Choicest Shrubs,

RHODODENDRONS.

QH OOO FRUIT TREES (Standard,

t/U^\/V/V/ Pyramid, and Wall - trained) — Apples,
Cherries, Plums, Peaches, and Filberts; 20,000 tall, noble
Standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old; the
treesare without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly grown,
and intended for tenants and the hedgerows on the estate.
24.000 Black Currants, and forty kinds of Gooseberries. The
superb Rhododendrons, Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses;
specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, surrounding the mansion,
secured but recently, regardless of cost ; also Hardy Flowers.
See printed Catalogues. Removing.

Estate Agent. Honourable GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield,
Cradley, near Malvern.

THE
YERY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No- 397.

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DicksonsS* Chester

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.
The Illustrated and Desoriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES.

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

THE NEW ENCL1SH ROSES OF THE YEAR

BOURBON, MRS. PAUL,

The finest light Rose for English Gardens. Strong
Dwarfs, 4*. eaoh ; Standards, 5s.

H.P. BRUCE FINDLAY,

The Crimson Autumnal Bedder. Dwarfs, 5s.
each, 48s. per dozen ; of

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHCTNT,

AND ALL LEADING NURSERYMEN.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

CURRANT TREES.

RED and BLACK, strong 2-year-old.

DUTCH RED, 10s. per 100.
RABY CASTLE RED, 10s. per 100.
NAPLES BLACK, 12s. per 100.
2s. per 100 less for quantities of 1000. Sample lots of

MANAGER, Osborne House Fruit Farm. Wisbeach.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA. SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHOSNIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

FERNS 1 FERNS ! ! FERNS 1 ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12*. per 100. Large
Adiantnm cuneatum, tine tops, in 5-inch pots, 605. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. Extra large
Aralia Sieboldii, in 48-pots, 65. per dozen, 455. per 100.
Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH, The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction. S.W.

%3E^

MARLY LILAC

(Well Budded),

The best of all for Forcing. Thousands

for Disposal.

CROUX et FILS,

Nurserymen,

LE VAL. D'AULNAY, PRES SCEAUX

(SEINE), FRANCE.

Great Specialty in Trained Fruit
Trees for Immediate Planting.

CATALOGUES free on application.

To those about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Pereuniala.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. 105. 6d., 21s., 42s., t>3s., & upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS, Ss.6d., 7s. od., 10s. 6rf., to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Peeonies, Lilies, &c.
BARR and SON, 12. King Street, Covent Garden, London.W.C.

BARGAINS in BULBS.— By Act of Parlia-
ment. Railway crossing our Gardens. Must clear.
Pheasant Eye Narcissus, tis. per 1000 (10s. 6d. per cwt. as
lifted); Blue Scillas, 10s. ; Spanish Irises, 17s.; Bethlehem
Stars, 12s. ed. ; Aconites, 13s. id. ; Biftorus, 12s. ; Mixed
Narcissi, 30s. ; Double White Narcissus, 22s. 6d. All per 1000.
D'ALCORN and CO., Spalding, Lincolnshire.

VIOLETS, for Winter-blooming. Marie
Louise, 14s. to lfis. per 100 ; Primrose, best hybrids,
6s. to 10s. per 100. CARNATION, Souvenir de la Malmaison,
7s. to 9s. per dozen. All grand plants.— SHINGLER AND
CHINERY, The Nurseries, Briston. East Dereham, Norfolk.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75*. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great sis-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI. 25s. per 1000, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to—

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor. Isle of Wight.

WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex.

TREE CARNATIONS.— Duke of Clarence,
new, the finest crimson-scarlet in cultivation, very large
flowers ; good plants, in 5-inoh pots, 12s. per doz. Price per
100 ou application. Carnation Souv. de Labruyere, bright
scarlet, remarkably free in winter; bushy plants, in 5-iuch
pots, 9s. per doz. Packing free for cash.

CRANE AND CLARKE, Hillside Nursery, March, Cambs.

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

X\/^ \J\J\J grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. pe

Cash with Order.
J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

per

nr A I ITU AT D A Til Tlli9 excellent New Early Dessert Apple is destined to become a great favourite, not only

PL AU I I Ur DA I n. in private gardens, but especially among Market Growers for profit. It possesses Special
Merit to recommend it. It is very Early, coming in about the end of July and beginning of August ; is a Strong Grower, very
handsome, bright red, brisk, pleasant flavour, and a sure cropper. It has gained the highest possible honour, by being awarded a
First Class Certificate, Royal Horticultural Society, and has taken First Prizes at various Shows in competition with Forty to
Fifty Dishes of Dessert Apples. Orders booked in rotation; 1000 already disposed of up to dale for November delivery. Stork
limited. Strong Maidens, on English Paradise. 2s. 6d. each; ditto, on Crab, 2s. Two-year Trees, 3s. 6d. each.

A few thousand of John Ruskin Strawberry to dispose of; Earliest Strawberry in Cultivation. A rival on Noble. 16$. per 100

W. HORNE, PERRY HILL, CLIFFE, near ROCHESTER, KENT.

October 3, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

389

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STuCK is very complete ami extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
iBsued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

ANTHONY WATERER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the following well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet.

„ DOUGLASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ „ GLAIICA, 5 to 8 feet.

„ HOOKERIANA (Fattoniana). 3 to 6 feet.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet.

„ LKBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet,
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet.

„ ., LUTEA (Golden). 3 to 6 feet.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet.

,, i( AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS, B to 8 feet.

„ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ MAGNIFICA, 3 to S feet.

„ PUNGENS, 1} to 4 feet.

,. „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1J to 4 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 feet.

,. LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet.

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBBII (gigantea). 5 to 9 feet.

„ OCCIDENTALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, S to 7 feet.
YEWS. Common, 3, 4, 5, and 6 feet.

,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

,, Golden SeedliDgs, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

„ Irish, S to 10 feet.

., „ Golden. 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2J to 4 feet.
BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE,

„ HODGINS or NOBILIS,

„ LAURIFOLIA,

„ MYRTIFOLIA, f 3, 4, 5, up to 10 feet,

„ SCOTTICA,

„ Yellow berried, and otter sorts

,, Variegated, of sorts, 3, B, up to 10 feet.

,, Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

., Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

,, Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems,
with heads of 10 to IB years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

Knap Hill Nursery, Weking, Surrey.

EVERGREENS [-EVERGREENS !

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

JOHN PERKINS and SON beg to draw
attention to their large stock of the following fine, bushy,
healthy trees, with good roots, all of which will transplant
safely : —

ENGLISH YEWS. 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to B feet.
GREEN HOLLIES. 2 to 3, 3 to 4. and 4 to 5 feet.
THUIA LOBBII. 3 to 4. 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS. 3 to 4, and 4 to S feet.
LAURELS. CAUCASICA, 2* to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
„ ROTUNDIFOLIA. 2J to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
,, PORTUGAL, 1§ to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 1± to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 3 to 4, 4 to S, and 6 to 8 feet.
RETINOSPORA PLUMOSA, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
„ PISIFERA, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
Special cheap offers by the dozen, 10, or 1000.
The Old-Established Nursery and Seed Business,
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.
Telegraphic Address — " QUICK, NORTHAMPTON."

JOSHUA LE CORNTJ & SON'S

ICTDQirV FRUIT TREES
JLr\OQ I & ROSE TREES.

Carriage paid. Packed gratis. An immense stock of strong,
healthy, well-rooted Trees. No Starvelings.

CORDONS A SPECIALTY.
Roses wonderfully cheap. The finest that money can buy.

Before ordering, be sure to write for our Illustrated
Catalogue. HIGH VIEW NURSERIES, JERSEY.

TWO CRAND NOVELTIES.

A PURE WHITE BEDDING CLEMATIS, and the FERN
which has lately received so many of the highest
awards and proofs of admiration.

CLEMATIS SMITH'S SNOW - WHITE

JACKMANII. — The flowers are paper-white, about the
same size as those of the old purple Jackmanii, but pro-
duced in even greater profusion. It is unrivalled for beds,
and also for climbing. Ready in August. 7s. 6rf. each.

PTERIS TREMULA SMITHIANA.— This

is a very valuable and distinct Fern. No Collection
should be without it. Illustration and description free.
55. to 105. 6d. each.

BULBS. — The best procurable.

STRAWBERRIES.— All leading kinds. De-
scriptive LISTS free.
Also all the best varieties of CLEMATIS ready for
plantiDg out.

RICHARD SMITH & Co.

Nurserymen and Seed Merchants,
WORCESTER.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De EEBDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.
Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.
Cablegrams — Strecker, Antwerp and Qhent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large size
(1$ Year).

Price, 12s. 6d. peb 100.

SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

LHIS, &C-, free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS &. SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET. STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

! ! MUSHROOM SPAWN 1 1

FOR THE BEST, send to

CU DIPUADnO 1, Belvedere Crescent,
. n. nlunAnUO, Lambeth, London, S.E.

One out of many Testimonials: — "The 20 bushels of Spawn
I had from you for our Mushroom Farm, at Poole, has proved
very satisfactory ; in fact, the best I have ever had. — T. H.
Crasp, Canford Gardens."

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on application to their Agents. Messrs MERTENS and CO.,
3, Cross Lane. St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.G. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen. near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

STRAWBERRIES.— Laxton's "Noble," King
of Strawberries; Scarlet Queen and White Knight, best
new, certificated Fruit Conference, high quality ; Commander.
Crescent, King of Earlies, J. Ruskin, A. Nicaise. Vicomtesse,
Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, Countess, Lucas, Aberdeen
Favourite, Bothwell Bank, Stirling Castle, Paxton. President,
J. Veitch, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, Albert (fine, new, late),
Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo, Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and
160 best sorts, true to name. Lists free.

T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales'), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk,

EXHIBITIONS.

ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER,
OCTOBER 14, 15 and 16.
GREAT FRUIT SHOW and COMPETITION for Messrs.
SUTTON and SONS' SPECIAL PRIZES for VEGETABLES.
Schedules of Prizes on application to

Mr. RICHARD DEAN, Superintendent, 42, Ranelagh Road,
Ealing, W.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
and PROVIDENT SOCIETY.
The ANNUAL DINNER will take place on THURSDAY.
October 15, 1891, at 5.30 P.M.. at the Caunon Street Hotel. E.C.
GEORGE A. DICKSON, E9q., of Chester, will preside.
Tickets, 6s. each, may be had of the Secretary, W. COLLINS,
9, Martindale Road, Balham, S.W.

ROYAL BOTANICAL and HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY of MANCHESTER.
A GRAND EXHIBITION of HARDY and OTHER FRUITS

will be held on the 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd inst. For Schedules,
&c apply to the undersigned. BRUCE FINDLAY.

Koyal Botanic Gardens. Manchester.

KOYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY
of MANCHESTER.
A FRUIT CONFERENCE will be held in Manchester on the
21st and 22nd inst. The Right Hon. the Earl of DKBBT wil 1
Preside on the First Day, and Alderman Sir James White-
head, Bart., on the Second Day. The Subjects to be brought
before the Conference are published in the Schedule.

BRUCE FINDLAY, Secretary.

W A N T E D.

POLEMONIUM CC3RULEUM.

STRAWBERRY, " Latest of All."
,, "Sir Harry."

,, " Black Prince."

,, " President."

FUSCHIA. " Annetti."

„ " Mrs. Marshall."

TROP^OLUM, " Canariense Improved."

CALCEOLARIA CUTTINGS.

GERANIUM, " HENRY JACOBY."

H. CANNELL & SONS, SWANLEY.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
briDgs experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

Address, SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

ROSES! ROSES!! ROSES!!! — The best
and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals for
21s. ; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties ; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 100,000 grand
planta to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS. Rose Grower, Exeter.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6rf.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

STANDARD BAY TREES.— To Offer, very
cheap, several large Trees, 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet
through, and 9 to 10 feet high, in tubs; also some Pyramids,
well furnished, all in perfect condition. — Particulars at, or
may be seen by applying to the GRAND FLORAL DEPOT,
283, Regent Street, W.

FOR SALE, a large quantity of DOUBLE
WHITE NARCISSUS, splendid for Cut Blooms, large
pure white flowers, 12s. per bus-hel.

SANDYS, 93, Acre Lane, Brixton.

GLASS! CHEAP GLASS!

In Stock Sues.
,„„,, - .. (12X10. 18x12, 18x14, 24X14
15-oz., per 100 ft., 9s. 6a .1 14x12,20x12, 18x16.24x16
21-oz., ,, 13s' oi- j 16X12. 16x14, 20x16, 24X18, &c.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. per square; Matching, at 3s. 9d. ; 2X4. at $d.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, DoorB, Painte,
Ironmongery. &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,

72, BlSHOPSGATE STBEET WITHIN, LONDON, E.C.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade ; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre. Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free.— 4 and 5, Wormwood Street. E.C.

SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, Ss. ; three for
2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
1«. id. i 100 for 3s. 8rf. Send Carto or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about t«n days you will receive Highly-finished Copie*.
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London,

?90

TEE GA B DE NEB S' GHB ON I CLE.

[Octobeb 3, 1891.

3.S.WILL!AMS&S0N'S

AUTUMN, WINTER FLOWERINC,
FORCING PLANTS.

Prime Quality, in Splendid Condition,
Now Ready for Delivery.

ACACIA ARMATA, covered with buds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIBUNDA, extra fine.
AZALEA INDICA, finest kinds for forcing.
MOLLIS, loaded with buds.
]', GHENT VARIETIES, very fine.
BEGONIAS, winter-flowering.
BOUVARDIAS, crowned with flower-buds, including the

latest novelties.
CAMELLIAS, tine sorts, well set wilh flower.
CARNATIONS, tree varieties, loaded with buds.
CYCLAMEN, our superb Giganteum strain.
DAPHNE INDICA RUBRA.
DEUTZIA GRACILIS, splendidly set with flower buds.

CRENATA, FL.-PL., grown in pots.

PRIDE OF ROCHESTER, from open ground .
EPACRIS, of sorts, very fine for winter.
EPIPHYLLUMS, many fine kinds.
ERICA HYEMALIS, GRACILIS, CAFFRA, &C.
GARDENIAS, best sorts, well budded.
KALMIA LATIFOLIA. covered with flower buds.
LAURUSTINUS. dwarf stems, compact heads.
LILIUM CANDIDUM, English grown, for forcing.

HARRISI. extra strong, from America.
PRIMULA SINENSIS ALBA PLENA, in fine varieties.
RUBRA PLENA, in fine varieties.
SOLANUM HYBRIDUM, Empress, and other kinds.

For Complete List and Prices, see Illustrated Bulb
Catalogue, Gratis and post free on application.

Victoria & Paradise Nurseries,

UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

WEBBS'

COLLECTIONS

BULBS

COX. SI ST of the FINEST
SELECTED

HYACINTHS,
TULIPS,
w CROCUS, LILIES,

% SNOWDROPS, &c.

Prices, 5s , 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 15s., 21s., 42s„ 63s.,
and 105s. each; Carriage Free.

FIVE PER CENT. DISCOUNT FOR CASH.

WEBBS' BULB CATALOGUE,

Beautifully Illustrated, Oratis. and Post Free.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M the Queen,
and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVEBPOOL.

DUTCH and CAPE BULBS and PLANTS,

DIRECT FROM THE GROWERS AT
GROWERS' PRICES.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Delivered entirely free in Aberdeen, Belfast. Bristol. Cardiff,
Cork, Dover, Dublin, Edinburgh. Glasgow, Gloucester, Goole,
Granur"mouth, Greenock, Grimsby, Guernsey, Harwich, Hull,
Isle of Man, Leith. Limerick, Liverpool, London, London-
derry, Middlesbro', Ne wcastle-on-Tyne, Plymouth , Port smout h ,
Southampton, or any other port in direct communication with
Rotterdam or Amsterdam.

Orders over £2 105. sent free to destination to any place in
England. Scotland, or Ireland. Club (Joint) Orders for the
same amount also delivered free to destination. No charge for
packing or packages.

Full particulars of our enormous Collection of Bulbs, with
List of splendid Noveltie?, will be found in our NEW LIST
for 1891. eighty-eight pages in English, which will be sent to
all applicants, post-free.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVEBVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

VAKDA (REWANTHERA)T0WlF.

HUGH LOW & CO

INSPECTION INVITED.
CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N E.

BULBS joIhe TRADE.

JOHN MOOY, Bulb Grower, from Holland,
begs to inform his Commercial Friends that
he has arrived in London, as usual, with a choice
Collection of Bulbs.

WAREHOUSE, 10, WHITE HART STREET,

Catherine Street, Strand, W.C.

1 1

100 ACRES OF

EVERGREENS

TO SELECT FROM.

Regxilarly Transplanted.
Hardily- Grown.

Lift with balls of earth, so can be conveyed any

distance & safely planted.

Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free.

DlCKSONSrr^CHESTER

CARTERS'

CHOICE and CELEBRATED

HYACINTHS.

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 25 sorts, for cultivation in pots
or glasses. Carriage Free.

30/-

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

FINE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

6/-

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a
beautifully Coloured Plate, GRATIS and POST
FREE to Customers.

237
238

Royal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants,

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

SHARPE'S VICTOR

POTATO,

EARLIEST OF ALL.

Now Is the time to procure ; and to prevent
disappointment, Order direct of the Raisers.

Plant "VICTORS" now for using at

Christmas, or put into boxes to sprout for

planting out-of-doors early in March.

Prices on application, to

GHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

Seed Farmers axd Merchants,

SLEAFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.

COME and SEE

the most remarkable and finest display of early-flowering

CHRYSANTHEMUMS

ever seen in this country. Japanese varieties rivalling the
best of those that bloom in November.

H. J. JONES

respectfully invites all to see his Show, which is now open,

and will continue so until the middle of November.

Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham, S.E.

October 3, 1891.]

THE GARDEN EMS' CHRONICLE.

3'J1

SANDER'S

GREAT CATTLEYA SALE.

SWAINSON'S OLD LABI ATA,

(NOT GARDNER'S LABIATA).

Mr. J. C.STEVENS

KING STREET, COVENT GAEDEN, W.C.,
Will SELL by AUCTION on THURSDAY NEXT,

October the 8th,

300 GRAND PLANTS, SELECTED, SEMI-ESTABLISHED,
TRUE, OLD, AUTUMN-FLOWERING LABIATA.

Imported four months ago. They are in simply splendid order and condition
for blooming ; strong and fine ; growing in pans, and rooting freely ; every
plant guaranteed true ; and all are unflowered in Europe.

CATTLEYA SANDERIANA

Must not be confused with C. gigas Sanderiana, but is probably the finest
Cattleya extant. ABSOLUTELY NEW.

Collector saw no flowers, but natives state flowers are nearly a foot across.
It is from a totally new district.

CATTLEYA SPECIES,

District of Chrysotoxa ; flowers warm pink, with enormous crimson and
gold labellums ; section of Hardyana, Byrkley Lodge var., shown at Drill
Hall ; Massaiana, Young's, and Statter's vars. — rarely has there been seen a
Cattleya so promising.

CATTLEYA GODSEFFIANA.

It must not be supposed from the habit of this new Cattleya that it is in any
way like C. Skinnerii, but it is an absolutely new species ; flowers round,
4 inches in diameter ; mauve sepals and petals, and striped lip.

ALSO THE NEW LABIATA P

Found in a new locality, growing principally on rocks and low trees, over
small streams, and flowering very freely in August and September ; flowers
very large and showy. No Orchids have ever before been gathered in this
part of Brazil. (Not guaranteed new).

&c, &c, &c.

NOTICE.

In our next issue we shall give an Illustrated
Report of the

EXHIBITION OF CONIFERS

AT THE

CHISWICK GARDEN

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE

(fHfardcnm' djtoniclt

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1801.

KNIPHOFIAS.

THIS noble genus, which for many years was
treated with comparative neglect, is now
receiving a greater amoiant of attention than
has been bestowed upon it hitherto, although for
some time past these plants have attracted the
care and attention of some of our most eminent
horticulturists and hybridists. Generally speak-
ing, however, these beautiful subjects have not
received that amount of attention they are fairly
entitled to, neither are they to be found planted
to anything like the extent that they ought to
be, when we take into consideration the old and
distinct effects that are to be obtained from well
and judiciously-placed belts and groups. The
forms now in cultivation are so varied in stature,
form, and colour that suitable subjects can be
found amongst them for almost any site or posi-
tion, be it either the rock, flower, or wild garden.

The genus has been known to botanists for
nearly a hundred years (Moench, 1794), but
it was not till 1848 that the typical K. Uvaria,
once called Tritoma, was cultivated as a hardy
plant at Kew, and seedlings more or less vary-
ing from this type are still to be found as
the sole representatives of the genus in the
majority of gardens ; while in some parts of the
country, forms that are evidently seedlings of
K. Uvaria crossed with sarmentosa are the most
abundant. These latter, I have noticed, are inva-
riably hardy, perpetual flowering, and well adapted
to give character and colour in the most effective
manner late in autumn, when all else in the
garden has been out down by frost, or injured
by wind and rain. A very striking combination
may be obtained by planting these " Torch Lilies "
in quantity interspersed with Galtonias and Hya-
cinthns candicans. The writer, some years ago,
planted a few thousand of eaoh of these plants
in an undressed piece of pleasure ground in the
neighbourhood of a small lake in the manner
indicated, with the happiest of results; the
situation chosen was naturally drained, and
stood well above the water. The preparation was
simple and inexpensive ; large broad belts were
deeply dug, well manured, and allowed to settle
during the autumn and winter. In March the
Galtonias were planted, while the Kniphofiaswere
turned out in June, both sets of plants were
small all having been raised from seed sown
the previous year ; about one-half of each flowered
the succeeding autumn, and ever since this " Cape
Colony " has increased in interest and beauty.

It must, notwithstanding, be dearly understood,
that although the species of Kniphofia are readily
propagated from seed, it is only the most clearly

392

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

defined species, such as K. caulescens, K. Quar-
tiniana, K. Northire, K. pallidiflora, &c, that
can be depended upon to retain their typical
form when raised or produced from home-
grown seed. I believe, however, that collected
seed of such forms as K. natalensis and K.
MacOwani will produce plants of true type, while
considerable variation will be found amongst
the progeny of the same species seeding in this
country. I should, therefore, strongly advise
those about to form collections, or cultivators
adding fresh varieties to those already in their
gardens, to procure specimens from the most re-
liable sources, insisting upon being supplied
with plants propagated by division only from
authentic stock. As an illustration of the neces-
sity for taking this precaution, I may mention
that, when forming a collection of these plants
in my old garden at Ledbury, I had am ngst
others procured duplicate plants of K. nobilis
and K. Saundersii, two very distinct forms, from
hilf-a-dozen of the most reliable sources. In
every instance these plants varied more or less,
and none of them agreed with, the undoubted
typical plants for which I was indebted to
the kindness and generosity of that prince
of horticulture, Herr Max Leichtlin, the same
variation occurring in the case of the hybrid
K. corallina ; and, in fact, all the forms
that I tested in the manner indicated. At
the same time, it is just possible that
something very distinot and beautiful may
be acquired amongst seedlings if obtained
from a good collection. One of the finest
forms in cultivation is a seedling originally
found amongst a batch of seedlings of K.
maxima in Messrs. R. Smith & Co.'s nurseries,
Worcester, where these plants have received
very considerable attention for a long time at
the hands of that very able botanist and plants-
man, Mr. S. Appleton. The form I allude to
is now well known under the name of K.
maxima globosa. Herr Max Leichtlin has given
a great deal of attention to this genus, he
having raised and distributed a number of very
beautiful and distinct hybrids, which, when
more plentiful and better known, will, I have
no doubt, become exceedingly popular, especially
in those gardens where the best of hardy plants
find place and attention.

Ireland, it would appear, can lay claim to
possess the finest collections of Kniphofia in
Britain, notably those at Belgrove and Glasnevin,
and at Mr. T. Smith's, Daisy Hill, Newry ; this
latter is wonderfully complete and accurate,
being, perhaps, the largest and most representa-
tive trade collection in Europe. The fact
of such a distinguished horticulturist as Mr.
Gumbleton having bestowed considerable atten-
tion upon these plants for many years, acquiring,
as he has done, all forms, be they species, varietal
forms, or hybrids, from every available source,
is sufficient evidence not only of the intrinsic
beauty and interest these plants possess, but that,
like other things, the collection to be found in
the garden at Belgrove is unique, and quite up
to date, both from the botanist's and gardener's
standpoint.

In planting or forming groups of these Torch
Lilies, care should always be taken to select
warm, dry, well-drained, sunny situations as sites.
Coming, as most of them do, or as at least the
species originally did, from the higher well-
drained regions of the African continent, the
whole race naturally dislike anything like stag-
nant moisture about the roots or collar. By way
of preparation, the ground should be worked
to a good depth, and liberally enriohed with
thoroughly deoayed manure, and the addition of

some old turfy loam ; if the soil should be of a
stiff retentive character, the admixture of
road drift or silver sand and a little leaf-soil will
be a material advantage.

I found it a good plan to place the plants
almost on the surface of the prepared sites, and
afterwards form a mound round each plant with
suitable compost. In this way I was able to
spread out the roots — which are usually of con-
siderable length, especially if the plants are, as
they ought to be, turned out of pots — equally
over the space allotted to each occupant. This
mode of planting also affords an excellent oppor-
tunity for rapid drainage. Immediately after the
operation of planting has been completed, the
plants should be surrounded and surfaced with a

slates plaoed on bricks or other supports, so as
to allow a free circulation of air, but at the same
time to throw off rain and snow from the crown
or centre of the root-stock.

When hunting up the plants forming the col-
lection at Ledbury, I always secured what I
wanted where and when I could, but experience
showed that the correct time to divide and pro-
pagate is immediately after the plants have
flowered. If a plant is to be increased to any
extent let it, at the proper time, be taken bodily
up,beitlarge or small. Split it through, then care-
fully work off with knife and fingers, each crown
separately, reducing the tops to a convenient
height, and pot up in sandy loam in pots accord-
ing to the size of the crowns ; afterwards the

FlO 45. — KNIPHOFIA NOItTHIJF., MUCH HEDOCED. (SEE P. 392.)

good coating of cocoa-nut fibre refuse — a capital
medium for protection — and a mulching I found
agreeable to the plants.

I have invariably found the early part of June
to be the best period for planting out stock pro-
pagated the previous season, as the plants then
had the summer entirely before them in which
to take full hold of and make thorough acquaint-
ance with their new quarters. I should, except
in very favoured gardens, strongly advise that
the broad-leaved caulescent forms, such as K. cau-
lescens, K. Northise, &c, should be planted in the
warmest and most sheltered situations, and even
under such favourable circumstances, it would
be wise to protect them in severe weather, as the
fleshy stems of these species are extremely liable
to be hit during a spell of hard frost. Then,
again, the Leichtlinii race, some of which are
deciduous, should receive an extra oovering of
fibre, dry leaves, or mats, with a bell-glas3 or

young stock may be plunged in a cold frame,
where they will at once commence to root, and
thus form sturdy vigorous plants during the
winter and spring, in readiness to turn out when
the planting period shall have again come round,
when the young plants would start into imme-
diate growth without having received any appre-
ciable check.

Plants obtained from the nurseries in the
autumn are all the better for the same treatment,
while those received in pots may with advan-
tage be given the protection of a frame, or be
plunged under and at the sunny side of a shel-
tering wall or fence, always bearing in mind that
December, January, and February are the worst
months of the year for removal or division.

It will, by way of precaution, be well to pro-
pagate the more tender and scarcer forms as soon
as they beoome strong enough to do so, as it is a
very safe polioy to have a spare plant or two in

Octojeb 3 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

393

reserve in case a specimen or original plant may
suddenly fall into ill-health, and ultimately dis-
appear altogether, a casualty that sometimes
occurs after a wet sunless summer, as the
past has been, especially if such a summer
should be followed by a wet winter, and a subse-
quent period of sharp frost in spring. The more
robust growers, such as nobilis, Saundersii, Le
Goant, nobilis pallida, Uvaria largiskapa, &c,
having good constitutions, may with safety be
let alone as long as they appear to be happy and
content with themselves, and the conditions
under which they exist, having recourse only to
the breaking-up process when the plants show
signs of deterioration, or declining vigour. W. J.
Grant, Monmouthshire.

Kniphofia Northi.e.

This fine-foliaged species of a handsome genus of
autumn-blooming plants has been recently folly
botanically described in the Gardeners' Chronicle
by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., and the accompany-
ing illustration of the entire plant, as now
growiDg in the open air at Belgrove, gives a good
id* a of the fine appearance of its handsome foliage
(see fig. 45, on the opposite page). It is, however,
only valuable, from a horticultural point of view,
for its foliage, as its flowers are unfortunately of
no beauty whatever, having, when produced under
glass, as in the Succulent-house at Kew, when more
or less starved in a pot, a pale green tube with
white tips ; and when bloomed in the open air from a
fully-nourished plant, flowers of a dull orange colour
with lighter tips. W. E. Gumbleton.

[Our engraving was reproduced from a photograph
of the plant taken by the Rev. C. W. Huberts,
Midleton, co. Cork. E->.]

New or Noteworthy Plants.

AERIDES LAWRENCES, Echb. /., vak.
AMESIANA, Sander.

This is a new and wonderful variety of a handsome
plant. The flower-stalks are more than 2 feet long,
and except at the very base, densely crowded with
richly-coloured and splendid flowers. In size, the
flowers rather exceed the largest of those of
the typical A. Lawrencete. The general colour-
ing is a light orange-yellow, spreading over the
whole flower to the top of the spur, which is not
green as in the type. The purple tips of the sepals
and petals, and the middle lobe of the labellum, are
larger, and the purplish line in the throat of the
labellum is broader, and bordered with many
radiating stripes of purplish spots, and blotches of
the same colour.

As regards the flowers only, there can be scarcely
a doubt that we have before us but a darker-coloured
form of the var. Sanderiana ; but a glance at the
whole plant shows us that we have to do with a
specimen which, if there were no identity in botanical
characteristics of the flower, must be regarded as a
true species. It is well known that A. Lawr ncese —
the type — is a sturdy grower, with leaves 1 feet in
length, and of considerable breadth ; it is also known
that the Sanderian variety, with its deeper-coloured
flowers, has much narrower leaves, which are shorter
than the spikes, and a more flaccid growth. In our
new variety, Amesiana, we find a growth even
more robust than in the typical A. Lawrences, with
shorter, more rigid, darker green leaves, which are
much shorter than the spikes ; and these charac-
teristics are further marked by the presence of the
darkest colours to be seen in any Aerides.

A gardener as well as a botanist who studies not
the flowers alone, but the whole plants, will easily dis-
tinguish the type and the two varieties from the
habit of growth, and he might suppose .that these
three different kinds of stemB and leaves must pro-
duce three different forms of flowers ; but man
proposes, and these capricious Orchids dispose. As
the growth of A. Lawrences Amesiana is quite dis-

tinct, and the leaves are shorter, darker, and
stronger than even in the typical plant, and quite
different from those of Mr. Sander's variety, it is
certain that we have not in this case to deal with
" natural hybrids." This term is the flag beneath
which all little-known variations of well-known
species sail ; but that we mu9t admit an extent
of variation greater than we supposed before,
and large enough to include, perhaps, still more
varieties.

We received splendid specimens of leaves and
flowers from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, who
introduced the type in 1883, and this year sent out
this new variety. If any doubt still remained, it
mu9t have been dispelled by comparing living speci-

FlG, 46. — MALE FLOWERS OF ABIES WEBBIAKA. (SEE p. 395.)

mens, as we had the opportunity of doing on the
occasion of our pleasant visit to St. Albans last
July. Dr. F. Kniii-lin.

Ctpripedium Godefeot.e luteom, n. var.
Flowering out of a batch of the ordinary Cypri-
pedium Godefroyse, in the nurseries of Messrs. Hugh
Low & Co., at Clapton, is an extraordinary form with
flowers, in which the ground colour is of a clear soft
primrose-yellow, and the spotting pale rosy-lilac, in
its softness of tint very different from any other
form of C. Godefroyse, not forgetting the variety
with a yellow ground colour, previously named by
the late Professor Reichenbach C. Godefroyse hemix-
anthemum. It is a very delicately tinted and pretty
form, and a decided novelty. J. O'Brien.

KEW NOTES.

Watsonia iridifolia var. O'Brieni. — This plant
was introduced and flowered in September of 1889,
by Mr. J. O'Brien, who exhibited it at one of tthe
meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society, when it
obtained a first-class certificate. Mr. N. E. Brown
described it in the Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. vi.
1889), p. 350, as " a lovely plant, very similar to W.
rosea in general appearance, but with pure white
flowers, and fragrant. This year some bulbs of it
were obtained for Kew from Port Elizabeth, and
these are now flowering out-of-doors. The stoutest
plants bear scapes 4 feet high, with five or six
branches, and numerous long-tubed broad-mouthed
flowers, fully 2 inches across, and of the purest
white. There are from twelve to twenty flowers on
each branch, arranged distichously, about J inch
apart, and four of them open together on each
branch. In habit and size of leaf and inflorescence,
there is very little difference between this and the
so-called species W. Meriana, W. rosea, W. angusta,
and several others. I have never seen W. roseo-
alba, which I believe is cultivated in Holland as W.
alba ; does it differ from Mr. O'Brien's plant ?

Watsonia densifiora var. alba. — This is another
pure white-flowered variety of a species the type
of which may be seen in the Botanical Magazine,
t. 6400, where it is represented with rose-red
flowers from a plant introduced from Natal by Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons in 1878. We received seeds of the
white-flowered variety from Natal two years ago, and
the plants raised from them were kept in a border
in a cold-houee until May this year, when they were
put outside in a round bed on the south side of
the T-range, where some of them are now in
flower. In the Botanical Magazine the leaves of
W. densifiora are described as linear, reaching a
length of li foot, and a breadth of half an inch, but
in the white-flowered variety now in bloom at Kew
the leaves are 2 leet long and 1 inch broad, very
rigid, with a yellowish margin, and a stiff almost
spiny tip. The scape is over 2 feet in height, and
bears a dense head or spike, 6 inches long, of tubular
white flowers 1 inch long and broad, each springing
from a brown close-fitting spathe-valve. TheBe
overlapping Bpathe-valves are arranged so regularly,
and overlap each other so closely, that the head
before the flowers bnrst through, looks like a long
Wheat-ear. The plant is altogether distinct and
pretty. Mr. Medley Wood, writing from Natal in
1882, with reference to the occurrence of the white-
flowered variety, stated that " it is always found in
company with the type, but is, I think, more plen-
tiful in some seasons than in others." The plants
now in flower at Kew prove that the white variety
comes true from seeds.

Gladiolus Milleri. — Bulbs of this, received from th»
Botanical Gardens at Port Elizabeth, are now flower-
ing freely in the open border at Kew. There are
two colour varieties of it, one with white seg-
ments streaked with rosy-purple, the other creamy-
yellow with brownish Btripes. Both forms are
pretty, and the flowers are as large as those of G.
blandus, and qnite as numerous on the spikes.
There is a figure of this species in the Botanical
Magazine, vol. xviii., which volume, by the way,
contains a number of most interesting Cape plants,
Iridaceous chiefly. It is there stated that G. Milleri
was raised from seeds by Philip Miller in 1757, and
was figured by him as Antholyza foliis linearibus, &c.
It very closely resembles G. floribundus and G.
undulatus.

Zephyranthes Candida is a most useful plant for
edging borders, as may be seen by its behaviour at
Kew, where a border containing Belladonna and
Jacobcea Lilies, and other hardy bulbous plants, is
edged with it. ItB hardiness is shown by its not
suffering in the least degree during the severe frost
of last winter ; and its sturdy constitution enables it
to grow freely in poor soil, and bear division withont
a sign of suffering therefrom. All through the
summer, its elegant dark green grassy foliage is
studded with its starry pnre white flowers, and it
continues to b'oom until the frost stops it. As a

394

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 3, 1891.

pleasant change from the eternal Box edging, or a
fringe to hide an ugly tile edging, this Zephyranthes
ought to become a general favourite.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CYCNOCHES VERSICOLOR.
This rare and, perhaps, unique plant, so far as
Europe is concerned, has again flowered in the col-
lection of Sir Trevor Lawrence, at Burford Lodge,
and two of the flowers have been sent to Kew for pre-
servation. It was described by Reichenbach, in these
columns, about three years ago (1888, November 24,
p. 596). The plant bears a drooping raceme of
numerous flowers, which measure 2.1 inches in
diameter. The sepals and petals are of a very
peculiar olive-green, somewhat inclining to yellow,
very difficult to describe, and like velvet. The lip is
ovate-elliptical, acute, and very fleshy, in colour
pale whitish-yellow, a little dusky at the base and
sides, and with about eight to twelve red-brown
spots in front of the pair of erect fleshy tubercles in
the centre of the lip. The slender column is light
green, with numerous small black spots on the basal
half. The flower is a male, and thus belongs to the
same section as C. Loddigesii and C. chlorochilon.
Some of these days it may surprise us by producing
female flowers, an event awaited with considerable
interest.

Cvcnoches chloeochilon £ and ? .
Attention was called to the production of flowers
of both sexes of this handsome species in the col-
lection of M. Houzeau de Lehaie, at page 69 of this
volume. Immediately afterwards, both sexes
appeared in the collection of Messrs. F. Sander &
Co., of St. Albans, and during a visit to that estab-
lishment the other day, I observed, in a fine batch
of this species, two plants, both of which bore a
single female flower. Several males were also in
Bowei , but in no case were both sexes borne on the
same individual. M. Houzeau has now flowered
both sexes on the same plant, thus removing all
doubt as to their specific identity. They are being
preserved at Kew. It is rather interesting to record
the fact that no fewer than four individuals should
suddenly produce female flowers in one season, espe-
cially as the males alone have been known for so
many years. R. A. Rol/e.

Aeundina bambusifolia, &c.
Tlii3 pretty Sobralia-like Orchid is at present in
flower at Clare Lawn, East Sheen. The flowering-
stems are 4 feet high, clothed with its bright green
leaves. The sepals and petals are coloured magenta-
rose ; the lip is of rich rose, and the throat white
striped with orange. It is a plant that grows
freely in the stove, and forms a useful addition to
the Orchids which flower at this season. Another
pretty Orchid in flower is Catasetum Bungerothii.
Contrary to the usual practice, we grow our Cata-
xeturus in the same material as the Calanthes, viz.,
fibry loam and a little peat, sand, and cow-manure,
and the manner in which they grow and flower testi-
fies to the suitability of this kind of compost. One
plant has seven large flowers. W, H. V.

Obchids at Messhs. Hugh Low & Co.'s.
In the Clapton nurseries the Cattleyas are in an
especially fine condition this season, the later-
flowering ones as Cattleya Trianaj, of which there
are large quantities, promising well for bloom. The
Cattleya Gaskelliana, which are now nearly past
their best, have made a great show, and some fine
and highly - coloured forms remain ; also a good
specimen of C. Gaskelliana albens, flowers pure white
with a light tint of rose on the labellum. Two
houses full of healthy plants of Vanda ccerulea, and
a like quantity of the favourite V. Kimballiana were
to be seen lately, with many of the inmates in bloom
— one fine specimen of the former having nine spikes
of flowers. In the Angracum-house a pretty group
was made up of specimens of the white A. articu-

latum, arranged with flowering plants of Dendrobium
formosum giganteum and Odontoglossum Roezlii.
The Phalienopsis are in grand health, but with little
flower at this season ; and the six neat span-roofed
houses which shelter the Cypripediums, have in
bloom some grand examples of C. Parishii, many C.
Godefroya;, among which is a new yellow form ; a
quantity of C. niveum, C. bellatulum, and other
species and crosses. Amongst other Orchids in
bloom here were Odontoglossums, Aerides Lobbii,
Acineta densa, Stanhopea Wardii, Catasetum fim-
briatum, many Lselia Dayana: a fine lot of the large-
flowered form of Oncidium cucullatum, Laslia ele-
gans, Masdevallia macrura. Dendrobes are very
extensively grown at Clapton, and very fine flower-
ing growths are now being completed on the thou-
sands of D. Wardianuni Lowii, and other showy

species.

Ljelia qeandis tenebeosa.

A handsome form of this variety is in flower in the
collection of G. C. Raphael, Esq., Castle Hill, Engle-
field Green. The flower, as seen, is 7 inches across ;
the sepals and petals of Indian yellow colour, tinged
and obscurely veined with purple ; the labellum,
which is equal in size and showiness to that of a L.
purpurata, is white at the base, which is marked in
close stripes with purple, deepening in the middle of
the lip to maroon ; the front and side lobes of the
lip have a broad lilac margin, into which the purple
lines of the basal portion extend. The flower, in
addition to its being handsome and lasting, has a
delicate fragrance. J. OB.

COCHLIODA NoEZLIANA.

Flowers of this handsome cool- house Orchid, from
l'Horticulture Internationale, Park Leopold, Brussels,
demonstrate the fact that its merits were underrated
by its introducers, and that even the showy plate in
the English edition of the Lindenia, February, 1891,
fails to depict the beauties of its individual flowers,
although it gives a good representation of its general
character. The flowers before us are fleshy in
texture, about 1.} inch across, and closely arranged
on the racemes. The flowers are orange coloured, the
petals, sepals, and side lobes of the lip being over-
laid with vermilion, which contrasts well with the
clear orange colour on the lip, and the prominent
orange-coloured column, with its curiously-hooded
reddish apex. It has proved a very free plant in the
Odontoglossum-house, and when thoroughly estab-
lished in gardens, it will be a great favourite. J. O'B.

MlLTONIA VEXILLAEIA SANDEBIANA, 11. Var.

Out of the thousands of the different types of Mil-
tonia vexillaria°which have been imported by Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., and flowered at St. Albans, many
distinct and handsome varieties have appeared, the
best of which hitherto recorded, perhaps, is M. v.
Leopoldi, which it was thought could not be sur-
passed. Now, however, another grand form has
flowered, which, for distinct characteristics, showi-
ness, and rich colouring, would be preferred by
most connoisseurs to any other variety. The plant
is of robust habit, with unusually broad leaves,
and long gracefully arching scapes, which bear
flowers of the size usually found in the large- flowered
forms of the species. The sepals are white, suffused
with a bright rosy-flush, the two lower ones having
dotted lines of crimson near the column ; the petals
are broader and rather darker in tint than the
sepals ; and the labellum, which is the more attrac-
tive part, is slightly shell-shaped, and concave,
which may or may not be a constant feature.
At the base of the labellum, and extending forward
in the middle line, nearly to the cleft in the
front lobe of the lip, is an irregular triangular blotch
of bright purplish-maroon, with several thick lines
of the same colour of various lengths running from
the main blotch on each side, the middle one being
the longest. The rest of the lip is bright rosy-
crimson. Description fails to do justice to this
grand variety, although it serves to record it. James
O'Brien.

FRUIT PACKING.

Having received applications for further details
in connection with the best system of packing fruit
to prevent decay (see Gardeners' Chronicle, August 8,
p. 157), I applied to Professor F. H. Storer, of the
Bussey Institution, Mass., U.S., who very cour-
teously supplied me with the following information.
As the subject is of great practical importance to
all fruit growers, I venture to give the main portion
of Professor Storer 's reply :—

"The common method of keeping fruit here, and
it is practised upon a very large scale, is by ' cold
storage.' Special houses are fitted with apparatus
similar to that used for making artificial ice, by
means of which an atmosphere of chilled air is
supplied constantly to the fruit."

Professor Storer is assured, however, by very
competent observers, that while the process above
mentioned is essential for the preservation of the
softer fruits, such as those Pears which ripen in late
summer or early autumn, much simpler means will
answer for " winter Apples," such as ripen in
October. Iu Massachusetts, winter Apples are, in
fact, preserved perfectly by packing them in barrels,
and storing the barrels in a house " built like an
ice-house ; " that is to say, the house is built with a
hollow wall, which is packed full of dry sawdust. Or
rather, when Apples are to be stored, the hollow wall
is built with a partition (down the middle of the
hollow space), so that the actual wall of the house
is lined inside with two distinct vertical layers or
walls of the non-conducting saw-dust ; which en-
sures a very constant temperature inside the house.

In October, after the Apples have been put in, the
storing-house is left open in the cool autumnal
weather until it has come to a temperature
of about 40° Fahr., in all its parts, when it is closed
for good.

It is said to be well, however, to test the tempera-
ture occasionally by thrusting, a thermometer into
the house through a small window or shutter ; and
in case the temperature should be found to be any
higher than 43° Fahr. or so, a door should be left
open for some hours in order that enough of the
winter air outside might be let in to cool down the
whole house.

We are given to understand that this simple
method is applicable only to winter Apples, or to
winter Pears, which naturally keep a long while —
namely, which normally live a long life after they
have been plucked from the tree.

Professor Storer considers the subject of great im-
portance commercially, and of high scientific interest,
and suggests that some competent, practical man, be
sent to New England, for the purpose of collecting
information, and to report upon the American
methods of preserving fruit. J. J. Willis, Harpenden.

NOTES ON GRAPES AT
EDINBURGH.

The display of Grapes at the International Show,
recently held, was in many respects a most remark-
able one. One striking feature to be found through-
out the exhibits was the excellent finish, with
scarcely an exception. The bunches, taken as a
whole, were of large size, hardly any of abnormal
growth were to be found without including those, as
a matter of course, which were shown for mere
weight of bunch. With respect to the varieties
shown, there were some instructive facts worth
noticing. Of black Grapes, Gros Maroc has come
prominently to the front since the last exhibition of
this kind was held. Admitting that it is not of
first-class flavour, no one will deny that it is a
noble-looking Grape, and one which usually finishes
well ; it was shown in remarkably fine condition
by several exhibitors. The mistake made, however,
in more than one instance was that of insufficient
thinning. Where this had been done sufficiently,
the berries were of great sizp, adding greatly to its
appearance. Alnwick Seedling was to be found in

October 3, 1891 ]

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE.

395-

fine condition from several growers, some showing the
large double bunches which this variety produces when
very vigorous ; others had the smaller bunches, but
with berries approaching Gros Maroc in Bize. These
latter were more taking in appearance, being also
better suited for the dessert dish. Gros Colmar
was shown of excellent colour by a few exhibitors,
in one instance both finish, size of bunch and
berries were all one could desire. Other exhibits,
however, wanted a longer time to bring them to per-
fection, notably the bunch to which the 1st prize
was awarded for weight in the black class. The
present can hardly be considered a good season for
this variety, which is in best condition after the
.New Year, the flavour then being considerably
better. The old favourite Black Hamburgh was
shown well by a few exhibitors only. These few
were very fine as regards bunches and colour, but
hardly so large in berries as are at times to be
seen. The quality of the Black Hamburghs in one
instance, no doubt, weighed heavily with the judges

which were usually well coloured — some were not
quite ripe. This variety was shown in all-round
better condition at the Crystal Palace the previous
week, so also was Black Hamburgh, as a whole.
Some first-rate examples of Lady Downes' Seedling
were shown, the bunches being of large size and
well finished — in some few instances a more liberal
thinning would have improved them, as well as
adding to their better keeping qualities. Mrs. Pince,
mostly a fickle variety, was in a few instances shown
well, being even better coloured than usual — in one
case the berries were very fine, but the colour not
good ; this variety, like the Muscat Hamburgh,
does not evidently find general favour, even
with the northern growers. A few large
clusters of Gros Guillaume of excellent colour,
and with large berries, were shown. If, however,
it is compared with other late Grapes, it is sur-
passed for utility and for flavour also. On the exhi-
bition board it looks well when staged, as in a few
instances on this occasion ; it is, however, but a show

FlO. 47.— ABIES WEBBIANA. VOUNG FEMALE CONE: RICH PDHPLE LEAVES, SILVERY- WHITE BENEATH.

mended for extended culture in any case. 1 was'
pleased to see such good examples of Golden'
Hamburgh, the best being very fine of the kind,
both in berry and colour, the bunches also much
more compact than this Grape is usually seen.
This Grape does not appear to be so much grown
now. Buckland Sweetwater has no doubt in a
great measure taken its place. The examples of this
latter Grape, however, were not so good as those of
the Golden Hamburgh. The Buckland is, I con-
sider, better grown as a second early kind when it
has a chance of being used sooner ; if kept too long
there is a loss of flavour, and it is not mnch better
than a bag of water. In this respect the preference
must be given to the first-named kind. Some few
well-coloured and in other respects capital bunches
of Raisin de Calabre were staged, this Grape must, in
spite of this fact, be classed with Gros Guillaume as
a mere show kind. Some few excellent bunches of
Foster's Seedling were shown, these should, as far as
flavour is concerned, have occupied better positions.
Until Muscat of Alexandria is well ripe, it is still
one of the best Grapes for dessert. It should, I
think, have had a class to itself, as well as Buckland
Sweetwater. Canon Hall Muscat, in a non-compe-
titive group, was in prime condition, the berries
large and well-coloured. It was not well-repre-
sented in the competing classes. The follow-
ing Grapes were not shown, or if present, only
second-rate, viz., West's St. Peter's, still an
excellent variety, and far better in flavour than
many late kinds ; Mrs. Pearson, which, when well
grown, is a splendid Grape, both as regards appear-
ance and flavour, hanging well after it is ripe — it
should, I think, take the place of both Buckland
Sweetwater and Raisin de Calabre. White Tokay :
this does not seem to be grown so much now; some
first-rate bunches of it and Mrs. Pearson were, how-
ever, staged at the Crystal Palace the week previous.
White Lady Downes' I did not see either, and it is-
rarely to be seen in anything like good condition.
Black Prince, which a few years back would have
found a place for size of bunch alone, was absent ;
so also was Trentham Black and the Frontignans.

Of the new Grapes not yet in commerce, the palm
must be given to Black Duke, of which, no doubt,
we shall see more examples another season ; it bids
fair to be an excellent keeping kind, with the addi-
tional advantage of superior flavour and a good
constitution. Appley Towers Seedling, shown
against it, was not sufficiently ripe, but it is a most
promising kind, the bunches compact, the berries
large and well coloured. This exhibition of Grapes
must be considered as one of the best displays ever
brought together, and that in spite of a season
which has not been the most favourable in many
respects for attaining a high degree of finish.
Vitis.

in making their awards ; one bunch shown in a
single bunch class was a model of this standard kind.
Madresfield Court fully maintained its reputation as
a Grape of the first rank. It was grandly shown in
one instance, the berries of that peculiarly large
size and depth which is indicative of careful thinning.
In nearly every case, this kind was coloured well,
and without traces of " cracking," which, considering
the season, speaks well for those exhibitors who
showed it in such good form. Muscat Hamburgh
was but poorly represented ; only in one or two
instances was it to be seen in good condition as
regards colour, size of bunch and berries.

The bunch to which the first prize was awarded
for flavour in the black class was, in other respects,
but a poor example, being of a foxy colour. Con-
sidering we have such a fine variety in Madresfield
Court, between which and the Muscat Hamburgh
there is but little if anything to choose as regards
flavour when well ripened, it does not seem worth
while to continue its culture, the former kind having
so many other points in its favour. Black Alicante
was represented by some excellent all-round bunches,

Grape at the best, cropping qualities and flavour
duly considered.

In Muscat of Alexandria the white Grapes were
splendidly represented. Many of the exhibits were
of superb quality in every respect. The competition,
although good in the chief class, did not equal that
at the International at Manchester on the last occa-
sion. The colour of the 1st prize lots was in nearly
every instance all that one could possibly desire
to attain. The best of these Muscats were run
closely by the three grand bunches of Golden Cham-
pion amongst one of the collections of fruits. These
were probably as fine in berry, bunch, and colour as
this Grape has ever been shown ; the skin of the
berries was perfectly clear, there being no trace of
the brownish markings which often characterise this
otherwise fine Grape. Duke of Bucclench was not
shown anything like aB good as the foregoing, hardly
an exhibition sample, with one or two exceptions
being staged, the bunches being mostly small, but
the berries good. Golden Queen in one instance
was quite free from its peculiar blemish ; it
is not, however, a Grape that can be recom-

ABIES WEBBIANA.

In order to complete our illustrations of this
noble species, we now add details of the young cone
as sent to us some months since by Mr. Rashleigb,
of Menabilly. The drawing (fig. 47) tells its own
tale, save in so far as regards the hue, which is of
the deepest violet or plum colour. The foliage is
remarkably handsome, bold, and silvery-white on
the under surface, so that this species, at any rate in
the southern counties, may be commended as one of
the handsomest. We have seen it doing well in
Shropshire, bat how far north it may be grown suc-
cessfully we cannot tell. As a denizen of the-
Himalayas, it is not cold that it fears so much as
damp, and the treacherous character of our springs.

Foreign Correspondence,

MARKET MEASURES.

Chicago, III , U.S. A , August 6, 1891. — I am a

subscriber to the Gardeners' Chronicle, and generally

lend it to friends who cannot afford to subscribe for

it ; and weekly or oftener some of them come to me

396

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

for explanations of terms they see in your columns,
especially in those giviDg market quotations. For
instance, in the last number you say, giving prices
[The equivalents we have here supplied for our corre-
spondent's edification. Ed], Apples, half-sieve =
14 imp. quarts ; do., Tasmanian, case = 250 Apples ;
Cherries, half-sieve = 14 quarts; Gooseberries, half-
sieve = 14 quarts; Lemons, case = 240 to 500;
Celery, bundle = usually 20 heads; Mushrooms,
punnet =7 inches in diameter, 1 inch deep ; Mustard,
punnet = do. ; Seakale, basket = 12 to 18 heads;
Turnips, bundle = one dozen ; new Potatos, 6s. to 8s.
— per cwt. ; old Potatos, per ton — of 20 cwt.=
2240 lb.

I am asked, what quantity, or weight, or count, is
meant by half-sieve, case, bundle, punnet, and
basket, and how many (pounds, or parts of bushel)
new Potatos sell for 6s. or Ss., and how many
pounds there are in the ton of old Potatos, which
bring £7 sterling— that is, is it 2000 lb. or 2240 lb.
that are sold for £7 ? Many similar questions are
asked that I cannot answer. I think you could
make an interesting article for your readers living
outside of England by explaining all the various
terms that are used in marketing fruits, and grain,
and vegetables, &c. Here we use the short ton,
2000 lb., or the long ton, 2240 lb ; but invariably,
where law does not fix the pounds, we say long or
short ton, as the case may be.

We have bushels for various grains and vegetables
and fruits, but each fixed at so many pounds to the
bushel. We have in California and on the Pacific
coast generally, centals (or 100 lb ) for grain, but
everywhere else it is bushels. We know nothing of
" quarters " except in English grain quotation, and
then take it to mean 4S01b. of Wheat. We buy
and sell Apples and other large fruits, Potatos,
Turnips, Carrots, and like roots by the bushel (your
standard imperial bushel is substantially our bushel) ;
while Strawberries, Raspberries, Currants, Goose-
berries, and the like are sold by the quart or pound ;
Cherries, by quart, pound, or 100 lb. ; eggs, by the
dozen or pound ; Lemons and Oranges by the dozen,
hundred, or box, and the size of box is fixed by law
and known to all ; Celery by the dozen, and that
means one dozen bunches containing 25 stalks, heads,
or roots, or whatever you may call the full comple-
ment of stalks that grow on one root. We use baskets,
of course, but they range in size from £-pint to
5 bushels, and the term is never used in buying or
selling anything when any quantity or weight is at
stake.

Peaches, Pears, and the like are often sold by the
basket, but when that is done, we say " so much for
1 bushel basket, so much for half-bushel basket, so
much for a peck basket," thus showing that basket
refers only to the vehicle, and not to the measure.
Run over your various quotations of measure or
quantity, and you will find a hundred that are merely
technical, and not known outside your own range.
Even in selling meats, I see the same state of affairs
existing, and it is very difficult for us to tell what
your quoted prices really mean. We know what a
pound is, or a gallon, or a bushel, or a dozen, or a
score, or a long ton or a short ton, but cannot guess
as to sieve, or case, or punnet, or basket, or bundle !
D. 0. C.

India.

BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.
The Report for the year 1890-91 shows that steady
progress has been made in improving the Botanic
Garden, not only as a scientific centre of the highest
value to all botanical students, but also as a
pleasurable and instructive resort to the public.
More than 20,000 specimens were added to the
Herbarium, illustrating the flora of regions so widely
removed as Central Asia, Australia, Assam, Perak,
the Shan States, the Khasi Hills, the Andaman
Islands, and the Great Coco Island. Arrangements
were also made for continuing the work of collection
in Assam, Toner Burma, and the Andamans.

A third volume was added to the interesting
series of garden Annals, containing monographs by
Dr. King and Dr. Prain on certain Indian and Indo-
Malayan species. The Lloyd Botanic Garden in
Datjeeling, which is under Dr. King's supervision,
is reported to be in good order. Under recent
arrangements the Curator of this garden is charged
with the task of improving the station of Darjseling
by planting and looking after young trees. In course
of time, it is hoped that the damage done in past
years by the wanton destruction of fine trees may be
in some measure repaired.

CROSS-BRED ORCHIDS.

I had an opportunity recently to look over the
large collection of Orchids which have been raised
from seed in Mr. Cookson's garden at Oakwood,
Wylam-on-Tyne. Much progress has been made in
the work of hybridising with Cypripediums, Dendro-
biums, Calanthes, and a few others of the more
popular Orchids. I believe Mr. Cookson was the
first to obtain plants of the cool-house Odonto-
glossums. An attempt is", now being made to cross
Disa grandidora with the Phaius. It may fail, for
many failures have to be recorded in this kind of
work, but with each failure 3ome useful lesson for
future work is learned. I was much struck with
the vigorous growth of Phaius Cooksoni X , which is a
recent acquisition raised by crossing P. Wallichii
with the pollen of P. tuberculosa. The flowers
were fertilised on March 26, 1887 ; the seed vessels
ripened in Dec^ ruber of the same year, and the
seeds were sown on the 16th of that month. The
plants soon appeared, and grew so rapidly that the
first flowering plant was exhibited at the Royal
Horticultural Society's meeting in February, 1890.
The seedling plants have made good progress, and
some of them have been already divided. No doubt
the plants have taken their vigorous constitution
from the seed-bearing plant, but the flowers partake
of the characteristics of the parents, and so distinct
in their way that the plant itself may well be ranked
as a true species.

P. tuberculosus, a native of Madagascar, is quite
distinct as a species. It is a species which is remark-
ably well grown by Mr. William Murray, Mr. Cook-
son's gardener, who has much improved the Orchids
since he took charge of them. His method of culture
is to attach the plants of Phaius to Teak rafts in
the first place, on a base of living sphagnum moss,
and these rafts are placed for a part of their depth
in the usual compost of fibrous peat and sphagnum
moss, with ample drainage. The plants had rooted
freely down the Teak rods, and into the compost,
which was kept moist, so that the sphagnum moss
on the surface made healthy growth, and was full of
vigorous roots. The warmest house is necessary, of
course, for these plants. P. Humblotii, also intro-
duced from Madagascar about the same time as the
other, has proved to be a distinct and beautiful
autumn -flowering species, easily grown now that its
lequirements have become better understood. Hum-
blot, who gathered both species, says, that the
plant grows at the base of large trees, in dense
shade, and is in a moist state all the year round.
It requires a hot and moist atmosphere, but not
such close shading as one would suppose. The
plant is well figured in the Bciehcnbachia, and the
editor remarks that it should be " shaded from direct
sunlight, but not heavily shaded, inasmuch as the
strongest diffused light we can give it here only
equals that in dense shade under a tropical sun."
It requires a light compost, and succeeds well with
pot culture. J. Douglas.

[It may interest some of our readers, as well as
serve to indicate the possibilities of Orchid hybri-
dising and crossing, if we supplement Mr. Douglas's
words. A recent visit to Oakwood, afforded Mr.
Murray the opportunity of showing his various trea-
sures in crosses and hybrids, and of telling us what
species of plants he had operated on. Cattleya
Wardiana had been crossed with Lrelia purpurata, L.
cinnabarinaand Cattleya Mossioe; Dendrobium nobile

var. alba and D. japonicum, this had produced the
handsome D. Cassiope X ; D. Macarthi and D. Dearii.
In Cattleya crosses we found C. Mendelii X L. pur-
purata, C. Dowiana with the latter species ; C.
Triana; and Lalia harpophylla, C. Lawrenceana and
and C. Mossia;, C. Dowiana and C. speciosa. In Den-
drobiums, D. Bensonii and D. Macarthii, D. albo san-
guineum and D. nobile, D. Wardianum and D. luteo-
lum. Cypripedium furnishes many crosses, and we
found C. bellatulum crossed with C. MorganoeX ; C.
Sanderianum and C. hirsutissimum ; C. Godelroya
with C. superbum, and with Spicerianum — most
promising unions; C. selligerum and C. Morganae;
C. Sanderianum and C. Io X ; C. Sanderianum and
C. Veitchii. The above shows what one gentleman
is doing in the way of raising novelties from various
species of Orchids, and, moreover, performing the
work systematically, and with certain definite objects
in view. It is almost needless to say, that the
record of every cross is committed to writing, and
a complete pedigree register kept. Ed.]

The Week's Work.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Seasonable Operations.— In order to keep
np a stock of fruitful trees, a certain amount of
planting, root-lifting, and relaying must be done
annually, rooting out any trees which, through old
age, have become unfruitful. Pyramids are usually
planted Hear the walks in the kitchen or the fruit
gardens ; but, apart from appearances, this method of
training the fruit trees has little to recommend it,
the bush form being much better generally, the
bushes cropping earlier, and producing finer fruits.
Instead, therefore, of training up a stem leader, this
is pruned back at about 2 feet from the ground, and
others, the result of the cutting back, trained up at
about equal distances from it. In a few years these
shoots become in their entire length clothed with
fruit-buds, and it is from such bushes that the best
fruits are gathered. If the Apple be worked on the
Paradise, and the Pear on the Quince, the bushes
may be planted closely together, and a truly fine
collection of each grown on a small piece of land.
When these come into bearing, the aged or unfruitful
trees in the open or on walls may be destroyed, the
space being replanted with either cordons or some
other favoured form, and in this way any scarcity of
fruit will be prevented.

TOP-DRESSING. — This work may be commenced
as the trees are cleared of fruit, removing the old
soil to a good depth, some of the roots being brought
to the top, the tips cut with a knife, and relaid in
good soil. Apricots and Sweet Cherry trees may
now safely be done, good loam, bone-meal, and
mortar and burnt earth being used in the new com-
post. Atter this has been placed over and about
the roots, tread it firmly, and give a mulch of
strawy manure. If it is not intended to severely
root-prune Pears, the trees may be top-dressed, and
where the trees are lacking in vigour a trench may
be opened at a distance of 3 feet from the stem,
removing the soil to the depth and width of 2 feet ;
then trim the amputated or bruised roots, and refill
the trench with fresh compost. Pyramid trees will
greatly benefit if done in this way, and much finer
fruit the following season will be obtained.

ORCHARDS. — Where the land is known — by the
small size of the fruits — to be impoverished, thorough
soaking of the soil with farm-yard drainage or other
manurial aid in a liquid form will do much gocd in
strengthening the buds. If this be done now, and
repeated at intervals of a few weeks during the
winter months, the trees will be greatly benefited.
Large orchards under tnrf should be grazed with
sheep or cattle, and never should the grass be
reserved for hay. H. Markham, Mereworth Castle,
Maidstone.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE. — There is not any
better Cypripedium than C. Morgante X, and I would
advise those amateurs who have it not, to procure a
plant forthwith, for though the plant has leenfcig
prices, it may now be bought cheaper than is likely
to be the case for some long time to come. It is the

October 3, 1801.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

397

be9t of growers, handsome in foliage and flower-
spike, with grand flowers in numbers, three and four
on a stalk. The most suitable compost for the plant
is one consisting of three parts peat to one of turf,
from which the fine soil has been knocked out, and a
small quantity of sphagnum moss, tbe latter being
always used in the top layer, as it adds to the
appearance of the plant, and is an almost certain
indicator of the whole as regards moisture.
C. oenantbum superbura X is another variety that
is always admired, and which blooms at this season.
The plant may be obtained at a moderate price.
That many of the crosses of Cypripedium are
amongst the most satisfactory-flowering Orchids
for the dweller in large towns, I think no one
will deny ; and their easy cultivation, is another
inducement, to amateurs to grow them. Den-
drobium Phalseopsis, a magnificent species, is
now in flower. It is one that everyone should
possess, the plant appearing to grow freely under the
treatment accorded to D. bigibbum. D. formosum
giganteum is another of the fine autumn-flowering
Dendrobes, and the blooms being Urge and white,
add greatly to its value. The plant requires a long
rest, and to be kept dry, and never placed in a house
with a low temperature to ripen its growth, the
Cattleya-house being the best place for it. I may
remark here, apropos of resting the plant, that the
pseudo-bulbs must not be allowed, from want of water,
to shrivel. The temperature of the East India-house
should be kept from 68° to 70° at night, with a rise
of 7° during the day by fire-heat ; if by sun, then 15°
will not do any harm, but air must be carefully
afforded.

intermediate-house'.— Cattleya pumila, under
which name I include C. marginata, C. Dayana,
and Lselia prasstanB, are among the best of the
dwarf Cattleyas, and these flowers are now opening,
and will last in perfection for three weeks. We have
plants in 8-inch baskets that have from twenty to thirty
flowers each, almost enveloping the plant and basket.
Dendrochilum Cobbianum is now showing its flower-
spikes, and should any of the plants need re-potting,
it will be done at once, the young roots pushing
away from the base of the young pseudobulbs when
the flower-spikes have reached a length of 6 inches.
Epidendrum Wallisii will require much attention,
or thrips will soon begin to harbour in the heart of
the new growth. A cimel's-hair pencil wetted with
saliva will either take out the young embryo thrips
or stick them down in such a manner that they can
do no harm. Vanda Kimballiana is opening its
flowers, and demonstrating what a lovely Orchid it
is. A well-known grower of Orchids the other day,
classed it with Phaloenopsis for beauty. V. Kimbal-
liana should not be grown in a hot place, as the
plants will then be sure to " spot'' badly, but grown
with the other Vandas in the Intermediate-house.
The temperature of the Intermediate-house may be
60° at night, that of the Cattleya-house 65° to 67°,
and the cool house at 50°. A. G. Cait, Pari
Hallow, Worcester.

FRTJITS UNDER GLASS.

PINE-APPLES. — In the absence of sunny weather
of late, much attention will have been require!
to maintain the plants in health, want of bright
light causing drawn and weak leaves, and the
late fruiters need all the light possible, if well-
finished fruits ;re looked for. Shading must now be
entirely discontinued, and all shade-washes on the
glass removed. Ripening fruits should be placed in a
dry house to increase their flavour, and if a separate
house is not at command, a dry room is a good placa
for the plants. Keep them dry at the roots. It is
now a good time to re-arrange the house for the
winter, separating those in fruit from the others, the
successions requiring more ventilation and less water
than the fruiters. These latter will require greater
warmth and atmospheric moisture, carefully supply-
ing them with manure-water made from guano; avoid-
ing excess of moisture at the root or in the house, this
causing weak leaves, and damag:ng the fruits. Keep
the plants steadily moving, with a genial grow-
ing bottom-heat, and do not get the roots in
a parched state by overheating the hot-water pipes ;
indeed I prefer to rely on a bed of tan, or tree-
leaves and stable-dung, to any great use of fire heat.
If such heating materials are employed, it is well to
add some fresh tan, leaves, &c, taking care not to
allow the heat to rise higher than 90°. A few
degrees less is better than 1° above 90°, unless the
plants are short of roots, when 90° is a safe tem-

perature if the watering be done with care. The
temperature by day may range from 75° to 85°,
according to the weather, with the temperature at
night being 70°.

Successions will require less heat, but they must
be kept growing, and to this end the sunheat should
be utilised as much as possible, the night tempera-
ture being kept at from 60° to 65°, the minimum
being that of cold nights ; the day temperature
should be 70°. Overhead syringing may now be dis-
continued, sufficient moisture being supplied by damp-
ing down. When fermenting materials in large quan-
ties are made use of, prepare it in advance and under
cover. Suckers, which have been grown in frames
will now require more warmth than a frame affords,
repotting the stronuer ones, and plunging these in
a bottom-heat of 80° to 90°. I do not like the very
late potting of Pines, and would only repot those that
might require it badly ; and do not afford them a
large shift, keeping these repotted suckers close for
a short time, and water them very carefully. A
night temperature of 55' to 60° will suffice for such
suckers as were potted late in the summer, and are
well-rooted. These have no need to be grown
quickly, but just kept moving throughout the winter.
Plants taken out of frames are apt to suffer at the
roots from want of water when brought into a dryer
place, and require attention accordingly. G. Wythts,
Syon House, Brentford, W.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

HARDY PERENNIAL FLOWERS. —Just now, when
we are dolefully anticipating the change the first
frost will make in the beds of Pelargoniums and
tender plants generally, one's thoughts naturally
revert to the variety, beauty, and easy culture of a
host of hardy perennial herbaceous plants, which are
not in the least injured by a few degrees of frost.
And the question will be asked, could not these
plants be grown where tender and half-hardy ones
now occupy the beds in summer and early autumn?
Geometrical-Bhaped beds in parterres are unsuitable
for many kinds of herbaceous plants, but isolated
beds — or a number of them put together without
geometry — on the lawn, and filled with bulbous and
the ordinary summer bedding plants, might well be
planted with a selection of hardy perennial plants,
which would afford a good succession of flowers.
These latter might be intermixed with a few Pelar-
goniums, Calceolarias, Lobelias, &c, in the same
manner as is done in the herbaceous borders to be
met with in many kitchen gardens.

During the past and present months, the following
species and varieties would render good returns : —
Aster albus, A. Amellus, A. multiflorus, A. pyrenseus.
A. besarabicus ; Anemone japonica, the rose-coloured
flower, and the white variety, Honorine Jobert ;
Gaillardia grandiflora, Helianthus (Sunflower) mul-
tiflorus, Aconitum autumnale, Lobelia cardinalis,
Phygelius capensis, Phloxes, Antirrhinums, Sedum
spectabile, Lupinus polyphyllus. Pentstemons, Hva-
cinthus candicans, Galegas, Scabiosa suaveolens,
Rudbeckia Npumannii, Lilies tigrinum and specio-
sum. All plants needing support should be carefully
secured, keeping the sticks and ties well out of sight,
and remove flowers past their best, and decayed stems,
and leaves.

CARNATIONS. — Here, I never pot up layered
border Carnations, or winter them in cold pits and
frames, but I usuallv plant the layers direct from the
mother plants early in the present month, the ground
being previously manured and dug, and well broken
down, treading it over evenly, and top-dressed with
soot and wood-ashes, which are scratched in with a
rake when the levelling is done. Soot and wood-
ashes protect the plants from their chief enemy,
wire-worms, and also some kinds of grubs, which
feed on the roots. The plants, taken up with nice
balls, are planted 1 foot apart, letting them down as
low as the " grass," and making the soil firm about
them. If a dressing of wood or sifted coal-ashes be
laid on between the plants and rows, to the thickness
of about 2 inches, frost will not readily reach the
roots.

CUTTINGS OF CALCEOLARIAS, ETC.— The re-
quired number of Calceolaria, Gnaphalium, and
Leucophyton Brownii cuttings should be now made
and put in, in the manner advised in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Sept. 19, p. 339. Many persons fail to
propagate Leucophyton, because they place the
cuttings in heat instead of dibbling them into sandy
soil in a cold frame, as they would Calceolarias,
affording the same sort of after-treatment. Leuco-

phyton is almost hardy, and very little protection is
required by the young plants in frosty weather.

BEDDING PLANTS AND SPECIMEN PELAR-
GONIUMS.— All recently-struck bedding plants, as
well as specimen Pelargoniums, &c , should be got
under cover. Pelargoniums and store pots of Age-
ratum, Lobelia, Verbena, and such like, will winter
very well in a light house from which frost and damp
can be excluded, the soil in the pots being kept on
the dry side. Alternanthoras and Mesembryanthe-
mums require to be wintered in mild heat, and very
near to the light. H. W. Ward, Longford Castle,
Salisbury.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE BELLADONNA LILY. — It is seldom that this
fine autumn-flowering plant is seen in gardens at the
present time, and when it is met with, it is usually
in the herbaceous borders, and rarely flourishing.'
The best place for the plant is at the foot of a south
or south-west wall in rich sandy soil. If the soil be
heavy, a trench should be dug 18 inches deep and
2 feet wide, and having cleared out the crumbs of
soil, place 6 inches of rough drainage, and above this
freshly-cut turves, and fill up the space with sandy
compost. In planting, place the bulbs 3 inches below
the surface, with a handful of clean sand under each.
From the middle of the month of February to the
beginning of March, is the best period for planting
and shifting the Belladonna Lily. During the grow-
ing season a good supply of water at the root is
of service, and in dry weather a mulch of half- rotted
dung. Last spring I divided a bed which had not
been disturbed for a great number of years, and after
selecting the best bulbs, planted them in the way
above described, in front of a Peach-case, 120 feet
in length. These bulbs have given uj a magnificent
supply of their delicate flowers during the past three
weeks.

HERBACEOUS CALCEOL4RIAS in small pots
should now be shifted into larger pots, so as to avoid
any check to growth. A good compost for these
plants consists of two parts good loam, and one each
of leaf- mould and finely-sifted decayed cow manure,
and sand in proportion. Place the plants where they
will get full light, and near to the glass in a cold
house or pit. Fumigate the structure occasionally
to keep the plants clean.

PRIMULAS. — These will now require to be taken
into drier quarters, as if left out in cold frames, there
will be danger of them getting injured by damp. A
disused Melon or Cucumber-house is a suitable place
for these plants during winter, keeping them well to
the light. Plants which are throwing up their flowers
should have clear manure-water affjrded them once
a week.

STOCKS AND SCHIZANTHUS. — The present is a
suitable time to make a sowing of intermediate and
East Lothian stocks, which are very useful for
cutting and for house decoration ; make, likewise, a
good sowing of those lovely annuals, Schizanthus
pinnatus and S. retusus, for furnishing the conserva-
tory and greenhouse during the spring months. S 'W
the seeds in a 48-pot, and place in a cold frame
till there is danger from a frost, when they
ought to be removed to a pit where the mean
temperature may be kept from 45° to 50°, stand-
ing the plants near the glass to prevent drawiug.
Thin out the seedlings when large enough to four or
five in a pot, shift the potful of plants into larger
pot9 early in the spring, employing a potting com-
post of two parts loam and one each of rotted
manure, leaf-mould, and sand in proportion.

VIOLETS. —Those which are intended to be grown
in frames during the winter should be lifted without
further delay. In doing this, preserve as many of
the roots as possible, and place the frames in wbich
thev are to be grown in a sheltered spot, but where
the" sun shines from morning till evening. After
planting, finish off with a dressing of fresh wood
ashes and soot. Keep close for three or four days,
and afterwards give abundance of air on favourable
occasions.

BULB3 — Another batch of Hyacinths, Tulips,
&c, should be potted ; also early-flowering Lilies
when obtainable, it not being good practice to keep
these bulbs out of the soil for long periods. These
early Lilies will be found very valuable in spring
decoration, especially those of L. longiflorum.
E. Milner, Venrice Castle, Swansea.

398

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions Should be WKITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Plants, &c, to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Sllustbations.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or ofremarkzble plants,
/lowers, trees, $c, are solicited.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
bat to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,

WEDNESDAY, OCT. 1 (

THURSDAY,

MEETINGS.

( Committees meet: Conference on
| Michaelmas Daisies and Peren-

OCT. 6< uial Sunflowers, at The Royal
i Horticultural Society's Gardens
' at Chiswick, at 11 a.m.
(Conference on Conifers, at the

Oct. 7-< Royal Horticultural Society's
I Gardens at Chiswick.

i Resumotion of Conifer Conference.
Oct. 8^ at the Royal Horticultural So-
( ciety's Gardens, Chiswick.

SHOW.

n/-T n5 Crystal Palace Great Fruit Show
UCT- 81 (three da) s.)

SALE8.

(Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Nursery Stock, at The Nurseries,
Sunningdale, Berks, by Messrs.
I Protheroe & Morris (six days).
I Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe &
', Morris' Rooms.

/Nursery Stock, at 2, Bedford Road,
\ Green Street. Enfield Highway,
OCT. 6 < by Messrs. Protheroe & Morris.

I Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
V Morris' Rooms.

Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms.

Clearance Sale of Greenhouse
Plants, Lights, and Piping, at
Nursery F*rm Lane, Walham
Green, S.W., by Protheroe &
Morris.

Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.

' Valuable Imported Orchids, from

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., at

Stevens' Rooms.
Annual Sale of noting Nursery

Stock, at Wood Lane Nuroerv,
Oct. 8< Isleworth, by Protheroe &

Morris.
Greenhouse Plants, Lease, Boilers,

and other Fittings, at Nursery,

Beaumont Road, Leyton, by

Protheroe & Morris.

Broom
by

(Imported and Established Or-
chids, at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms.

/Nursery Stock, at High Bi
j Nursery, Tunbridge Wells,
~ ' Protheroe & Morris.

SATURDAY,

t Dutch Bulb^t, :it Stevens' Rooms.
U Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe
( Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEAKS. AT CHISWICK.-53° 1

The Chiswick Should tne weather continue as
Conferences. propitious as it is at the moment
of writing, the success of the
Chiswick Conferences next week will be as-
sured. We are obliged to write in the con-
ditional, for past experience has shown not
only the uncertainty of the weather, but also
that the attendance at some of the best and
most interesting exhibitions and congresses there
has been scanty. On the other hand, on many

occasions, notably at the Apple Conference, the
number of visitors has been large, and in nearly
all cases larger than in the Drill Hall.

Let us hope that bright weather, and
an interesting programme, will secure a
large company. Those who visit the garden,
hallowed by so many associations, though
bereft of more than half its former area,
will note with pleasure signs that the evil days
of the Society have passed with the end of the
Kensington regime ; and that, thanks to the
devotion of the Council, and specially of its
officers for the last two or three years, a manifest
improvement is visible. The traces of the
lamentable neglect of former years, which we
should qualify as shameful did we not know
the circumstances, are disappearing under the
more liberal expenditure which the finances now
render possible, and although a great deal
remains to be done, a great deal has been
accomplished.

A generally abundant fruit crop will enable
visitors to inspect a well-filled fruit-room, and to
compare notes on the ground and in the vineries.
Messrs. Mayfaeth's apparatus for the drying of
fruits, to which we have frequently referred,
will be shown in action, and will indicate one
way in which surplus fruit may, in such a season
as this, profitably be dealt with. For Apples of
most kinds, the apparatus seems quite successful ;
but so far as Plums are concerned, the same
amount of success has not hitherto been attained,
probably because we do not yet know the kind of
Plum best suited for the purpose. So far, the
Fellenberg has proved the most suitable, and
some that we had the opportunity of tasting a
few days since, were very good imitations of
French Prunes.

The collections of Michaelmas Daisies and of
perennial Sunflowers will be at their best. As
many readers will remember, a large collection
of species of both genera has been grown this
season at Chiswick, and a nomenclature com-
mittee has carefully examined the plants,
during growth, with a view of ascertaining
the correct names, abolishing useless syno-
nyms, and of noting which kinds are Jhe
most attractive for garden purposes. Aster
is one of those genera in which the limits
of species, as generally understood, are even
less distinctly marked than usual. We have a
crowd of forms, merging by almost imperceptible
gradations one into the other, so that none shall
say (with any regard for his own reputation),
" Here endeth species A," or, " Here beginneth
species B." Nevertheless, in spite of these little
difficulties, which do but form an agreeable
pastime for systematic botanists ! it is easy to
pick out from the main crop a few which are
remarkable above their fellows, for their beauty
of colour, their freedom of flowering, their
tall, or their dwarf stature, their earlier or
their later period of blooming, and so on.
These forms have accordingly been noted, and
names affixed to them, so that the lovers of her-
baceous perennials in the future will have some
authenticated evidence before them when makin<'
their selections. The Fellows of the Society owe
not a little to the members of the committees
who without fee or reward other than a pleasant
sense of duty fulfilled, devote so much time to
the Society's work. At a subsequent period we
shall be in a position to publish a complete list
of the more desirable kinds of Aster and Sun-
flower ; in the meantime we may mention, among
Helianthus, H. orgyalis, the most graceful of all
in its foliage ; the large-flowered varieties of H.
multiflorus, the Soleil d'Or, or improved double
form of the same species ; the citron-yellow,

H. decapetalus, H. rigidus, Heliopsis laevis, with
rich orange flowers, &c.

Among dwarf Asters, none are better than A.
Amellus bessarabicus and acris. Later on come
various forms of diffusus, such as horizontalis,
multiflorus, and many others. Of taller-growing
varieties, the form of Aster Novi Belgii, known
as Robert Parker (lilac) ; the variety of A.
Novoe Angliae, called puniceus pulcherrimus
(white) ; and A. Novae Anglise roseus, are most
remarkable. Aster Linosyris, a yellow-flowering
species, native in some parts of Britain, is re-
markable for the contrast it affords to the other
species, which range from white to bluish, and to
rosy-lilac. In the determination of these speoies,
the committee has had the advantage of the
co-operation of Mr. Dewar,, who has a large
collection under his charge at Kew. The Con-
ference on these plants will be held on Tuesday
next, beginning at 2 p.m.

On the two following days it will be the turn
of the Conifers, and a most interesting exhibi-
tion will, in all probability, be got together. In
the first place, a special area, 150 feet long by
•37 feet in width, will be specially laid out for
their reception, and Messrs. Veitch, Jeffries,
Cutbush, and others, have announced their
intention of taking part. The specimens of cut
branches with cones, for which special prizes,
— including a Veitch Medal — are offered, will
also, presumably, be very numerous and inte-
resting, as applications have been made to
Her Majesty the Quef.n to send specimens
from Balmoral and Osborne ; while the leading
Scottish, Irish, and English Conifer-growers
have been solicited to take part in the exhi-
bition. From Kew upwards of 300 specimens
are to be exhibited. In Scotland, the services
of our excellent correspondent, Mr. Malcolm
Dunn, have been enlisted ; and from the details
given in another column it is seen that a re-
presentative collection from the various counties
will be forthcoming. Bearing in mind the vast
importance and the great interest of the subject,
both from an economic and from an [esthetic
point of view, we can but hope that the English
growers will be as well represented as the Scotch.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next

meetings of the Floral, Fruit, and Orchid Com-
mittees will be held in the Gardens, at Chiswick, on
October 6, at 11 a m.

National Chrysanthemum Society.— A
meeting of the committee took place on the L'8th alt.,
at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet Street, Mr. E. C Jokes
in the chair, the attendance being, as usual, large.
The matter of providing a new design for the
Society's Certificate of Merit was referred to the
Schedule sub-Committep, with instructions to select
one, and issue the Certificate without delay. Tne
Secretary reported it had been definitely arranged that
the Conference on Chrysanthemum sport9 in con-
nection with the November show, would take place
in the Board Room at the Royal Aquarium, at 6 p.m.,
on the 10th, the opening day. The special awards
recommended by the judges at the early Chrysan-
themum show were approved by the meeting. On
the application of the Market Harborongh Chrysan-
themum Society, Messrs. J. Whight, of the Temple,
and W. Theobald, of Highgate, were nominated as
judges at the Chrysanthemum show at Market Har-
borongh on November 11. An interim financial
statement was made by the Secretary, of a satisfactory
character. The Secretary was empowered to make
the necessary arrangements for the November show.
Eight new members were elected. The usual vote
of thanks to the Chairman closed the proceedings.

The Prospects of the Potato Crop.— As

I have just returned from a ten days' trip to Scot-
land that I took for the purpose of applying the

[The Gardener,' Chronicle, October 3, 1891.

Fig. 4?. — auies wiubuna: shoot and cones, natural size; leaves, deep ghees above, silvkrv beneath; cones, purple, (see p. 395.)

400

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

Bordeaux Mixture, with a view to seeing how far
one dressing would stay the progress of the disease
in that country, you may be interested in hearing of
the crop. I occupied my whole time at looking at
Potatos round Dunbar, Edinburgh, Dundee, and
Arbroath, and from what I saw, unless the crop is
damaged by blight which was only just showing in
places, the crop will be an immense one. Upon one
farm the crop upon 300 acres will not be far short of
4000 tons. Several large fields I looked at will turn
out 10 and 12 tons to the acre. I daresay, as I was
introduced to the farmers by the editor of the North
British Agriculturist , they were among the best in
Scotland ; but I went over a number besides, and in
all cases the crop was good, and in driving about the
country one could not fail to notice the flourishing
appearance of the bine, and upon examining the bot-
toms, all the promise of the top was carried out. In my
opinion the Scotch have a grand crop once more ;
they certainly deserve it upon the best farms, for
their system of culture would be difficult to im-
prove upon, it is so suited to local requirements
of climate, soil, &c. On the 21st, I examined
the R.A.S. experiment with the Bordeaux
mixture, and found the bine of 2 acres of
Regents dressed with the 2 per cent, solution three
times, still green and growing. This wa8 at Sitting-
bourne, in Kent ; the farm is at Milton, 1 mile from
the station, and well worth anyone's time to see.
The land is most highly cultivated, so the disease
has had every chance. Wm. Whitehead Cousins. South
Row, Covent Garden Market, in Agricultural Gazette,
September 28.

Begonias at Tring Park.— The tuberous

Begonias seem to have done well as bedding plants
this wet season, and one of the best effects we have
seen is in the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild's
garden at Tring Park. In one of the many garden
nooks there, the rising background planted with
handsome Conifers, fronted by charmingly-arranged
flowers, among which the Lilies, Gladioli, and many
showy annual and perennial and scented plants, such
as Lavender bushes, are conspicuous, and the whole
edged with Abies pumila ; the middle of the grass-
plat is arranged as a geometrical garden. The
centre is chiefly of Clematis, with some side beds of
Violas. The radiating beds alternate rich dark
scarlet Begonias, edged with Centaurea ; dark Helio-
trope, edged with blue Lobelia; and silver variegated
Pelargonium, with a band of dark Iresine, edged
with yellow Pyrethrum. Around, at a proper dis-
tance to render the whole effective, are circular
beds, in which the centres are occupied by noble
standard clipped Golden Yews and Golden Queen
Hollies, the beds beneath them being planted with
suitable flowers. One bed of large yellow Begonias,
with a band of Iresine and edging of Centanrea, is
very effective. Only decided colours of Begonias are
grown at Tring Park (chiefly rich dark scarlet and
yellow), and the manner in which Mr. E. Hill, the
gardener there, works them, is worthy of note. They
are grown from home-raised selected seeds, and as
such vary too much to be indiscriminately planted.
Where they are wanted to make an effect among other
things, they are planted out the first year in trial
beds, from which all of the proper colour and uniform
habit are marked, and the marked ones only are
started at the proper time, and planted as they now
appear in the effective arrangement alluded to
above.

Vegetable and Fruit Culture Classes.—

Arrangements have been made for holding classes
for the study of the principles and practice of horti-
culture in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester. The
botanical instruction will be delivered by Mr. J. D.
Siddall ; practical demonstrations in pruning,
grafting, planting, packing, storing ; also lectures on
general culture will bs given by Mr. John Tayloe,
Hoole Hall Gardens ; diseases of crops will be
treated by Mr. R. Newstead, Curator of the Museum.
It is intended to illustrate the lectures by lantern
pictures, microscopes, and to utilise the excellent
life histories of injurious insects now in the museum

there. These classes should prove useful to the
numerous young gardeners in the local nurseries and
private gardens.

The Hygienic Value of the Atmosphere
IN WOODS AND FORESTS— The Bicdermann's
Centralhlatt fur Agricultur - Chcmic has recently
expressed an adverse opinion on the theory which
attributes the healthiness of living near woods and
f jrests to the richness of the atmosphere in oxygen.
It states that the atmosphere in the neighbourhood
of trees does not contain any excess of oxygen, as is
commonly presumed, and states that this will not be
surprising if it be remembered what a great difference
exists between the consumption of oxygen by animal-
life, and the exhalation of this gas by the life-
processes of plant-life. The writer calculates that
a few people living in about an acre of woodland
will more than compensate for the oxygen given off
by the trees. If this be true, and the writer vouches
for it, the healthiness of well-wooded districts must
be attributed to the greater purity of the air in such
districts. In a wood there is no smoke, no sewage,
no noxious vapours due to human civilisation, and
very few of the germs and bacteria which are found
in towns. Moreover, it has been shown by Lera-
sini and Abata that the innumerable leaves and
twigs of a wood exercise what may be termed a fil-
tering action upon the air, and tend to collect and
retain floating particles and micro-organisms carried
thither by the air-currents. Besides this, trees break
the inclemency of cold dry winds, which are so
dangerous to the respiratory organs, and tend to
keep the temperature of the soil uniform. To this
it must be added, that in country districts especially,
if they are well-wooded, there is more natural ozone
than there is elsewhere (there is probably none in
crowded towns), and the action of ozone is itself
salutary.

Table Decorations in Russia —Russians,
who are very fond of flowers, do not relish a repast
when the table is not one mass of fragrant blossoms,
and nowhere else in Europe does one see such gor-
geous table decorations as in St. Petersburg or
Moscow. Large sums of money are often spent for
rare Orchids to adorn the board of some wealthy
entertainer ; and at the dinner given some time ago
by Prince Narishkine to the Diplomatic Corps at
St. Petersburg, the flowers in the dining-hall cost
over 20,000 roubles.

Chiswick Gardeners' Mutual Improve-
ment ASSOCIATION. — The annual general meeting
for the election of officers and committee for the
ensuing year, and other business, will be held at the
Royal Horticultural Society's gardens, on Friday
evening, October 2, at 8 o'clock. The committee
have decided to hold a concert during October, in aid
of the Gardeners' Orphan Fund, further particulars
regarding which will be announced at the annual
meeting.

Australian Fruit Importations.— The pro-
bability of large shipments of fruit to this country
being made from our Australian colonies in the early
future, the practicability of which has been so recently
demonstrated by the great quantities of excellent
Tasmanian Apples with which our markets have
this year been supplied, is now further exemplified
by the arrival, this week, of a small consignment of
Riisins from the Australian Irrigation Colonies on
the River Murray, being the first fruits received from
these settlements, the establishment of which, some
three or four years ago, has been attended with such
remarkable success that their progress has been de-
scribed by a colonial bishop who recently visited
them (Dr. Thornton, of Ballarat), as simply
" amazing." A quantity of Riisins are now on view
at the London Offices of the Australian Irrigation
Colonies, 35, Qjeen Victoria Street, E.C. They
are entirely sun-dried — the clear dry atmosphere
of that part of Australia where the settlements
are situated enabling the drying of all descrip-
tions of fruit to be carried out in the most
perfect manner and without risk of injury. They
have been pronounced of excellent quality, both

in flavour and appearance, and are very attractively
put up in 2-lb„ 6-lb., and 12-lb. boxes. The above
consignment will, in due course, be followed by others
of a no less interesting character, embracing the fol-
lowing valuable fruits of commerce :— Oranges,
Lemons, Raisins, Currants, Apricots, Peaches, Figs,
&c, together with wine, olive oil, and other products,
for which a large demand is anticipated in this
country in future years. The total area of land
constituting the Australian Irrigation Colonies, and
of which some 25,000 acres at each of the two settle-
ments (Mildura and Renmark) are now being dealt
with, will fall but little short of half a million acres ;
and although the colonial demand will probably
absorb the entire production for some years — there
being at present a large importation of these fruits,
&c, into Australia from foreign countries— an
extended reciprocal trade with the mother country
will be early cultivated (more especially with reference
to wine, olive oil, &c), in view of the enormous
future production which is confidently anticipated
and practically assured.

Chicago Exhibition.— Mr. J. M. Samuels, a
nurseryman of Clinton, West Kentucky, is the
chief of the Bureau of Horticulture. Mr. J. M.
Thorpe has been appointed chief of the division of
Floriculture.

HYACINTHUS CANDICANS.— The hardiness of
this species is beyond doubt, and several other
correspondents have written to us to that effect
from very different parts of the country. It would
seem that the bulbs will not withstand the digging-
up and drying method 'pursued with many other
kinds of bulbs, and that if they are dug up when
matured, they must be replanted without much
delay. Mr. J. Pounsett says that the plant seeds
quite freely, and Jean be raised easily from seed,
which will only germinate well the first year, so that
any other mode of propagation seems superfluous.
Though a native of South Africa, the Hyacinthus
appears not to have been affected by the late cold
wet season, fine spikes of 5.} feet in height being
plentiful where the soil was light and rich.

FlCUS REPENS — Mr. W.^Farmer, o: Kylemore
Castle Gardens, Galway, sends us a fruit of this
species with the large leathery leaves which it bears
in the fruiting stage, or when away from the wall,
and which form so remarkable a contrast with the
small papery-leaves "the Tplant has when grown
against a wall. The two forms were figured in our
columns at p. 51 and p. 53, for January 10, 1891.

Striped Begonia tuberosa Blooms.— We are
indebted to the kindness of M. Ernst Benart for some
blossoms of a novelty in tuberous Begonias. These
are of various ground colours, as crimson-orange,
pink, and others, which are striped, and flaked after
the manner of a Carnation, and mostly with whitish-
yellow, or the variegation is suffused with the ground
colour. A striped Begonia is a novelty that will
find favour with? those who object to the glaring
colour of the selfs.

The Cultivation of the Date n Persia.

— Referring to the Date cultivation in Persia, the
Consul at Teheran, in a report to the Foreign Office,
says: — "The capabilities of the Lower Karun lands
for Date cultivation are great, and are sure to attract
planters soon. The Date supply keeps increasing
year by year, and so does the demand ; 00,000 tons
were exported last season from Busrah in ocean
steamers and coasting craft ; 20,000 tons being sent
out in boxes, the material for which, in the form of
7000 tons of cut lengths of wood, with nails, oiled
paper for inside wrapping, and iron hooping for out-
side binding, all prepared for easy putting together,
was imported J from^ England and elsewhere. The
Palm-leaf itself formed "woven bag and basket pack-
age coverings for 40,000 tons. An acre of ground
contains 600 trees ; they bear fruit at Sve years, and
reach full fruition at seven. In a fairly good season,
a tree in full bearing gives an average profit of
3 rupees, at which rate the acre would return £20
a-year. While the trees are growing up, the ground,

October 3, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

401

with the irrigation whieh theyjrequire, yields a crop
of Wheat, Clover, or graas, and later can be managed
ti afford pasture, there being but little heavy shade
thrown by the feathery foliage above. It is stated
that 100 varieties of Dates are distinguishable by
the native growers in these Palm districts. The
Arabs pay close attention to conditions of climate,
soil, water, &c, so as to cultivate the Date to the
best advantage. The Government are encouraging
the Date cultivation, and it is said that GO, 000 trees
have recently been planted on Persian soil.

" Bulletin de la Societe Francaise
D'HORT CULTURE DE L.ONDRES " — An interesting
record of the proceedings of a Society of French
gardeners, mostly resident in or about London ;
meetings are held at intervals, which must be very
useful and instructive, and means are adopted
whereby French gardeners may be placed in English
establishments, and English gardeners in correspond-
ing situations in France. The papers printed in the
present Bulletin are mostly excellent, and show how
much our young French friends have profited by
their stay here.

The Fete of St. Fiacre.— The Moniteur de
I' Horticulture gives a report of this jite, presided
over by M. Henbi de Vilmohin, supported by the
Archbishop of Paris. There are, it appears, more
than 700 members of this philanthropic association,
212 of whom assembled at the banquet.

Cheap Fruit Rates.— Mr. W. Pabslow, in
the Star, September 26, says : — I was much grieved,
as will be many other of your readers, on seeing the
paragraph in your issue of the 21st, stating that —
" Owing to the glut of Plums in Kent, many growers
will not pick hundreds of bushels, as the expenses
come to more than the price obtainable at the
London market." It is pitiful that there should be
such waste of good and wholesome food, which
could be largely obviated by the railway companies
if they would carry fruit at lower rates. Allow me
to suggest that the companies should make a special
reduction in their charges for conveyance of fruit
during the fruit season, or at least during the month
or two of most abundant production. This, I think,
will prove an advantage both to consumer and pro-
ducer, and be more remunerative to the companies
through an increase in traffic, as at present large
supplies are being held back.

The Advantages of Cow Manure.— A

foreign contemporary describes the liquid that runs
from manure-heaps during any rain as so much
"liquid gold," and recommends that properly -pro-
tected receptacles should be used for all manures.
It calls attention to that too-often neglected source
of fertility, the droppings from the poultry-houses,
and states that this manure is often equal in value to
the finest guano. Cow-dung comes in for a share of
praise. It is estimated that fully SO per cent, of the
manurial elements in the food consumed by cows
is voided in their excrement. Dr. Collier, an
American expert, states that in his experiments,
which were carried on over a considerable length
of time, fully 1)0 per cent, of all the fertilising consti-
tuents cf the food consumed by cows was voided,
and that this should be used to preserve the soil's
fertility. He found that at the usual prices for
commercial fertilisers, the amount of plant-food in
the daily excrement (liquid and solid) of well-fed
cows was worth over ten cents, or 36 dols. a year
(1 dol. = 4s. 2<7.), and since the daily food of these
cows cost 14 J cents per head, nearly three-fourths
of the cost of the food was returned again in the
manure.

The Chemical Changes which Accompany
the Development of the Potato. — Bieder-

mamis Centralblatt contains a short paper by Mar-
cacci upon the conversion products"of starch which
take place during the growth of the Potato. It
seems that Potato-starch, even in quite ripe Potatos,
becomes converted into cane-sugar ; and Barley and
Wheat grains, in germinating, double the amount of

cane-sugar at the expense of the starch they origin-
ally contained. Samples of Potato meal and finely-
cut Potatos were dried, some in the sun and some in
an oven at 45° C, and in both cases an increase of
cane-sugar was observed. In germination, the
Potato, like the Barley-grain, gains cane-sugar
through the conversion of the starch ; finally, the
cane-sugar breaks down into glucose, or grape-sugar.

Bone-meal Manures. — In a paper published
in the Chemiker Zeitung, J. Stocklasa gives the
results of an examination into the composition of
bone-meal ; he analysed various samples prepared
by different methods. Sufticient^care does not appear
to be exercised in the preparation of this valuable
manure; sometimes the fat is not properly removed,
and this impedes the decomposition in the soil, both
of the nitrogenous matter and the phosphate of lime.
Steaming is not an altogether commendable process,
for it seems that when the pressure is sufficiently
great to remove fat, a great deal^of the nitrogen,
a valuable constituent, also goes. Stocklasa ad-
vocates the extraction of the fat by means of
treatment with light petroleum. He regards finely
pulverised bone-meal deprived of fat as an excel-
lent manure, superior to basic slag, and not even
second to precipitated phosphate in action.

The "Respiration of Cactus Plants.—

Cacteai, when exposed to light of moderate intensity,
at a temperature of 35° C, = 95c F.,give off oxygen
and carbonic acid gases simultaneously, their respira-
tion ratio being from 098 in the case of Opuntia to
O'SS in the case of Mamillaria, while their assimila-
tion ratios vary from 2-38 to 2 28. This phenomenon
has been recently investigated by E. Aubert, and
from the results of his experiments, he has come to
the conclusion that it is due to the fact, that the thin
chlorophyllian layer is not able to decompose the
whole of the carbonic acid gas evolved by respiratun
from the colourless parenchyma underneath. The
intense light of the tropics decomposes the whole of
the carbonic anhydride, and in the tropics the loss
of carbon takes place only during the night.

Jarrah Wood in Church Building.— The
application of foreign woods in English church build-
ings is essentially an innovation of this latter part of
the nineteenth century. In old English ecclesi-
astical buildings, we naturally look for the timber
work, whether constructive or ornamental, to be
formed of Oak. The wood seems specially adapted
for the purpose, and from its association, to have
become like the ancient churches themselves, almost
hallowed in its use ; but we are, apparently, about
to change all this, and the latter half of
this progressive century will be recorded in future
history by the introduction of timber that will
probably puzzle the archaeologists of future ages.
On the authority of T/ie Church Times, we learn that
in the recent restorations of one of the most interest-
ing of Kentish churches, namely that of Heme,
situated on the road between Canterbury and Heme
Bay, and about 2 miles from the last-named water-
ing place, the bays between the principal and inter-
mediate rafters have been filled in with boarding
and finished with mouldings, the spandrels being
richlv carved ; the whole of the woodwork of the
new roof being of Jarrah wood (Eucalyptus niar-
ginata) from Western Australia.

Royal Botanical and Horticultural
Society of Manchester. — An exhibition of
hardy and other fruits will be held in the Town
Hall, Manchester, on the 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd
of the present month ; and on the 21st and 22nd a
Conference will take place in the Town Hall, at
12 o'clock each day. On the first day of the Con-
ference, the Right Hon. the Earl of Derby will
preside, and on the second day. Alderman Sir James
Whitehead, Bart., Master of the Fruiterers' Com-
pany. The following subjects will be introduced by
the gentlemen whose names are appended : — Mr.
Baillie, of Chester, " The Fruit-growing Movement :
Present Day Features and Prospects ; " Mr. Cheal, of
Crawley, Sussex, " The Condition, Preparation, and

After-treatment of the Soil for Fruit Culture ; " Mr.
S.T. Wright, of Hereford, " Fruit Growing for Profit ; '»
Mr. Crump, of Madresfield, " The liaising, Bud-
ding, Grafting, and Pruning of Apple Trees for
Orchard and Estate Planting ; " Mr. T. F. Rivers, of
Sawbridgeworth, " Orchard-house Culture ; " Mr.
Edward Luckhurst, of Romford, " The Import-
ance of Early Planting and Shelter in Fruit
Culture."

Publication Received. — Thorley's Illus-
trated Farmers' Almanack and Diary for 1892.

" CATTLEYA LABIATA VERA."

M. Lucien Lindes sends us a letter of eight
quarto pages in length, relating to this subject, and
considers that he has an uncontested right to demand
its insertion. Although we cannot admit the right, we
should have been pleased, as a matter of courtesy, to
admit M. Linden's communication if it had been of
reasonable length. M. Linden is probably not aware
that over forty columns of printed matter were
"squeezed out" of our last issue, for which place has to
be found in this, in addition to the constant influx of
fresh "copy." Under these circumstances, ]we must
confine ourselves to giving a summary of M. Linden's
communication, leaving him to print the letter, as he
proposes, in full in his Journal des Orchidees.

M. Linden begins by the statement that his father,
the eminent botanical traveller, had known for a long
time that a very remarkable aperies of Cattleya grew
in one of the provinces of Brazil. In December, 1889,
MM. Linden sent their collector, M. Bungeroth, to that
province, charged with the duty of collecting several
thousand specimens of the plant. In April, 1890, the first
batch arrived in Brussels, in good condition. Among them
were a dozen which had opened their llowers during II. e
voyage. These were different from those which flowered sub-
sequently in October, and which latter were recognised as
Cattleya labiata autumualis. On November 9, at the meeting
of the Orchideenne, the old type of the species was exhibit ed,
and the jury, on that occasion, were unanimously of opinion
that there was no difference between these two plants and the
Cattleya Warocqueana exhibited by M. Linden except that some
of the varieties of Warocqueana had a deeper coloured lip. Mr.
O'Brien, who had formed one of the jury on the^ occasion
referred to, expressed the same opinion in the Gardeners.'
Chronicle of November 15, 1890. On November 10, M. Jules
Hye, of Ghent, sent to M. Linden a tlower of C. labiata autum-
nalis, which he had procured at the sale of Mr. Tautz's
Orchids. There was no difference between this flower aud the
majority of those which were expandedjin M. Linden's collec-
tion at the Horticulture Internationale. On October 22,
1890, Mr. O'Brien wrote to M. Linden in the following
term's:— "It appears to me that this is autumn-flowering
labiata of which our old C. labiata autumnalis is but the
sample; this is the bulk." On the occasion of his visit to the
Horticulture Internationale about a fortnight ago. Sir Trevor
Lawrence stited that he had imruediatelylreccguised that C.
Warocqueana was the true labiata autumnalis. Mr. Statter,
of Manchester, has expressed the same opinion. In November.
Messrs. Linden sold, at Messrs. Protheroe & Morris' rooms, a
number of the plants under the name of labiata autumnalis.
Some who were present declared that these plants were merely
forms of Gaskelliana. Mr. Linden replied to these opinions in
the December number of the Journal des Orchidees. It was,
therefore, not in last February, as Mr. Roll'e assorts, but in the
preceding November, that the identity of the two Cattleyas
was established. There are at the present moment in the
Orchid-houses of the Horticulture Internationale more than
iOOO spathes ; supposing that each gives two or three flowers,
th re will be produced from now to January some 5001 or (S00O
(lowers. This magnificent crop, the second since the intro-
duction, will be conclusive.

This is the substance of M. Linden's letter ; some
of the omitted portions are purely of a personal and
commercial character, unsuited for the editorial
columns.

Plant Notes.

♦

TROP^EOLUM PENTAPHYLLUM.

The Chili five-leaved Tropieolum deserves more
extended cultivation, and may be grown wherever the
ordinary and more commonly-grown T. peregrinum
(canariense) succeeds. The former, as is well-known,
is an annual, and both succeed well in light, warm
soils, especially in such as are of a calcareous nature,
and in sunny positions. T. pentapyllum, it scarcely
need be said, is tuberous-rooted, hence the treatment

402

TBI, GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OcroBEB 3, 1891.

it requires varies considerably from the above. For
growing over trellis-work, or attached in form of
handles to artificial basket-summer flower-beds,
it has no equal ; especially when such handles are of
moderate thicknesses, so that the fine growth and
vivid blooms show their characteristics. It is also
well-adapted for covering iron pillars, sunny walls,
&c, in like manner. To succeed with it, however,
the tubers should be started into growth betimes,
then grown on slowly, but robustly, in small pots, in
airy pits, until about the first week in June, when
they should be planted out for the summer growth
in full sunshine, and such soil as has been suggested.
William Early.

Calceolaria pinnata.

This plant is an annual one, coming freely from
seed sown in the open ground in April, and making
a good effect by the end of the month of May, and is
then fit to plant out in the beds which it soon fills.
The plant may be kept low by being pegged down,
or it may be allowed to grow naturally, when it
will reach a height of about 2k feet. It blooms all
through the summer and autumn, and is not liable
to disease of any sort. It would make a good
bedding-out plant, and prevent the disappointment
that is too often experienced with the shrubby kinds
of Calceolarias dying off with black-stem disease in
hot weather. Win. Smythe.

Celsia ceetica.

This pretty greenhouse-plant, sometimes called
Verbascum, flowered last May and June, and plants
of it are again in full bloom. They are very showy
and beautiful when arranged with other plants, and
its fine spikes of yellow flowers last a long time in
good condition. I think no greenhouse or conser-
Tatory should be without a few examples of Celsia
cretica, as it is easily managed if treated in the same
manner as herbaceous Calceolarias, and grows freely
from seeds sown in light sandy soil, or from cuttings
struck under a bell-glass. Wm. Smythe, Basing Par!;.

CHISWICK NOTES.

Some borders of Hollyhocks have been very gay at
Chiswick this year. One point of importance in refer-
ence to this favourite plant is worth noting for the bene-
fit of cultivators. It has been found that plants lifted
and housed during winter were affected with the
dreaded fungus the following season ; whilst those
which were not so disturbed (subjected to what may
be called natural conditions) presented a clean bill
of health. The moral to be deduced from this course
of treatment is an obvious one.

Book Notices.

Bush Friends in Tasmania. By Louisa Anne
Meredith. (Macmillan & Co. 4to.)

There are old friends and new, but the older ones
usually hold the higher place in our estimation.
" Bush friends in Tasmania " are old acquaintances,
our good opinion of which has not lessened by
lapse of time; but now another batch comes; and,
judging by all appearances, they will take no lower
place in our regard than their predecessors.

Thirty-three years ago, says the author, I sent to London,
for publication, 'some of my friends in Tasmania,' and the
unanim msly warm welcome with which the book was greeted
both in England and Australia, came like sweetest music into
our remote and isolated home. Now, io the late evening of
life, when the work of author and artist is usually considered
done, I am thankful still to retain some power for the prictice
of my old pursuits, and for the completion of this second, and
certainly last volume, which offers more of my bush friends to
the public, and contains plant portraits of yet greater in-
terest and beauty than its predecessor For a woman

nearly eighty years of ag- to make the voyage from Tasmania
to London, bringing a book to publish, was doubtless an
exploit of less wisdom than valour; but my purpose is
achieved, and I now hope to return and end my days among
my children, in (he pleasant colony to whose service my best
eff orts have been so long devoted.

A preface like this seems to imply an appeal for
the indulgence of the reviewer. If any snch notion
actuated the writer, it was in reality wholly un-
called for. We do not know which to admire most,
the genial spirit which pervades the whole book,
the right-mindedness and sympathy with what is
good, beautiful, and true, the pluck of the authoress,
or her artistic faculty. There is no straining after
effect, either in the text, or in the plates, both of
which reflect simply and accurately what was pass-
ing before the mind of the author, or what was
displayed before her eyes. In twelve large quarto
plates the artist has given us a selection
from among the most beautiful and interest-
ing plants of Tasmania. Many of them, such as
the Acacias, the Correas, the Epacris, the Bland-
fordias, are well-known inmates of our greenhouses ;
others were cultivated here in the time of our pre-
decessors, but are rarely seen now. Perhaps Mrs.
Meredith's book may do something towards their
reintroduction. Anopterus glandulosa, a shrub occa-
sionally met with in our conservatories, and always
admired, is recommended for trial out-of-doors in
the south of England. We should be glad to hear
of its being tried ; but after the experience of last
year, we doubt whether it would survive a " grand
winter." The plant has leaves not unlike those of the
Portugal Laurel (which, of course, is no Laurel), and
the authoress adds, that the Anopterus is " well
named Laurel, though how, in the usual course of
popular colonial nomenclature, it escaped being
called a Daisy or a Sunflower, is little short of
marvellous." As the plant in question is a Saxi-
fragad, it would be no more incorrect to call it a
Daisy than it is to call it a Laurel.

Among the most remarkable of the plants here
figured is the Richea dracophylla, a plant far more
like in superficial appearance to a Bromeliad, than
to what it really is, an Epacrid. Like the Waratah
(Telopea), the Richea is in danger of extermination,
from the quantities which are every year brought
into Hobart. " Not love of beauty, but inconsiderate
selfish greed implies such wanton waste."

In aidition to the coloured plates, there are series
of uncoloured page-plates, called " Poem- titles,"
because they serve as frontispieces to the numerous
tender and graceful little poems with which the work
abounds. We are sure the artist will forgive us —
nay, we think she will sympathise with us, in our
preference for these uncoloured representations of
plants as gracefully arranged, as accurately drawn,
and reproducing the artist's drawing more faithfully
than the coloured designs. A word must also be
said in praise of Mr. Edward La Trobe Bateman,
who has contributed what the authoress calls the
quaint lettering to the " Poem-titles." The form
given to the letters has been suggested by the out-
lines of the foliage and branching of the plants
represented, and is, if sometimes " quaint," always
in harmony with the picture of which it may claim
to be part. Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor West-
wood have lent their aid in the identification of the
plants and insects represented in the volume.

Tillage and Implements.

J. Maiden.

By Walter

Our Country's Flowers and how to Know
Them. By W. J. Gordon. (Day & Son,
Berners Street.)
This little book comes before us with a preface
by the Rev. Professor Henslow. After giving in the
first chapter a list of the popular names of plants,
the author plunges into the subject of classification
in a chapter which we should fancy must be some-
what appalling to a beginner. In a following
chapter the reader is aided by a glossary and a series
of coloured plates. In these plates the plants are
rather crowded, but they are recognisable, though
crude in colouring. Small woodcut outlines are
also given, showing the main characteristics of the
several genera, and, lastly, the characters in brief
of the species. It is evident that much pains and
labour have been bestowed on the work; its plan
is novel, and its details, so far as we have tested
them, accurate.

This is one of Messrs. Bell's agricultural series,
and is the production of one who has been a farmer
from boyhood, who is still a farmer, and jwho ^has
learnt at the plough-handle most of what he'knows
about the tilling of the soil. Beginning withj^the
drainage and preparation of the land, the author
proceeds to detail the ordinary details of farm work,
beginning with the " catch crops," such as Trifolium
incarnatum, winter Rye, winter Barley, and Tares.
Similar directions are given for autumn-sown crops
on various descriptions of land for winter-ploughing,
spring-seeding, summer-hoeing, Potato-planting, &c.
The latter half of this little volume is occupied with
descriptions of the various implements and machines
used on the farm. The book is unpretending, but
full of useful detail. It is published at a low price
by Messrs. George Bell & Sons.

Scotland.

The following is a list of contributors of speci-
mens of Conifers to the Royal Horticultural Society'*
Conference at Chiswick, October 7 and 8 : —

Her Majesty The Queen, Balmoral; Duke of Argyll, Inve-
rary ; Duke of Buccleuch, Drumlanrig ; Duke of Richmond^
Gordon Castle; Marquis of Northampton, Torloisk, Mull;
Earl of Mansfield, Scone ; Earl of Stair, Castle Kennedy ; Earl
of Moray, Darnaway ; Duke of Sutherland, Dunrobin ; Earl of
Cromarty, Castle Leod ; Countess of Seafield, Cullen; Earl of
Aberdeen, Haddo ; Lord Kinnaird, Rossie Priory; Earl of
Hopetoun, Hopetoun ; Sir Jas. H. Gibson Craig, Bart., Riccar-
tou ; Sir Pat. K. Murray, Bart., Ochbertyre; Sir Robert Men-
zies, Bart., Castle Menzies; Sir J. Colquhoun, Bart., Rossdhu;
Sir S. M. Lockhart, Bart., Lee Castle ; Sir A. G. Cumming,
Bart., Altyre ; W. H. Maxwell, of Munches; Stuart Fother-
ingham, of Murthly ; J. Merry, of Belladrum ; Mrs. Malcolm
Patton, The Cairnies ; Hon. H. H. Duncan, of Fordell ; J.
Malcolm, of Pottalloch ; A. Stirling, of Keir; J. Ord Macken-
zie, of Dolphinton; William Gunn, Nutwood, Stralhpeffer ;
T. Graham Young, Durris.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society.
The following are the awards made to non-
competing exhibitors at the recent International
Show in the northern metropolis, which we were
unable to publish with the first list, in our issue for
September 26: — Silver Medals to Messrs. Dickson &
Co., Edinburgh, for a table of miscellaneous plants ;
The Saralgo Packing Company, California, for an
exhibit of sun-dried Californian Prunes ; Mr. Cnrror,
Eskbank, for a plant of Oncidium incurvum — awarded
for good culture ; Mr. A. McGregor, for Saccolabium
Blumei majus — awarded for good culture.

Trees and Shrubs.

ACTINIDIA KOLOMICrA.

One of the last letters written to us by our greatly-
lamented friend, Jean Van Volxem, was a note
referring to the appearance of this species in his
grounds at Vilvorde. The leaves he spoke of as
gorgeous with their lilac spots, such as he had also
seen three years previously in the arboretum of M.
Lavallee at Segrez. In sunny places it — a hardy
tree or shrub — will become a substitute for Bougain-
villea. The species is not mentioned in Franchet
and Savatier's Enumeratio, but is so, according to
Van Volxem, in the Japanese Hondzo zoufon.

ExOCHORDA AlBERTI.

We are indebted to Mr. George Paul for a speci-
men of this Rosaceous shrub, which is evidently
very nearly allied to E. grandiflora, a Chinese
species, introduced by Fortune, and well figured
in Lavallee 's Arboretum Segregianum, t. xii. ; see
Gardeners' Chronicle, 1858, p. 925. It differs in its
shorter calyx-lobes, and by the stamens, which are
said to be twenty-five in number, arranged in five
bundles, instead of fifteen in five bundles of three
each ; in other words, the stamens are originally
five in number, but each one divides into five, or
three, according to the species.

Octobku 3, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

403

E. Alberti was discovered in Turkestan by Albert
Regel, and was described by his father in 1884, in
the Acta Horti Petropolitani, viii., p. 696 (1884). A
figure may be found at tab. xiii. of the ninth
fascible of the Descr. PI. Nov. It is quite hardy,
but as a garden shrub hardly different from E.
grandifiora. The leaves are thin, membranous,
glabrous, obovate, entire, apiculate, tapering at the
base into a slender stalk about a quarter the length
of the blade. Vernation conduplicate. Stipules
none. Flowers in long loose racemes, each flower
3 cent, across, with a green funnel-shaped thick
tube, surmounted by five oblong, obtuse, white
fimbriate sepals. Petals five white, twice the length
of the sepals, spreading suborbicular concave. Sta-
mens fifteen, half the length of the petals, perigynous,
inflexed. Anthers white. Carpels five at the bot-
tom of the tube, each with two or one on the pendu-
lous ovule. In this specimen, then the stamens were
fifteen in number only.

Thciopsis dolabbata.
ThiB is one of the most desirable evergreen shrubs,
owing to its distinctness and hardiness. Moreover,

and it is one upon which he has been at work during
the past three winters.

Mr. Goldring tells us, " The hill you see, and
the water, are quite of artificial formation, as
the country about Makurpura is entirely fiat,
except the undulations of the nullahs or water-
courses. Under the hill is a rocky grotto, with
miniature waterfalls, Ferns, Palms, See., grow-
ing in a natural way, and this place is cool
even on the hottest days. The artificial rocks are
made to resemble red sandstone, a tone that har-
monises well with greenery. Rocks are constructed
in groups round the lake, in order to show off to the
best advantage the many beautiful climbing plants,
which are one of the chief features in Baroda
gardens. The bridge is partially festooned with
the lovely Ipomcea vitifolia, with Vine-like leaves,
bronze- purple when young, and pure canary-yellow
flowers the size of those of I. Horsfallite ; it is a
plant I hope to see soon in English greeuhouses, for
though an old plant in herbaria, it does not appear to
have been introduced. The bushes in the fore-
ground are of Ipomiua carnea, a South American
species, I believe, but which has become naturalised

tourists and others who visit Baroda during the
winter, when the park looks at its best.

Home Correspondence.

THE WHITE-FLOWERED CENTAUREA NIGRA. —
On August 29 there was a statement in these pages
that this plant had been found growing in a field
near Stroud, and no one else is reported to have met
with it. I may mention that the plant is to be met
with in the neighbourhood of Bervie, on the Kin-
cardineshire coast, and I saw it last year for the first
time in a collection of wild flowers at the flower
show at that place, and on remarking to the Rev.
Mr. Brown, parish minister of Bervie, that I had
never met with it before, he assured me that it was
not uncommon in that neighbourhood, nor were
white-flowered plants of Campanula rotundifolia.
The white Campanula I have often found wild, but
have not yet found time to explore the Bervie
district. I observed lrom the railway carriage
window the Lithospermum maritimum growing
profusely on the sea beach there (why, Mr. Editor,
has such an appropriate name been dropped, for first
Steenhamera, and now for Mertensia?). White-

FlG. 49. — SCENE IN AN INDIAN UAEDEN.

it will thrive in or near towns better than most
Conifers. Mr. Woodgate, of the Gardens, Perry-
field, Oxted, obligingly sends us a photograph,
executed by Miss McNiven, of a specimen of regu-
larly pyramidal habit, 20 feet 6 inches in height, and
41 feet in circumference at the base.

AN INDIAN GARDEN.

Ooa engraving (fig. 49), shows a view in a garden
of one of the great native princeB of India — H.H. the
Gaekwar of Baroda. Were it not for the pagoda-
like structure in the distance, and the canopied
bridge, one might fancy the view to be taken from an
English garden, but the absence of the characteristic
luxuriant growth of a tropical garden, the Palms,
Cycads, Bamboos, and other noble foliage plants is
due to the fact that the garden is only of quite recent
formation, it being one of the gardens that the
Gaekwar engaged Mr. Goldring of Kew, to lay out,

about Baroda, where you may see it in hedges. It is a
shrubby plant, with cordate leaves, and large rose-
pink flowers, and only climbs when it has the support
of a tree or bush. Without these plants, Indian gardens
would lose half their beauty. Bougainvillea, Thun-
bergia, Ipomoja, Antigoon, Quisqualis, Jasminum,
and Bignonia are among the finest genera of flower-
ing climbers, while throughout the winter and in
the hot season these are rivalled in brilliancy by the
many gorgeous flowering trees and shrubs. The
dryness of the region is not favourable for the
luxuriant growth of such fine foliage plants as one
sees in Bombay gardens, but with an ample supply
of water one can grow almost any tropical plant."

Besides photographs of the new gardens that are
now being made, we have seen some of the public
park at Baroda, which is considered to be one of the
finest in India, and which under the superintendence
of Mr. J. M. Henry (an old Kew man, but now many
years a resident in various parts of India), the park
has advanced to its present high state of keeping
and beauty. It is much admired by the English

flowered plants of the Campanula glomerata are
common among the blue on the cliffs by the sea at
St. Cyrus; indeed the Montrose neighbourhood is
very rich in native plants, and in a Pine wood a
few miles north are found Linna;a borealis and
Goodyera repens growing very plentifully. J. Mar-
shall, Montrose, N.B.

CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS ALBA.— At Chels-
worth, a village about 14 miles from Ipswich, these
plants are often met with in cottage gardens and
windows. Some of these pot plants stand in 7-iuch
pots, and are from 5 to 6 feet in height, with from
ten to fifteen spikes of fine white blossoms. Those
plants which are growing in 6-inch pots have two
and three flower-spikes. This variety of C. pyra-
midalis was introduced to the notice of the villagers
a few years since, and has become popular there.
Its increase is slow, if side-shoots only are taken,
as is the case at Chelsworth ; but in my earlier
days we used to propagate the plants by means of
cuttings from the stouter roots, which were placed
round the side of a potful of sandy soil. The
flower-spikes remain in bloom for fully two months
and keep a long time fresh in water. D.

404

THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

NEW PLANTS —The few lines under this heading
in this week's issue, by one of our eminent authorities,
indicate what beautiful species there are on the " dark
continent," only awaiting the collectors' hands, to
grace our gardens and houses. The yellow-flowered
Pancratium maritimum, however, has been heard of
before, and, as know», only limited means prevented
it ere this from becoming an occupant of our houses.
It is satisfactory, however, to learn that at last it is
really a sojourner in our land ; and lovers of this
beautiful family will await with interest Mr. Gumble-
ton's opinion when he beholds it in bloom. With
reference to the white-flowered Kniphofia, it would
be interesting to learn what relation it bears to that
white-flowtred variety which grows upon one of the
islands near the African coast, and which, however,
is not " tall and vigorous growing," as is the variety
he mentions. There are many other lovely flowers,
natives of this wonderful country, that should be
better known to English growers. To many amateurs
the mere name of " Africa " con veys visions of tropical
heat, as being alone suitable, in which to successfully
cultivate any species brought from that continent.
To certain classes of plant-life this definition must
be applied ; but there are, besides, positively hundreds
of species, comparatively unknown in these isles, that
might be successfully grown by any one possessing a
greenhouse ; in many instances, a frame will suffice.
To illustrate my meaning, see how easily the popular
Vallota may be cultivated. Again, take the Ixia,
and, later still, the Freesia, now grown everywhere,
all of which grow wild in South Africa. Some
years ago, the writer had a valuable collection of
bulbous plants under his care, a special feature of
which were " Cape, and other African species." Owing
to facilities afforded, many kinds were collected that
are seldom seen in one collection, Disas in
colours scarcely dreamt of in this country, and
as for Lachenalias, the varieties might be counted by
the score. In this country the sorts generally
known may easily be numbered upon one's fingers ;
but to my fancy the gem of this family was one seDt
under the name of L. orchioides (species), a pure
white fimbriated form that defies description. What
became of it I know not; but whenever I have
happened to come across a good Lachenalia col-
lection, I have searched in vain for this treasure. I
am afraid I have, however, trespassed too much
already upon yonr space to go deeper into the
subject as my inclination would lead ; but to all
amateurs who delight in uncommon greenhouse bul-
bous flowers, I would strongly advise them to expend
an item in some of the " Cape bulbous flowers," such
as Hoemanthus, Moraeas, Rocheas, Cypella, and
Watsonias, not forgetting just a few bulbs of that
charming Cape Gladiolus, the variety known as
tristis (so befitting its name), taking care to secure
the true variety. Pioneer.

INSECTIVOROU8 PLANTS. — As these plants are
occupying a conspicuous place in your paper just
now, may I draw yonr readers' attention to the fact
that the Paulownia imperialis may be classed
among them. Last spring I had the opportunity
of watching them under glass, and noticed they fed
on small Diptera, chiefly consuming the contents of
the thorax. I think all plants having glandular
trichomes [pairs] would be worth observing in this
respect. B. Pifiard.

DWARF TROP/EOLUM MRS. CLIBRAN. — This
variety of Tropseolum is an excellent bedder, never
exceeding 6 inches, and a profuse bloomer. The
flowers are of medium size, and of a rich orange-
yellow colour, and the substance so good as to make
it calculated to stand wet weather without injury.
W. D.

HYDRANGEA PANICULATA.— With reference to
the question put by " E. W." in the issue of the
Gardeners' Chronicle of September 5, " Is Hydrangea
paniculata a hardy plant ? " I would like to state my
experience. In the summer of 1890, 1 had a number
of plants of this Hydrangea which flowered well, but
unfortunately got infested with red-spider. In the
month of August the blooms were all cut, and the
plants — which were in pots — turned out-of-doors,
where they stood in an odd corner till the beginning
of winter. They were then turned out of the pots,
and thrown carelessly into a heap, where they lay
till the following spring exposed to all weathers.
Everyone knows what a severe winter that of 1890 91
proved to be. Throughout the most part of which
the earth attached to the roots of these Hydrangeas
was frozen hard. In the spring I cut them hard
back, freeing the roots from the old soil, and re-
potted them, placing the potB on the floor of a cool

house facing east, with the result that they soon
broke, flowering fairly well during June and July ;
and not a single plant died. This rather rough
experiment convinced me that Hydrangea panicu-
lata is one of the hardiest shrubs we now possess.
J. Lowric. [It was killed with us in the open border.
Ed.]

THE WHITE PASSION-FLOWER, CONSTANCE
ELLIOT, AND THE VARIEGATED ENGLISH ELM.— Is
it quite certain that this charming white-flowered
Passion-flower is merely a white variety of the blue
coerulea. If so, it is rather singular that it should
have proved decidedly more tender with me as well
as other correspondents. That the variegated Elm
with such a large percentage of white in its leaves
should prove less vigorous than the green is only
what may be expected. But whether its naturally
slow growth and weaker habit arise from any want
of hardiness, seems rather doubtful. I wish em-
phatically to add my testimony to that of other cor-
respondents, as to its extreme grace and beauty,
especially in hot dry seasons. D. T. F.

BREAKING UP PAN. — I doubt its being of so
much use as is supposed, to break up " pan." No
tree will go through it except the Oak, but when
broken up, unless it is put on the surface, and the
fibre, Fern, or heather root from the surface, broken
up small, and put down below, it makes no differ-
ence, for the pan soon re settles itself, and " forms
again. No Conifers will grow large when there is
yellow pan containing iron, unless they are given
space ; with space they run on the surface and do
very well indeed, except perhaps the two Sequoias.
But common Spruce is poisoned by the iron. Scotch
is not. Ch. v. D.

PROLIFICATION OF CARNATIONS. —The en-
closed Carnations illustrate a form of prolification
that 1 have not previously noticed. Is it rare ?
First of all appeared a good, full, and well-formed
flower. After due time the petals were shed. Then
I observed what seemed to me a fine fat pod of seed.
This I marked and left to mature. Shortly this
apparent pod burst, and now another set of petals
is manifest. This freak is confined to shoots on
one side of the plant only. G. P. [Not uncommon,
but the second flower is usually raised above the
other on a short stalk. Ed.]

POISONOUS LEAVES —On p. 310 of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, a correspondent reports a serious
case of eczema or ervsipelas caused by handling a
plant of Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron). It is a
curious fact that many persons can handle these
plants with impunity, and are hard to persuade about
their effects on others. I have frequently seen the
leaves of Rhus venenata, an equally poisonous species,
exposed for sale in autumn in Covent Garden Mar-
ket, and very brilliant they are. I was recently in-
formed of a case of poisoning caused by using for
ornament the plumes of Rhus Cotinus, though, per-
haps, my informant was mistaken in the species.
Similar effects are still often produced by handling
Primula obconica, though attention has more than
once been called to the danger of it. A lady recently
told me that this plant last year cost her more than
£50 in doctors, of whom she consulted two or three
about her case; but none of them suspected the true
cause until she found it out herself by accident.
C. W. Bod, Edge Hall, Malpas.

THE DOUGLAS FIR. —Is it known that the young
shoots of the Pacific slope variety (fast-growing),
Douglas, when bruised, give the same smell as the
English Sweet Rush. The Colorado, or slow-growing
variety, now favoured by English nurserymen as a
finer tree, has not this scent, but one which is nearly
the same as that of the common Spruce. Ch. v. D.

SAVING AND SOWING CONIFER SEED.— Last
year, in September, I saved a nice lot of seed from
Thuja Lobbii and Cupressus Lawsoniana. It was
carefully rubbed out of the husks, and dried in a
cool shed. About the middle of October, it was
sown, in ordinary cutting boxes, in sandy soil,
lightly covering the seed. The boxes were placed
in a cold frame for a month, when they were after-
wards stood in a vinery, which was kept cool all the
winter. The soil was kept moist, and no more. By
the middle of June, the seedlings were ready for
transplanting, which was done on a border in the
kitchen garden, to which, as it was heavy, some sand
and rotted leaves were added as a dressing, just to
give the plants a start. I put out 500 of the former
at the time named this year, which are now nice

little plants, pushing off into a leader; and, by the
time they have had another season's growth, they
will be useful for either winter decoration of the
flower-beds, or for planting in the shrubbery or else-
where. The Cupressus seedlings, being weaker, I
had put into boxes for the first year's growth ; and
next April they will go into the border along with
the Thuja. Of these we raised a thousand, with
scarcely any trouble. If the soil were better suited
for small seedling Conifers, they would grow much
faster; but the natural soil is heavy and retentive,
which is all against quick root action, and, without
this, it is useless to expect a quick top growth from
seedlings, of even such a quick-growing tree as
Thuja. Lobbii. It is interesting to watch these seed-
lings grow into trees 10 and 20 feet high, with so
small an amount of time and labour expended on
them. E. M.

IPOMOIA LEARH. — This magnificent stove ever-
green twiner can be seen in the finest character in
the large tropical house at Bower Ashton, Bristol,
the seat of Sir Greville Smythe, Bart. Planted out,
it has run up in the roof, and, sending forth its
shoots in several directions, blossoms freely, the
large blue flowers, with bars of rosy pink radiating
from the centre to the circumference, being very
conspicuous. Here one sees Mr. Lear's beautiful
Ipomcea perfectly at home, and its peculiarly striking
hue of blue, together with the massiveness of the
blossoms, must be seen to be appreciated. The
flowers are short-lived, and the colour qnickly
changes to a pale rose tint ; but then they are
rapidly produced, and the mass of rich bright blue
overpowers any obtrusion of the fading rose colour.
This species will also do well, it is said, in a cool
greenhouse ; but it would be requisite to have the
roots kept warm. It is recorded that when Mr.
Knight had the Chelsea Nurseries, I. Learii was a
great feature there, and a specimen had more than
five hundred expanded flowers at one time. Is this
superb floral beauty in danger of becoming a
neglected plant ? R. D.

THE TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS IN BED8 —
When walking through the flower garden at Bower
Ashton, Bristol, on the morning of August 26, after
a very wild and stormy night, when the wind raged
furiously, and heavy raiu fell in torrents, and the
colours appeared to be clean washed out of Pelargo-
niums, Calceolarias, Verbenas, Phlox Drummondii,
and other leading bedding plants ; the beds of
Begonias were fresh, bright, and most effective under
the morning sun, which, unhappily, though abso-
lutely necessary, only continued to shine for a brief
period. A few of the larger blossoms were a little
damaged through beating against each other, but
the most erect were clean and unharmed, as if they
had passed through a still and not a stormy night. The
plants were seedlings, but it is Mr. Bethell's in-
tention to select the best bedding types, plants of
compact sturdy habit, with medium-sized flowers
freely produced upon stout erect foot stalks, the
flowers looking upwards to the sky above them, and
not hanging their heads and hiding their faces as if
ashamed of the sorry floral service they render.
Large-flowered varieties of loose habit, with drooping
flowers, are of little value in beds. A mixture
of crimson, scarlet, rose, pink, orange, salmon, buff,
blush, and white shades mingle well together, when
the habit is similar, and mixed beds are decidedly
more effective than those of one colour, or shades of
the same colour. R. D.

PEA " THE STANLEY."— Having been induced by
the description to try this new Pea, recently intro-
duced from America, I procured a packet, planted
same alongside a number of other dwarf wrinkled
and well-known sorts, about the third week in
March, and obtained a result which far exceeded my
expectation. The crop was ready for pulling four
days after William Hurst, and produced an abundant
crop of large pods well filled with Peas of first-class
quality. To view the robust and bushy habit of this
Pea in full pod was really a grand sight, and in my
humble opinion this is destined to become a popular
kind amongst dwarf Peas ; one very remarkable
feature in this variety was the uniformity in the size
of pods, there being no small or undersized pods in
my crop. This Pea, unlike many of the so-called
new kinds, with elaborate descriptions, certainly
fulfils in every particular the character given by the
raiser. T. N.

DANIEL'S CONTINUITY CABBAGE LETTUCE

(p. 285). — It may be interesting to your readers to
know it does equally well on light as on heavy soil.

Octobeb 3, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

405

I had it here this year for a trial, and am very well
pleased with it. I sowed it on April 7 with several
other kinds of Cabbage Lettuce. It was planted out
the first week in May. I commenced cutting from
it on May 20, and it lasted good until the second
week in September. All the other Lettuce bolted
in July. It is the best Lettuce I have ever growD,
both for its good flavour and long keeping. H. Turner,
Fineshade Abbey Garden's, Stamford.

DIANTHU3 NAPOLEON III.— Of all the Dianthus
this is, perhaps, one of the most floriferous and
showy, its free-blooming habit often causing the
death of the plant. The plant seems to be all stems,
for it makes but little growth below till late in the
season, and is therefore rather slow to increase.
The flowers are borne in close heads on stems about
9 inches high, and are of a rich crimson shade. For
border and pot culture this Dianthus is very valuable,
and no garden should be without it. J. S.

POTTS' SEEDLING AND LORD GROSVENOR
APPLES— I have truited both of these varieties this
year for the first time, and find them excellent as
early fruits. Lord Grosvenor has not made many
Bhoots, but plenty of fruit spurs ; and on some of the
trees there were as many as fourteen very fine
Apples, one of which when measured was 4 inches
wide and 3.} inches high— not a bad fruit for the
first year '8 bearing. E. Molyneux.

TOMATOS IN THE OPEN GROU 1D.—I am well
aware that this is no uncommon sight around
London and in the warmer parts of the country, but
I question if any have been grown in this way so
far north of London, and as good as some I saw at
Burghley last week. Mr. Gilbert planted them on a
south border between rows of Peas early in June,
about 2 feet apart in the rows, and trained them on
single stems to 4 feet perpendicular stakes ; this was
done as an experiment, and it has proved a great
success, a large quantity of fruit having ripened on
them, and more will follow, if we get no frost. Most
of them are full grown, and if bad weather should
come, and they do not ripen outside, they will soon
colour when put on the vinery shelves, and fetch
quite as much money in the market, although they
may not be so good in flavour as those ripened on
the plants. The varieties planted were Laxton's
Open Air, Vick's Criterion, and Wynn's Conqueror.
This latter variety appears to be identical with the
Old Red— it had fruited the best of all ; one row left
in full fruit bore a heavy crop. A warm soil and
position, assisted by the shelter afforded by some
rows of Peas, have done much for these Tomatos,
but sowing early, and growing the plants to a large
size before planting them out, has also contributed
largely to Mr. Gilbert's success. W. H. D.

LORD QROSVENOR APPLE.— In answer to an
enquiry which appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle
recently concerning the above variety, I am glad to
inform your correspondent that the Lord Grosvenor
Apple does well in this garden. I had a strong tree
of Blenheim Orange Pippin which never bore fruit
since it was planted, the tree being ten years old, so
I grafted it with scions of Lord Grosvenor and New-
ton Wonder, one being an early and the other a late
fruit. It has this year a splendid lot of fruit of both
varieties. All my trees of Lord Grosvenor are bear-
ing well, and free from canker. I think all who saw
my fruit at the Derby show lately, said they were
the finest that thev had seen this year. My experi-
ence is that Lord Grosvenor will flourish where Lord
Suffield will not. Four of the heaviest cropping
Apples with me this year, are Lord Grosvenor,
Domino, Newton Wonder, and Anna Elizabeth.
W . Taylor, King's Newton, Derby.

A NEW BEDDING TROP^EOLUM. M^S CLIBRAN.
— I have seen examples of this, which have been
raised and will be sent out by Messrs. W. Clibran
& Son, Manchester, next season. It is of a bright
golden yellow colour, a profuse flowerer, and the
habit of the plant compart and good, its height
averaging from 4 to 6 inches. B.

THE VICE-REGAL LODGE GARDENS, DUBLIN.—
These extensive and well-managed gardens are at
all times worthy of a visit from horticulturists on
pleasure bent, as well as those in search of horticul-
tural information. They are, as they-have been
for the last thirty-six years, under the able manage-
ment of Mr. G. Smith (an old Sconeite), who is a
very courteous and hospitable gentleman. My
recent visit (, August 24) was a brief and hurried
one, so no note-book was introduced, and I now
•imply jot down a few mental notes, so that I may

place on record the heavy crops of Grapes and
Peaches which were observed in the main range of
fruit-houses, which is 600 or 700 feet in length.
The varieties of Grapes were Mrs. Pince, Lady
Djwnes', Muscat of Alexandria, Gros Colmar, and
Black Alicante, the last-named variety being excep-
tionally good on young Vines in one or two com-
partments devoted to the culture of this favourite
Grape. Some young trees of the Princess of Wales
Peach were carrying heavy crops of extra-large
fruits ; the crops had been taken from the Vines and
trees in several houses, the season beginning in May.
The trees and Vines were in fine condition, notwith-
standing the heavy crops. Several houses, including
a large ridge-and-furrow house, with its several
beds, were devoted to the growth of Melons, whose
crops were veiy promising. One large span-house
was filled with Palms, large plants being set along
the middle, with Bmaller ones on either side, as well
as on the side stages— capital decorative subjects,
and for which there is great demand at the Vice-
regal Lodge during the season. Other houses were
well stocked with Orchids and many choice plants.
In the kitchen garden, in which the principal ranges
of glass are situate, large breadths of vegetables of
various kinds bore evidence of good and careful
culture. The same may be said of the standard
and wall fruit trees, which were bearing excellent
crops of fruit. The grounds surrounding the Lord-
Lieutenant's charming residence are extensive as
well as beautiful, and the kind of keeping of these,
and the gardens in general, testifies that they are
presided over by an able and energetic practitioner.
Tourist.

HYACINTHUS CANDICANS.— More than a thou-
sand plants are grown here, and I have left them in
the ground during the last two winters, protected
from frost by a top-dressing of short litter, our losses
being this spring not more than 6 per cent. I have
tried the plan of storing the newly-imported bulbs
in sand during winter, and planting them in March,
with very fair results, planting also in the autumn
when the bulbs are received. Of the two I prefer
the latter season. Not having had any unprotected
last winter, I am unable to give Mr. Earley any
information on the point desired, i e., that of hardi-
ness ; but in previous years, when unprotected, the
results have not been favourable. For the centre of
large beds and in borders, intermixed or surrounded
with plants of Salvia patens, the effect is pleasing
to the eye. F. Clarke, Lowther Castle Gardens.

HYDRANGEA PANICULATA, treated as a shrub,
not as a herbaceous plant, is perfectly hardy now in
Mid-Lothian, and has stood unprotected in the open
ground for the last four years, being at the present
time in jae flower. Hon. Mrs. Hope.

THE BRANCHING ETOILE D'OR MARGUERITE.
— Having planted out a number of the above plants,
we have found them 7ery useful for display and fur-
nishing cut blooms. The large pale yellow single
flowers are greatly admired for table decoration. It
is a strong grower, and is quite different from the
old Etoile d'Or. W. J. Gills, Glenthorne, Harroin
Weald.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Floral Commutes Awards, Tuesday, September 23.

First-class Certificates.
To Eleeegnus pungens var. maculata, from Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons.
To Rhododendron Ceres, from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons.

Awards of Merit.
To Dahlia Nellie Machray. from Mr. T. S. Ware.
To D ihlia Mrs. Walter Besant, from Mr. T. S. Ware.
To Dahlia Mrs. Ocock. from Mr. A. Rawlings.
To Chrysanthemum Viscount Cliquoo, from Mr. R. Owen.
To Dahlia Sultana, from Mr. O. Turner.
To Dahlia Rayon d'Or. from Mr. C. Turner.
To Dahlia Mars, from Mr. C. Turner.
To Dihlia Lorna Dooue, from Mr. C. Turner.
To Dahlia Cecil, from Mr. C. Turner.
To Dahlia Touchstone, from Mr. C. Turner.
To Dahlia Ada Rehao, from Mr. C. Turner.
To Dahlia Sir Roger, from MessrB H. Cannell & Sons.
To Dahlia Ernest Cannell, from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons.
To Dahlia Mrs. Thornton, from viessrs. H. Cannell & Sons.
To Dahlia Draughtsman, from Mr. G. S. P. Harris.
To Dihlia Little Sarah, from Mr. G. Humphries.
To Dahlia Mrs. Humphries, from Mr. G. Humphries.

Bit inicil Certificate.
To Cuphasi Llavea. from Messrs. Pitcher & Manda.

Cultural Commendation.
To Serine flexuosa, from W. Marshall, Esq.

Medals.

Silver-Gilt Flora.
To Mr. G. Phippen, for group of Dahlias and Lilies.

Silver Flora.
To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, for collection of Dahlias.

Si'ver Banksian.
To Mr. T. S. Ware, for colle -tion of Dahlhs.
To Mr. A. Rivvlings, for collection of Dahlias.

Bronze Banksian.
To Mr. J. T. West, for collection of Dahlias.
To Messrs. W. Paul, for collection of Roses.
To Mr. J. Walker, for collection of Asters.

Orchid Committee Awards.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., for group of Orchids.

First-class Certificates.
To Thos, Statter. Esq., for Cattleya intermeiiia alba.
To Baron Schroder, for Cypripedium Antigone.

Fruit Committee.
Silver Medal.
To Mr. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for collection of Apples
and Pears.

FUNGUS FORAY OF THE YORKSHIRE
NATURALISTS' UNION.

On Wednesday and Thursday, September 16 and 17,
those members of the Union interested in fungi met
at Doncaster, to explore the neighbourhood. The
attendance was excellent, testifying to the increased
interest taken in the study of those aberrant mem-
bers of plant-life, fascinating not only on account of
the great variety of form and colour presented, but
more especially on account of the great insight
afforded by many kinds bearing on such problems
as the origin of parasitism, evolution of sex, power
of adaptation to varied conditions, relation between
fungi and numerous diseases of higher types of life,
&c. — problems which now claim part of the time
devoted solely in the past to an honest endeavour to
find out the name previously given to a particular
fuDgus, an investigation that too frequently resulted
only in individual conviction ; nevertheless, the ideal
was always realised— an addition to the county
list. When the questionable ambition of racing
for the first place, as to number of species
between county clubs has had its day, it is to be
hoped that the energy at present so expanded
may be utilised for a higher purpose. Lists to
be of value should contain a paragraph at the
commencement to the effect that the material on

which the list is founded can be examined at .

Species of Agaricus were scarce, many sections being
entirely absent. Lactarius, Hygrophorus, and
Kussula, were best represented, amongst the least
common being Lactarius volemum, L. uvidus,
Kussula aurata, Hygrophorus chrysodon, Paxillus
crassus. Merulius aureus was found in fine condi-
tion, this is probably its first British record. In
future there is to be an annual foray in Yorkshire.

FUNGUS FORAY OF THE STIRLING

NATURAL HISTORY AND

ARCHiEOLOOICAL.

September 26.— It fell to the lot of the writer
to represent, as well as he could, the Crypto-
gamic Society of Scotland at the meeting of the
Stirling Naturalists' Society ; so, accompanied by
Mr. H. G. Ward, we arranged to go. The Glasgow
mycologists kindly arranged for an excursion, on
Friday, September 25, so that Cadder Wilderness
might be taken en route, and thus no time would be
lost. Now, Cadder Wilderness has obtained a con-
siderable celebrity amongst British mycological
stations, as it has, in bygone days, been the accredited
home of not one but all the rare species at that time
known to occur in the British fungus flora. So, in
high spirits, we started, under the guidance of the
leading mycologist in the second city of the empire,
for this Tom Tiddler's ground. No sooner was the
railway carriage entered, than discussions on various
mycological problems began — where this species
grew, where that flourished best, the colour of this
one's spores, and of that one's stem ; but, above all,
what varieties we should find Alas, for human
hopes ! Somebody had blundered about the train,
and instead of treading the majestic glades of Cadder,
we found ourselves, after an hour's travelling,
back again in Glasgow, with no more trains to
Cadder till 6 o'clock in the evening. It was pitiful
to see our dejected countenances, but we bore our
trials like mycologists. This contre coup enabled
the writer to proceed to Stirling at once. On
enquiry, it was found that the Stirling Society was
likely to mnster on the morrow to the extent of
some fifty members, so that our work seemed to be

406

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 3, 1891.

cut out for us. It was also learned that, meteorolo-
gically, Stirling was a particularly favoured spot,
being so sheltered by the hills that extremes of
weather were almost unknown, and that storms
either of rain, snow, or wind practically did not
occur. This was grand news, for the weather
during the previous week had been anything but
good in Scotland. Somehow or other the barometer
at our hotel went altogether wrong in the night ; the
steel hand had receded in a most unsatisfactory
manner. When we consulted it on the morning of
the excursion, we endeavoured to comfort ourselves
with the dictum that " no reliance can be placed on
those old-fashioned wheel-barometers." A start was
made at 10 a.m., after visiting the Manse of St.
Ninian's, and a small wood, Cocksett Plantation,
which overlooked the battle-field of Bannockburn.
It yielded some twenty- five species in about as many
minutes. The fine Fir woods of Polmaise Castle
were next visited, and we explored them to our
heart's content. Here, the rain began to fall, and
the wind increased to a strong gale. In spite of
this, however, many interesting species were encoun-
tered, including Agaricus flammans, eutheles, supi-
neus, ambustus, crebius, dispersus, hygrophorus, hypo-
thecs, Polyporus amorphus, and Thelephora caryo-
phylla. Climbing to the top of the hill, which over-
looked a valley to the west, we witnessed an interest-
ing phenomenon. The western face of this hill was
steep and precipitous. The wind was blowing from
the west so heavily that we could with difficulty hold
our feet against it, but at the edge of the precipice
we were in a narrow zone of calm air. The explana-
tion is simple, the wind blowing directly on to the
face of the cliff was deflected upwards, if one may say
so, the gusts passed over our heads when we stood on
the extreme edge of the cliff. At the appointed
time we repaired amidst the storm of wind and
drenching showers to the appointed rendezvous, and
await the arrival of the Stirling naturalists. In due
time a solitary figure was made out, fighting its way
against the storm ; this proved to be the Rev. J.
Robertson, the minister of St. Ninian's — the other
forty-nine naturalists having thought it wiser to
stay at home. We hunted the grand Fir woods
in company, until we all became sufficiently moist,
and then repaired to Stirling. A pleasant evening
was spent in examining our finds ; but when we
turned our steps southwards, we could but remark,
with regard to Glasgow and Stirling, "Ah, they
manage these things better in Paisley ! " C. D. P.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Enquiry.

— « —

11 He that questioneth much shall learn much." — Bacon.

Swietenia Mahogani.— Can any of your readers
say if Swietenia Mahogani is grown in this country ?
[at Kew]. I understand it is a very handsome tree,
and would be well worth its room in our greenhouses.
H. H. G.

ARKETS.

CO VENT GARDEN, October 1.

Business brisk, with heavy supplies of Kent Cobs
selling freely at higher rates. James Webber, Whole-
sale Apple Market.

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb 0 3 q 4

Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4- 0 6
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Endive, per dozen ...2 0-3 0
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 4- ...

Fruit.

s. d. s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 10-16
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4-06
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-09
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

s.d. s.d.
Apples, £-sieve ... 10-30
Damsons, £-eieve ... 1 6 ...

Grapes 0 6-19

Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 40 0 ...
Lemons, per case ...20 0-35 0

Average Wholesale Prices.

8. d. s.d.

Melons 0 6-10

Peaches, per dozen... 10-40
Pine-apples. St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0- 8 0
Plums, J-sieve ... 10-26

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunches 9 0-12 0

— English, per

dozen bunches ... 2 0-60
Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 0 9-16
Chrysanthemum;*, 12

blooms ... 1 0- 3 0

— 12 bunches ... 4 0- 9 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 0 6-10

Cornflower, 12 buns. 16-20
Dahlias, 12 bun. ... 2 0-30
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Gladiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lavender, doz. bunch 4 0-50
Lilium var, 12 bun. 6 0-12 0

,, Harrisii, doz. 3 0-50
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Orchld-eloo

Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches

Mignonette, doz. bun.
Orchids : —

Cattleya, 12 blms.

Odontogl ossu m
crispum, 12 blms.
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun.

— 12 spays

Pyrethrum, 12 buns.
Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-
chals),per doz.

— red, per dozen ...

— various, doz. bun
Sweet Peas, 12 buns.
Tuberoses, 12 blms.

M in variety.

s.d.
4 0-

2 0-

1 6-

s.d.

4 0
3 0

6 0-12 0
3 0-60

3 0-

0 6-
2 0-

1 0-

2 0-

1 0-

2 0-
1 6-

0 3-

4 0

0 9

3 0

4 0

6 0

2 0
6 0

3 0
0 6

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantums, per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18
Asters, per dozen ... 3
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Caladiums, per doz. 12
Campanulas, per doz. 8
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen 6

Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracaenas, each ... 1

s.d. s.

0-12
0-12
0-63
0- 6
0- 6
0-24
0-12

0- 9
0- 6
0-1O
0 5

s.d. s.d.
Ferns, small, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficu«, each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 3 0-50
Geraniums, per doz. 3 0-60
Heliotropes, per doz. 3 0-50
Lilium Harriisi, doz. 9 0-12 0

— lancifolium, doz. 10-15 0
Marguerites, per doz. 5 0-10 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6*84 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0- 12 0

POTATOS.

With better weather, arrivals have come to hand in a much
finer condition, and many parcels, in consequence, have been
disposed of at an advance on last week's quotations, the
market being very firm for best samples. /. B. Thomas.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright
Sun.

O *> b

v a
3*

Accumulated.

a
a

?■§

"T o

°«
±1

.9
'£

3 .

3 a

■**

a
'E

3
5

i 1 is

l'.
D

O .

CM %

s
A

Above 42°, difference

from Mean since

Jan. 4, 1891.

Below 42°, difference

from Mean since

Jan. 4, 1891.

1 £

■st

4> O

be"-
£ c
a. 2
a. -w
o

3 rH_
° d
o^

a a

£ O

SB
®

0 aver

Day-

deg.

Day-

deg.

Day- | Day-
deg. deg.
+ 186 + 79

lOths
Inch.
5 +

175

Ins.
35.7

1 —

— 38 + 1M>

20 +

128

20.8

0 aver

— 68^+ 95

2 +

126

16.6

2 +

— 109'+ 128

2 —

132

17.4

0 aver

— 102:+ 114

1 —

129

18.8

1 +

— 12n'+ 149

3 —

125

19.4

0 aver

+ 97+ 45

8 +

138

27.6

0 aver

+ 38+ 35

3 +

125

23.2

0 aver

— 92^ 118

2 —

132

26.3

0 aver

+ 61+2*

1 —

155

22.3

0 aver

+ 15+ 31

1 +

139

24.3

1 —

102

— 24+ 40

132

21.3

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2. Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
principal Grazing, Sfo., Districts — 7. Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W.; 9, England, S.W. ; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

N.;

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending September 26, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office: —

" The weather has been changeable and unsettled
in all parts of the Kingdom. Extremely heavy rain
was experienced over the east of Scotland during
the earlier days of the week, and some heavy falls
occurred from time to time in the western and north-

western districts. In most parts of England, how-
ever, the falls, although equally frequent, were less
heavy.

" The temperature has been slightly below the
mean in ' Scotland, E. and the Channel Islands,'
just equal to the mean in nearly all other districts,
and a little above it in ' England E. and S.' The
highest of the maxima were recorded on rather
irregular dates, and ranged between 62° and 61° in
' Scotland,' from 65° to 67° in ' Ireland,' and from
65° to 69° over ' England.' The lowest of the
minima were registered on the 23rd in the north,
and on varying dates elsewhere, they were as low as
30° in ' Scotland, N.,' and 31° in ' Scotland, E. and
W.' Elsewhere they varied from 36° in ' England,
N.W.,' to 43° in ' England, N.E.'

" The rainfall has been rather less than the
mean in ' England, E.,' the ' Midland Counties,' and
' England, S. and S.W.,' as well as in ' Ireland, N.'
and the ' Channel Islands.' In all other districts
there has been an excess. In ' Scotland, E.' the fall
has amounted to about three times the average.

" The bright sunshine has exceeded the mean in
' Ireland,' but has been deficient over ' Great
Britain.' The percentage of the possible amount
of duration ranged from 49 in ' Ireland, S.,' 42 in
' Ireland, N.,' and 39 in the ' Channel Islands,' to
between 23 and 25 over the greater part of ' Eng-
land,' and the ' west of Scotland,' and to between
19 and 20 over ' Scotland, E. and N.' "

Notices to Correspondents.

Apple Scale : T. S. W. Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis
pomorum).

Books : E. L. Cassell's Popular Gardening contains
all you want. It is in four volumes, the price
moderate. — S, D. You really require a library of
woiks on gardening to enable you to grow all
those fruits that you named in your letter ; but we
will merely name two — The Forcing Garden, by
Samuel Wood (Crosby Lockwood & Co., Stationers'
Hall Court, London) ; and Handy Book of Fruit
Culture Under Glass, by David Thomson (see pre-
vious reply).

Cracking of Pears : G. W. Your Pears crack be-
cause they are affected with a fungus called
Fusicladium, which feeds on the rind of the Pear
and the tissues beneath it, and kills them whilst
the central portions go on growing. The outer
portions being no longer elastic, crack. You can
do nothing now but carefully destroy all the fruit.
Your Plums have probably cracked from the
excessive wet to which they have been subjected.

Dahlias : A. V. T. Curious, but not worth pre-
serving, as there are so many better. Ask some
trade grower for the name of the variety. We do
not know it.

Eel Worms in Cocomber Roots: P. F. A. Cer-
tainly ; burn both plants and soil, so that next
years crop may stand less risk.

Fungus on Tussilago Farfara : J. B, W. The fungus
is Coleosporium sonchi. The uredo and teleutos-
pores both occur on same plant. The parasite
on Populus alba is Melampsora jecidioides ; the
aicidium stage of this being found on Mercurialis
perennis, and is called Caioma mercurialis.

Grapes : G, H. Some of the berries sent are affected
by the dreaded " spot," for which no cure is known.
Collect and burn all the berries which show any
signs of the malady. The bunch of Muscats sent
show that there has been an excess of moisture in
the vinery, either from pot plants being placed there,
or the border which has been watered unadvisedly.
The berries drop at the least touch, or even with-
out being disturbed. Many a crop of Muscats is
spoiled when ripe from this cause.

Names of Fruit : D. Donald. Not Vanguard Peach,
which is a Noblesse in appearance, and more hardy
and robust, but yellow Alberge. — Homestead,.
Plums: 1, Czar; 2 and 3, Victoria; 4, .fershore ;
5, common Damson ; 6, 7, 8, not recognised. —
M. E. V. Not recognised. Please send proper
specimens.— J". Taylor. 1, Williams' Bon Chretien;
2 and 4, not recognised ; 3, Louise Bonne ; 5,
Marie Louise. Apple not recognised. — 3. B.,
Exeter. 1, Marie Louise; 2, Emil d'Heyst; 3,
Louise Bonne.— W. J. S. Pears : 1, Beurre' Super-
fin ; 2, Secku ; 3, Louise Bonne. Apples : 5,
Koyal Russet ; 6, Round Winter Nonsuch ; 4,
too small to recognise, — R. Ward. 1, Emperor

Octobeb 3, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

407

Alexander ; 2, Duchess of Oldenburgh ; 3 and 4,
not recognised ; 5, Cox's Pomona ; 6, Fearn's
Pippin. — T. K. <J- Co. Apple: Orange Pippin.
Pear: rotten.— H. T. 1, Williams' Bon Chretien;
2, Beurre! de Capiaumont ; 3, Souvenir du Congrea ;
4, Tower of Glamis ; 5 and 6, miserable speci-
mens— cannot be recognised. — Ted. Pear:
Williams' Bon Chretien. Apple: Stirling Castle. —
C. G. Pears : 6, Vicar of Winkfield ; 5, not re-
cognised. Apples : 1, Duchess of Oldenburgh ;
2 and 3, poor samples ! not recognised ; 4, Old
Nonpareil. — J. H, Plums : Yellow is Magnum
Bonum, red is Pond's Seedling. Apples : 1, Brad-
dick's Nonpareil ; 2, Tibbett's Incomparable ; 3,
Colon d'Or. — G.J. Apples: l.Ribston Pippin; 2,
Margil ; 3, New Hawthornden. Pears : 4, Gansel's
Bergamot ; 5, Beurre Bachelier ; 6, Rosemary
Russet.— W. H. Tillet. Pear: Beurre d'Amanlis.
Apple : Kerry Pippin. — Pomona. Apples : 1,
identical with Ecklinville ; 2, Lord Derby ; 3, not
recognised ; 4, Scarlet Nonpareil.

Names of Plants: G.M.A. Campanula rotundi-
folia var. alba. — J. B. 4" S. 1, Salvia Horminum ;
2, Mentha rotundifolia. D. Dcwar. — W. S. S. 1,
Spiraea sp. ; 2, Spinea sp. (impossible to name
without flowers.) — J. S. Anchusa italica; Cu-
pressus sempervirens. Many thanks for the
Passionflower. — J. W. B. 1, Lycium barbarum ; 2,
Saxifraga crassifolia ; 3, a seedling form of Biota
orientalis ; 4, Daphne Mezereum ; 5, Berberis
Bealei or Fortunei ; 6, Phalaris arundinacea varie-
gata ; 7, Thuiopsis borealis ; 8, Cupressus Goveni-
ana. — G.L. Bignonia radicans. — An Old Sub-
scriber. Chrysocoma Linosyris. — L. $• B. Medi-
cago lupulina. — Pomona. 5, Physalis Alkekengi ;
Winter Cherry, a hardy European member of the
order Solanaca1. It is not poisonous, and the
fruits are eaten at dessert in Spain and other
south European countries. — P. A. Falkirk. 1, Cas-
tanea vulgaris (the Sweet Chestnut) ; 2, Pyrus
Aria (the White Bean). — G. H. Lastrea aristata
variegata, Croton longifolius var. — H. E. 1, Stan-
hopea Wardii; 2 and 3, varieties of Stanhopea
oculata. — H. E. One of the varieties of Gladiolus
Colvillei.

Phloxes, Pentstemons, &c. : J. Forbes. Doubtless
excellent of their kind ; but, the flowers had
fallen in almost every case. The crimson bedder
Antirrhinum appeared to be a good plant.

Shanking op Grapes : J. B. See Gardeners' Chronicle,
July, 1891, p. 23.

The Growing op Fruit under Glass : S. D. Take
service for several years with two or three growers
for market. You should advertise in these
columns, stating your wants.

Fig. 50.— Slugworm affeotixg the Fear Tree.

The Pear Slug : X, Spraying is of little use, as it
would have to be applied when the fruit is on the
tree. After feeding on the leaves, the caterpillar
descends to the soil, there to form a cocoon, from
which the perfect insect is produced in fifteen
days. The application of quick-lime to the sur-
face is therefore recommended.

Communications Received. — Albert F. Upstone. — G. W.
Cummins.— B. M — F. W. B — G. N.— E. H. K.--A. W. C—
C. B. P.— Dr. Kriinzlin, Berlin.— J. P.— C. Joly, Paris (with
thanks).— C. W. D.— R. F.— Old Subscriber (next week).
A. V. T.— G. W.— W. F.— H. R— A. Y. E.— G. A. is thanked
for his criticism.— C. deB., Antwerp.— .1. B. B.— E. Beckett.
-J. Weathers.— W. H. R.— A. D. Webster.— B. M.— J. S.
Glamis.— A. Donaldson.— Expert. — J. G. Baker.— R. D.—
E. M.— J.D.— F. C. L.— B. R. Lowe.— M. Temple.— W. B. H.
— R. A. R.— W. A. C— H. W. W.— G. W.— T-. 0.- J. B. W.
—A. D.-D. T. F— Miss F.— Ernst Benary.— D. & W. Croll.
—J. McD— F. A— W. W.— J. A. F.

Books Received. — HcmdbiKh far Laubkolz-kunde. Dr. L.
Dippel, Berlin, Paul Paiey.

Photographs Received (with manv thanks).— J. O'B.—
T. P., Beckenham.

STANDEN'S

Established
30 Years.

MANURE.

Exceeds all others in general fertilising
properties and staying powers.

It promotes a rapid, healthy, and robust growth
to plants generally.

It is a olean and dry Powder, with very little
smell.

It is consequently particularly adaptable for
Ladies interested in Plant Culture.

Sold in Tins, 6d., Is., 2s. 6d., 5s. 6d.,
and 10s. 6d. each.

And in Kegs (free), at Reduced Prices : —
28 lb., 10s. 6d. ; 56 lb., 18s. ; 112 lb.,
32s. each.

LETHORION (VAPOUR GONE),

(PATENT).

The total destruction of
Insect Pests in Greenhouses
is thoroughly secured with-
out the slightest possible
injury to Flowers or Plants
of the tenderest kind. It
cannot fail where the
houses are secure.

PRICES — For Frames,
Sec, of 50 cubic feet, 6d, ;
100 feet, 9d, ; 500 feet, Is. ;
1000 feet, Is. 6d. ; 40O0feet,
5s. each.

Owing to the enormous
demand, intending users
should give their Seedsmen
h'arly Orders to secure a
supply.

By permission of the Hon. Board of Customs
DXTTY FREE.

TOBACCO PREPARATIONS

FOR

HORTICULTURAL USE.

THE "LONDON" TOBACCO JUICE.

(Free of Duty.)

Manufactured from strong American Leaf Tobacco, and
Sold in bottles :— Pints, Is.; quarts,
6d. ; gall., 4s. Or, in casks of 10 galls.

highly concentrated
Is. 9d. ; half gall., 2s
and upwards, at 2s. 6d. per gallon

EXTRA STRONG TOBACCO JUICE.

Specially manufactured for Evaporating in Greenhouses.
Pints, Is. ed. ; quarts, 2s. 9d. ; half-gall., 6s. ; gall., lis. And
in kegs of 5 galls., 10s. id. per gall. ; 10 galls., 10s. per gallon.

THE "LONDON" TOBACCO POWDER.

This preparation consists of best Virginian Tobacco, finely
ground and mixed with other ingredients of an essential
character. Price, in tins, Is., 2s. Qd., and 4s. Or, in bulk, £3
per cwt.

NICOTINE SOAP.

An effectual and speedy Eradicator of Scale. Tbrip, Green
Fly. Mealy Bug, Red Spider. American Blight, and all Parasites
affecting plants, without injury to foliage. In jars, Is. 6rf. and
3s. each, and in tins, 5s. Sd., 15s. id., and 25s. each.

OORRY, SOPER, FOWLER & CO.

(LIMITED),

16, PINSBURY STREET, E.C. ;
And SHAD THAMES, S.E., LONDON.

GREAT REDUCTION ih FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

„ 4 feet

6 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

(2 0

2 5

4 0

2 15

4 15

^5 12

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s. d.
6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent, Mr. H.Skelton, Seedsman, &c. 2. HollowayRd.,N.

w. h. LASCELLES & co.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

121, BUNHILL ROW,

LONDON, E.G.

CONSERVATORIES,

GREENHOUSES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

VINERIES,
PEACH HOUSES, &c.

Plans and Estimates Free.

HORTICULTURAL

A Large Stock AT ACQ
always on Hand. I T I 1 f\ jj il ,

Special quotations for quantities,

WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS

At lowest possible prices.

NICH0LLS& CLARKE,

6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH,

LONDON, E.

408

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 3, 1891.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Price Is. 6d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, 1*. 8d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
n A TrmrA it Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 t/iV. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitatious.

HILL & SMITH,

Brierley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.G.

47. Dawson Street. Dublin.

"OUROUNE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY US'D IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roofing Co., Ld." May and June 1S91.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoiia Street LONDON. E.C.

CONWAY 0. WARNS,
Boyml FotteriM, Weston-super-Maro

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WOBK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &o.
1 Owt.. and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

L.qmd Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, he.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

18, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER S W •
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN—Discoun* for Ccuh.

RICHARDSON'S

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Many
Prize Medals.

Conservatories, Greenhouses.

Vineries, Peach Houses.

Stove and Orchid

/> 2\ Houses, he. Also

.. -!. ■*! »N- Boilers. Pipes,

WARMING and V* V o\ and

VENTILATION of ^SJ%5t Q\ F'"'">g".
Churches and Public Buildings *0**3* £f

(as well as Greenhouses). ^*NJ CV. -^

\ '

W. RICHARDSON & CO.,

DARLINGTON.

HEATING APPARATUS ^

BUY 0/AECT FROM,

STOURBRIDGE,

°ei»

,/V/5P4RKIRONV)0*5

Free

THE

IMPROVED

ISION JOINT
OT WATER PIPES

-m

^telegrams:-
'"ALPHA'
'BRETTELL-LANE

>vater ->° ■*

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS, COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. &c. before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKWORTH AND SONS, ReadiDg.

BOULTON & PAUL,

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

NORWICH.

| PORTABLE PLANT
PRESERVER.

s Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

... £2 5
... 3 15

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4

12 ft. by 6 ft.
16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

No. 77 —Smaller size Frames,
similar to No. 75.

( 6 ft. by 4 ft. 1
-> 9 ft. by 4 ft.
( 12 ft. by 4 ft.

12 ft. by 6 ft. ... £4 3 0

16 ft. by 6 ft. ... 5 6 0

6 ft. by 4 ft. £1 15 0

2 7 6

3 0 0
GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 14s. each.
UNGLAZED LIGHTS 5s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

No. 64.

PATENT PLANT

PRESERVER.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

£'i 0 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft £6 0 0

£9 0 0 | 24 ft. by 6 ft £11 0 0

No. 72.

THREE-QUARTER

SPAN-ROOF

FORCING FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

10 ft. by 6 ft

20 ft. by 6 ft. ...

No. 76.

FORCING PIT

WITH SLIDING

LIGHTS.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

12 ft. by 6 ft £111 0 I 12 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. ... £4 4 0

20 ft. by 6 ft £5 13 0 | 20 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. ... £6 12 0

All Frames made of Selected Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

CATALOQUES of all our Manufactures, including HOR-
TICULTURAL BUILDINGS, FRAMES. BOILERS, IRON
BUILDINGS. STABLING. KENNELS, POULTRY, and GAR-
DEN APPLIANCES. Free.

Beware of unscrupulous Imitators.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.
GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3J feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE ef
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BON.E
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS.
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AMD Co..

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Sonthwark Street, London, 8.K.

A R D E N REQUISITE S.—

Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustio Work, Manures, he. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AND SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.0.

October 3, 1891.]

THE GA R DENER S* CIIR ONI CLE.

409

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address :—
6, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. E.C.

R I

N E MAN

For Sale at Bisley.

Offers

are invited to be sent to

THES

National Rille Association,

12.

Pall Mai

East.

THE

► "£-»}/>„

((

PERFECT"

WEED KILLER.

Unrivalled for Destroying Weeds on Garden

Walks, Carriage Drives, &c.

Sole Manufacturers:

The Horticultural and Agiicultural Chemical Co.

Works: 97, MILTON STREET, GLASGOW.

SOLD BY SEEDSMEN, Sfc.

Bona
Fide

BENTLEY'S

Bona

Fide

WEED DESTROYER.

Mr. J. Hudson, Gunnersbury House Garden", writes : — "I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

In the following sizes, carriage paid: —

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 193. Od.

6 ,, „ 10a. Od. | 18 „ „ 27s. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 60s.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMKIGHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application." Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

w x^ "l 1\fl A Good Cut of

I_*V//\.lYlj YELLOW, FIBROUS.

On rail in Bucks, also in Surrey and Middlesex.

Cheap Railway Rates arranged to any
Railway Station.

CU DIPUADnO 1, Belvedere Crescent,
. n. nlunAnUO, Lambeth, London, S.E.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
405. : 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5«. id. per saok ; 5 sacks,
25*. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PKAT, Si. per sack, 6 saoks, 22». ; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9<f. per bushel; 16l. per half
ton ; 265. per ton. in 2-bushel bags, id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. Sd. per sack.

MANURES. GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST —
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Go'dsmith's Street, Drurj
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Xardj, W.O.

ORCHID PEAT.

VERY FINEST QUALITY.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT, all fibre, ready for use, 10s. per

sack ; 5 for 47s. <6d.
SELECTED ORCHID PEAT, in Blocks, very fibrous, 8s.

per sack ; 5 for 37s. 6rf.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR ORCHIDS, second quality,

5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. &d.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT FOR AZALEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, &c, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s.
GOOD FIBROUS PEAT, for FERNS, &c, 3s. per sack;

5 for 12s. U.
PEAT MOULD. LEAF MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each

2s. id. per sack ; 5 for 10s.
PREPARED COMPOST, for Potting all kinds of Plants, 4s.

per sack ; 5 for 18s.
All Sacks included. Send Postal Order for SAMPLE SACK.
SpecialTermstotheTrade. GARDEN STICKS of all descriptions
For PRICE List, and Special Quotations for larger quantities,

apply to— The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

EPPS'S-**PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allother Garden Requisites Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD. HANTS.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO.. Farnborougb, Hants.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider. Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. id.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, $d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 45. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

21-02. and 15-02. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet r^uper.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY" Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FAEMILOE & SONS,

Leap, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smlthfield, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,
MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for'our
pamphlet, '* Water Supply to Mansions."

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT- WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

■with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. F. Simmonds, formerly at Long Ditton
Hill, as Head Gardener to Sir Lydston New-
man, Bart., Mamhead Park, near Exeter.

Mr. C. .1. Morphett, of Clayton Croft Garden,
Dartford Heath, Kent, has been appointed Head
Gardener at Hulse Wood, Dartford Heath,
recently purchased by C. J. Morgan, Esq., from
T. Dunster, Esq.

Mr. W, J. Coppin, for some years second man
at High Cross, Framfield, Sussex, as Head
Gardener to C. E. Lambert, Esq., Effingham
House, Leatherhead.

Mr. L. Williams, as Gardener to R. O.
Leycester, Esq., Toft Hall, Knutsford.

Mr. C. Parrott, who was formerly second
man in Mr. Lambard's garden, Beechmont,
Sevenoaks, has taken the Head Gardener's place.

Mr. G. Brewer, formerly Gardener to the
late Hon. C. S. Twisleton, The Woodlands,
Kenilworth, as Gardener to E. H. Nicholls, Esq.,
Aldercar Hall, Nottingham.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

GENUINE

GARDEN REQUISITES

As sent to all Parts of the United Kingdom.
FRESH COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack

Is. 3d. ; 10 for 12s. ; 15 for 17s. ; 20 for 20s. ; 30 for 28s. ,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. id.
BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 4s. id. per sack ; 5 for 20s.
COARSE SILVER SAND, 3s. for 2 bu-hels; 14s. half ton;

25s. ton.
LEAF MOULD, YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, and PEAT

MOULD, each 3s. per sack.
NEW ARCHANGEL MATS, 18s. per dozen.
PETERSBURG MATS, 10s., lis., and 12s. per dozen.
RAFFIA. 9J. per lb. ; 14 lb.. 9s.

FINEST TOBACCO CLOTH, Is. per lb. ; S8 lb. for 26s.
SPECIALITY TOBACCO PAPER, the best in the market

lOrf. per lb. ; 28 lb. for 21s.
CRUSHED BONES, lis. per cwt.
PURE BONE DUST. lis. id. per cwt.
GUANO, PERUVIAN, Genuine. 20s. per cwt.
BLOOD and BONE MANURE, lis. per cwt.
SPHAGNUM MOSS. 2s. id. per bushel ; 7s. id. per sack.
ORCHID PEAT. 8s. per sack.

HORTICULTURAL CHARCOAL, 2s. id. per bush. ; 8s. p sack.
STAKES, LABELS, BAMBOO CANES, and SUNDRIES.
Price List Free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

2, Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southward Street,

LONDON, S.E.

SCOTT'S WASP DESTROYER.— Has stood
a test of many years as the only effectual protection for
Fruit Trees, &c, from Wasps and Flies. Price 1.?. 6<i. and
2s. 6d, per bottle.
CORRY and CO.. Limd., 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.C.

Now Ready.— Volume HI.
« VITARNER'S fcELECT ORCHIDACEOUS

VV PLANTS," published by Robert Warner, F L.S.,
F.R.H.S., consisting of thirty-nine beautifully-coloured p'ates,
painted by hand, and true to nature; with the most reliable
descriptions and notes on culture, forming a handsome volume
suitable for the drawing-room. This work is by permission
specially dedicated to Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen
Victoria, and received First Prizes at several International
Botanical Congresses, and a Medal at the Calcutta Exhibition.
The First and t'econd Series, and back Part-, may also be had.
Putdi^hed by the Author, ROBERT WARNER, Widford
Lodge, near Chelmsford.

Bflricultttnd - Bcanrjutisf .

An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, of 52 pages
and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate
of co operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisite?,
and the sale of produce; organ of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of
pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple-
ments on wholesale tt»rms. Specimen copy free. Subscription,
per annum, os., inclusive of postage. Single copies 6d. each,
through all Newsagents.

3, Agar Street, Strand, London, W C.

410

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobee 3, 1891.

Belgian.

BULLETIN d'ARBORICULTURE,
de FLORICULTURE, et de CULTURE MARAI-
CHERE. A monthly horticultural work, with superb Coloured
Plates and Illustrations. Published since 1865, by F. Burve-
NICH, F. PAYNAERT, E. RODIGAS, and H. J. VAN HULLE,
Professors at the Horticultural School of the Belgian Govern-
ment at Ghent. Postpaid, 10s. per annum.

H. J. VAN HULLE. Botanical Gardens. Ghent, Belgium.

Orchard and Market Gardens.

PARTNER WANTED.— Premium, £200.—
Capital wanted, £200.— Owner now getting too old to
properly work the business. The Premises comprise 3 Cottages,
2 magnificent Peach-houses, very long Grape-house, all in full
bearing ; Tomato-house, and all necessary outbuildings. The
Orchards comprise 5 Acres, on which stand about 500 Fruit
Trees of all kinds, 2 long Asparagus Beds, 3 Strawberry Beds,
about 150 yards long ; Market Garden 3J Acres, making a
total of 8J Acres. Horse, Van, Cart, Ploughs, &c. Lease
twenty-one years, eleven expired. Seaside town, about
50 miles from London. Good connection.— Address by letter,
J. F. BLAND, Auctioneer, 15, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

ARTNERSHIP.— The son of a Nurseryman

and Fruit Grower wishes to meet with an experienced
Man. master of his business, with a small capital, to join
Advertiser, on equal terms, to take over his Father's business,
which has been established many years. Full particulars, in
strict confidence, to BONA FIDE, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, JUNIOR ASSISTANT, in the
Editorial Department of a Gardening Journal, a young
man to act as assistant. Some knowledge of cultivated Plants,
and of the routine of Gardening required. — Apply, by letter
only, to M., 4, Doria Road, Parson's Green, S.W.

WANTED, a HEAD GARDENER, practical,
married, without family, for Cannes, South of France.
To live in entrance-lodge, Wife to care for same. Four men em-
ployed. Good wages given to a respectable couple. Long and
good testimonials as to both character and capability indis-
pensable.— Apply, by letter, enclosing copies of testimonials,
to B. C, Bolton's Library, Knightsbridge.

WANTED, a HEAD-WORKING GAR-
DENER; must have had experience in similar
position ; with good knowledge of Glas*, Fruits, and Flowers,
and be well recommended. — Apply by letter, giving full par-
ticulars, and enclosing copies of testimonials, to GREGSON
ELLIS, Plas Newydd, Ruthin, North Wales.

WANTED, a GARDENER and his Wife,
without family, for a small place near Tunbridge
Wells. Man must be a good all-round hand ; will be required
to take charge of Cows and Milk; assistance given. Wife
must be a thorough practical Dairy-woman ; Poultry rearing
required. Joint Wages, 21s. per week. Fuel, and Rooms.
Personal interview will be required. It is hoped no person
will answer this advertisement unless able to comply exactly
with the conditions. — Address, R., Beech Green House,
Withyham, Sussex.

WANTED, a GARDENER and WIFE, with-
out young children, to take Charge of an Unfurnished
House at Wantage. Berks, and to have for their remuneration
the full benefit of the Fruit and Vegetable Gardens, Vinery
and Greenhouse.— Apply to Messrs. ORMOND, Solicitors,
Wantage,

WANTED, as GARDENER and LAUN-
DRESS, a man and wife, both thoroughly goo ', with-
out family, or with only one daughter, who can assist in
Laundry. Good wages, with Coals, Gas. and comfortable
Dwelling.— Apply, by letter, to S. M., Dixon's Library, West
Norwoorl, S.E.

WANTED, a MARRIED COUPLE, with-
out family ; Husband qualified as Gardener, Wife as
Laundress. State if any objection to Ireland. — Apply,
DICKSONS' Royal Seed Warehouse, Chester.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, for Dinard,
France, a MARRIED COUPLE, without family.—
Thorough GARDENER: Vines and Glass, and willing to be
generally useful ; Wife, Care of House in family's absence ;
wages, £1 per week, and furnished rooms; personal characters
required.- Write to MRS. HAMILTON, Dinard, France, or
61. Cadogan Square, S.W.

VA/ANTED, an active, industrious, WORK-

» T ING GARDENER. Married man preferred, to live in
a new house, and take care of it, and employ himself in Layin»-
out a Garden. State wages.— Apply, by letter, to G.. Mr. Lord,
Stationer, 12, Gloucester Road, South Kensington, S.W.

Y^ANTED, an UNDER GARDENER ; age

T T about 22.— A persevering, active, steady, young man
for Kitchen Garden and Pleasure Ground work in general.
Must be of good character.— Apply, stating experience and
wages required, to Dalham Estate Office. Gazeley, Newmarket.

WANTED, as GARDENER, a Single .Man.

» T under Glass, who understands Plants, Vines, &c
Abstainer. Churchman. Bothy.— Apply, stating wages ami
all particulars, to Mrs. W„ Hoe Place, Woking.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, in the Houses,

T T an active MAN, who thoroughly understands Palms,
Ferns, Carnations, and Roaes.-Apply, stating age, and wages
Ascot STANDISH AND CO., Royai Nurseries,

A17ANTED, a young MAN as INDOOR

T T FOREMAN, for a Private Place (medium size).
ROlFRTrRAHAMevalPlantS'&C- WWl8s. Apply to

ROBERT GRAHAM, Nurseryman. Newmarket.

WANTED, steady energetic young man, as
FOREMAN in the Housts, aud'of Hardy Fruits.
One with a knowledge of Hardy Plants preferred. No objection
to a married man.-GARDENER, Leonardslee, Horsham.

WANTED, an energetic MAN, to Grow
Tomatos, Peaches, Grapes, Ferns, Bedding Plants,
&c, for Market. Wages and Commission.— A. HALL Forest
Moor, Knaresbro', Yorks.

WANTED, a young MAN, as THIRD HAND,
in Greenhouses, to assist in Propagation, &c, one who
is desirous of improving himself. State age, of what expe-
rience, and wages required.— Apply to GEO, JACKMAN and
SON, Woking Nursery.

WANTED, a LAD and young MAN , 16 and
20 years old, for Market Nursery, principally Glass,
in the North. Wages, 10s. and 14s. per week, and Bothy.
Must be active, and willing to make themselves generally
useful. Abstainers preferred.- State experience, with refer-
ence, and when at liberty, to FLORIST, Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41. Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

WANTED, TWO YOUTHS, about 18. One
as Groom Indoors, the other to work on a Fruit Farm.
Both willing to milk occasionally — The Firs, Lambley,
Nottingham.

WE have OPENINGS for Two or Three
young MEN as IMPROVERS. &c. (Private Gardens).
Applicants must be able to produce good testimonials from last
employers.— J. R. PEARSON AND SONS, Chilwell Nurseries,
Notts.

WANTED, in the Houses, young MEN, as
IMPROVERS. Must have good characters.— JOHN
STANDISH and CO., Royal Nurseries, Ascot.

WANTED, good and quick HAND, for
bunching up choice flowers for Market. Constant
work. State particulars. — Apply, D. K., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Stfand, W.C.

WANTED, a STOKER, AT ONCE.—
Married man without family. One able to paint and
glaze preferred, and make himself useful in the Nursery.
Wages, 20s., with cottage, lire, and light. — State age, with
reference, to TURNER BROS., Nurserymen and Florists,
Garston, Liverpool.

WANTED, AT ONCE, an INVOICE
CLERK.— Must be a good Penman, accurate at Figures,
and have a knowledge of General Office Work. — Apply, stating
experience, and salary expected, to SEEDS, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a YOUTH, age 18 to 20 (with
some experience in the Trade), in a good retail Seed
Nursery and Floral Business— Midlands. Wages, references,
and full particulars, to R. H. S., Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &o.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address— " DIOKSONS, CHESTER."

HTHE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

X CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

KiUHAKU fc> M I T H and cTJ.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

CCOTCH GARDENERS.— I have at present

KJ several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha-
racter and ability will bear the strictest investigation —
JOHN DOWNIE, Seelsman, 144. Princes Street, Edinburgh.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 43 ; twenty-nine
years' experience. Sixteen years Head to the late Lord
Cottesloe.— F. SMALL, Buckingham Road, Winslow, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 38, married";
twenty years' experience in all branches. Good refer-
ence from present employer. Abstainer. — J. C, Keynes
Williams & Co., Salisbury. '

£5

GARDENER (Head), where two or three
are kept ; or FOREMAN, in good establishment.—
Age 26, married when suited ; thirteen years' experience
Well up in Vines, Melons, Cucumbers, Stove Plants also
Chrysanthemums.-H. MASON, The Gardens, Shuckburgh
Park, Daventry, Northamptonshire.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 33 ; married.
Thoroughly experienced in the cultivation of Plants
Vines, Peaches, Melons, Vegetables, &c. Advertiser has
received several Certificates for good culture of the above from
the Royal Horticultural Society, and can produce good refer-
ences from first-class places. Over six years as Head in present
situation.— W. PALMES, Thames Ditton House, Thames
Ditton, Surrey.

-BONUS to anyone furnishing the

Advertiser with information of any Gardening changes
that will lead to obtaining an engagement as HEAD GAR-
DENER, where four or more are kept. Highest reference from
previous employers— HORTUS, Gotch's Library, Wokingham.

GARDENER (Head); age 38.— Mr. Wil-
LIAMS, Gardener to the Earl of Lisburn, Crosswood
Park, Aberystwith, can with every confidence recommend a
first-class man as above. Life experience in good places
Eight years in last place as Head. Excellent testimonials!
—Apply as above, stating wages and all particulars.

ARDENER (Head), where two or more are

kept.— Married, one child; thoroughly understands
Gardening in all its branches, with a fair knowledge of
Orchids. Nine years' good character from last employer
Total abtainer of long standing— C. W.. C. Seymour, Cemetery'
Walthanistow, Essex.

GARDENER (Head), where three or more
are kept.-Age 3d, married, no family ; seventeen years'
experience, five as Head. Good characters.— A. C, Coolings'
Seed Merchants, Bath. '

GARDENER (Head).— Mr. Burton Barrow,
of Ringwood Hall, Chesterfield, wishes to recommend
his Head Gardener, who has been with him for five years, and
is an excellent gardener and most trustworthy man ; he is
thoroughly capable of undertaking the Management of any
hrst-class establishment.— Mr. BARROW will furuish all par-
ticulars on application.

GARDENER (Head).— Nineteen years' good
all-round experience. Highest references, with satisfac-
tory reasons for leaving last appointment.— M. N , 177 Farrant
Avenue, Noel Park, Wood Green, N.

GARDENER (Head). — Seventeen yearl'
practical experience in first-class establishments. Tho-
rough knowledge of Early and Late Forcing, also Flower and
Kitchen Gardening. Good references. State particulars as to
wages. &C.-J. HARRIS, The Gardens, Hammerwood East
Grinstead, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head), age 4L, married, no
family, seeks re-engagement to any Lady or Gentleman
requiring a thoroughly practical man. Life experience
Indoors and Out. Urass-land and Stock.— F. W., 13 Castle
Street, Hertford, Herts.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 30.—
Fifteen years' experience Inside and Out. Good charac-
ter from present and previous employers. Wife thorough
Laundress.— P. S., Acacia Hall, Daitford, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 35,
married, one child; Scotch. Thoroughly experienced
in all branches of his profession.— GARDENER, Chnrch Farm
Backford, near Chester.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30;
thoroughly practical in all branches. Layin»-out new
grounds. &c. Capable of managing a small place of three or
four men.— HERSE1', Vine House, Bolney, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39,
married ; Abstainer. A thoroughly good practical and
competent Gardener. Twenty-three years' experience in
growing Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos
Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids, Flower
and Kitchen Gardening ; Early and Late Forcing. Highest
references. —GARDENER, Mr. Ronald's, Seedsman, South
Street, Chichester.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept; or as FOREMAN in a good establish-
ment.— Age 27. married. Good testimonials.— G. T., 19 White-
friars Road, West Hill, Hastings.

/^ARDENER (Head Working), in a good

\J establishment.— Age 31, married when suited; life expe-
rience ; to any Nobleman, Lady, or Gentleman requiring a
first-class man in every respect. Highest reference as to
ability and trustworthiness.— H. IT., Messrs. Sutton & Sous
Seedsmen, Reading.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38,
married; one child, age 17. Energetic, industrious, and
trustworthy ; seventeen years as Head ; first-class grower of
Flowers, Ferns, Fruit, and Vegetables; nineteen months' per-
sonal character ; nine years' testimonials. Understands Stock.
—J. WILLIS. Oxford Street, Bletehiey, Bucks.

ARDENER (Head Working), where more

are kept.— Has had excellent experience in good estab-
lishments. Good character. Abstainer.— GARDnNER, 29.
Stadium Street, Ashburnham Road. Chelsea, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept ; age 37, married.— Mr. A. Ocock. The
Gardens, Havering Park, Romford, wishes to recommend a
good man.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept.-Age 32, two children; thoroughly
experienced in all branches. Excellent character from present
and previous employers. Seven years as Head with present
employer.— W. DOUST, Lamb.-rhurst, Kent,

October 3, 1891.J

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

411

GARDENER (Head Working); age 28,
married.— Mr. Offer, Handcrosa Park, Crawley, can
with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring.a good practical all-round man as above. He
has been with him tour yean.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33,
married; twenty years' experience in large establish-
ments. Well up in Table Decorations, and Furnishing.—
Abstainer.— C. TV, The Cottage, Baveno, Champion Hill, S.E.

("^ ARDENER (Head Working), or FORE-
T" MAN, in good establishment.— Age 30; Scotchman.
Thoroughly practical in all branches of the profession. Five
and a half years' excellent character from last situation as
General Foreman. Can be well recommended. — FOREMAN,
Gardeners' Chronicle O&ce.il^eMngl on Street, Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 31, married. Mrs. THURSTON HOLLAND, Cots-
wold, Wimbledon, can highly recommend her Gardener to any
Lady or Gentleman requiring a good practical man, who has
been with her four years, and in previous situation ten years.
— W. BELL, 40, Durham Road, Cottenliam Park, Wimbledon.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; age 35, married.— A G-ENTLEMAH highly
recommends his Head Gardener, a thorough practical man in
all branches of Gardening; also Land and Stock. Life expe-
rience in leading Gardens, ten years as Head. Highest
references. — K., Effingham House, Leatherhead.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or good
SECOND.— Age 29; twelve years' experience in all
branches. Good references.— H., 45, Westbourne Park Cres-
cent, Harrow Road, Paddington, W.

GARDENER (thorough Single-handed or
otherwise); married, two children. — A gentleman,
giving up, wishes to recommend his gardener as above.
Seventeen years' experience in all branches. Excellent refer-
eaces.— C. H., Trentham, Emsworth, Hants.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or where
another is kept.— Age 30, married, one child ; practical
experience in all branches, — A. P., Lock's Cottages, Ashford
Road, Staines, Middlesex.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).
— Age 34, married. Would not object to a Cow or two.
Two and a half years' good character from last place. —
GRQOMBRIDGE, Limpsfield, Qxted, Surrey.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 37,
married ; five and a half years' good character ; eight
>ears previously. No objection to Horse or Cow.— J. E., 98,
Dorset Road, Clapham, S.W. ___________^^_

GARDENER (SiNGLE-HANDEDt or other-
wise).— Age 30, married, one child ; sixteen years' expe-
rience. Diserg iged. Excellent character and testimonials. —
M. C, 2. Norfolk Villas, Saunders' Road, Plumstead, S.E.

GARDENER (good Single, or where
assistance is given.) — Age 2S, married, one child; Ex-
perienced in Grapes, Cucumbers. Tornatos, Stove Plants, and
Greenhouse; also Flower and Kitchen Garden. Three years
present situation, three years previous. Abstainer. — GAR-
DEN ER^The^odg^_W^s^Pajdt^Im^h4ie^

GARDENER (Second), Inside and Out,
where three or four are kept. — Age 23, single; nine
years' experience. Good references. — W. M., 39, Pope Road,
Bromley, Kent.

C^ ARDENER (Second).— Age 20 ; four years'
T good character from present situation. Total abstainer.
— C. JOSLING. Angel Street, Hadleigh, Suffolk.

_ARDENER (Second), in good establish-

ment. — Age 23 ; seven years' practical experience in all
branches, including Orchitis. First-class references. State
wages. — C. S., Holly Cottage, Camp Road, St. Albans.

ARDENER (Second), where three or four

are kept. — Age 23, single ; ten years' experience. Two
and a half years' gooJ character.— GEORGE MERCER, Hurt-
more, Godaiming, Surrey.

ARDENER (Second), in a good Establish -

ment. — Ten years' practical experience in Plant and
Fruit Growing, Inside,— A. C, W. Hammond, Greyswood,
Haslemere.

GARDENER (Second or Third).— Age 24 ;
single. Inside and Out. Four years' good character. —
T. M., 2, Ross Cottages, Hook Road, Surbiton, Surrey.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 24. Inside or
Inside and Out. Eight and a half years' experience.
Three years present situation.— T. WINSLADE, Weybourne,
Farnham, Surrey.

GARDENER (Under), Inside, or Inside and
Out. — Age 19. Good character from present employer.
— H. CLARK, Durgates. Walhurst, Sussex.

GARDENER (Under).— Respectable young
Man, age 21. Last place two years. Excellent
character.— J. P., 8, Rutland Villas, Perry Vale, Forest Hill.

p ARDENER (Under), m FOREMAN

\JX (General), where six or eight are kept. — Age 22.
Good testimonials from present and last place. Abstainer.
Five and a half years' practical experience. Wages. 18s. per
week, with Hothy and Vegetables. No objection to Ireland.—
HORTUS, 111, Abbey Street, Nuneaton.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 17; good cba-
racter from present and previous employers. Bothv,
or otherwise.— UNDER GARDENER, Burleigh Hall, Lou^h-
borough, Leicestershire. ^

GARDENER (Under).— Age 21 ; general
experience.— F. HARBER, 16, Grove Lane, Camberwell.

GARDENER (Under).— Six years' experi-
ence in Private Gardens and Nurseries. Total abstainer.
Excellent recommendations. — J. JOHNSON, 15, Gibson Build-
ings, Stoke Newington.

GARDENER (Under, or good Single-
Handed), where a boy is kept.— Respectable young
man. Two and a half years* good character.— A. AKHURST,
Woodside, Sundridge, Kent.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 20 ; five years'
experience. Inside and Out. Excellent character. Can
be well recommended by late employers. — W. H., 19, Stan-
hope Mews East, Queen's Gate, Kensington, S.W.

ARDENER, Age 30.— A Foreman seeks a

situation as above. Fifteen years' experience in all
branches. Good testimonials. — C. J. C, 68, Langdon Road,
Upper Holloway, N.

GARDENER, or any p'ace of trust.— Wife
good Dairy- woman. No objection to Poultry and Cows.
One child (age 9). Good character.— J. M. BENWELLS, Bix,
Henley-on-Thames.

GARDENER.— Age 30, married. Good all-
round Man. Would not object to good Single-handed.
Four years' excellent character. — A. G., 2, Limetree Cottages,
Lower Mitcham.

GARDENER, where two or more are kept;
age 27.— A ue.ntlemax wishes to recommend his Gar-
dener as above. Twelve years' experience in large establish-
ments.- J. SLATER, Colton Lodge. Tadcaster,

GARDENER and BAILIFF (Working).—
Scotch, middle-aged, married (one child at home).
Abstainers. Experienced in North and South of England.
Good references.— W.S. CAMPBELL, Porters, Sheoley, Herts.

To Nurserymen.

GROWER, FOEEMAN, or FLORIST.—
Age 25. Nine years' nursery experience. Wreaths,
Bouquets, Decorations, general Propagation, anl Growing;
Sales, &c— H. ALCOCK, Gateacre, Liverpool.

PROPAGATOR. — Roses, Rhododendrons,
Conifers, Clematis, and other Climbing Plants, Bedding
and General Nursery Stuff. Twenty years' experience. —
A. B., 55, Natal Road, Streatham, S.W.

FOREMAN, in large establishment ; age 28. —
Mr. Frie.vd, gardener to the Hon. P. C. Glyn, Rooks-
nest, Godstone, Surrey, cin confidently recommend his late
Foreman to any Gardener requiring a thoroughly practical and
deserving man ; fourteen years' experience.

FOREMAN, in the Houses, or General. —
Age 29 ; fourteen yeurs' experience in all branches of the
profession. Seven years as Foreman in three establishments.
Excellent testimomals.— FRED. CLIFSTONE, Folly House,
Coddington, Newark.

FOREMAN.— Age 26; twelve years' experi-
ence. Good references. — H. D., 47, Beech Avenue,
Sherwood Rise, Nottingham.

OREMAN (Inside), in a good English

establishment. Young man, age 24. Has had experi-
ence in first class places in Scotland, and good references can
be given.— T. KENNEDY, Lod.iington Hall, Leicester.

UOREMAN; age 26.— Mr. C. J. Goldsmith,

-I- High Trees Gardens, Redhill, will be pleased to recom-
mend his First Journeyman as above. Twelve years' expe-
rience. Well up in Vines, Peaches, Tomatos, Stove Plants ;
also Chrysanthemums. Two and a half years in present place.

To Market Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 26, married ;
good experience in Fern?, Palms, ;il-o Forcing Cut
Flowers for Market, also experienced in Wreaths and Crosses.
—A. M., 6, Capworth Street, High Street, Leyton.

FOREMAN (Working), in a Small

-1. Nursery. — Age 27; well up in Plants, Forcing, Making-
up, &c, Good references. — C, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

To Market Growers.

FOREMAN, or MANAGER. — Grapes,
Tomatos, Cucumbers, Cut Flowers, &c— FOREMAN,
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Sons, Bookstall, Waltham Cross
Station.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 19; five years' ex-
perience. Worked in English and foreign Nurseries.
Good references.— II. D,, 1, Paddock Road, Bexley Heath.

JOURNEYMAN (Fiest), in a good Estab-
lishment. — Age 23 ; good at Stove, Greenhouse, and Frui t ;
also used to House and Table Decoration. Abstainer. —
R. WILLIAMS, Besborougb, Cork.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 2L

fJ Would pay £r> premium in a good place. Bothy pre-
ferred. Six years' experience in a good establishment. —
F. CUTHBERT, Florist, Thetford.

JOURNEYMAN (Outside), in a gentleman's
establishment; age 28. — A gentleman wishes to recom-
mend a young man as above. Ten years' experience. —
T. LONGYEAR, Nutbourne, Emsworth.

JOURNEYMAN, in good establishment.—
Age 21. Can be highly recommended.— PHILIP STEARN,
55, Essex Street, Cowley Road, Oxford.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
Establishment. — Age 21'; ten years' experience. Good
references.— F. MATTHEWS, Kesteral Grove, Bushey Heath,
Herts.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 25 ;
thoroughly conversant with general duties of a large
establishment. Nine years' experience.— HEAD GARDENER,
Besborough Court, Cork.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good
Garden. — Age S2; good references. — F. DOWNES,
Oatlands Park, Weybridge.

TMPROVER, Inside or Out.— Age 17; three

A years in good Garden. Strong, active, steady. Well
recommended. Small premium if required.— Rev. C. L.
KENNAWAY, Garboldisham, Thetford.

TMPROVER in the Houses.— Aged 10 ; strong,

J- active, and willing. Three and a half years under Glass.
Well recommended.— C. .TONES, Eastrop, Highworth, Wilts.

TMPROVER.— Age 21; can be well reeom-
-*- mended. Premium given.— IMPROVER, 4, Wellesley Road,

Eastbourne.

TMPROVER, in the Houses, — Age 21; six

-■- years' good character. Would pay a moderate premium.
Bothy preferred. — H. MORGAN, Horringer, near Bury St.
Edmuuds.

TMPROVER, in good garden.— Age IS ; four

-*- years' character. Had good practice Inside and Oat.
Bothy.— C. WALKINGTON, Newton-on-Ouse, Yorks.

'T'O GARDENERS.— A steady young man

A (age 19) seeks situation, Inside and Out. Strong, willing,
and industrious. Excellent character ; abstainer.— M. W.,

1, Dorcas Villa, Sebright Road, West Barnet, Herts.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted, for

J- a strong active boy (over 15) under a good Gardener. —
Mr.^AUTON, Gardener, Compton Park, Salisbury.

rrO GARDENERS, &c— Situation wanted~by

J- a young Man (age 20). to Work in a good Garden under
Glass; also in Kitchen and Flower Gardeus. Good references.
T. BELCHER, Alvara, Alverstoke, Hants.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted, in
Gentleman's Garden preferred. Willing to make him-
self useful (age 20). Abstainer. Good references.— DIX, The
Cottage, East Sheen Lodge, Sheen, Surrey.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted in a
Gentleman's Garden, age 20. Good references. Willing
to make himself useful. Abstainer. — F. B., 23, Hedgley
Street, Lee.

TO GARDENERS, NURSERYMEN, &c—
The advertiser (19J) desires situation in Garden or Nur-
sery. Good Character. Experienced. Testimonials and refer-
ences. — GEORGE WELCH, Brightwell School, Tetsworth,
Oxon.

TO GARDENERS, NURSERYMEN, &c—
Young Man, age 21, abstainer, and of good character,
seeks a Situation in a Garden or Nursery.— W. FLEET,

2, Sherwood Villus, Roxeth, Harrow.

TO NURSERYMEN.— A situation wanted in
a Market Nursery. Age 24 ; used to Growing Grapes,
Tomatos. Cucumbers, and general Cut Stuff for Market. —
C. WHEATTY, 10, Lion Terrace, Worthing.

TO SEEDSMEN. — Advertiser wishes to
represent a gooi House as AGENT, on Commission or
otherwise, in a large Agricultural district in the North of
England. Well known. First-class references, Sec. Y..
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TO FLORISTS.— Wanted by a thoroughly
experienced young Lady re-engagement in a high-class
Florist business. Good references. — F. M., Gardeners
Chronicle Office 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TO THE TRADE.— Situation wanted, by an
experienced PACKER, accustomed to both Warehouse
and Nursery Work. Good references. — J. P., 556, King's
Road, Fulham.

FRUIT "CTiroWE"RST— MANAGER.— Adve7-
tiser, long experience, desires engagement as above.
Thoroughly experienced in Growing in quantity for Market,
Grapes, Cut Flowers, &c, and details of Management. Highest
references.— POMONA, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

PAINTER, GLAZIER, &c, on a Gentleman'a
estate.— Age 25, single. Good characters.— H. HOSMER,
Wrotham, Kent.

Q HOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seel, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

CLERK, requires a situation. — Many years in
the Nursery and Seed Trade Offices. Accustomed to
Book-keeping, &c. Good references. — J. F.. Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Liver, Lungs, and
Kidneys. — Most diseases of these purifying organs arise
from obstructions, over the removal of which these celebrated
Pills exercise the most perfect control. A course of them is
strongly recommended as a remedy for such chronic affections
as liver enlargements, congestion of the lungs, torpidity of the
kidneys, and other functional disorders, which cause much
present suffering, and, if neglected, lay the foundation of
organic diseases. Holloway's Pills are specially adapted for
the young and delicate; their gentle and purifying action
ranks them above all other medicines. In indigestion, nervous
affections, gout, and rheumatism, these Pills have achieved
for themselves universal fame. They expel all impurities
from the blood, and thus restore cheerfulness and vigour.

412

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

|lOctobee 3, 1891.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

ROGHFORD HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER.

Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.

Can be erected by unskilled labour in a few hours. No Caulking
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdotvn.

PATTERN No. I.

A, 11 pipes at top, 4 each side of i Length.

furnace, 8 water-bars J 4feet 6inch. long

B, ,, ,, pi 6 feet 6 inch, long

C, ,, ,, „ 9 feet 6 inch, long

Discount to the Trade.

Heating-power in

4-inch pipe.

1.200 feet

1.600 feet

2.000 feet

£ s.
13 12

15 2
17 6

Above Prices include all Castings, Bolts and Washers, Furnace-door fitted to front
Casting, and India-rubber Joint Kings.

SECTION OF JOINT.

Bolting together with India-rubber Ring Joints.

Largest Stock of Hot-water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, in the Trade.

rihatrated CATALOGUE free on Application to—

65a, SOUTHWARK ST.,
LONDON, S.E.,

IRONFOUNDERS, ENGINEERS, BOILER-MAKERS, &c.

CHAS.P.KINNELL&CO,'

ODONTOGLOSSDM CRISPDM ALEXANDRA

BEST (PADRO) VARIETY.

vJUlLLiERMO i\. A Li BREVE R begs to offer the above well-known and justly-prized Orchid at the

following prices, free on board of Royal Mail Company's steamers, at Savanilla : — £40 per 1O0O good and healthy pieces.

G. K. also can supply: — ■

0D0NT0GL0SSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM,

CUSPIDATUM PLATIGLOSSUM,

£36 per 1000.

The plants are packed with the greatest care and best method, but under no circumstance will G. K. hold himself responsible for the state of plants
on their arrival in Europe. Conditions : — All Consignments are shipped entirely at Buyer's risk and expense from port of shipment. Plants ordered
must be paid for on receipt of bill of lading to Messrs. ROESING BROTHERS and CO., 10, Basinghall Street, London, E.C, who will then give
rders for forwarding the consignment to the Purchaser.

CATTLEYA TRIANjE. £8 per case.

SCHR(EDERII, £10 per case.

Each case contains about sixty good and strong pieces.

The best time for dispatching Orchids ft om here are the months— December to April, and July to October.

Address: — G. KALBREYER, La Flora, Bogota, Republica de Colombia.

Telegram Address :— FLORA, BOGOTA.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS,

For Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.
Illustrated Catalogue, containing over 100 designs, free on
application.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c, constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equaUed. We only do one class of work,
and that the very best.

in all casea. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS.

Editorial o >mmunications should be addressed to the "Editor; *' Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Propiie or* by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriar*, City of London, in the1 County of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur George Martin, at th« Offic«, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St, Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— SaTURD ay, October 3, 1891. Agent for Manchester— J uum Hey wuud.

No. 250.— Vol. X.

r Third
\ Seeies.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper

.(Price 3d.

1 Post-free, 3jrf.

CONTENTS.

Apiary

427

Peich, Thames Bank ...

425

Apple culture and

Plants under glass

427

orchards

419

Plums in Bohemia

4*1

Begonias, striped

43i

Plums, notes on

425

Cattleya labiata

431

Potato, a new black-

Cattleya labiata autumn-

skinned

432

alia

42 a

Prickly Pear

43 L

Cedars

42:*

Ropery, the

424

Crab. J. Downie

426

Societies :—

Devonshire Ferns

420

Devon and Exeter

Emigration to the Colo-

Gardeners'

430

nies

4'i\

Dutch Horticultural

Florists' flowers

424

and Botanical

430

Flower garden

426

Royal Horticultural ...

432

Forest trees, exotic, iu

National Rose

43t

Prussia

425

Newcastle and District

Fruit notes

42ft

Horticultural Mutual

Fruits for cottagers

431

Improvement

431

,, under glass

427

Preston and Fulwood

435

Gladiolus

424

Ware and District Hor-

Hardy fruit garden

426

ticultural

430

Hollyhocks

424

Subjects of study for gar-

Ixora Westi

4*2

deners

43 J

Kitchen garden...

4-iti

Thunia Mastersiana

420

Kniphofias

432

Timbo

431

Mina lobata

432

Tomatos at Knebworth

432

Morpeth House, Ipswich

422

Transvaal, notes from ...

42(5

Orchid houses

427

Tropseolum Mrs. Clibran

432

,, notes

422

1 Violets

424

ILLUST

RATION8.

Abies magnitica var. Shastensi
Cedrus atlantica, cones of

429

42ft

,, deodara, cones of .

423

Conifer garden at Chiswiek, pi

an of

435

David Douglas

428

Helianthus multiflorus .

421

Helenium autumnale

433

Now Heady, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publishes, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

" Paxton's Calendar." New Edition, " The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, 3£rf. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

CARTERS' CHOICE BULBS, as supplied to
H.M. the Queen, the Royal London Parks, and the
London County Council. For full particulars, see CARTERS'
BULB CATALOGUE, containing a beautifully Coloured Plate
of the White Easter Lily, gratis and post-free to Messrs.
Carters' customers ; price id. to the general public, the amouni
to be deducted from fir=t order.

237 and 238. HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.O.

\7"IOLETS, for Winter-blooming. — Marie
Louise, 14s. to IBs. per 100 ; Primrose, best hybrids,
lis to ins. per 100. CARNATION, Souvenir de la Malmaison,
7s to 9s. per dozen. All grand plants.— SUINGLER AND
CHINERY, The Nurseries, Briston. East Dereham, Norfolk.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S IMPROVED
• MUSHROOM SPAWN for Outdoor and Indoor
Culture. Per bushel, 5s. ; per cake, id. Per cake, free by
Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

AFFODILS ! ! !— The Cream in all the

sections. Grown in undisturbed Hundred- year- old

pasture Loam; and better still, Irish. Can be procured from

Hartland's Unique Collection at Cork. Illustrated Price Lists

free and immediate deli very to all parts of the United Kingdom.

WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, Cork.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application :—
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the : "«t and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the L 31 u>~ — ~rt beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci a.-d Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. 10s. id., 21s., 42s., 63s., & upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS, bs.id.. Is. id., 10s. id., to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Pteonies, Lilies, &c.
BARRandSON, 12, King Street. Covent Garden, London.W.C.

Yards of DWARF BOX EDGING

for Sale. Apply to the
GARDENER, Norton Hall, Bath.

OTIC E.— HUMEA ELEGANS ; grand

stiff stuff, in 4 and 5-inch pots, well rooted. — Apply to
GEO. CHITTY, Nurseryman. Uttoxeter.

10 0(10 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, welt

Iv^vvv grown, IS inches to 3u inches, 6s. to 155. per
dozen. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 25s. per 1000, or 3s. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s, per 100. Order
earlv of —

WALSHAW AND SON, Scarborough.

ASPfDISTRA ~LURIDA and VARIE-

GATA, fine stuff, in 48's and 32's, for ££.
H. BARNARD, Florist, Chase Side, Southgate N.

DOUBLE PINK DAISY, strong young
plants, 2s. id. per 100; 20s. per 1000. Packing free.
Cash with order.

G. SMITH, Paul's Cray Hill, Kent.

SUTTON'S BULBS. — The BEST of the
SEASON.—" The 100 Hyacinths I had from your Firm
are now in bloom, and they are spl-ndid. They win the
admiration of all who see them." — Mr. J. Bussell. Gardener to
Mrs. P. Thursby, Pelham.

U U TTON' S HYACINTHS.— 100 named

O Hyacinths, in 50 very choice sorts, price 70s., carriage
free.

SUTTON AND SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen, Reading.

10,000

CARNATION, Souvenir de la Malmaison —
Strong, well-rooted Layers to Offer for Cash, or in
EXCHANGE for other winter-flowering sorts.

T. J. HAST, Castle Gardens, Parsonstown, Ireland.

DOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
best HYACINTHS, TULIPS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
PANSIES, VIOLAS, &c.,can be had post-free on application.
Everyone interested in any of the foregoing is invited to send
for a copy. — DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

PTERIS VICTORIA.— The best new plant of
the year, nice plants, 3s. $d, each ; 2 for 65. ; 0 for 15s.,
free by post.

ASfLENIUM PTEROPUS.— New and rare, long Bhining
dark green fronds, beautifully recurved, a splendid market or
table Fern. Nice plants, 2s. 6d. each ; 2 for 4s. Post free.
Cash with order.

WILLIAM GOLBY, Edgend Nursery, Brierfield, near
Burnley, Lancashire.

T OVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.

-Li — Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paiton, and President. Price, 3s. per 100, carriage
paid ; 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen. <od, LIST free.
W. LOVEL and SON. Driffield.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market. Covent Garden, W.C.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Gai den, W.C.

ANTED, a quantity of EUCHARIS

AMAZONICA, large plants.
H. DICKINSON, Shardlow, near Derby.

Dutch Flower Roots. Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON'S
CATALOGUE, specifies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post frt-e.
HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots, 40s. to 80s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 15s. to 2\s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, White. Red. and Blue, mixed shades, 12s. per 100.
TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 5s per 100.
CROCUS, by name, aud mixed shades. Is. id. to 3s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS. FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Alillgate, Manchester.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

"13 OSES in POTS for Sale— Room wanted.—

JLV Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Souvenir
d'uu Ami, Marie Van Houtte, and Marechal Niels. Grand
stuff, in 12 and 16-pots. Price, from £5 per 100.

GUIVER BROS. AND LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder'8
End, Middlesex,

In the Midland Counties.

SIX SPECIMEN CAMELLIAS, viz., two
Fimbriata, white, and four red, 5 to 7 feet, very bushy,
in splendid health, and thickly set with buds. Special low
price on application > 0 —

DICKSONS, Nurseries, Chester.

ifOR SALE, about two dozen SPECIMEN
ROSES in 12 and 15 inch pots.— Best varieties. Winners
of many prizes. Must be Sold, as room is wanted. LISTS
forwarded on application to —

GARDENER, 19, Royal Crescent, Bath.

Cheap Palms ! Palms 1 1 Palms 1 1 1

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PHCENDC, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley 1

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

To those about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN AND SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural,
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road. Chelsea. S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road . Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

414

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,
CENTRAL AUCTION ROOMS and ESTATE OFFICES. 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms. 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London. E.C, FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Bayers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Woking.

GREAT UNRESERVED SALE by order of the Trustees of the
late Mr. George Jackman.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
-will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Woking
Nurseries, Woking, Surrey, on MONDAY, October 12, and
FIVE FOLLOWING DAYS, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day,
several acres of unusually well-grown NURSERY STOCK,
comprising 10,000 Conifers, 3 to 7 feet ; thousands of smaller
Evergreens and Conifers ; 1500 Picea Nordmanniana and
Pinsapo ; 400l> Box, in variety, 1 to 4 feet; 1000 Araucaria
imbricata, 1 to 3 feet ; 3000 Aucubas, in variety, 1 to 4 feet ;
8000 Laurels of sorts, 2 to 5 feet ; 2000 English and Golden
Yews, 2 to 7 feet ; 1000 Gold, Silver, and Green Hollies; 5000
deciduous Flowering Shrubs ; 5000 named Rhododendrons, 1 to
3 feet; 2000 Limes, 5 to 10 feet; 1000 Purple Beech, 6 to
10 feet ; 1000 Maples, in variety, 7 to 10 feet ; Forest Trees in
great quantities; 60,000 common Ash, 2 to 5 feet; 50,000
Quick, 1 to 2 feet; 10,000 English and Turkey Oaks, 2 to

5 feet ; 6000 English Laurels, 3 to 5 feet ; a splendid collection
of Ornamental Trees for park and avenue planting, 10 to
20 feet ; 5000 Standard and Feathered Plums ; Damsons,
Quinces, &c. ; 2000 Standard and Feathered Flowering
Almonds, Peaches, and other Stock.

Goods can be transmitted from Woking Railway Station to
all parts without change of truck.

The Auctioneers have personally visited the nurseries and
desire to call attention of intending purchasers io this Sale, as
it is undoubtedly the most important Auction of Nursery
Stock that has been held for many years.

An inspection will well repay a visit by those contemplating
planting during the season.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Tuesday Next.

IMPORTANT SALE of a celebrated FRENCH COLLECTION

of ORCHIDS, formed by the

COUNT HORACE DE CHOISEUL. Without Reserve.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on TUESDAY NEXT, October 13,
at half-past 12 o'Clock, Without Reserve, the celebrated collec-
tion of Orchids formed during the last ten years by the
COUNT HORACE DE CHOISEUL, President of the Floral
Department at the International Exhibition of 1889.

This collection is composed of only the choicest plants,
which are remarkable for the excellence of the varieties, and
the exceptionally good culture of the plants offered. Over 100
of the Cattleyas have 30 to 40 bulbs, and of the 400 plants
waich will be offered, no inferior variety has been included
b/ this well-known Amateur,

Amongst the other plants may be mentioned, Phalrenopsis
Schilleriana (several), and others; Cypripediums, and Leelia
elegans. superb variety, twenty bulbs; Dendrobium Phal&>-
nopsia, Cymbidium Lowii, Oncidium Lanceanum, twenty
leaves; Latlia Perrinii, seventy bulbs; Sobralia macrantha
nana, seventy spikes, &c.

On view morning of Sale and Catalogues had.

N.B.— The Auctioneers are informed that the whole of the
plants offered are in the highest state of cultivation, and they
desire to emphasise the tart that even the rarest and most
valuable specimens will be Sold Without the Slightest Reserve.

Tuesday Next— Dandrobium D'Albertisii.

A small IMPORTATION of the above rare and valuable DEN-
DROBIUM, collected at a great risk and trouble, and
sent home to a private gentleman. One of the plants has
been sent to Kew, and the name verified by Mr. Rolfe.
This rare DENDROBIUM is fully described in Williams'
Orchid Manual.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE of ORCHIDS, on TUESDAY
NEXT, October 13, at half-past 12 o'Clock, a SMALL COL-
LECTION of about TWENTY-FOUR PLANTS of the above
valuable DENDROBIUM.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Fulham, S?W\

10 minutes' walk from Parson's Green Station.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, the Cole Hill
Nurseries. Fulham. S.W.. by order of Mr. M. M. Smith, on
TUESDAY, October 1.'!, 1891, at 12 o'clock, a large quantity of
well-grown NURSERY STOCK, comprising 1,000 Box, 3 to 4
feet ; 3000 Aucubas, 4 to 7 feet, amongst them a large number
of very fine plants ; Thorns, Poplars, Laburnums, and other
Standard Trees. Flowering Shrubs in variety. 300 Irish Ivies,

6 to 10 feet. 400 clumps of Iris. Rhododendrons, Hollies, Cu-
pressus, and other Stock.

May be viewed one week prior to sale. Catalogues had on
the premises, and of the Auctioneers.

Friday Next, October 16.

THE ELEPHANT MOTH DENDROBE,

DENDROBIUM PHALiENOPSIS,

var. SCHRODERIANUM,

THE KING OF THE GENUS.

Which may be considered the grandest, and in every way
the finest known Orchid, and

The ORCHID SENSATION of the CENTURY.

It is the grandest Orchid ever introduced.

There is no gem in the whole Orchid flora comparable to this,
the king of Dendrobes, and for the introduction we are in-
debted to the energy and enterprise of Mr. F. Sander.

Nearly 1000 Grand Plants will be SOLD by Auction at

Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS' ROOMS,

On FRIDAY NEXT, October 16.

There are only seven plants in Europe, which are mostly in
the princely collection of Baron J. H. W. Schroder. This
Orchid is among Dendrobes the Van da Sanderiana among
Vandas, and as totally distinct from all other Dendrobes as
Vanda Sanderiana from all other Vandas. It must be dis-
tinctly understood that the Dendrobium we offer is absolutely
unlike any other Dendrobium phalamopsis variety, and a gem
among Orchids quite incomparable.

The fact of Baron Schroder Jlowering each of his plants an-
nually proves how free-growing this Deudrobe is.

The fact of the sensation it caused this spring when exhibited
before the Royal Horticultural Society at the Drill Hall,
proves that when we state this Dendrobium to be " the
King of the Genus," we do not over-estimate its beauty.

The fact that about seven plants now in collections came from
two small plants originally introduced to the Royal
Gardens at Kew, conclusively proves its free growth.

The fact is, Mr. James O'Brien says, it is a very free doer, as is
evidenced by fact of the plants now in collections having
been grown from such small scraps as the original plants
were when first received.

The fact that there will be shown on the day of Sale dried
flowers ranging from white to rose and purple, proves
that our New Guinea variety is finer than the original.

The fact that we are able to show quantities of flower-spikes
over 2 feet long, proves that this Dendrobe is as fine for
cutting purposes as Odontoglossum Alexandra?, and it
even surpasses that grand Orchid, in its more brilliant
colouring, lasting equally long in perfection.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have
been favoured with instructions from Mr. F. Sander,
to SELL the above valuable DENDROBIUMS, by AUCTION,
at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London,
E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT, October 16, at half-past 12 o'Clock.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

200 AZALEA INDICA and 100 CAMELLIAS, selected varie-
ties; and 100 AZALEA MOLLIS, from one of the best
growers in Belgium.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above consignment of plants in their SALE
on WEDNESDAY NEXT.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Windlesnam Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

GREAT ANNUAL SALE of the exceedingly well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, carefully prepared for removal, and
lotted to suit the Trade and large Buyers, by orrier of
Mr. Richard Mason, whose reputation as a Grower of
Nursery Stock is so well-known.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Windlesnam Nurseries,
Bagshot, Surrey, twenty minutes' walk from Bagshot, and
2£ miles from Suuniugdale, Stations, on MONDAY', October 19,
and three following days, at 12 o Clock precisely each day,
several Acres of exceptionally well-grown NURSERY' STOCK,
comprising: —

5.000 hybrid Rhododendrons

to name, 1^ to 2 feet.
3,000 Andromeda fioribuuda,

well set for bloom
1,000 Azalea pontica, l£ to

2 feet
10,000 Rhododendron pouti-

cum. l£ to 3 feet
5,000 Berberis aquifolium
2,01)0 Berberis Darwinii
2,000 Pinus austriaca, 2$ to

4 feet
1,000 Spruce Firs, 2£ to 8

feet

1,000 Pinus strobus, 5 to

9 feet

2,000 Portugal Laurels

2,000 Colchicum Laurels, 3 to
5 feet

5,000 Oval-leaved Privet, 2J
to 4 feet

4,000 Thuia Lobbii, Abies,
Thuiopsis boreal is, and
Cedrus, 2 to 7 feet
10,000 strong Quick

1,000 Conifers and Orna-
mental Trees, 1 to

10 feet

10,000 Retinospora plumosa aurea, beautifully coloured,
and others suitable for potting and boxes ; 10,000 Cupressus
Lawsoniana, 2 to 6 feet ; 500 erecta viridis, 3 to 3£ feet; Fruit
Trees, and other Stock.

The Auctioneers will be pleased to execute Commissions for
Gentlemen who cannot attend, and Mr. Mason will lift and
forward any lots.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Liverpool.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Oak Vale
Nursery, Old Swan. Liverpool (10 minutes' walk from Broad
Green Station, L. & N. W. Ry.), on MONDAY, October 19,
and three following days, at 12 o'Clock precisely each day, the
first portion of the well- grown and valuable NURSERY
STOCK, comprising great quantities of Trees and Shrubs,

1 to 6 feet ; splendid Specimen Variegated and Green Hollies,

2 to 6 feet, embracing nearly all the hardy varieties in culti-
vation ; several hundreds of Silver and other varieties, 4 to 9
feet; a large assortment of Deciduous Flowering Trees, Shrub ,
thousands of Rhododendron ponticum, Oval-leaved and Com-
mon Privet and Common Hollies, suitable for Hedges ; large
quantities of Fruit Trees, 4 to 10 feet; 30,000 strong trans-
planted Quick ; together with a fine collection of Fruit Trees.

The Stock may be viewed any day prior to the Sale.
Catalogues can be obtained on the Premises, and of the Auc-
tioneers, Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Note. — The Valuable Freehold Building Estate of about 13|
acres, with the important and extensive Frontages to Broad
Green and Nursery Road, ready for immediate development, is
for Sale by Outside Treaty. Particulars of the Auctioneers.

Tuesday, October 20.

UNRESERVED SALE, by order of the Trustees, of the
COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS from Old
Park, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at
their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on TUESDAY,
October 20, at half-past 12 o'Clock, without reserve, the whole
of the above collection of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, contain-
ing about 1400 plants. The collection includes a choice assort-
ment of Masdevallias, Cymbidium Lowianum, Oncidium Kra-
merianum, Leelia anceps oculata, Cypripedium Crossianum,
C. amandum, Cattleya Triana1 alba, C, Mossise, C.trianae bella,
Epidendrum'pri>imatocarpum, Cattleya Trianae atalanta, Ccelc-
gyne asperata, also Odontoglossums, Oncidiums, Dendrobium?,
Cypripediums, and Cattleyas, in the usual variety.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday, October 21.

407,000 KENTIA SEEDS,
The largest consignment ever received and offered in one day,
consisting of

218,000 KENTIA FORSTERIANA.

189,000 „ BELMOREANA.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to announce that they will include the above enormous
consignment of KENTIA SEEDS in their SALE on WEDNES-
DAY, October 21.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
The Auctioneers will be pleased to purcnase on behalf of
Provincial and Continental Buyers who may be unable to
attend.

Cheshunt.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of unusually well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, in consequence of the expiration cf
the Lease of this Branch Nursery. By order of Messrs.
Paul & Son.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, The Church Fields Nursery, Cheshunt (one
mile from Cheshunt Station), on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY', October 28 and 29, at 12 o'Clock precisely each [day,
without reserve, about 12 acres of unusually well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, in the best possible condition for removal,
consisting of —

20,000 AVENUE TREES, 10 to 23 feet, with straight stems,
carefully transplanted, and
SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR STREET PLANTING,
Including
10,000 LIMES, with good heads.
Spanish and Horse CHESTNUTS, POPLARS, OAKS,
5000 PLANES,
5000 BOX, large quantites of oval-leaved PRIVET, Scotch
ROSES,
1000 BUSHY AUCUBAS, 1 to 5 feet,
undoubtedly the best lot in the Trade.
Specimen RHODODENDRONS, ARAUCARIAS, and varie-
gated HOLLIES, Dwarf-trained and Pyramid FRUIT TREES,
CURRANTS and STRAWBERRIES, of the best sorts
RASPBERRIES, NUTS.
THE FINEST COLLECTION OF FLOWERING SHRUBS
IN THE COUNTRY,
Including the

New Dwarf Flowering and Double LILACS,
THOUSANDS OF EVERGREENS,
suitable for London and Suburban Gardens; and other Stock.
May be viewed any day (Sundays excepted) prior to the
Sale. Catalogues may be had on the Premises, of Messrs.
PAUL and SON, The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt ; and of the-
Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Note. — The opportunity afforded by this Sale to intending
purchasers is unique. No Sale has ever been held at these
Nurseries, the stock having been prepared without any idea cf
a public sale, which now arises solely through the expiration
of the Lease of this Branch Nursery.

The Auctioneers desire to call the particular attention cf
Public Companies, Local Authorities, and others to the un-
rivalled and extensive Stock of Avenue Trees, Aucubas,
Evergreens, and Flowering Shrubs.

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

415

Friday Next.

600 of the OLD LABIATA just to hand.

T\/f ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have

1VL received instructions from Mr. F. Sander to SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and (58, Cheapside, London, E.C. ,
on |FRIDAY NEXT October 10, a grand Importation of the
above, just to hand, per s.s. " Umbinia," and comprising
masses of great strength and distinctness.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had

Groombridge near Tunbridge Wells.

HOLLAMBY'S Nl'KSMtlES.

GREAT UNRESERVED SALE of valuable NURSERY" STOCK

in the best possible condition for removal.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, close to
the Groombridge Station, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY,
October 22 and 23, at 12 o'Clock precisely each <iay, by order
of Mr. Edwin Hollamby, enormous quantities of CONIFER_E,
Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing ROSES, 100,000 LARCH and
Scotch FIRS. ASH, and Spanish CHESTNUT, 20.000 CUPRES-
SUS LAWSONIIand THUIA LOBBII, 10,000 strong trans-
planted QUICK, 10,000 named and other RHODODENDRONS.
500 Ghent and Mollis AZALEAS, 500 ANDROMEDA FLORI-
BUNDA, 5000 extra strong SEAKALE, for forcing; 10,000
PINUS AUSTRIACA, 3000 Hardy CLIMBERS, established in
pots ; Portugal, Caucasian, and other LAURELS.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 6S, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Sale, Friday, November 6.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. F. Sander to SELL by AUCTION, at
their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C, on FRIDAY,
November 6, at half- past 12 o'Clock, a specially grand lot of

CATTLEYA LABIATA (?),
Found in a new locality, growing principally on rocks and
low trees, over small streams, aud flowering very freely ;
flower-sejts very large and showy. The plant now offered has
many characteristics not common in any other species with
whicli we are acquainted ; and, as far as we can judge, it may
be a variety of what is called labiata ! It is certainly not the
old labiata ; there is a very remarkable diversity in the pseudo-
bulbs and leaves, and we think we can strongly recommend it
as a handsome decorative, large-flowered Cattleya of the
labiata section. Some good judges have given their opinion
that we have in this plant Gardner's labiata. We cannot
guarantee it new— buyers will have to use their own judg-
ment; certain it is, that the importations are most distinct-
looking, aud that we have not in previous years imported
Cattleyas from the same district. The plants are in grand
order, and we strongly recommend their purchase, although
we will not warrant it new, aud it is not what we offer as the
old labiata. The importations are very large, and very fine,
and splendid specimens are among them; some plants have
red and some green bulbs, and the leaves are also red and
green. This Cattleya does not seem to grow in large masses.
We have received several importations of it during the last
four months believing it a fine thing, and of these the very
best will ba sold, and in large quantities, lotted for private
and trade buyers. In this Sale will also be offered Cattleyas
in habit like granulosa, of which the natives state that it has
yellow flowers ; a very distinct-looking Epidendrum, and
many other BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS.

Full particulars in later Advertisements.

Ealing. -Expiration of Lease.

CLEARANCE SALE of about 11,000 CONIFERS and other
STOCK, by order of Messrs. Hart Bros., whose Lease of
this branch Nursery will shortly expire.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Castle Bar
Nurseries, Ealing, about 5 minutes' walk from the Ealing
Station, on WEDNESDAY, October 21, at 12 o'Clock, about
11,000 well-grown CONIFERS and other STOCK, including
12,000 Cupressus and Box, 800 Golden Privet, 2 to 4 feet,
bushy ; English and Golden Yews, Variegated and Green
Hollies, 1000 Ivies, in pots; Anipelopsis Veitchii, 300Standard
Trees, Picea Nordmanniana, 2 to 3 feet, good plants; 5000
Golden, Silver aud other Euonymus, * to 12 inches, adapted
for potting and window boxes; 3 GREENHOUSES, HOT-
WATER PIPING, LIGHTS, a quantity of FLOWER POTS,
and other items.

Can be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
oa the Premises; at the Grove Nursery, Ealing, W. ; and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E C.
pifjigt-QTy Essex
UNRESERVED SALE of the whole of the well grown

NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mrs. Holmes, the land

having been let for other purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nursery,
High Street, Plaistow, Essex, close to Plaistow Station, on
MONDAY, October -'6, at 1 o'clock precisely, without reserve,
300 ' AUCUBAS, 9 to 24 iuches, fine plants for potting; also
larger AUCUBAS. 3 feet; 1000 PRIVET; 2,00 green EUONY-
Ml'S, IRISH YEWS, good plants in pots, all staked; 1000
VIRGINIAN CREEPERS, and a variety of other stock.

May be viewed one week prior to Sale. Catalogues had
on the premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C. ; and Leytonstone.

Wanstead.

About 1 mile from Snaresbrook, Leytonstone, and Forest
Gate Stations.
CLEARANCE SALE, without reserve, by order of Mr. Thomas
East, who requires the land immediately for Brickmakiiig.
The First Portion of the well-grown NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PRO PHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premise?, The Nurseries,
Wanstead Flats, Wanstead, E., on FRIDAY, October 30, at
12 o'Clock, 3000 Aucuba japonica, 1 to 4 feet, including many
handsome and bushy plants, Andromedas, English Yews,
1000 fine Laurels, White and Purple Lilacs, Euonymus,
Daphne-cneorum, 3000 Green and Variegated Hollies, selected
Fruit Trees, 1000 Roses in choice assortment, a large quantity
of Limes, Poplars, and other Ornamental Trees, Scotch and
Austrian Pines, and other Stock.

May be viewed one day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and
Qi, Cheapside, and Leytonstone.

Derby,

■CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the Outdoor NURSERY
" STOCK.!

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, The Mile Ash
Nurseries, Derby, on TUESDAY, October 27, at 12 o'Clock,
1000 named RHODODENDRONS, thousands of CONIFERS
and EVERGREENS in the Borders, and planted out from 1 to
10 feet; 500 Dwarf ROSES on the Manetti, clean-grown
plants, comprising all the newest and best varieties ; l-RUTT
TREES 24 magnificent Specimen Golden YEWS, 1700
AUCUBAS, 800 MANETTI STOCK, &c.

May be viewed. Catalogues had of Mr. COOLING on the
Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and (58, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Wimbledon.— Expiration of Lease.

CLEARANCE SALE of about 4£ acres of exceptionally well-
grown and thriving NURSERY STOCK, growing upon a
portion of the Nursery the lease of which is about to
expire, by order of Messrs. D. S. Thomson &. Sons.

IMPORTANT to MARKET GARDENERS, GENTLEMEN,
NURSERYMEN, and OTHERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, the Nur-
series, Wimbledon, about five minutes' walk from Wimbledon
Station, on MONDAY and TUESDAY, October 20 and 27, at
12 o'Clock precisely. Without Reserve, 8000 Standard and
Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums, 350 Standard Cherries, 800
Dwarf-trained Apples, Pears, and Cherries, 5,000 Currants and
Gooseberries, 2*000 Laurels, of sorts, 1,600 Weymouth and
Austrian Pines, 900 broad-leaved Privet, 200 green Hollies,
3 to 4 feet, 160 well-furnished English Yews, 4 to 5 feet, 900
Standard and half-standard Roses, 1,700 Border Shrubs, in
variety. 4 to 7 feet, 1,300 Limes, 8 to 14 feet, fine Avenue trees
with short stumps, 400 Lombardy Poplars, well furnished,
12 to 15 feet, 300 Standard Planes, Thorns, and other Orna-
mental trees, &c.

May be viewed any day (Sunday excepted) prior to the Sale.
Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers,
67{aud 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Havant.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of the FIRST PORTION
of the extensive NURSERY STOCK growing on the
Leasehold Nursery, by order of Messrs. Ewing & Co., who
are relinquishing the Business, and also in consequence of
the expirjtion of Lease.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea View
Nursery, Havant, on WEDNESDAY" and THURSDAY, Octo-
ber 28 and 29, at 12 o'Clock each day, 10,000 Standard,
Dwarf, and Pot Roses of the Reading kinds; 10,0r,0 Conifers
and Evergreens of the choicest variety, 10,000 Ornamental
Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants; 10,000 Forest Tree i in
various sizes, 5ouo Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Peaches,
Nectarines, &c. (Standard, Dwarf, Trained, and Pyramid
Trees); a large quantity of Raspberry Canes, in several
sorts, and other Stock.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers. 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, B.C.

N.B.— The FREEHOLD NURSERY of about 3 acres, with
the Residence, is to be LET or SOLD.

Tottenham.
PRELIMINARY NOTICE of the GREAT ANNUAL TRADE
SALE at The Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, by order
of Mr. Thomas Ware, comprising in all about lu00 lots.

MESSRS. PROTHEUOE and MORRIS beg
to announce that tbis ANNUAL SALE has been fixed
for TUESDAY. November 3.

Further particulars will appear in future advertisements.

Dutch. Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY', .at half-past 12 o'Clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Valuable Collection of Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEYEXS has received instructions
from the Executors of the late G. Neville Wyatt, Esq.,
of Lake House, Cheltenham, to SELL by AUCTION, at his
Great Rooms, HS, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
WKDNESDAY aud THURSDAY, October 21 and 23, at halt-
past 12 o'Clock precisely each day, his highly important and
valuable COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS (With-
out the least Reserve), which contains many fine things,
amongst which will be found:

Cypripedium Mooreaua

,, Measuresiana

,, Chantini
Oncidium Ornithorhynchum

album
Epidendrum Wal.isi
Batemannia Burti
Ccelogyne cristata lemoniaua,

splendid specimen
Cypripedium hirsutissimum,

splendid specimen
Lycaste Skinneri alba, several

plants
Odontoglossum Rossi Amesia-
num

,, uro-Skinneri, splendid
specimen

., ramosissimuni
Cattleya labiata, autumn-
flowering variety, true
Anthurium Scherzerianum,

Lake House variety, grand

plant

A MOST BEAUTIFUL and LARGELY'-FLOWERED VANDA

C03RULEA, a UNIQUE VARIETY.

On view morning* of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Lodia Pilcheri

Masdevallia Veitchii grandi-
flora

Anguloa Ruckeri sanguinea,
grand form

Oncidium incurvum album

Ada aurantiaca

Ladia Wyattiana

Cattleya Mendelii, includiog
many fine forms
,, Skinneri occulata
,, exoniensis
>, g'gas

,, Gaskelliana var. Dal-
liense

Vanda Kimballiana

,, Sanderiana, several
plants

Saccolabium Heathi, ex-
tremely rare

Coelogyne cristata, Chats-
worth var.
&c, &c, &c.

Wednesday Next.

20,000 Berlin LILY OF THE VALLEY CROWNS (in large
and small lots), a collection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, 10,000 AMARYLLIS, from S. Africa ; 5000
LILIUM HARRISI, 5000 L. CANDIDUM, FREESIAS,
TUBEROSES, Hardy CONIFERS, CARNATIONS,
PINKS, PICOTEES, 100 fine plants ADIANTUM
CUNEATUM, &c.

ITR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above

-1*JL iu his SALE by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38,
King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY NEXT,
October 14.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

VALUABLE ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, many in Flower.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUC-
TION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, October 15, at half-past
12 o'Clock precisely, a good Collection of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, rnauy in Flower, consisting of Deudrobium rhodo-
stoma, D. Wardianum album, Lielia Perrinii, fine variety;
Deudrobium Wardianum Lowii, O. Hastilabium, O. Schlei-
perianum, Ladia autumnalis alba, Cymbidium elegans, Ccelo-
gyne Massangeana, &c. ; also 50 Lots of Semi-established
Dendrobium moschatum, D. formosum, D. tortile, without
Reserve.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

This Day.-Annual Sale of Nursery Stock,

THE DORKING NURSERIES— five minutes' walk from Dork-
ing Station, L. B. & S. C, and Box Hill, S. E. Railway.

MESSRS. AVHITE and SONS are instructed
by Messrs. Ivery & Son, to SELL by AUCTION, as
above, on FRIDAY and SATURDAY", October 9 and 10, 1891. at
12 o'Clock precisely, a great variety of THRIVING YOUNG
NURSERY* STOCK (in first-rate condition for transplanting,
all having been moved during the last two years) including
Aucubas, 1 foot to 2 feet; Box, Hollies, Portugal Laurels,
Garden and Common Yews, 2 feet to 4 feet ; Flowering Shrubs,
in variety; Thuias of sorts; Abies Douglasii, Thujopsis. Reti-
nosporas, and Cupressus, of sorts, 2 feet to 6 feet ; Finus and
Pieeas, in varieties ; Spruce and other Firs, of various heights ;
Cedars, Junipers, Araucarias, &c, and thousands of Quick-*
and Common Laurels, 2 feet to 5 feet ; Acer variegata. Thorns,
of sorts; Catalpas, Chestnuts, &c. Also a quantity of Orna-
mental Trees, Standard and Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums.
Catalogues may be obtained at the Iuus and Hotels in the
neighbourhood; at the place of Sale ; and of the Auctioneers,
Laud Agents, and Valuers, High Street, Doming, and on
Fridays at Leatherhead.

Castle Nursery, West Norwood, S.E.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL SALE of CHOICE ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, CROTONS, and STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS.

MR. H. J. BROMLEY is instructed by Mr.
H. Hames to SELL by AUCTION on the premises as
above, on Wednesday, October 14, 1891, at 11 o'Clock precisely,
a large and important collection of beautifully-grown ESTAB-
LISHED ORCHIDS, clean healthy plants, including Odonto-
glossums and Dendrobiums, namely, O. Pescatorei, O. Alex-
andra?, O. tripudians, O. constrictum, O. cordatum, Den-
drobium nobile nobilus, D. Ainsworthii. and many others;
specimen Cypripedium iusigne, C. Lawrenceanum, Lcelias and
Cattlevas, comprising Ladia anceps, Cattleya Trianfe, fine
plants! C. Mossire, C. Mendelii, Masdevallias. SPECIMEN
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, in variety, consisting
of Azaleas, Foliage Plants, Ferns, Chrysanthemums, Ivies,
Passifioras; also a valuable collection of CHOICE SPECIMEN
CROTONS, removed for convenience of sile, the property of a
Gentleman.

May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneer at his Offices,
near the Railway Station, West Norwood, S.E., and at Forest
Hill, S.E.

Notice.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FIVE DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE

of beautifully grown NURSERY STOCK, all well-rooted,
and carefully prepared for removal, and specially selected
for the Sale. By order of Messrs. Isaac Matthews & Son.

MR. JOHN OAKS, Ash, will SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, at the far-famed Bagnail
Tite Oaks and Milton Nurseries, on OCTOBER 21 and FOL-
LOWING DAYS, without reserve, several Acres of NURSERY'
STOCK, grown to the highest perfection. The Nurseries are
iu an extremely cold situation, and all the trees are perfectly
hardy, and grown to the highest perfection. Extremely well-
rooted and well-furnished Horlgeu's, Common, Maderiensis,
Silver, and Gold Hollies in variety, 200,000 Rhododendrons
various, a large quantity of all leading varieties of Conifers,
Evergreens, &c.r suitable for Ornamental Planting, Parks,
Cemeteries, Pleasure Grounds, &e. Large quantities of Thorn,
Quick, Ash, Elm, Alder, Privet, Austrian Pines, Spruce Fir,
Chestnuts, Willows. All other trees for Woods and other
plantations. ....

Catalo"ues seven days prior to Sale on application to the
Nurseries', Milton, Stoke-on-Trent. Milton is the nearest
station, North Staffordshire Railway. All trains met.

Cart House Lane Nursery, Horsell,

About 2 miles from the Woking Station, on the L. and S.W.

Railway.

To GENTLEMEN, BUILDERS, and OTHERS,

Requiring really well-grown NURSERY STOCK, in perfect

condition for removal.

MESSRS. WATERER and SONS are
instructed by Mr. Richard Collyer to SELL by AUC-
TION, upon the Premises, as above, on THURSDAY' and
FRIDAY October 2i and 23, 1891, at 11 for 12 o'Clock each
day, the 'exceptionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK (the
whole of which has been removed within the last two years,
comprising a great variety of Ornamental Evergreen Trees
and Shruhs, including many fine Specimen Plants, Forest
Trees, Fruit Trees, &c.

May be viewed seven days prior to the Sale, and catalogues
obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, at either of
their Offices at Chertsey ; opposite Booking Office, Weybridge
Station ; and opposite Station Entrance, Walton-on-Thames.

416

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeii 10, 1891.

King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

IMMENSE SALEof UNUSUALLY WELL-GKOW N NURSERY
STOCK. Included therein : 6000 STANDARD, PYRAMID,
and TRAINED FRUIT TREES, without the Least
Reserve. As a portion of the Land will shortly be offered
for Sale for Building purposes, it is absolutely necessary
to Clear the Ground. rt„T __

MESSRS. ALEXANDER, DANIEL, SELFE,
and CO. will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises as
above, on Tl'ESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY,
October 20. 21. and 22, 1891, at 11 for 12 o'clock precisely,
■everal Acres of first-class NURSERY STOCK.

Further Particulars in future Announcements, but the
Stock may be Viewed at once.

CATALO JUF.S may be obtained at the Nurseries, or of the
Auctioneers. Corn Street, Bristol (and 34, Old Jewry,
London, E.C.).

ANTED to RENT, a SMALL NURSERY

with DWELLING-HOUSE, with a good Frontage.
W. BRUNSWICK, 58, Quentin Road, Lee, S.F,

FOR SALE, the LEASE of a SMALL NUR-
SERY', about Eighteen Years to run. — Ground Rent
£2 8s. per year. Three span-roofed Houses, 33 feet each. Oue
lean-to, 3r) feet ; and one lean-to, 52 feet.

G. HARBER, 16, Grove Lane. Camberwell.

FOR SALE, a first-class FLORIST'S BUSI-
NESS. Best position in the High Street of a first-class
suburban town. 5 miles south-west of West-end.
Full particularsof Mr. JAMIESON, li. the Hill.Putney, S.W.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, a First-
class FLORIST. FRUIT, and GREENGROCERY
BUSINESS, in one of the most fashionable watering-places on
south coast— splendid connection, and good Family Round.
Stock, Lea.e, good strong 5-year-old Cob, Trade Cart, and
every accessory, at £150.

Apply to FLORA. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Seed Merchants and Others.

TO BE SOLD, the HOUSE, SHOP, WARE-
HOUSE, aud PREMISES lately occupied by the late
Mr. William Miller, deceased, situate at East Herriugton,
near Sunderland, and used by him as a Seed, Grain, and
Oilcake Merchant, together with the Goodwill of the Business,
If not Sold, a suitaDle tenant would be accepted. Cards to
View, and further particulars, may be obtained of WILLIAM
BELL AND SONS. Solicitors, 23, Lambton Street, Sunderland.

LONDON, N.E.— For IMMEDIATE SALE,
a NURSERY of 1J Acres, with Ten Greenhouses, all
heated with hot water ; Brick-built Dwelling-House. Good
Wholesale and Retail Business done. Lease 6 years unexpired.
Rent £60. Stock about £150. Price including Stock and
Glass £200.

Apply PRO'i'HEROE AND MORRIS, 67 & 68, Cheapside,
E.C. (Folio 7518).

^URREY.near CROYDON.— Small and com-

O pact FREEHOLD NURSERY, suit private Gentleman.
Comfortable Home and Greenhouses and about 1 Acre of
ground,

Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

TO be LET, on LEASE, a FLORIST and

-L. FRUIT GAR!>EN, 2£ acres; two Vineries, Tomato-house

in full bearing, Range of Pits, Dwelling House, good Stabling;

one mile from Eton, two from Windsor. Excellent Market.

M. G.. 1, Melton Cottages, Chalvey Vale, Slough.

Tottenham.— To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.

TO BE LET, close to "White Hart Lane
Station, about la. 2 r. 20 p. of LAND, suitable for
Glasshouses.

For further particulars, apply to Mr. ALFRED RICHARDS,
Estate Agent, High Road, Tottenham; or, Messrs. DANIEL
SMITH, SON, and OAKLEY, Land Agents, Surveyors, and
Auctioneers, 10, Waterloo Place, Pull Mall, S.W.

"TfTNurserymen, Market Gardeners, and Plorists.
TO be LET, or SOLD (through the death of the

-L Tenant), BUSINESS PREMISES, as a Going Concern,
consisting of a House and Shop, four Greenhouses, and from
2 to3 Acres of Land, as a Nimery, in the town of Abergavenny,
near the London aud North - Western Railway Station. A
thriving and profitable business has and is being carried on.

Apply to EVAN JONES, Mardy Park, Abergavenny; or,
T. GLASBROOK RICHARDS, Solicitor, Swansea.

FOR SALE, TWO CORNISH TRENTHAM
BOILERS, 7 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches diameter, with
Check Bridge Ends and three Cross Tubes, with Furnace
Fittings. All uearly new. Lying in South Yorkshire.

Apply, BOILER, Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

Landscape Gardening.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchaser- have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

Tj\)R SALE, 1 Dr. Hogrg PEACH, 4 feet

A- stem; 1 Noblesse, dwarf trained ; 1 NECTAhlNE Hum-
boldt, dwarf trained, 6 to 8 feet diameter, have been forced,
2-yrs. plauted Offers to

T. H. SLADE, Mongewell Gardens, Wallingford.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISSUS. — Fine
Strain, 25s. per 1000, on rail. Sample 50 by post for
2s., or 100 for 3s. 6<t Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

„ WIERII LACINIATUM, 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to5 inch.
NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
REITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
SCHWEDLERII. 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.
WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
CERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet,

girlh 4 to 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS. Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
,, ,, Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
,, ,. Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
,, Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIMES, 12, 16, and 20 feet, girth 3 to '0 inches.
„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTITA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6

inches.
,, Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUID AMBER, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.

,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

,, Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet.
„ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
„ ., White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.

BEECff , Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet.

,, Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
,, Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet.
POPLAR, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free.
on application to their Agents, Messrs. MERTENS and CO.,
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.C. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other firni of the same name.

H. LANE & SON

Beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their extensive
Stocksof TREESand SHRUBS for immediate ejftct, ex tending
over 150 acres, including the following, all uninjured by frost,

EVERGREENS.

AUCUBAS, BERBERIS, BOX, COTONEASTERS, HOLLIES
(Green and Variegated), LAURELS, PORTUGAL LAURELS,
MAHONIAS, GOLDEN YEWS (fine specimens, 6 feet in
diameter), and Thousands of smaller Seedling Varieties, in
different shades of colour, variety, and form.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

DEUTZIAS, ELDER (Golden and Variegated). GUELDER

ROSES, THORNS in variety, LABURNUMS, LILACS,

PHILADELPHUS, RIBES, SPIRAEAS, WEIGELAS, &c.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

MAPLES, SYCAMORES, BEECH, Black NORWEGIAN

BIRCH, CHESTNUTS. ELMS, LIMES. PURPLE-LEAVED

PLUM, WEEPING TREES, &c.

CONIFERS.

ABIES OOUGLASI, ARAUCARIAS, CEDRUS DEODARA
(splendid Specimens), CUPRESSUS, PICEA NOBILIS and
NOKDMANNIANA, &c , PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c„ RETINO-
SPORAS in variety, THUIA LOBBI and others, THUJOPSIS
BOREALIS and DOLABRATA (fine Specimens).

EXHIBITIONS.

RHODODENDRONS, fine named sorts, well set with bloom.

Ponticum and Hybrid Seedlings, Azalea Mollis, &c.

FOREST TREES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.

CATALOGUE FREE OX APPLICATION.

ROYAL BOTANICAL and HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY of MANCHESTER.
A GRAND EXHIBITION of HARDY and OTHER FRUITS
will be held on the 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd inst. For Schedules,
&c, apply to the undersigned. rritpi? ftntit av

Royal Botanic Gardens, Manchester. BKUCt *INDLA1.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY
of MANCHESTER
A FRUIT CONFERENCE will be held'in Manchester on the
21st and 22nd inst. The Right Hon. the Earl of Derby will
Preside on the First Day, and Alderman Sir Jamks White-
head, Bart., on the Second Day. The Subjects to be brought
before the Conference are published in the Schedule.

BRUCE FINDLAY, Secretary.

KENT COUNTY CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY.
The FOURTH ANNUAL GRAND EXHIBITION will be
held in the Rink, Blackheath (opposite S.E.R. Station), on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, November 3 and 4. Over £120
in prizes. Schedules, &c, free, of E A SEARLE
Vale House, Park Road, Forest Hill. S.E.

BRIGHTON and HOVE CHRYSANTHE-
MUM SHOW.
THE DOME, ROYAL PAVILION,

TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY. Nov. 3 and 4.
Entries close Tuesday, October 27. Schedules may be bad of

18, Church Road, Hove. MARK LONGHURST,

TIVERTON CHRYSANTHEMUM, FRUIT,
AND FLOWER SHOW.
The NEXT EXHIBITION will be held on THURSDAY,
November 12. For Schedules, apply to the Hon. Sec,

R. P. COSW AY-, Tiverton. Devon.

CHORLEY CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY.

This Society's ANNUAL EXHIBITION-
of FLOWERS and FRUIT, will be held in the
TOWN HALL, CHORLEY, on Nov. 20 and 21.

Schedules may be had from
Market Street, Chorley. JAMES SARGEANT, Hon. Sec,

TREE CARNATIONS.— Duke of Clarence,
new, the finest crimson-scarlet in cultivation, very large
flowers; good plants, in 5-inch pots, 125. per doz. Price per
100 on application. Carnation Souv. de Labruyere, bright
scarlet, remarkably free in winter; bushy plants, in 5-iuch
pots, 9s. per doz. Packing free for cash.

CRANE and CLARKE, Hillside Nursery, March, Cambs.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade.
In 25 most saleable kinds, at 12s. per 100. Large
Adiantnm cuneatum, fine tops, in 5-inch pots, f<0s. per 100.
Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100, in 48's. For potting
on, 12s. and 16s. per 100. Rushy Latania borbonica, 15s. per
dozen, in 48's. Packed free. Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

ALOES!— Very CHOICE SPECIMENS for
SALE, privately. — Seven large Plants, 24 years old;
and about two dozen, 6 to 8 years old. Also three fine
AGAPANTHUS.

Can be inspected on presentation of card to GARDENER,
The Hawthorns, St. Margaret's, Twickenham.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

STRAWBERRIES.— All the best of the New
and Old Varieties. One of the best Collections in the
Trade. Send for Descriptive CATALOGUE, the most complete
iBSued. Special quotations for quantities to grow for Market.
FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN W ATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries. Withington,
Hereford.

SUTTON'S BULBS

CEMUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM READING. •

THE NURSERIES, berkhamstead, HERTS.

Bulb Orders, value 5s. and upwards, Carriage Free.

SPECIAL OFFER-SCOTCH FIR

1J to 2, 2 to 2$, 2J to 3, 3 to 4, and 4$ feet.

SPRUCE FIR,

1 to )§, 1J to 2, 2 to 2J, and 3 feet.

PINUS AUSTRIACA,

1 to 1J, 1J to 2, 2 to 2i. and 3 feet.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM,

lj to 2, 2 to 2J-, and 3 feet. Same in diameter.
All beiDg thoroughly transplanted, and on poor soil, are
well-rooted, and will start quickly into sturdy growth.
PRICES on application to—

EPPS & CO., 33S2S&? HANTS.

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

417

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immeDse Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, H.ILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No- 397.

POST FEEE ON APPLICATION.

DicksqnScBC Chester

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

AGENCE GENKKALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HEBDT and STBECKEB,

ANTWERP.
Branch House and Plant Houses. Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grouuds, Duezeld, lezSchoot*n, Antwerp.
Cablegrams — Stbecker, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Pottlng-Very large size

(1J Year).

Price, 12s. 6d. per 100.

SAMPLE* FEES ON APPLICATION.

WRINCH & S O N S,

IPSWI

ST. LAWRENCE
WORKS,

WRINCH & SONS

And 67, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.

IPSWICH.

Established isis.

65,

LIONEL STREET,
BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE,

SHARPE'S VICTOR

POTATO,

EARLIEST OF ALL.

Now Is the time to procure ; and to prevent
disappointment, Order direct of the Raisers.

Plant "VICTORS" now for using at

Christmas, or put into boxes to sprout for

planting out-of-doors early in March.

Prices on application, to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

Seed Faemeus and Merchants,

SLEAFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.

For PLEASURE and PROFLT.

FRUIT.

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, aDd kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8S. per dozen, 60S. per 100. for Cash with. Order.

B0SES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TBEES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACBES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B.— Single Plunts are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS & BULBS;vege^lpeak^0WER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

EVERCREENShEVERCREENS!

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

JOHN PERKINS and SON beg to draw-
attention to their large stock of the following, fine bushy,
healthy trees, with good roots, all of which will transplant
safely : —

ENGLTSH YEWS. 2 to 3, 3 to 4. and 4 to S feet.
GREEN HOLLIES, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
THUIA LOBBII. 3 to 4. 4 to 5, aDd 6 to 8 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS. 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
LAURELS. CAUCASICA. 2J to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
„ ROTUNDIFOLIA. 2J to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
„ PORTUGAL, 1 J to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 1} to 2, aDd 2 to 3 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSON1ANA. 3 to 4, 4 to 5. and 6 to 8 feet.
RETINOSPORA PLUMOSA, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
„ PIMFERA, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
Special cheap offers by the dr z -n, If 0, or 1000.
The Old-Established Nursery and Seed Bustness,
52, MAEKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, BilliDg Road.
Telegraphic Address — " QUICK, Northampton,"

418

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

WEBBS'

COLLECTIONS

BULBS

CONSIST of the FINEST
SELECTED

HYACINTHS,

TULIPS,
CROCUS, LILIES,
SNOWDROPS, &c

Prices, 5s , 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 15s., 21s., 42s., 63s.,
and 1058. each; Carriage Free.

FIVE PFH CENT. DISCOUNT FOE CASH.

WEBBS' BULB CATALOCUE,

Beautifully Illustrated, Gratis, and Post Free.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen,
and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE.

VEITCH'S BULBS

EARLY FORCING.

VEITCH'S BULBS

POT CULTURE.

STRAWBERRIES.— Laxton's "Noble," King
of Strawberries ; Scarlet Queen and White Knight, best
new, certificated Fruit Conference, high quality ; Commander.
Crescent, King of Earlies, J. Ruskin, A. Nicaise. Vicomtesse,
Captain, Cardinal, Competitor, Countess, Lucas, Aberdeen
Favourite, Bothwell Bank, Stirling Castle, Paxton, President,
J. Veitch, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, Albert (fine, new, late),
Elton, Eleanor, Waterloo, Loxford, Jubilee, Latest of All, and
150 best sorts, true to name. Lists free.

T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

VEITCH'S BULBS

OUTDOOR PLANTING.

CARTERS'

CHOICE and CELEBRATED

HYACINTHS.

UNEQUALLED for QUALITY,

LOWEST PRICES.

For details see CATALOGUE, forwarded Gratis
and Post-free on application.

James Veitgh & Sons,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY,
CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS

in 25 sorts, for cultivation in pots
or glasses. Carriage Free.

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

30/-
81-

FINE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

6/-

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a
beautifully Coloured Plate, GRATIS and POST
FREE to Customers.

237
238

Koyal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants,

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

=53

100 ACRES OF

EVERGREENS

TO SELECT FROM.

Regularly Transplanted.
Hardily-Grown.

Lift with balls of earth, so can be conveyed any

distance & safely planted.

Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free.

™» PLANT NOW. — ■

DiCKSONs:. Chester

FOSTER & PEARSON,

Established i84i. 22 FIRST PRIZES. BEESTON, NOTTS.

Estimates on Application

FOB

VINERIES,

ORCHID HOUSES,
PEAGH HOUSES,

CONSERVATORIES,
PLANT HOUSES,

WALL COVERS,

GARDEN FRAMES,
HEATINC APPARATUS

CARNATION HOUSE, 18 feet wide.

&c, &c.

All Timber thoroughly
Seasoned.

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

419

THE ELEPHANT MOTH DENDROBE.

Dendrobium PMaenopsis,
var. Schroderianum,

THE KING OF THE GENUS.

Which may he considered the grandest and in every way the finest known
Orchid, and

THE ORCHID SENSATION OF THE CENTURY.

It is the grandest Orchid ever introduced. There is no gem in the
whole Orchid Flora comparable to this, the "King op Dendrobes"; and,
for the introduction, we are indebted to the energy and enterprise of
Mr. F. Sander.

Nearly 1000 Grand Plants will be SOLD by AUCTION at

Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS' ROOMS,

On FRIDAY NEXT, OCTOBER 16.

There are only Seven Plants in Europe, which are mostly in the
princely Collection of Baron J. H. W. Schroder. This Orchid is, among
Dendrobes, the Vanda Sanderiana among Yandas, and as totally distinct
from all other Dendrobes as Vanda Sanderiana from all other Vandas. It
must be distinctly understood, that the Dendrobium we offer is absolutely
unlike any other Dendrobium phalamopsis variety, and a gem among
Orchids quite incomparable.

THE FACT of Baron Schroder flowering each of his plants annually
proves how free-growing this Dendrobe is.

THE FA.CT of the sensation it caused this spring when exhibited before
the Boyal Horticultural Society, at the Drill Hall, proves that when
we state this Dendrobium to be " The King of the Genus," we
do not over-estimate its beauty.

THE FACT that about seven plants, now in collections, come from two
small plants originally introduced to the Boyal Gardens at Kew,
conclusively proves its free growth.

THE FACT is, Mr. James O'Brien says it is a very free doer, as is
evidenced by fact of the plants, now in collections, having been
grown from such small scraps as the original plants were when
first received.

THE FACT that there will be shown, on the day of Sale, dried flowers,
ranging from white to rose and purple, proves that our New Guinea
variety is finer than the original.

THE FACT that we are able to show quantities of flower-spikes over
2 feet long, proves that this Dendrobe is as fine for cutting
purposes as Odontoglossum Alexandras, and it even surpasses that
grand Orchid in its more brilliant colouring, lasting equally long
in perfection.

SANDER, St. ALBANS.

THE

(Sardttwrs' (Jjkmtick

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1891.

APPLE CULTURE AND APPLE
ORCHARDS.

"\7"OUR recent articles advocating fruit-tree
-*- culture on a more extensive scale than
hitherto, will lose nothing by friendly criticism,
or more critical handling of the subject than
your correspondents have accorded it. I do
not consider that the main object, that is the
more general culture of fruits, is likely to be
obtained by a too great stickling for rule-of-
tbumb methods of the gardener. Spade
husbandry is undoubtedly the best if well
carried out ; but it is not desirable to advocate
for all places and soils digging the ground by
hand, or to insist on its being needful in secur-
ing good crops of fruit. When fruit trees are
planted, they repay proper outlay in this
respect, but once this is done well, I maintain
that the trees in ordinarily good soils will need
but little more care. The knowledge of this fact
should sweep away any difficulties which may
arise in the minds of inexperienced planters.

Although it is recorded that twenty-two
named varieties of the Apple were in cultivation
in Pliny's time, and, according to Stow, " Carp
and Fepins " (Pippins) were introduced about
the middle of the sixteenth century ; still, know-
ing the Crab is a native of most countries of
Europe, there can be little doubt that all the
Apples of the present day sprang therefrom. A
more hardy and enduring tree could not well be
discovered. I have seen it grow out from the
crevices of the roots of a huge Oak, and extend
to large size, retaining the utmost vigour ; whilst,
whether amidst brushwood or in hedgerows, it
proves irrepressible. Such being the prototype
of the Crab, I have no hesitation in saying, that
Apple trees on the Crab once well planted in
good soils, having natural drainage, will bear
fruit abundantly for very long periods, provided
they are permitted to grow, more or less,
naturally. I would not suggest that no pruning
will be required, but I do believe more young
trees are ruined by injudicious and excessive
pruning than by any other cause. It is only
necessary to observe the pole-trimmed fruitless
branches of what are known as pyramidal trees, in
numerous suburban gardens, todeterminethisfact
The late Mr. Shirley Hibberd was perfectly
right when he inveighed against this unnatural
practice when carried to extremes. For such
a tree to succeed, it must not be pollarded.
An Apple tree will grow to large dimensions.
Speechly records a tree growing at Burton-Joyce,
near Nottingham, with branches extending 20 to
24 feet from the bole, which, in 1792, produced
upwards of 100 pecks of Apples; and I can well
believe it, as I have the remains of an Apple tree in

420

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

my own garden, the bole of which measures 55 inches
in circumference ; and a local market-gardener living
near affirms that he once bought the crop upon it
at a given price, and subsequently gathered the
crop, which amounted to 25 bushels. Yet this tree
grew upon grass land, never receiving any artificial
aid whatever. Speechley's tree was reckoned to be
about sixty years old, which is probably the age of
my tree. Who, therefore, can calculate the quantity
of fruit such a tree produced from first to last, and
what the amount of profit has been in all those years ?

The Apple, to succeed, must have plenty of head
room. It may be necessary, as regards such varieties
as King of the Pippins, Wellingtons, &c, occasionally
to thin out the spra) from the centres of the trees ;
not so, however, in the case of Blenheim Orange,
Hawthorndens, and those of similar habit.

Such small attention as the above, and an occa-
sional surface mulching with manure, &c, is all that
such trees require to produce, after the first eight
years, fairly uniform crops — such crops, in fact, as
it is not possible for annually severely-pruned trees
to give under any circumstances.

I have heard it said by self-esteemed wiseacres,
that Apple trees" should be so pruned as to admit of
wild ducks flying between the branches." My good
neighbour next door followed this practice, and I
have seen a load of faggots carted from his orchard
on more than one occasion. The result was, he had
no crops. Latterly he has taken a lesson from over
the fence, and his trees have assumed more natural
shape, and are fruiting admirably. But it will be
said by those who are accustomed to toy or dwarfed
trees, on the Paradise stock, and have little practice
with well developed orchard trees, " Dwarfs are best,
and give greater returns," which is a contention I
shall never cease opposing, even though I am told I
am "behind my day." When the Archimedian
mowing-machine first came over, I alone contended
it never would answer. Then also I was adjudged
"behind the times." Patience then, as it will now,
awarded me, however. The Archimedian machine
had another cutter blade added to it, and as a
near copyist of Ransome, Green, and others, it
remains amongst us. That dwarf trees give their
limited crops earlier I am well aware, but the actual
gatherings cannot compare with those of standard
trees. My three standard Hawthorndens, never
large-headed trees, give heavy crops without fail
year by year. Reverting to my fruit-book for this
year, I find they have already been denuded of seven
sieves of fine fruit, some of which average 1 lb. in
weight. Such gatherings commenced on July 25,
having returned 6s. and 5s. per sieve, all outgoings
accounted for besides. From 8 to 10 sieves of
Apples still remain upon these same trees, to be
gathered in successive batches. If we admit that
three dwarf trees could occupy the space required
by each of these trees, making a total of nine,
or even say they occupy the space of twelve dwarf
trees, is it to be imagined the latter twelve would
produce 17 sieves of fruit, or even half that quantity ?

Against the standards, grass feed below has to be
credited ; but against the dwarfs, cultivated ground
must be debited, to say nothing as regards original
cost of the trees.

Having stated the facts, I freely admit that both
systems of culture are desirable and profitable, and am
assured that both can be carried to a successful issue,
with a tithe the outlay suggested, or at least hinted at,
in much that is written. Even as regards districts
possessed of undrained subsoils, and indifferent
ground generally, where deep light soils with
gravelly subsoils do not exist, but in their lieu cold
clays, &c, shallow planting should be followed, and
if it is possible to excavate a hole 3 feet deep, and
deposit brick rubbish 6 inches in depth therein, be-
fore the soil is placed in, so much the better.
Chopped-up turf is excellent root-food for them,
hence all who plant on grass lands, will do well to
place the surface spit by itself until excavations are
made, then to chop it up and place it at the bottom.
When shallow planting is intended, the roots should
be spread oat upon the freshly-moved soil not more

than 2 inches below the ground level, a mound being
placed around the bole of each to steady it.

In recent controversies much has been said and
written concerning the miserable appearance of the
majority of old orchards scattered throughout the
country, and this has been made a handle whereon to
hang theories of unlimited neglect.

This is undoubtedly a common error. We have no
reason to imagine those in possession of such orchards
would not resuscitate and improve the trees if they
could. Indeed, the presence of young trees planted
amongst the old, all but invariably show the bent of
their owners. The fact is, few take into considera-
tion the longevity of these trees, and the immense
age of the majority of such orchards. Haller averred
that certain orchard trees in Hertfordshire had stood
there a thousand years, and were still prolific (!).
Judged by this imagery, the ages of many existing
orchards are very old ; so that the wonder should be,
not that the trees are so feeble, but that they exist
at all.

Aged orchards are often associated with extremely
old homesteads — a suggestion that, at least, one is
as old as the other. But the mind cannot rest
there. Even supposing the tenements have been re-
erected, it is no proof that the orchards may not have
graced the surroundings of still earlier ones. It will
be well, therefore, to put aside the insinuation that
aged orchards generally show the owner's neglect ;
and to have resort to new plantings.

The Apple can be brought to higher perfection in
Britain than any other fruit ; very good examples
are produced in the Highlands and Orkneys, as well
as the Shetland Isles ; hence there is no valid reason
against planting freely to meet our increasing
demands.

The recommendation to plant this fruit plentifully
is not so new as some aspiring publicists would have
us believe. Thus wrote Gerard early in the seven-
teenth century : — " I haue seen in the pastures and
hedgerows about the grounds of a worshipful gentle-
man dwelling 2 miles from Hereford, called Master
Bednome, so many trees of all sorts that the tenants
drinke for the most part no other drinke but that
which is made of Apples ; the quantity is such,
that by the report of the gentleman himselfe, the
parson has for tithe many hogsheads of syder. The
hogs are fed with the fallings of them, which are so
many that they make choice of those Apples they do
eat, who will not taste of any but the best. An
example, doubtles, to be followed of gentlemen
that haue land and living; but enuie iaith, the
poore will break down our hedges, and we shall
haue the least part of the fruit. But forward in
the name of God. Graffe, set, plant, and nourish
up trees in euery corner of your grounds ; the labour
is small, the cost is nothing, the comoditie is great.
Yourselves shall haue plenty, the poor shall haue
somewhat in time of want to relieue their neces-
sitie, and God shall reward your good mindes and
diligence." William Earley.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

THUNIA MASTERSIANA, n. sp*

This is a new and exceedingly handsome Thunia.
The plant is of strong, robust habit ; the stems
immediately above the ground are as thick as the

* Thunia Mastersiana, n. sp. — Planta elata 3—4 pedes
alta diatichophylla. Folia glauca oblongo-lanceolata v. lanceo-
lata, 10 poll, longa, To poll, lata, suprema breviora racemum
superantia. Racemus pluriflorus. Bracteas oblongse acutte
navicularea sub-antheri, peraistentes reflexEe ovariis sub-bre-
viores. Sepalum doraale lineare oblongum (v. ligulatunj)
acutum ; lateralia paulum majora postice in pseudocalcar breve
conicum producta; petala paulo minora subeequalia. labellum
campanulatum (explanatum fere quadratum) brevisaime apicu-
latum margine revoluto undulato dentato decorum, disco
lineis 7 — 9 — 11 elevatis crispatulis antice ramosia inatructum.
Gynostemium postice rotundatum marginatum apice, dilata-
tum tridentatum adjectis dentibus quibusdam minonbus ;
labello paulo brevius. FI03 2'5 poll, diametro. omnino can-
didua, labelli calli aurei purpureo-marginati. Florea racemi
omnes coaetanei. — Ex ftjoulmein ; importari jussit, F. Sander,
Verulamensie.

thumb ; they are more than 4 feet in height, with
glaucous, densely crowded, distichous, and strong,
dorsiventral leaves of 10 to 12 inches in length by
nearly 2 inches in breadth. In general appearance
the plant is more like a Palm than is any other
Thunia. It is, of course, nearly allied to T. alba,
Rchb. f. (Phaius albus, Lindl.), and perhaps even
more closely to T. pulchra, Rchb. f. (introduced
twenty or more years ago by Mr. Low), but it
differs from both. Firstly, the growth of this species
is more luxuriant in every part ; secondly, the
flowers, although very beautiful, are scarcely half
the size of those of the two allied species ; thirdly,
the labellum is more campanulate, or bell-shaped,
only the extreme margin is revoluted ; it is extremely
finely serrulated, and the basal part is protracted
into a very blunt spur (in T. alba the spur is well-
developed ; in T. pulchra it is altogether wanting).
All these characteristics are plainly shown. The
peculiarities of the rather large gynostemium are
more nearly like those of T. pulchra. The plant
was introduced from Moulmein, and flowered during
the last weeks of July and first of August, at St.
Albans, in Mr. F. Sander's houses. The new
species is named in honour of Dr. M. T. Masters.
Dr. Kriindin.

DEVONSHIRE FERNS.

Mat I be permitted to remark upon one or two
points raised by your correspondent, Mr. Napper,
lately, in the above connection. In his reference
to the " kinds of Devonshire Ferns," it appears to
me that he confounds species with varieties, the
latter of which are alone so numerous as to render
their classification difficult. I am strengthened in
this impression by his concluding remark, that
" latterly the various forms of British and exotic
hardy Ferns have been manipulated, and many
seedlings raised, so that now we have in cultivation
hundreds of garden varieties, many being extremely
novel and beautiful." Here he displays his know-
ledge of the existence of these varieties, but quite
wrongly imputes them to " manipulation " under
culture ; and here I perceive the solution of the
puzzle which he finds in " Strolling Devonian's "
remarks, since it is precisely in the shady lanes of
Devon that hundreds of beautiful varieties have
been found " wild," and amongst these perfectly wild
" finds " of Devon and elsewhere in the British
Isles are to be found the majority of the best and
more perfect forms. In point of fact, in Mr. Lowe's
recent list of some 1800 forms, 1100 were found
wild, without reckoning a large additional number of
repeats, many of which, though too near to previous
records to be differentiated from them by name, are
distinct enough to connoisseurs, while, from their
being found in far distant localities, they are
obviously independent " sports."

In hunting, therefore, a district so rich as Devon-
shire, while the species hunter will be jubilant over
some 25 " kinds," i.e., species, the experienced
variety hunter, given time enough, will accumulate
hundreds of perfectly distinct types. Mr. Moly, for
instance, in the neighbouring county of Dorset, has
something like 600, gathered mostly within driving
distance of his house, and these 600 I can vouch by
actual inspection, are by no means distinguished
only by hair-splitting differences, but are all very
distinct from each other, inferior types having been
ignored when discovered. The late Dr. Wills, resi-
dent a few miles from Mr. Moly, had also a large
collection of " own finds," distinct and beautiful.

It is clear to me, therefore, that your correspon-
dent when in his native county, regarded, as he
apparently still regards, the varieties as mere horJ
ticultural productions, and hence did not find them
because he did not seek. The chance of a good form
being discovered without specially careful and perse-
vering search, is a very remote possibility ; while if
the attention be concentrated in the " varietal "
direction, and the eye become accustomed to dis-
criminate differences quickly, prizes of the most un-

[The Gardeners' Chronicle, October 10, 1891.

Fig. 51. — helianthus multiflorus. (see p. 428.)

422

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobee 10, 1801.

expected types are sure sooner or later to reward the
patient hunter.

If Mr. Napper will take this to heart, I ain sure
his next visit to Devon will add something to his
collection, and alter his views about the "manipu-
lative " origin of our numberless beautiful abnormal
types. So far as I know, not a single new " type "
has originated under culture, all that has been done
is to raise seedlings and select the best, which in
some cases has resulted in improvements, and re-
cently good types have been "crossed" with happy
results.

Another point in his interesting letter touches the
old bugbear of nomenclature, not in this case varietal,
but specific. To my mind, it is very much to be
lamented that a recently-published popular book
should have lumped together species which all cul-
tivators, if not the scientific botanist, have long
pronounced as quite distinct, and which were formerly
recognised as such by the same writer, who now
reverts to an older classification. No man has more
respect than myself for the scientific side of this
question, for I well know that when we step outside
our own islands, we may find and do find inter-
mediate specific types, which form links more or less
intimate between the genera. Nature, in short, has
no hard-and-fast lines, such as every system of classi-
fication attempts to draw. When, however, I find
our Shield Fern (Polystichum) and our Buckler
Fern (Lastrea) lumped together as one under the
name of Aspidium, I rebel, and so does everyone
who grows them. They are absolutely distinct,
generally and in detail ; and even in the indusium or
spore cover, the round central-stalked one of the
Polystichum differentiates it altogether from the
kidney-shaped cover of the Lastrea. The Athyrium,
too, has culturally no affinity whatever to the genus
Asplenium, into which it is dragged anew on
account of a strained resemblance in the mode of
fructification, although in habit of growth, habitat,
size, texture, varietal tendencies, and deciduousness,
it stands as far apart as can be. Everyone knows
the plant as Athyrium, yet for no good reason
that can be given, confusion is rendered worse
confounded by a practically fresh christening.
Blechnum is another case where "lumping" is
carried to excess at the expense of a well-known
name, justified by a distinct difference in the fructi-
fication from Lomaria, into which it is again thrust.
Your correspondent, by the way, gives this the
popular name of the rough Spleenwort, which is
quite new to me; the Shield Ferns (Polystichum)
and Buckler Ferns (Lastrea, Nephrodium or Aspi-
dium) he lumps together as Shield Ferns, which is
wrong. He omits, too, Lastrea montana, which is
common enough ; Adiantum capillus - veneris
(Maidenhair) and P. dryopteris (Oik Fern), which I
found on Exmoor, are rarer, but still to be fuund,
vandalism notwithstanding.

In conclusion, I would advise all British Fern
growers to stick to the popular nomenclature with
which they are familiar, until very good and cogent
reasons are given for alterations, and nt t to adopt
changes off-hand under the impression that they are
thereby keeping up with the times ; they may, as in
the case before us, be going bick instead of forward.
Charles T. Drueri/, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ODONrOGLOSSU.VI x CORADINEI.
Many of the forms of this very variable natural
hybrid approach more nearly in character to 0. Lind-
leyanum than to the other parent, O. crispum, but one
which has now appeared in the collection of Sir
Charles Strickland, Bart., is a decided exception,
and is more like the original form figured and de-
scribed in these columus in 1872 (p. 1068, fig. 251).
I, has quite the shape of 0. crispum, the sepals
being over 0 lines and the peta's over 7 lines broad,
ami all pale primrose in colour. Kach has a large
chestnut blotch about the middle, and the sepa'a

some smaller oues near the base. The lip is oblong,
over 6 lines broad, and retusewith a slender apiculus
over 1 line long. The crest, however, is nearer to
O. Lindleyanum, and in front of it is a very large
chestnut blotch, leaving only a narrow white margin
beside. The stalk of the lip is 6 lines long, and the
column 8 lines, but the wings of the latter, as ia
Coradinei generally, approach closely to 0. Lindley-
anum. It is a very handsome form, and another
example of the immense range of variation seen in
some of these natural hybrids.

Catasetum fimbriatum 6* and $ .
Another Catasetum must now be added to the
list of those of which both sexes are known, making
seventeen in all. A plant of Catasetum fimbriatum,
Lindl., in the collection of W. Wright, Esq., The
Grange, Denmark Hill (gr., Mr. G. Parrott), has
produced a raceme of four flowers, of which the two
lower ones are females, and the upper ones males.
It has now been sent to Kew for preservation. The
female flower has the sepals and petals strongly re-
flexed, light green, with the upper half of the former
spotted with light purple, precisely as in the male.
The lip is rather elongated, and has the margin and
apex somewhat crenulated. Its appearance is very
interesting, as the other sex has been known for
many years. It is a native of Monte Video. Cata-
setums now appear to be fairly common in gardens,
and a few days ago the females of no fewer than four
species were in my hands at the same time. Not-
withstanding a general similarity, there are various
points of difference when compared side by side,
which will, perhaps, admit of their more satisfactory
determination in future. R. A. Rolfe.

VANDA ClERDXEA, BURMESE VaRIETV.

The old Vanda cojrulea, so long known in gar-
dens, is well known to be a native of the Khasia and
Jyntea Mountains. A few years ago it was observed
by Mr. C. B. Clarke at Kohima, on the borders of
Manipur, and now it has been found in Upper
Burmah, whence it has been imported by Messrs.
Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton. A fine raceme of the
Burmese vaiiety has been sent to Kew by E. H,
Woodall, Esq., of Scarborough, in which the flowers
measure over 4 inches across their broadest diameter.
The dorsal sepal measures 1J inch across, and the
petals \h inch. All are beautifully tesselated with
lilac-blue on a paler ground, the lip being of a
deeper purple-blue shade. The eastward extension
of its range is very interesting, and quite in con-
formity with what is now known of the distribution
of many other plants in this region. Vanda oerulea
is very variable, both in size and colour, but the
Burmese locality is said to have yielded some excep-
tional forms in both these respects. The one now to
hand is certainly very fine, but I do not see how it
can be separated by any distitctive character, owing
to the range of variation previously observed in the
species. R. A. Rolfe.

Cattleya lauiata autumnalis.
Mr. F. Sander, of St. Albans, with his accustomed
courtesy, has sent me various periodicals in which
his remarkable re-discovery of the long-lost Oattleya
labiata autumnalis has been mentioned. The last,
which reached me to-day (September 25) is the
Saturdai/ Renew of the l'Jth inst. In it are men-
tioned the known possessors of the old plant in
England, France, and America, adding, " It is
believed there are two in Italy." I have one of those
two, and until quite lately another was in the col-
lection of the gardens of the Municipality of
Florence. But as I understand a large number of
Orchids were sold out of it this summer, I do not
know whether it is still there. Mine, as well as others
which existed in Florence, were derived from the San
Donato collection of Prince Anatole Demidoff. Mine
answers to the description of C 1. picta, being of a
deep red purple. It is now showing flower, the
sheath having just opened, and is as described-
double. I have also actually in flower C. I. Waroc-
queana. This has also a double sheath, only whereas
in my C. 1. picta the two sheaths are of equal size,

and intersect one another, in the Warocqueana they
are unequal, one being within the other. The flower
of my C. Warocqueana resembles more C. 1. Gas-
kelliana than C. 1. autumnalis vera. Another plant
of C. Warocqueana, which has two flower sheaths
coming on, has the sheaths single, like most Cattleyas.
This may be that it has not yet gained sufficient
strength, as otherwise the plant is identical in growth
with the double-spathed one in flower. H. J. Ross,
Poggiu Gherardo, Florence.

ONCIDIUM CRISPUM LoDDICiESII.

Here we have the original plant " flores auran-
tiaci luteo - limbati, diametro tripollicari," as says
Lindley in his Genera i; Spec, p. 107. These lines
were written in 1833, and, in that interval of time,
the plant quite disappeared from our collections.
Several years later, in 1838, Messrs. Knowles and
Westcott figured it in the Floral Cabinet, but what a
reduced form in size and splendour ! Now, we have
the best form of it ever introduced. We received
a flower about 3J inches across ; the petals more
than lrL inch broad; the labellum flat, and 1J inch
broad. The margin of all the petals, &c, is very
regularly waved. The whole flower is deep brown,
narrowly bordered with yellow, and with a radiating
golden blotch at the base of the labellum. The
wings of the column are the largest we have ever
observed. The plant was introduced by Messrs.
Sander & Co., St. Albans, and purchased amongst a
lot of Oncidium pnetextum by Mr. Herbert Harris,
Bowden Hill House, Chippenham, who is the bcatus
possidetis. Considering the enormous size of the
flower, one may be tempted to regard it as a variety,
but as Dr. Lindley's diagnosis in all respects is the
true description of the flower before us, we must
admit that the old Lindleyan plant is re-discovered.
The re-discovery of the Cattleya labiata vera is the
event of the day in the Orchid world, and here
we have a quite analogous case. The strange fact
that the good old plant disappeared so quickly that
only reduced forms remained, may be explained by
its scarcity in its home, and even under the recent
large importations of Oncidium pr;ctextum, only this
single specimen has been found. Dr. F. KransHn,

Mr. Drewett's Orchids.
A short time ago, I happened to be in the vicinity of
Riding Mill-on-Tyne, and it occurred to me that a
few hours might well be spent in paying a visit to
Mr. D. 0. Drewett's renowned collection at Willow
Wood. Owing to the kindness of Mr. Keeling, the
gardener, I had every opportunity of seeing the
Orchids. Cypripediums apparently are Mr. Drewett's
favourites, and the plants are extremely well grown,
and although there were but few in flower at the
time, it was interesting to notice the ripening seed-
pods on many of them. Some fine hybrids have
already been raised in this collection, and some
others will appear in course of time, and probably
cause some amount of sensation in Orchid-loving
circles. A specimen plant of C. Lowii, which had just
finished flowering, could not but attract attention,
and Mr. Keeling informed me that it had borne the
large number of seven flowers on one scape, which
exceeds the number on Mr. Douglas's plant recently
shown at the Royal Horticultural Society, by one
flower. Visitor,

Morpeth House, Ipswich.
C. Whitfield King, Esq., is to be congratulated
on the rapid progress which he has made in laying
out the above place, of which he is the proprietor.
It is only a few years since when the site on which
this residence now stands was a hilly field ; this state
of affairs, however, has been entirely changed, and,
thanks to the gardener, Mr. Southgate, we have now
one of the prettiest and best kept gardens in Ipswich.
Rockeries are to be found well stocked with good
alpine plants and dwarf-growing shrubs. Herba-
ceous borders are prominent features, and the varie-
ties of Helianthus, Dahlias, and other large bloomers
give a gay aspect to the garden. Mr. King is a
thorough enthusiast in matters horticultural, and his
collection of Palms, Ferns, and Orchids is by no

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

423

means a meagre one. Notable amongst the Orchids
was a well-grown plant of Cattleya superba, a
very fine variety, which annually throws a flower-
spike of seven flowers ; and Cypripedium insigne, with
from forty to fifty growths, making a grand dis-
play. Large specimen plants of Cuilogyne cristata
also promised well for blossom. A good plant of the
true Lielia anceps Williamsiana, which Mr. South-
gate informs me is a pure white flower, and very
handsome, is throwing two spikes which promise
well for a good show about Christmas time. Many
of the Orchids originally belonged to Mr. Philbrick,
and are therefore somewhat historical. Other
Orchids in flower were Oncidium varicosum Rogersii,
a large branching spike ; 0. unguiculatum, O. tigri-
num, Dendrobium Fhalasnopsis, Cypripedium Har-
risianum, a good form ; Lfelia Boothiana, or as some-
times called, Cattleya lobata, was well in flower, and
though it is the first that I have seen, I should imagine
it to be a fine variety ; the sepals and petals of a

plants in flower were noticed a few nice pieces of
Cypripedium Dominianum, a graceful hybrid, with
soft yellow flowers and dark lines ; a splendid
variety of C. Harrisianum, C. Sedeni, the little
known C. albanense, with beautiful rose-coloured
flowers ; and several plants of C. Godefroyie and
C. Veitchii Demidoff var., which struck me as
being well grown, as did also a few plants of the
well-known Ctelogyne Massangeana. There were
several Masdevallias in bloom, and amongst them the
rare M. Gaskellinana, shown a short time ago at the
Royal Horticultural Society. Cattleyas, Dendrobes,
Lielias, Calanthes, &c, were all well represented,
and some amount of space was occupied by a
recent importation of Angreecum sesquipedale, near
to which it may be mentioned were a few specimens
of quite a new species of Angrrecum recently dis-
covered. The plants of this latter unfortunately
had suffered severely in transit ; but time and care
will no doubt bring them round. Visitor.

FlO. 52. — CONE OF CEDEUS DEODARA.

rich rosy tint, and fairly broad, and the labellum of a
dark crimson, with darker stripes, and similar in form
to C. crispa, but twice as large. A large specimen of
Cattleya Gaskelliana had seven flower-sheaths, and,
though late, it is nevertheless very acceptable.
Cattleya Loddigesii and C. guttata Leopoldiana are
also in flower. Plants of Odontoglossum grande, a
species which is grown in large quantities, are now
full of spikes ; Odontoglots are represented by fine
clumps of O. Alexandra! and O. Pescatorei. In con-
clusion, it may be safely said that this is going to
be one of the best gardens in Suffolk. Homeless.

Orchids at Southgate.
The small establishment of Messrs. W. L. Lewis
& Co., Chase Side, Southgate, is worthy of a visit
from those who desire to obtain a cool-house specimen.
Here may be seen many species, which one generally
associates with high temperatures, grown where
the warmth seldom rises above 60° or 65° Fahr.,
and to all appearance they are quite as healthy as
the same would be if grown warmer. Among the

WYTHENSHAWE HALL,
NORTHENDEN, CHESHIRE.

Callino at the gardens of this interesting old
place, the seat of Thomas E. Tatton, Esq., a few
days since, I was pleased to find many things so
well done that I considered them worthy of note.

Mr. W. Neild, the gardener here, has for several
years past been famous (or his productions of
Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, and this season is
no exception, for they are at the present time
splendid, fine in bunch, berry, and colour, the latter
of that rich amber shade, which always accompanies
high flavour. The house in which they are culti-
vated is of lean-to form, the length of the rafters
16 feet; each Vine is allowed to carry twelve
bunches, the larger of which are from 12 to 13
inches in length, and from 8 to 9 inches across the
shoulders, and about 4 lb. in weight. These Vines
have been planted something like thirty years, but
at the time Mr. Neild took charge they were in a very

bad condition, so much so that he hesitated whether to
root them out, or try and resuscitate them. Deciding
on the latter course, he had them carefully lifted,
made a new shallow border less than 18 inches in
depth, and replanted them. They commenced to
improve at once, and have continued annually to do
so. Undoubtedly they have now reached the height
of perfection, and during my fifty years of experience,
I have never observed more highly-finished speci-
mens. Iq a house adjoining the Muscats there is a
grand lot of Mrs. Pince Muscat and Black Alicante,
very fine in every respect, and the former variety
uniform in the size of the berries, which, with this
variety, is not always the case.

Pigs in pots are unusually well done here, the fine
bushes occupying 12 and 16-inch pots are loaded
with fruit ; the variety grown is Lee's Perpetual.
Tomatos are largely grown, the plants being in 10
and 12-inch pots, and the crop is a wonderfully fine
one, many of the fruits weighing nearly 1 lb. ; the
favourite variety is Trophy. In one of the plant-
houses there is a very grand plant of Lapageria
rosea, literally covered with the darkest and richest-
coloured flowers I have ever seen. Perns, including
Adiantum cuneatum and others are excellent,
planted out on rockery banks, a plan much to be
recommended, as nothing so fine as these can be
grown in pots. A remarkably good plant of Passi-
flora princeps covers the roof of this fernery, and is
almost perpetually in flower.

The kitchen garden contains excellent crops of
Seakale, Celery, Brussels Sprouts, and Artichokes,
the latter very fine heads. Wythenshawe Garden is
famous, in the district, for its Apples, but this
season the fruits have dropped prematurely,
owing to the imperfect ripening of the wood last
autumn and the ungenial weather at the time the trees
were in bloom. Pears on the south walls are carry-
ing good crops. There was a splendid lot of Chry-
santhemums to be seen, with well-ripened wood and
fine bright foliage to the pot's edge, promising a
good harvest of flowers. The plants are not over-
fed—as we often see them. H. Ellis, Bowden.

CED AES,

The cones of the Deodar are still so rarely pro-
duced in this country, that we are glad of the
opportunity afforded us by Mr. Herrin, of Dropmore,
of giving an illustration of it and one of the Atlas
Cedars, tig. 53, for comparison. These two forms,
with the short - leaved variety from Cyprus, are so
intimately related to the Lebanon Cedar that Sir
Joseph Hooker, many years ago, considered them to
be all referable to one and the same species, and in
a broad sense he was no doubt correct. They were
in all probability all derived from the same original
stock, although the differences are now so defined, that
for all cultural purposes the three mentioned must be
considered distinct. The cones of C. atlantica are
always, so far as we have seen, of neater outline, the
scales more compact and uniform at the edges, and the
cones more depressed at the apex. Of all the forms,
the glaucous form of atlantica is that which is most
desirable as a cultivated tree, though it is too soon
yet to know whether either the Deodar or the atlantica
will rival the Lebanon in majesty and variety of
habit.

THE AFRICAN OIL PALM IN

BORNEO.

In the number of the Kern Bulletin for November,
1889, attention is drawn to the fact of the African Oil
Palm (Elais guineensis) having been so far back as
1877 successfully introduced into Labuan ; and in 1878,
about 700 trees were reported by the acting Governor
as being in a very healthy condition. Nothing
having been heard of these plants since 1878, inquiry
was made from Kew to the Colonial Office in 1889,
and from the Colonial Office to the acting Governor of
Labuan, which brought the information, that the
plants which were raised on the island of Daat in
due time produced nuts, but no attempt ever seems

424

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEB 10, 1891.

to have been made to prepare oil from them, or to
utilise them in any way, and in 1888 the Palms are
reported to have been all removed to make room for
Cocoa-nut trees.

1 The following paragraph, under the head of
"Palm Cultivation in Sarawak," appears in the
Planters' Gazette for September 2, copied, it is said,
from a recent number of the London and China Tele-
graph. The information it contains evidently bears
on the same subject referred to above, though
the two accounts do not by any means tally :
— " Some twenty years ago, a portion of the
estate which was owned by Lady Burdett Coutts
was planted with some West African Oil Palms.
The land was very poor, and the estate was sold
for a small sum to a Chinaman, who confined his
attention only to the Pepper Vines. Years after-
wards, the Government arranged to try and make
something of the Palm trees which still remain on
the estate, choked with weeds and neglected ; so five
years ago a party of four men were put on to keep
the ground clean, collect the nuts, and gradually
enlarge the estate by further planting. The accu-
mulations of nuts during the past five years, having
become large, these have just been worked up, and
the yield from the 400 Palms which are bearing
amounted to 1200 gautangs, or 70 piculs of good oil.
The difficulty now is to find a market for this, as
in Singapore it is not inquired for ; but samples
have been sent to England and Australia, where
there is a great demand for the manufacture of soaps,
and as a lubricant for railway-carriage wheels.
There are now 40,000 young Palms on the Quop
estate planted out, in addition to those in the nur-
series, and as they bear at from five to six years of
age, it is certain that the experiment, having been
thus far successful, is well worth prosecuting further,
in view of the traie which should arise in future in
this product."

Florists* Flowers.

CACTUS DAHLIA ANNIE HARVEY.

Amongst Cactus-flowered Dahlias, the above
variety stands out one of the showiest, the colour
being bright rich crimson-maroon ; added to this
fine tint, the profusion of its flowers makes it still
more valuable. E. M.

The Gladiolus.
Cross-breeding has been difficult during the late
wet weather, the pollen grains and the stigmatic
surface being mostly in an unfavourable condition-
al least, in the south — up to September 9; after-
wards, bright sunshine, with a maximum temperature
of 75° to 80°, was exceptionally favourable for
fertilisation, and was doubtless taken advantage of
by those to whom the raising of seedlings is a most
interesting operation. So essential to success is
warm and dry weather, that I have noticed on long
spikes of seed-pods many capsules without a good
seed, or with a few imperfect ones, when the weather
had been rainy and cold for two or three days
together. When the weather is fine, the pods fill
up rapidly with seeds. I generally touch a stigma
with pollen two days in succession— in the forenoon,
and in the early part of the afternoon. Seedlings
should be grown where they will be exposed to the
light. If the seeds germinated in pots in a cold
frame, the plants will be of good size, and ought to
form nice bulbs before the leaves fade. As these
become yellowish, water must be entirely withheld,
as unless the soil be quite dry the bulbs will quickly
start into growth. It is perhaps the best way to
turn the bulbs out of the soil, and keep them in dry
sand until planting-time.

The flowers of Gladiolus opened splendidly, and
the late • flowering spikes were better than those
which showed in August. How very different are
the flowering conditions in tl.e south of England to
what they are in Scotland. When there, I had an
opportunity to visit the nurseries of the celebrated

Scotch growers, Messrs. Stuart & Mein, at Kelso.
The first thing that I noticed there was the healthy
look of the collection, not a diseased plant being ob-
served anywhere. With us it is different, our stock
of plants often showing unhealthiness, and the im-
ported corms do not always throw such good spikes
as we should like. The arrangement adopted by
Messrs. Stuart & Mein to protect the spikes from the
weather, was excellent, withal simple. Two light
boards, a yard or so in length, were joined together
in the form of a triangle ; to the third side a square
of glass was fixed ; the spike is tied so that the
flowers face the glass, with a light deal board on
either side. Some protection is absolutely necessary
to keep the flowers fresh for exhibition, and
this is certainly the best I have ever seen.
Those who still wish to exhibit choice spikes
at exhibitions, must afford water at the roots,
if the soil be dry; but if the spikes are cut,
or they are not required to be grown to the utmost
limits, water may be withheld, and the ground well
stirred between the plants. I find this helps the
ripening of the corms. If a space of ground can
now be prepared for next season, it will be prefer-
able to trenching and manuring it in the winter.
The late M. Souchet, who did so much to bring the
Gladiolus (hybrids of Gandavensis) up to their
present state of excellence, left the ground in fallow
for one year before planting the roots. This system
of culture is adopted by other growers with equally
good results.

The Hollyhock.
This flower was well represented at the late Royal
Caledonian Horticultural Society's exhibition, the
spikes from Messrs. Alex. Kerr & Sons, Roxburgh ,
being excellent, and not much behind those sent by
Messrs. Stuart & Mein. Roxburghshire seems to be
the northern home of the Hollyhock, for all the
largest spikes and the best blooms came from that
county. When at Kelso, I had the pleasure of
looking over Messrs. Stuart & Mein's collec-
tion, and I can truly say that I never saw
better furnished plants, the deep green leaves reach-
ing to the base, with not a trace of the dread disease.
Mr. Mein was good enough to say that he had
followed the instructions which I had given in these
pages more than once, as to propagating from eyes
taken from the lateral growths, and he pointed out
to me about 1500 plants in small pots which were
raised in that manner, and these plants are of even
more value in Scotland than they are in England,
for in the South we have no difficulty in flowering
the spring-struck cuttings in time, but in the North,
the late spring cuttings do not flower until very late in
the season. Wherever early bloom is required, the
summer-struck cuttings from eyes are best. I noted
a few of the very best in the collection at Kelso :
Queen of Yellows, a superb variety, is certainly
the best of the rich deep yellow-coloured ones ;
Hercules is still the best of its colour — it is yel-
lowish-buff; Octoroon is a fine purple flower, with
a maroon or crimson tinge; Pride of Layton is
reddish-buff, with fine compact centre, and good guard
petals ; Agnes Berry is of a primrose tint, with some
red in it — a fine compact flower ; Favourite has a
rosy-peach colour, the flowers are large and well
formed ; Purple Prince is a noble variety, with
good guard petals; Mrs. Hunter, a good white
variety ; John Finlay, a fine full crimson ; Cre-
morne, yellowish-buff, with a reddish tint; Peri,
the best white variety yet raised— it is large and
well-formed ; Cygnet is another very good and very
pure white ; Lord Decies. a dark crimson, is a fine
bloom ; Frank Gibb Dougall is a rich purple ; Grace
Darling is of rosy-red, tinged with buff. In about
one month from the present it will be time to
cut down the stems to within G inches of the ground
and the plants dug up and planted in 8 or 9-incli
pots, placed in a frame well exposed to light, and
well ventilated, there to remain until it is time to
take the shoots from the base. These should be
planted singly in sandy soil in small pots, and
rooted in mild bottom-heat in frames, or in a
forcing- house. As soon as the ground where they

are to be planted next year can be spared, it should
be heavily manured with the solid farmyard dung.
and trenched, moving the soil well about whilst
trenching it. If the ground be heavy in its nature,
this early trenching is of great importance, and the
manure then employed should be from the stables.
J. Douglas,

Violets.
The obtaining of a good supply of bloom during the
whole of the autumn and winter is a very important
matter, and to do this the plants shnuld be placed
in their winter quarters as early as possible after
this date. With care, early transplanting gives the
plants a good time to get established before winter
sets in, and the plants bloom freely. I plant them
at the end of the month of August or the first week
of September, and from these we are now able to
gather some good blooms. By keeping the runners
picked off, there will be no failure in the supply of
bloom before the month of March. I may add that
the lights are not made any use of, excepting when
it rains heavily, till the frosty nights set in, so that
the plants grow slowly, and consequently sturdily ;
and good soil is essential if large blooms are looked
for. In bright weather, the plants should be well
syringed over-head, so as to keep red-spider in
check. Marie Louise is the best Violet for frames,
although the flowers may not be so sweet as the
Neapolitan. There is one more matter that is ob-
served here, the plants are not put too near to the
glass, so that there is no loss of foliage from damp,
which is sometimes believed to be a kind of disease.
If the leaves are 8 inches frdm the glas9, and the
frame is set at a steep angle, damp better makes its
escape freely, and the glass and the plants keep dry
and warm. H. Markham.

ROSERY.

FOUR GOOD NEW CLIMBING ROSES.

The following are four Roses of recent introduc-
tion that are already taking a high position among
climbers, i.e., with all growers who know them ; it
is my object to describe these briefly, and bring them
before the notice of your readers : — ■

Brunnert Fridolin.
Introduced by A. Bernaix in 1889— a most charm-
ing Rose, of quite a new colour ; bright cherry-
carmine, shaded deeper, and with a lighter spot iu
the centre of each petal. Form perfect, of fair size,
and a grand climber under glass.

Climbing Niphetos.
Sent out in the same year as the above ; this
is the finest white climbing Rose grown. This grand
Rose is in every respect similar to the well-known
Niphetos, except in being a remarkably strong and
vigorous grower. The flowers are produced in great
abundance upon laterals from the whole length of
the longer shoots, which reach from 15 to 25 feet in
length.

KAISERIN FlilEDBK'U,

also sent out in 1889, is a cross between Gloire de
Dijon and Perle des Jardins. This is one of the
mOBt unique-coloured climbing Roses we have, while
in habit of growth and freedom of flowering it is
quite as good as the old Gloire. Colour, a deep
saffron-yellow, lighter in the centre, with the out-
sides of the petals finely tipped and splashed with
bright and soft rose-tints. The outside of this Rose
is very similar to Marie Van Houtte in the late
autumn, and all who have seen M. V. Houtte at that
time of year will remember the exquisite shadings.

Henriette de Beauveao.

Introduced by Lacharme in 1887 ; very bright,
clear yellow, same shade as a good bloom of Perle
des Jardins; flowers most perfect in shape, produced
very freely ; sweet-scented. It is one of the finest
yellow climbers grown.

The four Roses named are extra good when grown
on a warm and sheltered south wall; also under

Octobeh 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

425

glass. I have tried them in both situations, and can
say with confidence that they are worthy of first
place among all climbers of this beautiful flower,
A. P.

FRUIT NOTES.

Plums. — Belle de Louvain does not appear to be
much grown, nor is it mentioned in Hogg's Fruit
Manual (old edition), although I see it is in Veitch'g
catalogue, where it is described as follows : — " Large
and handsome, purple ; it makes a fine free-bearing
pyramid, cordon, or wall tree — very valuable for
culinary purposes." It would seem, therefore, from
the evidence of Mr. Ward's trees, and what is said
or copied above, that Belle de Louvain is a most
desirable variety, and planters will do well to take
note, and add it to their lists. Rivers' Early has an
established reputation, and is grown largely for
market; but now that the foreigners come in, sales of
it must be affected to a great extent, and probably
later varieties will be more profitable. One of the

and those facing west. The same also applies to
Coe's Golden Drop, which requires plenty of sun to
finish it off; and when it attains its true yellow
colour, it is exquisitely flavoured, and unrivalled
during its season of ripeness. Jefferson's, too, is
much improved by having a position where it can be
exposed to the solar rays for at least half the day,
an east or west aspect suiting it well. Keine Claude
Violette is a most delicious Plum, as when well
ripened and caught right, it is a perfect sweetmeat ;
and the same may be said of Keine Claude de Bavay,
which is also valuable for its lateness, as it is one of
the last to come in. The latest with us is Quetsche
St. Martins, which bangs on until the middle of
November, and for the season is very good ; the fruit
is medium-sized, oval, and yellow, partly covered
with russety-red on the side next the sun.

As regards standards, those most heavily laden
this year are, as usual, Victoria, which, however, in
our garden and in others, is subject to fungus in the
leaf — so much so, last year and this, as to become
partly defoliated before the fruit was ripe, and the

FlQ. 53.— CEDRUS ATIANTICA (sEB P. 423.)

best of these is Autumn Compote, which is fine and
handsome, and of first-rate quality. Grand Duke
and Archduke are both valuable late kinds, and
being large and showy, as well as of high quality,
are suitable for exhibition. Jefferson is a grand
Plum, as it is good at all points, and one of the best
introductions we have ever had among Plums. The
Gages Late Transparent, Brahys, and Bryanstone
are likewise desirable in any collection where a long
supply of high-class fruit has to be kept up for
culinary purposes, and any of the above-mentioned
do well as standards or pyramids. Where quantities
are required for cooking, Prince Englebert and Prince
of Wales should be planted, to help supply the
demand, as they are large and free-croppers ; but
Washington, though fine, is shy when grown as a
standard, and is hardly good enough for a wall.
One of the very best for this purpose, and for fur-
nishing rich dessert fruit, is Kirke's, which should be
in every garden ; but to have it at its best, the tree
must be on a good aspect, as I find there is a very
great difference in the size and quality of the Plums
gathered from walls having a south-eastern exposure

fungus affects the wood, making it brittle. This
disease seems to be more common with trees in
light than in heavy land. J. S.

Thames Bank Peach.

Perhaps I ought to apologise for trespassing upon
space to refer to this fruit, as I have written
previously, upon more than one occasion, with a
view to draw attention to its merits. It is still, how-
ever, comparatively little known, although raised
by Mr. Rust upwards of a quarter of a century
ago. Why it has remained almost obscure for so
long a time, when other varieties have become
popular, that cannot approach it from various points
of value, it is difficult to comprehend, unless it is
that it has yellow flesh. Some cultivators, and con-
sumers too, are prejudiced against yellow-fleshed
Peaches, as others are to scarlet or white-fleshed
Melons. Only the other day, I was recommending
this Peach as a late variety, and on mentioning its
type, received in reply : ■' I do not like yellow-fleshed
kinds." Some few years ago we found a difficulty
in procuring trees of this variety, but Messrs. Geo.

Bunyard & Co. have now worked up a stock of it, and
other nurserymen are following in their track. Grown
under glass, we find it in season with Sea Eagle, but
of better quality than that variety. It is large,
reaching 10 inches in circumference, bright lemon-
yellow in colour, suffused and streaked with crimson
on the sunny side, and it is an attractive fruit on
the dessert dish and exhibition table. Its flesh is
very juicy, melting, and the flavour piquant; while
the tree is hardy, and a good grower. Altogether, I
consider this to be the best Peach in its season.
Thomas Coomber,

NATURALISATION OF EXOTIC
FOREST TREES IN PRUSSIA.

The Forest Academy of Prussia between 1881 and
1890 distributed an immense quantity of the seeds
of trees, furnished almost entirely by our distin-
guished countryman, Mr. John Booth, formerly pro-
prietor of the celebrated nurseries at Flottbeck.
Experiments have been made with twenty-two
American and six Japanese species, as well as with
Pinus Laricio of Corsica and Nordmann's Fir of the
Caucasus. The experiments will be continued on a
large scale in future with the following selected
species only :— Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Douglas Fir),
Picea sitchensis, Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana, Thuia
gigantea, Quercus rubra, Juglans nigra, Hicoria
ovata, and H, minima.

A second class, composed of trees which promise
only a partial success, is reserved for less extended
trials. It is composed of the following:— Pimg
rigida, Juniperus virginiana, Abies Nordmanniana,
Pinus Laricio, Acer barbatum, Betula lenta, Hicoria
alba, H. porcina. The following trees have been
rejected entirely :— Pinus Jeffreyi and P. ponderosa,
Acer saccharinum (dasycarpum), A. macrophyllum,
Hicoria sulcata, Fraxinus pubeecens. In place of the
last it is now proposed to try Fraxinus americana.

Of all the new introductions, which consist
principally of Conifers, the Douglas Spruce ap-
pears destined to occupy the first place. Nothing
but praise is heard for it. The seed of none
of the ether exotic trees has been distributed so
generally and so profusely in all parts of the country,
from the north to the south, and none of the others
has given such brilliant results. Immense quantities
of the seed of this tree are now planted in all parts
of Germany, and the supply is not commensurate
with the demand. This splendid tree, therefore, has
the best chance, if not of replacing our indigenous
Conifers, at least of placing itself on a par with them
in the composition of our forests. Its success
seems to be assured in all parts of the kingdom,
even in the far provinces of the north-east
where the cold is extreme. Not particular as
to soil, it thrives everywhere except in low peaty
swamps and on the moving sands of our maritime
provinces. The Douglas Fir is one of the best pre-
sents which have been made by the New World to
Europe. The publication to which I have referred
devotes itself especially to discussing the differences
between the so-called Red and Yellow Firs, races
which seem to mingle in this country in the general
success of the species.

The Douglas Fir has for a close second the Sitka
Spruce, which is also very promising, although it
grows less rapidly than the Fir ; and we expect to see
this tree of the Pacific coast occupying some day or
other immense tracts of the German Forests, especi-
ally in those peaty soils where the Douglas Fir re-
fuses to flourish.

Lawson's Cypress, that ornament of gardens, is
valued for the solidity of its wood and for the ease with
which it adapts itself to soils of the most variable
character. What I think will surprise you is the hardi-
ness of Thuia gigantea (Lobb's Cypress) in the extreme
north, even to the very confines of that eastern Prussia
which at Berlin has come to be considered the vesti-
bule of Siberia. It is needless to say that, as it
flourishes in that inhospitable region, the parks and
gardens of Brandebourg, in a more temperate climate,

426

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

are now enriched with the tall stems of this superb
plant, which passes uninjured our most severe winters.
Even this last one of abnormal severity and length
has not affected it in the least.

Pinus Jeffreyi and P. ponderosa have been struck
out from the list of trees available for planting in
the neighbourhood of Berlin, although there is still
some hope that Pinus rigida may succeed here, this
being the species which was believed to furnish the
Pitch Pine of commerce, which is, however, probably
produced by Pinus mitis or by P. palustris. That this
communication may not be too long, I must not
speak in detail of all the species which have been
tried. The Black Walnut and the Hickories rarely
find here soil suited to their needs, while the Red
Oak succeeds admirably. This last, however, has
been naturalised here for a long time, its introduc-
tion dating from 1740. Up to the present time,
however, it has been grown as an ornament of
gardens, and not as an inhabitant of forests.

I cannot leave this subject without expressing my
thanks to Mr. Schwappach for his admirable essay
upon the results of these forest-experiments. I shall
take an early occasion to speak of the results of the
experiments with Japanese trees in Prussian forest-
planting. C. Bolle, Berlin, in " Garden and Forest."

NOTES FROM THE TRANSVAAL.

After a long silence, the spring-time suggests
a few notes on the vegetation of this far-off land, in
which our people are settling in increasing numbers
every year. The past winter here — S. lat. 26°,
elevation 6000 feet above sea- level — has been a very
mild one; only 2° to 4° of frost has been noted, as
compared with 12° last winter. No snow has fallen,
and I have seen but the merest film of ice. As usual,
we have had no rain the whole winter, which extends
from April to July. Young Orange and Lemon trees
have lost their tips ; old trees are bearing good crops
of fruit.

Stephanotis floribunda on a warm wall is doing
very well; Passi flora edulis, Tecoma venusta and
jasminoides the same ; Gardenias planted out in
exposed places have lost their leaves only ; Helio-
tropes were killed to the ground in some places ;
Acacia lophantha dead; Indian Azaleas seem quite
hardy, and Camellias and Abutilons are now in
flower.

Ol Eucalypti, E. amygdalina, cornnta, robusta,
and globulus stand the cold best. Grevillea robusta
loses its tips only. Acacia dealbata is now enve-
loped in a cloud of golden bloom — a beautiful and
welcome sight. Almonds and early Peaches put
forth a few flowers, and appear quite indill'erent to
slight frosts.

First amongst the native flora to respond to the
increasing power of the sun is Buddlea salviaifolia,
with its beautiful pendent corymbs of lilac-white
flowers, with their delightful honey scent. Beneath
the long narrow leaves of Morrea polyanthos begin
to show, followed by yellov/ and brown-spotted Irid-
like flowers. Along with it is an Albuca about
1 foot high, with a white cluster of blooms inter-
mixed with the graceful feathery foliage of species
of Asparagus clad in richest green — some climbing,
others herbaceous. A. plumosus does not extend to
this locality. A little later a splendid orange-crim-
son Hsmanthus suddenly appears, and by November
the copious rains have called up a host of interesting
plants.

A fine pale purple Composite, Callilepissp., is well
worthy of cultivation, and would make a good com-
panion plant to the fine scarlet Gerbera Jamesoni.
A small, hut intense crimson Striga is quite common.
This lovely little Scrophlariad, I believe, is a parasite
on grass roots. That fine Composite, Dicoma Zeyheri,
also grows amongst the grass; in size and colour
it nearly resembles the Cape Everlasting Flowers
(Heliehrysum vestitum), but its rays are hard, prickly,
and persistent. Beneath the shade of that very
handsome shrub, Rbamnus prinoides, whose foliage
remind j one of Es'callonia niacrantha, is found the

beautiful scarlet Anomatheca grandiflora; whilst
fully exposed in the open we find Babiana Bainesii,
flowers purple and white, sweet-scented ; also the
very handsome white and brown-flowered Tricho-
desnia physaloides, as unlike a Borage as possible. I
have observed a single colony of Nympbrea stellata
with lighter purple flowers than the Natal variety.
Crinum capense is sometimes met with, ranging
in colour from white to deep rose and purple. We
have a splendid rosy Brunsvigia, with bulbs the size
of a football. The true Richardia africana, strange
to say, is absent, but we have a nearly allied plant
with small ivory-yellow spathes.

Around Pretoria, Heaths and Ferns are very rare.
Amongst strange plants may be singled out a Sta-
pelia with wonderful black, musk-scented flowers,
and a white and black dotted Gomphocarpus. Epi-
phytic Orchids are absent ; but Bonatea speciosa, or
a variety very near it, is sometimes seen.

Amongst rocks a Protea is common ; and a re-
markable Amaryllid, Vellozia sp., with a stem 2 to
4 feet high, narrow, drooping grass-like leaves and
lilac flowers.

The above imperfect list gives a faint idea of our
very varied and interesting flora. The condition
of the Transvaal is fairly prosperous. Our gold
out-put is over 2 tons a month. In less than
three years we hope to be connected with the Cape
and Natal Railway system, by which the cost of
living, which at present is high, will be reduced.
May I add, for the information of correspondents,
that having pitched my tent near that happy hunt-
ing-ground, the Magaliesberg, I trust to resume col-
lecting shortly, after an interval of two years. R. W.
Adlam, Pretoria, Transvaal, August, 1891.

Trees and Shrubs.

ORNAMENTAL CRAB JOHN DOWN1E.

I HiVE received, from the Knap Hill Nursery, a
specimen of this extremely ornamental Crab, which
is finer than I have ever before seen it. Mr.
Anthony Waterer says it is one of the finest
things he has in his nursery at the present time,
and he thinks very highly of it. The shoot sent is
about a yard long, and carries over thirty fruits,
about the size of a Walnut. The fruit is conical,
with a distinct nipple around the eye; the colour is
yellow flushed with crimson on the side, and has
quite a wax-like look. The stalk is slender and
1 inch long, so that the fruits hang down. The
foliage is large and vigorous, which indicates a
strong-growing tree. It must be a very ornamental
tree for a lawn, though the temptation to a schoolboy
may deter some from planting it in public places. The
fruit is acid, but not astringent, and would make a
good preserve, no doubt. It is now obtainable in
most of the large tree nurseries. W. G,

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

THE FLOWER BEDS.— The continuance of heavy
rain in many parts is almost as damaging to the
flowers in the beds as frost would be, and it is
advisable to pot up such choice varieties as Mrs.
Pollock and Golden Harry Hiover, planting in their
stead Wallflowers, Arabis, &c, so that there shall be
no blank spaces or beds. It is convenient when the
weather admits of this method of procedure being
followed, inasmuch as the necessary number of plants
of the several sections of last year's striking can
be boxed, removed, and preserved for another year.
I may say that the verges and spaces of turf between
the beds should be mowed before clearing and re-
planting them.

HARDY FERNERIES. —Examine hardy Ferns, and
remove any leaves that may have become disfigured
by thrip or other cause, but preserving all others;
and pulling up weeds. Thin out the carpet of Ivy
and Periwinkles where these plants have become too
thick togpther. The mixture of the green, bronze,

and yellow fronds of the Fern are both effective and
seasonable now.

WALKS. — Gravel and turf walks must be kept
free from weeds, moss, and leaves, advantage being
taken of moist weather to weed them, and roll the
weeded walks directly after the work is finished.
Smith's weed-killer is a simple, effectual, and econo-
mical preparation for destroying weeds and moss,
but care is necessary in its use, lest it should come in
contact with live edgings ; and, owing to its poison-
ous nature, it should not be applied to walks or drives
which are frequented by pigeons or poultry. This
weed-kil!er should be used when the weather is dry,
and at the rate of 1 pint to 4 gals, of water. One
good dressing will keep the walks free of weeds and
moss for twelve months, if not for a longer time.

WORK TO BE DONE: ALTERATIONS, PLANTING,
ETC. — All ordinary work should be pushed on with,
in order to proceed as soon as may be, with altera-
tions and improvements, such as extending the orna-
mental grounds, preparing borders and beds for
shrubs, &c, and the planting of the same, trenching
and manuring the ground for herbaceous borders, and,
where necessary, putting in drainage ; preparing new
beds and borders for Roses, and any other work of
this kind. H. W. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

FRENCH BEANS. — Plants in pits should now fur-
nish a supply of pods, and where these are in heated
pits there will be no danger from damp ; on the other
hand, when sun-heat is relied on, or that of dung
linings, much care will be required in affording
water, which should always be a few degrees warmer
than the air of the frame, and the watering done in
the forenoon, thus allowing time for damp to be dis-
pelled before closing time. French Beans in warm
pits will need frequent syringing to check red-spider.
A sowing may now be made in pots, three-quarters
filled with a compost of loam, leaf soil, and spent
Mushroom-bed dung, placing six or eight seeds in
each, and setting the pots in a warm place to germi-
nate, and when the plants are 2 inches high, keeping
them close to the glass. Remove two or three of the
weaker plants in each pot, and, when the plants
have made plenty of roots, top-dress with the same
kind of soil, adding a little bone-meal. Sow more
seed at intervals of three weeks, for a constant
supply.

RUNNER BEANS.— Gather all the useable Runner
Beans, spreading them out thinly on a cellar-floor,
or other cool damp place. Pods for seed should be
gathered and laid upon shelves, in an airy house, to
get thoroughly dry.

POTATOS. — The main crops should now be dug
up, first pulling up the stems and burning them.
Choose, if possible, a dry day for the job, and care-
fully sort out all the diseased tubers from the sound
ones. If roomy sheds are at command, it is good
practice to put the crop therein for a few days prior to
storing or clamping. Look over the stores of Potato
sets, and remove any that may be decayed.

CAULIFLOWERS AND AUTUMN BROCCOLI.—

Means must be taken to protect these vegetables
from frost, which may be done by using a little
bracken or clean litter. Another way is to gather
the leaves together and tie them over the head. If
too many are turning in at one time, lift and heel-in
the plants on a north border, covering them with
mats when frost threatens. I find that Cauliflowers,
&c, keep fresher in this way than when they are
hung head downwards in sheds.

YOUNG CAULIFLOWERS may now be planted
under hand-lights on well-manured trenched land, in
the warmest situation in the garden, and unless the
weather should be very wet and cold, the plants may
be constantly left uncovered for the greater part of
the present month. During heavy rains, put on the
tops, but tilt them at the side. Prick out later-sown
plants into cold frames, at a distance of 4 inches
apart. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

The gathering and harvesting of Apples and Pears
now demand attention from the gardener, many of
the midseason varieties of both being now quite
ready. Late varieties should be left on the trees for
some time yet, as these will not only increase in
size by so doing, but acquire a much finer flavour,
and keep with little or no shrivelling. Midseason
fruits should be gathered if the seeds have become

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

427

brown, and the fruits part freely when but slightly
turned uwards. Too much care cannot be taken in
handling the finest fruit, always placing it in a single
layer in the basket, and keeping bruised specimens
apart. There should be three different sizes made,
the largest for cooking purposes, the medium and
best-coloured for dessert, and the small and damaged
fruit for immediate use. If the wood of which the
fruit shelves or racks are made is free of all smell
of turpentine, and clean, place the fruits in a single
layer ; clean paper or straw, are better than hay on
rough boards, as they impart no bad 8avour to the
fruits. The gathering should take place when the
fruit is perfectly dry, and it should be afforded
plenty of air all day and night till the sweating
period is past. The Apple keeps best when stored
in a very cool room, so long as frost does not
penetrate it ; and in the case of large quantities,
the fruit may be placed several layers thick ; Pears
should, whenever possible, be kept to one layer, and
in a dry place, with a higher temperature than the
Apple needs, or the flavour of the fruit will suffer.

BLACK CURRANTS. — Where the bushes are very
crowded, cut out many of the older branches, reserv-
ing much of the young and fruitful wood. With
yearly attention, Black Currant bushes may be kept
in a fruitful condition for many years, the berries
being larger and more plentiful. The same may be
said of Gooseberries, which should be pruned in a
somewhat similar manner. Cuttings of bush fruits
may now be made and put in, which will root with
certainty and make nice bushy plants the first year.
In putting in the cuttings or slips, see that they are
made very firm in the soil, and the bark is not
allowed to shrivel previously.

STRAWBERRIE8. — These have made fine growths
hereabouts, and the crowns promise well for next
season. Keep the beds free from weeds, the hoe
being applied if no mulching has been used. Young
plants put out early should be freed from runners,
and the beds put into neat order. H. Markham, Mere-
worth Castle, Maidstone.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THYRSACANTHUS RUTILANS, LIBONIA FLORI-
BUNDA, ERANTHEMUMS, AND LINUMS — These
plants, which may have been growing in cool pits
or frames, should now be removed to warmer quar-
ters; and as their pots fill with roots, afford them
clear manure-water at weekly intervals, and be
careful not to let the plants suffer for want of water.

GESNERAS which have been properly grown, will
now be found very useful in the decoration of warm
houses, the foliage in the case of G. zebrina, and
others velvety in texture, making nice effects when
the plants are intermixed with others. Fumigate
them frequently in a light way to keep aphis and
thrips in check, both of which are very partial to
them ; and to have the foliage in the best possible
condition, it should not be syringed at any period of
growth.

CACTUS EPIPHYLLUM TRUNCATUM. — These are
very useful plants for the autumn and early winter,
and where a sufficient stock is at hand, a portion of
it may now be placed in a warm house, so as to
produce blooms during the last half of the month of
November. A succession Pine-stove or the Inter-
mediate-house will suit them.

EUPATORIUM RIPARIUM AND E. WEINMANNIA-
NUM. — Both of these plants will be showing for
bloom, and should be placed in some light airy
structure, so that the bloom may not get damaged
by frosts or heavy rains. Eupatoriums flower best
when pot-bound, and as they root very freely, it is
essential for the preservation of the foliage that they
Bhould not lack water at any time ; and occasional
doses of manure-water are beneficial.

CHRYSANTHEMUM FRUTESCENS. — By putting
in a batch of cuttings at the present time, this plant
will make useful decorative material in the months
of spring. Cloth of Gold (yellow), and C. Halleri
maxima (white), are very good varieties for pots.
In choosing the cuttings, select the strong shoots
with short joints ; at the same time, be careful that
the base of the cutting is tender, or it will not quickly
root. When required for growing in pots, I prefer
to strike them singly in small pots, in a compost
consisting of sandy loam. They are" placed in a
cool frame, and kept close till roots are formed,
which will be in two to three weeks after insertion.
The best place for wintering these plants is a
low pit. in a temperature that does not fall
telow 45°. Keep them close to the glass, or draw-

ing will take place ; and when well-rooted, pinch out
the leading point, so as to form the framework of
the future plant. Shift into 5-inch pots when they
have commenced to grow, and when 2 or 3 inches of
growth have been made, again stop the shoots, which
will give the required number to furnish the plants by
the time they receive the final shift. Afford plenty of
air on all favourable occasions ; and keep them free
from aphis, wetting them by frequent syringing, or fail-
ing this, dip the plants in some kind of insecticide.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Preparations should now
be made for housing the plants, in view of the immi-
nence of frost, and whatever kind of house the plants
are to occupy, and especially if other plants occupy it
that are liable to be infected with aphis, it should be
well fumigated, and the glass cleaned. Before housing
them, have each plant examined, and should there be
the slightest trace of mildew on the undersides of the
leaves, lay them on their sides, and syringe the foli-
age with a mixture of lime and sulphur, thoroughly
wetting all parts ; see also that the drainage is satis-
tory, and all decayed leaves as well as side-shoots
picked off, and all dirt washed off the pots. The
watering of the plants should be done early in the
day, and water should not be slopped about the
honse ; admit plenty of air on all favourable occa-
sions. R. Milner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE COOL HOUSE.— Plants of Oncidinm Mar-
shallianum which may have large growths, will
require to be well ripened, or they will not afford
satisfactory flower-spikes ; and to do this, place the
plants in the full sun, and do not allow them to
become dry. 0. varicosum and 0. Kogersii, which
may have been grown in the cool-house in summer,
will now open their flowers better if the plants
receive a little more heat. The Intermediate- house
suits them at this season, and during the winter.
O. macranthum is one which may receive the
coolest treatment. Some four or five years since, I
called upon an amateur at Dulwich one frosty
morning, and to my surprise I found the Orchid-
house door standing wide open, and just inside the
house, on one of the stages, was standing the grandest
lot of O. macranthum which I ever had seen —
above five dozen large plants. Strong and healthy
plants should now be showing their flower-spikes,
and it should be remembered that these form
ta9ty morsels for slugs, and great care is needed to
prevent injury, or the work of a whole year will be
lost in a night. Fresh traps should be laid nightly,
and examined at night by lantern-light; fresh slices
of Potato, Carrot, or Turnip are good traps for
slugs, as is moistened bran laid about the house in
sin. ill heaps.

Few thripa will make their appearance at this
season amongst the Gdontoglossums, but aphis must
still be searched for, or they will soon ruin the
appearance of the tender growth. In some Odonto-
gio38um-housesthe plants are placed on a level stage ;
this style of arranging them should be avoided, by
placing the plants on small elevated stages or
inverted flower -pots, and not crowded, unless
it be newly- imported plants, which may be
arranged thus for a time. Any Odonfoglossums re-
quiring it, and that are not yet repotted, should be
finished off forthwith. Disa grandiflora should
be repotted without delay, new growth and roots
forming as soon as the old growth dies. After
repotting the Disas, place them in a frame, and
cover with mats on cold nights. A. G. Catt, Park-
field Hallow.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

MELONS. — Melon growing, for want of sunshine,
has been difficult in some parts this year, and the
fruits without much flavour. Great attention will
now be required to ripen those fruits which remain.
Last season it was stated in these columns that good-
flavoured Melons could be cut in February, but I
have never been so fortunate as to secure good ones
then, or even in the month of October. Canker at
the root is troublesome, and more so in beds than in
pots, and it must be guarded against by employing
powdered quicklime as soon as observed. For later
fruiting large pots are best, the plauts suffering less
from the malady. A steady and sufficient bottom -
heat at this season cannot be done without, and
when pots are used a small quantity of well-prepared
fermenting material should be placed around them,
to be added to as required. The temperature by
day may range from 75° to 80°. acd 5° to 10° lower
at night; the watering of the plant being performed

with care, the bine kept thin, and a little air ad-
mitted daily.

CUCUMBERS.— Efforts should be made to get
the trellis covered with shoots and foliage. If fruits
are required in the winter, the plants should not
carry any fruits for some time to come ; and when
fruit is wanted at this season it is better practice to
grow a few plants for the purpose, throwing them
away at the end of the year. The winter plants may
now receive a top-dressing of light rich soil, keep-
ing the foliage from getting crowded. Syringe the
plants daily in bright weather, and keep aphis, &c,
in check, for if these are allowed a footing, they are
difficult to be got rid of, and the plants get into bad
condition in consequence. The day temperature
may range from 70° to 80°, running up to 90° by
sun-heat, and with abundant atmospheric moisture.
The night temperature may be kept at 70°. Venti-
late very sparingly in cold weather, keep the bottom-
heat equable at about 85°, and avoid the use of fresh
stable-manure, but prepare it by frequent turning.

TOMATOS. — The plants for winter fruits are now
placed under glass — these are in 10-inch pots, and
they have fruits set, and much bloom ; the latter
will require henceforth to be set artificially. Keep
the plants near the glass in a dry airy house, and
cool, for a time. In November greater warmth may
be afforded the plants. Winter Tomatos require
very little water if they are planted out, and only
limited supplies while standing in pots. The shoot
should be kept thinned, exposing the bloom to the
sun. Keep a free circulation of air in the house, as a
close moist temperature is often the forerunner of
disease."-; Should green or white fly, or mildew appear,
fumigate and sulphur the plants as may be required.
Painting the pipes with sulphur and lime will do
much in keeping mildew at bay. Cuttings in 60's
Bhould be potted, aud kept near the light. These
latter will be valuable to succeed the winter fruiters.
G. Wythes, Syon House, Brentford.

THE APIARY.

THE PAST SEASON.— The year 1891 may, on the
whole, be classed as an average one in regard to the
yield of honey. Little or no surplus was produced
from fruit, Hawthorn, and other early-flowering treea,
as was evidenced by the almost entire absence of
this year's honey at the spring shows ; but bees in
near proximity to Clovers, Lime trees, &c, were able
to make up for time lost earlier in the season. Few
complaints have been made of honeydew having
been gathered to any extent, no doubt owing to the
copious rainfall, which would have the effect of
keeping the deposit washed from the surface of the
leaves, aphides having been very prevalent, especi-
ally on Plum trees. Honey of specially good quality
has been exhibited at the leading Bummer shows
throughout the kingdom, and it is therefore safe to
assume from this data that the general excellence of
crop has been up to the mark. Heather honey has been
conspicuous through its absence from the later Bhows.

NEW APPLIANCES. — Bee-keepers who havegiven
the horizontal super-clearer or bee-escape a trial
this season, speak of it in terms of the highest
praise, and to be able to go to a hive in the morning,
quietly lift up the section crate, under which place
this appliance, and find that by the evening most
if not all the bees have left the sections, which
can then be removed without disturbance, is a
great boon. Swarm catchers or self-hivers have met
with but varying success at present ; but it is evident
that the idea can be improved on, so as to pro-
duce an article that will not fail to accomplish
the desired result. A new machine has just been
invented for extracting heather-honey from the
comb, which is said to answer admirably. It is com-
posed of vertical plates, with grooves about a
quarter of an inch deep, and the same distance apart ;
a screw with a handle runs through the ends on each
side for screwing them together. In operation the
press is laid horizontally on a box lined with tin,
which has two bars running across level with the
top. The combs are cut out of the frames, and are
wrapped in straining calico without being uncapped,
and a piece of woven wire, about twelve meshes to
the inch, is placed on each Bide. They are then
placed between the grooved plates, and pressure
brought to bear by turning the handles. The
woven- wire prevents the combs from being forced
into the grooves, and the pressure exerted forces the
honey through the calico, so that it runs quite clear
into the receptacle below, leaving behind an almost
dry sheet of wax. Expert.

428

THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MEETINGS.

MONDAY,
THURSDAY,

TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY,

MONDAY,

TUESDAY,

Oct. 12— Eastbourne Horticultural Society.

Benefii
Dinner,

Oct,

( Natic
OCT. lii at

Oct. 12 <

WEDNESDAY, Oct. 14

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,
SATURDAY,

I United Horticultural and Benefit
15-J Society : Anniversary
( Cannon Street Hotel.

SHOWS.

( Manchester Royal Botanic Society :
Oct. 13 ^ Fruit Show and Congress (four
{ days).
i National Chrysanthemum Society,

at the Royal Aquarium (three

days).

SALES.

) Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms,
-s Nursery Stock, at Woking, by
| Messrs. Protheroe & Morris (sir
(. days).

("Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
| Morris' Rooms.

I Orchids collected by Count Horace
I de Choiseul, at Protheroe &
n .,) Morris' Rooms.
uct. 1.3. ValutbleDendrobiums, at Protheroe
j & Morris' Rooms.
I Nursery Stock, at Cole Hill Nur-
I sery, Fulham, by Messrs. Pro-
\ theroe & Morris.
/Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Room?.
k Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
' Morris' Rooms.

Azalea indica and A. Mollis, aud
I Camellias, at Protheroe & Morns'
v Rooms.

/•Established Orchids, at Stevens'
r, „ ,=•) Rooms.

UCT. lo< Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
(. Morris' Rooms.
| Valuable Dendrobiums, at Pro-
theroe & Morris' Rooms.

Oct. 16 J

i Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Oct. 17 -? Dutch Bulbs, at Prolheroe &
( Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-51°.2.

The Chiswick
Conferences.

which the trees grow, as well as their heights.
The collection includes specimens from H.M. the
Queen ; the Royal Gardens, Kew, which sends
nearly 500 kinds ; the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh, and the noblemen and gentlemen
mentioned in our last issue. The deep colour
and robust growth of the Scottish specimens,
as well as their historic interest, are very re-
markable, though the number of cones is re-
latively small. Indeed, the production of cones
generally throughout the country this season
seems comparatively limited. Ireland, where the
Conifers have, in our experience, a richer colour
than elsewhere, is represented by collections from
Mr. Smith-Barry,^ Fota and Mr. Acton of
Rathdrum. So numerous are the cut specimens,
that after nearly filling the whole of the large
vinery, one large tent and one smaller one, three
long benches had to be erected for their reception
in the open air adjacent to the large tent.

In the competing classes, a Veitch Medal and
£5, the amount of the 1st prize for a collection
of fresh cones and branches with foliage, was
awarded to the Dowager Marchioness of Huntley
(gr., Mr. Harding), among whose specimens were

Our ccnditional statements last
week as to the prospects of the
Show of Conifers and Asters at
Chiswick, were unfortunately only too well justi-
fied. The exhibition, whether of Asters, Sun-
flowers, or Conifers, is remarkably good, and
very extensive ; but the weather — on the Tuesday
and Wednesday — well, we have no adjective
sufficiently forcible to express our disgust. We
can only commiserate the officials of the Society
and the exhibitors who did so much to render
the Exhibition and Conferences successful, and
to induce the public to visit the old garden, with
its noble vinery, its abundant fruit crop, its trial
grounds, and other features of interest. But
not even the rain could damp the zeal of the
exhibitors, and, as we have said, a fine show was
got together.

If only on account of variety, the Conferences
at Chiswick this week have been very remark-
able. As they are still in progress at the time
of writing, we can say but little of them in this
place, but we may refer to the report in another
column.

The groups of living plants are arranged in
the open air in a simple but pleasing manner,
and one very appropriate for the purpose.
Messrs. Waterer and Veitch & Sons occupy
the centre with very choice, well- selected speci-
mens. The sides are occupied with fine collec-
lections from Messrs. G. Paul & Sons, Dick-
sons of Chester, W. Lee & Son, Cutbcsh,
Barron of Elvaston, Jeffries of Cirencester,
and others. We must refer to another column for
the details of these beautiful collections, and for the
plan of arrangement adopted. (See fig. 57, p. 435.)
The cut specimens are extremely numerous,
and come from all parts of the kingdom. Very
cordial thanks are due to Mr. Dunn and our
Scottish friends, who have sent so many speci-
mens, with details as to the aspect and soil upon

cones of the noble Pinus macrocarpa, P. Jeffreyi,
with its dark-coloured cones ; P. ponderosa, P.
muricata, Cedrus Deodara, C. atlantica, Abies
Webbiana, and Torreya Myristica, with many
others.

The 2nd prize, a Silver Knightian Medal,
was allotted to Lord Wimborne (gr., Mr.
Crasp). In this collection were cone-bearing
branches of Cunninghamia sinensis, Sequoia
gigantea, Abies orientalis, Pinus insignis, Abies
Pinsapo, Araucariaimbricata, and several others.

The famous Dropmore collection included
several fine cones of Araucaria imbricata, with
male catkins also ; cone-bearing specimens of the
very beautiful Tsuga Brunoniana, the only speci-
men so far as we saw in the exhibition ; Picea
sitchensis (= Menziesii), Cedrus Deodara, Pinus
Jeffreyi, P. densiflorus, &c. It seemed rather a
pity that Mr. Herrin did not enter into the
competition, as he must infallibly have taken a
good place.

Among the cut specimens shown by Mrs. Ford,
of Pencarrow, are fruiting specimens of Abies
firma, the first that we have seen on English-
grown trees.

As to the Conferences, Asters and Sunflowers
formed thp subject of discussion on the first day.

We are precluded from reporting the pro-
ceedings in full, as they will be published here-
after in the Journal of the Society. It must
suffice to say, that the introductory address of
Mr. Baker on Tuesday was devoted mainly to
the botanical features of the two genera, Aster
and Helianthus, and to their geographical dis-
tribution. The paper contributed by Professor
Goodale naturally covered pretty much the
same ground, and included a general review of
the latest opinions of Professor Asa Gray on
the subject. Mr. Wolley Dod followed, with a
practical paper on the selection and cultivation
of the Michaelmas Daisies, the results of hybridi-
sation, and other cognate subjects.

Mr. Dewar came next, with a paper on the
genus Helianthus, which, for garden purposes,
he divided into early, mid, and late varieties.
Mr. De war's paper was marked by great critical
acumen, the outcome of patient study and obser-
vation. It may not be possible when the details
are before us, to agree with all his conclusions,
but there can be nothing but respect for the
manner in which he has arrived at them. In
the course of this paper, two singular circun -
stances which are not generally known were men-
tioned, one, that Helianthus multiflorus, see fig.
51, probably the commonest of all the perennial
Sunflowers in gardens, is unknown in a wild
state, so that the origin of the species is so far
quite unknown. The other point is that, though
so common, and presenting so many varieties,
it rarely pioduces perfect fertile seeds. In the
course of the discussion on this paper, Mr.
Wolley Dod mentioned that he had raised a
hybrid between Helianthus cucumerifolius and
II. annuus, and that the resultant seedlings
belonged, in feature, half to one, and half to the
other parent. Mr. Jenkins then read a sugges-
tive paper on the cultivation of these plants.

On the whole, the conference afforded an
excellent example of the reciprocal aid that
botanists and horticulturists can give to one
another. It was rendered abundantly clear
that cultivation under the eye of an experienced
botanist is calculated to be of very great service
in enabling us to appreciate the extent of varia-
tion, the limits of particular forms, and the
constant as distinguished from the accidental
characters of particular species. From a purely
horticultural point of view, cultivation enables
the gardener to select those he likes best, or which
are best adapted for his purpose, and to reject
others perhaps equally interesting botanically,
but less valuable for decorative purposes. From
this point of view we cannot express too strongly
our sense of the value of Chiswick as an im-
partial trial-ground ; nor can we too earnestly
press on the Council the desirability of develop-
ing the resources of, and enhancing the utility
of, the old garden.

The Conifer Congress on Wednesday waB
opened by Dr. Masters, who, in his opening
address alluded to the many points of interest
in the group, their ancestry, their relations to
Lycopods and Selaginellas, their mode of growth,
their physiological peculiarities, their beauty
and stature, &c. Dr. Masters, both on scien-
tific and on practical grounds, advocated the com-
parative study during growth, organ by organ,
of the various species, giving illustrations inci-
dentally of the valuable results which would thus
accrue alike to the oultivator and the botanist.

Adverting to the introduction of Conifers from
other countries, Dr. Masters stated that, with
the exception of the Scotch Pine, the Yew, and
the Juniper, no species of Conifer was wild in
this country. Our earliest records of the intro-
duction of plants did not go beyond the sixteenth

[The Gardeners' Chroniole, October 10, 1891.

430

THE GABDENEfiS' CHBONICLE.

[Octobeb 10, 1891.

century. The Pineaster was^ known here in
1596, the Larch in 1629, and the Lebanon Cedar
in 1664. John Evelyn was credited with the
introduction of the so-called Cedar (Juniperus
virginiana). From 1827 to 1833, Douglas,
whose portrait is given in another column,
startled the botanical and horticultural world by
the number and importance of his discoveries in
North West America. The Douglas Fir, the
Lambert Pine, Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A.
nobilis, and the Menzies Spruce, were among the
introductions of Douglas. To the Royal Horti-
cultural Society it must always be a source of
legitimate pride that these magnificent dis-
coveries, like those of Hartweg and Fortune,
at a later date, were made by officers of the
Society, and that the plants were originally dis-
tributed from the Society's garden. In this
connection, it was interesting to note that, in
introducing the Araucarias from Chili and Aus-
tralia, the Sequoias and Libocedrus from the
North-West Pacific, and the allied Cycads from
South Africa and Australia, we were but bring-
ing back plants that were once native to our own
soil, while the Ginkgo was instanced among
several others as a survival from geologic times ;
and, as such, is as remarkable as would be the
appearance, in a living state, of the " extinct
animals," models of which may be seen in the
grounds of the Crystal Palace.

Alluding to the economic part of the subject,
Dr. Masters referred to the enormons impor-
tance of the order as supplying timber and other
products of everyday use, and hoped that one
result of the Conference would be the accumula-
tion of evidence concerning the economic value of
these introductions, especially of some of the most
recent ones. The value of the Lebanon Cedar
as a decorative tree, and of the Weymouth Pine
as a timber tree, was admitted, but in regard to
others there was still doubt. Had not the
Deodar disappointed expectations ? but was not
the Douglas Fir likely to be of great value ?
Again, considering the distressing failure of the
Larch in many situations owing to attacks of a
fungus, had we among new-comers any efficient
substitutes ? He ventured to think that there were
several, as Lobb's Cypress (Thuya gigantea), the
Lawson Cypress, the red-wood (Taxodium sem-
pervirens), the Nootka Cypress (Thujopsis bore-
alis), the Abies brachyphylla, and some others
of Japanese origin. It was to be feared, how-
ever, that many of the Conifers, especially the
Pines, were too precocious in this climate, and
attained their full span of life much sooner than
in their native land.

Mr. H. J. Veitch read a paper on Japanese
Conifers, in the course of which he alluded to
the climatal features of the islands, and remarked
that there were in Japan no fewer than forty-one
species of Coniferic, many of which had been
discovered and introduced by Joitn Gould,
Veitch, and Charles Maries.

Papers were also read on " Conifers as Specimen
Trees and for Landscape Gardening," by Mr. G.
Nicholson ; on " Conifers for Timber and in
Plantations," by Mr. A. D. Webster ; an excel-
lent practical summary of the timber value of
certain trees, by Mr. Charles Herrin ; other
papers were deferred till Thursday. The exhi-
bition, in connection with which the Conference
is held, will remain open till Saturday evening.

Abies magnifica, var. Shastensis (The
Shasta Red Fir.— This variety forms a large,
almost exclusive, forest on the high plateau of lava
thrown out by Shasta in former times. A few trees
are scattered also over the high southern slopes of
Mount Eddy, Scott, and the Trinity peaks, at an

elevation of 6000 to 8000 feet. The illustration of
two standing Firs, which accompanies this report,
was taken from a photograph of Horse Camp, near
the timber line of Shasta, before sunrise. The pecu-
liarity of this variety of Fir, aside from its locality,
is connected entirely with the fact of its cone, bracts
becoming long and protruded, a half to a full inch
between the scales, rendering the large purple cone,
thus decked out with tasseled fringes, a most beau-
tiful object. This feature of the cone caused this tree
to be considered as identical with Douglas' Bracted
Fir, described, and it was so classified as late as 1880,
in California Botany, but is now known to be clearly
distinct. The trees are very large and lofty, though
not so immense and high headed as in the typical
southern form, but they become, on the southern slopes
of Shasta, a dark gloomy assemblage of massive black
trunks, coloured on the north side from base to the
limbs with bright yellow lichen, or tree moss, the
lower limbs draped here and there with long, sweep-
ing festoons of black filmy lichen, giving a funereal
aspect to the whole scene, scarce relieved by the
twitter of a red squirrel, the long wailing note of a
woodpecker, or the occasional cry of a bald eagle.
Too elevated to be yet reached by the avarice of man,
but little is known of the qualities of this Red Fir,
but it is probably not unlike its southern relatives.
Beport of the Californian State Board of Forestry,
1889-90. [We believe this to be the superb form
figured from the Cranston Nurseries as a form of
A. nobilis or magnifica, and of which we now re-
produce the illustration, fig. 54. Ed.]

National Auricula and Primula Society
(Southern Section), National Carnation
and Picotee Society (Southern Section).—
The Annual General Meeting of the above Societies
will be held, Mr. J. Douglas, the Hon. Secre-
tary, informs our readers, by permission of the
Horticultural Club, in their rooms at the Hotel
Windsor, Victoria Street, at 4.30 p in., on Tuesday,
October 27. The business of the meeting will be
to elect the office-bearers and committee for the
ensuing year ; to receive the reports of treasurer
and secretary ; to arraDge for the exhibitions of
1892 ; and transact any other business which may be
deemed necessary. The annual meeting presents a
favourable opportunity for the election of new
members.

Greenhouse Rhododendrons at Messrs.

J. VEITCH & SONS.— In the house devoted to these
almost perennial-flowering plants at the Royal Exotic
Nurseries, Chelsea, about 180 fine open trusses may
now be seen, all shades of colour. Some of them are
of such an exquisite blending of rose-yellow and
scarlet, that their colour is difficult to name. The
new crosses with R. multicolor are bringing in some
lovely winter flowers on compact plants, among them
being rose, crimson, and bronzy-orange. Of the
larger kinds, especially beautiful are Princess Chris-
tian, yellow with red stamens; Ajax, a noble salmon-
red with dark stamens ; lateo-roseum, pink with
yellow showing through it ; Ne Plus Ultra, scarlet ;
President, yellow with a bronzy-red tinge over the
segments ; Aspasia, light chrome-yellow over white
ground, and with light stamens ; Ophelia, pink with
crimson anthers ; Lord Wolseley, orange-scarlet ;
Maiden's Blush, blush-white; and Princess Alex-
andra, white.

Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Associa-
tion.—A meeting of gardeners and friends of horti-
culture was held in the City Guildhall, Exeter, on
the evening of Monday, October 5, to consider' the
advisability of starting a Mutual Improvement Asso-
ciation. Mr. Alderman K. Roberts occupied the
chair. Various letters were read from gentlemen
who were unable to attend, one and all of whom were
in favour of the scheme, and several persons present
in the ball spoke of the great advantages that would
accrue to the horticulturists of Exeter and neigh-
bourhood if the scheme could be brought to fruition.
On the motion of Mr. Hope, seconded by Mr. Locke,
it was decided that the subscription from head gar-

deners should be fixed at 2s. Gd., nnder-gardeners
Is. 6d., and honorary members 5s. per annum. It
was resolved to hold the meetings on Wednesday
evenings during the winter months, at 8 o'clock, the
place of meeting to be left for the committee to
arrange.

Ware and District Horticultural Mu-
tual Improvement Society.— At a meeting of
the above, held on Tuesday, Sept. 29, a paper was
read by Mr. R. Dean, Ealing, on the "Life History of a
Flower," the one chosen for illustration being the
florist's Tulip. The subject was illustrated by
coloured diagrams of the various parts of the flower,
and was attentively listened to throughout.

Dutch Horticultural and Botanical

SOCIETY.— On the occasion of the meeting held on
September 12, 1891, the Floral Committee of the
above Society granted the following : —

First-class Certificates.— To Mr. J. Th. Van Den
Berg, jun., Jutfaas, for Begonia tuberosa erecta nar-
cissiflora (seedlings, 1891) ; collection of cut flowers
from Begonia tuberosa erecta; collection of cut
flowers from B. t. e. duplex ; collection of cut
flowers from Dahlia, with single flowers in the
varieties : Favori, Madame Coquet, Madame Chauve,
Contraste, and Souvenir de Madame ChreJtien. To
Messrs. Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam, for Cactus
Dahlia H. Cannell (new plant) ; Dahlia with single
flowers, Scarlet Dwarf (new plant) ; Pteris tremula
Smithiana (new plant) ; Pteris Victoria (new
plant). To the Botanical Garden, Amsterdam, for
a collection of Drosera, consisting of Droseras
binata, Labill ; D. capensis, L. ; D. dichotoma,
Sm. ; D. intermedia, Hayn. ; 1). longifolia, L. ; D. ro-
tundifolia, L. ; and Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Link.
To Messrs. E.H.KrelagecSc Son, Haarlem, for Gladiolus
gandavensis var. Bruna (new plant) ; G. g. var. Doctenr
Bailly (new plant) ; G. g. var. Erigone (new plant) ;
G. g. var. Glaive de feu (new plant) ; G. g. var.
Jubile (new plant) ; G. g. Minos (new plant) ; G.
Nanceianus var. Comte Horace de Choiseul (new
plant) ; G. n. var. Dr. H. P. Walcott (new plant) ;
G. n. var. Massena (new plant) ; Gloxinia hybrida
grandiflora var. Gloire de Haarlem (new plant) ;
Kniphofia hybr. var. Franz Biichuer (new plant). To
Messrs. Ant. Roozen & Son, Overveen, for Begonia
tuberosa Above All (new plant) ; B. t. Le Progres
(new plant) ; B. t. Mr. J. K. Budde (n»w plant) ;
B. t. Mr. Ant. Roozen (new plant); B. t. Miss
North (new plant) ; Cactus Dahlia Lockenkopf (new
plant). To the Zoological Garden, Rotterdam, for
Pteris amplifrons (new plant). To Mr. O. J. Quin-
tus, Groningen, for Vriesia obliqua (V. retrofiexa
X amethystina (new plant). To Mr. A. G. M.
Richard, Naarden, for Carex gracillima (insuffi-
ciently-known plant). To Mr. J. H. Schober, Put-
ten, for Cattleya virginalis (new plant). To Mr.
Jac. Smits, Naarden, for a collection of cut flowers
from Begonia tuberosa. To Mr. C. G. Van Tubergen,
jun., Haarlem, for Nerine Sarniensis var. venustum
(new plant) ; Colchicum giganteum (new plant).

Second-class Certificates. — To Messrs. Groenewegen
& Co., Amsterdam, for Adiantum hybr. (new plant) ;
Asplenium caryot:cfolium (new, plant). To Messrs.'
E. II. Krelage & Son, Haarlem, for Gloxinia hybrida
Kaiser Friedrich (new plant) ; Zephyranthes Can-
dida Herb. var. major (new plant). To Messrs. Ant.
Roozen & Son, Overveen, for Anemone japonica var.
cristata (new plant) ; Begonia tuberosa hybr. Came-
lia (new plant); B. t. hybr. Mr. Gladstone (new
plant) ; B. t. hybr. Nelly (new plant) ; B. t. hybr.
Orange geant (new plant) ; Cactus Dahlia hybr.
Lilian Abery (new plant) ; Chrysanthemum hybr.
Anatasio (new plant).

Vegetable and Fruit Committee. — A Second-class
Certificate to Mr. J. De Waard, Groningen, for
Beans (Phaseolus multiflorus) with white flowers
(insufficiently known).

■ The Council of Administration of the above

have nominated Dr. Robert Horto and Dr. Maxwell
T. Masters honorary members of the Society, in
recognition of their long and useful services to
botanv and horticulture.

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

431

Pelargonium Souvenir de Mirande.— A

number of plants of this pretty variety now in flower
in McArthur's nursery, Maida Vale, W., show how
useful and handsome it is. It is of the habit of
Vesuvius, and seems equally free to flower at any
season of the year. The two upper petals of the
flower are white in the lower halves, and salmon-scarlet
at the tips, or outer halves. The other three petals
are salmon-scarlet, with a white ray at the base,
which extends about a quarter of the length of the
petal, and has two or three light crimson lines in it.
The backs of the flowers are nearly white. There
is a quaint Orchid-like look about the flower, which
is of a very charming tint.

The Value of Nitrates and Ammonium
Salts as Plant-Food. — An investigation has

recently been conducted by IIerr E. Lausent into
the value of the nitrates and the salts of ammonium
as food for plants. He experimented chiefly with
nitrate and sulphate of ammonium, the nitrates of
potassium and sodium, the nitrite of potassium, and
the phosphorus salt of ammonium. Potassium nitrite
was discovered to be distinctly poisonous, as also is
nitrate of ammonium, if the solution be of an acid
character. With green plants in " water-culture,"
the roots of the so-called "ammonia-plants " were
found to be more active when they were fed with the
salts of ammonium ; but, on the other hand, the roots
are shorter, and do not ramify so much wheu the
plants are treated with solutions of the nitrates. It
is curious to observe, that when the plants are grown
in soil, they thrive better when watered with weak
solutions of the nitrates.

The Nitrogen Compound Evolved from

SOILS. — Clay soils that are kept moist gradually
lose nitrogen in the form of volatile products, but if
the same soil is kept dry, the loss, although quite
recognisable, is very much smaller. The nitrogen
evolved in the form of volatile nitrogen compound
is greater than that evolved at the same time in the
form of ammonia — a result contrary to that obtained
with vegetable soils. Mons. Northeld, to whom
these researches are due {vide Comptes Eendus, cxii.,
p. 195), is of opinion that the evolution of volatile
nitrogen compounds is probably intimately connected
with the life of microbes or low vegetable organisms
existing in the soil.

TlMBO. — This is the name given in Brazil to
several plants, such as Serjania cuspidata, St. H. ;
Serjania lithalis, and Paullinia pinnata, of the order
Sapindace.-e ; and Tephrosia toxicaria, and l'bysallis
heterophylla, of the order Leguminos;c, all of which
are used by the natives for stupefying fish. A
decoction of the root is preferred, as affording the
more powerful poison. Recently, the poisonous
principle common to all these plants was isolated
by IIerr F. PfaPF, who has named it Timboin ; it
seems to be a nerve poison of the toxine class.

THE GENUS P/EONY.— Dr. E. Hutu has pub-
lished in Dr. Enoler's Botanische Jahrbiichcr for
1891, a monograph of the species of this genus. Dr.
Huth recognises fourteen species and numerous
varieties, but appears to have overlooked Mr. Baker's
monograph published in our columns, as well as the
figures given.

EMIGRATION. — The recent circular issued by the
Emigrant's Information Office, 31, Broadway, West-
minster, S.W., informs intending settlers that in
Australasia there is a demand for men who under-
stand pruning fruit trees, Vine-growing, and market
gardening, and such persons will, under certain con-
ditions, get free or reduced passages to Queensland
and Western Australia. In South Africa, Cape
Colony, and Natal, fruit growers, with some capital,
will find good openings. It has been found neces-
sary to publish special warnings against emigration
to Brazil, and, under present circumstances, to the
Argentine Republic also. Intending emigrants to
those countries, or to Chili, are again strongly advised
not to go at the present time. Further and very
recent into] mationconfirmsthe cautions already given.

The Plum Harvest in Bohemia. — In

Bohemia, as we learn from a correspondent at
Schlan (September 17), in consequence of the long-
continued fine warm weather, the Plums have
become well ripened, and they will bear comparison
with the best Bosnian products. Bohemia, owing
to its extensive cultivation of the Plum, and its
cheap transit rates, will be in the position to sell
its products at very reasonable prices in the neigh-
bouring countries. In the Elbe Valley, the drying
of the fruit has begun, and in the course of eight
days, it will become general throughout the country.
Miller's Deutsche Gartner Zeitung.

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. — The Commis-
sioners of Her Majesty's Works and Public Buildings
intend to distribute this autumn, among the working
classes and the poor inhabitants of London, the
surplus bedding-out plants in Hyde and the Regent's
Parks, and the pleasure gardens, Hampton Court. If
the clergy, school committees, and others interested,
will make application to the Superintendent of the
park nearest to their respective parishes, or to the
Superintendent of Hampton Court Gardens, they will
receive early intimation of the number of plants
that can be allotted to each applicant, and of the
time and manner of their distribution.

Fertiliser for Strawberries.— M. Zacha-

bewich has been experimenting on certain varieties
of Strawberries in the South of France, with refer-
ence to their culture in the open air, or under grass,
and with and without manure. The six sorts experi-
mented on, as regards earlinesa and productiveness,
were: — 1, Crescent Seedling; 2, Tonkin; 3, Lax-
ton's Noble (translated "La Noble Laxton ! ") ; 4,
Victoria ; 5, Marguerite Lebreton ; and 6, Le
Caprice. The soil in which they are grown is a
calcareous loam, rich in phosphoric acid and nitro-
gen, moderately so in potash. Laxton's Noble and
Crescent Seedling do best in frames. Nitrogenous
manures are of little service comparatively, but
sulphate of potash, mixed with superphosphate
of lime, give the best results. In the open air,
Crescent Seedling, Laxton's Noble, and Caprice,
grown without manure, were the most satisfactory.
Elaborate details are given in the Annates Agrono-
mif/ues for August 25.

Cassipore Practical Institution of
Horticulture, Floriculture, and Agricul-
ture.— Rather a long title, but in spite of it, the
Institution does good work. It was founded by
Babo Hem Chunder Mitter in 1886, with the
object of imparting a practical knowledge of plant
cultivation to a certain number of students. An
experimental garden, with plant-houses and a library,
are maintained for the benefit of the students, and a
flower show is held once a year to illustrate the
progress of horticulture. Mr. Loke Nath Ghose is
the Honorary Secretary.

PRICKLY PEAR.— The Agricultural Journal, pub-
lished by the Department of Agriculture of the Cape
Colony for July 3D, contains an article on the
Opuntia which, having being introduced about 17-">0
from India to the Cape, has now become a nuisance.
The mouths of sheep and goats become covered
with the spines, which excite infiammation of the
throat and stomach, cattle suffer from purging,
while ostriches become blind from the injury in-
flicted on the eyes. Nothing being done to prevent
the spread, the plant has thriven to such an extent
as to render many farms* uninhabitable, the thickets
protecting thieves and marauders, whilst the fruits
furnish an intoxicating liquor which renders the
natives unfit for labour. On the other hand, properly
treated, and the spines removed by burning or strip-
ping, the plant supplies valuable fodder — especially
in times of drought ; vinegar, alcohol, and molasses
may be produced from the fruit. It is possible that
the woody fibre might be utilised in the form of pulp
for coarse paper, but we are not aware that this has
been tried. The most effectual plan of removing
the pest seems to be to cut it up into small frag-
ments, which are thrown into a heap and allowed to

ferment, care being taken to exclude all the fruits
and seeds, as the latter would germinate, and renew
the mischief.

Fruits FOR COTTAGERS.— We have received
from the Royal Horticultural Society a specimen copy
of a circular which it intends to distribute broadcast
throughout the whole country, and which will be pub-
lished and sold at the lowest possible price including
postage, £.«., 25 copies, Is. ; 50 copies, Is. Qd. ; 100
copies, 2s. 6d. We are glad to note that the Society
in this matter has risen to the height of its respon-
sibilities, and its duty to the country as a chartered
society in its endeavour to disseminate an amount
of very-much-needed information on the important
industry of fruit culture. Only those who have mixed
with the persons intended to be chiefly benefited are
aware of the lamentably 6inall amount of precise
knowledge existing as to the proper sorts and varieties
of fruits to grow. The idea in this pamphlet has been
to bring before cottagers, small farmers, amateurs, and
others interested in fruit culture for home consump-
tion or sale the names of a few select Apples, Pears,
Plums, bush fruits, and Strawberries; giving the time
when the various fruits are in season, with remarks
on habit of growth, and whether best grown with or
without the protection of a wall or fence, or as bush,
standard, or half-standard. The selection is in the
main, a good one, and the desire of the compilers
to keep it within very moderate limits has neces-
sarily kept out of it many very desirable varieties,
and some are included which, in our opinion, were
better left out. The list of Apples is headed by
Blenheim Orange, which is generally a shy bearer in
its early years, although it ia fruitful in good years
when aged ; and the old Ilawthornden — omitted — is
a very prolific early Apple, which bears carriage
better than Lord Sullield, which is included. For
northern counties, we would not do without the Red
Calville, an early variety — a certain and an enormous
cropper. Even at the risk of making the list a bit
longer, the famous Warwickshire Wyken Pippin, a
long-keeping prolific dessert Apple; Yellow In-
gestrie, Summer Golden Pippin, Kerry Pippin, and
that good Sussex variety, The Forge, ought to
find a place.

The list of Pears would bear the addition of
Glou Morceau and Knight's Monaich, which do
well as standards in the southern and western
counties of England, and especially on warm soils ■
and elsewhere they are deserving of the protection
of a wall. We are glad to note Beurr<5 Clairgeau
is inserted as a stewing Pear, for it is an enormous
and regular cropper, but seldom good enough for
dessert. The list of eating Plums includes
Jefferson's, a very superior fruit, but one which
will do no good, we think, as a standard, except
in the warmer shires. And to cooking varieties,
the yellow Mirabelle, a prolific yellow Plum of
the size of a Mayduke Cherry, good for bottling
and the tree an abundant bearer, should be added ;
also Washington or Magnum Bonum. The bush
fruits and Strawberries are good of their kind, but
we wonder what the Lancashire lads would think of a
list of fourteen varieties of Gooseberries !

Cattleya labiata, Autumn - flowering,
SwainSOn'S VAR. — The sale of the second consign-
ment of this beautiful plant, recently imported by
Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, at Messrs.
Protheroe & Morris' Central Auction Rooms, on
October 2, fully maintained — indeed, exceeded the
prices realised by the first lot, a fact which speaks
highly of its generally-acknowledged qualities. The
plants were sold on their merits, and not a single lot
was, we understand, left unsold, the whole realising
about £1000. Lord Rendlesham, His Grace the
Duke of Sutherland, and the Right Hon. Joseph
Chamberlain were among the principal buyers.

Cattleya labiata, Gardner's var.— At the

same sale asabove, a small plant, in flower, of a magnifi-
cent and distinct form of true C. labiata, which was
sent to Messrs. F. Sander & Co., some time ago, by
one of their collectors, from the ground from which
Gardner records C. labiata, was sold, and realised

432

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

ten guineas. The collector stated that in its native
habitat it flowers twice a year, but, as yet, its season
of flowering under cultivation has not been deter-
mined. The flowers of the small plant in question
were larger than those of the old autumn-flowering
variety, and the labellum had a broad and flat ex-
pansion of the front lobe, as seen in C. gigas, but
with a more circular outline. The sepals and petals
were of a warm light rosy crimson, and the labellum
rich velvety crimson or blood-red, and with a broad
rose-coloured margin.

National Rose Society.— A meeting of the

Executive Committee will be held, by kind permis-
sion of the Horticultural Club, at their Rooms
Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster, on
Tuesday, the 13th inst., at 3 o'clock. The matters to
be discussed will be the Dates of Exhibitions in 1892 ;
Awards in Suburban classes at the Crystal Palace
Show; Suggested Alteration of the Schedules, &c.

Mr. W. Bull's Nursery. — Among other
Orchids in flower at Mr. William Bull's establish-
ment, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, three very remark-
able and handsome ones are now in blossom, viz.,
Lrelia pricstans alba, of which only two plants are
known to exist; Cypripedium Saundersianum, a very
distinct hybrid, and still very rare (not to be con-
founded with C. Sanderianum) ; and Cattleya
chelseiensis, a natural hybrid, and one of the most
beautiful of Cattleyas.

Newcastle and District Horticultural
Mutual Improvement Society. — The first
ordinary meeting of this Society was held at the
rooms of the Literary and Philosophical Society, on
Thursday, October 1. Mr. E. Lazenbt read a paper
on " Gardening, its Progress, and its Institutions,"
reviewing the progress made in the gardening world
during the last jfty years, the work done by our great
educational establishments at Kew and Chiswick.
A discussion followed on the paper and kindred
subjects, Messrs. Salmon, West, and Murray taking
part. The Chair was occupied by Mr. A. Heslop.
The next meeting takes place on October 15, when
Mr. Honey will read a paper on the " Peach."

Home Correspondence.

TROP^OLUM MRS. CLIBRAN.— I was glad to see
the note by " W. L).," on p. 404, on this new
Tropasolum which is likely to prove a very uselul
plant in the flower-garden. Its blooms are borne on
stout footstalks, which renders it more valuable than
those which are too fragile to carry their flowers
erect. The colour, too, is so taking— a rich shade of
orange — that it is sure to be welcomed in the future,
colours of this kind being rather limited in number.
E. Molyneux.

KNIPHOFIAS. — The very interesting article by
Mr. Grant on these showy plants on p. 391, leads
me to say that I intend to take the precaution to
mulch our plants before winter, and should advise
others to do likewise ; as after a wet, sunless summer,
as the past one has been, the plants will probably
suffer. Our plants stand on turf, and have flowered
splendidly hitherto, but this year there are very few
flowers, ,owing to the severity of the weather last
winter. The situation of the plants is not one of
the best, it being somewhat shaded, which renders
growth too soft. The variety K. caulescens has this
year a magnificent appearance, with from fifty to
sixty fully- developed flower heads. E. M.

MARKETING GARDEN PRODUCE.— Thereports fur-
nished from time to time by fruit growers especially,
and growers of market produce in general, as to the
scantiness or otherwise of their pecuniary returns,
shows how very unevenly prices rule in markets for
what is presumably the same quality. It does seem,
however, that the real secret of these diverse returns
is to be found chiefly in the nature of the salesmen,
rather than in varying quality of produce or public
inconsistencies. The grower who has an established
reputation among buyers has a good connection,
and has ample supplies of special articles, seldom
fails to obtain the best prices. Next, perhaps, come
those growers who commit their produce to the care

of some well-known salesman, who, in his turn, can
always rely upon that produce being even and good,
and regularly and efficiently supplied. Then, perhaps,
next in order of price come the growers, who, being
in a small way, cannot command any considerable
or good class connection, and have to take what
offers are made. Finally, come the salesman's irre-
gular or uncertain customers — those who send a
small consignment, and no more, or, perhaps,
large ones, not at all up to market form ;
these, so far from finding purchasers early in the
day, are left over to take their chance at the later
auction sales, and not unfrequently realise one-third
their real value. It is of the latter class of growers
from which we hear such complaints in the daily press
— amateur market gardeners, who complain bitterly of
their returns, although every new bushel of produce
sent only serves to bring down prices. A close
attention in the markets to market selling is in itself
good education in market gardening. A. B.

TOMATCS AT KNEBWORTH. — When visiting
Knebworth, the residence of Lord Lytton, near
Stevenage, a short time ago, I was much struck with
a house of Tomatos Mr. Kipling had in full bearing.
The plants had done remarkably well, and the hand-
some rich-coloured fruit proved particularly tender
and luscious, and the flavour all that conld be desired.
The house in which the Tomatos were growing had
been devised by Mr. Kipling specially for the purpose.
The experience he gained last season led him to the
conclusion that a continual circulation of air, in-
dependently of side or top ventilation, was desirable,
and which could be effected all over the roof, was just
what was required for such a house, whether em-
ployed for forcing Strawberries, or for growing
Tomatos. He therefore, determined to give New-
ton's reform system of glazing a trial, the principle
being the use of patent steel rafters or bars, which
are guttered, and so admit of a continuous circulation
of air on each side, as well as through each lap of the
large sheets of glass. The result is the remarkably
fine crop of luscious Tomatos Mr. Kipling has grown
this season. Newton's reform system may be des-
cribed as the dry or open method, as opposed to the
old tight putty glazing, and Mr. Kipling sums up its
advantages over the older method, setting forth that
it admits of a gentle but continuous circulation of air
taking place all over the roof, independently of what
is admitted by the ventilators, and he thinks this is
beneficial to the plants, whatever may be the cha-
racter of those grown. Mr. Kipling further stated
that he had had in the same house a very fine lot
of forced Strawberries, the best that he had ever
grown, if. D.

MINA LOBATA. — This fast-growing climber, suit-
able for covering a bare stem or a trellis, may not be
generally known. Two plants which I turned out of
pots at the end of last June are now covered with
blossoms, and prove very attractive. J. Elcombe,
Southampton.

SUBJECTS OF STUDY FOR GARDENERS.— I
have otten noticed, in many young gardeners of to-
day, the want of interest in the scientific study of
their profession, and I have often thought that any-
thing which would awaken a deeper interest in the
things around them would be greatly to their
advantage, and therefore of very great benefit to
horticulture. The horticultural press could do much
to remedy this by the insertion from time to time of
articles in their various papers, dealing scientifically
with matters which come under the daily notice of
gardeners. I venture to think that a series of
articles, dealing with the forms and functions of the
various parts of a plant, would do much to awaken
an interest in the study of botany, which would be
of immense advantage to gardeners. If this study
were more generally taken up, things would appear
in quite a different light to many, and would be a
source of very great pleasure, not to say profit ; and
many hours which are now wasted would be profitably
spent in the study of the forms and functions of the
various parts of a plant; the result would be, that
gardeners of the future would be a better informed,
and more intellectual class of men than is at
present often the case. W. L.

WHAT IS A HARDY PLANT ?— I cannot agree with
your correspondent, " A. D.," at p. 344, where, under
this head, he says, referring to Hydrangea paniculata
and an herbaceous Phlox, that " there is absolutely
no distinction between them in hardiness and habit."
The point of hardiness may be allowed to pass, but the
" habit " most certainly not. As a matter of fact, the
Hydrangea is not strictly herbaceous, because the

stems never die down, and I certainly think it best
described as a deciduous shrub, though in some
winters it carries a certain amount of foliage. What
has been the flowering stems of the present year in
the Hydrangea will presently perfect buds, and these
latter will, if sufficiently strong, produce flower heads
another year ; whereas, an herbaceous Phlox is not
endowed with this gift at all, for the flower stems in
their case are of only annual duration, and, if allowed
to remain longer than one year, have no vitality in
them, nor do they attempt to push forth young
growths at almost every joint along the stem, as in
the case of the Hydrangea. The flowering stems of
all true herbaceous plants perish annually, and a new
one is produced from the perennial stool or crown ;
and Roses, Hydrangeas, and such things that have
vitality still remaining in their woody top growth,
even as an Oak, or Elm, or an Apple, are deciduous
trees or shrubs, and though " hardy perennial " with-
out a doubt, have nothing whatever to do with " her-
baceous" subjects. The Polygonums, too, are strictly
herbaceous, and even the alpine or sub-alpine species
annually lose their flowering-stems. The words
" hardy perennials " has a very wide meaning indeed,
and anything performing the function of the two
words would be admissible, because shrubs, ever-
green or deciduous, or climbers or trees, are quite
within its limits. But, if the words "hardy her-
baceous plants " only were employed, the true ex-
hibits would be much more restricted, because this
term in itself excludes all shrubs or similar things.
The classes for hardy herbaceous plants have over
and over again given rise to misunderstanding at
shows, and chiefly because of the laxity of the com-
mittees and judges, the latter having frequently to
my knowledge passed over Sweet Peas, Asters, Ten-
week Stocks, and the like, in a class set apart for
herbaceous plants. A few years ago, when I came to
this neighbourhood, and was requested to take the
Hon. Secretaryship of the local horticultural society,
just the same error was made, annuals, biennials,
and perennials, being staged for " hardy herbaceous
plants" — and passed over by the judges; but it so
happened that some dissatisfaction arose among
the exhibitors in respect to the prize, and I, being
referred to in the matter, surprised not a few by
telling them that, according to the schedule, the
whole of the exhibits should have been disqualified.
Of course, an explanation was demanded, and
quickly given; thus the cottagers learnt a lesson,
and they now know pretty clearly what is meant by
hardy herbaceous perennials. Theirs was an error
through ignorance, and I doubt not it is so with
many others, and the best way for committees to do
would be to instruct cottagers and others in the
right way, taking care also to make the wording of
the schedule clear. If the usual hardy border
plants are desired, as Sunflowers, Leucanthemums,
Potentillas, Pyrethrums, Campanulas, Delphiniums,
and the like, the words " hardy herbaceous plants "
should meet the case ; the word " perennials " need
not be used, as this is also conveyed in the term
" herbaceous." I confess to not quite understanding
what " A. D." intends by " hardwooded plants of
annual growth from the roots." Perhaps your corre-
spondent will furnish an example, because if " hard-
wooded," such growths should remain perennial.
Perhaps also your correspondent will cite an in-
stance of what he regards as an " hardy herbaceous
shrub." In my opinion, such cannot combine in
any one plant. E. Jenkins.

IXORA WESTII.— This variety is not frequently
seen in collections of plants, but a good example of
it is now in bloom in an intermediate-house in the
Birmingham Botanic Gardens. The large clusters
of pale rosy salmon-coloured blooms are both showy
and pleasing, as the colour is distinct from that of
other varieties; the plant is of easy culture. W. D.

A NEW BLACK-SKINNED POTATO.— I enclose
you a cutting from the Annandale Observer of the
2nd inst., on the subject of the probable introduction
of a new Potato, a black one, coming to us from the
East. This was referred to about a fortnight ago, if
I recollect right, in two of the London evening
papers— the Echo was one, I forget the other. When
I was a boy at school, at Welling, in Kent, under
the Rev. Stephen Tucker, and afterwards under his
son, Mr. Stephen Tucker, there was a black
Potato, so called, in daily use for a part of the
year. It was really a very dark purple skin, the
colour of the darkest purple kind of the Solanum Me-
longena, or Aubergine — the Bringal of Bengal. It
was a fairly dark purple right through, the colour
getting ligher towards the centre, but decidedly a pale
blue there It was a very mep.ly Potato, and very highly

[The Gardeners' Chronicle, October 10, 1891.

Fig. 56.— helenium aetumnale, flowers clear yellow, natuhal sue.

434

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

appreciated. The Potato-pits were separated from
the boys' gardens by a quickset hedge ; but, in spite
of that, on a dark winter afternoon, adventurous
spirits would make a raid on the " black " pits, to
roast them in the schoolroom grate in play hours.
The white Potatos were never attacked. The
legend about these was, that they were im-
ported by, or sent to, a gentleman named Friend,
or Frend (at this distance of time I forget the correct
spelling of his name), who lived in the neighbour-
hood of Tavistock Square, and had business rela-
tions with South America, from whence he got them.
On looking closer at the extract, it will be seen that
Zululand is hardly what we understand by the East,
though in the Eastern hemisphere. When I was on
leave from India in 1860-61, Mr. Stephen Tucker
was alive, and I tried to trace the Potato so as to
get some seed, but they had died out with him and
he couid not help me. J. A. C.

STRIPED BEGONIAS.— I read, in the last issue of
the Gardeners' Chronicle, that you have received
from M. Benary, flowers of a striped Begonia. A year
since, I have had in cultivation a strain of Tuberous
Begonia, which I call reticulate. I send you by post
some flowers of them, and I shall be very glad to
know if those of M. Benary are the same size.
A. L. Bosscel, Tronchiennes, Ghent. [The flowers sent
are very pretty and interesting, but different from
those of M. Benary. Ed.]

Societies.

KOYAL HOBTIOULTUBAL.

Toesdat, October 6. — The meeting of the above
Society was held, in conjunction with the Conference
on Sunflowers, Asters, &c, in the gardens of the
Society at Chiswick ; the different objects exhibited
occupying two large tents and the great vinery,
besides a number of tables set alongside the walks in
the reserve garden. For the purposes of the usual
committee meetings the exhibits were not numerous,
and consisted of Dahlias, including some meritorious
seedlings raised from English-grown seed of Chrysan-
themums, Cactus Dahlias, Cannas, Carnations, &c.

Orchid Committee.

Present : J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair ; J. O'Brien,
Sec. ; Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S. ; J. Douglas,
C. Pilcher, and H. M. Pollett.

Baron Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr., Mr. H.
Ballantine), exhibited a plant with a three-flowered
spike of the true La-lia Perrinii alba. The flowers
were 7 inches across, and with unusually broad
sepals and petals ; they were pure white, without the
slightest shade of any other colour, except some very
pale primrose at the base of the front lobe of the lip.
A First-class Certificate was unanimously awarded.

G. O. Sloper, Esq., Westrop House, Highworth,
Wilts, sent a spike with three flowers of Cattleya
aurea marmorata, a variety of great beauty, appa-
rently intermediate between C. aurea and C. Hardyana.
The flowers had the sepals and petals creamy-white,
with a few rose-coloured spots and blotches ; petals
cream colour marbled with rose, through which a
delicate tracery of cream-coloured veinery is seen.
The lip has the front lobe dark purplish-crimson,
the throat and side-lobes being rich golden-yellow.
The edges of the side lobes of the lip forming the
tube of the labellum is tinged with rose, the yellow
veining running through it. An Award of Merit
(unanimous).

F. A. Bevan, Esq., Trent Park, New Barnet (gr.,
Mr. B. Phillips), exhibited a finely-grown plant of
the singular and beautiful Cypripedium Sanderianum,
to which a First-class Certificate had been awarded
in 1886. The plant had two spikes, bearing together
six flowers, the curiously twisted petals of which
were 12 to 15 inches in length, and spotted with
dark crimson on the upper third, and tinged with
lose on the lower part, constituting it a very distinct
and attractive species ; a Cultural Commendation
was awarded. Mr. Bevan also sent a fine variety of
Odontoglossum grande, and F. Wigan, Esq., Clare
Lawn, East Sheen, Kichmond (gr., Mr. Young), sent
cut flowers of Sobralia virginalis, Arundina bambu-
euefolia, Cypripedium Leeanum superbum, and its
two parents, C. insigne Maulei and C. Spicerianum,
also a spike of Cattleya maxima, all exhibiting good
culture.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq., in the* chair; and
Mesers. H. Herbst, W. Bain, G. Paul, B.' Wynne, C.
Jeffries, B. Dean, W. Bennett-Poe, H. Turner, E.

Mawley, T. Baines, G. Gordon, W. C. Leach, G.
Phippen, C. E. Pearson, W. Furze, J. Walker, H.
Cannell, and J. Laing.

Competing Classes. — Mr. Chadwick (gr. to E. M.
Nelson, Esq.), Hanger Hill House, Ealing, was placed
1st for eighteen bunches of perennial Asters and
Helianthus in fine bunches, including A.'floribunda,
A. novas anglise rubra, A. Amellus, A. Chapmanni,
H. lastiflorus simplex, H. multiflorus, H. m. flore-
pleno, &c; 2nd, Mr. Sage (gr. to the Earl of Dysart),
Ham House, Richmond. In the class for twelve
bunches, the 1st prize was not awarded, Mr. Mar-
shall's stand being disqualified because of its con-
taining Colchicum 7ariegatum. The 2nd prize was
taken by Mr. A. Harding (gr. to the Dowager-Mar-
chioness of Huntley), Orton Hall, Peterborough.
Mr. Debenham, St. Peter's, St. Albans, Herts, was
1st for eight bunches. Especially good were those
of Rudbeckia Newmanni, Phlox paniculata, a fine
white flower.

Miscellaneous. — A few Dahlias were shown, much
fewer than might have been expected, for they
are still flowering finely at the Dahlia nurseries.
Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons sent from their Swanley
nurseries some bunches of decorative and Cactus
varieties, including Princess Christian, very pretty
and bright, rose flushed with crimson, and tinted
with mauve purple (Award of Merit) ; Mrs.
Thornton, pale rose, deepening on the edges to
silvery rose, and paling to blush, large, and
inclining to coarseness ; Ernest Cannell, bright pale
orange-scarlet, paling to orange-salmon on the edge ;
Sir Roger, bright salmon-scarlet, deeper in the
centre ; Robert Cannell, deep rosy crimson centre,
paling to rose and lilac ; and Beauty of Eynsford,
reddish salmon centre, with deep buff edging, very
distinct. Messrs. Cannell & Sons also had fifteen
varieties of Cannas, in bunches, of a showy character,
and the following new varieties of Chrysanthemums :
M. R. Bahanut, a large incurved variety, colour pale
bronzy-rose, with silvery reverse, deepening to cerise
early, and somewhat flat, but not showing the flower
off to the best advantage ; Miss Watson, a bright
pale yellow Japanese variety, deeper in the
centre, of a very pleasing shade of colour
(Award of Merit); M. V. Marchant, blush,
with slight pale rosy-purple centre, and some
of the petals tinted in the same way — a
reflexed Japanese ; Beechwood, a sport from
the brownish-crimson H. Jacotot, orange and red-
dish-brown, deep golden reverse, a fine fully-reflexed
flower — Japanese ; Mr. Harry Laing, a reflexed
Japanese, pale lilac, flushed with rose in the centre,
large and full ; and Ann J. Chretien, crimson, shaded
with maroon, the reverse silvery salmon-orange, a
fine-coloured early October variety.

Mr. Robert Owen, nurseryman, Maidenhead, also
had some Chrvsanthemums, including English seed-
lings. Foremost were three pretty Pompon varie-
ties, viz., Mdlle. Edouard Lefort, a very pretty and
compact, small-flowered variety, gold flushed with
brown in the centre, and the petals fimbriated
(Award of Merit) ; Madame Gabut, blush, suffused
in the centre with lilac — very pretty ; and Mdlle.
Jacob, pinkish-lilac, with golden centre, very pretty
small, compact flowers ; also a reflexed variety,
Theophile Rcederer, pink, tipped with cream, the
centre gold — later Bowers under glass take on the
true reflexed form, being creamy-white, with a
golden centre ; Lady Emily Fitzmaurice, a bright
golden reflexed decorative Japanese, small, and very
rich in colour ; Mrs. Neve, a white flower, in the
way of Madame Desgranges, not so much reflexed ;
Success, a bright-coloured Japanese, pale reddish-
claret — very promising ; and Madame Bellau, pale
soft pink, paleing to blush, and yellow centre— the
committee wished to see these two again.

From Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, nurserymen,
Swanley, came white Carnation Lizzie McGowan, a
pure white-flowered American variety, broad-petalled,
very fine, does not split its calyx ; slightly fragrant.
The plants bloom abundantly, and apparently
produce but little grass. Award of Merit.

Mr. J. Hudson, The Gardens. Gunnersbury House,
Acton, had some plants of Margaret Carnations,
raised from seeds sown on March 20, and lifted from
the open ground to bloom in pots under glass. All
the plants were carrying excellent heads of bloom.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, had a stand
most lavishly laid out with cut blooms of Asters,
Chrysanthemums Leucanthemum and maximum,
Helianthus in variety, and a quantity of Dahlias,
consisting of most sections of that flower. The col-
lection of Messrs. Collins Brothers, and Gabriel was
even larger, and consisted of a large number of pro-
perly named cut blooms of Pyrethrums roseum var.

J. N. Tweedy and Hamlet, the first-named rosy-
crimson, the latter rich pink ; Centauiea montana
alba, Helenium autumnale, Gaillardia grandiflora,
many species and varieties of Aster, Stenactis spe-
ciosa, the fine yellow-flowered CEnothera serotina,
and Liatris pyenostachya, a long spike of small
rosy-purple blossoms — showy.

The box of trusses of bloom of beautiful Rhodo-
dendrons shown by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons,
of the Chelsea Nurseries, served as a forcible
illustration of their value as autumn - flower -
ing plants. Altogether, there were some fifteen
varieties, showing a wide range of colour, and the
crimson-rose and golden varieties were particularly
attractive. We speak of them as greenhouse Rho-
dodendrons, but what they require, and especially at
this season of the year, is an intermediate-house,
with a temperature of from 50° to 55°, and it does
seem as if they make excellent London plants, for
they stand fog well, and do not appear to be injured
by it. They are perpetual flowerers too, for Messrs.
Veitch & Sons have exhibited flowers at every meet-
ing of the Royal Horticultural Society held during
the present year. The stout texture of the blossoms
causes them to be lasting, and they retain the bril-
liancy of hue for a considerable time. Then the
smoothness and sheen of the leaves prevents anything
like deposits resting upon them ; and as a cultivator
once said, they " Cleanse themselves." The varie-
ties staged by Messrs. Veitch & Sons, were Ne Pins
Ultra, bright scarlet, of fine shape and substance ;
Diadem, orange-scarlet, large, and of fine form ;
Lord Wolseley, apricot, flushed on the edges with
orange-scarlet, large, well-formed flowers ; Star of
India, apricot, with a very light wire edge of crimson-
salmon, fine shape, and bold truss; Ajax, bright
salmon, with shading of rose on the edges, the lobes
well rounded and smooth ; President, one of the
freest bloomers, in colour bright yellow, shaded, and
distinctly edged with salmon — a singularly distinct
and beautiful variety, and of the finest form and
substance, and said to be singularly free of bloom ;
Monarch, buff, with slight wire edge of deep
salmon ; Princess Christian, deep yellow — large
and stout; Aspasia, lemon-yellow, large in size,
and of fine shape ; Ophelia, creamy-pink, with
slight wire edge of rose — very fine shape, and
remarkably pleasing; Luteo- roseum, soft pink,
with a flush of soft mauve on the petal edges — a
remarkably free-flowering and charming variety ;
Princess Royal, soft pink, small-flowered, but a very
pleasing tint ; Princess Alexandra, blush — very
pretty ; Maiden's Blush, blush, tinted on the edges
with delicate pink ; and Imogene, cream, with a very
soft tint of blush.

Fruit Committee.

Present : T. Francis Rivers, Esq., in the chair ;
and Messrs. W. Wilks, P. C. M. Veitch, W. Bates,
W. Denning, A. Dean, J. Wright, M. Dunn, G.
Reynolds, H. Balderson, J. Hudson, J. Cheal, G.
Wythes, P. Crowley, and T. J. Saltmarsh.

The subjects brought to the notice of the com-
mittee were small in number, and included three
dozen fine-looking Melons, Hero of Lockinge, from
Messrs. Rothschild, Gunnersbury Park, Acton (gr.,
Mr. G. Reynolds) ; Coe's Golden Drop Plums, in
very nice condition ; and a very prolific Pea,
Success, with dark green scimitar-formed pods.

Lord Foley, Ruxley Lodge, Esher (gr., Mr. Miller),
showed Barrington Peaches, a Melon of the Canta-
loupe type, and a dish of Apples, sent for a name.

Some Louise Bonne de Jersey Pears came from
J. Shuter, 66, The Grove, Hammersmith.

Mr. Wythes, gr. to the Duke of Northumberland,
Syon, showed ripe fruits and foliage of Monstera
deliciosa.

From the Society's Garden there was an exhibit
of Hungarian Grapes. One of these, Dodrelabi, Mr.
Barron considered to be identical with Gros Colmar.
Another, the Muscat of Hungary, appeared to be a
small form of Muscat of Alexandria, very richly
flavoured. The berries are less than half-an-inch in
diameter. It is likely that this variety will prove a
great favourite with those preferring tine flavour to
mere size.

Dishes of cooked Apple chips and rings dried in
the Mayfarth apparatus were shown ; they were pro-
nounced to be equal to the American productions in
this line, but less brisk in flavour than freshly-picked
home-grown fruit. On the other hand, Prunes
made in the same apparatus of Fellemberg, Poupart's,
and Rivers' Prolific Plums, were delicious.

Some good samples of dried Plums were shown by
Colonel Hayward.Crosswood, Welshpool.

A dozen novelties in Plums in the form of fruit-

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

435

bearing branches came from Messrs. Rivers & Son,
Sawbridgeworth. The fruits were of varied size and
colour, but their qualities have yet to be ascertained.
Fine dishes were also shown of late Grand Duke,
Monarch, late Transparent Gage Plums, as well as
a well-fruited pyramid tree of the Conference Pear.

The Mayfarth drying apparatus was at work on
each day of the Conference on various kinds of fruit,
and afforded an excellent object lesson to fruit
glowers. With such an apparatus in his possession,
we should hear of fewer cases of the farmer giving
his too-abundant fruit to the swine when a glut of
it brought the price down so low that it did not pay
him to send it to market.

Exhibition of Aster and Helianthus.
These exhibits were, in response to the invitation
issued by the Society, exceedingly numerous, and
occupied considerable space in the great vinery and
a tent in the garden. The Kew collection of Asters,
which we take to be fairly accurate as to naming,
included A. Novii Belgii, a flower 1A inch in diameter,
light purple. Of this species were several forms, as
Harpur Crew, white ; and densus, light blue, of
shilling size ; A. Nova; Anglkc var. rubra, dark
purple, good diffuse habit ; A. n. a. var. pul-
clieilus, with slightly-twisted bright purple rays,
and brown pappus. Others were A. Amellus, pale

purple, a bright flower ; lrevigatus, rosy - lilac ;
Apollo, densus ; also the true type of A. Novi
Belgii, aud A. grandiflorus, a fine bloom ; A. g.
ccerulea, A. Nov;e Anglte pulchellus, A. amethystinum
A. turbinella, A. Lindleyanus, late, pale lilac in
colour ; A. umbellatus, white, with a green disc ; A.
acris, in two forms, purple, and pale lilac ; A. cordi-
folius elegans, A. c. major, A. ericoides, Harvard
variety, numerous small pink flowers; A. horizon-
talis, numerous small white flowers, with a pink disk.
The Society's collection of Helianthus included
occidentalis, decapetalus, multiflorus, II. m. Peter
Barr, divaricatus, rigidus, semiplenus, latifolius,
elatior, multiflorus maximus (a fine thing), and
multiflorus Soleil d'Or, m. plenus, rigidus, and
rigidus elegans.

Messrs. Paul & Son, the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,
showed good bunches of Asters of the showier
species, and Helianthus major, H. multiflorus, and
others, about twenty-four bunches in all.

Conifer Conference at Chiswick.

Perhaps never before has there been brought
together such an array of home-grown specimens of
Coniferous trees and their cones than that exhi-
bited at the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens
at Chiswick during Tuesday and the following days
of the present week. Representative collections of

twigs and attached cones of many species, principally
rare, of Conifera; ; and what strikes one is the healthy
hue and the look of rapid growth that pervaded the
whole of them. Amongst others we noticed the rare
Pinus Koraensis, with fully developed cones, the
pretty P. sylvestris aurea, P. Balonderi, P. Lamber-
tiana, P. densifiora and P. montana, Abies amabilis,
A. magnifica, A. pichta, and the rare A. Pinsapo
glauca, as being in this fine collection, while
Cephalotaxis pedunculata, Torreya grandis, and
Taxus japonica were also shown in good form.

The Scone collection from the Earl of Mansfield,
was particularly good, and amongst the less common
kinds we might include the curious Fitzroya pata-
gonica, the little known Pinus aristata, Retinospora
obtusa (Club-moss like), the most curious and dis-
tinct abnormal ^form of Conifer that we have ever
seen, the Umbrella Tree (Sciadoopytis verticillata),
and Juniperus rigida.

Mrs. Malcolm, The Cairnets, Perthshire, contri-
buted a large number of Silver Firs (Abies), but the
method of naming was most objectionable, and would
not permit of the scrutiny of the well-grown and
healthy specimens.

Sent by Messrs. Dicksons of Chester, was a neat and
most interesting collection of twigs and cones,
mostly collected at Penrhyn Castle in Wales, and
including large fruiting branches of Abies Webbiana,

i, ill

•in so

l'l :. 57. — PLAN' OF THE CONIFER OARDEM AT CHISWICK. (SBE LFADEB PAOP.)

blue, 11 inch in diameter; A. Maacke, lilac,
bright-yellow disc; A. versicolor, pink and white
flower ; A. vimineus, numerous white flowers, in
pendulous racemes; A. Bigelowi, bright purplish-
blue, with a relatively large brown disc. Boltonia
asteroides, var. decurrens has pink-coloured rays,
and a yellow disc. Other plants in this exhibit were
Cosmos bipinnatus, a Mexican plant, with bright
purple single flowers, which are terminal ; Lobelia
tupa, a tall spike of sparsely- disposed red flowers.
Hudbeckia speciosa, R. purpurea, and R. bicolor
were present, the first and last yellow, the other
purplish-rose coloured rays ; Helianthus giganteus,
II. multiflorus, and Silphium perfoliatum, a robust
plant, with a tall spike of orange and yellow flowers.

From Mr. W. C. Dud's garden, Malpas, Cheshire,
came a good collection of Asters, consisting chiefly
of those we had noticed in the Kew collection,
besides several not contained therein, as Aster Robert
Parker, a fine regular flower, 1.} inch across, with
pale lilac florets and yellow disc ; A. cordifolium var.
Fota, pale lilac free flowers 1 inch wide ; A. undu-
latus, A. Drummondi, pale lilac ; several forms of
A. Amellus, some seedlings raised at Malpas, also
collected wild, probably garden escape's; and A.
versicolor var. discolor ; and A. pyrenseus, large
twisted rays.

From the Society's garden were forms of Aster
Novi Belgii, a decorus, with bright lilac, flattish
rays ; nana, small lilac flowers ; formosus, light

living specimens of the rarer and more decorative
Conifers, fruiting branches, seeds, and a few speci-
mens of wood, have been forwarded from almost every
part of the British Isles, these together forming a
most valuable and interesting collection, and one
that is of the greatest value from a scientific and
practical standpoint.

One could not fail to notice how fresh and well
grown were the Scottish collections ; indeed, the
specimens sent from Perthshire and the adjoining
counties revealed a depth of leaf-colouring and solidity
of growth that we cannot remember to have seen
equalled. England comes well to the Iront in the
many rare and little-known forms of Conifers that
were exhibited ; while from that peculiarly favoured
spot in the south of Ireland — Fota Island — were sent
specimens of branches, and cones that will do much
to settle some knotty points in the minds of Conifer
lovers who will have the advantage of observing such
rarely-seen fruits of Coniferoe.

Altogether, the Conifer Conference may be taken
as a grand success, the only drawback being that,
owing to the loads of specimens that kept turning
up, sufficient space for their being fully and clearly
exhibited individually could not be obtained ; how-
ever, the confined space rendered it all the easier
for those persons who were interested in such to fully
examine and compare the allied specimens.

From Sir P. K. Murray, of Ochtertyre, N.B., was
sent a most valuable representative collection of the

A. nobilis, A. cephalonica, A. grandis, with both
male and female cones attached ; Pinus Pinea, very
fine ; Cupressus macrocarpa, C. nutkajnsis, and a
very large cone and branch of Araucaria imbricata.

The Earl of Devon sent many beautiful kinds,
including the largest fruiting branch of Pinus excelsa
that we have yet seen; Cedrus Deodara in cone, and
the seldom-seen Plum-fruited Yew (Cephalotaxus
drupacea), and which I would recommend every one
who is interested in Conifers to closely examine.

A very interesting collection came from the Duke
of Devonshire, including Picea orientalis, A. Nord-
manniana, Pinus montana and monticola, and the
pretty Abies canadensis — the Hemlock Spruce.

The conspicuous cones of Pinus Ayacahuite, sent
by Mr. Jeffries, of Cirencester, and grown at Weston-
birt, in Gloucestershire, by R. L. Holford, Esq , were
of particular interest, and Bhowed us that, as well as
in the Isle of Man, this distinct Pine can be success-
fully grown in this country.

Her Majesty the Queen had sent from Balmoral
not a few samples of the less common kinds of
Conifers, and these took in Abies bifida, in cone ;
Pinus aristata, Abies grandis, A. Albertiana (in
cone), A. concolor, A. Alcoquiana, A. Douglasii
glauca, Junip°rus suecea, Abies nobile glauca, Pinus
parviflora, P. Jeffreyii, and some others of less note.
The examples of Larch from home-saved and Tyro-
lese seed, were worthy of inspection by every planter,
and clearly told their own tale.

436

THE GA RDENER S' CHR ONIGL E.

[October 10, 1891.

From the Earl of Hopetoun and the Countess of
Seafield were sent very fine forms of many species of
Conifers, which may also be said of those kindly for-
warded by F. S. H. Cornwallis, Esq., Linton Park,
Maidstone, Sir F. Dyke Acland. the Duke of Suther-
land, the Duke of Buccleuch, and the Earl of Aber-
deen, and regarding which we shall have more to say
on a future occasion.

The well-grown specimens sent by Smith-Barry,
Esq., from Fota Island are most interesting, and
consisted of specimens that we rarely have the pleasure
of seeing. First came the very rare CupreBsus
Knightiana (in cone), Abies religiosa, a fine coning
branch ; Abies Brunoniana, and Cedrus Deodara,
with fully-grown and beautifully-coloured cones.
Pinus parviflora, too, was sent, bearing a number
of cones, as also Abies Webbiana, and Wellingtonia
(Sequoia) pigantea.

To the Menabilly collection of Conifers (J. Rash-
leigh, Esq.), we are indebted for not a few fruiting
branches of uncommon Conifers, and amongst those
exhibited were Eocephalotaxus Fortunei, Pinus
patula, and the rarely seen Athrotaxis laxifolia.

The collections of growing specimens of various
kinds of Conifer are most creditable to the various
exhibitors, and showed at a glance what a wealth of
colour, what variety in shape and foliage, and what
a choice we have in Coniferous trees, both small
and large. At present we can only just glance
over the many beautiful representative collections
that were sent by such eminent cultivators of Conifers
as Messrs. Veitch & Sons of Chelsea; Mr, Anthony
Waterer, of Knaphill ; Barron & Son, Elvaston ;
Dicksons, Chester ; Paul & Son ; Jeffries, Cirencester ;
Mr. Charles Lee, and from Kew.

These valuable collections, and others of parti-
cular interest, will be dealt with at some future time.

List of Awards.
For Groups of Living Conifers.
Silvtr-gilt Medals.
To Anthony Waterer, Knap Hill ; Messrs. J. Veitch & Sonn,
Chelsea.

Silver Medals.
To Messrs. C. Lee & Son, Hammersmith ; Dicksons, of
Chester; G. Paul & Son, High Beach.

Banktian Medal.
To Messrs. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for groups of Conifers.

Bronze Medils.
To Messrs. Jeffries, of Cirencester; Cutbush & Son, of
Highgate ; W. Barron & Sons, of Elvaston.

Vote of Thanks,
To Messrs. Fisher, Son & Sibray ; The Royal Gardens. Kew.
To Messrs. Little & Ballantine, Carliale, for group of Conifers.

Floral Committee.
First-c'ass Certificates.
To Ixora macrothyraa (Dufli), shown by Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart.. M.P.
To Asparagus retrofractus, shown by SirT. Lawrence.

Awards of Merit.
To Carnation Lizzie McGowan, shown by Messrs. Pitcher &
Manda.

To Chrysanthemum Miss Watson, shown by Messrs. H.
Cannell & Sons.

To Dahlia Prince Christian, shown by Messrs. Cannell &
Sons.

To Chrysanthemum Madame E. Lefort, shown by Mr. It.
Owen.

Medals.
Si'ver Flora.
To Messrs. Collins Bros. & Gabriel, for collection of Hardy
Flowers.

Si'ver Banksian.
To Messrs. Paul &. Sons, for collection of Hardy Flowers.
To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, for collection of Hardy Flowers.
To Mr. W. Salmon, for collection of Hardy Flowers.

Bronze Banksian.
To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, for collection of Hardy
Flowers.
To Rev. W. Dod, for collection of Perennial Asters, &c.

Orchid Committee,
First-class Certificates.
To La?h"a Perinni alba, shown by Baron Schroder,

Award of Merit.
To Cittleya aureo niarmorata, shown by G. O. Sloper,
Esq., Highworth, Wills.

Cultural Commendation.
To Cypripedium Sanderianum, shown by T. A. Bevan,
Treut Park, New Barnet.

Fruit Committee.
Silver Medal.
To Mr. Reynolds, Gunnersbury, for thirty-six^Melons.

Aicards of Merit.

To Mr. .T. Hunter, Lambton Castle Gardens, Durham, for
five Pineapples.

To Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, for Muscat of
Hungary.

PRESTON AND FULWOOD FLORAL
AND HORTICULTURAL.

The monthly meeting of members was held on
Saturday, October 3, at the Old Legs of Man Hotel,
Preston, and the collection of plants, fruits, and cut
flowers, was much larger than usual. Mr. S. H. Scott,

in the course of a speech he made, said the monthly
exhibitions were becoming more and more important ;
and as many seedlings made their first appearance
there, he proposed that two or three non-exhibitors do
go round and suggest what plants and flowers should
receive the Society's certificates. This was agreed
to, and the 1st prize was awarded to Mr. Hathaway
(gr. to the Earl of Latham) for a new single Dahlia.
Mr. S. Ware, of Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham,
was awarded a Certificate for sixty-two bunches of
herbaceous flowers ; and Mr. John Wilding, of
Walton-le-Dale, obtained aanother Certificate for
forty-eight double show and fancy Dahlias, six
Cactus Dahlias, and sixteen single Dahlas. Mr.
Hathaway read a paper on "The Culture of
Chrysanthemums," and a discussion followed.

Nursery Notes

TABLE PLANTS AT MOORLAND NURSERY,
NORWOOD.

Dracenas are the chief specialty of Mr. C F.
Bause, of Moorland Nursery, Portland Road, South
Norwood, S.E. There were about 13,000 in number in
32-pots. We noticed the following varieties as
being particularly good : — Frau Marie Mietzsch,
green, with broad crimson margins; Salmonea, dark
and light green stripes, salmon edges ; Cinnabarina,
similar, but narrow leaves ; Norwoodensis, bright
red, and dark green ; Madame Bergman, a broad
leaf red variety, of great value for market purposes ;
Barteli, very dark green, with crimson ; Masters-
iana, leaves 4 inches broad, edged brilliant crimson,
beautiful habit; Rossi, one of the best, the ribs well
marked. Thousands of the variety pendula are
grown, its broad deep brown-crimson arching leaves
being well known.

Caladiums also form an important item here. He
has several new kinds, which recently received Cer-
tificates from the Royal Horticultural Society : —
Mons. L<5on Say, crimson, mottled with green and
rose spots ; Michel Buchner, rich carmine-crimson,
with deeper veins, perhaps the richest of all ;
Madame Ed. Pynaert, metallic crimson, with car-
mine veins; John Laing, broad yellow broader, with
feathered crimson centre ; Louis A. Van Houlte,
dark metallic-crimson, with black petioles.

Two large houses are devoted to Aspidistras.
Before being sent to market, these are repotted, the
plants being made into a good shape, straggling
plants not being saleable. The green variety is
preferred for restaurants to place on white marble.

Cocos Weddeliana, Geonoma gracilis, Kentias,
Phoenix rupicola (many thousands), are grown to
various sizes ; dwarf compact plants of various
Nepenthes, beautiful little Crotons and Bertolonias,
as well as other well-known ornamental foliage
plants, make up a collection of plants which find a
ready sale in the London and Paris markets.

Markets,

CO VENT GARDEN, October 8.
Supplies falling off. Kent Cobs selling pretty
freely at 35s. James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market.
Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunches 0-13 0

— English, per
dozen bunches ... 4 0-60

Carnations, 12 buns. 4 0-60
Carnations. 12 blms. 10-20
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 1 0- 3 0

— 12 bunches ... 4 0- 9 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 10-16

Cornflower, 12buus. 16-20
Dahlias, 12 bun. ... 2 0-30
Eucharis. per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0 4 0
Gladiolus, 12 bunches 4 0-12 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lilium Harrisii, doz. 4 0-60
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-30

Orchid-bloom in variety.

d. s.d.
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches 2 0-40

Orchids : —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontogl ossn m
crispum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60

— 13 spays 0 6-09

Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-
chals).perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 2 0-60
Sweet Peas, 12 buns. 16-30
Tuberoses. 12 blms. 0 3-06

Plants in Pots.— Aver

s.
Adiantums. per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18
Asters, per dozen ... 3
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Caladiums, per doz. 12
Campanulas, per doz. 8
Chrysanthemums,
per dozen ... 6
— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracaenas, each ... 1

Fruit.-

s.d.

12 0

0-«3 0

6 0

0-24 0

12 0

9 0

3 6

6 0

10 0

5 0

age Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

— small, .per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficus, each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 3 0-50
Geraniums, per doz. 3 0-60
Heliotropes, per doz. 3 0-60
Lilium l,ini ■ i t'uli um,

per dozen 0 10-15 0

Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-81 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

Apples, £-sieve

Damsons, |-sieve .

Grapes

Kent Cobs, 100 lb,

Lemons, per case .

Average Wholesale Prices.

Melons ,

Peaches, per dozen...
Pine-apples, St. Mi'

chael, each
Plums. £-sieve

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices
s.d. s. d.

s.d.

1 0-

3 0

1 0-

1 9

0 6-

3 0

35 0

20 0-

35 0

s. d. s.d.
0 6-10
10-40

2 0-
1 0-

8 0
2 6

Globe,

Artichokes,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb 0 3 o 4

Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 6- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 4-06
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 0 4-09
Kndtve, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 4- ...

Potatos.

Arrivals are not quite so heavy ; market firm for be it samples
at previous quotations. ./. B. Thomas.

s.d. s.d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 10-16
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 4-06
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 «- 0 9
Turnips, per bunch . 0 6- ...

SEEDS.

London, Oc1.. 7. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, Loudon, S.E., write that
Clover seeds just now are being quite left alone by the trade.
Perennial Rye-grasses are a trifle cheaper. There is no change
in imported Italian. Choice new winter Tares and seed Rje
are now obtainable in London on excetdingly moderate terms.
For Trifolium there is still a small sale. Mustard and Rape
seed move off slowly on former terms. Hemp seed is dull;
but in Canary seed a hardening tendency is observable. There
is a brisk inquiry for blue Peas at advancing quotations; tde
supply just now falls short of the demand. Haricot Beans
continue cheap. Feeding Linseed is steady.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfif.lds : Oct. 6. — Quotations : — Engli:-h Apples,
2s. &d, to 6s. tid. per bushel ; Pears, Is. $d, to 2*. per h ilf-aieve ;
English Tomatos, 6*. to 7s. perla lb. ; foreign do., 9d. to Is. 6d.
per box ; Prune Plums, 2s. to 3s. per half sieve ; Damsons,
2s. 3d. to 2s. 6rf do.; Bullace*. Is. to Is. 6d. do. ; Seakale,
Is. 3d. to Is. Gd. per punnet; Cabbages, Is. tid. to 3s. per
tally ; Savoys, 2s. to 3s. Gd. do.; Greens, Is. to 2s. per dozen
bunches; Spinach, Is. to Is. 6rf. per bushel; Brussels Sprouts,
Is, 3d. to 2s. per half-sieve; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. <6d. per doz. bun.;
Cauliflowers, 3s. to 3s. tid. per tally; Scarlet Beans, Is. to
Is. 3d. per bushel ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. 6d. per dozen bunches ;
do. 20s. to 40s. per ton ; Endive, Is. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; Cos
Lettuc^, Ad. to 8u\ per score ; Cabbage do., 2d. to id. per dozen
Mustard and Cress, Is.iid. to 2s. per dozen baskets; Leeks, ls.Qd.
to 2s. per doz.; English Onions, 4s. to 4s. 6^. per cwt. ; Be'giai ;
do., 2s. to 3s. per bag of 110 lb. ; Dutch do., 3s. to 3s. 6d.
do.; Spanish do., 6s. to 7s. per case ; Marrows, 3s. to 4s.
per tally ; Celery, &d. to Hid. per bundle ; Parsley, Is. tj
12s. 6^. per dozen bunches ; Horseradish, Is. to Is. 2d. per
bundle ; frame Cucumbers, Is. 6i. to 2s. 9d. per dozen ; do.
natural, 6d. to Sd. per dozen; Radishes, 2s. to 2s. €d. per
tally ; Beetroots. Is. 6rf. to 2s. per dozen bunches.

Stratford : Oct. 6. — There has been an excellent supply of
all kinds of produce at this market during the past week, and
a brisk trade was done as under: — Cabbages, 2s. to 3s, per
tally; Savoys, 3s. to 4s. do.; Cauliflowers, §d. to Is. ler
dozen, and 3s. to 4s. 6d. per tally ; Turnips, Is. 6rf. tj 2s. $d.
per dozen; do., 30s. to 40s. per ton; Carrots, household, 30s.
to 40s. do. ; do., cattle-feeding, 25s. to 27s. 6rf. do. ; Mangels,
16s. to 18s. do. ; Swedes, 20s. to 25s. do. ; Onions, English, 80s.
to 90s. do. ; do., Dutch, 3s. 3d. to 3s. 6rf. per bag ; do., Ports,
5s. Qd. to 6s. 6d. per case ; Apples, English, 2s. to 6s. per
bushel; Scarlet Beans, Is. to Is. Qd. per sieve; do., 2s. to
2s. 6d. per bag ; Damsons, Is. V>d. to 2s. 3d. per half-sieve ; do.,
3s. to 4s. 6d. per flat ; Plums, Is. Gd. to 4s. jer half-sieve.

Borough: Oct. 6.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 5s. per
tally ; Broccoli, 3s. to 4s. do. ; Turnips, Is. 6rf., and Carrots,
Is. to Is. 6rf. per dozen bunches; Scarlet Beans, Is. to Is. 6d.
per bushel; French do.. Is. do.; Apples, 2s. to 6s. do.; and
William Pears, 2s. to 6s. do.

POTATOS.

Spitalfif.lds j Oct. 6.— Quotations: — Magnums, F2f. Gd to

60s. per ton; Regents, 55s. to 65s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 70s.;
Hebrons, 55s. to 70s. ; Early Rjse, 50s. to 15s.

Borough: Oct. 6.— Quotations :— Regents, Vs. to 80s.;
Hebrous, tOs. to 80s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 70s. ; Magnums, 60s.
to 70s. per ton.

Stratford: Oct. 6.— Quotations:— Magnums, 55*. to 8^s. ;
Imperators, 55s. to 75s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 70s. ; Elephants,
55s. to 75s. per ton.

Octobee 10, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

437

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Oct. 3,
and for the corresponding period in the previous year : —
1891, Wheat, 31s. id. ; Barley, 28s. lOd. ; Oats, 18s. id.
1890, Wheat, 31s. 2d.; Barley, 29s. bd. ; Oats. 17s. id.
Difference, Wheat, +3«. 2d. ; Barley, —Is. id. ; Oats, +ls.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices at
the various metropolitan markets during the past week : —
Clover, prime, 80s. to 105s. ; do., inferior, 40s. to 75s. ; hay,
best, 60s. to 92s.; do., inferior, 26s. to 50s.; and straw, 90*.
to 40s. per load.

The Weather.

[By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

XI M

^ a
a

■_ v o

2-°

+ o

Accumulated.

§ it

o .

S
■<

■

O
<M %

Above 42°, difference

from Mean since

Jan. 1, 1891.

Below 42°. difference

from Mean since

Jan. 4. 1891.

More (+) or less (— ) t
Mean for Week.

No. of Rainy Days sin
Jan. 4, 1891.

Percentage of possible
tion for the week.
Percentage of possible
tion since Jan. 4, 18E

2
3
4

6
6
7
8
9
10
11

2 +
2 +
2 +
2 +
2 +
2 +
2 +

1 +
0 aver

2 +
2 +
1 +

Day-

deg.
62

108

Day-

deg.
0

Day- Day-
deg. deg.
+ 197 + 76

— 33 + 98

— 78+ 95

— 93 + 127

— 91 + 113

— 112 + 119
+ 107 + 45
+ 17+ 35

— 92 + 118
+ 76+ 29
+ 25 + 31

— 15 + 10

lOths
Inch.

32:

2 —
5 +

3 +
3 -
1 —
3 —
1 —

181
133
129
135
133
128
115
130
136
161
113
135

Ins
37.2
21.1
16 9
17.8
19.2
19.8
29.2
24.3
27.0
23.1
24.8
22.1

24
27
23
62
11
69
21
19
11
32
42
64

28
31
29
34
32
37
33
30
38
31
34
18

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, Sfc, Districts — 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11. Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending October 3, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather has been generally fine and bright
over all the more southern and south eastern parts
of the Kingdom, but in the west and north, cloudy
skies and frequent falls of rain have been experienced.

"The temperature has just equalled the mean in
'England, S.W.,' but in all other districts it has been
above, the excess in nearly all cases having been 2°.
The highest of the maxima were generally recorded
on Sept. 28, when the thermometer rose to 70° in
' England, E.,' to 69° in the ' Midland Counties ' and
'England, S.,' to 68° in ' Scotland, E.'and the ' Channel
Islands,' and to between 63° and 67° elsewhere.
The lowest of the minima were registered either on
Oct. 2 or 3, and ranged from 29° in ' Scotland, N.,'
30° in ' Scotland, E.,' and 33° in ' England, S.W.,' to
40° in ' England, N.E.,' and to 47° m the ' Channel
Islands.'

" The rainfall has been more than the mean in
'Scotland, N.and W.,'as well as in 'England, N.W.,'
but in all other districts it has been less than the
normal.

" The bright sunshine has exceeded the mean in
most parts of the country, but shows a deficit in
'England, N.E .,' ' Scotland, W.,' and 'England, N.W.'
The percentage of the possible amount of duration
ranged from 69 in ' England, S.,' 64 in the ' Channel
Islands,' and 62 in ' England, E.,' to a little more
than 40 in the ' Midland Counties,' ' England, S.W.,'
and ' Ireland, S.,' and to between 19 and 27 over the
north-western and northern districts.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cahnation Leaves : J. B. R. The appearances
are due to some mining insect, which has dis-
appeared. Send living specimens and leaves again.

Correction : In reply to " W. J. S.," for " Seku,"
read " Seckle."

Fungus: C. W. D. The fungus is Peziza aurantia, a
common species. The " puffing " is common to
most members of the group, and is caused by the
liberation of clouds of mature spores. The emis-
sion of spores is due to the hygroscopic property
of a certain layer of tissue, hence the cloud fol-
lowing breathing. G. M.

Landscape Gardening : Two of the earliest books
on this subject — if not the earliest — are that of
Batty Langley in 1728, and Wbateley's Essay on
Modem Gardening (1770).

Malformed Mushroom : J. H. Not uncommon.

Names of Fruits : G. L. 1, Annie Elizabeth ;
2, Margil ; 3, Beurre^ Hardy ; 4, Marie Louise ;
6, General Todtleben.— A. Y. E. 1, Soldat Esperen ;
2. Blenheim Orange ; 3, Duke of Devonshire. —
W. W. 1, Peach; 2, Flemish Beauty; 2, Beune
d'Amanlis; 4, Beurr6 de Capiaumont ; 5, Goff. —
J. H. B. Plum Greengage, so far as we could make
out. — R. J. J. 2, King of the Pippins ; 3, Gloria
Mundi ; 5, Cockle's Pippin ; 6, Besspool ; 8,
Boston Russet ; 9, Hawthornden ; 10 and 12,
Dumelow's Seedling; 11, Court of Wick.

Names of Plants ; G. H. P. A wretched specimen
of tome Gaillardia. — W. M., Bagshot. Pyrus
Aria, the White Bean. — Justus C. A species of
Lichen — Cladonia. — if. T. 1, Sericographis
Ghiesbrechtiana; 2, Escallonia rubra; 3, Ampe-
lopsis serjaniiefolia ; 4, Pellionia Daveauana ; 5,
Sedum carneum variegatum ; 6. Acacia affinis ; 7,
Skimmia Fortunei. — Cupid. Maxillaria picta. —
W. K. Rosa viridiflora. — H. W. Loelia Perrini
nivea, if the segments keep white. — Harris. 1 and
2, forms of variegated Yew ; 3, Cephalotaxus
pedunculata fastigiata; 4, Juniperus virginiana
aurea ; 5, Retinospora dubia ; 6, R. ericoides of
gardens; 7, probably a form of Biota orientalis ;
8, Thuiopsis boreales.

Notice to leave Service : G. S. Not knowing all
the circumstances, we cannot advise you.

Oak Leaves : F. C. E. The leaves are covered with
galls, commonly called Oak Spangles, which are
caused by a gall mite, Neuroterus lenticularis,
puncturing the leaves.

Platanus occidentalis : /. if. The tree would
succeed at Colwyn Bay, but if the situation is
much exposed to sea breezes, the common Syca-
more would be a more suitable tree to plant.

Tacsonia Van Volxemi : Miss F. Discovered by the
late M. Baptiste Joseph Van Volxem, in New
Granada. It will succeed in the stove or warm
Greenhouse. With winter protection it might be
cultivated on a south wall outside, in our warmer
districts. It is worthy of a trial.

Yellow - flowered Pancratium : X. This was
mentioned in a recent communication, but we
suspect some other genus was intended, as there is
no yellow Pancratium known.

Commumcations Received.— J. Pentland Smith, letter for-
warded to person named. — Haworth.— J. C.—W. H.—
E. T. B.— W. E. G.— E. J. B.— A. D. W.— A. W.— Ch. D'B.
S.M.-J. K. Budde.— C E. M.— E. C— J. Q.— W. E. Dixon —
E. M.— A. D.— J. R. J.- J. P.— H. W. W.— J. Carter & Co.
— G. C— J. S.— Wm. King.— G. C— C. P. & Co.— J. H.-
J. P.— Bywater.— E. M. P.— W. M.— G. T. C— H. H.— J. F.
— F. W. B.

Specimens Received with thanks.— Cones of Abies Pinsapo
from J. H., Lilford Hall ; fruits of the Laurel Cherry from
R. M. — not uncommon.

Photographs Received with thanks.— W. S. B., Moncrief.
Abiea Nordmanniana — full letter will follow. — M. de la
Devansaye.

FRUIT TREES—APPLES,

PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. APRICOTS,
NECTARINES. A grand assortment of all the Choicest
Varieties in fine Standard, Dwarf, and Trained Trees.
Also a fine Colleclion of GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS,
RASPBERRIES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS, &c.

ROSES.— HYBEID PER-

PETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

FLOWER ROOTS-HYA-

CINTHS, NARCISSI", LILIES, TULIPS, &c. A very

fine assortment, including all the most beautiful eort«,

at moderate prices.
Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

CARNATIONS-CARNATIONS.

Per doz. — 5.
Vivid, bright scarlet ... 4

Purity, white 3

Bosc, bright purple ... 4
Maid of Athena, white,
beautifully marked

with pink 6

Raby Castle, deep pink... 6
The Bride, white 3

Per doz.— s. d'

Marchioness of London-

derry, white.
Mrs. Reynolds Hole
Old Crimson Clove
Scarlet Clove

Germania

Souvenir de la Malmaison 9
Gloire de Nancy 9

Fine Border Varieties, our selection, 6s., 9s., and 12s. per doz.

All fine, strong stuff, in 3-inch pots.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS, a fine collection.our selection, 6s. doz.

CATALOGUES on application.
HERD BROS., Victoria & Castle Nurseries, PENRITH

GIGANTIC PRIYATE SALE.

FRUlTrREES,

Roses, Choicest Shrubs,

RHODODENDRONS.

90,000 ™IT TREES

(Standard,

. and Wall - trained) — Apples,
Cherries, Plums, Peaches, and Filberts; 20,000 tall, noble
Standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old ; the
treesare without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly grown,
and intended for tenants and the hedgerows on the estate.
24,000 Black Currants, nnd forty kinds of Gooseberries. The
superb Rhododendrons. Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses;
specimen Shrubs, aDd Hollies, surrounding the mansion,
secured but recently regardless of cost ; also Hardy Flowers.
See printed Catalogues. Removing.

Estate Agent, Honourable GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield,
Cradley, near Malvern.

438

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEB 10, 1891.

DUTCH and CAPE BULBS and PLANTS,

DIRECT FROM THE GROWERS AT
GROWERS' PRICES.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Delivered entirely free in Aberdeen, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff,
Cork, Dover, Dublio, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Gloucester, Goole,
Grangemouth, Greenock, Grimsby, Guernsey, Harwich, Hull,
Isle of Man, Leith, Limerick, Liverpool, London, London-
derry, Middlesbro', Neweastle-on-Tyne, Plymouth, Portsmouth,
Southampton, or any other port in direct communication with
Rotterdam or Amsterdam.

Full particulars of our enormous Collection of Bulbs, -with
List of splendid Novelties, will be found in our NEW LIST
for 1891, eighty-eight pages in English, which will be sent to
all applicants, post-free.

ROOZEN BROTHERS,

OVERVEEN, HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS &, SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STUCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Wririze' a?id <£ei£

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

BULBS-BULBS-BULBS.

CHARLES SHARPE & GO.

Have just received their first Consignment of

DUTCH BULBS,

IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

Wholesale and Retail CATALOGUES
on application.

Retail Orders nver 10s. in value, Carriage Free.

CHARLES SHARPE & CO.,

SEED GROWERS, SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS,

SLEAFORD.

Bulbs in Perfection, from Holland.

HC. HARTEVELT, Bulb Grower, at
• Lisse, near Haarlem, Holland, SUPPIIES PRIVATE
CUSTOMERS with the very best quality of BULBS. CATA-
LOGUES on application. Orders for £1 and over, freight paid
to nearest English seaport.

! ! MUSHROOM SPAWN ! !

FOR THE BEST, send to

1, Belvedere Crescent,

Lambeth, London, S.E.

G. H. RICHARDS

One out of many Testimonials : — "The 20 bushels of Spawn
I had from you for our Mushroom Farm, at Poole, has proved
very satisfactory ; in fact, the best I have ever had. — T. H.
Crasp, Canford Gardens."

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c , free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS &, SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

COME and SEE

(he most remarkable and finest display of early-flowering

CHRYSANTHEMUMS

ever seen in this country. Japanese varieties rivalling the
best of those that bloom in November.

H. J. JONES

respectfully invites all to see his Show, which is now open, ™
and will continue so until the middle of November.

Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green Lane, Lewiaham, S.E

CURRANT TREES.

RED and BLACK, strong 2-year-old.
DUTCH RED. 10s. per 100.
RABY CASTLE RED, 10s. per 100.
NAPLES BLACK, 12s. per 100.
2s. per 100 less for quantities of 1000. Sample lots of

12 trees of either above sorts, 2s. 6d.
The above are offered free on rail at Wisbeach, and will be
ready for removal in a few weeks. Remittance with order for
lots of under 500. Banker's or London reference for larger
quantities. When ordering, name this Paper.

MANAGER, Osborne House Fruit Farm, Wisbeach.

JOSHUA LE CORNTJ & SON'S

HTDGITV FRUIT TREES
JdrvOEL T & ROSE TREES.

Carriage paid. Packed gratis. An immense stock of strong,
healthy, well-rooted Trees. No Starvelings.

CORDONS A SPECIALTY.
Roses wonderfully cheap. The finest that money can buy.
Before ordering any, be sure to write for our Illustrated
Catalogue. HIGH VIEW NURSERIES, JERSEY. ,

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

T//OS, W. ROB/A/SON)

GLASS! CHEAP GLASS I

15-oz.
21-oz.

per 100 ft., 9s. 6d
13'- Od

(12x10, 18x12, ]
V 14x12,20x12, ]
' I 16X12, 16x11,:

In Stock Sizes.

18X14,24X14
18x16,24x16
20X16,24X18, &c.
Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. per square; Matching, at 3s. 9rf. ; 2x4, at \d.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars, Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,

72, BlSHOPSGATE STREET WITHIN, LONDON, E.G.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS,
Fob Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over 100 designs, free on
application.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in bones of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers* sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" HORTICULTURAL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smlthfleld, London, B.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, 8ta.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London. S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET. WESTMINSTER. S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK. DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

439

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very Btrong, 45. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £

l-light,

2 „

3 „

4 „

5 „

6 „

4 ft. by 6 ft. . .

8 ft. by 6 ft. . .
12 ft. by 6 ft. .
16 ft. by 6 ft..
20 ft. by 6 ft. .
24 ft. by 6 ft. .

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY &

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

£o;irfon^ti!«,Mr.H.SKF.LTON,Seedsman,&c.,2,Hollo\vayRd.,N.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR. INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

i^^-~ J

CONWAY 0. WABNR,

Royal Potteries, Weston-super-Mare

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Eutlders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges, Cottages,

Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &c.

Hot-water Apparatus

for wanning Churches,

Schools, Public Buildings,

Mansions, Harness Rooms,

Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and

Buildings of every Description.

Illustrated Circulars
Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3s.

ROGHFORD HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER.

Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.

Can be erected by unskilled labour in a few hours. No Caulking
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdown.

PATTERN No. I.

A, 11 pipes at top, 4 each side of ( Length.

furnace, 8 water-bars J 4feet 6inch. long

6 feet 6 inch, long

9 feet 6 inch. long

Discount to the Trade.

Heating-power in

4-inch pipe. £ s, d

,. 1.200 feet ... 13 12 6

1.600 feet ... 16 2 6

2,000 feet ... 17 5 0

Above Prices include nil Castings, Bolts and Washers, Furnace-door fitted to front
Casting, and India-rubber Joint Sings.

SECTION OF JOINT.

Bolting together with India-rubber Ring Joints.

Largest Stock of Hot-water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, in the Trade.

Illustrated CATALOGUE free on Application to—

65a, SOUTHWARK ST.,
LONDON, S.E.,

IRONFOUNDERS, ENGINEERS, BOILER-MAKERS, &c.

CHAS.P.KINNELL&CO.,'

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

Undertake the oomplete erection of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, Sec. Have the
largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same.

BOILERS of the latest and mo*t approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADBLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc.; VENTILATINC GEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address— "HOT-WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

440

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

Price 1*. Qd. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station. If. $d. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
sv A tt m t r\ i? Every Cask bears the above

UA U 11 (JJy. Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerlejr Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, H.O. :

47, Dawson Street. Dublin.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials only, -workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50; 30ft. by 15ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, glazed with
21-07.. glass, carriage paid:— 1-light frame, 4 X 6, 36s. fid. ;
2-light frame, 6x8. 53s. : 3-light frame, 12 X 6. 85'. 6rf.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £1 7s. 6d, ; 9 x 5, £3 15s. ;

16 :

, £6 111

HARDY BRUIH*CO.,«LEICESTER

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE I CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY USED IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wire
Wo-e Roofing Co., Ld." May and June iSgr.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutlurland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffla, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, Slo. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AND SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street. London, K.O.

Sold in Packets, 6d. and Is. each, and in
Sealed Bags Only.

7 lb., 2/6; 14 lb., 4/6; 28 lb., 7/6; 56 1b., 12/6; 1 cwt„ 20/-

CLAY & LEVESLEY,

TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

For Wholesale Quantities address :—
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

" DirDCMI " THE UNIVERSAL
r i\J rk Ei 1 Y i\ , INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

IB, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
1^0°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or (-pray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
lanuaryl, 1888. "Gentlemen — I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. Qd., 2s. Bd., and 3s. 6d.; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. Gd. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,
Edinburgh.

Maybe had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street. London.

"Nothing Succeeds like Success.''

UTTPUT7C soluble)

nUU'IlllO INSECTICIDE

FIB TIH OU

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, 1/6, 2/6, & 4/6; J/-gallon
7/6, 1 -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OILas an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester,

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Rolker & Sons.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

BILLMRIGHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Manchester
SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

Is admitted by the

leading Nurserymen

to be the Best

SILVER SAND

Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of theBe
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus save half the
ordinary cost, NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to
GEO. GARS1DE, Jun., F.R.H.S., LelghtoD Buzzard, Beds.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ouoces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supersede it. Boxes, Is., 35., and 105. Qd.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

sTpEAT— ORCHID PEAT II

Selected in splendid tough fibrous turves, 10s. per large sack ;
5s. per §-sack. Brown, fibrous, and rich Azilea and Heath
Peats, 5s. Qd. and 5s. per large sack. Fine Yellow fibrous
Surrey Loam, 3s. Qd. per sack ; and in truck-loads at cheap
rates. Sphagnum Moss, bold green heads, the best kind, 2s. Qd.
per bushel. HorticulturalCharcoal, 7s. Qd. per sack. Sweet Oak
Leaf Mould, 4s. per Back. Crushed bones for Vine borders, &c,
of special quality, any size. Superior Tobacco Paper. Coarse
or fine Bedford Sand, Cocoa-nut Fibre Refuse, Orchid Baskets,
Virgin Cork, Wadding, Wood Wool, Campbell's Fumigating
Insecticide, Raffia, and every description of sundries. Truck of
Peat, &c, direcr from our own cutting grounds at Ringwood,
by the cubic yard or ton. Very cheap Loam to c-ffer in Bucks
and Middlesex.

G. H. RICHARDS, Horticultural Merchant, 1, Belvedere
Crescent, Lambeth, London, S.E.

Two out of many Testimonials.

" It affords me very much pleasure to inform you that the
ORCHID PEAT I had from you last autumn has given every
satisfaction, whilst being largely composed of good sound
fibre, it has at the same time, a fair proportion of rich light
peaty matter, such as Orchids invariably grow luxuriant
in. It is very lasting, and there is no risk of it beconrng
sour by over-watering." — John Jaques, Waddesdon Gardens,
Aylesbury.

" C. Ingram, Esq., and myself, are more than satisfied with
the ORCHID PEAT which you have supplied."— T. W. BOND,
The Gardens, Elstead House, Godalming.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Kich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, andallotherOarden Requisites. Peat Moss Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD. HANTS.

PEATsORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING
COMPOST— all first-class.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Speciality

For Price LIST, apply to The Forester,
JOYDEN WOOD, near BEXLEY, KENT.

Special Terms to the Trade.

BROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s.
per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 tons ; Bags, 5s. each :
10 Bags, 45s.

PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant
Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Bags, 5s.
each ; 10 Bags, 45s.

THOMAS WALKER, TekelsPark. Camberley. Surrey.

ROWN FIBROUS PEAT.— In truck loads

of 4 or 5 tons, delivered at Camberley Station, S.W.R,
Apply, E. ATKINSON, Camberley, Surrey.

Octobes 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

441

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Qardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines .

. £0

Lines ,

. £0 8

6 „ .

. 0

. 0 9

6 » •

. 0

. 0 9

7 „ .

. 0

. 0 10

8 „ .

. 0

. 0 10

» ,, •

. 0

. 0 11

10 „ .

. 0

. 0 11

11 ., •

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. 0 12

12 „ .

. 0 12

13 „ .

. 0

0 13

14 „ ■

. 0

»»

. 0 13

AND SIXPENCE TOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20s.

If set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s.

Page, £8; Half Page. £4 10s. ; Column. £3.

Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by which to identify the sender : this in all
cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at all.
Advertisers are requested when Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
£6 words, including name and address, ls.6d.,
and 6d.for every additional line (about nine
words J or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, bs. each
insertion.

Position. — ■ Advertisers are specially requested
to note, that under no circumstances what-
ever can any particular position be guaranteed
for advertisements occupying less space than
an entire column.

Postal Orders. — To Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others. — It is very important in remit-
ting bu Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has been made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any
person into whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N.B. — The best and safest "means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advsrtisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months. 15s.,- 6 months, 7s. 6d.;
3 months, 3s. Qd. Foreign (excepting India
and China), including Postage, 17s. Qd. for
12 months; India and China, 19s. 6d. Post-
office Ordtrs to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

Subtiribers luho experience any difficulty in ob-
taining their Copies regularly, are particu-
larly requested to communicate with the
Publisher (in cases of delay in the delivery
by post, the cover should be forwarded with
complaint).

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

SUPPLIED FREE FOR SIX WEEKS,

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

HEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

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GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

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TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
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authorised to receive ADVERTISEMENTS for the
SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL:—

London Messrs. Geo. Street & Co.. 30. Cornhill, E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon & Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet Street, E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 186, Strand.

Bristol James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
Manchester... James and Henry Grace, 78, Market Street.
Edinburgh ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

Glasgow W. Porteous & Co., 15, Royal Exchange

Place.

l^g" Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices for the use of Advertisers.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
U1NES and VINE CULTURE.

V The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price bs., post-free, 5s. Gd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED -GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,
MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for^our
pamphlet, " Water Supply to Mansions."

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

SEND FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade ; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free. —4 and 5, Wormwood Street, E.C.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES, 3J feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet ; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack ; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co..
Hop Eichange Warehouses, South wark Street, London, S.E.

RUSSIA MATS,

RAFFIA.

ARCHANGEL MATS and all kinds of PETERSBURG MATS
imported direct, and supplied to the Wholesale Trade ouly, at
mm-h lower prices than any other firm.
MARENDAZ Sc FISHER, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS, COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. &c, before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKWORTH AND SONS. Reading.

QCOTT'S WASP DESTROYER.— Has stood

O a test of many years as the only effectual protection for
Fruit Trees. &c, from Wasps and Flies. Price Is. 6d. and
2s. 6d. per bottle.
CORRY and CO.. LlMD., 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.C.

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. id. ; 100 for 3s. id. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten davs you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29. Ludgatehill, London.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST OR SUPPER.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. B. Marks, formerly of Alfreton Park
Gardens, Derbyshire, will succeed Mr. D. T.
Fish as Gardener to T. M. G. Cullum, Esq.,
Hardwicke House, Bury St. Edmunds.

Mr. A. Donaldson, formerly at Downside Gar-
dens, Leatherhead, as Head Gardener to the
Ladies Hope, Long Cross House, Chertsey,
Surrey.

Mr. John McLennan, as Head Gardener to
the Right Hon. Lord Cabew, Castle Boro,
Enniscorthy, co. Wexford.

Mr. F. Harbron, as Head Gardener to C. E. G.
Barnard, Esq., Cave Castle, South Cave, East
Riding, Yorkshire.

Mr. II. Brown, late of Fanierstead Cov.it, as
Head Gardener to Captain Laurie, Windltsham
Cottage, Bagshot,

442

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobih 10, 1891.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

D. S. Grimes. Seedsman, Denver, Colorado, United States,

America— Conifer Seeds.
Thomas Kennedy & Co., 108, High Street, Dumfries-Dutch

Flower Koots.
Ahmitage Bros.. Nottingham— Bulbs.
George Bruce & Co., 35, Market Street, Aberdeen.

F. Knoll, Lindenau, Leipzig-Wholesale Price List of Dried

Flowers, Leaves, &c.
Frank Dicks. 66, Dean?gate, Manchester-Flowering Bulbs.
Benjamin E. Cant, Colchester— Boses.
Thomas S. Ware. Hale Farm Nurseries Tottenham, London

—Carnations, &c. ; Bulb Guide. Parts I. and II.
J. H. Hunter & Co. (Limited), 24, Lower Ormond Quay,

Dublin— Dutch Bulbs.
EdMONDSOX BROS., 10, Dame Street, Dublin— Bulbs.
Andre Leroy. Angers. Marne et Loire— Wholesale Price

Current of Fruit Tree (selection).
Pellixger & Co., Chepstow— Bulb?, Roots. &c.
L. SPATH, Kexdorf, Berlin— Fruit, Coniferous, Evergreen, and

Deciduous Trees, &c.
W. J. Birkenhead, Sale, Manchester— Ferns and Sela-

ginellas.
Ketten, Freres. Luxembourg— Roses.
Clark & Co., North Shields— Bulbs, Roses.
Dobie & Mason, Manchester— Bulbs.
C. Turner, Slough— Roses, Fruit Trees.
J. Don, Chapel Bar, Nottingham — Bulbs. Horticultural

Sundries.
W. Rumset, Waltham Cross. N.— Rises, Trees, Shrubs, &c.

G. Phippen, Reading — Bulbs.

KrelaGE & Son, Haarlem— Descriptive List of Darwin Tulips.
Emilie Gappe, iAu Vesinet (Seine et Oise), France— General

Catalogue and Price Current.
H. Merryweather. Nurseries. Southwell, JJotts.— Special

offer to the trade of Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Climbing Plants,

Herbaceous Plants, &c.
A LeteLLIER & FlLS, Nurserymen, Caen. Calvados, France

(London Agent— Mr. W. Lockyer, 87. Higa Street, Ful-

ham, S.W.)— Fruit Trees, Fruit Stocks, Clematis, Roses,

Conifers, Forest and Ornamental Trees.
J. Walters, Mount Radford Nurseries, Exeter— Roses, &c.

E. P. Dixon- & Sons, Hull— Roses, Fruit, Forest, and Orna-

mental Trees, Shrubs, &c.
Duiry-Colson, Ghent, Belgium -Horticultural Ironwork.
Joseph Schwartz, Route de Vienne, Lyons, France.— Roses.

London Road Car Company (Limited).
TENDERS are INVITED for REMOVING

-L the MANURE from the various Stahles of this Company
from JANUARY 1 to DECEMBER 31, 1892.

Tenders marked "Tender for removing Manure," to be
addressed to the SECRETARY, from whom full particulars
may be obtained, and lodged not later than SATURDAY,
24th instant.

Tenders can be made either for a Section, or for the whole
of the Stables.

9, Grosvenor Road, Westminster, Oct. 6, 1891.

PARTNERSHIP.— Advertiser, a thoroughly
practical man, wishes to invest £100 in a going concern.
Middle age. Well up in Grapes, Tomatos, Palms, and Ferns.
—Address by letter, J. B , 26, Tunis Road, Uxbridge Road, W.

PARTNER WANTED.— One thoroughly
understanding the business of Nurseryman, to join present
occupier, who has been established over thirty years. Capital,
£150 to £200. For further particulars, apply in person any
day between 9 and 4 o'clock, to Mr. J. W. WRIGHT, 94, High
Street, West Norwood.

WANTED, JUNIOR ASSISTANT, in the
Editorial Department of a Gardening Journal, a youDg
man to act as assistant. Some knowledge of cultivated Plants,
and of the routine of Gardening required.— Apply, by letter
only, to M., 4, Doria Road, Parson's Green, S.W.

WANTED, an ORCHID GROWER as
HEAD GARDENER, where fire are kept.— Must be
able to allow inspection of fairly large collection grown by
him. Liberal wages offered to a first-rate man. — G. LE DOUX,
East Moulsey, Surrey.

WANTED, a HEAD GARDENER, for an
Appointment in Ireland. Scotchman preferred.
Married, without family. Address, with full particulars,
C. J , Dicksons, Royal Seed Establishment, Chester.

WANTED, a Gardener, age from 35 to 40
(where another is kept), who understand) Vines,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, and the general routine of Gar-
dening. Must be steady, honest, and reliable. None need
apply without good personal character from last employer. —
Wages, 24s. per week, with House and Gas.— J. & R. CALAM,
The Nurseries, Heath, Wakefield.

WANTED, a SECOND GARDENER, with-
out children, to live at a Lodge. Must have a thorough
knowledge of plants, and accustomed to arrange llowers for tne
house.— Address, Mr. BROADFOOT, Shotover, Dear Oxford.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENERS, to work
in Greenhouses and Garden, and to act also as an
Attendant. Wages commence at £30 a year, rising to £55,
with board (no beer), lodging, washing, and uniform. — Apply.
SUPERINTENDENT, County Asylum, Prestwich, near
Manchester.

WANTED, a GARDENER and WIFE, with-
out any or young children, to take Charge of an Un-
furnished House at Wantage, Berks, and to arrange for Selling
the Fruit and Vegetables in the Gardens, Greenhouse, and
Vinery towards wages. — Apply to Messrs. ORMOND, Solicitors,
Wantage.

WANTED, an industrious young man as
FIRST JOURNEYMAN.— 15s. per week, bothy, &c—
F. GEESON, Cowdray Park, Midhurst.

W^ANTED7~°ne~°r two Ycjirag MEN, as
IMPROVERS, to work in the Houses, &c., and to
live in bothy, where lifteen to twenty hands are kept, chieny
for Cut Bloom work.— Apply to MANAGER, Redland Nursery,
Emsworth, Hants.

WANTED, a MAN, with a thorough know-
ledge of Nursery Trade in all its branches, and
knowledge ot Counter Work in the Seed Trade. Not afraid of
rough work. State age, experience and wages.— h. JvlNU,
Coggeshall, Essex.

WANTED, a young MAN, about 18 or 20,
to Grow Plants and Cut Flowers, with a practical
knowledge of Floral Make-ups, and to assist in the Office when
necessary. Apply in own handwriting, with references, and
stating wages required, to MANAGER. Scott's Royal Nur-
series, Mernott, near Crewkerne, Somerset.

WANTED, an energetic single MAN, with
good practical knowledge of general outside Nursery
Work, especially Budding, Grafting, and the Lifting of
Orders. Lodgings free. State wages and experience to—
E. P. DIXON & aONS. Hull.

WANTED, an active young MAN, to grow
Palms, Ferns, Bedding Plants, Tomatos, &c. One
with a knowledge of Out-door Work preferred ; 18s. per
week to commence with.— E. VAN DER MEERSCH, Queens
Nursery, Selhurst, S.E. ^___

WANTED, a young MAN, used to Growing
Ferns and Soft-wooded Stuff for Market. Abstainer
preferred.— Apply, stating wages, &c. to E. C. CARNALL,
Barkby Thorpe, near Leicester.

To Florists.

WANTED, in a large Co-operative Society,
ASSISTANTS (young men) with West End experience
and a good general knowledge of Plants, &c— Address, with
full particulars, stating salary required, to Box 1841, Sells
Advertising Offices, London.

WANTED, a Single MAN, as STOKER,
and capable of Managing a Steam Boiler, in a large
place (over 100 forcing houses.— E. BENNETT, F.R.H.S.,
Harefield Gardens, Uxbridge, Middlesex.

AN TED, for the Agricultural Seed Ware-

house. a thoroughly active and intelligent young
MAN. with thorough knowledge of the Trade.— Apply, stating
age, particulars of experience, salary required, and references,
to DICKSON AXI> RQBISSON, Seed Merchants, Manchester.

WANTED, a TRAVELLER, on commission,
to push the Sale of Garden Seeds, &c. Must have a
good connection. Liberal commission. — Apply to H. S. Co.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41 . Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

,Seed Trade.

WANTED, in London, an active and
obliging YOUTH, who has had a little experience,
to Assist generally, and Serve in the Shop. Apply by letter,
stating age. experience, and salary required, to E. D. W,,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS. CHESTER."

rf*HE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

X CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids ; unexceptional
references in each case.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

ARDENER (Head), where two or three

are kept.— Age 28, married, no family; thoroughly
understands Vines, Peaches, Melons, Tomatos, Cucumbers,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen
Gardens, &c. Twelve years' experience. Good references.
Abstainer.— F. RLX, Hollarn Lodge, Titchneld, Hants.

f'C BONUS to anyone furnishing the

&i**J Advertiser with information of any Gardening changes
that will lead to obtaining an engagement as HEAD GAR-
DENER, where four or more are kept. Highest reference from
previous employers.— HORTUS, Gotch's Library, Wokingham.

ARDENER (Head), with three or more

under him ; age 32, two children.— A Gentleman can
thoroughly recommend his Gardener, who has been with him
seven years, and who was eight years in previous situation. —
W. B. BACON, Esq.. Down House, Lamberhurst, Kent.

G^ ARDENER (Head), where three or more
X are kept.— Age 30, married, no family; seventeen years'
experience, live as Head. Good characters.— A. C, Coolings',
Seed Merchants, Bath.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 38, married;
twenty years' experience in all branches. Good refer-
ence from present employer. Abstainer. — J. C, Keynes,
Williams & Co., Salisbury.

GARDENER (Head, of three or four) ; age
28; married when suited. — Mr. Bakkek, Gardener to
C. F. H. Bolckon, Esq , Martou, R.S.O., Yorks, can with con-
fidence recommend b-s Foreman as above. Fourteen years'
experience.

GARDENER (Head). — Seventeen years'
practical experience in first-class establishments. Tho-
rough knowledge of Early and Late Forcing, also Flower and
Kitchen Gardening. Good references. State particulars as to
wages, &c, — J. HARRIS, The Gardens, Hammerwood, East
Gnnstead, Sussex.

ARDENER (Head).— Nineteen years' good

all-rouud experience. Highest references, with good
characters from late employers of several years' standing. —
M. N., 177, Farrant Avenue, Wood Green, N.

GARDENER (Head).— Married. Large and
varied experience in all branches of his profession in
England and Scotland. First-class testimonials. — LUCK-
HbRST, Viuters, Maidstone.

G" ARDENER" (Head). — Age 33 ; married.
— Mr. Crasp, Gardener to Lord Wimborne, Canford
Manor, Wimborne, Dorset, can with confidence recommend a
man as above, well up in all branches of the profession. Ex-
celltnt testimonials.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF. — Age 44, married; twenty years' practical
experience in all brauches of the profession. The Rev. B. Keir
Pearse will answer all questions as to ability and character. —
E. HAWTHORN, Old Rectory, Ascot. Berks.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF.— Age 42, married, one son, age 15 years.
Life experience. Eighteen years' good character; also previous
good reference. Leit through reduction in the gardens. —
A. A., 12, Victoria Terrace, Graham Ro^d, South Wimbledon.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38,
married, no family ; Scotch. Wife could take Laundry
if required. — A. CAMPBELL, 3, Weissenburg Terrace, Ore,
Hastings.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
handed) ; age31, married, — Mrs. Thurstan Holland,
Wimbledon, can highly recommend her Gardener to any Lady
or Gentlemen requiring a good practical man, who has been
with her four years, and iu previous situation teu years. — W.
BELL, 46, Durham Road, Cotteuham Park, Wimbledon.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-handed, with help). — Age 3ti, married, no
family. Twenty years' experience in all its branches, Vines,
Cucumbers, Melons, Peaches, Tomatos, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Good character. — W.B.,
Mrs. Browning, Albert Road, Bexley, Kent.

/GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 31,

\JT three children ; thoroughly experienced iu all branches.
Good character. Disengaged, October 16.— W. CLAYTON,
Head Gardener, Maesgwynne, Whitland, S. Wales.

Gi ARDENER (Head Working), or FORE-
JT MAN, in a good establishment. — Age 30; Scotch. Tho-
roughly practical in all brunches of the profession. Five and
a half years' excellent character from last situation as general
Foreman. Can be highly recommended. — FOREMAN, Garde-
ners' Chronicle Ollice, 11, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

C"1 ARDENER (Head Working), where three
X or four are kept.— Age 43. Sixteen years Head. Left
through tljath.— F. SMALL, Buckingham Road, Winslow,
Bucks.

G ^ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 25;
thorough practical knowledge in all branches. Eleven
years' experieuce. — W., G. Evans, Greyswood, Haslemere,

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept. — Age 28, married ; fourteen and a
half years' experience in all branches. Good characters. —
RODMAN, Kington Magna, Gillingham, Dorset.

ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 35,

married, one child; Scotch. Thoroughly experienced
in all branches of his profession.— GARDENER, Church Farm,
Backford, near Chester.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 28,
married. — Mr. Offer, Handcross Park, Crawley, can
with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gen-
tleman requiring a good practical all-round man as above. He
has been with him tour years.

ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,

married, one child (eight) ; sixteen years practical
experience, both Inside and Out. Good testimonials.— N.,
3, Wren Road, Camberwell, S.E.

October 10, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

443

G ^ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38 ;
no family. Twenty years' first-class experience in
Vines, Peaches, Cucumbers, Melons, Flower and Vegetable
growing; experienced in Land and Stock. Wife good dairy
and poultry woman, if required. Three and a half years' good
character, with excellent references.— G. READ, i-Iolmwood,
Putney Hill, S.W.

G^ ARDENER (Head Working).— Married,
X no family. The advertiser is open to an engagement
with any Lady or Gentleman who requires a thorough prac-
tical man.— F. ELLIOTT, Mell House, Tollesbury, Essex.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33,
married; twenty years' experience in large establish-
ments. Well up in Table Decorations, Furnishing, and Carpet
Bedding. Abstainer. Wife could manage Poultry.— GAR-
DENER, The Cottage, Baveno, Champion Hill, S.E.

ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 45,

married, no family ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches of the profession. First-class references, — L., The
Gardens, Kingsmead, King's Road. Windsor.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Middle-
age; thoroughly practical in all its branches. Wife and
daughter good Laundresses. Excellent reference. — D. G.,
Grenysdyke Cottages, Princes Risborough, Bucks.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or good
Second).— Age 30, single; thoroughly experienced in
Glass, Flower and Kitchen Garden; Land and Stock, if
required. Good personal character. — A., 4, Prospect Place,
Twickenham, Middlesex.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or where
two or three are kept.— Age 27, single; thoroughly
understands Management of Stove and Greenhouse, Kitchen
and Flower Garden.— J. D., Lower Eaton, Hereford.

GARDENER (good Single, or where some
assistance is given). — Age 28, married, one child. Ex-
perienced in Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove Plants, and
Greenhouse ; also Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Three years
in present situation, three years previous. Abstainer.— GAR-
DENER. The Lodge, West Park, Mortlake.

GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 37,
married ; five and a half years' good character ; eight
years previously. No objection to Horse or Cow. — J. E., 93,
Dorset Road, Clapham, S.W.

GARDENER, (Second or good Single-
handed). — Age 24, married, no family; ten years'
experience, Io-ide and Out, Good references. — T., White
Lodge, Ball's Park, Hertford.

f^\ ARDENER (Second, or Single-handed),

VJ Age 22. Total abstainer. Seven years' experience In-
side and Out. Good references. — H. C, 4, Church Street,
Lower Edmonton, N.

f^\ ARDENER (Second), in the Houses, or help

\Ia Inside and Out. — Age 24; seven years' experience.—
W. SIDBURY, Ba-ildon Park, Reading.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed).
— Age 23. Nine years' experience, Inside and Out.
Good character. — J. L., J. W. Brooker, South Street, Cooks-
brtdge, Lewes, Sussex.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 22; over eight
years' experience. Inside and Out. Excellent char-
a ters.— F. STANLEY, Mr. Anderson, Nurseryman, Haver-
sack Hill. Hampstead, N.W.

GARDENER (Second), Inside, or Inside and
Out.— Age 24 ; eight and a half years' experience, tlm e
years in present situation. — T. WINSLADE, Weybourne,
Farnham, Surrey.

GARDENER (Under).— Six years' experi-
ence in private Garden and Nurseries. Total abstainer.
Excellent recommendations.— J. JOHNSON, 15, Gibson Build-
ings, Stoke Newington.

GARDENER (Under), in the Houses pre-
ferred.—Eight years' experience. Eighteen months'
good character; four years previous.— T. HOWAKD, Tilling-
bourne, Dorking.

G^ ARDENER (Under, or Single-handed).—
* Age 2"). Abstainer. Five years' excellent character.—
F. B„ Mrs. Buswell, High Street, Edgware, Middlesex.

GARDENER (Under), in the Houses pre-
ferred.—Age 19. Has had fair knowledge of both
Inside and Out. Two years' good character. — C. H., Post
OfHce, Crawley Down, Sussex.

GARDENER (Under), or FOREMAN
(General), where six or eight are kept. — Age 22.
Good testimonials from present and last place. Abstainer.
Five and a half years' practical experience. Wages. ISs. per
week, with Bothv and Vegetables. No objection to Ireland. —
HORTUS, 111, Abbey Street, Nuneaton.

GARDENER, where two or more are kept;
age 27. — A Gentleman wishes to recommend his Gar-
dener as above. Twelve years' experience in large establish-
ments.- J. SLATER, Colton Lodge, Tadcaster.

GARDENER. — Married, no family ; possessed
of excellent knowledge of his business. Three years'
good character, twelve previous. — J. LLIFFE, JVIr. Richardson,
26, Peter's Street, South Croydon.

GARDENER.— Married. Thoroughly prac-
tical in all branches. Leaving through employer going
away. Excellent testimonials from previous and good cha-
racter from present employer. — GARDENER, Goodwyns,
Cosham, Hants.

GARDENER and BAILIFF (Working).—
Scotch, middle-aged, married (one child at home).
Abstainers. Experienced in North and South of England.
Good references.— W.S. CAMPBELL, Porters, Shecley, Herts,

MANAGER, or SHOPMAN.— Age 28 ; expe-
rienced in all branches, including Wreaths, Bouquets,
Sprays (quick hand), Bulbs, Nursery Stock, Book-keeping, &c.
Good references.— H., 65, Solon Road, S.W.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Plants
and Cut Flowers. — Twenty-five years' experience in the
Trade.— J. SOLOMON, 9, Wood Street, Penarth, South Wales.

PROPAGATOR, or PROPAGATOR and
GROWER.— Age 25; well up in Palms, Ferns, Ficus,
Dracaenas, Orchids. Twelve years' experience.— A., 105, Sturge
Street, Spark Hill, Birmingham.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 27;
twelve years' expedience in the Propagation and Grow-
ing of Hard and Soft-wooded Plants, Clematis, and other
hardy Climbers. Used to Forcing, also Wreaths, &c.
Abstainer. — G. L., 7, Monmouth Terrace, Suell's Park,
Edmonton.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of general
Indoor Stuff.— Age 26. Ten years' references.— W. W.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 11, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, GROWER,
SALESMAN, FLORIST.— Ago 37, married. Thoroughly
practical, having filled many years a similar position with
leading nurserymen. —BETA, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Trade.

FOREMAN (Working) or MANAGER —
Age 28, married. First-class reference. Has some
London experience. Near London preferred. — A. B., Crown
Hill Nursery, R.S.O., Devon.

To Nurserymen and Florists.

FOREMAN (Working).— Thoroughly under-
stands the business. Highest references.— J. H., 11, Red-
cliffe Square, S.W.

F~ OREMAN, or UNDER FOREMAN, in a
Bulb Warehouse. — Age 29 ; over twelve years' experience
inBulbsand Plants.— R. M., 5, Thorpe Hall Terrace, Hale End
Road, Walthanistow.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, or PROPAGATOR and
GROWER of Soft-wooded Plants— Age 27. Fourteen
years' trade experience. Practical and energetic. — E. B.,
Dysart Coffee Tavern, Ham, Surrey.

F~ OREMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (Inside), in
a good English Establishment. — Young; man (age 24);
has had experience in first-class places in Scotland, and good
references can be given. — T. KENNEDY, Loddington Hall,
Leicester.

FOREMAN. — Age 26 ; twelve years' experi-
ence. Good references. — H. D., 47, Beech Avenue,
Sherwood Rise, Nottingham.

F™ OREMAN, Inside or General.— Age 30,
married, one child (age 3); fifteen years' experience in
all branches. Two and a half year* General Fureman in a
large place in Scotland. Excellent testimonials. Disengaged
when suited.— J. B., 29, Choumert Road, Peckham. S.E.

To Florists.

FOREMAN SALESMAN.— Single; twenty
years in the Trade. Six years in present situation.
PARTNERSHIP, if desirable. Provinces preferred.— FORE-
MAN, Grove Nursery, Westgate-oc-Sen.

FOREMAN, or good Second. — Age 27 ; two
years' good character. Well recommended.— T. B.,
Horley, Surrey.

FOREMAN (Working), in a Small
Nursery. — Age 27; well up in Plants, Forcing. Making-
up, &c. Good references.— C, Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

FOREMAN (Working), or TROPAGATOR
(Head). — Age 34. Stove and Greenhouse, Hard and
Soft-wooded Plants, Ferns. Roses, Forcing, &C. Good refer-
ences.— C, 4, Grosvenor Terrace, Chiswick, W.

To Market Growers.

FOREMAN, or MANAGER, Grapes,
Tomat09, Cucumbers, Cut Flowers, &c. Thoroughly
experienOed. Good references.— FOREMAN, W. H. Smith &
Sons' Bookstall, Waltham Cross Station.

JOURNEYMAN, age 21, requires situation in
good establishment, under good Foreman. Eight years'
experience in all branches. Abstainer. Good character. —
G. F., Mrs. Newberry, 8, Morris Lane, Kirkstall. Leed9.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses in good gar-
den. —Age 21. Bothy preferred. Ten years' experience.
Good references. — W. JONES, Rawden House, Hoddesdon,
Herts.

HANDY MAN, in House or Garden.— Age 36,
married; a Painter seeks work on an estate as above.—
W. ARBER, 18, Cockrain Road, Wimbledon, Surrey.

HAND Y MAN (young).— Situation wanted
as above in a Nursery or Gentleman's estate. Carpen-
tering. Plumbing. Painting, and Glazing.— J. C, Mr. Allen,
27, Holly Road, Chiswick.

0 GARDENERS.— A steady young man,

age 19, seeks situation, Inside and Out. Strong, willing,
and industrious. Excelleut character. Abstainer.— M. W.,
1, Dorcas Villa, Sebright Road, West Barnet, Herts.

O NURSERYMEN.— A young Man (age 21)

seeks situation in a Market Nursery in or near London.
Good references. Total abstainer.— E. C , Post Office, Turkey
Street, Waltham Cross, Herts.

0 NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a

young German; sober, steady, and active. — E. L.,
90. Leman Street, E.

O NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a

young man (age 19) in a Market Nursery, in or near
London. Three years' experience. Good character. — A. S.,
450, Old Ford Road, North Bow. E.

T~6 NURSERYMEN and OTHERS. —
Hexry Clark, late Orchid Grower, Traveller, &c, for
past seven years to Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, S.E.,
is open for engagement as MANAGER, or in either of the
above capacities. — Address, 114, Stanstead Road, Forest
Hill, S.E.

FRUIT GROWERS.— MANAGER.— Adver-
tiser, long experience, desires engagement as above.
Thoroughly experienced in Growing in quantity for Market,
Grapes, Cut Flowers, &c.,and details of Management. Highest
references.— POMONA, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

TO FRUIT FARMERS, &c— A Gentleman
is desirous of placing his Son as Student where he
would get a thorough knowledge of Fruit Farming; Kent
preferred. A small premium would be paid. — Address F. B.,
Abbotts, 32, Eastcheap, London.

FURNISHERS. — Situation required as above.
—Age 2a ; highest referencss as to ability. Eight years'
experience in London and provinces. — T. WILD, Crown Hill
Nurseries, Plymouth, Devon.

CARPENTER on a Gentleman's Estate —
Age 29; understands all kinds of Blinds, Carpets, and
General Repairs, &c. Cin be highly recommended.— W. W.,
Elmhurst Lodge, Belvedere, Kent.

SEED TRADE.— Advertiser, just completed
his apprenticeship, is open for an engagement as
COUNTER ASSISTANT. Good general knowledge of the
trade in all departments.— JOSEPH FVLES, Mr. J. L. Clucas,
Seedsman, Ormskirk, Lanes.

SEED TRADE.— Situation wanted by a young
man (age 20), as ASSISTANT. Four years' experience.
Good reference.— W. SHEPHERD, Echt, Aberdeen, N.B.

good

TMPROVER in ORCHID GROWING.—

J- A situation wanted for a TOung Gardener (age 25), now
filling a Foreman's place.— R. GILBERT, Burghley, Stamford.

IMPROVER, Inside or Out.— Age 17 ; three
years in good Garden. Strong, active, steady. Well
recommended. Small premium if required, — Rev. C. L.
KENNAWAY, Garboldisham, Thetford.

SHOPMAN (Assistant), — Age !
knowledge of Seeds, Plants, and General Nursery Stock.
— T. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand. W.C. __^_

Seed Trade.

SHOPMAN (Assistant).— Age 22 ; has had
seven years' experience of the Seed, Bulb, and Plant
Trade.— W. B. LOWDEN, 7, Argyll Terrace, Edinburgh.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN or ASSISTANT.— Age 21.— Six
years' experience in Seed, Bulb, Cut Flower, and Plant
Tiade. Excellent references.— A. GOLDRING, Gravel Mount,
Retford, Notts.

BUYER, or SALESMAN.— Age 24; seven
years' experience in Covent Garden Market; also well
up in Nursery and Shop Trade.— H. J. HARPER, 7, Westbury
Road, Forest Gate, E.

TO FLORISTS, etc.— Young Lady, experienced,
requires situation. Well up in Wreaths, Bouquets, &c.
Good references. — E. J., Barbourne Nurseries, Worcester.

FLORIST and SEED TRADE.— A young
Lady, haviDg several years experience, wishes re-engage-
ment in above. No objection to temporary engagement. —
A. B., 68, Great George Street, Liverpool.

TO FLORISTS.— Wanted, by young Lady,
Managementof first class Florist's Business. Thoroughly
experienced. — F. M., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C,

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS and OINTMENT.—
Dyspepsia, Jaundice. — These complaints are the results
of a disordered liver, which secretes bile in quality or quantity
incapable of digesting food. Digestion requires a free flow of
healthy bile, to insure which Holloway's Pills and Ointment
have long been famous for eclipsing every other medicine.
Food, irregularity of living, climates, and other causes are
constantly throwing the liver into disorder, but that important
organ can, under all circumstances, soon be regulated and
healthily adjusted by Holloway's Pills and Ointment, which
act directly upon its vital secretion. The Ointment rubbed on
the skin penetrates immediately to the liver, whose blood and
nerve* it rectifies. One trial is all that is needed ; a cure will
soon follow.

444

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1891.

Kent : The Garden of England.

GEO. BUNYARD &

THE " OLD " NURSERIES, MAIDSTONE.

CO.,

SPECIALITY: FRUIT TREES.

True to Name.

EXTENSIVE General NURSERIES.

For all Hardy Subjects.

LIBERAL TERMS, FREE CARRIAGE, AND DISCOUNT FOR CASH.

G. B. Sf Co. beg to call attention to the following, full particulars of which can be found in their New CATALOGUES.
No starvelings. Free from blight. Inspection earnestly solicited. Every gardener and amateur should see the stock.

G, B. & CO.

Beg to notify that their supply of FRUIT
TREES for this season's delivery is the best ever
grown at Maidstone or elsewhere, and no pains
have been /pared to eniure all biing true to
name. The extensive collection (embracing 800
kinds in 500,000 examples) fortunately escaped
the severe frosts, and is in consequence healthy
and vigorous, free from Canker, Blight, and
Disexse, and presents that wealth of foliage, tvith
sturdy growth, that characterises the Maidstone
Fruit Trees.

xi. IT X^J-iJijO embrace Specimen Espaliers,
Orchard Standards, New Amateur's Stan-
dards and own-root trees, Fruiting Double
and Single Cordons on Paradise, Pyramids
on Paradise, and Bushes: for flavour, crop,
novelty, and exhibition.

PEARS— Standards, Horizontal Trained,
Pyramids and Cordons on best Quince stock.
All the very finest sorts.

PLUMS — Extra Standards, Half
Standards, Fruiting Pyramids, Wall Trees,
and Cordons.

DAMSONS - The wonderful Kent
sort, Farleigh Prolific and others, Standards,
and Half Standards.

CHERRIES— Fan-trained, Standard
Trained, Kent Orchard Standards, Pyra-
mids and Cordons on Mahaleb.

PEACHES and NECTA-

RINES — Fine Eider - Trained Trees,
2 to 6 feet stems, Orchard House Trees,
Clean Fan-trained Dwarfs, usual and extra
sizes, best for size and flavour.

0x1x3.150 — Dartmouth and best ornamental
kinds.

RASPBERRIES-The grand
Superlative, &c.

CURRANTS-Red and White.

BLACKBERRIES.
GOOSEBERRIES -2oo sorts,

Big Lancashire, and flavour kinds.

MULBERRIES and

MEDLARS.

KENT COB NUTS and

FILBERTS.

QUINCES and RHU-

BARB.

STRAWBERRIES a Specialty.
(Special Descriptive and Cultural LISTS.)
Silver Medal of Royal Horticultural Society.

WALNUTS -Large Trees and
Pyramids.

J? J.LTO in pots, extra size, and Standards.

V XJN JcjO— finest sorts for Glass Houses.
Hardy kinds in Pots.

ORCHARD HOUSE

TREES, established in pots : Apples,
Pears, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, and Figs,
in best flavoured kinds. First Prize, Crystal
Palace.

THE new DESCRIPTIVE

FRUIT CATALOGUE now ready, a
vade mtcum for all Gardeners and Amateurs.
Six Stamps, post - free. Special Cultural
Articles, detailed LIST free.

General Nurserv Stock covers abaut 40 aces, and all the
CON FER.E, PARK TREES, RHODODENDRONS
EVERGREENS, FOREST TREES, FLOWERING
SHRUBS are fully described in their CATALOGUES ;
all the most useful and lovely kinds are grown and kept
in first-rate order for removal. Miles of Ornamental
Borders to select from.

GENTLEMEN LAYING OUT NEW GARDENS.
or improving their Estates, will find the Stock well
worth their attention.

LANDSCAPE GARDEN-

ING in all its branches: PLANS and
ESTIMATES prepared and carried out by
contract, or commission, by an experienced
professional.

ROoiliO make grand roots in the Maid-
stone soil, and success is certain on removal ;
all the best H.P., Tea, Moss, China, Japanese,
and all kinds of Rose species are well-grown.
Pot Roses, Climbers, Standards, and Dwarfs,
see CATALOGUE.

TESTIMONIALS-Many

thousand letters of commendation have been received
from all parts, and theie well-known Nurseries have been
frequently described in the Horticultural Press, and have
earned a reputation, which the present proprietors spare
no pains shall be deserved and maintained; while the
grand Prize examples of hardy fruits Bhown at the
Crystal Palace, Edinburgh, Manchester, Exeter, Bir
mingham, Chester, Reading, Winchester, Croydon,
Brighton, Shrewsbury, Guildhall (London), Sheffield,
&c, have been the admiration of all.

Fruit Farming for Profit," neiv edition, enlarged and illustrated, considered the best manual on this important subject,

post-free, 2s. 9d. ; for Colonies or Continent, 3s.

Frequent Trains by South-Eastern Kaihvay (Charing Cross and Cannon Street to Maidstone), or Chatham and
Dover (Ludgate Hill and Victoria), to Barming (for Fruit Nursery). For Eoutes, see CATALOGUE.

Direct a1! Letters as above. Telegrams-GEORGE BUNYARD, MAIDSTONE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, AaNEW, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said Opunty.— Saturday, October 10, 1891. Agent for Manchester— Johm Heywood.

Established i84i.

No. 261,-Vol. X. {ST— .}

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper. (PRICE 3d.
B lrv \ Post-free, 3\d

CONTENTS.

Alpines in Rev. H. Ew-

Orchid houses

457

bank's garden

454

„ notesand gleanings

452

Asters, wild

462

„ rockery at Chelsea

452

Brentford, new market

OrnithogalumSaundersiae

452

4«0

Pear, the Stvrian

456

Cattleya Harrisii

452

Penrhyn Castle Gardens .

453

,, labiata

452

Plants under glass

457

Chrysanthemums in the

Scotland

462

London parks

459

Scottish orchards

463

Conifer Conference

458

September, stock-taking

Delphinium album gran-

for

460

diflorum

4fi2

Societies :—

Duthie Park, Aberdeen.. .

462

Chambre Syndicale dea

Flower farming at

Horticulture Beiges

460

Mitcham

455

Cryptogamic of Scot-

Fruits under glass

457

land

463

Glass wall-coping

454

Crystal Palace Fruit

Griffinia hyacinthina ...

459

Show

465

Hardy fruit garden

457

International Exhibi-

Hardy perennials

462

tion at Antwerp ...

462

Hyacinthus candicans ...

462

Royal Aquarium

465

Insecticide, a good

462

Royal Horticultural ...

464

Jamaica International

Royal Horticultural of

Exhibition

459

Ireland

459

Kew notes

462

Scottish Horticultural

463

Kitchen garden

456

Study for gardeners, sub-

Lime as a preservative

jects for

461

for Potatos, &c.

46U

Ted worth House

451

Obituary —

Tomatos, the best manure

Rev. Percy Myles

ILL

466
U8T

for

RATION8.

460

Abies nobilis and Cupressus ere

eta viridis

463

Abies Nordmanniana

461

Penrhyn Castle

453

Rock garden, Rev. H. Ewbank

459

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Building, New York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 75s. per 1000,
8s. per 100. Odorus, the great six-lobed and finest
form of CAMPERNELLI, 25s. per 1000, or 3«. per 100. Price
to the Trade on application to —

T. GELL, St. Lawrence. Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Wiitefor List, free.— P. MoABTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

DAFFODILS ! ! !— The Cream in all the
sections. Grown in undisturbed Hundred - year -old
pasture Loam ; and better still, Irish. Can be procured from
Hartland's Unique Collection at Cork. Illustrated Price Lists
free, and immediate delivery to all parts of the United Kingdom.
WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, Cork.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

VIOLETS, for Winter-blooming. — Marie
Louise. 14s. to 16s. per 100; Primrose, best hybrids,
6s. to 10s. per 100. CARNATION, Souvenir de la Malmaison,
7s. to 9s. per dozen. All grand plants.— SHINGLER and
CHINERY. The Nurseries, Briston. East Dereham, Norfolk.

CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, assorted FERNS,
Drawing-room Plants, &c, to be Sold immediately, cheap.
Apply to GARDENER, 28, Upper Clapton Common, N.

OX EDGING for Sale, S or 4 inches high,

at id. per yard. In good order. Apply to —
W. STACEY, Stanmore, Middlesex.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s. per 100. Order
earlv of—

WALSHAW AND SON, Scarborough.

THE SUTTON ANEMONE. A GREAT
NOVELTY.— We have the honour of offering for the
first time the most brilliant Single Anemone yet raised. The
flowers resemble those of A. fulgensinform, but they are much
larger, and more imposing in appearance. The principal
charm, however, consists in the harmony of colours, the broad
petals being chiefly of a dazzling crimson-scarlet, with a base
of old gold, upon which the dense mass of bluish-black anthers
are displayed with remarkable effect. Price Is. each, 10s. id.
per dozen.

GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM

SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Dutch Flower Roots.— Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON'S
CATALOGUE, specifies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post free.
HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots. 40s. to 80s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 15s. to 21s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, White, Red, and Blue, mixed shades, 12s. per 100.
TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 5s. per 100.
CROCUS, by name, and mixed shades. Is. id. to 'is. per 100.
NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS. FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse. 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

-IV/^V/ W grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per
dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

ROSES in POTS for Sale— Room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Souvenir
d'un Ami, Marie Van Houtte, and Marechal Niels. Grand
stuff, in 12 and 16-pots. Price, from £o per 100.

GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Duranfs Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

DOBBIE'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of the
beat HYACINTHS, TULIPS. ROSES, FRUIT TREES,
PANSLHS, VIOLAS, &c, can be had post-free on application.
Everyone interested in any of the foregoing is invited to send
for a copy. — DOBBIE AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

KOSES! ROSES!! ROSES!!! — The best
and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals for
21s. ; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties ; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 100,000 grand
plants to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, iB OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

To those about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, WokiDg.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 3s. per 100. carriage
paid ; 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen, 6if. LIST free.

W. LOVEL AMD SON. Driffield.

ANTED, large PALMS, DRACAENAS, or

TREE FERNS, 10 to 14 feet. State lowest prices to—
W. BALCHIN AND SONS, 87, Western Road, Brighton.

CARTERS' CHOICE BULBS, as supplied to
H.M. the Queen, the Royal London Parks, and the
London County Council. For full particulars, see CARTERS'
BULB CATALOGUE, containing a beautifully Coloured Plate
of the White Easter Lily, gratis and post-free to Messrs.
Carters' customers ; price <6d, to the general public, the amount
to be deducted from first order.

237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! 1 Palms ! ! !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA.
COCOS, PHffiNIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

Dutch, Cape, and Exotic Bulbs.

ANT. ROOZEN and SON'S CATALOGUE
for Autumn, 1891, containing details of their immense
Collections of New, Rare, and Fine Bulbs and Plants (104 pages
in English) is now ready, and will, as usual, be sent, post-free,
on application to their Agents, Messrs. MERTENS and CO.,
3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.C. ; or themselves
direct, at Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.

N.B. — No connection with any other firm of the same name.

PTERIS VICTORIA.— The best new plant of
the year, nice plants, 3s. (>«■/. each ; 2 for 6s. ; t> for lbs.,
free by post.

AScLENIUM PTEROPUS.— New and rare, long shining
dark green fronds, beautifully recurved, a splendid market or
table Fern. Nice plants, 2s. Gd, each ; 2 for 4s. Post free.
Cash with order.

WILLIAM GOLBY, Edgend Nursery, Brierfield, near
Burnley, Lancashire.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

FRUIT TREES of all kinds. Orders booked now for autumn
delivery.

JOHN W ATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

CHRISTMAS and LENTEN ROSES.— Mr.
Brockbark. our greatest authority, writing to the
Garden, says : — "They are the finest I ever beheld." Good
strong clumps full of flower-buds, at 9s., 12s. 15s., 18s., and
24s. per dozen. Specimen plants, 1£ to 3 feet across. Price on
application. Twelve Lenten Roses, in best named varieties,
for 10s.
GEO. STAMP, Nurseryman, Bishop's Teignton, South Devon.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. &d,

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

J WEEKS AND CO., HORTICULTURAL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road. Putney
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

440

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobbb 17, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION ROOMS and ESTATE OFFICES. 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE. E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day, LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
N.B.— There will be no Sale of Bulbs on Tuesday next, Oct. 20.

Tuesday Next.
UNRESERVED SALE, by order of the Trustees, of the
COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS from Old
Park, Ventnor. Isle of Wight.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at
their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on TUESDAY,
October 20, at half-past 12 o'clock, without reserve, the whole
of the above collection of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, contain-
ing about 1400 plants. Thecollection includes a choice assort-
ment of Masdevallias, Cymbidium Lowianum, Oncidium Kra-
merianum, Lselia anceps oculata, Cypripedium Crossianum,
C. amaDdum, Cattleya Tri ana? alba, C. Mossise, C. trianre bella,
Epidendrum pri^matocarpum, Cattleya Trianse atalanta, Ccelo-
gyne asperata, also Odontoglossums, Oncidiums, Dendrobiums,
Cypripediums, and Cattleyas. in the usual variety.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Windlesham Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

.. — SELL by AUCTION, at the Windlesham Nurseries,
Bagshot, Surrey, twenty minutes' walk from Bagshot. and
2± miles from Sunningdale, Stations, on MONDAY, October 19,
and three following days, at 12 o Clock precisely each day,
several Acres of exceptionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK,
comprising

Wednesday Next.

200 AZALEA INDICA and 100 CAMELLIAS, selected varie-
ties; and 100 AZALEA MOLLIS, from one of the best
growers in Belgium.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above consignment of plants in their SALE-
on WEDNESDAY NEXT.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

407,000 XSSl'IA SEEDS,
The largest consignment ever received and offered in one day,
consisting of

218,000 KENTIA FORSTERIANA.

189.000 „ BELMOREANA.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to announce that they will include the above enormous
consignment cf KENTIA SEEDS in their SALE on WEDNES-
DAY, October 21.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
The Auctioneers will be pleased to purcnase on behalf of
Provincial and Continental Buyers who may be unable to
attend.

Friday Next. -Established Orchids.

MESSRS. PROTHEKOE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67
and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT,
October 23, at half-past 12 o'clock, a Private Collection of
ESTABLISHED OR-HIDS from the Midlands, containing
about 660 Plants, including Dendrobiums. Odontoglossums,
Cattteyas, Cypripediums. Cvmbidiums, and others.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CR1SPUM and CYPRIPEDIUMS from
another Collection.

Also IMPORTED and ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, from
Messrs. Sbuttleworth, Carder & Co., a new CALANTHE,
LISSOCHILUS. New ANGR.ECUM, and other Property.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE of ORCHIDS, on FRIDAY-
NEXT, October 23, CALANTHE, new species, a fine and
totally distinct species, and a great acquisition to gardens.
It has stout, columnar, above-ground pseudobulbs, and fine
ornamental foliage. The flower-spikes, which are as stout as
a Cedar pencil, are 2 feet to 3 feet in height, and bear large
heads of pure white, or, in some varieties, rose-coloured.

Also some plants of a grand large yellow and purple
LISSOCHILUS; a tine Sarcopodium, with large yellow and
crimson flowers; the new Angrtecum Saundersite, Oncidium
citrinum, and several species of Eulophia.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Liverpool.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Oak Vale
Nursery Old Swan. Liverpool (10 minutes' walk from Broad
Green Station, L. & N. W. Ry.), ou MONDAY, October 19,
and three following days, at la o'clock precisely each day, the
first portion of the well- grown and valuable NURSERY
STOCK, comprising great quantities of Trees and Shrubs,

1 to 6 feet; splendid Specimen Variegated and Green Hollies,

2 to 6 teet, embracing nearly all the hardy varieties in culti-
vation ; several hundreds of Silver and other varieties, 4 to 9
feet; a large assortment of Deciduous Flowering Trees, Shrub*,
thousands of Rhododendron ponticum, Oval-leaved and Com-
mon Privet and Common Hollies, suitable for Hedges ; large
quantities of Fruit Trees, 4 to 10 feet; 30.000 strong trans-
planted Quick; together with a fine collection of Fruit Trees.

The Stock may be viewed any day prior to the Sale.
Catalogues can be obtained on the Premises, and of the Auc-
tioneers, Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, EC.

Note.— The Valuable Freehold Building Estate of about 13}
acres, with the important and extensive Frontages to Broad
Green and Nursery Road, ready for immediate development, is
for Sale by Outside Treaty . Particulars of the Auctioneers.

1,000 Pinus strobus, 5 to
9 feet

2,000 Portugal Laurels

2,000 Colchicum Laurels, 3 to
5 feet

5.000 Oval-leaved Privet, 2J
to 4 feet

4,000 Thuia Lobbii, Abies,
Thuiopsisborealis, and
Cedrus. 2 to 7 feet
10,000 strong Quick

1,000 Conifene and Orna-
mental Trees, 1 to
10 feet
beautifully coloured,

5.000 hybrid Rhododendrons
to name, 1£ to 2 feet.
3,000 Andromeda floribunda,

well set for bloom
1,000 Azalea pontica, 1£ to

2 feet
10,000 Rhododendron ponti-
cum, lj to 3 feet
5,000 Berberis aquifolium
2.0U0 Berberis Darwinii
2,000 Pinus austriaca, 2J to

4 feet
1,000 Spruce Firs, 2\ to 8
feet,
10,000 Retinospora plumosa aurea,
and others suitable for potting and boxes ; 10,000 Cupressus
Lawsoniana, 2 to 6 feet ; 500 erecta viridis, 3 to 3J feet ; Fruit
Trees, and other Stock.

The Auctioneers will be pleased to execute Commissions for
Gentlemen who cannot attend, aod Mr. Mason will lift and
forward any lots.

May be viewed. Catalogues hadon the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C.

Wimbledon.— Expiration of Lease.

CLEARANCE SALE of about 4i acres of exceptionally well-
grown and thriving NURSERY STOCK, growing upon a
portion of the Nursery the lease of which is about to
expire, by order of Messrs. D. S. Thomson & Sons.

IMPORTANT to MARKET GARDENERS, GENTLEMEN,
NURSERYMEN, and OTHERS.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS

- will SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, the Nur-
series, Wimbledon, about five minutes' walk from Wimbledon
Station, on MONDAY and TUESDAY, October 26 and 27. at
12 o'clock precisely. Without Reserve, 8000 Standard and
Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums, 350 Standard Cherries, 800
Dwaif-traintd Apples, Pears, and Cherries, 5,000 Currants and
erries, 2,000 Laurels, of sorts, 1,600 Weymouth and

GooseberrL...

Austrian Pines, 900 broad-leaved Privet, 200 green Hollies,
3 to 4 feet, 160 well-furnished English Yews, 4 to 5 feet, 900
Standard and half-s'aodard Roses, 1,700 Border Shrubs, in
variety. 4 to 7 feet, 1,300 Limes, 8 to 14 feet, fine Avenue trees
with short stumps, 400 Lombardy Poplars, well furn-shed,
12 to 15 feet, 300 Standard Planes, Thorns, and other Orna-
mental trees, &c.

May be viewed any day (Sunday excepted) prior to the Sale.
Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C.

Cheshunt.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of unusually well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, in consequence of the expiration of
the Lease of this Branch Nursery. By order of Messrs.
Paul & Son.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS

are favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, The Church Fields Nursery, Cheshunt (one
mile from Cheshunt Station), on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, October 28 and 29, at 12 o'clock precisely each |day,
without reserve, about 12 acres of unui-ually well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, in the best possible condition for removal,
consisting of —

20,000 AVENUE TREES, 10 to 25 feet, with straight stems,
carefully transplanted, and
SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR STREET PLANTING,
Including
10,000 LIMES, with good heads,
5000 Spanish and Horse CHESTNUTS, POPLARS, OAKS,
and PLANES,
5000 BOX, large quantites of oval-leaved PRIVET, Scotch
ROSES.
10,000 BUSHY AUCUBAS, 1 to 5 feet,
undoubtedly the best lot in the Trade.
Specimen RHODODENDRONS, ARAUCARIAS, and varie-
gated HOLLIES, Dwarf-trained and Pyramid FRUIT TREES,
CURRANTS and STRAWBERRIES, of the best sorts,
RASPBERRIES, and NUTS.
THE FINEST COLLECTION OF FLOWERING SHRUBS
IN THE COUNTRY,
Including the

New Dwarf Flowering and Double LILACS,

THOUSANDS OF EVERGREENS.

suitable for London and Suburban Gardens; and other Stock.

May be viewed any day (Sundays excepted) prior to th

Sale"17 Catalogues may he' had on "the Premises, of Messrs.
PAUL AND SON, The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt; and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers. 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C.

Note —The opportunity afforded by this Sale to intending
purchasers is unique. No Sale has ever been held at these
Nurseries, the stock having been prepared without any idea of
a public sale, which now arises solely through the expiration
of the Lease of this Branch Nursery.

The Auctioneers desire to call the particular attention of
Public Companies, Local Authorities, and others to the un-
rivalled and extensive Stock of Avenue Trees, Aucubas,
Evergreens, and Flowering Shrubs.

Ealing. -Expiration of Lease.

CLEARANCE SALE of about 11.000 CONIFERS and other
STOCK, by order of Messrs. Hart Bros., whose Lease of
this branch Nursery will shortly expire.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Castle Bar
Nurseries, Ealing, about 5 minutes' walk from the Ealing
Station, on WEDNESDAY', October 21, at 12 o'clock, about
11.000 well-grown CONIFERS and other STOCK, including
12,000 Cupressus and Box, 800 Golden Priv.-t, 2 to 4 feet,
bushy; English and Golden Yews, Variegated and Green
Hollies, 1000 Ivies, in pots; Ampelopsis Veiichii, 300Standard
Trees, Picea Nordmanniana, 2 to 3 feet, good plants; 5000
Golden, Silver and other Euonymus, 6 to 12 inches, adapted
for potting and window boxes; 3 GREENHOUSES, H"T-
WATER PIPING, LIGHTS, a quantity of FLOWER POTS,
and other items.

Can be viewed one week prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises; at the Grove Nursery, Ealing, W. ; and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. E.C.

Groombridge near Tunbridge Wells.

HOLLAMBXS NURSERIES.

GREAT UNRESERVED SALE of valuable NURSERY STOCK

in the best possible condition for removal.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, close to
the Groombridge Station, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY,
October 22 and 23, at 12 o'clock precisely each rlay, by order
of Mr. Edwin Hollamby, enormous quantities of CONIFERJE,
Standard, Dwarf, and c limbing ROSES, 100,000 LARCH and
Scotch FIRS. ASH, and Spanish CHESTNUT, 20.000 CUPRES-
SUS LA WSONII and THUIA LOBBII, 10,000 strong trans-
planted QUICK, 10,000 named and other RHODODENDRONS,
500 Ghent and Mollis AZALEAS, 51)0 ANDROMEDA FLORI-
BUNDA, 5000 extra strong SEAKALE, for forcing ; 10,000
PINUS AUSTRIACA, 3000 Hardy CLIMBERS, established in
pots; Portugal, Caucasian, and other LAURELS.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
67 and 6St Cheapside, London, E.C.

Havant.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea View
Nursery, Havaut, on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, Octo-
ber 28 and 2*, at 12 o'clock each day, 10,000 Standard,
Dwarf, and Pot Roses of the leading kinds, for which these
Nurseries are so well known ; 10,0' 0 Conifers and Evergreens
of the choicest variety, 10.000 Ornamental Trees, Flowering
Shrubs and Plants; 10,000 Forest Tree* in various sizes,
5000 Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Nectarines, &c.
(Standard. Dwarf, Trained, and Pyramid Trees) ; a large quan-
tity of Raspberry Caries, in several sorts, and other Stock.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, E C.

N.B.— The FREEHOLD NURSERY of about 3 acres, with
the Residence, is to be LET or SOLD.

Plaistow, Essex.

UNRESERVED SALE of the whole of the well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mrs. Holmes, the land
having been let for other purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises. The Nursery,
High Street. Plaistow, Essex, close to Plaistow Station, on
MONDAY, October 26, at 1 o'clock precisely, without reserve,
300, AUCUBAS, 9 to 21 inches, fine plants for potting; also
larger AUCUBAS. 3 feet; 1000 PRIVET; 21 00 green EUONY-
MUS, IRISH YEWS, good plants in pots, all staked ; 1000
VIRGINIAN CREEPERS, and a variety of other stock.

May be viewed one week prior to Sale. Catalogues had
on the premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C. ; and Leytonstone.

Wanstead.

About 1 mile from Snaresbrook, Leytonstone, and Forest
Gate Stations.
CLEARANCE SALE, without reserve, by order of Mr. Thomas
East who requires the land immediately for Brickmaking.
The First Portion of the well-grown NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises The Nurseries,
Wanstead Flats, Wanstead, E., on FRIDAY, October 30, at
12 o'clock, 3000 Aucuba japonica, 1 to 4 feet, including many
handsome and bushy plants, Andromedas, English Y'ews,
1000 fine Laurels, White and Purple Lilacs, Euonymus,
Daphne Cneorum, 3000 Green and Variegated Hollies, selected
Fruit Trees, 100J Roses in choice assortment, a larg- quantity
of Limes, Poplars, and other Ornamental Trees, Scotch and
Austrian Pines, and other Stock.

May be viewed one day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and
68, Cheapside, and Leytonstone.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PRO l'HKROK and MORRIS will
include in their ORCHID SALE, on FRIDAY NEXT,
October 23, at half-past 12 o'clock, the following ORCHIDS,
from Messrs. Charlesworth. Sbuttleworth, & Co.. of Heaton.
Bradford, and 213. Park Road, Clapham. comprising Ormho-
ceuhalus grandifolius (imported), Sophrouites granrliflora (im-
norted) Cattleya aurea, Oncidium Marshallianum (in bud), O.
varcosum (in bud>, Cypripedum Schlimii (in bud). Cymbi-
dium eburneum, C. Low.i, C giganteum : also Oncdiiims.
Odontoglossums, Masdevallias, in variety all choice and heathy

P a° ' On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

447

Annual Sale.— Tottenham, N.

Adjoining the Tottenham Hale Station, Great Eastern Main
Line, close to the Seven Sisters and Bruce Grove Stations,
on the Great Eastern ; and aleo South Tottenham Station,
on the Tottenham and Hampstead Railways.

IMMENSE SALE of NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Hale Farm
Nurseries, Tottenham, N., adjoining the Hale Railway Station,
G.E.R., on TUESDAY, November 3, 1891, at 11 o'clock pre-
cisely, in consequence of the unusually large quantity of lots,
by order of Mr. Thomas S. Ware, an enormous quantity of
NURSERY STOCK, comprising :—

30,000 NAMED CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES,
consisting of all the finest varieties, including Germania, the
best yellow ; Mrs. Reynolds Hole, salmon-apricot ; Mrs. Frank
Watts, the best white; Redbraea, purple-edged picotee; Sir
Beauclvimp Seymour, orange-buff ; Nurse Shee, creamy-blush ;
Nurse Fins, pure white; Paul Engleheart, crimson-clove;
Mary Morris, bright-eye pink; Napoleon III., bright scarlet;
and many other varieties. Thousands of Souvenir de la Mal-
maison Carnations, in the finest possible condition, strong
plants in pots; 10,000 Hollyhocks, 10,000 Pyrethrums, strong
clumps from ground, all named sorts; thousands of Delphi-
niums, Pinks, Potentillas, and other useful Stock.

25,000 CLEMATIS,
And others, fine strong stuff, including .Tackmanni, Jackmanni
alba, Beauty of Worcester, Countess of Lovelaca, Anderson
Henri, Lady Bovie, and other first-class varieties; also 2500
Ampelopsis Veitchii, 3 to 5 feet ; 1000 Ampelopsis hederacea,
1000 Ampelopsis hirsuta, 3£ to 5 feet ; Hoggi, 2 feet; hermi-
folia, 2 feet ; and purpurea, 3 to 4 feet; 500 Escallonias, in-
cluding Montevidensis, 3 to 4 feet ; macrantha, 1^ to 2^ feet;
Ingrami, 1 to 2J feet; 200 Bignonias, including coccinea radi-
oing, sanguinea, and Thunbergia, fine strong stuff, 3 to 4 feet ;
2000 Hedera canadensis, 6 feet; 1000 Hedera maderiense
variegata, 3 to 4 feet; 3000 in variety, including H. digitata,

3 to 4 feet; H. Donieralense, 3 to 4 feet; H. taurica, 3 to

4 feet; H. Cavendishii, 3 to 6 feet; H. latifolia maculata,

5 feet ; H. murginata rubra, 3 to 4 feet ; H. marmorata minor,

3 to 4 feet; and many other varieties. Many thousands of
Akebia quinata, Cotonea^ter Simmondsi, strong, 4 feet ;
Cydonia japonica and Maulei, fine stuff, 2 feet; Jasminum
nudiflorum, 3 to 4 feet ; Jasminum nudiflorum aureum, 3 to

4 feet; Loniceras. in great variety, aurea reticulata, 3 to
4 feet; brachypoda, 2 to 3 feet; llexuosa, 2 to 3 feet ; Passiflora
ccerulea and Constance Elliott, very strong stuff, 3 feet ; Tac-
90nias, of sorts ; Wistarias, and many other popular varieties.

50.000 LILIES, &c.
Choice home-grown Lilies, choice named Narcissus, Iris, and
many other important families. Among the Lilies will be
found extraordinary fine roots of Lilium col 'hicum, Browni,
chalcedouicum, Humboldti, the new Bloomerianum maguifi-
ciim from Mexico, Martagon album, pardalinum, dalmaticum,
Washingtonianum, the rare Wallichianum superbum,
Wallacei, speciosums in great variety, and numbers of other
rare and beautiful varieties ; 50,000 BERLIN CROWNS LILY
OF THE VALLEY. Fine forcing crowns, and all the true
German variety ; 5.0G0 SPIK.EA CUMPACTA MULTIFLORA,
good forcing clumps ; also thousands cf the common variety ;
3.00 ) CHRISTMAS ROSES, large forcing clumps, large clumps,
full of (lower buds, including all the finest varietes; an im-
mense lot of major, maximus, Madame Fourcarde, vernalis,
St. Brigid, and others; 100,000 FORCING PLANTS and
BULBS, all first-class forcing stuff, including Spiraea palmata,
palmata alba, japonica, japonica multiflora compacta, Lily of
tie Valley Clumps and Crowns, Dieleytraspectabilis, Narcissus
in great variety; Lilies in variety, and numbers of other plants
and bulbs adapted for forcing purposes; 100,000 SEAKALE
and ASPARAGUS, exceedingly fine forcing crowns;

ROSES, ORNAMENTAL TREES, and SHRUBS.

A grand lot of Marechal Niels, in pots, 10 to 12 feet ; Gloire
de Dijon, 10 to 12 feet; White and Yellow Banksian, Rosa
bracteata. Common China, Pompone de Paris; Standard and
Dwarf Roses in variety, including all the popular varieties;
2000 Veronica Traversi, Buxifolia, Carnosula, Epacndea,
Cistus of sorts, Florentina laurifolia, Ladaniferus, fine bushy
stuff; 500 Olearias in variety; Lombardy Poplars, fine stuff,
8 to 12 feet, well furnished ; 500 Black Italian Poplars; a large
quantity of large Standard Plums, and many other useful stock.
7000 Standard Limes, Plaues, Poplars,' &c, 8 to 10 feet in
height, and well-feathered; 50,000 PERENNIALS, including
thousands of Pampas Grass, Eulalias, Everlasting Peas, Ane-
mone japonica, several varieties; Hanerocallis, Sunflowers,
Gaillardias. Poppies, Centaureas, Dovonicums, Lychnis viscaria
splendens, Campanulas, Rudbeckias, Yuccas ; a grand collection
of IRIS, fine strong clumps, including all the best forcing
varieties; Pumilla of sorts; Olbiensis of sorts; Siberica of
sorts; Florentina, the sweet-scented variety; Germsnica in
great variety; Kiempferi, and many others; Delphiniums,
thousands of Hollyhocks, and hundreds of other important
families too numerous to mention.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, Estate
Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Hampton, Middlesex.— Absolutely without Reserve.

THREE DAYS' CLEARANCE SALE, by order of Messrs.
Mahood & Son, the ground having to te cleared for other
purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on th ; Premises, the Tangley Park
Nursery, Buckingham Estate, Hampton, within a mile of
Hampton Station on WEDNESDAY, November 4. and two
following days, at 13 o'clock each day, the whole of the ex-
ceptionally well-grown and thriving NURSERY STOCK, re-
cently transplanted, and comprising 6000 Standard and
Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums, traiued Peaches, 600
Standard Vuto'ia Plums, fruiting trees, 5000 Maiden Apples,
Pears, and Plums, 600 Cupressus lutea, 3 to 4 feet; 2000
Cupressus, 4 to 5 feet; 2000 Standard Roses, and 30u0 Dwarf
Roses, all leading varieties; 2000 EDglish Yews, 300 Golden
Privet, 3000 Common, Portugal, and other Laurels, 2000 yards
Box Edging, 5000 Standard Limes, 10 to 12 feet, splendid trees
with straight stems ; Thorns in variety, and other Ornamental
Trees, a large assortment of Conifers aod" Evergreens in the
borders, 1^ to 3 feet; Weymouth Pines, 5 to 6 feet; large
Laurels (recently moved), and other Stock.

May now be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises ; and
of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Benfleet (near Southend). Close to Station.

LAST SALE this YEAR. Almost without reserve. About
300 FREEHOLD PLOTS of LAND. Immediate Possession.
Free conveyances and easy payments. Tickets for Special
Train 2s. Free luncheon provided.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, in a marquee on the Estate, on
TUESDAY, October 20, about 300 Plots of FREEHOLD LAND
on the Hopes Green and Jarvis Hill Estates.

Particulars of T. LURANT, Esq., Solicitor, 5, Guildhall
Chambers, EC; also with Tickets of R. VARTY, Esq.. 90.
Leadenhall Street, E.C; and at the Auctioneers' Ofhces, 67
and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

Derby.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the
Outdoor NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Mile Ash
Nurseries. Derby, about 1 mile from the Derby Station (Mid,
land Railway), on TUESDAY. October 27, at 12 o'Clock-
thousandsof CONIFERS and EVERGREENS in the Borders,
from 1 to 10 feet; common Laurels, Aucubas, Green Hollies,
10U0 named Rhododendrons, 24 magtificent Specimen Golden
Yews, 5000 Dwarf Roses on the Manetti of the best varieties,
also other Roses, 8000 Manetti Stocks, Standard Thorns, Limes,
and other Trees, Herbaceous Plants, Carnations, Gooseberries,
Currant?, Ivies of sorts, and other Stock.

May now be viewed. Catalogues had of Mr. COOLING, on
the Premises ; aud of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

East Dulwlch, Wednesday, October 28.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. Seeger & Tropp to SELL by
AUCTION, on their Premises, The Orchid Nurseries, East
Dulwirh, London, S.E., on WEDNESDAY, October 28, com-
mencing at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, a most varied
Collection of Choicest Established and Imported ORCHIDS,
the whole of which are in best possible health and condition.
Among the most valuable and rarest species and varieties
catalogued will be found the following : —

Cattleya Mossia? Reineckiana
(sepals aud petals pure

white)
Cattleya

(sepals

white)
Cattleya Fausta
Renanthera Storiei

Gaskelliana
and petals

nivea
pure

fine

specimen

Angrsecum grandifiorum

Ccelogyne Meyeriaoa, pandu-
rata type

Masdevallia Schroderse, First-
class Certificate, R. H. S.

Masdevallia Veitchi graudi-
flora, fine specimen

Eulophia Guinensis

Aneectorhilua, the
species

Vanda tricolor cinnamomea

Cypripedium, a choice selec-
tion, &c. &c.

leading

Grammatophyllum Seegeri-

anum, new
Sobralia macrantha Kienasti-

ana, pure white macrantha.

First-class Certificatp, Royal

Horticultural Society
Laelia Perrini alba (not nivea)
Cattleya intermedia alba
Phahvuopsis Sanderiana alba
Trichopilia suavis alba
Ltelia anceps alba
Ccelogyne cristata alba
LeeJia autumnalis alba
Lycaste Skinneri alba
Dendrobium tobile album
Odontoglossum nebulosum

album
Zygopetalum Mackayi album
Sobralia leucoxantha grandi-

tiora (alba)
Vanda Stangeana, grandest

specimen in Europe

The Sale will also include a splendid importation cf the
majestic ODONTOGLOSSUM HASTILABIUM, just arrived in
grand order.

The entire list, with a few exceptions only, will be offered
ENTIRELY WITHOUT RESERVE, in order to make room for
new importations due to arrive soon, this course being neces-
sary, as owing to a short tenure of the Premises, it is not
possible to increase the house accommodation.

Plants may be viewed two days prior to day of Sale, and
Catalogues obtained on the Premises; also of the Auctioneers,
at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 6tf, Cheapside, London, E.C.

The nearest Railway Stations are :— East Dulwich, Denmark
Hill, Heme Hill, Lordship Lane, and Peckham Rye.

Cliffe, near Rochester and Gravessnd,

Adjoining Ciiffe Station, S, E. Railway.
THIRD GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of FRUIT TREES,

by order of Mr. W. Home.

IMPORTANT to NURSFRYMEN, FRUIT GROWERS, and

OTHEKS.

\TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1'X SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Perry Hill, Cliffe,
near Rochester, on FRIDAY, November 6, at 11 o'clock.

10J.0OO FRUIT TREES,
comprising 30.000 Apples, Pear*, Plums, and Cherries, in-
cluding 1000 of the new dessert Apple, Beauty of Bath ; 50,000
Baldwin Black Currants, 5,000 Red Currants, 15,000 Goose-
berries Boles. Lads, and Whinhams, 5,000 Carter's and Norwich
Wonder Raspberries, 5,000 John Ruskin Strawberries, new
(Rival or Noble,), 100,000 Laxton's Noble, and 50,000 Sir Joseph
Paxton, 20,000 Connover's Colossal Asparagus, 50,000 Myatt's
Cabbage Plants, 50,000 ^Drumhead, &c. Every lot must be
sold to make room for others.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, ami SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY', at half-past 12 o'clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, aniving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

100,000 FRESH KENTIA SEEDS.
20.0CO BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY CROWNS.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms. 38,
King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.. on WEDNESDAY NEXT,
October 21.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Valuable Collection of Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions
from the Executors of the late G. Neville Wyatt, Esq.,
of Lake House, Cheltenham, to SELL by AUCTION, at his
Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
WEDNESDAY' and THURSDAY, October 21 and 22, at half-
past 12 o'clock precisely each day, his highly important and
valuable COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS (With-
out the least Reserve), which contains many fine things,
amongst which will be found : —

Leeiia Pilcheri

Masdevallia Veitchii grandi-

flora
Anguloa Ruckeri sanguinea,

grand form
Oncidium incurvum album
Ada aurantiaca
Lselia Wyattiana
Cattleya Mendelii, including
many fine forms

,, Skinneri occulata

,, exoniensis

.. g'gas

,, Gaskelliana var. Dal-
liensis
Vanda Kimballiana

,, Sanderiana, several

plants
Saccolabium Heathi, ex-
tremely rare
Ccelogyne crUtiita, Chatf-

worth var.

&c„ &c„ &C.

Cypripedium Mooreana

,, Measuresiana

,, Chantini
Oncidium Ornithorrhynchum

album
Epideudrum Wallisi
Batemannia Burti
Ca'logyne cristata Lemoniana,

splendid specimen
Cypripedium hirsutissimum,

splendid specimen
Lycaste Skinneri alba, several

plants
Odortoglossum Rossi Amesia-
num

,, Uro-Skinneri, splendid
specimen

., ramosissimum
Cattleya labiata, autumn-
flowering variety, true
Anthurium Scherzerianum,

Lake House variety, grand

plant

A MOST BEAUTIFUL and LARGELY-FLOWERED VANDA
C03RULEA, a UNIQUE VARIETY.
On view morning* of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Weybouine, Farnham, Surrey.
lV/fR. J. ALFRED EGGAR has received

1VL instructions from Coldham C. Knight, Esq.. to SELL
by AUCTION, at Weybourne House Garuens, on WEDNES-
DAY, October 21, 18111, at 2 o'clock precisely, the Choice
Selection of GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising fine speci-
mens of Croton majesticus, Asparagus plumosus nanus.
Pnndanus Veitchii, Latania borbonica, and Microlepia hirta
cristata, &c, &c, and a large number of STOVE PLANTS, in
great variety. Also about i00 ORCHIDS, including Cattleyas.
Ltclias, Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, &c, &c. Also the Large
GREENHOUSE, 70 feet .long by 21 Uet 6 inches wide, with
patent screw roof Ventilator and Side Lights. The Auctioneer
wishes to draw the attention of Florists and Gardeners to this
Sale, as a i the plants are remarkably healthy, and many of
tnem well-known prize-winners at the Farnham Flower Show.
The above may be viewed on Monday and Tuesday,
October in and 20, from 12 till 4 o'clock, and on the morning
of Sale. Catalogues may be obtained at the usual Hotels^ and
Inns in the neig bourhood; and of Mr. J. ALFRED EGGAR,
Auctioneer. Valuer, and' Estate Agent.'Farnham and Alton.

Notice.

MR. JOHN OAKS, Ash, will SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, at the far-famed Bagnall
Tite Oaks and Milton Nurseries, on OCTOBER 21 and FOL-
LOWING DAYS, without reserve, several Acres of NURSERY
STOCK, grown to the highest perfection. The Nurseries are
in an extremely cold situation, aud all the trees are perfectly
hardy, and grown to the highest perfection. Extremely well-
rooted and well-furnished Hodgen's, Common, Maderiensis,
Silver, and Gold Hollies in variety, iOO.OOO Rhododendrons
various, a large quantity of all leading varieties of Conifers,
Evergreens, «tc, suitable for Ornamental Planting, Purks,
Cemeteries, Pleasure Grounds, &c. Large quantities of Thorn,
Quick, Ash, Elm, Alder, Privet, Austrian Pines, Spruce Fir,
Chestnuts, Willows. All other trees for Woods and other
plantations.

Catalogues seven days prior to Sale on application to the
Nurseries. Milton, Stoke-on-Trent. Milton is the nearest
station. North Staffordshire Railway. All trains met.

THOMAS B. JAMES (many years with
PROTHEROE & MORRIS) will SELL by AUCTION, at his
Commodious Sale Rooms, 12, Bull Ring. Birmingham, on
WEDNESDAY NEXT, October 21. at half-past 12 o'clock,

500 LOTS of OKCHIDS,
chiefly in Flower and Bud, amongst which will be found some
very choice aud rare Hybrid CYPRIPEDIUMS.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
SALES of BULBS and MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS held
every TUESDAY and THURSDAY.

Consignment of Plant3 ;r jm Belgium.

THOMAS B. JAMES will include in his
BULB SALE, on THURSO \Y NFXT. October 22, a large
consignment of AZALEA ISOIO V. A. MOLLIS. RHODODEN-
DRONS, FICUS ELASTICA, KENTIAS, in variety; DRA
C.ENAS, in variety ; COCOS V> EODELLIANA, BEGONIAS
and many other things.

For Sale without reserve. On view morning of Sale, and
Catalogues had. Auction Rooms and EUate offices, 12, Bull
King Birmingham.

King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

IMMENSRSALEof UNUSUALLY WELL-UKOWN NURSERY
STOCK. Included therein : 6000 STANDARD, PYRAMID,
and TRAINED FRUIT TREES, without the Least
Reserve. As a portion of the Land will shortly be offered
for Sale for Building purposes, it is absolutely necessary
to Clear the Ground.

MESSRS. ALEXANDER, DANIEL, SELFE,
AND CO. will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises as
above, on TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY,
October 20, 21, and 2.', 1891, at 11 for 12 o Clock precisely,
several Acres of first-class NURSEKY STOCK.

Further Particulars in future Announcements, but the
Stock may be Viewed at once.

CATALOGUES may be obtained at the Nurseries, or of the
Auctioneers. Corn Street, Bristol (and 31, Old Jewry
London, E.C).

448

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 17, 1891.

Cart House lane Nursery, Horsell,

About 2 miles from the Woking Station, on the L. and S.W.

Railway.

To GENTLEMEN, BUILDERS, and OTHERS,

Requiring really well-grown NURSERY STOCK, in perfect

condition for removal.

MESSRS. WATERER and SO^S are
instructed by Mr. Richard Collyer to SELL by AUC-
TION, upon ihe Premises, as above, on THURSDAY and
FRIDAY Odder 21 and 23, 1891, at 11 for 12 o Clock each
day the ex.- "onally well-'grown NURSERY STOCK (the
whole of w ii( h has been removed within the last two years,
comprising a gr.at variety of Ornamental Evergreen Trees
and Shrub* including many fine Specimen Plants, Forest
Tr.-cs, Fruit Trees. &c.

Preliminary Notice.— RlchmondNurseries, Richmond.

UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT SIX DAYS' SALE.

EXCEPTIONALLY well-grown and rooted
NURSERY STOCK, in the finest condition for trans-
planting, and embraces the most important LOT of STOCK
OFFERED by AUCTION for many years, the quality of
which is unsurpassed in the trade, a large quantity of Aucubas,
green and variegated Hollies, Box, Arbutus, Cedrus Dcodara,
Privet, Wellingtonias, Yews, Thuias, Cupressus, Retmosporas,
Portugal and other Laurels, Silver Birch, Thorns, Acacias,
Poplars, Fruit Trees, &c.

May be viewe.i any day (Sundays excepted). Due notice
will be given oi date of Sale. G. AND W. STEELL.

ANTED, a SMALL NURSERY.-

of Glass. Midland Town. Price low.
L.. Box, Rider, Birkdale.

-Plenty

To Florists, Seedsmen, and Others.

GENUINE SEED and FLORIST'S BUSI-
NESS for SALE, situate in the main road, and doing
nearly £2000 per annum. Lease, 10 years. Low rent. Six-
roomed house, large Greenhouse and Conservatory at rear.
Price, £300 ; Stock and Fixtures (including Horse and large
Van) at Valuation.

Within a few minutes' walk of above is a NURSERY, con-
taining one large Greenhouse (61 feet by 18 feet), with room
for others. Also, on same ground, a good Stable, and two
large Sheds.

For further particulars, apply to R. PECKITT, Estate
Agent and Valuer, at Wellington Street, Woolwich.

F~ OR DISPOSAL, GARDENER'S
BUSINESS, Stock, Contracts, and Outdoor Work.
Reasonable price.

Apply to 240, Harrow Road, Paddington.

^Tottenham.— To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.

TO BE LET, close to White Hart Lane
Station, about la. 2r. 20 p. of LAND, suitable for
Glasshouses.

For further particulars, apply to Mr. ALFRED RICHARDS,
Estate Agent, High Road. Tottenham ; or, Messrs. DANIEL
SMITH, SON, AND OAKLEY, Land Agents, Surveyors, and
Auctioneers, 10, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W.

To Nurserymen, Market Gardeners, and Florists.

TO be LET, or SOLD (through the death of the
Tenant), BUSINESS PREMISES, as a Going Concern,
consisting of a House and Shop, four Greenhouses, and from
2 to 3 Acres of Land, as a Nursery, in the town of Abergavenny,
near the London and North - Western Railway Station. A
thriving and profitable business has been, and is being carried on.
Apply to EVAN JONES, Mardy Park, Abergavenny; or,
T. GLASBROOK RICHARDS, Solicitor. Swansea.

rrO BE LET or SOLD. — Bargain. As

JL POULTRY FARM. Essex. Good-sized House, Stabling.
Greenhouses, &c, 11 J Acres. Freehold — K. K., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Market Gardeners, Florists. &c.

TO LET, a KITCHEN GARDEN, with
Vinery, Forcing-hou es, Pottiug-sheds, &c, in the North
of London, half-an-hour from Charing Cross. Ail in excellent
order.

Address, P. T-, Davies & Co., Advertising Agents, Finch
Lane, Cornhill, E.C.

FOR SALE, TWO CORNISH TRENTHAM
BOILERS, 7 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches diameter, with
Check Bridge Ends and three Cross Tubes, with Furnace
Fittings. All nearly new. Lying in South Yorkshire.

Apply, BOILER, Gctrdiners" Chronicle Ollice, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Horticul-
tural Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyton-
Btone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had on application.

Address, SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
briugs experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

PLANTS, &c, for all parts ABROAD,
should be sent Per " Pitt & Scott'* Foreign Express, 23,
Cannon Street, E.C, and 25, Regent Street, S.W., London.
Clear printed instructions and rates post free to any address.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISSUS. — Fine
Strain, 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample 50 by post for
2s., or 100 for 3s. 6d. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

INES— 70 2-yr., and 40 1-yr., mostly Queens,

with a few Smooth Cayennes, to be disposed of.— Apply,
T. METHVEN AND SONS, Nurserymen. Edinburgh.

CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
CANES, Dutch and Raby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr.-old Trees, 10s.. per 100; sample dozen, 2s. tSrf-

RASPBERRY CANES, best varieties, [35s. per 1000 : sample
100, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P.O.O. with Order to Manager.
R. BATHE, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

FOR SALE, two FICUS ELASTICA, from
6 to 6 feet high, suitable for stock.— Mr. FRENCH, Wren
Road Nursery, Camberwell Green, S.E.

MUSHROOM SPAWN.— To ensure success,
buy your spawn of the Maker direct, and satisfactory
results are guaranteed. Per brick, 3d. ; two by post. Is.
Per bushel, 16 bricks, 3s. ; carriage paid, 4s.

E. VINCENT, Spawn Maker, 45, Lancefield Street, Queen's
Park, London, W.

PRIMULAS.— Mixed colours, large plants, in-
cluding white, cirmine, blue, and pink, 2s. per dozen.
15s. per 100, out of pots. Extra plants for carriage. Cash
with order.— A. WHITE, late Hardy, Stour Valley Nurseries,
Bures, Suffolk. _^____^_

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 21s..
or 30s. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied,
A. J. and C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application :—
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. 10s. id., 21s.. 42s., 63s., & upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS, 5s. <id., 7s. 6d., 10s. id., to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Peeonies, Lilies, &c.
HARK AND SON. 12. King Street, Covent Garden, London.W.C.

SSHEPPERSON'S SPECIAL OFFER of
• fine English-grown HARDY BULBS, for present plant-
ing in the open ground, or for potting for Greenhouse. Fine
Double pure Snow - white Gardenia - flowered NARCISSUS,
15 for Is. ; 50 for 2s. 6d. ; 100 for 4s. Carriage free. Extra
largedouble SNOWDROPS, 40forls.; 100for2s. Carriage free.
S. SHEPPERSON, Florist, Prospect House, Belper.

FOR SALE, CARNATIONS, Germania and
Mrs. R. Hole, Double Violet, Queen Victoria. Late
Flowering Purple, Hardy White Primrose, Gilbert's Harbinger.
Price per dozen or 100 on application to

W. H. DIVERS, Ketton Hall Gardens. Stamford.

ANTHONY WATERER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the following well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet.

„ DOUGLASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 6 to 8 feet.

„ HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet.

„ LEBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet.

„ „ AUREA (Golden Chinese Junif er), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS, 5 to 8 feet.

„ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet.

„ PUNGENS, 1J to 4 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1$ to 4 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 feet.

„ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet.

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBBII (gigantoa). 5 to 9 feet.

„ OCCIDENT ALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONS. GIGANTEA, 3 to 7 feet.
YEWS, Common, 3. 4, 5, and 6 feet.

,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

,, Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

,, Irish, 5 to 10 feet.

„ ,, Golden, 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2$ to 4 feet.
BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps. 4 to 7 feat.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE,

„ HODGINS or NOBILIS,

„ LAURIFOLIA,

„ MYRTIFOLIA, f 3, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

„ SCOTTICA,

,, Yellow berried, and otter sorts '

,, Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet.

f. Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

., Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

„ Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems,
with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

EXHIBITIONS.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY of SOUTHAMPTON, CHRYSANTHEMUM
and FRUIT SHOW, OCTOBER 27 and 28.

ONE HUNDRED POUNDS in PRIZES.
Entries will be received up to Morning Post on the 22nd.'

Heckfield House, New Alma Road.

C. S. FU1DGE, Secretary,

Vale House, Park Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

ASCOT, SUNNINGHILL, SUNNINGDALE,
and DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW, WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, November 4 and 5. For particulars of open Prizes and
for Schedules, apply to T. J. PATTON. Hon. Sec, Ascot.

CRYSTAL P A LACE,
GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW,
FRIDAY and SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 6 and 7.
Schedules and Entry Forms on application to Mr. W.
G. HEAD. Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal
Palace, S.E.

Entries close on Friday, October 30.

DEVIZES CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW,
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 10.
For 24 Cut Blooms of Incurved Chrysanthemums, not less
than 18 varieties, 1st prize, £10 10s. ; 2nd, Silver Cup, value
£5 5s. ; 3rd, £3.

For 12 Blooms, Japanese, distinct, 1st prize, Silver Cup,
value £5 5s. ; 2nd, £3 ; 3rd. £1 6s.

For Group of Chrysanthemums, in any size pots, 1st prize,
£6; 2nd, £5; 3rd, £3; 4th, £1 5s.

And various Other Prizes.
For Schedules, apply to —

THOS. KING, General Manager, The Castle Gardens.

READING CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY.
FLOWER and FRUIT SHOW, November 11 and 12, 1891.
Prizes, £140. Entries close November 7.

WM. L. WALKER, Secretary.
Dunollie, Bulmersbe Road, Reading.

TWICKENHAM HORTICULTURAL and
COTTAGE GARDEN SOCIETY.
The ANNUAL CHRYSANTHEMUM and FRUIT SHOW of
this Society will be held in the Town Hall, Twickenham, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, November 17 and 18. Entries
must be sent in on or before Friday, November 13.

Schedules, and all information, may be obtained on applica-
tion to the Hon. Sec, MR. JAMES J. G. PUGH, 2, Heath
Road, Twickenham.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSO-
CIATION.

GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

NOVEMBER 19, 20. and 21.

Schedules and.all particulars on application to the Secretary,

ROBERT LAIRD, 17. South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

FERNS 1 FERNS ! 1 FERNS ! I ! — Stove
and Greenhouse. Great Annual Sale. Surplus Stock ;
100,000 in 25 most saleable sorts, at 12s. per 100 in 2£-inch
pots; out of pots, 105. Large Adiantum cuneatum,50s. per
100, value in fronds. Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100.
A. cuneatum for potting on, 12*. and 16s. per 100. Palms,
15s. per dozen, in 48's. Packed free for Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W,

DOUBLE PRIMULAS.— DOUBLE PRI-
MULAS, extra fine plants, three to four crowns on each
plant, in 6-inch pots, 9s. per dozen ; packing free.

J. B. DOLBY, Victoria Nursery, Sleaford.

PTERIS TREMULA^ from Boxes, nice
clean stuff, 4s. per 100, 36s. per 1000. ADIANTUM
CUNEATUM, 3s. 6rf. per 100. Cash with order.

G. ADCOCK, Florist, Rokeby Road, Brockley, S.E.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality — for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. '6d. per 100; 3-yr. old, good
roots, 3s. per 100; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6d. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old.
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid sorts, 7s. 6d. per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6d. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden. Read the following unsolicited testimonial :
— "Please send me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots,
I may say that the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I
ever bought, and my employer says the quality is excellent. —
C. H. Perkins, The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford,
December 27, 1890."

J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

SUNFLOWERS-SUNFLOWERS (PERENNIAL).

Trade Offer, for Prompt Delivery.

HARTLAND'S IRISH PLANT, SOLEIL D'OR, beautiful
double-quilled. 20s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.

HELENIUMBOLANDERI, hooey-scented, andSummer- flower-
ing; Bees so fond of it; Bloom, yellow; Excellent for
cutting. 20s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.

HELIANTHUS MULTIFLORUS, a* figured in Gardeners'
Chronicle, October 10. 7s. Gd. per 100.

All for Immedinte Order, ami Cash remittance.

Win. Baylor Hartlaud, FR.H.S, Seedsman, Cork.

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

449

TO INTENDING PLANTERS.
Wm. CUTBUSH and SON'S

KXTENSIUE STOCK OF

CONIFERS, RHODODENDRONS, EVERGREENS, PARK & FOREST TREES,

FLOWERING SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, VINES, ROSES, Ac,

IS IN EXCEEDINGLY FINE CONDITION THIS SEASON.

Full particulars will be seen in their general CATALOGUE, which may be had post free on
application. Special Prices charged for any particular articles.

Inspection solioited, but to save time enquiries should be made as to which nursery any
particular stock is growing ; but samples may be seen during the season at Highgate.

Laying-out New, or Renovating Old Gardens, and Planting same in any part of the Kingdom ;
and Estimates may be had for this work if desired.

HIGHGATE NURSERIES, LONDON, N.;

Also NURSERIES, BARNET, HERTS, and FINCHLEY, N.
Teleqraphic Address : — "CUTBUSH, LONDON." National Telephone, No. 7613.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEER8,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses. Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c., constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equalled. We only do one class of work,
and that the vert best.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS.

i^^m^^^j^^

rite- ■■i^mmmr-m

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses.
Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Fiames ; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot- water Pipes, and all appliances for
beating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Price 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country ; an inspection of
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
us enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surreys
ma4e, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

London Office :— 168, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.G.

KENTIA SEEDS.

The following, in splendid condition, have just arrived from
our Collector:—

KENTIA FORSTERIANA, 20s. per 1000.

BELMORIANA, 20». per 10C0.

CANTERBURYANA, 9s. per 100.

Also, SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, 12s. per It 00.

ARECA BAUER , 12s. per 1000.

HOOPER & CO., Limited, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

FRUIT TREES.— APPLES,

PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. APRICOTS,
NECTARINES. A grand assortment of all the Choicest
Varieties in fine Standard, Dwarf, and Trained Trees.
Also a fine Collection of GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS,
RASPBERRIES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS, &c.

ROSES HYBEID PEE-

PETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

FLOWER ROOTS-HYA-

CINTHS, NARCISSI", LILIES, TULIPS, &c. A very

fine assortment, including all the most beautiful sorts,

at moderate prices.
Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

THE
VERY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILL1 ES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and in excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No- 397.

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DicksohSoS* Chester

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c, free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of

Fruits, post-free, 3d.
The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

CARNATIONS-CARNATIONS.

Per doz.—
Vivid, bright scarlet ...

Purity, white

Bosc, bright purple
Maid of Athens, white,
beautifully marked

with pink

Kaby Castle, deep pink...

The Bride, white

Fine Border Varieties, our selection, 6s., 9s., and J2s. per doz.

All fine, strong stuff, in 3-inch pots.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, a fine collection, our selection, 6s. doz.

CATALOGUES on application.

HERD BROS., Victoria & Oaetle Nurseries, PBNRTTH.

Per doz
Marchioness of London

derry, white...
Mrs. Reynolds Hole
Old Crimson Clove
Scarlet Clove

Germania

Souvenirde laMalmaison 9
Gloire de Nancy

450 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Octobm 17. issi.

L'HORTICDLTDRE INTERNATIONALE, Limtd.

Directors: Messrs. J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN.

PARC LEOPOLD, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.

SPECIAL EXHIBITION

CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS

IN FLOWER.

OPEN on the 11th of OCTOBER, 1891, and FOLLOWING DAYS.

MESSRS. LINDEN wishing to answer victoriously to some polemics of an interesting nature, just raised,
"k organise in the halls of L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE, Brussels, a

SPECIAL EXHIBITION, showing more than 200 CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS IN FLOWER.

This magnificent show, unique or this kind till to-day, will certainly prove to everyone, and demonstrate
also to the least perspicacious observers, the perfect identity of CATTLEYA WAROCQUEANA

with the OLD AUTUMN-FLOWERING CATTLEYA LABIATA VERA.

ALL LOVERS OF ORCHIDS are heartily invited to visit this special exhibition, which is fully conclusive in the matter.

AMATEURS who have any old C. LABIATA AUTUMNALIS blooming now are requested to bring with them some fresh flowers of their plants,
in order to have a comparison with the CATTLEYA WAROCQUEANA of the show.

The ORCHIDISTS will find there Cattleyas in flower with single or double sheaths, the one green, the others red ; in many cases the same are
simultaneously single or double on the same plant, frequently there are up to five flowers on each sheath in full blossom. They will find there an
INNUMERABLE TREASURE OF VARIETIES of all shades, some of them being far superior in splendour and EXQUISITE BEAUTY to the
most emergent types already known.

MESSRS. LINDEN say not that their CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS have been collected on the "SWAINSON'S HUNTING
GROUND," which no one knows to-day ; but they state that their plants are TRUE C. LABIATA AUTUMNALIS, who have PROVED THEIR
GENUINENESS for two seasons in the most indisputable manner, and who demonstrate also their authenticity now by numerous plants in FULL
BLOSSOM.

Jjj^Se^ OAU I J-OPi. — Messrs. LINDEN earnestly beg Amateurs, who have bought direct some plants of their introduction, to mark
7^7~T the same in a very reliable and distinct manner, as they would not care TO BE MADE RESPONSIBLE for the disappointment which may arise
in the Spring of next year for the buyers of the plants recently imported in England, whose Importer says that " THEY ARE NOT THE SAME AS
THOSE OF MESSRS. LINDEN."

WHO HAS SEEN IN FLOWER the imported Cattleyas recently sold for C. LABIATA AUTUMNALIS in England ?

THEY WERE COLLECTED in summer by a collector who departed from Europe at the end of last spring.

COME TO SEE the SPECIAL EXHIBITION of L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE. There you will find TRUE and GENUINE
CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS in flower.

The fact that L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE, in adopting the provisional name of Cattleya
Warocqueana until the plant should have proved, by two seasons' flowering, to be the true old Cattleya labiata
atjtitmnalis, has given GREAT CREDIT and CONFIDENCE to this Firm on all sides.

m- THERE IS NOTHING SENT OUT BY THIS FIRM UNTIL IT HAS PROVED GENUINE. ^S

A grand lot of the TRUE CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS— plants in sheaths and in flower— will
be SOLD by AUCTION, by Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, at their Central Sale Rooms, G7 and 68,
Oheapeide, London, E.C., on FRIDAY, October 30, 1891.

OCTOBEB 17, 1891.]

THE GAFDENEFS' CHFONICLE.

451

ONLY

Gold Medal,
Paris, 1889.

DARWIN

;:?;; tulips.

SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CATALOCUE.

Contents :—

"LA TULIPE NOIRE."
"NE PLUS ULTRA" Collection (50 vars.).
"DIAMOND" Collection (50 vars.).
"AMATEUR" Collection (100 vara.).
"CHEAP" Collection (100 vars.).

Prices, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 3d., Is. 6d.,
and upwards each..

For full details, see Gardeners' Chronicle,
July 4, 1891 (p. 10, 11), and our DARWIN
TULIP CATALOGUE, which will be sent
free on application to

E. H. KRELACE & SON,

THE COURT NURSERYMEN,

HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Please mention Gardeners' Chronicle.

TRANSVAAL NATIVE BULBS, TUBERS,
SEEDS, &c — The undersigned, late of the Botanic
Gardens, Maritzburg, Natal, begs to inform his correspondents
that he is now offering Novelties of Merit, collected by him,
true to name. Anomatheca, Babiana, Tricbodesma, Morpea,
Hremanthus, Gerbera. Rhamnus, &c. Price List on application.
R. W. ADLAM, Pretoria, Transvaal.

NARCISSUS.— Double White Sweet-Scented
Gardenia, 2s. 6rf. per 100 ; 20s. per 1000. Grand Mon-
arque Polyanthus NARCISSUS, 6s. 6d. per 100 ; 60s. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS, The Bride, 3s. per 100 ; 25s. per 1000. Cash.
Mention this paper.

PONTEY S Seed and Bulb Warehouse, Plymouth.

AUTUMN, WINTER FLOWERINC,
FORCING^ PLANTS.

Prime Quality, in Splendid Condition,
Now Ready for Delivery.

ACACIA ARMATA, covered with buds.
AZALEA INDICA, finest kinds for forcing.

,, MOLLIS, loaded with buds.

GHENT VARIETIES, very fine.
BEGONIAS, winter-flowering.
BOUVARDIAS, crowned with flower-buds, including the

latest novelties.
CAMELLIAS, fine sorts, well set with flower.
CARNATIONS, tree varieties, loaded with buds.
CYCLAMEN, our superb Giganteum strain.
DAPHNE INDICA RUBRA.

DEOTZIA G ACILIS, splendidly set with flower buds.
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS, eitra strong.
EPACrtIS, of sort-, very fine for winter.
ERICA HYEMALIS, GRACILIS, CAFFRA, &C.
GARDENIAS, best sorts, well bud led.
HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.
KALUIA LATIFOLIA, covered with flower buds.
LAURUSTINUS. dwarf stems, compact heads.
LILAC A' BA VIRGINALIS, fine pot plants from Paris.

„ CHARLES X.

„ FERSICA.
LILY OF THE VALLEY, fine clumps from Holland.
ULIUM HARRISI. extra Btrong. from America.
PRIMUL4 SINENSIS ALBA PLENA, in fine varieties.
ROSES, finest Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals, strong plants

growu in pots for forcing.
SOLANUM HYBRIDUM, Empress, and other kinds.
SPIRiEA ASTILBOIDES, a charming plant.

,, JAPONICA, extra strong importei clumps.

STAPHVLEA COLCHICA, fine, from South of France.
VIBURNUM OPULUS (Guelder Rose), imported pot

plants.
For Complete List and Prices, see Illustrated Bulb

Catalogue, Gratis and post free on application.

S. WILLIAMS & SON,

Victoria ard Paradise Nurseries,
UPPER HOLLOW AY, LONDON, N.

CARTERS'

CHOICE and CELEBRATED

HYACINTHS.

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 25 sorts, for cultivation in pots
or glasses. Carriage Free.

30/-

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

FINE NAMED HYACINTHS,

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

6/-

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a
beautifully Coloured Plate, GRATIS and POST
FREE to Customers.

237
238

Royal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants,

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

emiimimuiliiiiiiiiiiiinmiNiiiimiimnmimiimmimiiiiiiimiimiiimiimiie

PLANTING SEASON.

-' HARDILY-GROWN

Forest, Fruit,

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

YEBY EXTENSIYB STOCK. Inspection Invited'

Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

i/ICKSONS NITRNERIES

(LIMITED) CHESTER-

luuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiuiHiuiiiiisiiiiiiiuiiu

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

And HEDGE PLANTS.

And Other

AMERICAN

PLANTS.

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS,

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfleld Nurseries, Altrincham;

Also, 10 and 12, MaEKET StBEET. MANCHESTER.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (No. 509), of E. H. KEELAGE and SON,
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists to the Court.
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, and will be sent, post-
free, and without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letterB, direct to

E. H. KRELAOE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

THE

(Sartors' djtoimfcb.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1891.

TEDWORTH HOUSE.

IT is possible that some persons might not
expect to discover much picturesque beauty
in the residence of the late T. Assheton Smith,
" the Field-Marshal of Fox-hunting," as the
Duke of Wellington called him — a Nimrod so
devoted to the chase, that he followed the hounds
six days a week, and, to enable him to do so,
kept ninety couple of hounds at Tedworth,
besides eighty more at work in different parts of
Wales and Wilts. But the M. F. H. who
erected the cottages at Tedworth, each with a
tidy garden and a porch festooned with Roses
and Honeysuckles, with the scarleWruited
Pyracantha climbing the walls, must have
possessed taste and good feeling.

The. biography of the great fox-hunter shows
him to have been a man of sterling merit, and
the beauty of the house which he rebuilt, and of
the grounds he formed around it, denote refined
habits and tastes, and a true horticultural
instinct. Energy was one of his leading cha-
racteristics. His motto, and the maxim which
guided his conduct, was " Quicquid vult, valde
vult." In everything he undertook, ship-build-
ing as well as fox-hunting, the development of
his slate quarries, or the amelioration of the
condition of his Welsh labourers, he worked
with all his heart. Fox-hunting may not be
the most elevating pursuit a man can engage in,
but it is not an ignoble amusement. It is
healthful too. Dryden rightly says of it :—

" Better to hunt in fields for health unbought,
Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught."

The lord of Tedworth and of the very valuable
slate quarries at Vaenol, in the Menai Straits,
possessed a heart somewhat tough perhaps, but
the story of his big conservatory reveals its kind-
ness. When Mrs. Smith declined the voyage to
Madeira, which her doctors recommended, her
husband provided for her use a conservatory
which, with the glazed corridor from the house,
measured 965 feet in length. " We will bring
Madeira to England," he said. The conservatory
itself was 315 feet long by 40 feet wide, and a
broad walk of the finest gravel passed up the
centre, having specimen plants on each side.
The whole of this structure, nearly a quarter of
a mile in length, was comfortably warmed, and
here Mrs. Smith found a healthful promenade ;
and here, during the last winter of his life, the
great foxhunter himself was accustomed to take
daily rides from end to end. When this novel
glasshouse had served its purpose, it was removed
to Pokesdown, Bournemouth. Another conser-

452

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

vatory was built by Mr. Smith, forming a beau-
tiful promenade 150 feet long, with a marble
floor, leading from the house and ending in a
circular recess, which is now decorated with
Palms and Tree Ferns, while Geraniums,
Fuchsias, and various creepers cover the walls.

Mr. T. Assheton Smith has been described,
not inaptly, as a " miracle on horseback." At
eighty years of age, he used to gallop down the
steep slopes of the Wilts' Downs, joyous as a boy,
and when shattered by illness, a little later on, he
would mount his horse as long as it was possible
for him to do so, and always seemed wonderfully
revived in the saddle, though he was rathei- given
latterly to falling off, the steeds he persisted in
mounting being far too spirited for an aged and
infirm rider. I have felt greater interest in this
famous sportsman, and have given him more
space here on account of the improved gardens
which he formed at Tedworth, and his attach-
ment to them. By his own desire, he was buried
in his garden. Dying in 1858, at the age of
eighty-two, he rests by the side of his attached
wife in "a mausoleum, erected on high ground,
among the beautiful shrubberies on the west side
of the house, a most peaceful spot, where, as I
came reluctantly away, the ringdoves were
cooing softly.

Tedworth House, with its beautiful park
and the hills and woods around it, is now
the property of Sir John Kelk, Bart. The
handsome house, rebuilt by Mr. T. A. Smith
when he succeeded to the family estate in 1826,
has been much improved by the refronting of
the building in the Italian style, and the erection
of a new porch. It is a particularly handsome
house, with two storeys and a balustrade, and a
lawn and flower garden extending round its two
best sides — on the south and east. On the south
front, Bay trees in tubs, trained as pyramids,
10 feet high, are ranged along the wall, present-
ing a very stately appearance. The, trees are
removed in the autumn, and kept securely in a
sort of annexe to the house on the west side. At
the time the bedding plants are turned into their
allotted borders and beds in May, the lawns on
the south front are subjected to a transformation
of a rather novel character. The number of
bedding plants which a gardener can now press
into service in forming his designs has, of course,
enormously increased, and in those large gar-
dens, where the decorative art is exercised on a
large scale, or in some of our public parks, three
groups of plants are usually employed. Alpines
herbaceous, and the large class of greenhouse
bedders, including flowers and foliage plants.
At Tedworth House, the park and the imme-
diate surroundings are so particularly pleasing,
that the pleasure of the scene from the windows
is not specially dependent on flowers. Mr.
Inglefield, however, has reason to be proud of
the use he makes in dressing the lawn, of some
good old standard specimen plants. In winter
you will find, safely housed, a large number of
Pelargoniums, ten and twelve years old; and
Heliotropes, trained to suitable supports, and
some of them reaching a height of 10 or
12 feet, while others are much shorter. On
the appointed day, in early summer, these old
favourites are grouped at points of vantage,
or arranged alongside some gravel walks leading
to a shrubbery and into the park beyond, in the
direction of the kennels. The supports of these
plants are made of wire, and by placing the
taller specimens in the centre and shorter ones at
their base, they can be built up, so to speak,
into the form of pyramids, which, in some cases,
are 7 feet across at the base. Standard Helio-
tropes (President Garfield and others), with

stems 3 to 4 feet long, are planted in the flower
garden, in the midst of scarlet-flowered Be-
gonias ; they are tied to an upright wire, which
carries a spreading top, umbrella-fashion, from
which the Heliotrope trails gracefully. This
sort of decoration would perhaps be more common
if some of the materials were not quite so long
in coming to perfection.

From the best windows of the house, one looks
across the flower garden into a park that covers
a large extent of. land, and passes on the left up
the steep sides of a long hill, which forms its
picturesque boundary in that direction— a chalk
ridge, well timbered at the top, and having a lofty
tower among the trees, which was built by Mr.
Smith in his last years, that he might still
observe the running of his hounds, and watch
the "Tedworth Hunt," though he could no
longer follow it in the field. Salisbury lies due
south, and the high road thither runs through
the park, entering near the gate of the beautiful
village church, which was erected at great cost
within the park by the late baronet, who will be
remembered as the builder of the Albert Hall,
the Prince Consort Memorial, and the Alexandra
Palace. At the top of the approach road, which
passes between rows of Lime trees, there are
several noble Elms of the common English
variety, the largest measuring 20 feet in circum-
ference at 5 feet high.

In the kitchen gardens, which, with the flower
garden, employs fourteen men, there are some
handsome borders of hardy herbaceous plants
ornamenting the long walks of a plot of 4 acres
within the walls. Besides the numerous houses
and five vineries, and many others for flowers and
fruits, Orchids, and various plants for decora-
tion, I noticed 50 yards of Peaches looking
exceedingly well on a wall enclosed by glass, the
passage being wide enough for the storage of
many plants, and for growing salads. It is due
to Mr. Inglefield to mention him as the winner
of 1st prize for forty-eight Chrysanthemums at
the Crystal Palace.

It should be mentioned in connection with
Tedworth, that the mansion stands on the site
of an old manor-house, and that the older
building, owned in 1661 by Mr. Mompesson, was
at that time haunted by an " invisible drummer,"
of the same family as the one at Hurstmonceux
Castl s, who was immortalised in verses by Addi-
son. He drummed here in Wilts, but in the
little village immediately outside the gates, the
boundary between Wilts and Hants is passed,
and he would have beat his drum in the latter
county. H. E.

New or Noteworthy Plant.

ORNITHOGALUM (CARUELIA) SAUN-
DERSI^K, Baker, n. sp*

This new species of Ornithogalum has just flowered
at Kew for the first time. It was raised from seeds
sent by Mrs. Katherine Saunders in December, 1887,
in a collection of fifty-eight packets, gathered in the
Transvaal, Swaziland, and Zululand. It ranks
amongst the tallest species of the genus, and struc-
turally belongs to the small sub-genus named by
Parlatore (as a genus) in compliment to Dr. Caruel.
Its nearest ally is O. arabicum, L , which is widely
spread in the Mediterranean region.

* Ornithogalum (Caruelia) Saundersitt, Baker, n. ap. —
Bulbo magno globoso ; foliia loratia viridibus glabris fiaccidia
pedalibus vel seaquipedalibug ; scapo stricto valido tripedali,
floribu9 aubumbellatis ; pedicellis longia asceadentibus ; brac-
teia lanceolatis magnis ; periantbio albido, segmentis orbicu-
laribus valde imbricatia ; staminibus perianthio duplo brevi-
oribus filamentia confonnibua ; ovario globoso nitido atroviridi,
stylo brevi. /. G. Baker.

Bulb large, white, globose. Leaves many, lorate
bright green, flaccid, glabrous, 1 foot or li foot in
length, 2 inches broad at the middle, narrowed gra-
dually to the base and apex. Scape stout and erect,
terete, 3 feet long. Flowers many, sub-umbellate ;
outer pedicels 1 J to 2 inches long, erecto-patent ;
bracts large, lanceolate. Flower white, faintly
tinged outside with green, rotate when fully ex-
panded, 1 inch in diameter ; segments orbicular,
much imbricated. Stamens about half as long a«
the perianth ; filaments uniform, lanceolate ; anthers
small, nearly black. Ovary shining, sessile, blackish-
green ; style short, cylindrical, tapering upwards.
J. G. Baker.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CATTLEYA LABIATA, Lindl.

Further materials come to hand to elucidate the
question of the identity of the variety Warocqueana
with the old autumn-flowering type, in the shape of
six different flowers, from the same number of plants,
from Messrs. Linden, of Brussels. They have all
the characteristics of the ancient plant, and, as I
said before, are not distinguishable from it. As in
the case of those received last autumn from the
same source, they are larger than any of the speci-
mens of the ancient type now preserved at Kew, but
this could easily be explained, and does not con-
stituU a tangible difference. They have the same
brilliant colour, they flower at the same period, and as
I am now told that they came from Brazil, it only con-
firms the opinion I previously expressed, namely, that
the variety Warocqueana is only a synonym of C.
labiata, and therefore the newer name will have to be
cancelled. Tnere is an appreciable difference between
the six flowers in the breadth of the petals and lip,
in the shade of colour, and in the amount of yellow
on the disc ; but this is only what was observed-
years ago.

I may also add a note here, which I previously
overlooked, respecting a second discovery of Gard-
ner's. When at the little hamlet of tapucaya, on
the banks of the Kio Parahyba, which forms the
boundary of the provinces of Kio de Janeiro and
Minas Geraes, on March 29, 1841, he writes :— " On
the stems of the trees in the forest I met with many
fine Orchideous plants, one of the most abundant,
and certainly the most beautiful, being the Cattleja
labiata." Travels, ed. 2, p. 410. Even here the plants
were not secure, for on the previous page he writes :—
" In riding along, I could not help feeling deep
regret that in these regions many square leagues of
such forests were being cut down or burned, in order
to make room for plantations of Coffee." This has
been supposed to be the June-flowering variety
Warneri, but I believe it was what Gardner states,
for I have now certain evidence that late examples
do continue flowering in Brazil, not only into the
new year, but actually into the month of March.
R. A. Bolje.

Cattleya Harrisii X (C. guttata Leopoldii x C.
Mendelii).
This beautiful hybrid is now in flower in Messrs. Jas*
Veitch & Sons' nurseries, Chelsea. The flowers are
5 or 6 inches in diameter. The sepals and petals are
pale purplish-rose, sparingly dotted with crimson.
The labellum, which somewhat resembles that of a fine
form of L. elegans Turneri, has the side lobes blush-
white, the acute apex of each lobe being bright
crimson. The large and flat middle lobe is bright
amethyst-purple. It is a very fine showy variety,
and evidently a good grower.

The Oechid Rockery at Chelsea.
Never short of flower, a good display of rare things
is to be found in the ornamental rockery-house at
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, used for displaying some
of the showier Orchids in bloom. Among those at
present out are a large specimen of Sobralia xantho-
leuca. Some good Cattleya aurea, a large lot of Vanda
Kimballiar.a in flower, and V. Amesiana in bad;

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

453

Dendrobium ciliatum, D. phahviiopsis, and D. bigib-
bum, Lielia grandis tenebrosa, and some plants of
white Lycaste Skinneri and Cattleya Harrisoniie are
of the latter, having six spikes, with five or six
flowers on most of them. Two plants of Vanda
Lowii are blooming in an adjoining house, and a
most bewildering variety of beautiful hybrid Cypri-
pediums. The grand house of Nepenthes or Pitcher-
plants too, perhaps, never looked so well and pro-
fusely furnished with pitchers.

and fifty years, as^'in this case. The bunches of
Muscat of Alexandria, Madresfield Court, Black
Hamburgh, Foster's Seedling, and Lady Downes
were all of extra size, while Mrs. Pearson was finer
than we ever remember to have seen it before. No
Grapes are grown here merely for appearance, the
quality is the first consideration. For the earliest
crop, Mr. Speed rightly depends upon pot Vines
thus saving his permanent ones to a great extent.
Figs are remarkably fine, Brown Turkey being the

by the splendid crops of fruit, and the vigour of the
trees. Those in the earlier houses have already
been lifted; by doing this work early, the trees
make fresh fibrous roots before the leaves fall. Royal
George Peaches and Pine-apple Nectarines are two
favourite kinds. For late use, Princess of Wales
and another Peach are most promising, with very
heavy crops. Pines ar» looking well, with a lot of
useful fruit coming on for autumn use. Melons are
largely grown, the season of which is here prolonged

FlO. 58. — A VIEW OF PENUHTN CASTLE.

PENRHYN CASTLE GARDENS.

A visit to these well-kept gardens is always
instructive from a gardener's point of view, a high
standard of cultivation being aimed at by Mr. Speed.
In a recent visit, we were much jjleased with the
appearance of things throughout, and that in spite
■of the unfavourable season. Both fruits and plants
are well done at Penrhyn. Grapes are now in splendid
condition, having more the appearance of Vines
but a few years old than of those of between forty

favourite kind, fruits of the second crop being ripe,
and of extra size and quality. The trees are trained
very thinly, thus affording a free circulation of air,
with the beneficial effects of more light. The largest
tree in the Fig-house measures 70 feet or more in
width, and is in the best of health. Peaches
and Nectarines are largely grown under glass,
more so, possibly, through their not succeeding
well out-of-doors. Unless the trees are annually
lifted, Mr. Speed finds that the fruit-buds drop ;
that his treatment is sound is abundantly borne out

by having the first crop ripe in April, the latest
being carried well into the autumn. A kind called
Penrhyn Seedling is largely depended upon, and
well spoken of. Tomatos are extensively grown both
inside and out, in both cases the crops are, and have
been, very heavy ; Ham Green and Ruby are the
moat approved kinds. Morello Cherries are an
extra fine crop, a portion of which are grown upon
slate walls some 7 feet in height, the fruit being
large and clean. For better protection against
birds, the Gooseberry quarters are enclosed in wire-

454

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

netting, an excellent system, the crop amply proving
this ; the Warrington is largely grown upon trellises
for dessert use. Of Black Currants, Mr. Speed pos-
sesses a fine late sort now in good condition, the
ordinary kinds being over some time past. To
assist the dessert in the autumn, the fruits of the
Granadilla (Passifloraquadrangularis) are found most
useful, one large plant, now in profuse flower,
covering the roof of a large plant-house.

Kitohen garden crops look in the best possible con-
dition, salading evidently being an important feature.
The absence of weeds in a season like the present
speaks well for this department. The blight had,
however, made its appearance in the Potato crop.
Mushrooms are grown all the year round in com-
modious structures suitable for all seasons, much
importance being placed upon a good supply.

Plants for decorative purposes in the Castle, and
others for the supply of cut flowers, are cultivated in
large numbers. A healthier lot of plants than those
under Mr. Speed's charge is rarely met with.
Crotons are much valued as decorative plants, one
entire house being filled with an excellent stock.
The narrow-leaved kinds find most favour, and are
grown both as dwarf plants and from 2 to 3 feet in
height, upon single stems, and as bushes. These
Crotons are splendidly coloured, making a beautiful
show, clearly testifying to their value from a decora-
tive point of view. A sport, of which there are
several plants, is most distinct, the tips of the narrow
leaves are green, the other portions being of a deep
golden colour with reddish leaf-stalks and stems.
Adiantum Pacotti, Caladium argyrites (which is
growing luxuriantly, is a great favourite), small
plants of one of the minor forms of the fancy
Coleus — well-coloured whilst still compact, and other
dwarf-growing plants are used in quite a small
state for the dinner-table in rustic baskets,
a large stock being kept up for this pur-
pose. Dracaenas are largely grown also, D.
hybrida finding much favour. In one house is a
splendid stock of Calanthe Veitchii in the best of
health, these are growing under the shade of Stepha-
notis floribunda, which covers the roof, being itself
in profuse bloom. The tuberous Begonias are
grown largely, making a fine display, one variety
(Davisii lutea fl.-pl.), was quite striking because of
its colour, a rich orange. The roofs in several in-
stances are draped thinly with climbers, Passiflora
racemosa and Tacsonia Volxemii being thus very
attractive. In one instance the back wall of a warm-
house is covered from bottom to top with Adiantum
cuneatum, which is planted with a thin layer of
soil upon the wall surface ; thus a good supply
for cutting is obtained. Asparagus plumosus nanus
is being trained upon another back wall for a similar
purpose. Chrysanthemums are found here in large
numbers, some being upon long stems for large
flowers, but a greater number are bushes for the
supply of flowers in quantity, all are in fine health
The earlier ones are already flowering in the open
border, the yellow form of Madame Desgranges being
one of the best. Double Primulas are found most
valuable for cutting, the plants being of extra
size and very robust. Bouvardias occupy a con-
siderable space for the same purpose in pits by
themselves.

Most interesting are the many comparatively
tender plants which are growing out-of-doors luxu-
riantly, having withstood the severe frosts of the
past winter. Rhododendron Lady Alice Fitzwilliam
is in the best of health, being studded with bloom-
buds for another season. This variety is planted
against a south wall, and is quite at borne. This
plan is an excellent one for those of rather tender
growth, which are at the same time of straggling
habit. Euonymus radicans variegata covers a large
. space of wall, assuming quite a major form of growth
as compared with the same kind when trailing on
the ground. Amongst this Euonymus are to be
seen here and there the growths of Tropajolum spe-
ciosum in profuse flower, producing a beautiful effect
upon the light background. The double-flowering
variety of the Pomegranate is thriving well, so also

is Choisya ternata, both being planted against a wall,
the latter being a large plant ; it flowers well in its
season, frequently giving a smaller crop in the
autumn. Upon the same wall, with various aspects,
are Aloysia citriodora, Ficus repens, Magnolia
grandiflora, and Lapageria rosea. The latter with-
stands 13° of frost with safety. In this part of the
garden Mr. Speed has recently made an alteration,
adding a long border for such plants as the Bamboos,
all of which that are worth growing have been planted ;
Eulalia japonica variegata, E. gracillima, and E.
zebrina are also doing well. Other things con-
sist of Lilium giganteum, Azalea amrena, Erica
vulgaris alba rigida, Phormiums in variety, and other
peat-loving plants. Fuchsia Riccartoni has attained
huge dimensions, having reached such a height as to
be capable of being trained over a wide pathway upon
a wire trellis, the effect of which whilst in full
flower cannot be imagined without being seen.
Conifers in great variety have reached large pro-
portions. Wellingtonias are in fine form, so also is
Abies Smithiana (Morinda) ; there is also a grand
plant of Chamrerops Fortunei, which, without any
protection, did not receive any injury during the
severe frost.

Around the Castle there are no flower beds,
thus, with the grass up to the walls, there is
an air of quiet repose (see fig. 58, p. 453). Mr.
Speed has done well in following out this prac-
tice. Around the outskirts of the lawn, in suit-
able spots, thousands of Daffodils in variety have
been planted. Herbaceous plants, in the best-
known kinds, with Irids, Ranunculi, and Schizostylis
coccinea, are all grown for cutting purposes. A
large plot is planted out with Azalea mollis, and
specially reserved for forcing, a portion being lifted
each autumn, and those previously forced planted
out until again fit. These plants are of large
dimensions, and must make a fine display. Mr.
Speed is a gardener of Bound practice, and a deep
thinker ; the knowledge he has gained after twenty-
eight years' service at Penrhyn he is ready to impart
to all who are interested in horticultural pursuits. H.

the terraces magnificent views are obtainable across
the valley below, and up the slopes and hills of Ash-
down Forest, which is prettily wooded ; in fact, the
landscape surrounding the mansion on all sides could
not well be surpassed in Sussex. Visitor, September 30.

GLASS COPINGS FOE GARDEN
WALLS.

In districts where Peaches and Nectarines make
satisfactory growth, but do not ripen the wood suffi-
ciently to enable it to produce strong healthy
blossoms, or, where the frost frequently destroys
them when they arrive at the critical stag6, as a
safeguard, the addition of a glass coping is well worth
a trial, and the expense is trifling. The trees on
the Peach and Nectarine wall at Brambletye, East
Grinstead, in the garden of Donald Larnach, Esq.,
have produced a grand crop of fruit this year. The
wall is 90 yards long and 12 feet high, and is fur-
nished with a glass coping, 2 feet 6 inches wide,
running the whole length. It is supported by
wooden posts, set on pieces of stone, well raised
above the ground-line. Here such varieties of
Peaches as Violette Hative, Grosse Mignonne, No-
blesse, and Nectarines Hunt's Tawny, Elruge, &c,
are carrying eight to ten dozen fruits per tree. The
wood appears to be ripening well, and the past
summer cannot be included amongst the most
favourable. The fruit on the middle of the trees,
and those reaching up to the apex, beneath the
glass coping, are the finest and the best coloured,
and the current year's wood also seems to be favour-
ably influenced by its proximity to the glass. No
additional protection other than the glass coping was
afforded the trees when in bloom, and several sharp
frosts occurred at that time. During showery
weather and damp nights, which are so often fol-
lowed by destructive early morning frosts, the coping
is of great use in keeping the blossoms dry, enabling
them to withstand without injury many more degrees
of frost thanwouldbethecaseifthebloomsweredamp.
After noting the good crops on the cordon and
small pyramid Apple trees, we walked through the
pleasure-grounds and around the mansion. From

THE CULTURE OF ALPINE

PLANTS.

It has for a very long time seemed to me to be
an utter impossibility to grow alpine and other plants
to the best advantage on a small rockery, if it be
constructed on so-called picturesque principles. I
believe that the device of building a rockery a la Mont
Blanc is not only nonsense, but almost fatal to the
well-being of the subjects with which it is to be
clothed. The most extreme instance of this which I
have ever seen was in Battersea Park, some years ago,
when a small hillock was covered at the top with
Antennaria tomentosa, which was supposed to do
duty for snow, and everything else was after the same
pattern as this. But though such exhibitions may
not be very commonly met with, it is true, I am sure,
that alpines are often put second to the rockery on
which they are grown, instead of the rockery being
treated as nothing at all in comparison with them,
its very form and construction being altogether sub-
servient to their use.

Such a method as that which I have referred to
above, may perhaps have its special advantage, and
it is the best one to follow if a coup d'ceil be
desired. There are many splendid gardens, or ample
parks, which would scarcely admit of anything else,
but the price which you have to pay for it is a very
large one, and the promoter must either give up the
idea of growing specially difficult alpines altogether,
or — and this is the only alternative which I can think
of at all — the construction must cover a very large
area, and, while here and there a certain number of
suitable positions may be found, it is certain that very
wide spaces between them will be practically lost, and
little good will be got from them.

This is by no means an idea which I am singular
in holding. I heard the President of the Edinburgh
Botanical Alpine Club say, the other day, " We must
give up either the rock plants or the rockery. It is
quite impossible to do both well at the same time,"
by which Mr. Boyd simply meant that if we build
our rockeries on purely ossthetical principles, we
must in a measure, say good-bye to the flowers,
while if we take them into our confidence and
plainly meet their requirements, their home will, in
all probability, not be very beautiful in itself. There
are reasons which can be given for this, and on the
strength or weakness of these reasons, any decision
must turn.

A botanical friend, whose knowledge and love of
plants is beyond all dispute, very lately visited my
garden, and while I had expected from him a most
unreserved assent (like that of Mr. Boyd), in the in-
terest of the flowers, he could not restrain himself
from lamentations over the artificiality of the plan
I pursue, and he would have liked to bring boulders
from Ventnor, and to give a more natural aspect to
the whole thing. Of course, he may be quite right
in his opinion, and was quite right in saying just
what he thought, but I must have covered half an
acre or more with a rockery, if the same number of
suitable places for alpine plants are to be provided.
I therefore think only about the well-being of my
favourites, and I let other things take care of them-
selves. What I aim at may be called "compressed
advantageousness " for alpine plants, the being able to
make them contented in a comparatively small space,
and then all other considerations are left out of sight.
There is, however, one thing which I may as well
say, by way of parenthesis, and which is not unim-
portant. As a rule, very artistic and picturesque
rockeries cost a large sum of money. I have be-
fore my mind's eye, a construction which is
said to have cost £300, and another which cost
£800, and my old friend, the late Mr. Gassiot, must

Octobeb 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

455

have spent a very large sum over a rockery (by
bringing huge rocks from Ventnor, &c), on which he
lavished the best advice he could procure, and which
was beautified and adorned in the highest possible
manner. But I am quite sure that in my way I can
accommodate a far larger number of alpines than he
could do in his way, and though I cannot speak quite
positively about the following point, because I have
been at work in my rockery for some four or five
years, I certainly do not believe that I have expended
on it much more than thirty or forty pounds for soil,
labour, and stones. I must, however, acknowledge
■that I bad a good chance with regard to the last
mentioned item, and I was liberally dealt with by the
■authorities in Ryde.

In setting to work, I always had one thing pre-
eminently in view, and I have never lost sight
of it for a moment. I allude to the desirability
cf having a great variety of elevations and aspects,
as well as of degrees of dryness, and descriptions of
soil for the plants. I hold to unremitting experi-
ment more than anything else, and if one device
fails, there should be facility for turning at once to
something else. In truth, before experience, it is a
wonder that plants from such different latitudes and
longitudes — those which grow high up on the moun-
tain sides, and those which are sub-alpine as well,
many also that have no claim to alpine honours at all
— should be willing to unite in one happy assemblage,
and to have a common home ! and yet it assuredly is
so. Saxifraga flagellaris, from Lapland, I believe ;
Ramondia pyrenaica, from a southern clime ; Lewisia
Tediviva, from the Rocky Mountains (I think I can
manage that now) ; Androsace lanuginosa, from
North Indian heights ; Omphalodes Lucilioe, from
the range of Mount Taurus in Asia Minor ; Morisia
bypogcea, from Sardinia; Primula sufl'rutescens,
from North America ; P. ciliata, from the Western
Alps of Europe ; P. Clusiana, from the Eastern Alps ;
Fhyteumacomosum, from Carpathia ; Celmisiaspec-
tabilis, from New Zealand ; Pulmonaria dahurica,
&c, may be taken as samples of the variety of
plants in my rockery, and of the widelv-different
regions from which they have come. Surely it
is not to be supposed that they can be treated
in anything like the same way, and their idiosyn-
crasies must be consulted, if they are to do well
at all. Now, it is this very thing which I so much
4esire to do.

It has struck me very often that failure or suc-
cess turns upon some slight and removable cause,
and it is more by observation of these occasions of
trouble than by anything else that one can hope to
get on. My note-book is crammed full of them, and
my head also. I will give just a few typical instances.
I think everybody must wish to keep on good terms
with Pulmonaria dahurica. It is a most chaiming
little spring flower, of the brighest blue. But, unless
I am mistaken, this gem is dying out everywhere. It
is difficult to get hold of it now, and it bears a very
bad character, indeed, for fickle inconstancy. My
own experience with it has been quite of that sort ;
but last winter I seemed to find a clue to its require-
ments. I planted on my rockery, three specimens
all equally good, so far as I can remember; two of
them were on a lower tier of pockets than the third,
this lastwas not far off from the others, but still a little
above them, and on a very gentle incline. I believe
that the difference of position made all the difference
in the world to the well-being of the plants. The
two lower ones died, and I never saw them at all last
spring. The upper one appeared above ground at
the proper time, and since has become a very strong
specimen. What does this teach, but that Pulmo-
naria dahurica is very sensitive about the question
of drainage, and it must never be tried on
the lower level at all? This was also the
case with another reputedly troublesome plant,
but which cannot be called that, if it be properly
used. I put Campanula Allionii high up on the
rockery in a sandy, loamy place, and where it would
get plenty of sunshine, and I also put a large patch of
it where the conditions were very similar, save only
that there was just a little trickling moisture to be
.endured. la this last situation the whole thing came

to utter grief, and it is certain to me now that Cam-
panula Allionii is a lover of drought, as might almost
have been supposed from its homo in the Apennines.

Exactly the opposite of all this is the case
with Polygala Chamsebuxus purpurea, which should
always be grown in large clumps and left alone
for a time. I have found by undeniable experi-
ence that it cannot bear to be dried up, and when
it has ceased to be moist, it has always ceased
to do well. Androsace eximia, and others too,
now do quite well in my hands, and the little
pink blossoms abound in the spring, but this is
entirely owing to their being grown in pure peat ;
it was far from being the case when I gave them a
compost on which I relied, but which was not to their
liking. They yielded up their secret through multi-
plied failures, and at last they were satisfied. I
brought Epilobium obcordatum with safety through
the trials of last winter, but I had inadvertently
given to it a full western exposure, and as soon
as the rays of the sun acquired force, it at once
withered away. It was a foolish mistake on my
part, and came about partly from want of room, but
it will not be repeated. Omphalodes Lncilise, the
most exquisitely tinted of all alpine plants, sickened
with me in peat ; it likes good fresh loam in a not very
scorching position, and then it grows quickly. Per-
haps the finest specimen that I have seen of this
beautiful flower is in the hands of Mr. Bartholomew
at Reading, but only a few paces off from it I saw a
sister plant which was pining away. So exacting
and inexorable in their requirements are these little
beauties, that one must live among them if they
are to be won over at all. Further illustrations might
be given, but what has been said will suffice. If it
means anything, it insists I think on the advisability
of a great variety of conditions in the cultivation of
alpine plants, and constant and repeated experiments
reveal to us more than anything else what they like
best to be treated to. A servile imitation of Natuie
is seldom or never possible in our hands, and when
we think we have done the best in this respect, we
too often find that there is something wanting after
all which vitiates our proceedings altogether. With
a view, then, to experimentation at every turn, I
have constructed my rockery after a fashion of its
own (see fig. 59, p. 459). It bears a very strong
similarity in some respects to the well-known rockery
in the Botanical Garden in Edinburgh, and if I bad
never come across that, I might not have ventured
on mine ; but there is a difference as well as a resem-
blance between the two, the main point on which
they are agreed being the fact that stone pockets
are more to the liking of alpine plants than any-
thing else, and that they afford the best promise of
success. The length of the whole construction is
about 85 feet, and its width is about 30 feet ; its
height from the lowest part of the walk is 8 feet,
and in shape it somewhat resembles the form of a
Rom in amphitheatre. All this is partly accounted
for by the run of the ground, and the exigencies of
a small garden, and partly because it is so made
that every part of it can be very easily reached, and
it is commanded by a small ladder which is kept for
the purpose. There are very nearly 1500 pockets io
all, and if three plants on an average be allowed for
a pocket, the number may be computed at about
4500. This is exclusive of Cactuses, which do well
in a sunny slope in the middle of the rockery, and
which faces due south, and also of a large number of
plants which grow in a wall which is from 2| to 3 feet
high, and which runs round the whole thing, and by
which indeed it is held up. This wall is perforated,
so to say, by the simple expedient of leaving out every
alternate brick, and as it is now nearly clothed with
creepers and alpines of one sort and another, it is as
pretty an object as could well be seen in a garden,
and the bricks will be soon entirely hidden. But if
one thing be added to another, there is certainly a
receptacle for not less than 5000 individual plants.

A perforated wall is assuredly of the greatest
advantage where many alpines are grown. They
take to it in a kindly manner, and as frost descends
vertically, they can often bear to be nipped, or even
cut down to the face of the wall, and in spring they

will shoot forth again as though nothing had hap-
pened. They have had a warm and cosy retreat,
where no frost could reach them in winter, and
where the soil — because it lies far from the surface
— can be kept moist in the summer. It is, more-
over, a fact that not a few very good, and Borne
difficult plants, prefer to grow horizontally, if it can
be managed, rather than in any other way, and great
facilities are provided for this in a wall which is
banked up with earth ; the roots can penetrate far into
the interior without any hindrance whatever. Some
years ago, I saw clearly what protection is afforded to
tender things in the chinks of an ordinary garden-
wall, and of course it can be given much better in
the perforated wall of my rockery. Some seeds of
Maurandya Barclayana were blown out of my green-
house, or carried by birds into a small crevice out-
side, and for several years this confessedly tender
plant lived there and blossomed. It was a positive
proof that an immense shelter is afforded by
the kind of retreat I am speaking of, and I
have tried ever since to make use of it to the
uttermost. Capparis spinosa, Ramondia pyrenaica,
Edraianthus dalmaticus, Campanula isophylla,
and very many Sedums and Saxifrages can be grown
better in this way on a wall than in any other.
There is the best of homes provided by it for Aubrie-
tias, Alyssum, Arabis, Antirrhinums, Helianthe-
iuums, Statices, Dianthuses, ^Ethionemas, &c, to say
nothing of Ferns, which in my hot garden can be
grown in no other manner. The one which is par
excellence the best wall plant of all, is Campanula
Portenschlagiana major, which was kindly given to
ms by Mr. Wolley Dod, and which soon covers a very
large surface, and hangs down in beautiful festoons.
The pockets above the wall are in their way. and for
quite different plants, just as useful and good. We
must all cater for ourselves, and every garden has
something about it which should govern all the pro-
ceedings of which it happens to be the scene. In
my garden I have to fight the sun, and the glorious
sunshine, which in February and March wakens up
life, which gives such a depth of colour to all my
flowers, is very often a great deal more brilliant in
summertime than can be easily endured, and the
fierce solar rays woull occasion wide-spread desola-
tion and ruin if they were not somewhat counter-
acted. This is the reason, or, at any rate, the
main reason, why the Edinburgh pockets are
so much beloved in the Isle of Wight. They
afford complete protection against the scorching heat
of the sun, which could not else be endured. It
would be quite impossible for me to grow any
Primula of the pubescens type without their assist-
ance, and plants nestle into the angles which are
caused by two stones. Some of my kindly critics
have been rather disbelieving about this, until I
explained to them what is meant. I only wish they
would try for themselves, and in the hottest and
most exposed position which they can find, station
two exactly similar plants, and watch how they go on
with and without protection being given to them.
All I can say is, that before I came across the Edin-
burgh idea, I could never, as a rule, succeed with
Primulas in the Isle of Wight at all. Some few, as
e.g., P. spectabilis, were willing to stay with me
for awhile, but the majority of them resented all
my efforts on their behalf, and they perished
accordingly. H. E., Ri/de.

(To be continued.)

FLO WEE FARMING AT

MITCHAM.

One of the most interesting cultures still carried
on in the neighbourhood of London is that of flower
farming in the vicinity of Mitcham ; a branch of
culture, however, that is gradually diminishing as
the march of bricks and mortar continues to extend
the boundaries of the great metropolis. The past
season, which has been so disastrous to field crops
generally, has had a serious effect upon Livender,
Peppermint, and other perfume plants.

The subject of the Mitcham flower-farms has lately

456

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 17, 1891.

been treated of in a very interesting article in
the Chemist and Druggist. Describing the fields, the
writer says :— " Most of the land was badly weeded,
and in some places bare patches of soil proclaimed
the ravages wrought by the winter frosts. Acre
upon acre was pointed out which had been con-
verted from Peppermint or Lavender into Potato or
Cabbage land, and scarcely any new herb fields had
been laid out this season. Presently we halted at a
large stretch of land, whence the sweet odourof Laven-
der was wafted in bountiful waves. Passing through
a gat», we found ourselves in a wide field, covering,
may be, 50 or 60 acres. The field itself was completely
treeless — no shade is wanted on herb fields — but it
was sheltered in the east by a small wood, while its
other sides were bounded by single rows of tall
trees." It is well known that two kinds of Pepper-
mint are cultivated at Mitcham, which are known as
black and white Peppermint. These have both
been described as Mentha piperita var. officinalis.
As seen growing in the fields, the plants are very
different from each other ; the black form is a taller
plant than the white, of more robust growth, has
purplish stems and dark green leaves, while the
white form, besides being shorter, is of a pale green
throughout. " The yield of essential oil from the
white is considerably less than that from the black ;
it is usually calculated at about three- fourths."
But the largest grower of white Mint in the
country estimated that the output of the white
this season would be very little more than half that
of the black plant. " The Peppermint plants, both
black and white, are planted in long rows, and
require careful weeding. The first year's crop is
always a poor one, and does little more than pay the
cost of production, and the farmer looks to the
second and third years' crops for his remuneration.
After the harvest of the third, or sometimes the
fourth season, the new runners are hoed. In the
month of November the old plants are ploughed in,
and the new ones covered, to protect them from the
frost."

Though there is such a distinct difference in the
appearance of the Peppermint plants themselves, it
is stated that " there are probably not half-a-dozen
men living who could accurately distinguish by
colour, taste, or smell the oil of the White Mint
from that of the Black, but for all that, White
Mitcham Mint realises a considerably higher price
than Black, and is accounted the finest variety of
peppermint oil extant." Besides Peppermint, Laven-
der and Chamomile are also cultivated to a con-
siderable extent ; both, however, suffered consider-
ably from the severity of last winter, and the grounds
this season have exhibited many ugly black patches.
Many acres, indeed, both of Peppermint and Laven-
der grounds have this year been ploughed up and
converted into Potato or Cabbage land, and scarcely
any new herb fields had been laid down.

The Chamomile cultivated at Mitcham is the
double-flowered form, and last year, we are informed,
" That the crop was so thick, and the flower-stalks
grew to such a height, that one plant touched and
uplifted its neighbour, until the leaves and stalks
were completely hidden, and the broad field looked
as if covered with fresh snow. But this year the crop
was not only late — quite half the flowers being im-
mature— but excessively thin, and black spots of
weeded earth were painfully frequent among the
white and green of the plants."

The Chamomile crops in France and Belgium are
also very short this year, consequently the flowers
and the oil of Chamomile will realise a high price,
both in the English and Continental markets. Most
of the produce of the flower-farms at Mitcham finds
its way to the still-house, and is distilled on the
spot; but some of the Lavender is bunched and sent
to Covent Garden, where, during the past season, it
fetched from 3s. to 4s. per dozen bunches ; but with
the prospect of Lavender-oil fetching a high price,
most of it was submitted to distillation. As an illus-
tration of the price which this oil sometimes com-
mands, it may be mentioned that in 1881 it realised
as much as 8 guineas per lb., and very little could
be obtained at that price. The plants which yield

essential oils require a great deal of manuring,
animal manure being almost exclusively used by
some growers at Mitcham, though the exhausted
herb, after distillation, is also so used.

"The same stills are used, of course, for Pepper-
mint, Lavender, and Chamomile distillation. When
a charge of Mint follows one of Lavender, the worm
of the still is well washed with boiling water ; but
if Lavender follows Mint, and especially if Chamo-
mile has been the preceding charge, it is necessary
to boil out the still with lime and water."

FRUIT NOTES.

The Sttrian Peak. — In sending you some fruit
last week, and asking you kindly to name them for
me, I referred to the Pear Styrian, and inquired
whether you could tell me how it was that so little
was heard of it. It is practically never mentioned,
and I do not find it in any of the catalogues. It is,
however, as I said, peculiarly handsome, and a very
good Pear indeed. It having ripened since I wrote
you, 1 take the liberty of sending you two fruits,
which I think will bear out what I have said, and I
shall be much obliged if you can infoim me why so
little is heard of it. W. H. Tittett.

[Mr. Barron of Chiswick, to whom we sent the fruit,
writes as follows. Ed.] : — " The samples you have sent
us of this Pear are of very fine quality, much finer
than it is generally met with, although we have
grown it for the last thirty years. We have always
considered it a variable sort. At Keele Hall it was
grown some years ago with very great success, and
was in consequence put in circulation as the Keele
Hall Beurre\ It is an extremely handsome fruit, of
medium size, long pyriform in shape."

The Week's Work,

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

HERBACEOUS BORDERS : THEIR FORMATION
AND PLANTING. — Now that the clearing of the beds
of the summer flowers, and their re-filling with spring-
flowering subjects are being completed, we are about
to proceed with the making of two herbaceous
borders, about 100 yards long and 10 feet wide, and
skirting a broad gravel walk on either hand. The
ground, which is under turf, like the 15 acres sur-
rounding it, and which are thinly planted with
masses and specimen flowering trees and shrubs,
is planted with a row of Laburnum trees,
standing 10 feet from the walk on either side.
This will be taken off the spaces indicated
in the ordinary way — in lengths from 24 to 36 inches,
12 inches wide, and between 1 and 2 inches deep. The
soil from 18 to 24 inches deep, and consisting of
a light loam resting on a substratum of gravel, will
be broken up and thrown out on one side, and, being
pretty close to the natural water-line, 6 to 9 inches
deep of clinkers, brick-bats, &c, will be put in the
bottom of each border, these being broken fine on
top and then covered with the turf taken off the sur-
face, grassy side down, to ensure good drainage. This
done, the best portion of the excavated soil will be
returned, mixing with it a few thin layers of short
dung and leaf-mould, afterwards adding a coating 0
or 9 incheB deep of red loamy soil, with which
small quantities of lime, wood-ashes, soot, and
horse-droppings had been incorporated, about eleven
years ago, laying on another dressing of short
manure and leaf-soil, and forking the whole well
over to the depth of a five-tined fork, the borders
being about 6 inches higher at the back than in the
front when finished.

PLANTING — In planting, all straight lines of
plants of uniform height will be strictly avoided,
but in a general way, the tall-growing subjects of
various heights will be planted in the back rows,
graduating in height from back to front, the plants
forming each irregular lines varying from 6 to 15
inches in height, so as to produce a broken surface.
Due regard will be paid to the planting here
and there of single plants of different species
known to flower in April and May, among those
whose flowering-time is June and July, and so on,
during the three following months; thus planted,
there will be no large unoccupied spaces to mar the
picture in the borders, the proportionate number of
species and plants necessary to make a floral display
each month during the period indicated being con-
sidered in planting. By disposing the several
species and varieties in the manner described, the

large unoccupied spaces that occur in the floral
picture during the spring, summer, and autumn
months, where the several kinds and varieties are
planted in masses, as each group of plants one
after another goes out of flower, are avoided.
Among the flowers which are to be planted in the
rear parts of the borders, are Phlox, Delphinium,
Helianthus (Sunflower), Aster, Spiraea Aruncus,
Aconitum, and the like ; while the body of the
borders will be planted with Pseonies, Poppies,
Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Eryngiums, Potentillas,
Gaiilardias, Aster longifolius formosus, and A.
Amellus, Gillenias, Vel-onicas, Erodiums, Linums,
Polemoniums, Polygonatuma, Aquilegias, Funkias,
Fragarias, Dielytras, Doronicums, Liliums, Francoas,.
&c. ; using near the front, in addition to various
kinds of bulbous plants, tufts of Arabis, Aster bes-
sarabicus, Saxifragas, Sedum, Dianthus, Armeria,.
Aubrietia, Polyanthus, Gentians, &c. Among the
tall-growing kinds of Michaelmas Daisies may be
mentioned A. angustifolius, A. ruber, A. pulcher-
riinus, A. Novi-belgii grandiflora, A. Chapmaniiv
A. polyphyllus, and A. ericoides.

GENERAL WORK. — This will consist in dividing
and re-arranging herbaceous plants in established
borders and beds ; the taking up and storing away in
a dry place in sand of roots of Dahlias, Cannas, and
such-like. Tuberous-rooted Begonias are best win-
tered in a cold-pit, laying the roots in soil with a
good length of the tops adhering, covering the glass
with a little Fern in severe weather. The making
of new walks, and the re-gravelling of existing ones
where necessary, will also require doing. H. W.
Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

MUSHROOMS. — Beds spawned last month should1
be showing " buttons," and slight damping of the
surface with tepid water should be afforded if it is
very dry. The Mushroom-cellar or house should be
kept as regards the air moderately moist, and a little
fire-heat turned on at night to keep the warmth
between 55° and 65°.

SALSAFY, SCORZONERA, AND CHICORY.— Of
these only the finest and most shapely roots should be
reserved on lifting them. A number of Chicory roots
may be placed in the Mushroom-house or other dark
place to bleach, following up with successions of
roots to keep up with the demand. Cut off the leaves
within half an inch of the crown, plant pretty
close together, and keep them from the light. Par-
snips are best when lifted as they are required for use,
unless the soil is of a wet nature, and canker of the
roots is common in those cases. Lift and store them
in bins or pits in sand or fine coal-ashes. Horn
Carrots sown late should remain in the ground for
some time yet, that is, until they have ceased to
grow.

TURNIPS, when sufficiently large, may be pulled
at intervals throughout the winter, for if the weather
keeps mild, they will continue to grow in size.
Fully grown roots of the Turnip suffer from
frost more than smaller ones, and should be pulled
in time, and kept in reserve for flavouring pur-
poses. Late sown crops of Turnips Bhould receive
surface-dressing of some kind of manure, and an
occasional hoeing to aerate the soil, &c.

When the weather allows of it being done, stir the
soil between growing crops. Make another planting
of Cabbages; earth-up those earlier planted, affording
the soil a good dressing of soot and quicklime.
Late Celery, prior to being earthed up, being similarly
dressed. Winter Spinach, if not making satisfactory
progress, should be assisted with dressings of an
artificial manure, and the plants thinned sufficiently
to allow space for each to properly develop.

CELERY AND LEEKS.— These should be earthed-
up in dry weather, the former for the most part
finally. Too much care cannot be taken to keep the
soil from falling into the hearts of the plant. The
latest Celery should be examined, and every sucker
pulled off, the stems tied up loosely with matting,
and earthed-up when dry. Take great care to
have the soil well moistened at the roots of the
plants before earthing-up is begun.

GLOBE ARTICHOKES. — Cut the flower stalks
down to the ground, and keep all heads fit for use in
a cool shed or cellar. A heavy mulch of strawy
manure should be put over the crowns, and later the
stools should be protected with long litter ; and in
very severe weather some protection should be given
to the tops — bracken being a suitable material for
this purpose. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

457

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

PEACHES. — Late varieties of Peaches are, not-
withstanding the lateness of the season, ripening
much better than it was at one time thought likely
they would do, but the flavour, though passable, is
not good, and a really good dish of these fruits is a
welcome addition to the dessert. As a late variety,
Walburton's Admirable still holds its own, and the
fruit is very juicy and sweet. Princess of Wales, one
of the largest of the late kinds, if planted on a good
aspect, and treated well, in favourable seasons it
ripens well, and bears excellently. Where there are
any fruits left on the trees, they should be gathered
and ripened on a shelf near the glass in the vinery,
where plenty of dry air freely passes among them,
placing the fruits carefully on sheets of paper. Those
intending to plant Peach trees this season, will find
the following very useful and good varieties to
select from : — Waterloo, Hales' Early, Early York,
Alexandra Noblesse, Old Noblesse, Abec, Condor,
Stirling Castle, Dymond, Royal George, Bellegarde,
Barrington, Sea Eagle, Crimson Galande, and Wal-
burton Admirable, with Princess of Wales for a
latest use. Goshawk, Dr. Hogg, Grosse Mignonne,
Royal Charlotte, and Belle Bause, are also good
Peaches.

NECTARINES. — Lord Napier, Elruge, Pine-apple,
Pitmaston Orange, and Humboldt, are the best ;
while Albert Victor and Victoria are best under
glass with us, the fruits splitting on trees on the
open wall.

PEARS. — For planting, the following are desir-
able :— Williams' Bon Chretien, Clapp's Favourite,
Madame Treyve, Beurre d'Amanlis, Autumn Nelis,
Winter Nelis, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurrd Superfin,
Doyenne1 du Cornice, Marie Louise, Louise Bonne of
Jersey, Glout Morceau, Olivier des Serres, and
Josephine de Malines.

APPLES. — Dessert : Mr. Gladstone, Devonshire
Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, Yellow Ingestre, Wor-
cester Pearmain, Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange,
King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Margil,
Cox's Pomona, and Golden Knob. Kitchen varieties:
Manx Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Ecklinville,
Lord Grosvenor, Lord Derby, Stirling Castle, Golden
Spire, Tower of Glamis, Warner's King, Mere de
Manage, Prince Albert, Fillbasket, and Wellington.

PLUMS. — Rivers' Early Prolific, Oulin's Golden
Gage, Denniston's Superb, Belgian Purple, The
Sultan, Kirke's Green Gage, Victoria, Jefferson's,
Prince Englebert, Coe's Golden Drop, Pond's Seed-
ling, Washington, Guthrie's Gage, and Automne
Compote.

CHERRIES. — Rivers' Early, Governor Wood, May
Duke, Kentish Bigarreau, Napoleon Bigarreau, Elton,
Black Tartarian, Black Eagle, and Belle de Orleans.
In the above will be found some very good things,
and I feel sure will give the planter every satis-
faction, though there are many others good and well
worth growing.

NUTS. — These may now be gathered and stored
if the husks \re of a brownish colour, and the nuts
beginning to drop, selecting a day when they are
quite dry, place them in a dry airy room so as to
prevent mouldiness and keep the nuts in the husks,
and in this way they will last in good condition for
several months. Sometimes the fruits are exposed
to the fumes of burning sulphur, but there is no
necessity for this, if the husks are dry when the crop
is stored, and the storeroom be kept dry and airy.
R. Markham, Mercworth Castle, Maidstone.

hastened by withholding water, but kept steadily
moving till the time comes for them to go into their
winter quarters. Dryness at the root is very bad
for these plants if it be carried to excess, and become
much weakened. On the other hand, exposing them to
heavy rain is equally injurious towards the end of
growth. Cold frames or houses afford the best kind
of protection for pot- Strawberries, and if that is not
practicable, the late ones may be stacked against
walls or fences, or in stacks facing both ways, using
plenty of ashes or fibre to prevent injury by frost
and rain.

THE EARLY FIG HOUSE.— Those who may have
accommodation for forcing both early and late Figs
will now require to get the former pruned, washed
with warm water, and dressed with an insecticide,
ready for operations ; but as many gardeners do not
possess Figs planted'out in houses, bushes in pots have
to be grown instead. I need not go into pot culture
and the necessary details, having treated of their
preparation in earlier calendars. When plants in
pots must be made use of, it is necessary to keep up
a young vigorous stock of these bushes, to bring on
as the older ones become too large, although, as is
well known, provided the roots are well supplied with
manure materials, pot-bound bushes in pots will give
good supplies for many years. One such kind is
Negro Largo, which actually does best when the
roots are cramped for want of space. The pruning
of the early house should now be finished.
A good "paint "for Figs is Bentley's Soluble Parafin
Oil, or one made of sulphur, tobacco-water, and a
little clay to give consistency. The walls of the Fig
house should be lime-washed, and the glass and wood-
work cleaned. Care must be taken not to injure the
young Figs just visible on this year's wood, and a
soft brush or sponge must be used for these when
washing or dressing the bushes. The old mulch
laying on the borders must be removed, and a dress-
ing of turfv loam, to which bone-meal and old mortar
rubble are'added, afforded, making the new material
very firm. Any trees which may be making too
much wood may be lifted,, the roots shortened, and
replanted, and the soil covered with litter, to get
them to start into new growth. Do not make nse of
any manure in the compost. Thoroughly water the
border after planting, and before placing the litter
on the surface. Figs in late houses will now be
ripening their wood, and though these trees will con-
tinue in bearing for a long time yet, it is better for
them if they are got into condition for next season's
fruiting, and to do this, watering must be discon-
tinued, abundance of air afforded, and some warmth
kept in the hot-water pipes, to assist the ripening
process. If these trees are crowded with shoots, a
portion of the older wood may be taken out with
advantage. If any tree is found to be shy in fruit-
ing, the present is a good time to lift and replant
it. G. Wythes, Si/on House, Brentford, W.

CLERODENDRON THOMPSONI ANUM. — These
plants will now require gradual drying-off, and in
cases of a scarcity of house-room, the plants on
balloon trellises may be removed from the trellises,
and stood againBt the back wall, or in a corner of
the stove, but care must be taken not to put them
where the temperature falls below G0°, or they will
soon be injured. Clerodendrons in general may be
kept drier than most other plants during the time
they are at rest.

CALANTHES.— The different species and varieties
of this useful plant will now have completed their
growth, and require less water at the roots. Place
them in a light position, on a shelf, suspended some
2 feet from the roof of the stove, and here let them
remain till they come into bloom. Care should be
taken to keep the leaves healthy as long as possible,
or the pseudobulbs will not be properly matured.

FERN8 FOR FURNISHING —The young stocks of
these plants should now be exposed to full light to
mature the fronds, and enable them to better with-
stand changes of temperature. Ferns which are used
for this purpose should be grown, if possible, in low
pits during the summer time, and only shading them
so that the young fronds are not damaged by a too
bright sun ; at the same time keeping them well up
to the glass. Under this regime the frond becomes
sturdy and enduring. For use in a cut state it is
advisable to immerse the fronds in water for several
hours, as by so doing they will continue fresh for
several days.

CINERARIAS.— The later stock of these plants,
which at the present time is standing in small pots,
which are fast filling with roots, will require a shift.
Keep the plants in a low pit, where there is fire-heat
at command, standing them on a bed of coal-ashes
or other cool moisture-holding material ; and giving
air whenever the weather admits. The earliest plants
will now be showing blooms, and they should be
assisted weekly with weak manure- water. R. Milner,
Penrice Castle, Swansea.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

STRAWBERRIES. — These plants will have made
rapid drogress during the last few weeks, manure
made from cow or sheep's-dung having been afforded
them. Space enough should be allowed, so that the
foliage may get dry after being moistened by dew ;
and the pots frequently shifted to prevent the roots
going into the bed. Plants for autumn-fruiting
should now be housed and stimulated with manure-
water, at the same time keeping them close to the
glass. Vicomtesse Hericart du Thury is one of the
best at this season, notwithstanding the fruit being
small. The early plants, which are in 5-inch pots,
will require the best position to get their crowns
well ripened. I prefer to place them in an aspect
looking south, standing them close together in a cold
frame, which is done as soon as growth is at an end.
Here the plants will get better ripened, and not con-
tinue growing in mild weather, as when they are
plunged in coal -ashes in the open air, and being
close to each other, they do not get dry at the roots
quickly. The maturing of later kinds should not be

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

CALADIUMS. — These plants will by this time be
getting past their best for the season, and should be
allowed to ripen off by withholding water gradually.
Place them by themselves in the driest portion of
the stove, and when the foliage has died down, store
them in a place where the temperature does not fall
below 55° to 60°, as, if kept in a lower temperature
in winter there is a risk of the corms dying.

POINSETTIAS. — Plants which have been growing
in cool pits ought now to be placed in warm quarters,
and in cases where a portion of the stock is required
to bloom early, a few plants may be placed in the
Pine-stove, where they will quickly come into bloom.
A Melon-house, where the Melon plants are cleared
away, is a capital place in which to grow Poinsettias
until they come into bloom. Assist the plants with
frequent applications of liquid manure and soot-water
in a weak state if very large heads of bloom are
wanted.

EUPHORBIA JACQUINI/EFLORA. — This is another
plant that should be placed at the warmer end of
the stove, keeping it well up to the glass, so that as
much light as possible may shine on it. Care should
be taken in affording this plant less water during the
short days, as should the soil be kept in a constantly
wet state, the plant is very liable to die suddenly.

THE STOVE. — Young plants of Allamanda struck
in the spring should now be flowering abundantly.
Afford the plants as much light as possible, to give
strength and solidity to the blooms; and assist the
plants with weak doses of some approved kind of
fertiliser, so that the plants may continue in bloom
for some time to come.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

PHAL/ENOPSIS — These plants must needs engage
much of the attention of the cultivator at this
season, for rotting and "spot" are likely to occur,
unless the warmth of the house and the moisture
in the air have careful attention. The discoloration
of the foliage is one of the surest signs of decay,
and arises from want of air and too much
moisture in the atmosphere of the house ; and the
first signs are brown spots on the leaves. Water
must not be withheld from any plant for more than
a fortnight at a time, and this only when the brown
spots begin to show themselves. The plants should
then be hung up close to the top ventilators, without
placing them in a cool draught ; and the plant being
kept on the dry side for about ten or fourteen days,
will effectually stay decay for some time, although,
sooner or later, the affected leaves are sure to go.

Now that the plants are showing their flower-
spikes, manurial assistance should be afforded at each
watering, so as to ensure fine flowers ; and either
guano or dung-water used alternately answers well.
As the spikes lengthen and begin to branch,
the grower should take into consideration how
many really good flowerB the plant will carry,
which is a matter amateurs should consider,
for they are apt to err in retaining a large number
of flowers upon a spike, whereas if but one-half the
number were reserved the flowers would be finer, and
the plant greatly benefited. Those plants which may
have broken into untimely growth should have their
flower-spikes cut off, else the immature growth and
the flowering will soon cause the death of the plant.
THE INTERMEDIATE- HOUSE.— The dwarf grow-
ingvarieties of Cattleya are now perhaps the brightest
objects to be found here, a bank consisting of these
Cattleyas, Odontoglossum grande, and Sophromtes
grandiflora is now very lovely. I would recom-
mend those who may wish to make a point
of having some good things in flower during the
autumn months, to get these species, and Vanda
ccerulea, which are really amateurs' pet plants,
growing, as they do, under the same treatment as the
Odontoglossum. The more I see of Vanda Kim-
balliana, the more I am struck with its beauty. I
also get excellent reports from different corre-
spondents as to its freedom to grow.

The temperatures of the different divisions should
be gradually lowered at the rate of 1° or 2° a week,
until a temperature of 65° at night is reached in
the East Indian-house, 60° in the Cattleya-house,
55° in the intermediate, and 45° in the cool division.
A. G. Catt, ParkHeld, Hallow.

458

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

MONDAY,

TUESDAY,

Oct. 19'

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

{See aho prge 469.)

I Great Clearance of Nursery Stock,
at Cunningham's Nursery. Liver-
pool (four days), by Protheroe &
Morris.
/ Nursery Sloe)!, at the Windlesham
Nurseries. BaRShot, by Protheroe

I& Morris.
Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
.Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
/Collection of Established Orchids.
\ from Old Park. Ventnor, at Pro-
OCT. 20 < theroe & Morris' Rooms.

j Land, at Benfleet, by Protheroe &
v. Morris.

I Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
407,000 Kentia Seeds, also Bulbs
and Plants, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
2i < Nursery Stock, at Ealing, by Messrs.
Protheroe & Morris.
| Collection of Orchids, by the late
G. N. Wyatt, Esq., at Stevens'
Rooms (two days).
/Enormous quantities of Nursery
Stock, at Hollamby's Nursery,
! Groombridge, Tnnbridge Wells,
by Messrs. Protheroe & Morris
j (two days).

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
V Morris' Rooms.
, * Imported and Established Orchids,
"( at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

i Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.

THURSDAY, OCT. 22

FRIDAY.
SATURDAY,

Oct. 23 J

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR TBTE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERV4TTONS
OF FORTY-THREE YSARS. AT CHISWICK.— 50°,2.

In spite of the detestable weather,
TheConifer which prevente(i tne presence

Conference. r _ . ■

of a large number of visitors
this was decidedly one of the most impor-
tant meetings which the Royal Horticultural
Society has ever held in the time-honoured
gardens at Chiswick. The days on which the
exhibition was held precluded us from giving
any but a hurried reference in our columns last
week, causing also inability to revise the
proofs ; but in our present issue we are enabled
to revert to the subject, and to supply particulars
relating to matters which occurred after our
former number went to press, tin Thursday it
was found that considerable accessions had
been made t;> the exhibition, including a valu-
able series of photographs from Mr. Hansen,
of Copenhagen, together with lists showing the
number of Conifers that can be grown in Den-
mark, and with statistics relating to their growth
in that northern climate. Mr9. Robb also sent
an interesting series of drawings by a Chinese
artist, representing trees introduced by Fortune,
and which were made at the instance of Miss
Boulter, now Mrs. Robb. The Chinese artist,
it appears, wisely stipulated that he should be per-
mitted to add figures of his countrymen, which,
while they add greatly to the quaintness and
vitality of the illustrations, furnish valuable in-
dications as to size. The drawings, though
destitute of perspective as we understand it, were
nevertheless quite recognisable, and were further
valuable as giving the Chinese names of the
trees in question.

Further details as to the exhibit of living
specimens in the Conifer garden, which formed
one of the most striking features of the exhibi-
tion, are given in another column. On the
third day of the Conference the meeting was
presided over by the Director of the Royal
Gardens at Kew, who alluded to the magnificent
specimens grown in Scotland, of which so many
illustrations were exhibited. The papers read in-
cluded one by Mr. Malcolm Dunn, to whose
efforts the success of the exhibition was so largely
due. Mr. Dunn's experience on Lord Powers-
court's estate in Ireland, and subsequently
at Dalkeith in Scotland, gave a special
importance to his opinions, which were ably
summarised in his paper. In the course of his

remarks, he alluded to the growth of various
Conifers in Scotland, and to their value for
decorative or economic purposes. From the
latter point of view, he alluded specially to Prince
Albert's spruce Tsuga Mertensiana, the Abies
Albertiana of gardens, Abies concolor, the
Douglas Fir (which he characterised as the
most valuable introduction since the Larch),
Picea Menziesii, A. grandis, magnifica, ISord-
manniana, Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa
(which he considered one of the best trees for
the afforesting of Ireland), C. Kutkaensis, Pinus
laricio, P. monticola, and Thuia gigantea. In
the second rank he placed Araucaria imbricata,
which succeeds in the most storm-beaten parts
of the West of Scotland ; Pinus austriaca, P.
excelsa, P. strobus, and others. In alluding
to species principally of use for decorative
purposes, Mr. Dunn adverted to the care requi-
site in the selection of memorial trees, where a
mistake was not readily rectified. The publica-
tion of Mr. Dunn's paper in full will be anxiously
awaited.

Professor Marshall Ward, as the represen-
tative of our first forest school, gave an admir-
able address on the diseases to which Conifers
are subject. This address was a model of per-
spicuity, begotten of full knowledge of the sub-
ject. Dealing really with a very technical and
complicated subject, Professor Ward managed
to put before his hearers, in the clearest manner,
an admirable survey of the subject. How so
learned a scientist managed to give his hearers
so clear a summary, with so little use of tech-
nical terms, was a matter of surprise. The word
" mycelium " in place of spawn was almost the
only technical term we noticed, as, with great
skill, Mr. Ward managed to convey a lucid
notion of the extremely interesting phenomena of
" heteroicism," which are as important to the
cultivator as to the man of science, but which,
owing to the technicalities ordinarily made use
of, make the subject more or less of a sealed
book to the very persons most specially inter-
ested from a practical point of view. Professor
Ward alluded first of all to the diseases con-
sequent upon a want of balance and proportion
between root-action and leaf-action, and to the
climatal and other causes which bring about
such a want of proportion.

Passing then to the consideration of diseases
due to the action of fungi, Professor Ward
alluded first to those of the better-known fungi,
commonly classed as Toadstools and Mushrooms,
which attack trees ; then to the rust fungi, which
affect the leaves in the first instance, and then
to the ascomycetous mould. Special attention
was given to the " wound fungi," and to those
which gain an entrance through cracks in the
bark, or injuries inflicted by fro9t, insects,
animals, and man. He showed how, out of the
countless millions of spores produced, there was
ample opportunity for the introduction of the
germs of the fungi, which, germinating under
appropriate conditions, penetrate the wood,
absorb the nourishment contained in it, and
interfere with the healthy action of the tree.

The rust fungi are particularly remarkable
in that they pass one part of their life on one
plant, and work out another portion of their life-
history on some other plant of a totally different
nature ; the fungus itself in the two conditions
being so utterly different as to have led to the
application of different names, and to the classi-
fication of the forms in different groups. Thus
a particular fungus growing on the common
Groundsel or one on a Vaccinium has a totally
different aspect when living on a Silver Fir.
Practical men will remember with complacency

that this relation between apparently differen
organisms was long ago found out by the farmers,
who branded the Berbery bushes as enemies to the
Wheat. They were ridiculed at the time for this,
but experience has shown that they were right as
to their facts, although widely in error as to their
interpretation of them. It is not the Berbery
bushes that do the mischief, but a fuDgus which
grows upon them. But who, without the minute
study that the scientists have made, could believe
that the rust of Wheat and the cluster cups of the
Berbery have any real connection, or oe indeed
specifically identical, or that a fungus on the
Juniper could affect the Hawthorn, or one on the
Groundsel prove prejudicial to the Firs, producing
a growth of entirely different character according
to the plant on which it grows? And yet, thanks
to De Baby and others, in Germany, and to
Plowright, particularly, in this country, the
fact has been proved to demonstration by the
process of inoculating the tree with spores of the
fungus from the other plant and vice vend.
Fortunately vegetable physiologists are not-
hampered by the misguided anti-vivisectionists,
and so the truth can be more readily arrived at.
Considering, on the one hand, the injuries to which
plants are subject from insects, squirrels, frost,
wind, friction of branches, or mischievous boys,
and considering, on the other hand, the enor-
mously great production of fungus spores, the
wonder is, not that trees are attacked, but that
disease is not far more prevalent than it is.

With reference to the Larch, Professor Ward
considered that the prevalence of the disease in
some districts of this country, as contrasted with
its relative infrequency in its native Alps, is
really due in great measure to the fact that we
in this country, all unwittingly, put the Larch
under conditions more favourable to the growth
of the fungus than to that of the tree. It was dis-
quieting, too, to learn that the Douglas Fir, to-
which we are looking as one substitute for the
Larch in certain situations, has its enemy in the
shape of a mould or Botrytis, which may be as
fatal as the Peziza on the Larch.

Other papers which, being of a purely tech-
nical character, were " taken as read," and
others, of which the authors were not present,
were passed over at the meeting, but will form
part of the report in the Society's Journil. This
report, not only from the value of the papers to
which we have alluded, but on account of the
statistics as to rate of growth and other matters,
should be one of the most valuable contributions
to arboricultural knowledge ever issued.

Reverting to the cut specimens, which were sent
in such prodigious numbers, we may add that they
were gone over after the conference as carefully as
their numbers would permit, and their nomencla-
ture revised. We have already alluded to the extra-
ordinary specimens sent from the Earl of Aber-
deen's estate at Haddo, but we mention them
again to allude to the marvellous vigour and
rapidity of growth of A. amabilis (shown as
grandis), of A. magnifica (shown as amabilis), of
A. nobilis (shown as balsamea), of Abies
Lowiana, A. firma, A. bracteata, and of
others, which were simply marvellous to
southern eyes. Tioea pungent glauca and
argentea (Parryana of gardens), and Abies
concolor violacea are among the most brilliantly
coloured and hardiest of Conifers. Thuia gigan-
tea (Lobbi) justifies our anticipations as to its
future. Abies firma, from Munches, showed the
finest growth of its kind that we have ever seen,
and this species was shown from Balmoral (we
think), with cones, the first that have been seen
on home-grown trees. The cones of Pinus
Ayacahuite, from Weston Birt, shown by Messrs.

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

459

Jeffries of Cirencester, were also very remark-
able. In several co'lections cones of Athrotaxis
selaginoides were shown as A. Gunneana, Picea
pnngens was in one case labelled Annesleyana,
and more commonly named P. Engelmanni,
a much inferior species. Endless confusion also
seems to exist between Picea Alcockiana and aja-
nensis. Thuia gigantea was shown under
half-a-dozen names. Pinus Thunbergii and P.
densiflora were almost univerally sent as P.
Massoniana. P Gerardiana, so-called, was
usually nothing but Pinaster. But these circum-
stances are justwhat might have been expected, the
only source of regret being, that when so much

factors, but tells a tale also of diminished rentals
and contracted outlay.

As to new forms we saw but few, save minor
varieties of the LawBon cypress, and some
Retinosporas ; for Abies Eichleri, a supposed new
species, turns out to be A. Veitchii.

Now that Ireland has to be afforested, and
thousands of acres elsewhere now unremunera-
tive, await development, it is to be hoped that
more attention will be paid to the subject,
and that this last really superb effort on the
part of the Royal Horticultural Society will
result in the future in a greatly increased atten-
tion being paid to the subject of planting,

Chrysanthemums in the London Parks.—

The Chrysanthemums iu Finsbury and Southwark
Parks are, as the Superintendents inform us, getting
in good condition for inspection. The display in
Finshury Park was opened to the public at 10 o'clock
on Saturday, October 10 ; and that at Southwark
opens to-day, October 17, at the same hour. The
shows will remain open for two or three weeks.
The show of Chrysanthemums in the Frame Yard,
at Battersea Park, was opened to the public on
Friday last.

Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland.

— A Council meeting of this society was held at the
office, 189, Great Brunswick St., on Monday, Oct. 5.

Fig. 59. — a portion of rev. h. ewbank's rock garden, (see p. 454.)

time and trouble have been expended in rectifying
matters, so few people seem to care to adopt
a revised version. Another thing strikes us as
noteworthy, and that is the little way which the
more newly-introduced kinds, such as some of
the Japanese species, e.g., Abies firma, A.
sachalinensis, brachyphylla, Picea ajanensis, etc.
bave made. Many of these trees, introduced
within the last quarter of a century, are,-so far as
we can yet see, every bit as important,
whether for decorative or useful purposes, as
the introductions of Douglas at an earlier
period. This cannot be attributed wholly to
taste and fashion, though these are very potent

and that thus the apathy of the unappreciative
London public, and the disastrous impediments
offered by the weather, may in the end be com-
pensated for by a vast increase in the productive
resources of the country, and in the amenity of
our plantations and pleasure-grounds.

The Jamaica International Exhibition.—
We learn from Messrs. Carter & Co., seedsmen, of
High Holborn, London, that they have been awarded
the highest prize (a Gold Medal) for their exhibit of
English tested seeds, packed for the tropics. Another
exhibit consisted of living examples of some of the
finest species of annual flowering plants, many of
which had been grown on their seed farms in Essex.

The following members of council were present : —
Mr. Henry Cusack (in the chair), Mr. J. Garnett
Rathisorne, J. P. ; Mr. C. Strong King, J.P. ; and
Mr. Hamilton Drcmmond, Hon. Sec. The judges
were appointed, and other arrangements made for
the Chrysanthemum Show, which will be held on
November 5 and 6.

Griffinia hyacinthina.— A quantity of plants
in flower, of this charming blue and white-flowered
bulbous plant in Mr. Wm. Boll's nursery, Chelsea,
exhibits the good qualities of this species. It is as
easy to grow, and requires the same kind of treat-
ment as Eucharis amazonica, but thrives with
rather less warmth. The plants with their stout
stems bearing umbels of bright porcelain-blue and

460

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

white flowers, each about 2 inches across, and firm
in texture, form attractive objects, especially at
this season.

Streptocarpus Hybrids at Chelsea.— At
the Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, Messrs. Jas.
Veitch & Sons, have brought these neat and pretty
greenhouse plants to great perfection, and are grow-
ing them largely for seeds. The plants bear their
pretty Gloxinia-like flowers in great abundance in
autumn and winter ; and among the more conspicuous
of the new strain we recently noted one which was
pure white, except a small and almost invisible lilac
line in the tube. Passing from this are pure white,
with one median and four or six side lines in the
throat; white with the interior of the tube furnished
with radiating mauve- coloured lines, forming a
perfect star on the expanding segments ; white, with
rose lines, and white with purple lines, and the same
series of markings in the flowers haviDg rose, blue, or
lilac ground colour. Another very fine strain has
mauve flowers with a white throat and purple lines
in the tube, and the whole of the varieties have the
same dwarf habit and fresh-looking foliage.

Lime as a Preservative for Potatos and

FRUIT. — Mons. Monclab has been trying the use of
lime as a preservative for Potatos and fruit. He at
first tried it with Potatos in order to prevent them
from rotting, thinking that a little skin-corrosion
would be preferable to the complete loss of the
stored crop ; but he found that the skin was quite
unaffected, and he was enabled to keep Potatos
fourteen months after they had been harvested
without deterioration. He found, however, on keep-
ing a sample four months' crop, that decay began
to set in, being accompanied by a degeneration of the
starchy matters into sugar. Encouraged by this
success, Mons. Monclar has more recently applied
lime to the preservation of Apples and Grapes when
stored, and the results were quite as good. The lime
in the case of Apples and round fruits generally, can
be easily removed by means of a wet rag; but it
would be advisable to wrap valuable fruits first in
tissue-paper. The preservative qualities of dry
lime are found probably in its caustic properties,
which are certainly germicidal, and perhaps its
hygroscopic properties are in some way concerned.

The Best Manure for Tomatos.— An

Italian chemist, N. Passerini, has lately been inves-
tigating the composition of the stems, leaves, and
fruit of Tomatos (Solanum lycopersicura). He made a
number of analyses of the ripe and unripe fruit, and
his experiments have been conducted during the past
four seasons. One would expect, therefore, that he
would be in a position to deduce some important
generalisations from his work. Having regard to
the large amount of potash in the fruit, and the con-
siderable quantity of lime in the stems and leaves,
he considers that the following manuring may be
recommended for Tomatos: — Farmyard manure,
5000 kilogrammes ; calcium superphosphate (18 per
cent), 30 kilogrammes; potassium chloride (50 per
cent.), 60 kilogrammes. This quantity of manure is
that recommended for distribution on 1 hectaie of
ground planted with Tomatos. Another Italian
chemist, namely, T. Gigli, has also been investi-
gating the composition of Tomatos, but he does not
propose any particular manure.

Stock-taking : September.— The Board of
Trade Returns for the month of September show a
decrease in the importations, as compared with tbe
same^ period last year, amounting to the sum of
£1,362.387— almost the only items showing an
increase being articles of food, &c. Some consola-
tion for this state of things may, however, be found
in the fact that the imports for" the nine months of
the year passed away exceed by £5.253,043 those for
the corresponding period in 1890. What with
sinister rumours from this and that foreign capital,
and the aggravation of strikes at home, no wonder
that capital shows a certain amount of timiditv, and

thus a deficiency of imports to report. The follow-
ing figures are from the " summary " of the imports
from foreign countries and British colonies for the
past month : —

1890.

1891.

Difference.

Total value for month

£.
£55,351,688

£.
£34,189,301

£.
—1,362,387

$11.— (A.) Articles of
food and drink —
dutyfree

12.448,671

12,671,013

+222,342

(B.) — do., dutiable

2,570,681

2,967,724

+397,043

$VI. — Raw material
for textile manufac-
tures (including
Flax, Hemp, and
Jute)

4,063,419

3,360.073

—703,347

§Vn. — Raw materials
forsundry industries
and manufactures
(including wood and
timber, hewn, sawn,
split, dressed ; vege-
table materials, for
paper-making, &c.)

4,676,544

4.029,509

—647,035

$IX. — Miscellaneous
articles (including
Clover, Grass, Flax,
Rape, Linseed)

1,361,940

1,196,565

—165.375

(B.)— Parcel Post ...

41,460

29,931

—11,529

In the matter of seed-growing, we have some inte-
resting accounts from the United States. It appears
that whereas some fifty years ago seed farms were to
be found only in Connecticut and New York States,
they are now to be found all over the vast country,
as far as the Pacific Coast. The wonderful develop-
ment of the railway system there has had much to
do with this, for the managers of lines in America
cater for public support in a way quite unknown
here ; and for years fruit trains have been run from
end to end of the States — from California and
Florida up to New York. The Western and Southern
men are coming more and more to the front every
day, and one feels no surprise at the fact that, having
taken stock of things, they are turning their serious
attention to the abolition of the McKinley Tariff and
President Harrison. If certain " City " rumours
are to be taken notice of, we are threatened with a
species of import deserving the consideration of some
working-men at home. It is stated that several
capitalists engaged in the building trade are taking
the preliminary steps towards the erection of wood-
working establishments in Belgium, so as to render
themselves less liable to interference from " Unions."
The matter is certainly worthy of note here. The
following figures are extracted from the general
returns for September : —

bush.

1890.

1891.

Difference

$ II. Fruit:—

Apples, raw

393,020

197,478

—195,542

Unenumerated, raw

1081,256

7S6.184

-295,073

Onions

516.682

495,033

—21,599

Potatos

cwt.

45,144

49.825

+4,681

Vegetables, raw, unenu-
merated

value

£76,273

90,204

+13,931

These statistics lose none of their significance as the
months pass on. Here it may be worth while to notice
a statement that vegetable products are reaching the
English market from the sister isle. We failed to find
any grounds for such a statement, and application
at the Irish Department elicited the information
that no intelligence of such a movement had reached
the officials there. A word or two as to the exports
of British and Irish manufactures: there is a fall-
ing off in the month of £1,971,134 as compared with
September, 1890 ; the falling off for the nine months
is given as £9,984,191, a somewhat serious difference,
but there have been worse accounts than this, and
there are three months of the year still to run.

Chambre Syndicale des Horticulteurs
Belges etSociete Royale d'Agriculture et
de Botanique, Ghent.— Oq the occasion of the
meeting of the above Societies on Sunday, October 4,
in the Casino, the following awards were made by
the judges.

Certificates of Merit.— To Catasetum seaccafum,

shown by M. A. Van Imschoot; to Pteris serralata
plumosa, shown by MM. Duriez freres ; to Cattleya
aurea and Zygopetalum rostratum, shown by M. A.
Van Imschoot ; to Dracama Professeur De Bosschere,
shown by M. L. Desmet-Duviver ; to Cattleya
Dowiana, shown by MM. Edm. Vervaet et Cie. ; to
Vriesia Lubbersi, shown by M. L<5on Poelman-
Maenhout ; to Pandanus discolor, shown by Mr. Ed.
Pynaert Van Geert ; to Cactus Dahlia with striped
flowers (new), shown bv M. Schniitz.

Certificates for Good Culture and Bloom.— To Mil-
tonia Candida, shown by M. A. Van Imschoot ; to
Pteris Victoria?, shown by MM. Duriez freres ; to
Vanda ccerulea, shown by Madame la Marquise de
Wavrin ; to Cypripedium Roebelini (unanimously),
shown by M. A. Van Imschoot; to Oncidium Lance-
anum, shown by MM. Edm. Vervaet et Cie. ; to Lotus
peliorhynchus, shown by M. A. Van Geert ; to Salvia
Soucheli, S. splendens, and S. Issanchou, shown
by Madame la Comtesse Douairiere de Kerchove de
Denterghem.

Sheffield Botanical Gardens.— Mr. Wil-
liam Harrow, from the Cambridge Botanic Garden,
has been appointed curator of the Sheffield Botanical
Gardens in the place of Mr. Atkinson, who recently
resigned.

Marriage of Mr. L. G. Sutton.— The mar-
riage of Mr. Leonard Goodhart Sutton, youngest son
of Mr. Martin Hope Sutton, and partner in the firm
of Sutton & Sons, with Miss Mary Charlotte Annie
Seaton, daughter of Colonel Seaton, Madras Staff
Corps, of Salween, Beckenham, Kent, was solemnised
at Christ Church, Beckenham, on Wednesday,
September 30.

Wedding. — At the parish church, Gillingham,
Norfolk, on the 5th inst., Annie, the only daughter
of Mr. J. Batters, was married to Mr. J. Holmes.
Mr. Batters was for many years the Head Gardener
at Gillingham Hall, Norfolk, and previously for a
long period as Head Gardener to J. B. W. Fleming,
Esq., and after with Mrs. Willis Fleming at Chil-
worth Manor, near Romsey, and well known at one
time as an exhibitor of Pine-apples and early vege-
tables at the meetings of the Royal Horticultural
Society.

To the Philanthropic: Caution. — A
certain individual, calling himself Frank Henderson,
and stating that he was a nephew of the late Mr.
Peter Henderson, of New York, has lately visited
one of our leading seed firms, pleading deficiency of
resources. Enquiry was made by cable from New
York, and the reply came that the gentleman in
question was unknown to Messrs. Peter Henderson
& Co. ; and that a similar young man, probably the
same, paid Messrs. Henderson a call in New York,
representing himself as a Mr. Sutton, a relative of
Messrs. Sutton, of Reading.

A New Market at Brentford.— At a
special meeting of the Brentford Local Board, on
Tuesday evening, the Markets Committee recom-
mended the purchase from Lord Rothschild of
2 a. 2r. 30 p. of land, at Kew Bridge, adjoining
the North London Railway Station, for the sum of
£3359 7s. 'M., for the purpose of the construction of
a fruit and vegetable market. The recommendation
was adopted unanimously, and it was agreed to
obtain the consent of the ratepayers at a public
meeting, according to the 116th section of the
Public Health Act, 1875. The plans for the new
structure have already been prepared by the sur-
veyor, Mr. J. H. Strachas, and approved. The
frontage will be 150 feet in length, and the facade'
will contain five shops opening on to the Chiswick
High Road, each having a frontage of 16 feet.
Behind each, a covered erection will run, and round
the whole will be an open court. There will be a
pair of gates at each end, one for ingress, and the
other for egress. The North London and South
Western Junction Railway joins the land to be
acquired.

OCTOBEE 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

461

Home Correspondence.

SUBJECTS OF STUDY FOR GARDENERS.— Like
" W. L.," at page 432, I have olteQ lamented that
no short and simple course of readiDg and study has
been laid down for young gardeners who wish to excel
in their profession. But there are two sides to every
question, and I am proud to know manv young
gardeners who do systematicall) practise drawing and
reading, in order to improve themselves. One, in
particular 1 have now in my mind's eye, who has a
set of Professor Huxley's Science Primers, as pub-
lished by Macmillan & Co., including Sir J. D.

vegetable physiology, &c, is a useful book, to be
1 ad second- hand for a few shillings ; so also Loudon's
Self Instruction for Young Gardeners, and .Lindley's
Theory and Practice of Horticulture. Every gardener
should leain enough of freehand and mechanical
drawing to enable him to express clearly
and decidedly what he means as to the form
or design. A good rcugh sketch, the work
of a moment or two only, is often of more
practical value than a long and wordy description.
It is not necessary that a gardener should
emulate the artist, but he should learn to
sketch clearly and quickly the main point of things
as he sees them. Botany, geology, and natural

Fig. 60. — aihes nobdmanniana : to show habit.

Hooker's Botany ; Jevon's Logic and Political Eco-
nomy ; ^ Geology and Physical Geography by Geikie ;
Roscoe's Chemistry ; Physiology, by Dr. M. Foster;
Physics, by Professor Stewart; and the "Intro-
ductory " volume of the series by Professor Huxley
himself. Baker's Botanical Geography. Allcock's
Botanical Names for English Readers Treasury of
Botany, and Johnston's Gardeners' Dictionary are
other works every young gardener should strive to
possess for reference purposes. Logic and English
composition should gain attention from all gardeners,
for, other things being equal, the better and clearer
they can think, the better, the easier, and the more
efficiently they can work. The latest edition of
Lindley's School Botany, with its list of axioms in

history generally would bring much pleasure into the
leisure of a',1 gardeners, young or old. I know a
celebrated gardener who has a large family of clever
boys, and there is not a beast or fish, or a bird, or a
butterfly, in the district, that he and his family do
not know, not only by name, but they know their
life histories as well. It is always a pleasure to visit
them and hear of a new insect, a curious egg, or of a
spider they have discovered in their locality for the
first time. In towns, there are often opportunities for
gardeners to utilise their evenings at free libraries,
or they may attend classes for drawing, photography,
short-hand, or for French or German languages.
Apropos of these, the other day I walked round a
good £aden with its owner and an intelligent

young English gardener whom he had recently
engaged. The gentleman had had many troubles
with former gardeners, and when we came to the
Orchids, the employer said to me in German, " I
truly hope this new man will not luin my plants by
neglect, as the others have done." " 1 trust not,"
I replied. " No, sir," said the gardener, also in
Geiman, your plants shall aiways baie from me the
best attention.'' Tableau ! We all looked at each
other, and a laugh was unavoidable. The moral is
— employers must be careful of the young gardener
of the future. Accomplishments, such as music or
languages, or of photography (a very useful one
indeed), &c, are all very well in their place;
but the one thing a gardener must learn is,
hew to grow the finest of garden produce,
I be best of vegetables and fruits, and of flowers.
Especially must he study the soil and capabilities of
the garden in his charge for the time being, and the
best varieties suited to his soil and locality. This
is a kind of knowledge dependent on his acuteness
of observation and on clear reasoning powers, and is
but rarely to be learned from books. Nearly every
garden, even closely-adjoining ones, vary in some
marked particulars — a particular crop grown in a
particular way will succeed in one part and fail in
another part of the same garden. The soil, manures,
climate, aspect, prevailing winds, elevation, all de-
mand and must ever obtain constant attention from
the gardener who would be most successful. There
are some people wbo deride " book-men," or " writing-
men," as they are called, and who tell you that " a
pound of practice is worth a ton of theory,"
&c, forgetting that the best results of prac-
tice and science, as combined, are better than
the be6t results of either practice or theory
alone ! The best practical gardener the world ever
saw would have been still a better gardener and a
better and happier man if he had known the
'reason why" of his cultural successes, and could
have clearly explained them. Those who derue
the "book- man" or the "writing-gardener" should
blush when they read names like Paxton and
Lindley. Abercombie, Mcintosh, and the Thomsons,
or of Gilbert, of Wildsmith, or of Hudson and
Douglas, of Spyers, or of O'Biien ! The one greit
modern want amongst gardeners to-day is amalga-
mation and co-operation, lacking which no body
of professional or craftsmen can ever hope for, or co
their best. Is not this a chance for the Koyal
Horticultural Society of England ? F. W. Burbidgc,
F.L.S.

The very interesting note by "W. L.," in

last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 432, on subjects
of study for gardeners, deserves to be read by
all young gardeners. I can with confidence sa; ,
that if botany were more studied by gardeners
they would never regret it, for in conjunction
with practical gardening, it would prove to be a
source of great interest. A gardener may know
how to grow and treat a plant to perfection, and
some gardeners will say that is quite sufficient, but a
little knowledge as to its structure and functions
should never be passed on one side ; therefore, I
suggest the desirability of a knowledge of botany to
gardeners. I agree with " W. L.'s " suggestion, that
if a series of articles were published by the various
horticultural papers dealing with the forms and
functions of plants, it would enlighten the gardening
community greatly. M. E. Mills, Coombe House,
Croydon.

The note by "W. L." (p. 432), in your last

issue, is worth more than passing notice, as it opens
up a wide field for discussion as to the subjects young
gardeners should take up ; and I may here remark
that I fear the horticultural press would be unable
to do what " W. L." desires, as many readers would
object to have its columns taken up in the way
described [it has been done repeatedly], and
older gardeners would not give the matter the
attention it deserves, and editors cannot now find
room for lengthy articles. A good system to adopt
in populous districts is to form a class, and get
young men to attend once or twice a week, and thus
gain a certain amount of botanical knowledge, besides
other subjects of use to them in their profession. I
note with pleasure that this is being done at Ealing
at the present time, the instructor being a spe-
cialist, the whole series of winter lessons being
obtainable for a trifling payment ; and it is worthy of
note that when young men have to pay for their teach-
ing, they are more diligent in attendance and more
industrious than when it is provided for them gratui-
tously. It may also be added that mutual improve-
ment societies which meet during the winter months
are doing much good, and enlarge the mind when

462

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

the young men, who attend them, enter into the dis-
cussions heartily, and the papers chosen are instruc-
tive, and not too long. In the country, evening
classes are difficult toarrange, a teacher of botany being
often not easily got ; but I have seen much good
accomplished by enlisting the services of the school-
master, the young men studying their various sub-
jects under his guidance. In large places there are
often sufficient men to form a class. I know where
there have been classes for many years, the employer
kindly paying for the attendance of a good teacher
twice a week, and the men are permitted to take up
any subject that they may choose. Some are very
attentive, whilst others think that it is derogatory to
study ! On the whole, the advantages of these
classes to them in after years is, I fear, of little
value, and as I said before, if the studies are to be of
any value in after life, the men must have the wish
to improve their minds, and when they do so by their
own exertions I find they appreciate it more, and
are more anxious to get on ; but I notice a want of
interest in scientific studies in general. X. Y. Z.

"HARDY perennials."— For the benefit of
gardeners generally, will you kindly define (1), what
is a " hardy perennial "? I have been an exhibitor
for nearly thirty years, and thought I knew ; but I
found at Chiswick last week that I did not, but I am
always willing to learn. I should also like to know
(2), under what head you would place Lilium par-
dalinum and Colchicum variegatum, if not of hardy
perennials? — and (3), whether the ordinary garden
hybrids of Pentstemon are considered hardy ?
These questions are asked from a horticultural and
not a botanical point of view, and the question of herba-
ceous perennials is not in any way raised. W. Marshall.
[(1) Our correspondent is assuredly about the best
person to frame the definition he wants, we shall not
attempt it, because the interpretation to be given to
to the term " hardy perennial," as used in flower-show
schedules, is a matter of convention or custom,
whereupon judges differ. As referees, we should
decide in favour of prevalent garden custom. It
is not the general custom to include bulbous plants
andcormose plants in garden catalogues and schedules,
under the head of hardy perennials, but to place them
apart under bulbs. Suppose an order to be sent to a
nurseryman for a dozen hardy perennials, would our
correspondent expect to get a bulb or a cormose
plant among them ? Or, to take a converse case :
suppose a class for twelve bulbous or cormose plants,
would not the judges be right in disqualifying if
the group contained an Aster or Pyrethrum, a Holly
or an Oak ? We think they would, and as referees,
we should support them. All are hardy perennials,
but we should as little expect to see a bulbous
plant among " hardy perennials " as a Pyrethrum
among bulbous plants. (2) Under bulbs — strictly
speaking the Colchicum is not a perennial at all, the
new growth is the successor to that of the previous
season, not the same. (3) We do not consider
hybrid Pentstemons hardy under all circumstances,
although they are described in books of reference,
eg., Nicholson's Dictionary, and also in nurserymen's
catalogues, as " hardy herbaceous perennials," or as
hardy plants. Ed ]

ASTERS "COLLECTED WILD."— On p. 435, I
observe a suggestion that some Asters exhibited by
me at Chiswick, which were labelled "collected
wild," were " probably garden escapes." This is a
mistake; the Asters in question were collected in
the province of Alberta, near the base of the Rocky
Mountains, and were not named by me, because I
was assured that they could not be matched in the
Kew Herbarium. ft Wolley Dod, Edge Hall, Malpas.

AN EFFICIENT, SAFE, AND CHEAP INSECTI-
CIDE.— To 2 oz. of soft-soap, add a wineglass and a
half of water, and stir till it is properly mixed, when
it will have the appearance of dough ; to this add
the same quantity of petroleum oil. which will cause
the mixture to curdle at first, but it must again be
stirred, till it takes on its former appearance, then
when water is added, the petroleum oil will be found
to be quite soluble. For mealy-bug, if put on with
the syringe, U gal. of water may be added to the
mixture ; lor dipping plants 2 gals. ; for American
blight on fruit or other trees, 1^ gal., which
may be used at any time during the year, pro-
viding dull days during summer are chosen for the
work, and the trees are syringed with clean water
before they get dry. For thrips, red-spider, green or
black-fly, 3 to 4 gallons of water should be added,
and the same for the washing down of plant-
houses in the winter. For mildew, add 4 gallons
of water ; and for the winter dressing of Vines
and Peaches, use at the same strength as for mealy-

bug. After its use, all dirt may be easily removed
from the plants by syringing them with clean water,
and they will have a healthy appearance, which will
be retained for a long time afterwards. In the case
of very tender foliage plants, it is best to syringe with
clean water soon after its application. I do not
recommend this mixture for Orchids, although I have
no doubt some of them would stand it very well. John
Dinwoodie, The Gardens, High-field, Gainsborough.

DELPHINIUM ALBUM GRANDIFLORUM.— Lovers
of the Delphinium are strongly advised to make
a note of this truly estimable variety, the white-
flowered Delphinium. It has now been under
my observation for two seasons — and I like it much,
as being a break to the preponderating array of
blue-coloured flowers. It is pure white, grows about
3 feet high. It does not seem to require any special
soil, position, &c., growing well in ordinary garden
loam. I find that last season it was introduced to a
number of English gardens, so we shall doubtlessly
hear more of it anon. Hybridists will no doubt see
in the variety a valuable aid towards yet securing
new colours. Pioneer.

HYACINTHUS CANDICANS.— I removed a number
of these plants two years ago, and when planting
them, burnt earth was mixed with the staple. The
bulbs were put about 4 inches deep in the soil. They
flowered the first season, but not so well as this year,
when they threw up flower-spikes of 5 feet 10 inches
high, with thirty- six blooms. I have this year a
large circular-shaped bed planted with Hyacinthus
in the centre, and intermixed over the remainder
with Lobelia cardinalis, which looks admirable. But
to see the plant at its best, it should, I think, be
planted with the Gladiolus Brenchleyensis. I re-
member to have seen Hyacinthus candicans planted
on the herbaceous border at Holker Hall, North
Lancashire, which for a number of years flowered
well, the plants nr.t having the least" protection in
winter. C. E. Martin, The Hoo, Welwi/n.

Belgium.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT
ANTWERP.

In the section devoted to vegetable products, some
of the exhibits, which were specially connected with
botany and horticulture, deserve particular mention.
There was a most interesting and noteworthy col-
lection of fruit, vegetables, and roots, for fodder or
industrial uses, modelled in woud, and painted, from
Messrs. Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie., of Paris. These
capital reproductions, copied from Nature, were
admired by all for their accuracy ; each specimen
was exactly the weight of the fruit or vegetable
which it represented ; and it may fairly be said that
the " Grand Prix " won by this well-known French
firm was well earned.

M. Ch. L. Van Nerom, of Brussels, showed cards
of statistics relating to Belgian agriculture, &c. ; an
album also containing agricultural statistics of the
country, and maps of botanical geography, explaining
the botanical researches instituted by the Royal
Botanical Society. The utility of such work is too
evident to need comment; the jury awarded two
Gold Medals to the painstaking exhibitor.

The Etudes sur les principes actifs dts Plantes (Alca-
loides et Glycosides), consisting of three large volumes
gained for their author, M. B. Dupuy, of Brussels, a
Diploma of Honour. The work is of very considerable
scientific value.

M. G. De Letter, Assistant Secretary to the Royal
Linnean Society of Brussels, showed a glass case,
containing Belgian economic and medicinal buds,
herbs, and flowers ; they were carefully labelled, and
dried by a process from which most satisfactory
results were obtained — a Gold Medal was awarded.
The collection of forest and grass seed, from M.
Keller, fils, of Darmstadt, was most noteworthy, and
won a Gold Medal.

A new remedy for cryptogamic diseases of Oranges,
Lemons, Vines, Potatos, Tomatos, Beetroots ; and
for insect pests — greenfly, caterpillars, &c, the
" poudre sulfosteatite," from M. Jean Souheur, of
Antwerp, gained a Silver Medal — well deserved,
because of the good results which have followed the

trials of this substance. Further experiments will no
doubt be made. The Institut Superieur de Com-
merce of Antwerp exhibited, in a very intelligible
form, specimens of the principal food, economic,
and medicinal products, obtained from legumi-
nous plants. Such specimens, illustrating the
properties of the chief botanical families, should be
found in all the more important public museums.
The Antwerp Botanic Garden, in which many im-
provements have lately been made, showed a collec-
tion of Servian woods, of timber, a collection of
woods and dyes, and a set of models of flowers for
use in teaching botany. The Commercial and In-
dustrial Museum of Antwerp showed a series of
specimens chosen from their collections of woods,
Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, Cotton, Indigo, Maize, Wheat,
Rice, &c.

The Royal Linnean Society and the Royal Floral
Society of Brussels, have arranged that an exhi-
bition of fruit and plants be opened on October 11.
It is expected to achieve considerable success.

The Chrysanthemum shows will this year be even
more numerous than ever. The principal will be
those organised by the Societe Royale d'Agriculture
et de Botanique at the Ghent Casino, and by the
Societe Royale d'Horticulture of Antwerp.

There has been formed at Ledeberg, Ghent, a
soeiety composed of the workmen in the various
horticultural establishments, with a view to assisting
the members when precluded from work by illness.
During the great Exhibition at Ledeberg, a concert
was given in the hall for the benefit of this fund,
and for the same object bouquets sent in by various
nurserymen were sold by young ladies. The entrance-
fee was 20 centimes (2d.), and the sum finally
obtained for the benefit fund amounted to 1030 francs
(about £43). Ch. de B.

KEW NOTES.

Himscus caltcinus, Willd,. — This is the correct
name of the plant known in gardens as H. chrysan-
thus. It was distributed by Mr. Bull in 1884, who
described it in his catalogue of new plants for that
year as " a free-growing shrubby plant introduced
from Natal. It has hairy stems, and roundish sub-
trilobate leaves. The flowers are of large size,
campanulate, with broad obovate petals, yellow,
with a purple-crimson spot at the base, form-
ing a dark-coloured eye." A plant of it was
obtained for Kew from M. Letnoine & Son,
of Nancy, and this is now in flower. A peculiar
character in this species is that of the epicalyx or
involucre, which is formed of five broadly spathulate,
cuspidate, bristle-pointed leaflets as long as the calyx.
The flowers are 4 inches across, saucer-shaped, bright
sulphur-yellow with a maroon-crimson blotch ; the
stamens are orange-yellow, and the stigma purple.

Fuchsias. — A list of the species and varieties
of Fuchsia in cultivation at Kew may interest
those of our continental friends, who are now
paying special attention to this genus. In Eagland
the garden hybrids and crosses among Fuchsias
are much more in favour than the true
species, although some of these are very orna-
mental when well managed. Altogether, there
are about fifty species known, and of these thirty-
one are cultivated at Kew. Their names are : —
Fuchsia alpestris, F. arborescens, F. a. var. syringi-
folia, F. boliviana, F. coccinea, F. conica, P. corallina,
F. cordifolia, F. c. var. alba, F. cylindracea, F. de-
cussata, F. discolor, F. Dominiana, F. excortica, F.
exoniensis, F. fulgens, F. globosa, F. Hartwegii, F.
gracilis, F. g. var. variegata, F. maorostema, F. mi-
crophylla, F. Miellezii, F. procumbens, F. pumila,
F. radicans, F. Riccartonii, F. serratiflora, F. simpli-
caulis, F. integrifolia, F. splendens, F. triphylla,
F. thymifolia.

Scotland.

THE DUTHIE PARK, ABERDEEN.
It is always a source of pleasure to visit this
park, as it is evident the superintendent, Mr. Harper,
spares no trouble in maintaining it in excellent
keeping, and developing its resources to the fullest
extent, whether it be in removing that which tends

Octobeb 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE.

463

to obstruct the view either from natural growth, or
through the development of other features in the
park, it is seen to before it obtrudes itself on the
visitor. It is the due attention to such details that
gives so much pleasure to the landscape gardener,
and of coarse to the public generally. On a recent
visit we were much pleased to jnd things in "apple-
pie order," and that new features were being deve-
loped, such as clearing the undergrowth in the plan-
tations down to the eye level in certain places; thus
admitting pleasing glimpses of the park from other
points, and notably so from the railway trains on the
Deeside route to Balmoral.

A great feature of this park is the way the en-
circling shrubberies are brightened up with flowering
plants, and for this purpose many of the showier
annuals are used with excellent results. Long mar-
ginal masses of the pink Saponaria calabrica, Linaria
purpurea reticulata aurea, the white Matricaria in-
odora plenissima, Godetias of sorts, one named Lady
Satin Rose was very good ; various Clarkias, Sweet

*m&L

fruitful orchards, there are other parts which were
once famed for Apples and Pears ; but now, so far as
fruit-growing industries are concerned, may be
termed Ichabod — so much orchard culture previously
has been practised in low and flat districts. The
planters in the carses of Stirling and Falkirk have been
peculiarly fascinated by such positions, that large
tracts of land (in ages past) were planted with Apple
and Pear trees. It is singular how well many kinds do
in these parts, when ordinary attention is given them.
Orchard culture must have been well understood
during the last century, as the remains of the planta-
tions indicate. Semicircular elevations were formed,
and the trees planted in straight lines on the top of
them.

I have noticed that when removing the remains of
these old orchards, that the bottom roots were in a
state of decay, while those on the surface were in
perfect health. The lesson we learn from this is,
to make provision at planting-time to prevent down-
ward growth of roots, as when they penetrate the soil

FlG. 61. — ABIES NOBIL1S, AND CUPRESSUS EEECTA VIHIDIS : TO SHOW HABIT.

Modes of preparing the ground were first touched
upon by Mr. Fairgreive, draining where necessary
being regarded as of prime importance, and trench-
ing where practicable being in every case desirable.
Enriching the soil by manure or composts was also
regarded as necessary when it was naturally poor.
Special soils are not considered so necessary now
as formerly, but peat and sand were always
beneficial to Rhododendrons and other allied
kinds, particularly in heavy soils. Pruning was
an important operation, but was apt to be
carried too far. One-third only of the shoots
should be cut back annually ; this was sufficient to
keep the plants in proper balance and good form,
while the flowering would be abundant, without
excess, and the quality of the flowers would be
improved. In planting, it was contended that the
distance apart should be such as would be ample for
the fullest development of each kind of shrub, so
that the individual character of each should be
exhibited to the best advantage. Considerable dis-
cussion followed the reading of the paper, on the
debatable points raised by the author.

Numerous exhibits were on the table. From
Messrs. Laird & Son's were several seedling
Dracaenas; one named Duchess of Portland, a
variety of elegant habit, with leaves of moderate
breadth and bright colouring, and another seedling
unnamed, with arching, narrow, incurved leaves,
brightly coloured, were certificated ; as was also a
new variety of Asparagus plumosa named cristata,
reared by the same firm — the peculiarity of the
variety was, that the leaves were distinctly crested
at the tips. Mr. John Downie tabled a fine group
of tuberous Begonias in flower, several of which
were certificated.

From Messrs. Dicksons & Co. came samples of
two new Apples, one of which, a dessert variety
named James Grieve, received a Certificate for ex-
cellence of quality and handsome appearance.
Messrs. T. Metbven & Sons exhibited a bright scarlet
seedling Carnation named Lady Lansdowne, and a
pretty autumn-blooming deeply- laced pink, named
The Gem. Messrs. Jas. Dickson & Sons, Edinburgh,
exhibited a bloom of Chrysanthemum, from a plant
reared from seed sown in February. The bloom was
6 inches in diameter, and of good form. Mrs. Lyall,
North Berwick, sent flowers of Crinum Moorei ;
Dr. Paterson, Bridge of Allan, sent blooms of
Magnolia grandiflora, alleged to be the Exmouth
variety, which rarely flowers in that locality. Mr.
Murray, The Gardens, Parkhall, Polmont, tabled
samples of a large handsome Tomato, of the Hack-
wood Park type ; each of the fruit weighed about
15 ounces.

A collection of seedling Plums was tabled by
Mr. Webster, The Gardens, Gordon Castle. They
were not all ripe, and, consequently, were unfit for
being adjudicated upon by the committee, which,
however, considered them a very promising lot, of
which more will probably be heard another season.

Alyssum.Hymenoxyscalifornicus, Cornflowers, Chry-
santhemums, Pyrethrums, Phloxes, Pentstemons,
Dahlias, Gladiolus, Nasturtiums, and Violas, of
which about 40,000 plants are used annually.
Nemophilas, Nigellas, and a host of similar things
put a lot of life and colour into the picture. Carpet
bedding, although rather limited, is well done, and
with the public, at least, this sort of thing seems to
be popular, as we noticed several carriages which
were driving in the park, pull up when opposite those
beds, and inspect them for some little time.

Notwithstanding the past severe winter, Eucalyptus
Gunni passed safely through, but E. globulus suc-
cumbed. There are many other features worth
noting in this park, but by far the best thing to do
is, when in the vicinity, to go and see them, and if
possible secure the guidance of the genial superinten-
dent, Mr. Harper. F. H.

Scottish Orchards.
Though the carse of Gowrie may retain much of
its historical interest as a district abounding in

below the beds of adjicent rivers, they begin to
perish. While removing forest trees, the same
decaying of roots is found.

By the decay of the old orchards, I fear many of
the varieties of Apples and Pears, which were valued
for their hardiness and abundant bearing, are lost.
The cause of misfortune to orchard culture is allow-
ing them to run wild, becoming too thick, and when
the roots have searched and found all the food they
can reach, they are left to perish in soil which has
become inert. This is very common, too, in the
great fruit districts in the west of England, where a
wide acreage may be often seen going fast to ruin,
and, except for cider-making, most of the fruit is
worthless.

Scottish Horticultural Association.
This Association held its ordinary monthly
meeting at 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on the
6th inst., Mr. Wm. Welsh, President, in the chair.
Mr. Fairgreive, the Gardens, Dunkeld, read a paper
on " Shrubs, their Cultivation and Arrangement."

Cryptooamic Society of Scotland.

The seventeenth annual Conference of this Society
was held at Paisley on the 22ad, 23rd, and 24th ult.,
under the presidency of Mr. John Poison, in accord-
ance with the wishes of members who desired to
have a public exhibition of Cryptogamic plants.
Paisley is famed all the world over for its various
manufactures. It is not so well known for its
attainments in natural science ; but no one who has
had an opportunity of visiting its fine museum can
doubt that there are many ardent students of Nature
among its people. la ornithology the museum is
particularly rich, the collection of birds which it
contains being one of the finest in the kingdom.
The recent exhibition of cryptogamic plants was
taken up with enthusiasm, and proved a great
success.

The members of the Society mustered on Monday,
the 21st, at the close of a day of storm throughout
Scotland, and of doubtful forecuts for the morrow.
The morning of Tuesday, the 22nd, however, ushered
in a day of calm and of sunshine, exceptional in the

464

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

rainy west. The party was completed at the pier of
Gourock, where the members had the pleasure of
welcoming Dr. Plowright and Mr. Ward from King's
Lynn. Taking steamer to Kirn on the Holy Loch,
a halt wa9 made to allow our English friends, who
had travelled overnight, to breakfast. The grounds
of Hafton were soon reached, and the day was spent
in roaming the woods. According to tradition, a
vessel laden with earth from Palestine was sunk in
the waters of the Holy Loch — hence the name. Its
scenery is of exquisite beauty. The shores are
dotted with picturesque villages and private re-
sidences. The rising slopes are richly wooded, the
greenery gradually mingling with the purple of the
Heather, which, in its turn, shades indefinitely into
the etherial colouring of the grand mountains in the
background. No wonder that it is eagerly sought
after as a summer retreat from the smoke and din
and turmoil of city life. After a brief visit, and a
hearty welcome from the proprietor, at Inver-Eck,
particularly interesting to botanists from its having
'been the residence of the late Sir William Jackson
Hooker, the party returned by the entrance to Loch
Long to Gourock, and again stepped into the pro-
saic railway-carriage for Paisley. The excursion
was a most enjoyable one, and will long live in the
memories of those who joined in it.

The business meeting of the Society was held in
the evening. After the transaction of ordinary
business, the President delivered the annual address,
in which he welcomed the Society to Paisley. The
address was characterised throughout with great
reverence of spirit, and coald not fail to awaken in-
terest in the study which it is the aim of the Society
to promote. In a paper by Mr. A. Stephen Wilson,
of Aberdeen, on " The Germinal Origin ofVegetable
Parasites," special reference was made to Perono-
spora infestans. This gave rise to an interesting
discussion, in which Dr. Plowright maintained the
position which is familiar to mycologists from his
researches in this department of botanical investiga-
tion. Mr. William Stewart, Glasgow, contributed a
catalogue of the Agarics of the Clyde district, contain-
ing 178 species. Dr. Plowright then gave an account
of a visit which he had paid to Dr. Robert Fries at
Gothenburg, and relating some interesting anecdotes
of his father, the immortal Elias Fries. His visit
has been fruitful in clearing up difficulties about
various species, of which he submitted coloured
figures for examination. After the usual votes of
thanks, the meeting closed.

Wednesday, the 23rd, was devoted to the public
exhibition, and at the annual dinner in the evening
the members had a pleasant reunion.

On Thursday, the 24th, a short excursion was
made to Johnstone Castle, the seat of Mr. G. L.
Houston, who, after kindly receiving the members,
and showing them some antiquities of interest, which
he had discovered in renovating portions of the old
tower, conducted them through the woods of his
extensive park.

The chief interest of the meeting for many was
centred in the public exhibition. The members of
the society were early astir on the day of its opening,
and hampers, which had poured in from all quarters,
soon revealed their treasures. These were laid out
on tables in the lecture hall of the museum, and
formed a grand collection. Tables >vere specially
devoted to classified and named species of fungi.
The result was a more complete representation of the
various genera than has hitherto been obtained in
similar exhibitions. Nearly 200 species were named
and classified. No new species were discovered, and
no very rare ones were gathered.

Tables were, as usual, devoted to collections of
edible and poisonous species. The hall in which the
fungi were exhibited was tastefully decorated with
a profusion of potted Ferns and greenhouse plants.

In other halls of the Museum there were arranged
fine collections of Ferns, mosses, and seaweeds from
the herbaria of local enthusiasts. These, though
attracting less general attention than the strange
forms and colours of the living fungi, were of great
value and of deep interest to specialists in the
science. As a whole, the exhibition of Cryptogams

was one of the finest which has yet been made in
connection with the meetings of the Society ; and it
must be matter of lasting satisfaction to the
naturalists of Paisley, that their efforts to provide an
exhibition so full of educative influence have been
crowned with success. Our space will not admit of
reference to the names of the many who have con-
tributed to this success ; but we cannot omit mention
of the Vice-President of the Society, Mr. James
Clark ; of the Secretary of the local committee,
Mr. John A. Rennison ; and of the Curator of
the Museum, Mr. Morris Young, to whose united
and unwearied efforts so much of the success of the
Conference was due. To all others who have in-
terested themselves in the meeting, and laboured for
its success, our gratitude is equally sincere.

The Society will hold its next annual Conference
at Aberfoyle, in the county of " Rob-Roy," under
the Presidency of Colonel Stirling, of Gargunnock.
J. S., Glamis.

Societies.

HCYAL HORTICULTURAL.

The Exhibition of Conifers.

One of the chief features of this exhibition, to
which we alluded briefly last week, and which
attracted a more than ordinary share of attention, was
the neatly-arranged collections of Conilers sent for
exhibition by many of our prominent nursery firms.
A more fitting place could not have been selected for
arranging these exhibits. The centre poition of the
ground, a plan of which we gave last week, was
occupied by three large oval-shaped beds, surrounded
by a border which varied in width, and in these were
artistically arranged some of the rarest and most
beautiful of Conifers. From the Combe Wood Nur-
sery, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sou sent a representative
and healthy collection of hardy Conifers, including
amongst other rare kinds, the beautiful Umbrella
Pine of Japan (Sciadopitys verticillata), with shoots
and cones of the most healthy hue imaginable; the
curious but elegant Retinospora fililera gracilis,
Cupressus Nutkaensis aurea — a good thing in its
way; C. Lawsoniana filiformis, one of the most
ornamental varieties of the favourite Cypress that
has yet been offered to the public ; although not much
behind it is the rarely-seen C. Lawsoniana pendula.

Amongst the Picea and Abies genera, some of the
most noticeable and interesting were the little
known P. ajanensis, with leaves silvery beneath ; the
pretty and desirable Abies Veitchii, Teuga Sieboldi
nana, dwarf and interesting ; Picea Omorika, the
newly-discovered Servian Spruce ; the true Abies
lasiocarpa, better known as Abies subalpina; and
the noteworthy A. firma and A. amabilis.

Retinospora plumosa albo-picta pleased us much,
it being one of the neatest and brightest Conifer
gems that could well be imagined, and it is to be
hoped that it will receive that attention that as a
hardy ornamental dwarf-growing Conifer its merits
justly entitle it to. The neat habit and pretty foliage
tint of Cupressus arizonica should do much to place
it in the front rank of ornamental Conifers. Pinus
parviflora, so prolific in cones, and Retinospora squar-
rosa, each about 7 feet high, showed off to good advan-
tage near the centre of the bed, while the healthy hue
of Torreya Myristica — a plant that does well in Ire-
land— showed that it can be grown in the climate of
England, a fact also proved by the fine fruiting spe-
cimens shown from Orton Longueville by Mr.
Harding. Of the Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria
japonica) there was a curious form called spiralis,
and which, were it not for the appearance here and
there of normal-shaped leaves, would have been
worthy of a more exalted place than it received.
Pinus Ayacahuite is an uncommon species, but one
that is worthy of a bold attempt to get established
amongst any collection of Conifers ; fine cones of this
species were exhibited from Weston Birt. The
newly-discovered Tsuga caroliniana has much to
attract notice. The weeping form of the Canadian
Hemlock Spruce, T. canadensis pendula, is well
worthy of extensive cultivation as an ornamental
tree, it being particularly graceful and beautiful of
foliage colouring.

Equally good with the Combe Wood collection
was that sent from Knap Hill by Mr. A. Waterer ;
indeed, both collections looked so healthy, and were
composed of such rare or beautiful individual spe-

cimens, that it was a matter of no little difficulty to
say which was the finer. Conspicuous amongst
the Knap Hill plants was A. Lowiana, a well-
grown healthy plant fully 7 feet high ; the curious
Retinospora leptoclada, the golden Canadian Juni-
per (Juniperus canadensis aurea), a pretty and
most effective Conifer; Retinospora lycopodioides,
and Picea pungens glauca, one of the hardiest and
most beautiful silvery Conifers.

Curious, and of value for rock gardening, is the
dwarf Abies nigra nana, a plant so remarkable from
its daik Yew -coloured foliage. The glaucous
Atlantic Cedar (Cedrus atlantica glauca) will ere
long be a common tree, for it is questionable if any
other is so beautiful in foliage tint. In Picea
excelsa Remonti we have a very distinct form of the
Norway Spruce, and one that will be of value in
ornamental grounds.

From the famous Elvaston collection Messrs.
Barron & Son sent a well - selected and very
interesting group of unusually well-grown healthy
plants, and as great care in arrangement had been
taken, the whole collection looked one of the best.
In it we particularly noticed the rare Taxus baccata
William Barron, certainly a distinct and desirable
variety of our common Yew. Pinus Coulteri and
P. Koraiensis were worthy of examination, more
healthy specimens being rarely se<-n in this country.
Picea Schrenkiana, P. polita, and P. excelsa Remonti
are rarely-seen kinds that were here exhibited in
good form, and in the best of health. One of
the best variegated Conifers is Cupressus Law-
soniana pyrarnidalis albo-spica, and in which the
irregular patchy blotching that we are too much
used to was quite wanting, a quiet but effective tint
pervading the whole specimen.

Messrs. John Jefferies, of Cirencester, showed
some beautiful specimens of Cupressus Lawsoniana
elegans — a first-class ornamental tree, and one
that should be largely used in parks and lawns.
Abies concolor violacea seems to be coming well
to the front — at least, if we might judge by its
presence in most of the collections. It is a most
distinct and effective tree. Of Abies Lowiana (com-
monly, but erroneously, called A. lasiocarpa), there
were several good specimens in this collection, and
it is a species that cannot be too widely known.
The cut specimens from Haddo, Aberdeenshire,
were marvellous for vigour and rapidity of growth.
In Tsuga Hookeriana we have another desirable and
pretty-foliaged species, that is as yet far too little
known.

Messrs. Paul & Sons exhibited a most interesting
and largelv representative collection, and the indi-
vidual plants were well grown aid full of foliage.
The rarely seen Junipprus Berklevii, Pseudo-Lirix,
Kasmpferi (the Golden Larch), Taxus Livis-
tonii, and T. Barronii were exhibited in well-
grown specimens, and seem?d to attract a more
than ordinary share of attention. Juniperus
recurva densa is worthy of a place, and is cer-
tainly distinct from the typical species, although
we cm hardlv say that it is either eq'ial or prefer-
ab e to it. The Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys verti-
cillata), was here again well shown in fine healthy
glaucous-foliaged specimens — but, indeed, this was
noticeable in all the groups. Westman's form of the
Lawson's Cypress is a drooping variety, of very elegant
growth, and would be an effective specimen if well
placed in anv collection. Other interesting exhibits
of Messrs. Paul's were Abies bracteata, A. numidica,
and Tsuga Pauonii, the pretty Cupressus pendula
compacta, Juniperus neoboraensis, and the distinct
and interesting Juniperus fragrans— a rare shrubby
species.

One of the large beds was most artistically
planted by Dicksons of Chester, with unusually well
grown and generally speaking rare and effective
specimens, the whole being surrounded by neatly-
grown plants of the golden Lawson's Cypress. Con-
soicuous in it we noticed the little-seen Podocarpus
Koriaiana, the upright form of Cephalotaxus pedun-
culata, and the Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys verti-
cillata), a healthy fine-looking specimen, and which
clearly pointed out that the air of Cheshire suits well
the wants of this interesting Conifer.

Of Abies Lowiana, perhaps the finest specimen in'
the collection was that of Messrs. Dicksons, while
their variety of Cupressus macrocarpa must soon
come to the front as a first-class ornamental variety.
Picea accicularis, a form of P. Alcockiana, reminded
us much of a very fine-foliaged Picea Morinda, but
there was something distinct in it which is not
readily described. The Chester collection comprised
also well-shaped trees, a wealth of healthy foliage,
and a generally pleasing look.

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

465

From Hammersmith, Messrs. Charles Lee & Son
tent some uncommon kinds of Coniferaj. We ad-
mired much the new Cupressus Nutkaentisaureaand
the equally uncommou Taxus sempervirens albo-
spica, both of which are worthy of a note by intending
planters of choice Conifer subjects. The Weeping
Wellingtonia (Sequoia gigantea pendula) is, as shown ,
more curious than beautiful. The specimen was
about 14 feet high, ugly, and uncouth.

Rather a large collection was that of Messrs.
W. Cutbush & Son, and which included a fine speci-
men of Cupressus Lawsoniana erecta-viridis, a neat
habited and decidedly distinct variety that is to be
recommended. Of the pretty and well-known
R?tinospora plumosa aurea, several unusually large
and neatly-shaped specimens were included in this
collection.

Perhaps one of the neatest and most taking col-
lections was that ot Messrs. Paul & Sons, Cheshunt,
and which included only such Conifers as are suit-
able for rock gardening. In it were such dwarf speci-
mens as Picea Kemonti, Cephalotaxus pedunculata
var. fastigiata, P. excelsa Maxwellii, P. excelsa nana,
Cryptomeriajaponica com pacta, Abies Pinsapo(Parker
Hammond's var.), Thuiopsis Isetevirens, J uniperus vir-
giniana compacta, LPicea orientalis pygmasa, Thuia
occidentalis recurva — a rare form ; Cupressus Law-
soniana minima glauca — a neat and pretty rock
Conifer, and Picea excelsa deliciosa and A. excelsa
Doumetti, both forms of our common Spruce. This
list is of great value as showing at a glance the best
kinds of Conifers for rock gardening.

Side by side with this was a most interesting col-
lection from the Royal Gardens, Kew, chiefly of such
Conifers as require a greenhouse temperature — at
least, very few could survive, even in the most
favoured parts of Great Britain or Ireland. Here
we saw Libocedrus Doniana (this is hardy in Ire-
land), Athrotaxis cupressoides, Juniperus ber-
mudiana, Phyllocladus asplenifolia (a very pretty
Conifer). Libocedrus Gunniana, Dacrydium Frank-
linii (hardy in two places, at least), Microcachrys
tetragona, from Tasmania, with long pendulous
foliage, and of unusually neat growth.

Scientific Committee.

Tuesday, October 6. — Present : Dr. M. T. Masters,
in the chair ; and Messrs. Morris, McLacblan, Bland-
ford, C. W. Dod, and G. Henslow, Hon. Sec.

Strawberries attacked by Beetles. — With reference
to this subject, brought before the Committee at the
last meeting, Mr. Blandford observed that the fact
had been recorded before, and attributed to identically
the same insects, so that it was very probably the same
beetle in the present instance. The fact that the
carnivorous beetles thus changed their habit to eat
Strawberries reminded Mr. Dod of the interesting
fact that squirrels would eat not only Mushrooms
but even poisonous fungi.

Primula rosea, mildewed. — Mr. Dod exhibited
plants, and observed that this species alone had been
much attacked this year, and especially during the
wet season after great thunderstorms in the last week
of June. The specimens were sent to Dr. Cooke for
farther examination. Mr. Dod also added, that he
had tried many kinds of remedies for mildew this
seusou, but with no very great success, the best
being "anti-blight " and watering with sulphate of
copper. Iris reticulata had been very badly attacked
this year.

Fog Report. — Mr. Morris read a communication
from Mr. H. Rix, stating that Mr. G. H. Bailey, Secre-
tary of the Town Gardening Committee of the Man-
chester Field Naturalists, had expressed the willing-
ness of the committee to work in conjunction wiih
the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultuial
Society in the matter of "Air and Fog," and had
applied for the grant of £50 placed at the disposal
of the joint committees by the Government Grant
Committee.

The members of the Scientific Committee were
unanimous in agreeing to the proposal of Mr. Bailey,
as there was still a working balance from last year's
grant to go on with.

Polyporus fraxineus. — Dr. .Plowright forwarded a
specimen, with the following observations : — " It was
taken from an Ash tree near King's Lynn, which is
being killed by this fungus. The tree is still alive,
and bears a certain number of leaves, but will evi-
dently succumb before many months. The fungus
has attacked the base of the trunk near the ground,
which is the usual site of its attack. P. fraxineus hf s
hitherto not been generally regarded as a parasite by
mycologists in Britain, bnt it clearly is a true parasite,
capable of doing great damage to the trees it attacks.
It is not one of the most common species with us.
When once a tree is fairly attacked, it is soon killed by

the fungus." The question was raised whether the
fungus be not rather a parasite in consequence of the
previous unhealthinets of the tree, as is so often
the case with other fungi, as Dr. Masters observed.
Mr. Henslow added that Polyporus squamosus grows
on a dying Horse-Chestnut tree in his garden, but
not on the healthy ones, from which it might be
inferred that when that fungus occurs on Ash trees,
as is so often the case, the probability was that the
trees were unhealthy.

Merulius lacrymans. — Dr. Plowright also sent fine
specimens of this fungus, the " dry rot," remarkable
for the development of well-formed pilei. Such are
seldom seen ; they are flat, orange coloured, and
spreading over the cushion-like mass of the fungus.

Apple Canker. — Dr. Plowright also forwarded
specimens of this condition, but as is usual in the
advanced stage, it is impossible to assign a cause ;
probably some ancient irritation having been set up,
the organism having long since disappeared, the
abnormal growth continued.

CRYSTAL PALACE FRUIT SHOW.

October 8, 9, 10. — English-grown Apples and
Pears were seen very extensively displayed at the
Crystal Palace on the above date, and there was a
pardonable feeling of native pride in surveying such
superb examples of home cultivation. It may be
said it was all the result of high cultivation, which
is undoubtedly true ; still it showed what the soil is
capable of producing, and perchance, some day, some
horticultural Moses may arise to teach the people
that by means of improved cultivation of varieties that
are certain croppers, growers may be led into the
promised land of commercial success. T.ie competi-
tion was keen in almost every class, and rich colour-
ing, for so untoward a season, was everywhere
observable.

Apples. — The best exhibition of one hundred dishes
came from Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Old Nurseries,
Maidstone ; indeed Kent-grown fruit was to the
fore through the entire show ; Mr. C. G. Sclater,
Devon Nurseries, Heavitree, Exeter, was 2nd, with
some remarkably good fruit also, generally finely
coloured ; 3rd, Mr. J. Watkins, Pomona Farm,
Withington, Hereford, with a fine lot also, many
brilliantly coloured, and included varieties not often
seen on the exhibition table.

In the amateur's class for fifty dishes, Mr. G.
Woodward, gr, to R. Leigh, Esq., Barham Court,
Maidstone, was 1st, with a splendid collection ; 2nd,
Mr. Geo. Goldsmith, gr. to Sir E. Loder, Bart.,
Leonardslee, Horsham ; 3rd, Mr. A. Waterman, gr.
to H. L. C. Brassey, Esq., Preston Hall, Aylesford,
Kent, who was likewise 1st with twenty-four dishes ;
2nd, Mr. Geo. Reynolds, gr. to the Messrs. de
Rothschild, Gunnersbury Park, Acton, with excel-
lent examples ; 3rd, Mr. T. W. Startup, West
Farleigh, Maidstone.

The best twelve dishes came from Mr. F. Bridger,
The Gardens, Penshurst Place, Kent; 2nd, Mr. S.
H. Goodwin, Smarkswell, Mereworth, Kent.

Pears. — The best collection, not to exceed fifty
dishes, orchard-house fruit excluded, came from
Mr. G. Goldsmith, gr. to Sir E. Loder, Bart.,
Leonardslee, Horsham, who had superb fruit of
Beurre d'Anjou, Beurre^ d'Amanlis, Conseiller de la
Cour, General Todtleben, Bon Chretien, Beurr6
Ranee, Beurre Alexander Lucas, Beurre Hardy,
Louise Bonne of Jersey (very fine), Nouveau
Poiteau, Marie Louise de Noville, Triomphe de
Spencer, &c. ; 2nd, Mr. Geo. Woodward, Barham
Court, also with remarkably good fruit ; Messrs. Geo.
Bunyard & Co. were 3rd ; and Messrs. J. Cheal &
Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley, 4th, with very
good collections.

In the amateurs' class for twenty- four dishes, Mr.
G. Woodward was 1st, his fruit here, as in all the
classes in which he exhibited, being nicely set up on
red leaves of the Virginian Creeper; 2nd, Mr. A.
Waterman, Preston Hall, who staged fine examples ;
3rd, Mr. T. H. Crasp, Canford Manor Gardens,
Wimborne, with twelve dishes. Mr. G. Goldsmith
was 1st with some superb fruit ; 2nd, Mr. R. Smith,
gr. to Lady F. Fletcher, Kennard, Yalding, Kent,
with good fruit.

Apples and Pears of Orchard- house Growth. — But
one collection of these was staged — from Messrs.
G. Bunyard & Co., and it comprised about fifty
dishes of superb fruit.

Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co. offered special prizes
for the three best-flavoured Apples in three varieties,
and prizes for three dishes of Pears also. There
were a considerable number of entries. The 1st
prize for dessert Apples went to Mr. Will Taylor,

nurseryman, Hampton, who had Ribston Pippin,
King of Pippins, and Cox's Orange Pippin from
pyramid trees grown on the paradise. The best-
flavoured Pears came from Mr. W. A. Cook, Comp-
ton Basset, Calne, who had Brockworth Park and
Fondante d'Automne from south-east walls ; and
Madame Treyve, from pyramid.

Vegetables. — The open class for the best collection
of vegetables, arranged for effect, brought some huge
ones, laid out in squares, having the appearance of
shallow wooden trays. Wonderful types of vegetables
were staged, and scarcely any grown in the kitchen
garden appear absent. Mr. C. J. Waite, gr. to
Colonel the Hon. W. P. Talbot, Glenhurst, Esher,
was 1st, with a remarkably extensive lot, very fine
quality characterising all; 2nd, Mr. A. Palmer,
Thames Ditton House, Kingston on Thames,
arranged his productions much more effectively, but
he lacked Mr. Waite's variety, and general fine
quality. Mr. W. Salmon, Elder Road, West Nor-
wood, was 3rd; this exhibitor is said to be a post-
man, but he is a very able gardener also.

The best twelve dishes came from Mr. Thomas
Wilkins, gr. to Lady Theodora Guest, Inwood House,
Henstridge, Blandford, who had very fine speci-
mens ; 2nd Mr. W. Pope, The Gardens, Highclere
Castle, Newbury, with very fine produce also ; Mr. J.
Friend, gr. to the Hon. P. C. Glyn, Rooksnest, God-
stone, was 3rd.

Messrs. James Carter & Co., seed merchants, High
Holborn, offered special prizes for six dishes grown
from their seeds, and here Mr. T. Wilkins was again
1st with a very fine lot, Mr. C. J. Waite 2nd, and
Mr. W. Pope 3rd.

Potatos. — Messrs. Sutton & Sons, seed merchants,
Reading, offered special prizes for six dishes of
Potatos of their introduction. The 1st prize went
to Mr. E S. Wills, Edgecote Gardens, Banbury, who
had excellent examples; 2nd, Mr. Jas. Sinkins,
Shillington, near Hitchin ; Mr. W. Pope was 3rd.

The best three dishes of Messrs. Sutton & Sons
introduction were from Mr. R. Lye, gr. to W. H.
Kingsmill, Esq., Sydmonton Court, Newbury, who
had Satisfaction, Abundance, and Sutton's Seedling;
2nd, Mr. F. Peckover, Wardington, Banbury.

The miscellaneous collections formed a remark-
able feature. Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, had
a very large collection of Apples and Pears, and
baskets of leading varieties. Messrs. T. Rivers &
Son sent from Sawbridgeworth, fruiting trees of
Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c, and also dishes
of these fruits. Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., had a
considerable collection ; so had Messrs. W. Paul &
Sons, Waltham Cross, who also contributed an excel-
lent selection of autumnal Roses. Messrs. Cheal & Sons
Crawley, had fruits, and a remarkable collection of
Dahlias for the time of year. Messrs. J. Laing &
Sons, Stanstead Park Nursery, also had a collection
of fruit, many of the Apples finely coloured.
Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester, a collection
also, and examples of a very promising main crop
or late Plum, named Smith's Purple Prolific.
Mr. J. Watkins, Pomona Farm, Hereford, had
cider Apples, from which he manufactures the well-
known champagne cider. Messrs. J. Carter & Co.,
High Holborn, a collection of varieties of Tomatos
of high quality ; and Mr. F. Mitchener, Anerley, a
collection of Apples.

ROYAL AaUARITJM.

Wednesday-, October 14. — A remarkably fine
display of Apples and Pears marked this autumn
exhibition, whilst Grapes and other choice fruits were
largely shown. All classes were well filled, and in
the miscellaneous collections there was great variety,
as well as much fine quality.

Grapes. — No fewer than five collections of twelve
bunches were staged, the best, admirable samples,
coming from GunnerBbury Park (gr., Mr. G. Rey-
nolds). The blacks were Alicante, Gros Maroc, and
Hamburgh ; the whites, Trebbiano, Napoleon, and
Muscat of Alexandria. Mr. Wilson, gr. to R. C.
Christie, Esq., Roehampton, was a good 2nd. The
beBt three bunches of black Grapes came from Mr.
Griffin, gr. to the Misses Christy, Coombe Bank, with
very finely finished Alicantes, who was also a good
1st, with fine Muscat of Alexandria, in the white
class. Mr. W. Iggulden, Marston Gardens, was 2nd
with blacks, having Gros Maroc ; and Mr. Davies,
Mote Park Gardens, Maidstone, had the 2nd best
whites in large coarse Muscat of Alexandria.

Collections of Fruit. — These were not limited to
number of dishes, and found five entries. The best,
consisting of twenty-eight dishes, came from Mr.
Blair, Trentham Gardens, and included Queen Pine« ,

466

TEE GARDENERS' GERONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

Muscat of Alexandria, white, and Hamburgh, Ali-
cante, Madresfield Court, and Groe Colmar Grapes,
with numerous Apples, Pears, Plums, Figs, and late
Peaches. Mr. Reynolds was 2nd, with twenty-one
dishes, and Mr. Davies was 3rd.

Pears were shown largely. The best collection,
comprising sixty dishes of generally good samples,
came from Mr. Davies, who, in this case, fairly beat
Messrs. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, and Mr. Bunyard, of
Maidstone, who came 2nd and 3rd. Remarkably
fine were the twelve dishes shown by Mr. Blick,
gr. to Martin R. Smith, Esq., Hayes Common, who
had capital samples of Glout Morceau, Pitmaston
Duchess, ConBeiller de la Cour, Doyenne du Cornice,
Marie Louise d'Uccle, Durondeau, Beurrf Bachelier,
Magnate, Marie Louise, Beurr6 Diel, and Emile
d'Heysh, Mr. Davies and Mr. Cook, Compton Bassett
Gardens, came 2nd and 3rd. Mr. Bridger, Penshurst
Place Gardens, had the best six dishes of Pears.

Apples. — Large collections of these were shown,
those in the competition for the unlimited class were
exceptionally good. Messrs. G. Bunyard taking 1st
place with 120 dishes ; Mr. John Watkins, Hereford,
coming 2nd ; and Mr. Waterman, gr. to L. C. Brasey,
Esq., Aylesford Hall, being 3rd with eighteen dishes.
Mr. Davies was 1st for seven, his fruits, such as
Peasgood's Nonsuch, Warner's King, Alfriston, Sand-
ringham, and Winter Hawthornden, being very
fine ; Mr. Bridgeman, 2nd. The best six dessert
Apples came from Mr. A. Wyatt, Bedfont, having
Ribston, King, and Fearn's Pippin ; Worcester
Pearmain, Duchess' Favourite, and Margil, all first
rate. The best six kitchen kinds were from Mr.
Bridger, who had beautiful samples of Stirling
Castle, Bismarck, Warner's King, The Queen, New
Hawthornden, and Alexander; Mr. Sage, Ham
House Gardens, was 2nd with some grand fruits. Of
non- competing collections, Messrs. Cheal & Sons,
Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Messrs. Lee & Sons, Messrs.
Paul & Sons, Messrs. Peed & Sons, and Messrs. R.
Smith & Co., Worcester, had great variety. Mr.
Watkins showed various Cider Apples.

Tomatos were plentiful, Mr. E. Ryder, Orpington,
and Mr. Norman Davies having the best collections,
which included the best known varieties. The
vegetables were good, the prizes for twelve dishes
being taken by Messrs. Wilkins, Norwood House
Gardens, Blandford ; Mr. E. Lye, Symonton : and
Mr. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher ; the average quality
being so good that it was hard to apportion the
awards. Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, offered
prizes for single dishes of vegetables. Mr. Lye had
the best Beets and Leeks ; Mr. Wilkins the best
Carrots and Onions. Mr. Waite the best Cauli-
flowers. Mr. T. Hosmer, Meopham, Kent, the best
Parsnips ; and Mr. Bury, Forest Hill, the best dish of
Tomatos.

Plants and Flowers. — Messrs. J. Laing & Sons,
Forest Hill, showed a large group of Begonias in
pots. Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Begonias, just lifted
from the open ground, and cut Chrysanthemums.
Messrs. W. Paul & Sons, cut Roses and hardy
flowers. Messrs. Cheal & Son, Dahlias, &c. Mr.
Jones, Lewisham, Chrysanthemums in pots. Mr.
Pritchard, Christchurch, hardy flowers set in moss.
Mr. Salmon, West Norwood, French Marigolds ;
Mr. Owen, Maidenhead, a good collection of cut
blooms of Chrysanthemums, many from plants raised
from seed sown last January ; and Mr. Powell,
Hornsey, had capital dwarf plants of Madame Des-
granges and Guernsey Chrysanthemum, finely
flowered.

©iHtttarg,

REV. PERCY MyleS.— We regret to have to
announce the death of this gentleman at Ealing.
He was a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, where
he took high honours, and was not only a scholar but
a naturalist. He was known as the Editor of Nature
Notes, and to gardeners by the valuable glossaries
appended to Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening.

Enquiry.

> —

Walnut Teee Failing to Ripen Fruit. — Would
any of our readers kindly furnish F. M. with a
reason for his Walnut tree failing to ripen its fruils r
He says : — " I have in my yard a very fine Walnut
tree about 60 years old, the leaves and branchei

appear to be as healthy and vigorous as ever, but it
does not bear one-tenth as many nuts as it did ten
years ago. The last three years the outer shell of
the nut has been soft, and never gets hard as formerly.
I shall feel very much obliged if in your next issue
you will say if anything can be done to improve the
bearing of this tree. F. M."

Markets.

COVENT GARDEN, October 15.
[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kinduess of several of the principal
eales-men, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It mu=t be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

Cobbs still sell fairly, with a downward tendency.
Apples better trade. James Webber, Wholesale Apple
Market.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Asters, French,
12 bunches

— English, per
dozen bunches

Carnations, 12 buns.

Carnations, 12 blms.

Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms

— 12 bunches
Cloves, per dozen

blooms

Dahlias, 12 bun.
Eucharis, per dozen
Gaillardias, 12 buns.
Gardenia, per dozen
Gl fdiolus, 12 bunches
Heliotrope, 12 sprays
Lilium Harrisii, doz.
Liliums, various, doz.
Mignonette, doz. bun.

4 0-60
4 0-60
10-20

10-30
4 0-12 0

16-20
2 0-40
2 0-40
2 0-40
2 0-40
9 0-18 0
0 3-06
4 0-60
10-30
16-30

Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches

Orchids: —

Cattleya, 12 blms.

Odonto gl ossn m
crispum, 12 blms.
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun.

— 12 spaya

Pyrethrum, 12 buns.
Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz.

— red, per dozen ...

— various, doz. bun
Sweet Peas, 12 buns.
Tuberoses, 12 blms.

j. d. s. d.
4 0-90

2 0-40
6 0-12 0

3 0-60

4 0-

0 6-
2 0-

1 0-

2 0-

2 0-
1 0-

3 0-
1 6-
0 3-

6 0

0 9

3 0

4 0

6 0

2 0
6 0

3 0
0 6

Orchid-bloom in variety.

Plants ln Pots.— Aver
s.d. s. d.
0-12 0
0-12 0
0-63 0
0-6 0
0-6 0

Adiantums. per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18

Asters, per dozen
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Chrysanthe mums,

per dozen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Draceenas, each ... 1
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12

0-9 0
0-3 6
0-6 0
0-10 0
0-5 0

0-18 0

age Wholesale Prices.

s.d.

Erica gracilis doz. 0 9-

Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-

— small, per 100 8 0-

Ficu<», each 1 0-

Fuchsias, per dozen 3 0-
Geraniums, per doz. 3 0-
Heliotropes, per doz. 3 0-
Lilium lancifolium,

per dozen 9 0-

Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-
Palms, various, each 2 0-

— specimens, each 10 6-
Solanums, per dozen 9 0

s.d.
12 0

9 0
15 0

5 0

6 0
5 0

18 0
12 0
21 0
84 0
12 0

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Apples, £-sieve

Damsons, £-sieve .

Grapes

Kent Cobs, 100 lb.

Lemons, per case .

5. d.

s.d.

.. 1 0-

4 0

.. 1 3-

2 3

.. 0 6-

3 0

. 32 6-35 0

..15 0-

30 0

s.d. s.d.

Melons 0 6-10

Peaches, per dozen... 10-40
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 3
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6
Spinach, per bushel 3 6
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-
Turnips, per bunch . 0 3

s.d.
1 6

0 6

s.d. s. d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6- 1 0

Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30

Carrots, per bunch... 0 3- ...

Cauliflowers, each ... 10-20

Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36

Cucumbers, each ... 1 0- 1 9 Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-0

Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30 Turnips, per bunch .03-04

Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10

Potatos.
Arrivals this week rather light. Trade for best kinds rather
better, at a slight advance in price. Commoner kinds about
same as previous quotations. J. B. Thomas.

Notices to Correspondents.

Apple Trees in Inventory of a Market Garden :
N. B. When a tree ceases to bear well, it should
not be inventoried. The age of an Apple tree
would scarcely have anything to do with it.

Araucaria inbricata to Dry : T. C. S. Fasten
the scales of the cone with a rather close net-
work of very fine florists' wire, and hang up in the
shade until dry.

Books : Cynosurus. See a letter by " F. W. B." in
our Home Correspondence, p. 461, of this week's
issue. You would have to attend Science Classes
at some institution which is in connection with
the Science and Art Department at South
Kensington. Send for prospectus. — L. G. Hand-

book of Hardy Trees and Shrubs, §c., by Decaisne,
Naudin, and Hemsley (Longmans & Co.,
London). Greenhouse and Stove Plants, by
T. Baines (John Murray, London). Select Ferns
and Lycopods, by B. S. Williams, Victoria Nur-
series, Upper Holloway : sold by same firm. The
Scientific and Profitable Culture of Fruit Trees ;
translated from the French of M. Du Breuil, by
W. Wardle (Lockwood & Co., Stationers' Hall
Court. London).

Brown Scale, and Fumigation with Campbell's
Fumiqator : W. M. Will it not be better to extend
your observations of the effects of the fumigation ?
If none of the scale-insects grow in size in the
course of a few weeks, there will be no doubt of
the efficacy of the remedy.

Cypeifedium : Major M. The flower sent does not
tally with the description, but we cannot say of our
own experience whether it is the true variety or not.

Dressing Wheat : Pro and Con. The dressing
applied to seed Wheat or other grain destroys any
spores that may be present. The spores are
scattered everywhere by the wind, and readily
infest the plant as soon as it sprouts. The
dressing makes the seed-corn unpalatable to birds,
mice, &c.

Fhoit for Market Purposes : H. K. S. Six
Apples : New Hawthornden, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Worcester Pearmain, Lane's Prince Albert,
Bramley Seedling, Lord Grosvenor. Six Pears :
Williams' Bon Chretien, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Beurr^ d'Amanlis, Marie Louise d'Uccle, Marie
Louise, Knight's Monarch, Glout Morceau. Six
Plums : Belgian Purple, Reine Victoria, Kirke's —
dessert varieties ; The Czar (Rivers), Grand Duke
(Rivers), Victoria (Denyers) — culinary vars. The
Czar for very early, and Grand Duke for late
fruiting, cannot be too much recommended, as
they extend the season of Plums to nearly three
months, the one ripening on bushes or standards
about the end of July, and the other about the
third week in October.

Fungus on Pears : G. W. When the fungus (Fusi-
cladium) has attached itself to the rind of the fruits
and run its course, there is nothing that you can do
beyond destroying the fruits by fire ; by so doing you
will destroy some spores, but there will be millions
more floating in the air next summer, ready to take
advantage of, to them, favourable conditions, to
attack the young Pears. The means taken to
check the spread of other minute fungi, as sulphate
of copper in solution, might be employed against
this one by means of a spray-pump. Two or three
thorough sprayings would probably be an effectual
check, but the first one should be performed whilst
the fruits are quite small.

Mayfarth's Drying Apparatus : H. G. Any ques-
tions with regard to this useful invention would
doubtless be answered by Mr. Barron, Royal
Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick, on
application.

Names of Fruits : if. J. J. Pears : 19, Vicar of
Winkfield ; 20, Doyenne1 du Cornice; 21, Passe
Colmar ; 22, Glout Morceau ; Apples : 14, Court
of Wick ; 15, Yorkshire Greening ; 16, Brownlee's
Russet ; 17, Royal Russet ; 18, Beauty of Kent ;
Grape : 24, Royal Muscadine. — W. M. 1, Doyenn<5
du Cornice ; 2, Beurr6 Clairgeau ; 3, Knight's
Monarch ; 4, Williams' Bon Chretien ; 5, Beurr6
Bosc ; 6, Foselle. — J. S. 1, Hacon's Incomparable ;
2, Souvenir du Congres ; 3, Louise Bonne of
Jersey ; 5, Williams' Bon Chretien ; 6, Beurr<5
d'Amanlis. — John Huggins. 1, Ecklinville Seed-
ling ; 2, Winter Strawberry. — G. C. 1, Beurr^
Ranee; 2, Ecklinville Seedling; 3, not recog-
nized. — IV. if. Ring. 1, Mere de Manage ; 2,
Beurr£ Diel ; 3, Napoleon ; 4, Beurr6 Hardy ;
5, Flemish Beauty ; 6, Jersey Gratioli.— C. P. C.
1, Blenheim Orange ; 2, not recognised ; 3, Cel-
lini.— Bywater. 1, Vicar of Winkfield; 2, B>-urr6
Clairgeau ; 3, Beurr6 Ranee ; 4, Bonne d'Ezee ;
5, Beurr^ Hardy. — E. M. P. Apple : Gascoigne's
Seedling; Plum: Magnum Bonum. — H. H. 1,
Duchesse d'Angouleme ; 2, Louise Bonne of
Jersey ; 3, Jersey Gratioli ; 4, Williams' Bon
Chretien ; 5, Lord Derby ; 6, Warner's King ; 7,
Duchess of Oldenburgh ; 8, Lord Suffield— A. F. G.
1, Louise Bonne of Jersey ; 2, Duchesse d'Angou-
lime ; 3, Figue d'Alen$on ; 4, Hacon's Incom-
parable ; 5, decayed ; 6, unknown, very distinct
form. — Albert Harvey. 1, Belle de Bruxelles; 2,
B^lliasimed'Hiver.— O. W. Gray. Apple: Warner's
King; Pear: Grosse Calebasse. — G.J. 1, Down-
ton Nonpareil ; 2, Bringewood Pippin ; 8, Comte

Octobeb 17, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE:

467

de Lamy ; 6, Plum: Magnum Bonum ; 1. Coe's
Golden Drop. — J. H. 1, Kerry i-Mppin ; 2, Red
Astrachan ; 3, decayed ; 4, Claygate Pearmain ;
5, Manx Codlin ; 6, Lord Suffield ; 7, Ecklinville
Seedling ; Pear : 1, Eondante d'Automne. —
G. T. C. Pear : Souvenir du Congres.— R. R. David-
son. Pear : Chaumontelle ; Apple : 1, Dumelow's
Seedling ; 2, not known.
Names op Plants. — A. P. Spiraja Portunei. — J. M,
Desfontainea formosa. — A. H. Lycesteria formosa.
— D.E. 1, 2, and 4, all varieties of Cupressus Law-
soniana ; 3, Thuya gigantea ; 5, Cupressus nutkan-
sis alias Thuiopsis borealis ; 6, Juniperus communis.
— F. C. Nigella hispanica, not truly wild, but often
introduced with foreign Clover or other seed. —
W. E. Guizotia oleifera, a Composite. — A. C. Coc-
coloba platycladon. — Tush. 1, Wild Service tree,
Pyrus torminalis ; 2, Aster, not known ; 3, Cent-
ranthus ruber ; 4, Vinca major ; 5, Scabiosa Bp. ; 6,
Cotoneaster microphylla — why send such wretched
scraps? — E.J. C. 1, Quercus coccinea; 2, Mag-
nolia acuminata ; 3, the Azore Island form of
Prunus lusitanica; 5, Leucothoe axillaris; 6, a
Cupressus, perhaps Goveniana — we cannot tell
from the scrap sent. J. C. Crinum erubescens.
Send fruiting spray of tree with berries. — T. C.
Kuonymus europaeus. — J. C. $ Co. Viburnum
opulus. — J. B. Oncidium praetextum ; Cattleya,
we cannot express an opinion on your plant from
your description. — W.H. S. Miltonia spectabilis
var. Morelliana, one of the best that we have seen.
— J. P. Eranthemum tricolor.

Peat Moss Litteb : T. B. It should be thrown into
large heaps, and fermented, so as to hasten its
decomposition, and it may then be used as a dress-
ing, by preference, on soils that need something
added to increase their porosity as well as their
fertility. These are the loams that are of a clayey
nature. The materials would serve as a mulch on
flower beds and borders, for Raspberry plantations,
Asparagus beds, and when partially decayed as a
manure for Celery. As the peat moss absorbs the
greater proportion of the urine of the animals, it
should not come near the roots of plants in a
fresh state. It would prove a valuable winter
dressing to heavy Grass land.

Potato : J. A. C. We are not surprised at the
occurrence, particularly as the "eyes " still retain
a purple tinge. We cannot name the variety.

Potato Satisfaction : H. K. S. Sutton's Satisfac-
tion is a fine-looking, good-eating tuber, resisting
the disease well.

Tennis Lawn Dressing : Beta. Almost any kind of
dressing does Grass good, if applied at the right
time. If the lawn is well drained, something
better than road grit should be put on it, for as
the removal of the mown Grass gradually reduces
the fertility of the land, a manurial aid is required
to keep the sward fresh looking. Apply sifted
loam one-half, and decayed manure and wood
ashes one-half. Let everything be passed through
a sieve or gravel screen, and applied in such
quantity as not to hide the turf from view ; say,
J-inch thick, and evenly. Do this in mid-winter
when the land is frozen, and will bear a wheel-
barrow without making wheel-tracks. It will have
disappeared by the time the Grass begins to grow.

Tubeeous Begonias : F. Gceson. We think your
seedlings are almost as fine as any that we have
yet observed at metropolitan exhibitions.

Vine Roots : J. R. The roots are in a very bad
state ; probably the result of an insufficiently-
drained border. We see plenty of dead insects,
but no phylloxera.

Viola Blooms : J. Forbes. Exceedingly good blooms
for the time of year. Varieties well adapted for
an extended display from spring to the present
time. As a rule, these plants do better in your
country, and in the north generally, than " down
south."

Communications Received.— Sir T. L.— W. P.— J. E. A.—
Dr. B.. Now York.— H. A.— T. B., Kew.— Ch. deB., Lierre.
— M. Joly, Paris (with thanks).— Sutton & Sons.— H. J. V. —
Professor M. Ward.— A. D. W.— E. M.— Barr & Son.— A. W.
— M. B. P. (book not received).— J R. J.— J. C.-W. H.—
H. K. D.— L. L — R. A. R.— W. S. B.-Major M.— T. B. H.
— E. J. B. — F. Coomber (mauy thanks ; very interesting). —
Ernst Benarv. Erfurt.— G. O.— Elias Long, Buffalo.— F. A. S.
— T. H.. Belgium.— W. Paul.— L. Castle.— W. B. H.—
T. W. H.— J. G. B.— Wild Rose.— J. B.-R. D.— H. E.—
Sans Peur.— F. R.— E. M.— J. D.— Expert.— A. D.— W. A. C.
-J. J. W.— T. H.— J. K. B.

DIED. — Ndtting, Priscilla, wife of the late W.
J. Ndtting, of 60, Barbican, suddenly Oct. 9, 1891,
in her 85th year.

1 1

100 ACRES OF

EVERGREENS

TO select from.

Regularly Transplanted.

Hardily-Grown.

Lift with balls of earth, so can be conveyed any

distance & safely planted.

Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free.

— PLANT NOW. — i n

U ICKSONS (4oorAcre") L H ESTER

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE,
De HEBDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.

Branch House and Plant Houses, Ghent, 74, Rue de la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.

Cablegrams— Strecker, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large Blze

(1J Year).

Price, 12s. 6d. per 100.

SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. &, J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

JOSHUA LE

JERSEY

CORNTJ & SON'S
FRUIT TREES
& ROSE TREES.

Carriage paid. Packed gratis. An immense stock of strong,
healthy, well-rooted Tree*. No Starvelings.

CORDONS A SPECIALTY.
Rosea wonderfully cheap. The finest that money can buy.
Before ordering any, be sure to write for our Illustrated
Catalogue. HfGH VIEW NURSERIES. JERSEY.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

EVERGREENS 1— EVERGREENS I

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

JOHN PERKINS and SON beg to draw
attention to their large stock of the following, fine bushy,
healthy trees, with good roots, all of which will transplant
safely : —

ENGLISH YEWS, 2 to 3, 3 to 4. and i to S feet.
GREEN HOLLIES, 2 to 3, 3 to 4. and 4 to 5 feet.
THUIA LOBBII. 3 to 4. 4 to 5, and 6 to S feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
LAURELS. CASCASICA, 2i to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
,, ROTUNDIFOLIA. 2J to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
„ PORTUGAL, H to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 1} to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. 3 to 4. 4 to 5, and 6 to 8 feet.
RETINOSPORA PLUJI0SA. 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
., PISIFERA, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
Special cheap offers by the dozen. lr0. or 1000.
The Old-F.stabiisiied Nubseky anp Seed Business,
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Koad.
Telegraphic Address — " QUICK, Northampton."

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STOCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Werne and <os&.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash wM Order.

HOSES in Pots, from. 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBS!VEGEIndBLFEARFrER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

GIGANTIC PR1YATE SALE,

FRUIUREES,

Roses, Choicest Shrubs,

RHODODENDRONS.

90,000

FRUIT TREES (Standard,

Pyramid, and Wall - trained) — Apples,
Cherries, Plums, Peaches, and Filberts; 20,000 tall, noble
Standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old ; the
treesare without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly grown,
and intended for tenants and the hedgerows on the estate.
24.000 Black Currants, and forty kinds of Gooseberries. The
superb Rhododendrons, Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses;
specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, surrounding the mansion,
secured but recently regardless of cost; also Hardy Flowers.
See printed Catalogues. Removing.

Estate Agent. Honourable GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield,
Cradley, near Malvern.

COME and SEE

the most remarkable and finest display of early-flowering

CHRYSANTHEMUMS

ever seen in this country. Japanese varieties rivalling the
best of those that bloom in November.

H. J. JONES

respectfully invites all to see his Show, which is now open,
and will cootiuue so until the middle of November.

Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green Lane, Lewisnam, 8.E.

468

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & Co.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem favour of Orders : —
APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
APRICOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained.

CHEKKIE8— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.
PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards,
DAMSONS, FAKLEIGH PROLLFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large— Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

Crawley,

oo S. C. RUMSEY 73

*J OFFERS ^^

- 10 FIRST-RATE STANDARD ROSES for 10j. *J

O 10 •• •• HALF-STANDARD „ ,, ^s. 6d. ft\

*■* 10 SPLENDID DWARF or BUSH „ 5s VJ

O10 GRAND CLIMBING St. mm,

10 LOVELY MOSS „ " 5j. Pi

^\ All Best Sorts, Packing Free. Cash with Order, ft\

CATALOGUE on application. j"

ROSE - GROWER, WROTHAM, KENT.

SPECIAL OFFER-SCOTCH FIR

1J to 2, 2 to 2J, 2J to 3, 3 to 4, and 4J feet.

SPRUCE FIR,

1 to 1J, 1J to 2, 2 to 2$, and 3 feet.

PINUS AUSTRIACA,

1 to 1J, 1$ to 2, 2 to 2J, and 3 feet.

RHODODENDRON PONTIGUM,

1£ to 2, 2 to 2J, aud 3 feet. Same in diameter.
All being thoroughly transplanted, and on poor soil, are
well-rooted, and will start quickly into sturdy growth.
PRICES on application to —

EPPS & CO., «g HANTS.

aAKDEN REQUISITES.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Baffla, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustio Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Price* of
WATSON aicd SCULL. 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.G.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

„ 4 feet

6 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

£ t.

2 0

2 5

4 0

2 15

4 15

& 12

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASTT

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices*

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent, Mr. H.Skelton. Seedsman. &c, 2. Holloway Rd.,N.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3J feet to 12 feet; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 5 feet ; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack ; NITRATE ef
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BOr^E
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD. SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co..
Hop Exchange Warehouses. Southwark Street. London, 8.H.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

IS, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ■
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

BOULTON & PAUL,

HTu?LUDLETRrL NORWICH.
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

lea.

VARIETY.

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles

GARDEN FRAMES *&*

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

... £2 5
... 3 15

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
QARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.
4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. hy «ft.
8 ft. by « ft.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 0 0 I 12 ft. by 6 ft.

8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 3 0 0 j 16 ft. by 6 ft.

N°- 'li^KS"/? >KrameB- \ » *'■ ^ 4 H £l " 2

(12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 0 "

similar to No. 75.

All Frames made of Selected Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 148. each.

UNGLAZED LIGHTS 6s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40a. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always In Stock.
CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including Horti-
cultural Buildings. Frames. Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling,
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

Price Is. 64. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway station, Is, Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 16, or
9 gallons.
s* a tt m t f\ tit Every Cask bears the above

U A U 1 1 C^iV. Registered Trade Mark, Beware

of cheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;
118, Qneen Victoria Street, London, E.C. :
47. Dawson Street. Dunlin.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GABDEN MATS, COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. &.C.. before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Eailway Station,
BRINKWORTH and SONS, Reading.

October 17, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

469

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " Lotuion County Council v. The New Wire
Wove Roojing Co., Ld." May and June iSgi.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland^ and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE HEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoiia Street. LONDON. E.C.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS,

Fob Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over 10U desigus, free ou
application.

GLASS! CHEAP GLASS I

Id Stock Sizes.
«■ iimim a ct (12X10,18X12,18X14,24X14

15-oe.. per 100 ft.. 9s.6jJ.)14xI2iaoxl2(18xl6f24xl6
21-oz., ,, ijs.ua. { 16xl3i 16x14,20x16, 24x18, &c.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 6s. per square; Matching, at 3s. 9d.; 2x4,atjt/.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars, Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.C.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED -GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,
MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for^our
pamphlet, " Water Supply to Mansions."

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTH AM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

EPPS'S--*PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD. Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWO0D, HANTS.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,

ALL FIRST-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Speoialite\
For Price LIST, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Tra"de.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER akd CO., Faruborough, Hants.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

For Wholesale Quantities address :—
6, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT- Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

JTBEIMTLEY'S ™i

WEED DESTROYER.

Mr. J. HUDSON, Gunnersbury House Garden*, writes : — "I
am glad to say that the Weed Destroyer has given us every
satisfaction ; it proved most effectual, and is a great saving of
time and labour."

In the following sizes, carriage paid ; —

3 Gallon Drums, 5s. 6d. I 12 Gallon Casks, 19s. 0d.

6 ,, M 10s. Od. | 18 .. ,, 27s. 6d.

40 Gallon Casks, 60s.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

NOW IS THE BEST TIME TO APPLY

THE CLIMAX

(NON-
POISONOUS)

MOSS ERADICATOR.

It kills the Moss on lawns without injury to the grass;
in fact, it greatly stimulates the growth.

THE CLIMAX WEED KILLER.

We guarantee this to be the best and cheapest preparation
for destroying all Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, &c.

NOTE. — One gallou will make 51 gallon-" for use. Price in
tins, J gdl,t i,. $d. ; 1 gals., .is. ; 5 gals.. 2s. 9d. ; 10 gal., 2s. $d.;
40-gal. casks, 2*. per gal. Ten galloDsand upwards sent car-
riage paid. Sample gallon sentcarriage paid on receipt of P.O.

PREPARED SOLELY BY

The BOUNDARY CHEMICAL Co., Ltd., Liverpool.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, <od. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NTJT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 254. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40*. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 64. id. per sack ; 5 sacks,
254. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 54. per saok, 5 sacks, 22i.; sacks,
4a*. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, 14. 9d. per bushel ; 15«. per half
ton ; 264. per ton. in 2-bushel bags. id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD, 14. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 84. Sd. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lano (lately called 17a, Coal Yard), W.C.

WEDNESDAY,

TUESDAY,

MEETING.

l Royal Botanical Society of Man-
Oct. 21 1 Chester, Conference (two days), at
( Noon od each day.

SHOW.

n onj Royal Botanical Society of Man-
uel, iu -j che9ter, Fruit Show (four days).

THE CARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gahdeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Gardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines .

. £0

Lines .

. £0 8

5 „ .

. 0

. 0 9

s „ .

. 0

. 0 9

7 „ .

. 0

. 0 10

8 „ .

. 0

. 0 10

9 „ •

. 0

. 0 11

10 „ .

. 0

. 0 11

11 „ •

. 0

. 0 12

12 „ .

. 0

. 0 12

13 „ .

. 0

. 0 13

14 „ .

. 0

j) •

. 0 13

AND SIXPENCE FOB EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 204.

If Bet across three Columns the lowest charge will be 304.

Page, £8; Half Page, £4 104. ; Column. £3.

Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by which to identify the sender .- this in all
cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at a 11.
Advertisers are requested when Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
£6 words, including name and address, \s.6d.,
and (id. for every additional line (about nine
words) or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations ,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 6s. each
insertion.

N.B. — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months. 15s. ; 6 months, "is. 6d. ;
3 months, 3s. 9d. Foreign (excepting India
and China'), including Postage, 17s. 6d. for
12 months; India and China, 19s. 6d. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

470

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 17, 1891.

London Road Car Company (Limited).

TO t'AKMKKS AND MARKET GAKDENEKS.

TENDERS are INVITED for REMOVING
the MANURE from the various Stahles of this Company
from JANUARY 1 to DECEMBER 31, 1892.

LIST of STABLES, and NUMBER of HORSES in each :—

Page Street, Westminster

Regency Street, Westminster

Brewery Road, Caledonian Road

Catherine Wheel Yard. Bishopsgate Street ...

Lamb Street, Sp talfields

16, Fulham Road, S.W

Farm Lane, Walham Green

Cedars Mews, West Kensington

Milman's Street, Chelsea, S.W

Gill-ay Sqviare

Star Road, West Kensington

Mulgrave Road. West Kensington

42, Walmcr Road, Notting Hill

143, Walmer Road, Notting Hill

82, Hammersmith Road, W. (near Broadway)

342

257

125

655

165

175

199

115

377

Horses

Tenders marked " Tender for removing Manure," to be
addressed to the SECRETARY, from whom full particulars
may be obtained, and lodged not later than SATURDAY,
24th instant.

Tenders can be made either for a Section, or for the whole
of the Stables.

9, Grosvenor Road, Westminster. Oct. 13, 1891.

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,

SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

S-t- f\ \i C O TERRA-COTTA!

| U V CO. PORTABLE ! FOR COAL !

Pure and ample heat. 24 hours for about Id.,
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny.
Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W.

SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for
2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for 1.9. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is. 6ri. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Head Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgate hill, London.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags. Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free.— 4 and 5, Wormwood Street, EC,

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr. G. Robarts, late of Arkley Gardens, as
Gardener to Lieut. M. E. Grant Duff, Bart.,
York House, Twickenham.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

J. CheaL & Sons, Lowne'd. Crawley, Sussex— Trees and

Shrubs, Rose*, Climbing Plants, Rhododendrons, &c.
W. P. Laird &. Sinclair, Dundee, N.B.— Roses for the Garden

and Conservatory, Forest and Ornamental Trees and

Shrubs, Conifers, Fruit Trees, &c.
V. DbPPLER. Erfurt— Novelties in Carnations and Summer

Stocks
J. Jeffries & Son, Cirencester— Forest, Fruit, Avenue, and

Ornamenial Trees.
Haagk & Schmidt, Erfurt— Novelties in Asters, Phlox Drum-

mondi, Mimulus, Papaver, &c.
Paul & Son, " Old " Nursery, Cheshunt— Roees.
D. Prior & Sun, Myland Nursery, Colchester— Roses, Fruit

Trees, Conifers, Shrubs, &c.
P. E. Francken, Steenbrugge, near Bruges, Belgium— Forest

Trees, Roses. Conifers, American Plants, &c.

WANTED, JUNIOR ASSISTANT, in the
Editorial Department of a Gardening Journal, a young
man to act as assistant. Some knowledge of cultivated Plants,
and of the routine of Gardening required.— Apply, by letter
only, to M., 4, Doria Road, Parson's Green, S.W.

WANTED, a thoroughly experienced HEAD
WORKING GARDENER. Two under him. Married.
No family preferred. Churchman. Good character from last
situation.— Apply, stating wages, REV. G.TASWELL, Stoner-
wood. Petersfield, Hants.

WANTED, a GARDENER, by a Lady,
near London, to live in the house.— Must be over 3u,
single, nbstainer, Church of England. Small Garden, Green-
houses, &c — Write, INGARD, May's Advertising Offices,
164, Piccadilly.

WANTED, a good SECOND GARDENER,
to take charge of Branch, to Grow and Sell. Small
stove-house, conservatory, Peaches, Grapes, Melons, Torcatos,
Flower and Kitchen Gardeos. State wages required, expe-
rience, and full particulars.— R. CHURCHMAN, Vineries,
Wokingham, Berks.

WANTED, an UNDER GARDENER,
married ; 18s. per week, with Cottage.— Apply to
F. WADHAM, Marble Hill, Twickenham, Middlesex.

Orchard, Forest Trees, Valuable Shrubs, &c.

WANTED, a MAN who thoroughly under-
stands Planting, Pruning, Grafting, &c, to take en-
tire charge of Orchards in Cambridgeshire village.— Apply, by
letter, to T. W. LLOYD, Esq., Messrs. Mortlock &Co., Oxford
Street, London, W.

WANTED, an energetic young MAN, as
PROPAGATOR and GROWER. Good Wreath Hand.
Abstainer preferred. Wages. 22s. per week.— W. asd J.
BROWN, Stamford.

W~ ANTED, an energetic MAN, to take
charge of extensive Winter Garden and Palm-house.
Must be an experienced Plantsman, and well up in House,
Table, and other Decorations.— F. HANSON, The Gardens,
Somerleyton Hall, Lowestoft.

WANTED, a strong active young MAN,
well up in Kitchen Garden Work, und to assist with
Fires. Wages, 18s. per week. No bothy.— G. HART,
Buckingham, Shoreham, Sussex.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a young MAN, for
the Houses, used to growing Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c,
Lodgings found. Apply, stating wages, &c, to HEAD
GARDENER, Hildon, near Stockbndge, Hants.

WANTED AT ONCE, as IMPROVER,
a young MAN, about 18, -who is willing and anxious
to learn. Wages; lbs., do bothy. Abstainer preferred. —
Addn ss GARDENER, Brooklands, Market Harborough.

WANTED, a LANDSCAPE DRAUGHTS-
MAN, to prepare Plans of Gardens, &c. Must be
able to Level and Survey.— Address S., care of Steel & Jones,
Advertising Agents, Spring Gardens, S.W.

WANTED, a STOKER, at ONCE.—
Married man without family. One able to Paint and
Glaze preferred, and make himself useful in the Nursery.
Wages, 20s., with cottage, tire, and light.— State age, with
reference, to TURNER BROS., Nurserymen and Florist,
Garston, Liverpool.

WANTED, an UNDER COWMAN. — A
smart, active, superior, willing young man. Must be
a clean, quick Milker, well up to attending first-class Pedi-
gree Stock, and used to early hours. Wages, 17s. per week.
Good personal character from last master indispensable. —
Apply, by letter only, to HERDSMAN, Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Seed ana Florist Trade.

WANTED, for the North of England, a
young MAN, 17 or 18 years of age, with a knowledge
of Book-keeping, and to assist at Counter when required.—
State wages, references, and full particulars to "SEEDS,"
Gtrdaurs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a young MAN, as CLERK.
Must have a good knowledge of Bookkeeping. First-
class references required. One with a knowledge ot the Cut
Flower Trade preferred.— Apply, staling full particulars, to
MARSHALL BROS. AND CO., Barnham, Bognor.

Seed Trade.

WANTED, two smart ASSISTANTS for the
Retail Counter Trade. Must be of good address, and
used to a pushing business. Also an INVOICE CLERK,
good penman, and correct at figures.— Apply, by letter, to
ARMITAGE BROTHERS. Seed Merchants. Nottingham.

WANTED, a first-class lady FLORIST, with
good references.— Apply, M. G. G., Gardeners' Chro-
jiicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS. BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter,
Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—*' DICKSONS, CHESTER."

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Co was), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

GARDENER (Head). — Advertiser, late
Gardener to the Sussex Horticultural Company, ( ffers
his services as above. Several years of experience in good
private Places, Indoors and Out. Highest testimonials.
Single at present.— GARDENER, St. Nicholas, Birchingtoo,
Kent.

G~~ARDENER (Head, or good Second).—
Age 23. married; fourteen and a half years' experience
in all branches".— Rev. T. H. EDWARDS, Rector, Kington
Magna, Gillingham, Dorsetshire.

GARDENER (Head), where assistance is
given, or a good Single-handed place.— Age 30,
married, one child ; three and half years' good personal cha-
racter. Three and half yeirs' previous. Life experience.
Understands Land and Stock, if required.— A. A., Eastnor
Road Cottages, South Park, Reigate.

GARDENER (Head). — Thirty-five years'
practical experience of Gardening, both Inside and Out.
Eleven years with last employer, who has removed to London.
Good testimonials— HOWELL, Second Street, Wesley Place,
Lowmoor, Bradford.

GARDENER (Head).— Married. Large and
varied experience in all branches of his profession in
England and Scotland. First-clats testimonials. — LUCK-
HUKST, Vinters, Maidstone.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 46, married, no
family; Scotch. Thoroughly experienced in early and
late Fcrcing. First-class Fruit, Flower, and Vegetable
Grower. Exceptionally good characters from past employers.
—Please state wages, &c, to W. G., 135, Richmond Place,
Boughton, Chester.

GARDENER (Head), or FOREMAN.—
Married; twelve years' experience in all depnrtm--ht.Ti,
both under Glass and Outside, including Orchids, Chrysan-
themums, Forcing, Propaeating, Kitchen and .Pleasure Gar-
dens, &c— HENKY HEATON, 2o, Ashley Road, Shipley,
Yorks.

GARDENER (Head, of three or four) ; age
28 ; married when suited.— Mr. A. Barker, G irdener to
C. F. H. Bolckow, Esq., Marton, R.S.O., Yorks, can with con-
fidence recommend h:s Foreman as above. Fourteen \ ears'
experience in all branches.

X*t? to anyone giving Advertiser information

<**'J leading to a Situation as HEAD GARDENER, where
two or three are kept. Good experience in all branches.
Age 29, single. Highest references. — H., Hills, College Pcad,
Cheshunt.

Orchid Grower, ace.

GARDENER (Head). — Disengaged when
suited, through employer leaving the Estate. Adver-
tiser is a skilful Orchid, Grape, and Pine Grower. Good
Landscape Gardener. Twenty years' experience and character.
—JOHN COCKS, The Grange, Stourbridge.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 35, married,
one child; Scotch. Thoroughly experienced in the
cultivation of Plants, Fruit, and Vegetable?. Good reference?.
—GARDENER, Church Farm, Backford, near Chester.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept (in the Midlands) ; ?ge 33, single.—
Mr. Ferris, The Gardens, Moat Mount, Mill Mill, Hendon,
will have much pleasure in recommending bis Foreman,
J. Jones, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring theserv ce* of
a thoorughly competent man. « ;

October 1?, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

471

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Thoroughly experienced. Fourteen
years' as Head in last situation. Good testimonials. Or
would be willing to go abroad with Lady or Gentleman desiring
to take out a useful man.— G4RDENER, 11, St. Barnabas
Street, Wellingborough.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or more are kept. — Age 34. Twenty years' experience
Gentlemen's and Noblemen's gardeus, the last five years as
Head. Can be well recommended.— J. WATKINS, 4, West
Street, Hoole, Chester.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 45,
married, no family ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches of the profession. First-class references.— A. B, 24,
Paddiugtou Green, London, W.

G~ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38;
twenty years' experience in all branches. Three years
good reference, and eleven years' previous. Abstainer. — A. B.,
121, Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33,
married. Abstainer. Twenty years' experience in large
establishments in the general routine of Gardening, Table
Decorations, and Furnishing.— C. T., The Cottage, Baveno,
Champion Hill, S.E.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 41,
married, three chilrden, youngest 9 ; thoroughly expe-
rienced in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers &c. ; Stove
and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Good
character and testimonials. — HEAD GARDENER, Burleigh
Hall, Loughboro ugh, Leicestershire.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
handed). — Age 43, married; twenty-five years' good
experience. Seven years in last situation. — A. R., 15, Bell
View Road, Hendon, N.W.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 35, married. Thoroughly practical in all branches ;
understands Cows, Poultry, Bees, Land, 4c. Seven years'
excellent character.— DINNAGE, Norma Vale, Beechett Road,
West Worthing.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 34; practical experience in all branches. Nine
years* gocd character. Knowledge of Cows. — W. L., 2, Purk
Villas, Park Place, East Finchley, N.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or where
some help is given). — Age 35, married, no family ; good
character. Wife Laundress it required. — GARDENER, Park-
field, Beech Hill, Barnet.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or where
two or three are kept).— Age 37. Good practical expedi-
ence in all branches of Gardening. Four and a half yetrs in
present place; ten years' experience iu two large gardens
previously.— CHARLES REEVE, Havering Park, Romford.

GARDENER (good Single, or where
assistance is given). — Age 28, married, one child ; ex-
perienced in Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove Plants, and
Greenhouse; also Flower and Kitchen Garden. Three years
present situation, ihree years previous. Abstainer. — GAR-
DENER, The Lodge, West Park, Mortlake.

GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed),
in a good place. — Age 2t>, married ; experienced in all
branches. Good characters from previous employers. Disen-
gaged.—H. CUTHBERT, Stud Farm. Exming, Dear New-
market.

GARDENER (Second or Third).— Age 20;
six years in a Nursery. Good character from present
situation. Total abstainer. — E. NUTTALL, Drakes Cross, near
Alvechurc*!,

GARDENER, (Second or good Single-
handed).— Age 24, married, no family ; ten years'
experience, Inside and Out, Good references. — T., White
Lodge, Ball's Park, Hertford.

GARDENER (TJneer).— Six years' experi-
ence in private Gardens and Nurseries. Total abstainer.
Excellent recommendations.— J. JOHNSON, 15, Gibson Build-
ings, Stoke Newington.

ARDENER (Under).— Age 23, married,

one child. Eight years' experience. Good references.
J. SAUNDERS, 17. Norwood Terrace, Norwood Green, near
South all.

GARDENER (Under, good). — A young man,
age 16, of good character, seeks situation in a Gentle-
man's garden. — J. EDWARDS, Collingbourne, Kingston, near
Marlboro.

G\ AKDENER — Age 30. Advertiser would
r like to meet with a Lady or Gentleman who is requiring
a good Gardener. Excellent testimonials and references. —
ASKWF.LL, Bedford Ruad, Morhanger, Sandy. Bedfordshire.

i >ARDEiNEK, where help is given, or as
\J FOREMAN, Inside and Out— A Gentleman would be
plea-ed to reamm-nd a ttorough steady, respectable, indus-
trious man. Gud knowledge of Herbaceous Plants. — Please
address let'ers in first instance to W. RICHARDSON,
Veraudah Cottage, Malvern Wells.

Gi ARDENER. — Age 40, married, no encum-
JT bmnce ; thoroughly understands all branches. Wife
will make herself useful, if required. Thrwe years' good cha-
racter.—C. L., Oak Cottages, Crawley Road, Horsham.

GARDENER ; age 31, married, no children.
Mrs. Thurstan Holland can stroDgly recommend
her Gardener, who has lived with her for four years. He is
honest and sober, and a very good gardener. Leaving for no
fault.— Mrs. THURSTAN HOLLAND, Cotswold, WimbledoD,

GARDENER, where help is given, or good
Single-handed.— Age 28 ; married, no family. Four-
teen years' practical experience in Gardening in all its
branches. Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens ; Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, Early and Late Forcing.— F. PARKER,
16, Porten Road, West KenniDgton Park, W.

GARDENER and LAUNDRESS, where two
or three are kept.— Well up in profession. Wife first-
class getting up finery, shirts polished, &c. Two children.—
G. D., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

NURSERY MANAGER, » Provincial." —
Many years' experience. Second to none in Grafting
and Growing Rosea, Clematis, Eucharis, Cyclamen9, Chrysan-
themums, Ferns. &c— Replies to J. C. A., 34, Ludwick Road,
New Cross, London, S.E.

To Nurserymen.

MANAGER, FOREMAN, GROWER, &c—
A person of first-class abilities; also good at Pot Roses.
Either Market or otherwise. — S., Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

PROPAGATOR, or PROPAGATOR and
GROWER.— Age 25; well up in Palms, Ferns, Ficus,
Dracaenas, Orchid9. Twelve years' experience.— A., 105, Sturge
Street, Spark Hill, Birmingham.

GROWER, in good Nursery, Market or
otherwise. — Age 37 ; Palms, Ferns, Dracaenas, &c. —
W. H., Mr. Millward, 88, Anerley Road, Upper Norwood, S.E.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of general
Indoor Stuff. — Age 26. Ten years' references. — W. W.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41. Wellington St., Strand, W-C.

To Nurserymeu.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER. — Ferns,
Plants, and Cut Flowers. Twenty-five years' experience
in the Trade.— J. SOLOMON, 9, Wood Street, Penarth, South
Wales.

Trade.

PROPAGATOR, or GROWER.— Age 23.
Eight years' experience in London and Provinces. Good
at Decorating. Excellent references. Full particulars.—
T. W., Crown Hill Nurseries, Plymouth, Devonshire.

FOREMAN, or good SECOND.— Age 27 ;
two years' good character. Well recommended.— T. 1J.,
Horley, Surrey.

FOREMAN, Inside or General.— Age 30,
married, one child (age 3); fifteen years' experience in
all branches. Two and a half years General Foreman in a
large place in Scotland. Excellent testimonials. Disengaged
when suited. — J. B.. 29, Choumert Road, Peckham, S.E.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN (Fruit Thee, Rose, or General).
—A practical Grower of Fruit Trees or Roses, Has a
good Knowledge of Conifera, Trees, Shrubs, and Nursery
Stock generally. Twenty-five jears' experience in leading
Nurseries. Excellent testimonials.— GROWER, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

To Market Growers and Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, in a large or small Market
Nursery. — Thoroughh experienced in Fruits, Plants, Cut
Flowers, &c. Excellent references.— A. B., Mr. Mcintosh,
Stationer, Enfield Wash.

1jY)REMAN, in a good establishment, or
HEAD, where two or three are kept. — Age 25, single ;
eleven and half years' excellent character. One year and half
as Foreman. -G.'BEETON. The Gardens, Bylaugh Park, East
Dereham, Norfolk.

ipoREMAN, in the Houses, or General. —
Age 26. A. J. Elphinstone can highly recommend
.1. Watkins as above. Thirteen years thorough general practice.
— Packington Gardens, Coventry.

L^OREMAN, or Departmental, in good estab-

A. lishment.— A. J. Elphinstone can highly recommend
H. Rush as above (age ^6). Twelve years' experience. —
Packington Gardens, near Coventry.

HELPER, or ASSISTANT MANAGER on
a Poultry or Fruit Farm. — Situation wanted by a young
man, who has had good experience with Poultry and Incuba-
tion, and in Fruit Growing.— C. W. SLATER, Carisbrooke,
Plymouth.

TMPROVER in ORCHID GROWING.—

J- A situation wanted for a TOUng Gardener (age 25), now
filling a Foreman's place.— R. GILBERT, Burghley, Stamford.

TMPROVER, in good Garden.— Age 18 ; four

A years' character. Had good practice, Inside and Out.
Bothy.- C. WALKINGTON, PJewton-on-Ouse, Yorka.

TMPROVER; age 17.— Mr. Hall, Shiplake

X Court Gardens, Henley-on-Thames, can confidently recom-
mend a young man as above Good general experience.

rPO GARDENERS, &c— A youth well up in

JL Stove, Greenhouse, and Outside Work. Seekssituation,
in Gentleman's Gardeu, Good references.— JAMES, 1U2, Kil-
ravock Street, Queen's Park.

rpO GARDENERS.— Wanted, by a Youth,

J- age 17, a situation in a Gentlemau's Garden. Has been
one year in present situation as Under Gardener. Good
character. — UNDER GARDENER, Burleigh Hall, Lough-
borough, Leicestershire.

T^O GARDENERS.— A steady young man

J- (age 20), seeks situation in Pleasure Ground or Kitchen
Garden. Highly recommended by A. WILSON, Bourton House

Gardens, Shriven hum, Berks.

'TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a

-*- young man (age 19) in a Market Nursery, in or near
London. Three years' experience. Good character. — A. S.,
450, Old Ford Road, North Bow, E.;

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, to

J- ^ Manage Nurseries, or as FOREMAN, under Glass.—
Age 23, married; fifteen years' experience in Grapes, Cucum-
bers, Tomato9. Pot and Cut Flowers, Good recommendations,
-GARDENER, Ham Farm, Croring, Worthing.

TO NURSERYMEN and FRUIT-GROWERS.

-*- — Advertiser (age 29) is desirous of goingahroad, America
or the Colonies. Well up in Outdoor Nursery-work, and Fruit-
growing. Been out before. Good references.— W. L. EVANS,
King's Acre, Hereford.

TX) NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS.— A

-L young American Florist offers his services to a Nursery-
man or Horist as ASSISTANT in the offi'-e. Corresponds in
German and French. Nine j ears' experience in nurseries, both
here and abroad. Best references. Salary no object.— L.f
91, Shirland Road, Maida Vale, W.

TO NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS.— Adver-

J- tiser seeks re- engagement as Grower of Soft-wooded
Stuff, Palms, Ferns, &c. Well experienced.— G. BALDW IN,
Hertingfordbury Road, Hertford, Herts.

TO NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, &c—

X Young Man. age 23, seeks a situation as CLERK,
PACKER, or SALESMAN. Good hand at Bunching, also
Growing for Market. Wreaths, Crosses, &c. Nine years'
experience. Good references. — Apply, R. W. D-. Gardeners
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. StraDd. W.C.

TO NURSERYMEN, &c— Situation wanted
(age 24); ten years' experience in Forcing and Growing
Cut Flowers, Palms, Ferns, Roses, Carnations, Cyclamens,
Pelargoniums, and General Growing for Market. — A.
EDMONDS. Hillmgdon Nursery, Middlesex.

TO FRUIT FARMERS, &c— A Gentleman
19 desirous of placing his Son as Student where he
would get a thorough knowledge of Fruit Farming; Kent
preferred. A small premium would be paid. — Address F. B.,
Abbotts, 32, Eastcheap, London.

To Growers of Fruit, &c. under Glass.

A GENTLEMAN wishes to thoroughly learn
in a PRACTICAL WAY the PROFITABLE CULTIVA-
TION by large growers of PEACHES, GRAPES, TOMATOS,
and OTHER FRUITS.— Send terms with full particulars, to
S. D., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

CARPENTER on a Gentleman's Estate.—
Age 29; understands all kinds of Blinds, Carpets, and
General Repairs, &c. Cm be highly recommended. — W. W.,
Elmhurst Lodge, Belvedere, Kent.

/ N REENHOUSB GLAZING.— Wanted by an

VJ experienced Man, Day-work or Contract. Well up iu
Carpentering. Good references. — GLASS, 3, Prinsted Terrace,
Tarring Road, Worthing.

r [TRAVELLER.— Is open to represent Sundries.

-L — F., Mr. W. Gardner, 25, Gleuwood Road, West Green,
Tottenham, N.

VJHOPMAN, or MANAGER.— Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of Seed Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 28 ;
experienced in all branches, including Wreaths, Bouquets,
Sprays (quick hand), Bulbs, Nursery Siork, Book-keeping, &c.
Good references.— H., 65, Solon Road. S.W.

SHOPMAN, or SALESMAN. — Age 32 ;

O a Nurseryman's son. Lifetime experience. First-claes
Florist, Maker-up, &c. Abstainer. — G. B., Watcombe Park,
Torquay.

SHOPMAN or ASSISTANT.— Age 21.— Six

O years' experience in Seed, Bulb, Cut Flower, and Piaiit
Trade. Excellent references. — A. GOLDRING, Gravel Mount,
Retford, Nott-s.

rVO FLORISTS.— A young Florist wishes to

X offer his services as ASSISTANT in a Florist's shop.
West End preferred. Salary no object.— CITO, Gardeners
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

Everybody Coughs, except those who take

DR. LOCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS,
which stop a cough at once — relieve the breathing —
loosen the phlegm, and produce ease and comfort truly aston-
ishing.— Dr. Lucock's Wafers instantly relieve and rapidly
cure Asthma, Consumption, Bronchitis, Colds, Shortness of
Breath, Pains in the Chest, Rheumatism — and taste pleasantly.
Soldat'li. l%d . 2s.9d., 4s. 6^., and lis. per box, by all Druggists

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— In cases of chronic
indigestion, disordered liver, and general debility, these
Pills are wonderfully effective. They, indeed, have so general
and powerful an effect on the whole system, that they clwir
awav or ward off most of the ills that rle>h i-t heir to. They
cleanse the bowels, purify the blood, correct the bile, give tone
to the stomach, excite a healthy appetite, produce sound
sleep, and impart increased energy to both mind and body.
The admirable properties of the;-e far-famed Pills are too
highly appreciated to require any encomium here, as they are
resorted to by rich and poor of every nation. The cures they
effect are not temporary or imperfect, but they bring about a
marvellous aud most beneficial change throughout the entire
body, and enable it, with renovated powers, to resist the
approach of all future attacks.

472

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 17, 1891.

LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS,

And rt place INEFFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES by

WEEKS'S
DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUI

THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE.

It is unparalleled for p 0 W E R, E C 0 N 0 M Y, and DURABIL ITY, ^
WATER "BARS alone being equal to many Boilers.

A TEN YEARS' GUARANTEE given with all Duple.,-

Boilers (subject to printed conditions) when fixed by the Patentees.

FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO

J. WEEKS & CO.,

Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees,

KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

ALEXANDRA.

BEST (PADRO) VARIETY.

\_lU ILiLiERMO iVALBREYER begs to offer the above well-known and justly-prized Orchid at the

following prices, free on board of Royal Mail Company's steamers, at Savanilla :— £40 per 1000 good and healthy pieces.

G. K. also can supply :—

ODONTOGLOSSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM,

CUSPIDATUM PLATIGLOSSUM,

£36 per 1000.

CATTLEYA TRIAN^. £8 per case.

SCHFKEDERII, £10 per case.

Each case contains about sixty good and strong pieces.

The plants are packed with the greatest care and best method, but under no circumstance will G. K. hold himself responsible for the state of plants
on their arrival in Europe. Conditions .-—All Consignments are shipped entirely at Buyer's risk and expense from port of shipment. Plants ordered
must be paid for on receipt of bill of lading to Messrs. ROESING BROTHERS and CO., 10, Basinghall Street, London, E.C., who will then give
orders for forwarding the consignment to the Purchaser.

The best time for dispatching Orchids fiom here are the months— December to April, and July to October.

Address: — G. KALBREYER, La Flora, Bogota, Republica de Colombia.

Telegram Address :— FLORA, BOGOTA.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT. 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON. E.C.

*vg#* V.V V 1 ViMM >*X ■

/#
<?

^ &#

.o*'«°

CONWAY a. WARNS,

Boy«l PotteriM, Weston-Buper Mare

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. hy 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.
RUSSIA MATS. - RAFFIA.

ARCHANGEL MATS and all kinds of PETERSBURG MATS
imported direct, and supplied to the Wholesale Trade only, at
much lower prices than any other tirm.
MARENDAZ & FISHER, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 2011 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
" BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." Own Special Manufacture.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil, and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smlthfield, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, Loudon, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury. Agneyt, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the\:ounty of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur Georqk Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, October 17, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Hkywood.

Established i84i

No. 252.— Vol. X.

f Third 1
[ Series. J

SATURDAY, OCTOBEE 24, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper. I PRICE 3d'
I Post-free, 3|rf

CONTENTS.

Alpine plants, culture

tf 483

Apiary, the 487

Apple James Grieve ... 492
B Igium, Orchid culture

iu 480

" Botanical Magazine"... 490
CUttleya labiatu and var.

C. Warocqueana ... 482
Ctttleya labiata var. au-

tumnalis 490

Cniswick 491

Ch rysanthemums about

London 49.3

Chrysanthemum, the

changeable ness of ... 485

Colombia 483

C'jnifer Conference ... 490
Copper salts and fungous

moulds 488

Dendrobium Phakeuop-

sis Schroderianum ... 491

Poryanthes excelsa ... 491

Figs from the open wall 492

Flower garden 486

Fruit, gathering and

packing 484

Fruits uuder glass ... 487

Hardy fruit garden ... 486

Harveian Anniv ersary ... 491

H -riot Watt College ... 493

Horticultural education 488

Jerusalem Artichokes ... 482

Kitchen garden 487

Lilies at Oakwooi ... 49J

Lilium Wallichianum var.

superbum 480

London General Inter-
national Fruit show ...

Melon Webb's President

Narcissus italicus

Odontoglossum corona-
rium

Orchid houses, the

Peach blister

Peaches and Nectarines,
splitting of

Potato disease, the

Scotland

Societies :—

Ealing District Mutual
Improvement

L'Orchid^ene

Manchester Royal Bo-
tanical and Horti-
cultural

National Chrysanthe-
mum

Royal Horticultural ...
United Horticultural
Benefit and Provi-
dent

Ware and District

Streptocarpus, new hy-
brids of

Subjects of gardeners'
study

Tacsonia, seedling

Ted worth glass-house ...

Upleatham, notes from

Vanda Hookeri

Vines and Peaches in one
house

Walnut tree failure

491
492
186

482
486
491

493
490
493

491
490

490

495
492

492
191

493
481

4.- i

492
493

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Missouri School of Horticulture, views in
Plum Jefferson, from above constriction
Plum Jefferson, from below constriction
Plum Jefferson , girdled branch

481, 489
... 484
... 484

... 485

" The Gardeners* Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Building, Neio York, to ivhom
American orders may be sent.

Now Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publishes,, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W. C.

" Pax ton's Calendar" New Edition, " The Cot-
tagers1 Calendar of Garden Operations,'7
Price 3d., post-free, 3%d. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISSUS. — Fine
Strain, 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample 50 by post for
2s., or 100 for 3s. <6d. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale. London, W.

CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
CANES, Dutch and Baby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr.-old Trees, 10s. per 100; sample dozen, 2s. Qd.

RASPBERRY CANES, best varieties, 35s. per 1000; sample
100, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P. O.O. with Order to Manager.
R. BATH, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

CARTERS' CHOICE BULBS, as supplied to
H.M. the Queen, the Royal London Parks, and the
London County Council. For full particulars, see CARTERS'
BULB CATALOGUE, containing a beautifully Coloured Plate
of the White Easter Lily, gratis and post-free to Messrs.
Carters' customers ; price 6U. to the general public, the amoun1
to be deducted from first order.

237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. W.C.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s. in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid 50 in 50 varieties, 21s.,
or 30s. per 100. our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied,
A. J. and C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, beat quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s. per 100. Order
earlv of —

WALSHAW AND SON. Scarborough.

Q SHEPPERSON'S SPECIAL OFFER of

O. fine English-grown HARDY BULBS, for present plant-
ing in the open ground, or for potting for Greenhouse. Fine
Double pure Snow - white Gardenia - flowered NARCISSUS,
15 for Is. ; 50 for 2s. 6<j\ ; 100 for 4s. Carriage free. Extra
largedouble SNOWDROPS. 40forls.; 100£or2s. Carriage free.
S. SHEPPERSON. Florist, Prospect House, Belper.

Standard Apples and Pears.

CHARLES TURNER can offer the above,
best sorts, strong trees, and in large numbers.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

FOR SALE, CARNATIONS, Germania and
Mr9. R. Hole, Double Violet, Queen Victoria, Late
Flowering Purple, Hardy White Primrose, Gilbert's Harbinger.
Price per dozen, or 100, on application to
W. H. DIVERS, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford.

FOR SALE, a Dwarf - Trained VICTORIA
NECTARINE, 12 feet by 10 feet; has been grown under
glass. For price apply —

GEO. SUMMERS, Sandbeck Park Gardens, Rotherham.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market. Covent Garden, W.C.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

FRUITING TREES : Extra, extra strong.—
A Gentleman has for disposal two Royal George and one
Barrington PEACH : trained on 2 feet stems. Particulars on
application to —

DICKSON and ROBINSON, Old Millgate. Manchester.

WANTED, PLANTS of PICOTEE Rev.
George Jeans. — Apply to the Rev. G. E. JEANS,
Shorwell Vicarage, Isle of Wight.

WANTED, strong well-rooted LAYERS of
good named CARNATIONS. Quote price and names,
with Sample, to—
H. DOBBIE, Florist. Frettenham. Norwich.

WANTED, CALCEOLARIAS, HERBA-
CEOUS, our strain preferred. Send sample and
price to

H. CANNELL and SONS, Swanley.

^HE BEST TULIPS for EXHIBITION.

BUTTON'S COLLECTIONS of SINGLE

O TULIPS for EXHIBITION, consisting of the most
brilliant and attractive varieties, which have been specially
selected for the purpose, and including many of the leadirjg
sorts contained in the prize collections at the Metropolitan
Spring Shows.

50 Single Show TULIPS, in 10 varieties ... 12s. Od.

2b Single Show TULIPS, in 5 varieties ... 6s. Od.

13 Single Show TULIPS, in 4 varieties ... 3s. Od.

GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM

UTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,

READING.

Dutch Flower Roots.— Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON'S
CATALOGUE, specilies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post free.
HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots, 40s. to 80s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 15s. to 21s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, White, Red, and Blue, mixed shades, 12s. per 100.
TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 5s. per 100.
CROCUS, by name, and mixed shades. Is. <od. to 3s. per 100.
NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS, FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

PTERIS VICTORIA.— The best new plant of
the year, nice plants, 3s. 6d. each ; 2 for 6s. ; b for 15s.,
free by post.

ASrLENIUM PTEROPUS.— New and rare, long shining
dark green fronds, beautifully recurved, a splendid market or
table Fern. Nice plants, 2s. Qd. each ; 2 for 4s. Post free.
Cash with order.

WILLIAM GOLBY, Edgend Nursery, Brierfield, near
Burnley, Lancashire.

Cheap Palms ! Palms I ! Palms ! I !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of ail kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PH02NIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

Bulbs In Perfection, from Holland.

HC. HARTEVELT, Bulb Grower, at
• Lisse, near Haarlem, Holland, SUPPLIES PRIVATE
CUSTOMERS with the very best quality of BULBS. CATA-
LOGUES on application. Orders for £4 and over, freight paid
to nearest English seaport.

STRAWBERRIES.— '"Noble," the king of

O Strawberries; "Scarlet Queen," and " White Knight,"
best new, Certificated at R. H. S.'s Fruit Conference, and 150
best new and old sorts, true to name. Lists free.
T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

NARCISSUS.— Double White Sweet-Scented
Gardenia, 2s. Sd. per 100 ; 20s. per 1000. Grand Mon-
arque Polyanthus NARCISSUS, 6s. Sd. per 100; 60s. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS, The Bride, 3s. per 100 ; 25s. per 1000. Cash.
Mention this paper.

PONTEY'S Seed and Bulb Warehouse, Plymouth.

THE TODDINGTON ORCHARD COM-
PANY (Limited), Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, have a
large Surplus Stock of APPLES— Lord Suffield, Standard, and
Half-Standard ; and fine feathered Trees of Cox's Orange Pip-
pin, New Hawthornden, Worcester Pearmain. and Grenadier.

PEARS — Marie Louise, Fertility, and other good sorts,
feathered trees, all Cheap, to clear.

OT HOSES. — A Bargain ; room wanted. —

Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella >prunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Scuvenir
d'un Ami, Marie Van Houtte, and M. Niels. Splendid stuff.
Established in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection invited.
Price £5 and £6 per 100.
GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder's
End. Middlesex.

474

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 24, 1891.

FORTHCOMING SALES by messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION ROOMS and ESTATE OFFICES, 67 and 63, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved galea.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 63, Cheapside,
London, E.C, FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past

11 o'Clock each day, LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Bayers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wirnbledoa.— txpiration of Lease.

IMPORTANT to MARKET GARDENERS, GENTLEMEN,
NURSERYMEN, and OTHERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
■will SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, the Nur-
series, Wimbledon, about five minutes' walk (rum Wimbledon
Station, on MONDAY and TUESDAY, October 26 and 27. at

12 o'Ciock precisely, Without Reserve, 80u0 Standard and
Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums, 350 Standard Cherries, 800
Dwarf-traintd Apples, Pears, and Cherries, 5,001) Currants and
Gooseberries, 2,000 Laurels, of sorts, 1,600 Weymouth and
Austrian Pines, 900 broad-leaved Privet, 200 green Hollies,
3 to 4 feet, 160 well-furnished English Yews, 4 to 5 feet, 900
Standard and half-s'aodard Roses, 1,700 Border Shrubs, in
variety, 4 to 7 feet, 1,300 Limes, 8 to 14 feet, fine Avenue trees
"with short stumps, 4d0 Lombardy Poplars, well furnished,
12 to 15 feet, 300 Standard Planes, Thorns, and other Orna-
mental trees. &c.

May be viewed any day (Sunday excepted) prior to the Sale.
Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC.

Cheshunt.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of unusually well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, in consequence of the expiration of
the Lease of this Branch Nursery. By order of Messrs.
Paul & Son.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, The Church Fields Nursery, Cheshunt (one
mile from Cheshunt Station), on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, October 28 and 29, at 12 o'clock precisely each day,
without reserve, about 12 acres of unusually well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, in the best possible condition for removal,
consisting of—

20,000 AVENUE TREES, 10 to 2') feet, with straight stems,
carefully transplanted, and

SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR STREET PLANTING,
Including
10,000 LIMES, with good heads,
5000 Spanish and Horse CHESTNUTS, POPLARS, OAKS,
and PLANES,
50(i0 BOX, large quantites of oval-leaved PRIVET, Scotch
ROSES,
10,000 BUSHY AUCUBAS, 1 to 5 feet,
undoubtedly the best lot in the Trade.
Specimen RHODODENDRONS, ARAUCARIAS, and varie-
gated HOLLIES, Dwarf-trained and Pyramid FRUIT TREES,
CURRANTS and STRAWBERRIES, of the best sorts,
RASPBERRIES, and NUTS.
THE FINEST COLLECTION OF FLOWERING SHRUBS
IN THE COUNTRY,
Including the

New Dwarf Flowering and Double LILACS,
THOUSANDS OF EVERGREENS,
suitable for London and Suburban Gardens; and other Stock.
May be viewed any day (Sundays excepted) prior to the
Sale. Catalogues may be had on the Premises, of Messrs.
PAUL and SON, The " Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt; and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Note.— The opportunity afforded by thisSale to intending
purchasers is unique. No Sale has ever been held at these
Nurseries, the stock baving been prepared ■without any idea of
a public sale, which now arises solely through the expiration
of the Lease of thi-. Branoh Nursery.

The Auctioneers desire to call the particular attention of
Public Companies, Lucal Authorities, and others to the un-
rivalled and extensive Stock of Avenue Trees, Aucubas,
Evergreens, and Flowering Shrubs.

Havant-

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of the FIRST PORTION
of the extensive NURSERY STOCK growing on the
Leasehold Nursery, by order of Messrs. Ewing & Co., who
ftre relinquishing the Business, and also in consequence of
the expiration of Lease.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea View
Nursery, Havant, on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, Octo-
ber 28 and 2>t, at 12 o'clock each day, 10.00J Standard,
Dwarf, and Pot Roses of the leading kinds, for which these
Nurseries are so well known; 10,0"0 Conifers and Evergreens
of the choicest variety, 10,000 Ornamental Trees, Flowering
Shrubs and Plants; 10,000 Forest Tree* in various sizes,
8000 Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries. Peaches, Nectarines, &c.
(Standard, Dwarf, Trained, and Pyramid Trees) ; a large quan-
tity of Raspberry Canes, in several sorts, and other Stock.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and
69, Cheapside, London, E.C.

N.B.— The FREEHOLD NURSERY of about 3 acres, with
the Residence, is to be LET or SOLD.

Wednesday Next

200 AZALEA INDICA and 100 CAMELLIAS, selected varie-
ties; and 100 AZALEA MOLLIS, fron one of the best
growers in Belgium.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above consignment of plants in their SALE
on WEDNESDAY NEXT.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Derby.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of the whole of the
Outdoor NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Mile Ash
Nurseries, Derby, about 1 mile from the Derby Station (Mid,
land Railway), on TUESDAY, October 27, at 12 o'Clock-
thousandsof CONIFERS and EVERGREENS in the Borders,
from 1 to 10 feet; common Laurels, Aucubas, Green Hollies,
IOi.iO named Rhododendrons, 24 mag. ificent Specimen Golden
Yews, 5000 Dwarf Roses on the Manetti of the best varieties,
also other Roses, 8000 Manetti Stocks, Standard Thorns, Limes,
and other Trees, Herbaceous Plants, Carnations, Gooseberries,
Currant?, Ivies of sorts, and other Stock.

May now be viewed. Catalogues had of Mr. COOLING, on
the Premises ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 07 and
68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Leytonstone.

TUESDAY NEXT. — SHORT NOTICE.

ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE.

By order of the

TOTTENHAM and FOREST GATE RAILWAY COMPANY,

The Land being required at once for the Construction

of the New Line.

IMPORTANT to the TRADE and OTHER LARGE BUYERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The American
Nurseries, Leytonstone, E., almost adjoining the Leytonstone
Station, on TUESDAY NEXT, October 27, at 12 o'C.ock
punctually, without the slightest reserve,

4,00} CLEAN GROWN APPLES.

standards, pyramids, and espaliers, all growing in unbroken
quarters: 500 standard, pyramid, and dwarf-trained Pears;
?i)ij Cherries and Plums, standard Mulberries, Medlars, &c. ;

6,000 STANDARD ROSES,

as grown in unbroken beds, embracing all the leading varieties,
lotted specially for the Trade and large buyers.
3000 AUCUBAS, fit for potting ;

.300 line London Planes, 12 to 14 feet; hybrid and ponticum
Rhododendrons, Azalia mollis,

3,000 AMERICAN PLANTS,

20,000 double white Narcissus, 1,000 Lilium auratum, 300 Iris
Ktempferi, double Pteonies, and other Stock*.

May row be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, of
Messrs. F. C. Mathews and Browne, Solicitors, 161, Cannon
Street, E.C. ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C, and Leytonstone, E.

East Dulwieh, Wednesday, October 28.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Messrs. Seeger & Tropp to SELL by
AUCTION, on their Premises, The Orchid Nurseries, East
Dulwieh, London, S.E., on WEDNESDAY, October 28, com-
mencing at half-past 12 o'Ciock precisely, a most varied
Collection of Choicest Established and Imported ORCHIDS,
the whole of which are in best possible health and condition.
Among the most valuable and rarest species and varieties
catalogued will be found the following : —

Gramma tophyllum Seegeri-

aniim, new
Sobralia macrantha Kienasti-

ana, pure white macrantha.

First-class Certificate, Royal

Horticultural Society
Laelia Perrini alba (not nivea)
Cattleya intermedia alba
Phalronopsis Sanderiana alba
Trichopilia suavis alba
Lselia anceps alba
Ccelogyne cristata alba
Lselia autumnalis alba
Lycaste Skinneri alba
Dendrobium robile album
Odontoglossum nebnlosum

album
Zygopetalum Mackayi album
Sobralia leucoxanthu grandi-

flora (alba)
Vanda Stangeana, grandest

specimen in Europe

Gaskelliana
and petals

mvea
pure

tine

leading

Cattleya Mossia? Reincckiana

(sepals and petals pure

white)

Cattleya

(sepals

white)

Cattleya Fausta

Renanthera Stori

specimen
Angrsecum grandirlpruoa
Ccelogyne Meyeriahn, pamln-

rata type
Masdevallia Schroder;?, First-
class Certificate, R. H. S.
Masdevallia Veitchi grandi-

flora, fine specimen
Eulophia Guinensis
Aneectochilus, the

species
Vanda tricolor cinnaroomea
Cypripedium, a choice selec-
tion, &c. &c.

The Sale will also include a splendid importation of the
majestic ODONTOGLOS3UM HASTILABIUM, just arrived in
grand order.

Plants may be viewed two days prior to day of Sale, and
Catalogues obtained on the Premises ; also of the Auctioneers,
at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

The nearest Railway Stations are :— East Dulwieh, Denmark
Hill, Heme Hill, Lordship Lane, and Peckham Rye.

Plaistow, Essex.

UNRESERVED SALE of the whole of the well-grown
NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mrs. Holmes, the land
having been let for other purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Njrsery,
High Street. Plaistow, Essex, close to Plaistow Station, on
MONDAY, October 26, at 1 o'clock precisely, without reserve,
300 - AUCUBAS, 9 to 21 inches, tine plants for potting; also
larger AUCUBAS. 3 feet; 1000 PRIVET; 2,00 green EUON'Y-
MUS, IRISH YEWS, good plants in pots, all staked; 1000
VIRGINIAN CREErERS, and a variety of other stock.

May be viewed one week prior to Sale. Catalogues had
on the premises, and of the Auctioneers, 07 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C. ; and Leytonstone.

Annual Sale.— Tottenham, N.

Adjoining the Tottenham Hale Station, Great Eastern Main
Line, close to the Seven Sisters and Bruce Grove Stations,
on the Great Eastern ; and also South Tottenham Station,
on the Tottenham and Hampstead Railways.

IMMENSE SALE of NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Hale Farm
Nurseries, Tottenham. N., adjoining the Hale Railway Station,
G.E.R.. on TUESDAY, November 3, 1891, at 11 o'clock pre-
cisely, in consequence of the unusually large quantity of lots,
by order of Mr. Thomas S. Ware, an enormous quantity of
NURSERY STOCK, comprising :—

30,000 NAMED CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES,
consisting of all the finest varieties, including Germania, the
best yellow; Mrs. Reynolds Hole, salmon-apricot ; Mrs. Frank
Watts, the best white; Redbraes, purple-edged picotee; Sir
Beauchamp Seymour, orange-buff ; Nurse Shee,creamy-biush ;
Nurse Fins, pure white; Paul Engleheart, crimson-clove;
Mary Morris, bright-eye pink ; Napoleon III., bright scarlet ;
and many other varieties. Thousands of Souvenir de la Mal-
maison Carnations, in the finest possible condition, strong
plants in pots; 10,000 Hollyhocks, 10,000 Pyrethrums, strong
clumps from ground, all named sorts; thousands of Delphi-
niums, Pinks, Potentillas, and other useful Stock.

25,000 CLEMATIS,
And others, fine strong stuff, including Jackmanni, Jackmanni
alba. Beauty of Worcester, Countess of Lovelacj, Anderson
Henri, Lady Bovie, and other first-class varieties; also 2&0Q
Ampelopsis Veitehii, 3 to 5 feet ; 1000 Ampelopsis hederacea,
1000 Ampelopsis hirsutn. 3£ to 5 feet ; Hoggi, 2 feet; hermi-
folia, 2teet; and purpurea, 3 to 4 feet; 500 Escallonias, in-
cluding Montevidensis, 3 to 4 feet; macrantha, l£to2£feet;
Ingrami, 1 to 2£ feet; 200 Bignonias, including coccinea radi-
cans, sanguinea, and Thunbergia, fine strong stuff, 3 to 4 feet ;
2000 Heuera canariensis, 6 feet; 1000 Hedera maderiense
variegata, 3 to 4 feet; 3000 in variety, including H. digitata,

3 to 4 feet; H. Doniera!ense, 3 to 4 feet; H. taurica, 3 to

4 feet; H. Cavendishii, 3 to 6 feet; H. latifolia maculata,
5 feet; II. marginata rubra, 3 to 4 feet ; H. marmorata minor,

3 to 4 feet; and many other varieties. Many thousands of
Akebia quinata, Cotooeaster Simmondsi, strong, 4 feet;
Cydonia japouica and Maulei, fine stuff, 2 feet; Jasminum
midiflorum, 3 to 4 feet ; Jasminum nudillorum aureum, 3 to

4 feet; Loniceras, in great variety, aurea reticulata. 3 to
4feet; brachypoda, 2 to 3 feet; Jiexuosa,2 to3 feet; Passifiora
ccerulea and Constance Elliott, very strong stuff, 3 feet ; Tac-
sonias, of sorts ; Wistarias, and many other popular varieties.

5,000 LILIES, &c.
Choice home-grown Lilies, choice named Narcissus. Iris, and
many other important families. Among the Lilies will be
found extraordinarily tine roots of Lilium col -hicum, Browni,
chalcedonicum, Humboldti, the new Bioomerianum magaifi-
cum from Mexico, Martagon album, pardalinum, dalmaiicum,
Wasliingtonianum, the rare Wallichianum superbnui,
Wallacei, speciosums in great variety, and numbers of other
rare and beautiful sorts; 50,000 BERLIN CROWNS LILY
OF THE VALLEY. Fine forcing crowns, and all the true
German variety; 5.000 SPIRJEA COMPACTA MULTI-
FLORA, good forcing clumps ; also thousands of the common
variety; 3,00 J CHRIsTMAS ROSES, large forcing clumps,
full of flower buds, including all the finest varieties; an im-
mense lot of major, maximus, Madame Fourcarde, vernalis,
St. Brigid, and others; 100.000 FORCING PLANTS ami
BULBS, all first-class forcing stuff, including Spirtca palmata,
palinata alba, japonica, japonica multitlora compacta, Lily of
the Valley Clumps and Crowns, Dieleytra spectabilis. Narcissus
in great variety ; Lilies in variety, and numbers of other plants
and bulbs adapted for forcing purposes; 100,000 SEAKALE
and ASPARAGUS, exceedingly fine forcing crowns;

ROSES, ORNAMENTAL TREES, and SHRUBS.

A grand lot of Marechal Niels, in pots, 10 to 12 feet; Gloirc
de Dijon, 10 to 12 feet; White and Yellow Banksian, Rosa
bracteata, Common China, Pompone de Paris; Standard mitt
Dwarf Roses in variety, including all the popular varieties;
^000 Veronica Traversi, Buxifolia, Carnosula, Epacndea,
Cistus of Borts, Florentina laurifolia, Ladaniferus, fine bushy
stuff; 500 Olearias in variety; Lombardy Poplars, fine stuff,
8 to 12 feet, well furnished ; 500 Black Italian Poplars; a large
quantity of large Standard Plums, and many other useful stock.
7000 Standard Limes, Planes, Poplars, &c, 8 to 10 feet in
height, and well-feathered; 50.000 PERENNIALS, including
thousands of Pampas Grass. Eulalias, Everlasting Peas, Ane-
mone japonica, several varieties; Hanierocallis, Sunflowers,.
Gaillardias, Poppies, Centaureas, Doronieums, Lychnis viscaria
splendens. Campanulas, Rudbeckias, Yuccas ; a grand collection
of IRIS, fine strong clumps, including all the best forcing
varieties; Pumilla of sorts; Olbiensis of sorts; Sibirica of
sorts; Florentina, the sweet-scented variety; Germanica in
great variety; Kcempferi, and many others; Delphiniums,
thousands of Hollyhocks, and hundreds of other important
families too numerous to mention.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, Estate
Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

475

Friday Next.

A SENSATIONAL EXHIBITION anil most important SALE,
by order of Messrs. LINDEN, Directors of L'Horticulture
Internationale, Brussels.

MESSRS. PROTHEROR and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67
and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.. on FRIDAY NEXT October
30, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely,

200 CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS, in Flower ;

a unique spectacle.
Numerous varieties, in full blossom, surpassing inbeiuty
all hitherto known of this most desirable Orchid.
A grand lot of

New DENDROBES, from New Guinea ;
amongst these some distinct-looking, grand species- others in
the way, or similar to,

DESDROBIUM PHAL.T5NOPSIS SCHRODERIANUM.
These plants are in capital condition, semi-established, and
finer than those already sold.
Good semi-established plants of

ODONTOQLOSSUM (COCHLIODA) NCEZLIANUM,
some in flower.
Also of the most charming
ME103PINIDIUM. VULCANICUM GIUNDIFI.ORU.M,

some in flower.
Semi-established p'aots of one of the most astonishing and
sensational importations ever made.

ONCIDIUM LEOPOLDI ROLFE,
the King of Oncidiums, fcogetherjwith

CYPRIPEDIUM VEXILLARIITM SPENDIDISSIMUM, in
flower.
„ CESANTHUM SHPERBUM, in flower.
,, ARTHURIANUM, in flower.

All the plants are in wonderful condition.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogue* had

Friday Next.

IMPORTED by WALTER KEMSLEY ami CO .

147, Leadeuhall Street, Londou, E.C.

NEW CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE VARIETY.

A full description of this is given by Mr. H. Ridley, of the
Botanical Gardens, Singapore, in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
July 2i, 1891. An extract from his remarks is appended.

" It is very distinct as a variety, both in form and colouring.
The leaves are shorter and more crowded, the scape
shorter, the flower rather smaller than that of the typical
form. The general colouring is similar to that of the
Nepaul plant, but the white margin of the standard is
broader, and runs right down to the bise; the purple
spots are crowded into the middle of the hricht apple-
green centre The shiejd is different in shape.

"It is decidedly a charming plant of very neat habit, and
appears to be lloriferous. It will ba welcomed by the
lovers of Cypripedia."

A drawing taken from a plaut in bloom in Singipore will be
exhibited at the Sale, and the whole shipment, consisting
of about 400 plants in fine condition, will be offered.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their ORCHID SALE on FRIDAY
NEXT. October SO.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wanstead.

About 1 mile from Snaresbrook, Leytonstone, and Forest
Gate Stations.
CLEARANCE SALE, without reserve, by order of Mr. Thomas
East, who requires the land immediately for Brickmaking.
The First Portion of the well-grown NURSERY STOCK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premise*, The Nurseries,
Wanstead Flats, Wanstead, E.,on FRIDAY, October 30, at
12 o'clock, 3000 Aucuba japonica, 1 to 4 feet, including many
handsome and bushy plants, Andromedas, English Yews,
1000 fine Laurels, White and Purple Lilacs, Euonymus,
Daphne Cneorum. 3000 Green and Variegated Hollies, selected
Fruit Trees, 100) Roses in choice assortment, a larg^ quantity
of Limes, Poplars, and other Ornamental Trees, Scotch and
Austrian Pines, and other Stock.

May he viewed one day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may
be had on the Premises, aud of the Auctioneers. ti7 and
68, Cheapside, and Leytonstone.

1000 Plants of the Old Lablata.

This is LINDLEY'S CATTLEYA LABIATA, from Swainson's

Hunting Grounds.

NOT GARDNER'S LABIATA.

It has no Synonym.

IT IS THE TRUE OLD TYPICAL PLANT.

EVERY PLANT 13 TRUE CATTLEYA LABIATA OF

LTNDLEY, GUARANTEED.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are instructed by Mr. F. Sander to SELL by
AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms. 67 and 68. Cheap-
side, London, E.C, on FRIDAY, November 6. at half-past
12 o'clock, a magnificent importation of the true old autumn-
flowering CATTLEYA LABIATA, consisting of
Upwards of 1O0) Plants IN SPLENDID CONDITION.

ALL THE PLANTS ARE GUARANTEED TRUE.
The genus Cattleya was founded upon the species we now
offer. Dr. Lindley first described it from Swainson's plant,
introduced in the year 1818, and named it in honour of W.
Cattley, E-q., of Barnet. This plant, now re-discovered and
re-introdnced, is absolutely the CATTLEY'A LABIATA from
Swainson's original hunting-ground.

CATTLEYA LABIATA TRUE,

the queen of Cattleyas, and the finest of the genus.

The old labiata is a free-doing Cattleya, and makes rapid

growth, aud is unequalled for cut -flower purposes and

grandeur of variety.

Ollffe, near Rochester and Uravessnd,

Adjoining Cliffe Station, S.E. Railway.
THIRD GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE of FRUIT TREES,

bv order of Mr. W. Home.

IMPORTANT to NURSERYMEN, FRUIT GROWERS, and

OTHERS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

iVL SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Perry Hill, Cliffe,
near Rochester, on FRIDAY, November 6, at 11 o'clock.

100,000 FRUIT TREES,
comprising 30.000 Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries, in-
cluding 1000 of the new dessert Apple, Beauty of Bath ; 50,000
Baldwin Black Currants. 5,000 Red Currants, 15,0u() Goose-
berrie- Bobs Lads, and Whinhams, 5,000 Carter's and Norwich
Wonder Raspberries, 5.00J John Ruskin Strawberries, new
(Rival on Noble.), 100,000 Laxton's Noble, and 50.000 Sir Joseph
Pnxton 20 000 Connover's Colossal Asparagus, 50,000 Myutt's
Cabbage Plants, 50,000 Drumhead. &c. Every lot must be
sold to make room for others.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. London. E.C.

Hampton, Middlesex. -Absolutely without Reserve.

THREE DAYS' CLEARANCE SALE, by order of Messrs.
Mahood & Son, the ground having to Be cleared for other
purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on th ) Premises, the Tangley Par k
Nursery Buckingham Estate. Hampton, within a mile ot
Hampton Station on WEDNESDAY, November 4, an1 two
following days, at 12 o'clock each day, the whole of the ex-
ceptionally well-grown and thriving NURSERY STOCK, re-
cently transplanted, and comprising 6000 Standard and
Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums, trained Peaches, 600
Standard Victo-ia Plums, fruiting trees, 5000 Maiden Apples,
Pears and Plums, 600 Cupressus lutea, 3 to 4 feet; 200O
Cupre'ssus 4 to 5 feet ; 2000 Standard Roses, and 3000 Dwarf
Roses, all leading varieties ; 2000 English Yews, 300 Golden
Privet, 3000 Common. Portugal, and other Laurels, 2000 yards
Box Edging, 501)0 Standard Limes, 10 to 12 feet, splendid trees
with straight stems; Thorns in variety, and other Ornamental
Trees, a large assortment of Conifers and Evergreens in the
borders, 1J to 3 feet; Weymouth Pines, 5 to l> feet; large
Laurels (recently moved), and other Stock.

May now be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises ; and
of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68. Cheapiide, London. E.C.

Fulham, S.W.

CLEARANCE SALE of GREENHOUSE PIPING and STOCK
by order of T. Hoodless, Esq., the ground being required
for Building Purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Dorset Cottage,
near the "Crab Tree." Fu:ham Palace Road, S.W., on
WEDNESDAY', November 11 at 12 o'Clock, AZALIAS
CAMELLIAS, ROSES, a few ORCHIDS, and other STOCK, the
erections of 12 GREENHOUSES. HOT-WATER PIPING,
BOILERS. UTENSILS in TRADE, and other items.

Maybe viewed day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E.C.

Notlce.-This Day.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FIVE DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE
of beautifully grown NURSERY STOCK, all well-rooted,
and carefully prepared for removal, and specially selected
for the Sole. By order of Messrs. Isaac Matthews & Son.

MR. JOHN OAKS, Ash, will SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, at the far-famed Bagnall
Tite Oaks and Milton Nurseries, on OCTOBER 21 and FOL-
LOWING DAYS, without reserve, several Acres of NUKSEKY
STOCK, grown to the highest perfection. The Nurseries are
in an extremely cold situation, aud all the trees are perfectly
hardy, and grown to the highest perfection. Extremely well-
rooted and well-furnished Hodgen'a, Common, Maderiensis,
Silver, aud Gold Hollies in variety, 200,000 Rhododeodrons
various, a large quantity of all leading varieties of Conifers,
Evergreens, &c, suitable for Ornamental Planting, Parks,
Cemeteries, Pleasure Grounds, &c. Large quantities of Thorn,
Quick, Ash, Elm, Alder, Privet, Austrian Pines, Spruce Fir,
Chestnuts, Willows. All other trees for Woods and other
plantations.

Catalogues now ready, on application to the Nurseries,
Milton, Stoke-on-Trent. Milton is the nearest station, North
Staff jrdshire Railway. All trains met.

Downham Market, Norfolk,

Within One Mile of the Station (Great Easttrn Railway).
HIGHLY IMPORTANT UNRESERVED SALE of the
ENTIRE VALUABLE NURSERY STOCK, at the Lynu
Road Nurseries, which—

MR. CHARLES HAWKINS is favoured with
instructions from the Executors of the late Mr. James
Bird, to SELL by AUCTION, in consequei.ee of the lease
having expired, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY', October 29
and 30, 1891, commencing each day at half-past 10 o'Clock;
including about —

2,000 Frait Trees (Apples.
Plums, and Cherries)
35,000 English Oak
30,000 Spanish Chestnut
20,000 Alder
140,000 Scotch
70.000 Larch
200.000 Spruce
20,000 Myrobella

300,000 Whilethorn
3i,000 Birch
22,000 Hazel
15.000 Beech
35.000 Ash
12,000 Hornbeam
6.000 Limes
12,000 Laurels
1,800 Pida Nordmanniana

And a large quantity of Privet, Austrian Pines, Holly,
Maple, Berberis, Walnuts, Sycamore, Box, &c.

Also, by permission, at the American Nurseries, the property
of Messrs. Bird & Vallance, who have taken the Sto-k at these
Nurseries by valuation, and in future will carry on the business
as usual, the SURPLUS STOCK of valuable Specimen Orna-
mental and Evergreen TREES aud SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES,
STANDARD and DWARF ROSES, &c.

The Stock may be Viewed any time before the Sale, upon
application to Mr. Vallance, Bridge Street, Downham M.rket.

Catalogues will be forwarded upon application to the
Auctioneer.

Offices— Downham Market, and Bank Chambers, King's Lynn.

Dutch Bulba. Dutch Bulbs.

SALFS EVERY MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY, at half-past 12 o'clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.

On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

400 Choice-named Standard and Dwarf ROSES, a Consign-
ment of 50.) AZALEA INDICA mi MOLLIS,
CAMELLIAS, &c, from Ghent, well set with flower-
buds, and in splendid condition ; 200 fine CARNATIONS,
" Malmaison ;" 20,000 Berlin LILY OF THE VALLEY
Crowns, 6000 AMARYLLIS SPECIES, LILIUM HARRISI,
L. CANDIDUM, Home-grown LILIUM AURATUM,
FREESIAS; also HARDY ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS,
EVERGREENS. CONIFERS, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE, by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38, King Street, Coveut Garden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY,
October 23.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

IMPORTANT TO LARGE BUYERS of DUTCH BULBS.
GRFAT TRADE SALE.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUC-
TION, at his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, October 29, at half-past
12 o'Clock precisely, an extensive consignment of BULBS
from Holland, just received, and in splendid condition, and
specially lotted for the Trade and other Large Buyers.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues bad.

Lake Bouse. Cheltenham.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, on THURSDAY.
November 5, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a COLLECTION
of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, formed by the late
G. Nevile Wyatt, E*q , consisting of well-grown specimens of
Anthurium Andreannm, A. Scherzerianum. Dracaenas, Stepha-
DOtis ll:.ribunila. Palms, Gloxinias, Exhibition Specimen and
Half-specimen Azaleas, comprising many choice varieties
which have won prizes annually at the Cheltenham Shows, &c.
On view the day prior and morning of Sale, and Catalogues
had on the Premises, and of the auctioneers, Offices and
Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

WANTED, a SMALL NURSERY, plenty
of Glass. Midland town. Price low.
L. G., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welliogton Street,
Strand, W.C.

S~MALL NURSERY, or GROUND with
SHEDS, or -with HOUSE and SHOP. No Stock. Wilhin
In miles of London. Cheap.
SOUTH, Gardeners' Chronicle, 41, WellingtonSt., Strand.W.C.

rTO BE SOLD a Bargain (through death)

JL the LEASE of a Capital MARKET NURSERY, with
11 good Glass-houses, all exceptionally well heated; also 200
good Pit Lights and Fixtures, capital Stabling and Dwelling
House, standing on I acre. Rent, only £,tb per annum.

Apply to J. S., 2, Elm Villa, Town Road, Lower Edmonton.

London. West End,
IfOR DISPOSAL, the GOODWILL of an

J? old-established FLORIST BUSINESS, doing a first-class
trade. Long Lease. Low rent, Prica JB-i&O, fur Goodwill,
Stock, and Fixtures.
Apply, PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

170 R SALE, TWO CURNIoH TKEJNTHAM

JL BOILERS, 7 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches diameter, with
Check Bridge Ends and three Cross Tubes, with Furnaoe
Fittings. All uearly new. Lying in South Yorkshire.

Apply. BOILER, Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C.

1?OR SALE, very cheap, a pair of EGYPTIAN
_ GKESE ; splendid birds for Ornamental Lakes.

J. NORTON, Superintendent, The Park, Great Grimsby, Lines.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Sociely,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

HPHE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY

X (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

Landscape Gardening.

BOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TOR'S GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent gratis then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3d. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists.
Rothesay, Scotland.

476

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 24, 1891.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stook of Orchids in the World. 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

NTHON Y WATERER invites an

inspection from intending Planters to the following
well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with
hands imely-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from
frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth
of (he stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground.
ACACIA BE3SONIANA. 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 4 inches.
ACER DASYCARPUM, 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.

,, „ WIERIILACINIATUM.10tol4feet.girth3to5 inch.
„ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
,, REITEVBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
,, SCHWEDLERII. 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to S inches.
„ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple. Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
OliRASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet,

girth 4 To 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS, Horse. 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
„ „ Double White, 14 to lt> feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
„ „ Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish. 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS. Engli>-h, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
.. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIME3, 12, 16, and iO feet, girth 3 to '0 inches.
„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth^ to 6

inches.
„ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUID AMBER, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
OAK, English. 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.

,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

„ Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet.
„ ,, Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
„ „ White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.
BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet.

,, Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young's Weeping. Pyramids and Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
„ Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids anc Standards, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet.
POPLAR, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

TO FRUIT GROWERS.— 30 dozen Splendid
FRUIT TREES for SALE, by private gentleman, thin-
ning out Orchard. Named Apples, Pears. Plums, and Morello
Cherries. All in full bearing, from (5 to 1U feet high, now
hiden with fruit. 365. per dozen, on rail ; also 2500 fine
Rispberries (Carter's Prolific), and 800 Black Currants (Lee's
Prolific). Inspection invited.

W. SHARP, Hazelwood, Cranleigh, Surrey.

CHRISTMAS and LENTEN ROSES.— Mr.
Brockbark. our greatest authority, writing to the
Garden, says: — "They are the finest I ever beheld." Good
strong clumps full of flower-buds (large major var.), at 9s.,
12s., 15s., lfs., and 24s. per dozen. Specimen plants. \\ to
3 feet acrosg. Price on application. Twelve Lenten Roses, in
b st named varieties, for 10s.
GEO. STAMP, Nurseryman, Bishop's Teignton, South Devon.

«=

100 ACRES OF

EVERGREENS

TO SELECT FROM.

Regularly Transplanted.

Hardily-Grown.

Lift with balls of earth, so can be conveyed any

distance & safely planted.

Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free.

— ■ PLANT NOW. —

Dscksons rr:^ Chester

FRUIT TREES.-APPLES,

PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. APRICOTS,
NECTARINES. A grand assortment of all the Choicest
Varieties in fine Standard, Dwarf, and Trained Trees.
Also a fine Collection of GOOSEBERRIES. CURRANTS,
RASPBERRIES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS, &c.

ROSES HYBRID PER-

PETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

FLOWER ROOTS-HYA-

CINTHS. NARCISSI, LILIES, TULIPS, &c. A very
fine assortment, including all the most beautiful sorts,
at moderate prices.
Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

H. LANE & SON

Beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their extensive
StocksofTREESandSHRUBSJorimmeaiateetftcttextendinq
over 150 acres, including the foltoiuing, all uninjured by frost.

EVERGREENS.

AUCUBAS, BERBERIS, BOX, COTONEASTERS, HOLLIES
(Green and Variegated), LAURELS, PORTUGAL LAURELS,
MAHONIAS, GOLDEN YEWS (fine tpeeinlens, 6 feet in
diameter), and Thousands of smaller Seedling Varieties, in
different shades of colour, variety, and form.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

DEUTZIAS. ELDER (Golden and Variegated), GUELDER

ROSES, THORNS in variety, LABURNUMS, LILACS,

PHILADELPHUS, RIBES, SPIRAEAS, WEIGELAS, &c.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

MAPLES, SYCAMORES, BEECH, Black NORWEGIAN

BIRCH, CHESTNUTS, ELMS. LIMES. PURPLE-LEAVED

PLUM, WEEPING TREES, &c.

CONIFERS.

ABIES DOUGLASI, ARAUCARIAS, CEDRUS DEODARA
(splendid Specimens), CUPRESSUS, PICEA NOBILIS and
NOKDMANNIANA, &c, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c. RETINO-
SPORAS in variety, THUIA LOBBI and others, THUJOPSIS
BOREALIS and DOLABRATA (fine Specimens).

RHODODENDRONS, fine named sorU, well set with bloom.

Fontlcum and Hybrid Seedlings, Azalea Mollis, &c.

FOREST TREES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.

CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

THE NURSERIES, berkhamstead, HERTS.

DENDROBIUM FORMOSUM

GIGANTEUM,

IN BUD.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Beg to offer a magnificent lot of the above
showy white ORCHID, with splendid growths,
well set with buds.

Price 90s. and 126s. per dozen.
CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

Special Cheap Offer.

ELCOMBE and SON, The Nurseries, Romsey,
Hampshire, beg to offer the following for cash : —
AMERICAN ARBORViT.F., 4 to 5 feet, per 100, 30». ; ditto,

5 to 6 feet, per 100, 5us. ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet, per 100, 80s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, 2£ to 3 feet, per 100, 25s. ; ditto.
3£ to 4 feet, per 100, 40s. ; ditto, 5 to 6 feet, per 100, 60s.
THUIA LOBBI, 5 to 6 feet, per dozen, 12s ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet,

per dozen 18s. ; ditto, 9 to 10 feet, per do/en, 42s.
CUPRESSUS ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 feet, per dozen, 18s.
VARIEGATED EUONYMUS, Golden Broad-leaf, 1 to 1} feet,
per 100, 40s.

The above are all well-grown and finely-rooted.

FER^S ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! 1 ! — Stove
and Greenhouse. Great Annual Sale. Surplus Stock ;
100,000 in 25 most saleable sorts, at 12s. per 100 in 2£-inch
pots; out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum cuneatum.ftOs. per
100, value in fronds. Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100.
A. cuneatum for potting on, 12s. and 16s. per 100. Palms,
15s. per dozen, in 48's. Packed free for Cash with Order.

J. SMITH, The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

ROSES I ROSES I ROSES!

PLANT NOW.

100 STRONG DWARF H.P. ROSES, for 35/- 100

THE FINEST IK THE TRADE.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on Application.

C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, EASTBOURNE.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters,
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

JL have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 1OU.O0O RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH. 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH. 6 to 12 feet ; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet ; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YKWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently-transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties, 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, also for
Forest Planting ; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURKLS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent

EXHIBITIONS.

BRIGHTON and HOVE CHRYSANTHE-
MUM SHOW.
THE DOME, ROYAL PAVILION,
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, Nov. 3 and 4.
Eutries close Tuesday, October 27. Schedules may be had of

18, Church Road. Hove. MAKK MNGHURST.

Vale House, Park Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

ASCOT, SUNNINGHILL, SUNNINGDALE,
and DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW, WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY*, November 4 and 5. For particulars of open Prizes and
for Schedules, apply to T. J. PATTON, Hon. Sec. Ascot.

CRYSTAL PALACE,
GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW,
FRIDAY and SATURDAY, NOVEMBER tj and 7.
Schedules and Entry Forms on application to Mr. W.
G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal
Palace, S.E.

Entries close on Friday, October 30.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY, ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER.
GREAT AUTUMN EXHIBITION and FESTIVAL,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, and FRIDAY, Nov. 10, 11, &. 12.
Chrysanthemums, Table Decorations, Fruit, aud Vegetables.
Many valuable special Prizes of great interest.
Schedules of Prizes and all particulars of —

RICHARD DEAN, Secretary and Superintendent,
42, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, London, W.

K~TnGSTON and SURBITON CHRYSAN-
THEMUM SOCIETY.
President: G. C. SHERKARD, Esq., J.P.
The FIFTEENTH ANNUAL GRAND EXHIBITION will be
held in the DRILL HALL. KI.NGSTON-ON-THAMES, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, November 10 and 11, 1891,
when, in addition to valuable Money Prizes, the Sixth Cham-
pion Challenge Vase, value 25 guineas, will be again competed
for. Schedules, and any information, may be bad from the
Hon. Sec. MR. GEORGE WOODGATK, Warren House
Gardens, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Entries close on November 6.

READING CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY.
FLOWER and FRUIT SHOW, November 11 and 12, 1891.
Prizes, £140. EDtries close November 7.

WM. L. WALKER, Secretary.
Dunollie, Bulmershe Road, Reading,

LEEDS PAXTON SOCIETY'S THIRD
CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW will be held in the Town
Hall on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY', November 10 and II,
when upwards of £170 will be offered in Prizes, including Two
Valuable Silver Challenge Cups. Entries close Norember 3.
JOSH. SMITH, Hon. Sec.
Asket Hill, Roundhay, Leeds.

THE BATH CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW
— November 11 and 12, 1891. Entries close Nov. 6. For
Prize Schedules apply to B. R. F. PEARSON i

2, Northumberland Bdgs., Bath. W. JEFFERY J

Sees.

BIRMINGHAM GREAT

CHRYSANTHEMUM AND FRUIT SHOW,

NOVEMBER 11 and 12.
£240 in Prizes.

Entries close November 4. Schedules sent free on application

to the Secretary —

J. HUGHES. 140, High Street, Harborne, Birmingham.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSO-
CIATION.

GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

NOVEMBER 19, 20. and 21.

Schedules and all particulars on application to the Secretary,

ROBERT LAIRD, 17, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

WIRRAL AND BIRKENHEAD HORTI-
CULTURAL ASSOCIATION.
The Filth Annual Grand SHOW of CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
PLANTS, and FRUIT, to be held in the Y. M. C. A., Grange
Road, on THURSDAY, November 12, 1891. For Schedules,
apply to S. W. SWAN, Hon. Sec.

The Oaks, Church Road, Tranmere.

Proposed International Fruit Show In London

in 1892.

HORTICULTURISTS and OTHERS
interested in the proposal to hold a GREAT INTER-
NATIONAL FRUIT SHOW in London, in the autumn of next
year, are cordially invited to attend a PUBLIC MEETING at
the CANNON STREET HOTEL, E.C., on FRIDAY. October 30.
The Chair will be takeu at 3 P.M., by ALDERMAN SIR
JAMES WHITEHEAD.

DAFFODILS ! ! !— The Cream in all the
sections. Grown in undisturbed Hundred- year -old
pasture Loam; and better still, Irish. Can be procured from
Hartland's Unique Collection at Cork. Illustrated Price Lists
free, and immediate delivery to all parts of the United Kingdom.
WM. BAYLOR HARTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, Cork.

Octobee 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

4.77

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

HEDGE

And

RHODODENDRONS,

PLANTS.

Ami Other

AMERICAN

PLANTS.

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS-

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had. POST-FREE.

Wm. clibran & son,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;

Also. 10 and 12, Market Street. Mjnchestek.

CANNELL'S

TUBEROUS BEGONIAS.

We are quite certain that all lovers of the Begonia can
readily imagine the labour and anxious care that we have be-
stowed upon it for many years, to bring it to its present indis-
pensable position, and they will also understand how desirous
we are to ascertain direct from those who have had them their
actual opinion, good, bai, or indifferent. And the same with
our Vegetable and Flower Seeds tt at we have supplied ; we shall
at all times be further pleased to receive specimens of any really
improved kinds of either, from whoever may possess such.

Mr. W. F. MACKENZIE, The Gardens, Thurso Castle. Thurso,
N B.. September 2Stk. 1891.
Gentlemen,— No doubt you will be glad to hear how the
Begonias we had from you have succeeded in the extreme north.
They have proved far beyond my most sanguine expectations.
The brilliancy and profusion of the flowers were marvellous,
whi e some of them measured within a fraction of 6 inches
across, and they are the admiration of every one who sees them.

Ashleigh, Inchfield. Wolverhampton,
July \Hh, 1891.
Dear Sirs, — I cannot refrain from sending you a few lines to
say how thoroughly I am satisfied with the Seedling Begonias
I had from you this spring. I send you by this post a flower
which is a fair sample of the bulk, and certainly there was
nothing to compare with them in the show recently held here.
The other plants are a so very fine.— I am, dear Sirs,

Yours faithfully, JNO. H. BIRCH.

H. GANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

FRANK CANT'S

ROSES,

Ham been Awarded the Jubilee Champion
Cup of the National Hose Society,

AND THE

FIRST PRIZES in the great 72 CLASSES

HEREFORD, WOLVERHAMPTON, MAN-
CHESTER, and TIBSHELF,

Besides upwards of 40 other FIRST FRIZES

THIS YEAR.

Full List of Prices for Four years, published in my

ROSE CATALOGUE, post-free.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

LILIUM WALLIOHIANUM

SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly fine and rare Lily. The plants are
strong and healthy, IN FLOWER AND BUD.
Price 6s , 7s. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each.

Price to the Trade cm application.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

PAUL & SON'S"

GEEAT HARDY NURSERY,
CHESHUNT, N.

Invite Planters to Inspect and Select from their Stock of

PAUL & SON'S CHESHUNT ROSES.

STANDARDS— Demand large. Early orders neees-ary.

DWARFS— Virtually all on the accepted stock— the Biiar.

POT ROSES— The finest lot they ever held ; therefore the
finest in the world.

ROSE SPECIES and SINGLE ROSES— A specialty of the
Firm.

PAUL & SON'S FINISHED FRUIT TREES.

STANDARDS, more especially APPLES, the very finest in
the Trade. From £13 per 100 downwards.

PYRAMIDS, and all FORMED TREES, vigorous, and yet of
best shapes.

All SMALL FRUITS, to ALPINE STRAWBERRIES, care-
fully tended.

Large Planters should see the Stock.

PAUL & SON'S HARDY TREES.

The variety of them is wonderful. By careful selection the
smallest garden may be made a varied picture.
From I85. per dozen.

PAUL & SON'S HOLLIES & EVERGREENS

Of every description, are moved and do well — notably Hollies,
of which there are 8 acres at the Epping Forest Nursery, from
2 to 12 feet, Is. to 5 guineas each.

PAUL & SON'S AMERICAN PLANTS.

The free-setting RHODODENDRONS and AZALEA MOLLIS
—specialty at the High Beech Nurseries.

PAUL & SON'S CONIFER/E.

The most varied collection in England. Special selections of
ROCK GARDES SHRUBS, and for Villa Gardens.
ARAUCARIAS in thousands, green and beautiful.

PAUL & SON'S HERBACEOUS AND
ALPINE PLANTS.

For Borders, Rockwork, Cut Flower producing.
An acre of ROCK PLANTS at the Brosbourne Nursery.

Established 1807. Eighty-four years' continuous attention
and application has made these Hardy Nurseries one of the
most complete in Europe. Planters should see for themselves.

ROSE and other CATALOGUES on application to

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT.

(One Mile from Cheshunt Station, G.E.R.)

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of BuIdb.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILTUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c , free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

■KjJ

rK'

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

A TkHEAL.&'Q0NS

WnM Crawley, W Suss.ex.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

THE
YERY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No- 397-

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DicksomSoS* Chester

CARNATIONS-CARNATIONS.

Per doz.— 5. d.

Vivid, bright scarlet ... 4 6

Purity, white 3 0

Bosc, bright purple ...4 6
Maid of Athens, -white,
beautifully marked

with pink 6 0

Baby Castle, deep pink... 6 0

The Bride, white 3 0

Per doz.— s. d.
Marchioness of London-
derry, white 4 6

Mrs. Beynolds Hole ,..12 0

Old Crimson Clove ... 8 0

Scarlet Clove 6 0

Germania 18 0

Rouvenirde laMalmaiEon 9 0

Gloire de Nancy 9

Fine Border Varieties, our selection, 6s., 9s., and 12s. per dcz.

All fine, strong stuff, in 3-incb pote.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, a fine collection, our selection , 6s. doz.

CATALOGUES on application.

HERD BROS., Victoria & Oastle Nurseries, PENRITH.

478

THE GAB BE NEBS' GEBONICLE. [Ocr<*« 24, ia>i.

A SENSATIONAL SHOW and SALE.

LINDEN'S

GRAND EXHIBITION and SALE by AUCTION

CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS

IN BLOOM.

jggT A UNIQUE SPECTACLE NEVEE BEFORE SEEN in LONDON,

"Worthy of being witnessed at. any sacrifice of time or outlay.

UPWARDS of 200 CATTLEYA LABIATA IN BLOOM,

OTHERS IN SHEATH.

Numerous Emergent Varieties in Full Blossom, surpassing in beauty all hitherto known of this most desirable Orchid.

Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

AT THEIR ROOMS, 67 and 68, CHEAPSIJ)E, LONDON, E C, will EXHIBIT and OFFER for SALE, on

FRIDAY NEXT, October 30,

A MAGNIFICENT LOT OF REAL, TRUE, CATTLEYA LABIATA,

Plants in bloom, and in sbeath, evincing in themselves THEIR AUTHENTICITY (see Gardeners'1 Chronicle of last

week, October 17, Rolfe's description, page 452).

Messes. LINDEN are the FIRST REAL RE-IMPORTERS of the CATTLEYA LABIATA of Lindley,
and were so eighteen months ago.

Amateurs purchasing Messrs. LINDENS' PLANTS IN BLOOM will have no need to wait till they blossom
before being certain of the VALIDITY OF WHAT THEY ACQUIRE.

rjKjfilfr* Tne opportunity of seeing these extraordinary varieties in bloom fa unique spectacle), will not present itself again

for a long time to come.

Also the whole Importation of a magnificent NEW FORM of LABIATA,

CATTLEYA MAJESTICA-one plant in flower.

Also a Grand Lot of NEW DENDROBES from NEW GUINEA, semi-established and undowered in mag-
nificent condition ; some quite new, some supposed to be DENDROBIUM PHAL^NOPSIS SCHRODERIANUM
—PLANTS MUCH FIXER than those sold last week ; the rare white DENDROBIUM LEUCOLOPHOTUM.

Aho COCHLIODA NOTZLIANA and MESOSPINIDIUM VOLCANICUM
GRAMDIFLQRUM, both in bloom. Two grand things they are !

Also some semi-established plants of the marvellous ONCIDIUM LEOPOLDI, Rolfe.

OCTOBEI! 24, 18'J1.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

479

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES-

HUGH LOW & Co.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders :—

APf LES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2 yr. Untnmmed,
Pyramid?, Standards.

APRICOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained.

CHERRIES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Uutrimnied,
Pyramids Standards.

PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.

PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, L'-yr. Untrimmed
Pyramids, SUiudards. ,

DAMSONS, FARLEIGH PROLIFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Duarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large— Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley 1

I"1 JANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
iii ,i terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

ciiii!n«m[t!ii!li!l!micimt!im:«>»i!tmiiimiiiiii!!H!i!Hi:i!itiisaKiiitillill!HiiQ

| pUNTjNG_SEASON. 1

J IlABatl.V-UKOWi'V

fiPOlfcEiST, FRUIT,!

& ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

f EVERGREENS, ROSES, Ac. |

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

| VERY EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited' |
| Priced Catalogues Gratis & Poet Free.

| J^IGKfeOr'JS Nl'K§ERIE8|
(LIMITED) CHESTER.l

ttllltlllllllllltlUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlllllllllllllllllltlllllllUIUIIIIIUIKIHIIMIIIIIItlMIIIIH

PLANTING SEASON.

INTENDING PLANTERS at PUBLIC

J- PARKS, CEMETERIES, and PRIVATE PLEASURE-
GROUNDS, are respectfully invited to inspect the immense
Stock of TREES and SHRUBS for these purposes, in the
extensive Nurseries of —

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE

(By Appointment, Nurserymen to the Queen i,
CARLISLE.

Catalogues, and all Information, free by Post.

CARTERS'

CHOICE and CELEBRATED

HYACINTHS.

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS

in 25 sorts, for cultivation in pots
or glasses. Carriage Free.

CHOICE NAMED HYACINTHS

in 12 sorts, for cultivation in pot9 or
glasses. Carriage Free.

FINE NAMED HYACINTHS

in 12 torts, for cultivation in pots or
glasses. Carriage Free.

CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing a
beautifully Coloured Plate, GRATIS and POST
FREE to Customers.

237

355

Royal Seedsmen by Sealed Warrants.

HIGH H0LB0RN. LONDON

VEITCHS'

SELECTED

HYACINTHS

FOR

BEDS and BORDERS.

ALL of FINEST QUALITY.

Per 100. Doz.

VEITCHS' CRIMSON • 17/6 2/6

VEITCHS' BRICHT RED 17 6 2/6

VEITCHS' PINK 17/6 2/6

VEITCHS' BRICHT BLUE 15/- 2/-

VEITCHS' DARK BLUE- 15/- 2/-

VEITCHS' LICHT BLUE 21/- 3/-

VEITCHS' PURE WHITE 21/- 3/-

VEITCHS' WHITE-TINTED 21/- 3/-

For other Bulbs for Forcing, Pot Culture,
or Planting, see CATALOGUE, forwarded
Gratis and Post-frie on application.

James Veitch & Sons,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY,
CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

E. P. DIXON & SONS,

THE NURSERIES,

HULL, BURTON, CONSTABLE, AND

CONISTON,

Bee to invito inspection of their extonsive stock of FOREST
and ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS. FRUIT TREES,
ROSES, &c, which are all well-grown, extremely hardy,
finely-rooted, and well-furnished, frequently transplanted,
and such as will remove with perfect safety, and eive the
highest satisfaction.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES.

ASH BEECH, BROOM. LARCH, SPRUCE FIR. SCOTCH

FIR AUSTRIAN PINE, SYCAMORE, CHESTNUT,

OAK, POPLAR, QUICKWOOD, &c.

STANDARD, ORNAMENTAL
AND WEEPING TREES.

In great variety, and all sizes.

AVENUE AND ROADSIDE TREES.

LIMES, PLANES. CHESTNUTS. ELMS. SYCAMORES, &c.
in various sizes, from 8 to 14 feet.

CON I F E KM.

A large collection of CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. ARBOR-

vit;e JUNIPERS, PICEAS. PIN'S, RETINOSPORA.

THUJAS, WELLINGTONIAS, &c.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

AUCUBA, BOX. BERBERIS, BROOM, HOLLIES,
LAURELS, RHODODENDRONS, YEWS, &c.

ROSES-HYBRID PERPETUAL.

TEA-SCENTED, BOURBONS, CLIMBING, &c. A splendid
collection of beat blooming varieties.

FRUIT TREES.

A large and varied collection of all the leading varieties of

PEACHES, NECTARINES. APRICOTS, APPLES, CHERRIES.

PLUMS, PEARS, &c.

THE

(Hardeners' djtotticle.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1891.

General Nursery CATALOGUE post-free on application.

B. P. DIXON &SONS, HULL

ORCHID CULTURE IN
BELGIUM.

A MONO the multitude of English people who
-^*- annually pass through Brussels, there are
probably not a few who are interested in the culti-
vation of Orchids. Such persons cannot do better
than spare two or three days to see the collec-
tions in and near the Belgian capital, at Ghent,
and elsewhere within easy reach. Without going
so far as to say that the taste for the cultivation
of Orchids has become as general in Belgium as
it has done with us, the existence there of societies,
and of illustrated and other periodicals devoted
to these plants, shows that Belgium is uot far
behind. About the middle of September, I spent
two days — not long enough, but all I could
spare — in visiting the private collection of
M. \Varocque\ at the Chateau de Mariemont ; the
business establishments of MM. Linden (L'Horti-
culture Internationale) ; and of Mr. Peeters, at
Brussels ; the small private collections of Mr.
Van Imshoot and Mr. Hye-Leyssen, and the
nurseries of Messrs. Vuylsteke and Vervaet, at
Ghent. I was anxious to have seen the nursery
of Mr. Vincke, near Bruges, where I was told the
cultivation of Odontoglossums had been brought
to perfection — but time was wanting.

Before making any observations on what I
saw, it should be mentioned that I did not find
anywhere general and varied collections of
Orchids. The genera cultivated, indeed, the
species, were comparatively few, and in great
measure confined to the showy and large-flowered
forms. No doubt the real test of cultural skill
is the ability to keep in health a varied and ex-
tensive collection of genera and speoies, gathered
from all parts of the world, and growing in
Nature under very varied conditions. At the
same time, Nature can play tricks, if I may use
the expression, which Art dare not try. I have
seen Saccolabiums and Aerides growing where
there were night frosts, and in most seasons
snow, in the winter; but no one would like to
expose such plants to frost and snow iu cultiva-
tion. So that, however varied the conditions
may be under which plants grow in Nature, it is
not desirable to do more than follow such indi-
cations generally in cultivation.

Except at Messrs. Lindens', the plants culti-
vated are mostly Cattleyas, Lselias, Odontoglos-
sums, Cypripediums, and Miltonias, and at M.
Warocque's are Vandas. I may say at once that
I have never seen Cattleyas and Odontoglossums
more healthy and vigorous. September is not
the flowering season for Orchids, so I saw but
few plants in bloom. But the vigour and strength
of the bulbs left little or nothing to be desired

480

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. ]

[October 24, 1891.

No doubt both at Mariemont and at Messrs.
Lindens' the so-called Cattleya Warocqueana
was present in large numbers. These plants have
not been long in the country, and many people
grow newly-imported Orchids well enough, only
to see them dwindle away when their native
vigour is exhausted. But grand as were the
Cattleya labiata (for the synonym Warocqueana
must be discarded), the C. Mendelii, gigas,
Mossije, amethystoglossa, Leopoldii, &c, were
nearly, if not quite, as good. Since my return
to England, I have discussed the Belgian culti-
vation of Cattleyas and Odontoglossums with
English growers — men of long and wide experi-
ence, and able cultivators. They have seen some
of the Belgian collections themselves, and some
of them thought the growth and bulbs, espe-
cially of the Odontoglossums, were soft and
sappy, and by no means indicative of lasting
health and vigour, or of promise for flower. I
cannot agree in their view. I brought a few
plants home with me, merely as examples of
successful cultivation. The bulbs are broad,
hard, and bronzed; the leaves thick, stiff, and
sturdy ; the plants very firm in their pots, owing
to an abundance of roots. If such bulbs do not
produce good flowers, my experience has taught
me nothing. Surely, in Orchid cultivation, as
in every other branch of gardening, if you
grow plants well you will generally get good
flowers ; that has, at all events, been my experi-
ence. It is the same with the Cattleyas and
Loelias ; the bulbs are clean and strong, nearly
every one has a flower-sheath ; roots are abundant,
and the plants have an unmistakable aspect of
general vigour. The new " old C. labiata " gives
indications of being a plant of remarkable vigour,
and of excellent constitution. The double-
sheaths, whether green or brown, are so well
developed, that there is a V-shaped gap between
them at the apex.

No one can fail to be struck with the admirable
cleanliness, order, and arrangement which charac-
terise the plant-houses of " L'Horticulture Inter-
nationale.'' It would be possible, and in no way
unpleasant, to eat one's dinner off any part of these
houses. Here there is, much more than elsewhere,
a general collection of Orchids— the only popular
genera which are sparsely represented being those of
Phaloenopsis, Dendrobiuni, and Masdevallia. I may
here observe that Dendrobiums, bulbous Calanthes,
and other winter or early spring- floweriDg Orchids
do not seem much in favour in Belgium. The
" Societe Anonyme " maintains several collectors,
among them Bungeroth ; and Monsieur Linden
(pare) has so wide a knowledge of what are still the
great botanical hunting-grounds in northern South
America, that he is able successfully to direct the
collecting staff. I heard of many treasures which
had been sent over to the company— new Cattleyas,
Odontoglossums, Oncidiums, &c, including a blue
Oncidium of the 0. macranthum section. As to
these, I say : —

" Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem,
Quam qua; sunt oculis suhjecta fidelibus,"
which in the vulgar tongue is tantamount to "see-
ing is believing." But whatever may be the future
treasures in store for us, my " faithful eyes " saw
several plants of interest, recently introduced, in
flower. Among them was Cochlioda Noezliana, a
very distinct and pretty plant, a Mesospinidium, but
of a peculiar rosy-vermilion tint. Others were, a
pretty little yellow and white Dendrobium, with' a
long flat bulb, shaped like a fish; an Aganasia, like
A. ccerulea; a yellow Trichocentrum, resembling
Trichopilia Galeottiana ; a pretty Cirrhopetalum,
like a large C. Mastersii ; a fine Mormodes, a yellow
Catasetum Brmgerothii, a fine Coryanthes, &c. There
were besides, of course, Cattleyas, Vandas, Odon-
toglossums, &c, in flower.

The collection at the Chateau de Mariemont

has been made, I believe, under the direction and
guidance of M. Lucien Linden. In addition to the
Cattleyas, Lielias, and Odontoglossums already
referred to, there are some very fine and vigorous
Vandas, and a few good Cypripediums, and other
things. Vanda Lowii is remarkably well grown ; the
plants are well-rooted, and carry leaves to the sur-
face of the pot. One plant I saw was fully 8 feet
high, with five young growths from the stem : and
another, which had unfortunately been killed by frost
on its way from a show, had required to have a hole
in the ground a metre deep made for it. There is
not in this collection any one Vanda Lowii equal to
the celebrated plant at Ferrieres, but the species is
admirably grown. I noted also at Mariemont as
excrptionally fine, Oncidium incurvum, Odontoglos-
sum Edwardii, with a spike like a walking-cane, and
ten branches; and fine pans of the sweet-scented and
lovely OdontoglosBum pulchellum. The bulb of one
Odontoglossum crispum was 5 inches high by 3J
broad, and there were many nearly as large. Odon-
toglossum grande was in flower, and very vigorous.
Vanda Batemannii and V. Kimballiana were finely
bloomed, the latter with twenty-one brilliant-lipped
flowers on its spike. Vanda Sanderiana was doing
well.

At the nursery of M. Vuy'steke, at Loo-Christy,
near Ghent, Odontoglossum crispum, O. Pescatorei,
and 0. grande, are largely and successfully cultivated.
The bulbs are fine, the foliage dwarf and sturdy, and
the spikes, judging from what remains of them, had
been grand. I noticed a little mildew on some of
the leaves, and the chalky water disfigures them, but
the plants, speaking generally, were thoroughly well-
grown. The Cymbidium in this nursery, especially
those of the C. Lowii section, were very fine.

At Messrs. Vervaet et Cie., the Odontoglossums
had been lately divided, repotted, &c. They appeared
to have been fine and well cultivated, but require
time, of course, to recover from their late treatment.
M. L. Liaden told me that this firm's connection
with Orchids began by their purchase of some boxes
of Odontoglossums, sent over from Bogota by Jesuit
priests. Among these, which may possibly have
been cultivated by the reverend fathers, a large
number of fine and special varieties appeared.
The Cattleyas, Laflias, and Cypripediums at MM.
Vervaet's were very fine, as fine as those at Marie-
mont. The specimens are, many of them, in tubs
raised on stands, leaving room for small Palms
between them.

The collections at M. Van Imshoot's and M. Hye-
Leyssen's are small, but interesting.

It only remains now for me to notice the plants
at the nursery of Mr. Peeters, Chaussee de Forest,
Brussels. Mr. Peeters himself showed me his plants,
which were, I thought, most creditable to his skill as
a cultivator. The Cattleyas, Lailias, and Odonto-
glossums here again looked remarkably healthy and
vigorous, especially the Odontoglossums, which were
equal to any I saw in Belgium. Among the plants
were several fine pans of Miltonia Morelliana, in
vigorous health, and a house full of Cypripediums
doing well.

The Miltonia vexillaria and its allies are certainly
not grown in Belgium with the exceptional vigour
shown by the cool Odontoglots, nor did I anywhere
see a good plant of Cattleya Skinnerii. Phaltenopsids
are few and far between. The general impression
left on my mind was, that such genera as find
favour in Belgium are admirably grown. As
the taste for Orchids spreads, and becomes
more cultivated, growers will learn to appre-
ciate the beauty, variety, and interest to be
found among the many genera and species of com-
paratively small and modest Orchids. I see no
reason why these should not be as well grown in
Belgium as are now the bold and showy ones.

The only material differences in practice to be
observed in Belgium are the invariable use of the
fibrous roots of the Polypodium vulgare instead of
peat, which is never used, in the potting compost ;
and the equally invariable employment of the mid-
ribs of Tobacco leaves, placed on wire netting over

the pipes and occasionally moistened, to keep down
thrips and other insect pests. As to peat, eveiy i
Orchid-grower has seen plants innumerable of nearly
every genus growing luxuriantly in a compost of
which it formed a part. The Polypodium fibre
(terre fibreuse) is, however, to all appearance, an
excellent potting material, with little waste, and is
well worth a trial. The Tobacco-leaf stems diffuEe a
very perceptible, but not unpleasant, odour in I he
houses, especially when fresh; and if to thim
belongs the credit of the absence of insect peats from
the houses, as is at least probable, their use is a
great help to the cultivator, and saves endltss
trouble. The collections I saw were all of them
remarkably clean and free from insects ; but — and it
is a large but — Tobacco in this form is both costly
and difficult to procure in sufficient quantities in
England. It struck me that less artificial heat was
used, and more air given, than with us ; but the
weather was warm. Wooden blinds (claics) are
nearly always used instead of canvas ; they certainly
let in more sun, without the risk of burning.

I should not like to conclude these remarks with-
out expressing my obligations to Monsieur Lucien
Linden for the great courtesy and attention he
showed me while at Brussels. Thanks to him, and
the arrangements he so kindly made, I was able to
see a great deal of what I most wished to see in
the limited time at my disposal. I should, however,
add that although Mons. Linden was an excellent
cicerone, I did not see with his eyes. The views
here expressed are the results of careful observation
and unbiassed judgment, and they are shared by my
Orchid grower, Mr. White, who accompanied me.
T.L.

New or Noteworthy Plant.

♦

LILIUM WALLICHIANUM, var. SUPERBUM,
Hort. Low*
This is a very marked variety of Liliurn Wallichi-
anum, R. & S., if indeed, it should not be regard* d
as a distinct species. It was introduced about
three years ago by Messrs. H. Low & Co. from
Upper Burma. It differs from the typical L. Wal-
lichianum, which is an inhabitant of the Himalayas,
of Nepaul and Kumaon, by its primrose-ytllnw
flower, suffused on the outside with claret-purple, its
brown anthers, and by the presence of large green
bulbillse in the axils of the upper leaves. It receive d
a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural
Society on June 25, 1889, under the name of L.
Wallichi superbum, but the name under which the
species was described was L. Wallichianum. It was
figured and noticed in the Garden for April 19, 1890,
under the name of L. nepalense ochroleucum, but
there can be no question that its affinity is with L.
Wallichianum, not with L nepalense. L. nepalense,
D. Don and L. ochroleucum, Wallich, are two names
for one and the same plant. Wallich, whose col-
lectors first gathered the plant in the mountains of
Nepaul, intended to call it ochroleucum. He sent
specimens to Lindley under this name, and 1. s
original drawing, now at Kew, is named ochroleucum.
But Don published the plant as L. nepalense in tl e
third volume of the Transactions of the Wernerun
Society, p. 412, and when Wallich published his
figure in the third volume of his Planta? Asiatics!
Itariorcs, tab. 291, he adopted Don's name. Geceial
Collett, who made a large collection of plants in
Upper Burma, does not seem to have gathered the
present plant, but he got an allied new species of
the Eulirion group, with erect open funnel-shap. d
flowers not more than 4 inches long, which, in his
paper, written in collaboration with my colleague,

* Liliurn Wallichianum, var, superbum, Hort. Low.—
Bulbo magno globoso ; caule stricto erecto 6-7 pedali apic:
cernuo; foliis perpluribua sparsis liri.-aril.n-. viridibus, 1-ner-
vatis, auperioribrn multts brevioribus bulbillis in axillu
praditia; perianthio 7-8 pollicari pallide sulphureo extus
rubro-purpureo suHuso. tubo late infundibulari, segmentia
supra medium falcatia interioribusvalde latioribus; stamimbus
perianthio paulo brevioribus antheris magais brunneis ; stylo
currato antheris superante.

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

481

Mr. W. B. Hemsley, and published lately in the
Journal of the Linncan Society, is described and
figured under the name cf Lilitm Bakerianum.
This has not yet been introduced into cultivation.
My description of L. Wallichianum superburn has
been made from a fine plant now in full flower at
the south end of the new temperate house at Kew,
which was presented to the Royal Gardens by
Messrs. Low.

Bulb large, globose ; stem 6 to 7 feet long, and
stiffly erect, cernuous at the apex, green through-
out; leaves very numerous, scattered, erecto-
patent, bright green, 3 to 4 inches long, about
J-inch broad, with only one conspicuous nerve;
upper leaves growing gradually shorter, about twenty
of them being furnished with large bulbillaj in their
axils ; uppermost leaves lanceolate Howers two or

work of time, requiring an amount of skill and close
observation imperfectly understood by those whose
experience has been confined to subjects quickly and
easily grown, and which may begot from the cutting-
stage to full size in the course of one or two years.
The position which Mr. Nicholas has maintained at
several of the principal exhibitions, including York,
Manchester, and others of like character, is evidence
of the high cultivation which he has brought to bear
on the Upleatham plants.

In the stove department, Ixoras were noted as
being a strong feature, specimens of I. Williatnsii
and I. Pilgrimii are from 4 to 5 feet through, with
ample foliage on their vigorous shoots. Of other
varieties, including the white I. alba, there was a
number of thriving young specimens that give a lung
season of bloom— flowering, as they do, where pro-

of a character such as admits of their being arranged
with almost any other description of cut bloom, but
from the long continuity of the plants in flower, they
fill a place which few other things are capable of
doing well.

Franciscea calycina was noted in specimens some
4 feet through, and Kondeletia speciosa major of
a similar size ; both were strong, fully-furnished
examples. Of Anthurium Scherzerianum, so pro-
verbial for the exuberance of its flowers, there are
several large specimens, good forms of this most
variable plant. Several large specimens of Stepha-
notis had made excellent growths.

Associated with the above-named plants was a
grand plant of Calanthe veratrifolia, that in the
past spring bore thirty spikes of its long-lasting
snowy flowers ; Cypripedium Lawrenceanum, a fine

Fig. 132. — lodge for garden pupils, Missouri school of horticulture, st. louis. (see p. 489)

three, pendent on long peduncles, fragrant, pale
Bulphur-yellow tinged outside with claret-red ; peri-
anth about 8 inches long, the segments permanently
connivent in a funnel-shaped tube, which is about
5 inches long, and 2 to 2k inches broad at the top
when the flower is fully expauded, falcate about one
third of the way down ; outer segments little over
1 inch broad; inner nearly 2 inches; stamens
\k inch shorter than the perianth ; anthers above
1 inch long, brown with red-brown pollen, like those
of L. Brownii ; filaments straight, the same colour
as the perianth; style curved, the stigma overtopping
the anthers. J. G. Baker.

NOTES FROM UPLEATHAM.

The cultivation of hard-wooded stove and green-
house plants up to a size that will admit of their
competing successfully at leading exhibitions, is a

perly treated, over the greater portion of the ytar.
Plenty of heat, with a liberal diet in the shape of
manure-water afforded almost constantly, is required
by these plants whilst growing, and they are scarcely
ever allowed to rest. Insects must also be kept
down in numbers.

Amongst AUamandas, there are specimens of A.
nobilis and A. grandiflora, quite 5 feet in diameter ;
and Dipladenias are represented by fine specimens of
D. amabilis, 1). Brearleyana, D. boliviensis, aud a
seedling variety, D. Thomas Speed, which is said
to be larger in the flowers and deeper-coloured than
D. amabilis, with the still further merit of retaining
its flowers so as to have more of them open at one
time on the trusses than is the case with other
varieties.

Quite apart from the importance which Ixoras
Dipladenias, and AUamandas hold on the exhibition
stage, they are equally indispensable where cut
flowers are largely in demand ; for not only are they

variety, about 2k feet through, is unusually strong.
In Crotons, there are large examples of C. Queen
Victoria, C. Johannis, and C. angustifolius, each
6 or 7 feet through, pictures of health and fine
colour. Amongst the newer sorts was observed a
beautiful example of C. Thomsonii, one of the best
and highest- coloured varieties.

In the conservatory were some grand Palms and
Tree Ferns. Of the former, Corypha australis is
15 feet in diameter ; Chamserops humilis, 10 feet
high, with a beautiful head of healthy leaves ;
several large Kentias, including K. Belmoreana,
18 feet high, and proportionate in the spread of its
leaves; Dicksonia squarrosa has a stem 10 feet high,
with a splendidly-furnished head; D.antarctica, some-
what less in height, but in fine condition ; Cibotium
regale is 10 feet in the spread of its fronds ;
Neottopteris australasica and Lomaria zamiiefolia are
both large, and in fine condition; Davallia fijiensis
plumosa measures 7 feet across ; Pteris scaberula

482

THE GARDENS US' CHRONICLE.

[October 24, 1891.

and Leucoetegia immersa are only a little less.
Davallia tenuifolia Veitchiana is 5 feet through.
This is one of the most beautiful species that has
ever been introduced ; its delicate arched fronds give
the plant a peculiar elegance different from all oth«r
Ferns. Gleichenias are well managed ; the kinds
grown are G. Mendelii, G. rupestris glaucescens, G.
speluiieie, and G. dicarpa longipinnata. Several of
these are 6 or 7 feet through. Amongst greenhouse
plants I noticed a good example of Chilma's variety
of Aphelexis macrantha rosea, a scarce plant, and
the best of all the Aphelexis, A. macrantha
purpurea, Boronia elatior, Darwinia tulipi-
fera, Epacris miniata, Statice profusa, Lesche-
naultia biloba, Lapageria alba, and L. rosea,
with others of like character, varying in size from
half to full-sized specimens. There is a nice selec-
tion of the best species and varieties of Ericas, of
which may be mentioned E. ampullacea, E. ajmula,
E. Marnockiana, E. Cavendishiana, E. ventricosa
Bothwelliana, E. Irbyana. E. Fairrieana, E. Aus-
tiniana, E. Turnbullii, E. Massoni major, E. gemmi-
fera, E. elegans, and E. depressa, ranging in size from
3 to 4.} feet in diameter, all in a healthy, thriving
state."?1. B.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

VANDA HOOKERI AND ODONTOGLOSSUM
CORONARIUM.

The rare and beautiful Vanda Hookeri was recently
flowering freely in the collection of C. W. Lfa, Esq.,
Parkfield, Worcester, in several examples, some of
which flowered last May. These plants are grouped
in one of the Orchid- houses, and form a rare and
beautiful sight, with about two dozen expanded
flowers. In the same collection, two well- grown
plants of the rare and beautiful Odontogloss um coro-
narium were showing flowers, one having two, and
the o:her three fine spikes. To have flowered this
species so well is a credit to Mr. Catt, the Orchid-
grower at Parkfield. A. 0.

CA1TLEYA LABIATA VAE. ADTUMNALIS alias WaROC-
Q.UKANA.

This beautiful variety is now in bloom in great
profusion in the collection of E. Moon, Esq., Cassio-
bridge, Watford. A marked feature in these flowers
is the brighter tint of the sepals and petals than is
found in most of the other forms of C. labiata. The
different plants display great variation in growth and
flower ; one has flowers with blush-white sepals and
petals, and a rich velvety-crimson lip ; and several
are of very dark and rich colours, one especially
being superior to any of those forms which have
been distinguished by varietal names, and figured in
various periodicals.

L.ELIA FB.TCSTANS.

A fine compact mass of this handsome dwarf-
growing Orchid is suspended in an Orchid-house at
Cassiobridge ; it is a grand example of what a good
form of this species may become. The plant has
thirteen flowers, of about 4 inches across, and of fine
form. The colour of the front of the lip, which is
broadly developed, is of a rich crimson, and the fact
of this plant always sending out several spikes, which
bear three flowers each, proves that it is different
from the ordinary form of L. prastans.

Dendrobicm Ainswobthiix, Lindenia, t. 297.
A hybrid between D. aureum and D. nobile.
Flowers white, lip with a purple throat. The plant
was raised as long ago as 1867, but did not flower
till 1874.

Catasetum barbatcm, Lindenia, t. 298.
Ljelio-Cattleya Arnoldiana x , Lindenia, t. 299.
A hybrid raised by Messrs. Sander between L.
purpurata fertilised with the pollen of one of the
varieties of Cattleya labiata. The seed was sown in
1381. b'lowers large; sepals and petals pale rose-
coloured, lip deep rose, with a yellow blotch in
the throat.

Rhynchostylis ccslestis, Lindenia, t. 300.
The habits of this plant are like those of a Sac-
colabium ; the racemes erect, many-flowered ; the
flowers white, with the front part of the lip deep
violet. It is a native of the Malay Archipelago.

Cattleya labiata and var. Warocqueana.

In my former article, at p. 367, I alluded to the
type-plant of Cattleya labiata var. Warocqueana in
the Kew collection, which produced a three-flowered
raceme in May, 1890, as promising to flower during
the present autumn. A few days ago the sheath
burst, showing an inflorescence of four flowers, which
have just expanded, and prove to be identical with
others which have flowered elsewhere, both in this
and the previous autumns, though they are a little
paler than some forms I have seen. This proves
unmistakably that the plant flowering in May was
abnormal, it being influenced by the unfavourablecon-
ditions under which the plant was placed in transit,
and that autumn is its normal season to flower.
There can be no possible doubt on this point, for
this is the very plant from which the descrip-
tion was originally prepared, though I had also wild
dried flowers and coloured drawings, which showed
a rather unusual range of variation, and these, of
course, were also utilised. The few other plants
which flowered in May last year, I am told, have also
failed to do so in the present one, but have fallen
into line with the others on becoming established.
There can be now no donbt that the name
Warocqueana will have to be cancelled. S. A. Iiol/e.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES.

At this season of the year, with the return to our
tables of this valuable esculent, we are reminded of
the somewhat singular statements of Canon Ella-
combe, under the above heading, in the columns of
the Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 151 of the issue dated
so far back as January 31, 1891, and express our sur-
prise that they should have so long passed without
challenge or comment ;—" That the Italian Girasole
is the Ricinus or Palme Christi, and the Italians
had, in the seventeenth century, a plant called
Girasole, but it was a very different plant from the
Jerusalem Artichoke." When we couple these
remarks with those from the same gentleman
(October 6, 1882), " I have never been able to find
with certainty that the plant ever was called
Girasole," we have the key to his remarks, that
he has settled the question of nomenclature.
Before proceeding to comment upon the Canon's
observations, we should like to put the matter of
nomenclature before the public, so far as we under-
stand it.

The controversy which has arisen at various times
as to the name Jerusalem Artichoke, has been
caused through a mistaken idea that its original
country was Italy, whereas its native country is
either Peru or Topinambour, a district in Brazil,
and the name is evidently a corruption of its
Brazilian name, " Girasolo tuberoso." Nearly a
decade ago (1882), the same gentleman took excep-
tion to some remarks in the Editor's leader in the
Gardeners' Chronicle (October 21, 1882), that " the
Jerusalem Artichoke had nothing to do with Jeru-
salem or Artichokes," which he said was true of the
thing, but not of the name, and our ancestors were
not likely to take the Italian name, and then imme-
diately corrupt it ; further, he had never been able
to find with certainty that the plant had ever been
called " Gira sole." Thereupon ensued a discussion
for a few weeks, and the subject dropped, left as
ambiguous as ever.

During that discussion, Mr. H. J. Ross stated the
Italian name of this plant as "Tartufi-bianchi," an
appellation also given to the Piemonte Truffle. Mr.
C. Wolley Dod introduced the Custard Marrow
into the discussion under the French name of
"Artichaut de Jerusalem." Canon Ellacombe
ended the discussion by asking for evidence of the
introduction of the Jerusalem Artichoke by way of
Italy, or for proof of the name Girasole in any

Italian work published prior to 1617; a proceeding
quite on a par with bringing into the discussion a
Bimilar French name as applied to another vegetable,
the plant under discussion coming from America
under the Spanish name of Girasolo, nothing could
satisfactorily be proved by Italian books. However,
according to Canon Ellacombe, we have now a settle-
ment of the question, an Italian posthumous trans-
lation of Matthiolus and also Dalechamp's Histoire
Gentrale, have been referred to, and discussion of
the derivation of the name having now been set at
rest, the perseverance of the Canon has raised
ignorance from despair and established happi-
ness in the paths of science ! On carefully perusing
the extract from the books already mentioned, we
find that in Tuscany Ricinus is called Girasole and
also Faguolo, and in Lombardy Mirasole ; so far
Matthiolus' translator.

Then, Dalechamp informs his readers that Palma
Christi is called by the Italians Girasole. By the
way, it may be here remarked that the Italians at
the present time also use the name " Fagiolo " for
several species of Phaseolus and Dolichos as well as
Palma Christi, but now spelled differently, not
Faguolo, but Fagiolo. Then the writer sums np :—
*' The Italians had in the seventeenth century a
plant called Girasole, but it was a very differei t
plant from the Jerusalem Artichoke." Perhaps there
is no need of apology on my part to ask permis-
sion to remark that a very pertinent question has
arisen to my mind — was it necessary to search the
tomes of these ancient learned men — Matthiolus,
who died in 1577, and Dalechamp in 1597 — for proof
of the well-known fact that Ricinus communis is not
Ilelianthus tuberosus ? To quote an analogy, is it
necessary to consult Theophrastus to find out the fact
that his Sykomorus is a different plant from the
Sycamore grown in Britain ? or Holy Writ, for the
iuference that Amos, a scratcher of Wild Figs, could
not use his handicraft upon our Sycamore ?

To return to our subject. Perhaps, if Matthiolus
had been further consulted, Palma Christi would have
been found also to be an Orchis,* and he could have
thrown no light upon the Jerusalem Artichoke
question, as he probably never knew it. About the
time Dalechamp was writing his book, the Jerusa-
lem Artichoke was known in Italy as Flos solis Far-
nesianus, said to have been introduced from the West
Indies ; and we also read that about that period it was
called Aster peruvianus tuberosus, which throws
some inference upon its American habitat having'
originally been more southerly than might be inferred
from its Italian name of " Girasole del Canada.'
Whilst another, also Italian, name of " Girasole
Topinambour," localises it to a district in Brazil
called Topinambour.

Fillipo Re, in L'Ortolano, ii., p. 222, informs his
readers : " Girasole. II cui nome secondo il puro lin-
guaggio toscano e Clixia Appartiene al genera He-
lianthus di Linneo, classe xix., ord.iii." And also in
vol. i., p. 87, we find " Girasole. Helianthus annuus.
Significa ancora Ricino. Girasole del Canada vedi
Topinambour." And in vol. ii., p. 385 : " Topinam-
bour. Poir de terre, Fr. Appartiene al genere
Helianthus di Linneo, Helianthus tuberosus," &c.
Again, Fillipo Re in // Giardiniere, vol. ii., p. 170,
" Helianthus tuberosus Girasole topinambour."

In Evelyn's Acetaria, p. 75, we have also
the information that the Sunflower " ere it com-
menced to expand and show its golden face
was dressed as the Artichoke, and eaten for a
dainty ; " but this, even in Evelyn's time, he tells
us, " had abdicated to foreign countries ; " so that
Girasol Artichokes might have been applied to other
mfmbers of the Helianthus family, as well as, and
even prior to, H. tuberosus.

Parkinson tells us (a.d. 1625), the history of
Batatas de Canada, and their introduction into
England was from Canada.

In 1592, Fabius Columna calls it Aster peruvianus
tuberosus and Flos solis Farnesianus, having
observed it growing in the garden belonging to

* Orchis conop9ea. Spr. Palma Christi, Matth. Valgr. 1585
torn ii., p. 935.

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

483

Cardinal Farnesius, who had introduced it from the
West Indies.

Johnson, in Gerard's Herbal, ed. 1633, says :—
" One may well perceive by the English name of this
plant that those that vulgarly give names to plants
have little either judgment or knowledge of them ;
for this plant hath no similitude in leaf-stalk, root,
or manner of growing, with an Artichoke, but only
a little likeness of taste in the dressed root ; neither
came it from Jerusalem or out of Asia, but out of
America."

In conclusion, we may ask the question, are there
not plenty of anomalies in the horticultural world
without adding more ? Stachys tuberifera is to be
called the Chinese Artichoke, and it is not necessary
to remark, that it is not an Artichoke, nor has it an
origin or anything to do with China. " They are
neither of Chinese origin, nor are they Artichokes."
[This is partly erroneous. The plant is a native of
Northern China as well as of Japan. Ed.] Wm,
Flheriiiqton Dixon, Assoc. Hot. Soc, Edinburgh.

Foreign Correspondence.

COLOMBIA.

On coming overland from Popayan to this place
(Medellin), I made an expedition to a district which
I am sure has never been visited before by any
botanists, nor perhaps by any other scientist. Judg-
ing from the errors made about this district in the
best maps of Colombia, not even the " Comision
Corografica de Colombia," to which the late Seiior
Jose Triana belonged, can have been there. I refer
to a series of rather confusing lateral spurs from the
western Cordillera, on the borders of the States of
Caucaand Antioquia. From a horticultural point of
view, my last excursion might be considered of little
importance, for no grand new Cattleya or fine new
variety of Odontoglossum was detected ; but from a
scientific point of view the result was highly important.

Besides a fair number of new and very interesting
species of various orders of plants, with which my
herbarium has been enriched, I enlarged my know-
ledge with a great many facts as to the geography of
the country, the geographical distribution of species,
and the causes upon which their presence or dis-
appearance depends, &c. I can give only a few
instances. Some few years back I was amazed to
find Odontoglossum vexillarium, Rchb. f., in the
districts of the Upper Amazonas, far down in the
Eastern Andes of South-Eastern Ecuador, a plant
always believed to be restricted to a small area
of North- Western Colombia, and although the
flowers are not much larger than those of a large-
Bized Pansy, and very dark - coloured, they offer
absolutely no reliable structural characters for the
creation of a new species. In a similar manner, I
was surprised during this last excursion. Com-
mencing at an elevation of from 2800 to 3400 metres
on the high Cordilleras of the northern parts of the
Frovince of Loja, in Southern Ecuador, and extend-
ing northward through the whole of Ecuador and
Southern Colombia as (ar as the Paramo de Guamicas,
near Popayan. I was always of opinion that at this
latter locality the beautiful and brightly-coloured
Oncidium Jamesoni, Lindl , reached its northern
limit. Here, again, several hundred miles further to
the north, on the western mountains of Antioquia, I
found the plant, and just as typical as the most
typical specimen from the slopes of the Pichincha
volcano, or the Pululagua, near Quito. This gives a
distance, in a direction from north to south, of over
700 miles for the two species mentioned. Many
similar instances were observed, but the two alluded
to should suffice to suggest a warning to modern
species-makers in dealing with plants originating
from different localities. The time has gone by
when, by such characters as the presence of a few
warts in one flower, whose presence in another was
overlooked, a Masdevallia acrochordonia could be
separated from M. Ephippium ; or when, by half a
dozen latin words, often of obscure meaning, a new
species was supposed to be described.

Neither time nor health permit me to give here
an exhaustive description of the country and its
physical conditions. I reserve this for another
occasion. To-day I limit myself to the notices of a
few new acquisitions among Orchids.

Two New Coryanthes.

The first of these is a second member of a new
group of this genus, with stiff upright flower-spikes
— if we accept Dr. Lindley's statement that "all
Coryanthes necessarily possess pendulous flower-
spikes." The first, Cori/anthes Wolfii, named by me
in honour of Professor Dr. Wolf, formerly of Gua-
yaquil, now of Dresden. Dr. Wolf will shortly
favour the world with a reliable map of the physical
phenomena of Ecuador. In his house I had the
pleasure of seeing, examining, and sketching the
first flowers of this marvellous plant, although
it was known to me many years previously as an
Ecuadorean species. It grows very sparingly, mostly
on Cacao trees, all over the littoral districts of
the Guayas, where it flowers in February and March,
when these level lands are mostly inundated. During
this season, it is beyond the power of man to pene-
trate the woods there — a circumstance that accounts
for the plant not having been seen before. It pro-
duces thick upright flower-spikes 40 to 50 cm. high,
with three to six large wonderfully-constructed
flowers, which are yellow, mottled, and stained with
brownish-red.

The second species, Coryanthes Mastcrsiana, which I
dedicate to Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, is of Colombian
origin, where it grows on trees or woody lianes, not
far above the ground, in dense and exuberantly-
developed woods at the lower extremity of the valley
of the Cauca at an elevation from 800 to 1100 metres.
The plants are large, and very floriferous. The
bulbs are subcylindric or narrow-oblong, bent,
deeply plaited, from 8 to 12 cm. long, two-leaved.
Leaves from 30 to 50 cm. long, 4 to 0 cm. broad,
oblong, acuminate, plaited. Tne flower-spike from
40 to GO cm. high, stiff, upright, two to three flowered
(as far as observed up to now), clothed with three
to four membranous, obtuse spathaceous bracts ;
those surrounding the base of the ovaries 3 cm. long,
1 cm. broad, cucullate sharp-pointed. Sepals mem-
branous, the dorsal one ovate-acuminate, not much
longer than the column ; the lateral ones angulate,
wing-shaped, cuspidate,!) to 10 cm. long, 4 to 5 cm.
wide, reflexed. Petals oblong - ligulate, blunt-
pointed, slightly undulated, 2 5 to 3 cm. long. The
lip, connected with the column by a short thin arm
at a right angle, consists of a thick, deep, bell-
shaped hypochil, which is 2 5 cm. in diameter, 2 cm.
deep, and with a smooth limb; a thick fleshy,
cymbiform gibbose mesochil, which, on its outside,
bears three large tooth-shaped callosities, of which
the lower one is the largest, and hidden in the hood
of the hypochil ; and a large bell-shaped epichil,
which has a two-lobed margin, and a fleshy deep
tridentate apex. The column is 3 cm. long, bent back
at a right angle near the apex, thus forming a
broad, breast-like, slightly-keeled projection, on
either side of which runs a narrow membranous
wing. The border of the anther-bed runs up on
the side of the stigmatic cavity in two sharp-pointed
strongly bent horns. On either side, at the base of
the column, is a loDg fleshy semicircular arm, which
stands in a horizontal ring-like manner over the
isthmus of the lip. The colour cannot be given with
certainty, as the only flowers found were already
slightly faded ; it appears to be yellow, stained with
red, the hypochil of the lip deep glowing red.

Complete botanical material of both Coryanthes
Wolfii and C. Mastersiana will be deposited next year
in the herbarium of the British Museum, South Ken-
sington. A few living plants have been sent to the
Liverpool Horticultural Company at Garston, near
Liverpool.

There are but few plants in the entire vegetable
kingdom which are more interesting, and which
afford such a varied amount of material for the
student of vegetable physiology. Everything re-
lating to Coryanthes is curious, and arrests the
attention of the observer, even its spontaneous mode

of growth. Wherever a larger mass is found in the
tropical forests of South America, numerous ants
surround its root-masses. This ant is a small-
bodied species of Mvrmica, possessed of a strong
aromatic smell, and which bites very severely,
so that it requires some courage to meddle with
the plant. These ants seem to be indispensable
to the well-being of the plant, for if these animals
do not collect around the roots, it appears not to
do well. Even in a cultivated state, as well as in
the house of my friend, Dr. Wolf, at Guayaquil,
as in my own country residence, I have observed
the lame facts. But nothing surpasses the flowers.
The very peculiar organisation of the whole flower,
the position each organ assumes in relation to another
the secretion of a sweetish fluid always retained in
great quantity in the bucket, all is highly interesting,
and invites both to study and investigation.

Several other new Orchids of interest were dis-
covered on this expedition, but I must reserve the
notice of them for some other occasion. I will only
mention here a Pescatorea with fine large flowers ;
but, alas ! a very unpleasant smell. The intensity
of the latter suggested in the first instance the name
of Mephisto. It is the first member of this sab-
genus of Zygopetalum that has this pecularity. All
the others have either fine fragrant flowers, or they
are scentless. The present species is also interesting
on account of its growth in an inter- Andesian locality
thefirst instance known tome. F.C.Lchmann,Popay<m.

The Poison Oaks.

In your issue of September 12, a correspondent
asks about Rhus toxicodendron. The plant is
native here, and is found in great abundance on the
edges of most of our native woodland. Many people
are poisoned, not only by handling it, but by its
exhalations, some persons being much more sensitive
to the poison than others, as some can handle it
with impunity. The point I wish to make is, how
to be sure you are dealing with the right plant.
So far as I know, no poison Vine in this
country has a leaf that is more than three-
parted ; all four-parted or five-parted seem to be
harmless. We have four or five varieties of the
Khus family, and I believe only two are poisonous ;
and these two have three-parted leaves. Here
they are known as " poison Ivy," " poison Oak,"
" poison Sumac," " poison Vine," &c. The Rhus
toxicodendron is the most virulent. The disease it
causes is erysipelas pure and simple, and should be
treated as such. A common and very efficient
remedy when the poison is first seen on the skin, is
a strong lather of common potash soap, made strong
and applied with a shaving brush, layer on layer
until the part affected is thoroughly coated. Keep
the air out with that, and keep the coating moist,
and in twenty-four houis, as a rule, the trouble will
disappear. D. 0. C, Chicago, U.S.A.

THE CULTURE OF ALPINE
PLANTS.

(Continued from p. 455.)

In a book which I am studying, and which may
well be recommended to all who grow alpine plants,
Herr Max Kolb, the Director of the Botanical Garden
at Munich, writes thus: — "It has been proved that
the greater number of Primulas bloom better when
not exposed to full sun." And a little lower down
in the same page, he writes : — " They should face due
east, so that the first rays of the sun may fall upon
them, and the plants be protected towards midday
by some kind of alpine shrub." I submit that stone
pockets do away with the necessity for alpine shrubs,
and are, indeed, far better for the purpose in view;
and I think I am in line with Herr Kolb's injunctions
about this matter.

Nor are these pockets of use merely for the pro-
tection which they afford from the sun. Plants love
to nestle against a stone, to press it hard, and to
grow as close to it as it is possible for them to do.
I have in my mind's eye now, two or three not very
difficult alpines, such as Saxifraga sancta, S. diapen-

484

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 24, 1891.

sioides, S. Buraeriana, and S. cassia major, which are
as happy with me as though they were inhabit-
ing some rocky summit ; but in every instance
that I speak of, they have been placed in
an angle between two stones, and are pressing
in hard. They will do elsewhere, it is quite
true, but they will not do nearly as well as in a
position of this sort, so far as my experience goes.
This kind of drawing towards a shelter is by no means
peculiar to alpine plants. How often a monthly
Rose will hold on in October and November when
it finds itself under the cover of a broad and far-
reaching eave, or it may be in a recess which two
walls of a house at right angles to each other afford !
But this simple observation governs the construction
of the whole of my rockery. The pockets do give
the shelter which plants love so much, and this is all
that is asked for. But let me say, it is by no means
all that is given. If the above consideration stood
alone, it would settle the matter in my eyes ; but it
does not stand alone. Mr. Boyd said the other day,
" 1 am quite sure that this is the right way for
growing alpine plants ; " and one reason which he
gave for it was the following : — " You cannot water

Fiu 65.

JEFFERSON PLUM, FROM ABOVE THE CONSTRICTED
BRANCH SHOWN IN FIG. 6:'>.

them properly when they are placed on an incline—
the water runs off from the rocks." I think this is
true, though it had not occurred to me before he so
explicitly said it ; and I may also add two other
benefits which these nearly level pockets affoid. I
have the strongest belief in a small piece of glass
being put over the head of an alpine plant, or at all
events of some alpine plants during the winter
months. I know that this is an expedient which is
very often mocked at by alpine climbers, and also by
gardeners. They think it means coddling— it must
be uncongenial to a plant which has been blown
Upon by all the winds of heaven, and which has for
months looked upwards to the bright blue sky !
But is not this going rather too fast, and begging the
whole question that is at issue? What alpine
plants love dearly is a very equable temperature —
great stretches of the same amount of warmth and
cold, and what they hate is a drizzle over their
heads one day, a bright sun the next, a sharp frost
immediately afterwards, and then a glow which
seems to say to them, alas ! how often is it said
too soon, all trouble is over ! And I do not know
how to "steady" my favourites, those, I mean, about
which there is real cause to be anxious — so well, or
half so well, as by letting a small bit of glass remain
over their heads with the sides open during the
trying portion of the year. This can easily be
managed in more ways than one; I have wires, which
are most effective, and which are bent so ingeniously
as to have a good grip of the glass, and also the
little panes (which I have cut to measure by the
hundred, in London) will lie quite securely against the

walls of the pockets, and are proof against the
utmost raging of the wind. Let it be remembered
before all this is vetoed, and put out of court, that
for the most part, we have the pleasure of seeing
alpines in their own native habitats during the
bright season of the year, but is it ever the case
that they are left naked and exposed to the keen
wintry blasts ? Are they not rather most affec-
tionately and carefully covered up ? What a deep
mantle of snow does so effectually for long months
together, my little bit of glass aims at, and also
succeeds, more or less in providing — and this is only
what Nature would dictate.

Mr. Alfred Bennett has explicitly written, in the
four-volume work which he has edited on alpine
plants: — "Since we have not in this climate the
thick covering of snow which in the higher moun-
tains remains without interruption till late in the
spring, this must be replaced by an artificial protec-
tion." I do not know what he recommends as
being the best expedient for the purpose, but he
certainly has arrived at a conclusion which is very
much the same as that on which I think so much
insistance should be made. I believe, that so far
from alpines — I mean, the more trying and difficult
sorts— being insensible to cold, they feel it in the
highest degree.

To give only one instance in point, which occurs
to me on the moment: — I took a glass off Potentilla
nitida atropurpurea too soon, which had been
covered during the winter, and which was doing
quite well ; an unexpected sharp frost came on the
very next night, and it was immediately destroyed
Doubtless it might not have been so sensitive to
cold if it had never been covered at all, and very
likely a Potentilla of this sort would have stood the
winter without any protection whatever ; but it had
enjoyed its shelter for weeks, and the loss of it
meant destruction at once. It should also be re-
membered that it is quite one thing for a little
flower to pull through a trying season of frost, and
it is another thing for it to do the same thing with
ease, and not to have suffered at all. It is this last
condition which alpines like best by a long way, and
which, therefore, I aim at for them.

Let it be remembered that Messrs. Backhouse,
who must know a very great deal about this sort of
thing, habitually keep a large portion of their stock
in frames during the winter months, and it is not
exposed to the cold. My glasses are like movable
frames, which can be taken away in the spring.
H. E., Ryde.

(To be continued.)

THE EFFECTS OF GIRDLING A

BRANCH OF A FRUIT TREE.
Ocit illustrations (figs. 63, 64, and 65), show the
effect of girdling a part of a tree so that its down-
ward growth and development are checked, and an
accumulation of food formed above the tie. The case
in question occurred in the garden of Philip Crowley,
Esq., a branch of a Jefferson Plum was acciden-
tally girdled in this way, with the result that the
fruits produced from the portion above the con-
striction were very much larger than others on
the same tree. Ringing and girdling are very
old cultural practices, alluded to in recent times
by Mr. Rivers and other cultivators, but withal
rarely practised.

THE BRITISH FRUIT GROWERS'

ASSOCIATION.
Gathering, racking, and Marketing Fmit* — We
are all familiar with the usual instruction in cookery
books on how to cook a hare, viz., " First catch your
hare," which, if not the most important point, is
certainly one indispensable ; but having accom-
plished this, it is desirable to know how to cook it
properly and well.

* A paper read by Mr. Q. Hammond at the third Conference
of the present season, which was held in the Garden Hall,
Crystal Palace, Sydenham, on Friday, September 4.

So, perhaps, some will say concerning the subject
of this paper, " We want you to tell us how to grow
a crop of fruit ; anybody can gather it when it is
grown." Stay, ye critics, I am not so sure of that.
Nay, I go further, and say I am quite sure that com-
paratively few people know how to gather and pack
fruit properly. In a few word8, therefore, I will
endeavour to tell first how it should not be done,
and then also how it should be done.

Perhaps the way which gives least trouble (and
this is the way lazy folks look out for) is, to let
the fruit hang until ripe (and then to climb the tree,
if a large one), and give the branches a good shaking,
when nothing will be needed but to pick up the fruit
from the ground. Some may feel inclined to laugh
at the mention of such a method, but I knew of a
case in which this method was adopted with small
dessert Pears, ripe and juicy, and from a high tree,
with what results I leave you to guess. This is one
way of how not to do it. Another way in which it
should not be done is suggested by a common expres-
sion of " pulling " the fruit, which always seems to
me to suggest much too rough usage, both for the
fruit to be gathered and for the tree from which it is
to be taken. Anyone who has had experience in
this matter knows that if you take hold of any
kind of fruit, and pull it off anyhow, that you break

Fl«.. 61 — JEFFERSON PLUM. BELOW THE CONSTRX'IP.N.

t=ti: Fia. to )

some part of the tree with almost every fruit. On
examination of a fruit tree it will be observed, that
clustered round the present fruit-stalks are numerous
fruit-buds, which are next season's fruit in embryo.
Now, if by carelessness or ignorance these be
destroyed, it is evideut that not only has the present
crop of fruit been pulled, but with it also a large pait
of next year's crop as well.

Then, again, when the fruit has been gathered
from the tree, it is often allowed to fall from the
hand into the basket, thereby causing it to be bruised
and unsightly, and of course, to some extent, unsale-
able, or at least it looks like what a friend of mine
calls " tumble-down Pippins." This should not. and
need not, be. As a general principle I may say :
Always turn the fruit upwards, putting the thumb
against the base of the stalk, when (if the fruit be
ready) it will part readily from the tree without
breaking a single spur or fruit-bud. This applies
especially to Apples and Pears; with Plums it will
be generally found that the fruit parts more easily
from the stalk than the stalk from the tree, and it
is as well in ordinary picking that it should be so,
as less damage is done to the tree thereby. Care
should be taken in picking Plums not to destroy
the beautiful bloom which most kinds have upon
them ; they should never be touched by hand except
to pick them from the tree.

For large trees, I think nothing has yet surpassed
the ordinary fruit-gathering ladder— if , wide at the
bottom, and the usual kind of basket, somewhat
smaller at the bottom than the top, with a cross
handle and hook attached. For low trees, a pair of
steps will be found of very great service. In all
cases the ladder should be set as nearly upright as
possible, so as to press lightly against the tree, and

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

485

keep the basket close to the picker, so that the hand
may easily reach the bottom of the basket. The
fruit should never be dropped into nor rolled about
in the basket, or it will speedily show signs of rough
usage. When it is intended to send the fruit direct
to market, place it at once into the market sieves
from the picker's basket.

Notwithstanding many suggested improvements
during the last few years, I think there is nothing
so suitable for general use as the ordinary market
baskets known as bushels, half-sieves, flats, half-flats,
and pecks. These all allow the escape of heat,
which is one of the greatest enemies of fruit after
it has been gathered. Place the fruit into these
carefully, and in doing so it should be properly
sorted into large and small, or best and seconds, and
of one quality throughout, not small at the bottom
and large at the top, which in the end means loss.
All packages should have a sheet of paper (blue
tissue is generally used) over the top, and may be
covered with Fern or straw in any way most conve-
nient, and is then ready to be despatched to the
market or elsewhere. In the matter of packing

I need not say much upon the marketing of fruit,
but a few hints may be useful. As most of the fruit
grown is consigned to salesmen, I would say : Try
and discover someone who bears the character of
honest dealing, and trust him. Do not dodge about
from one to another, which often has led to getting
" out of the frying-pan into the fire." Let the fruit
be honestly packed, giving good measure, and cus-
tomers soon discover this, and inquire for the goods,
with the result that full market price is obtained
with little difficulty. I find it to be a good plan, as
a rule, to have a continuous supply of the same kind
of fruit. In sending, say, 100 bushels of Apples of
one kind to market, I would not send them all at
once ; but commence, say, with 15 to 20 bushels,
increasing the quantity as the customers seemed to
appreciate them. On the other hand, do not send a
small quantity of a large number of sorts, which is
very bewildering to the salesman, who finds such
consignments a great nuisance.

Lastly, let all fruit be in marketable condition
when sent, or it will probably be left for days or
weeks before findiDg a purchaser, and then only at a

FlQ. 65. GIRDLED BRANCH OF JEFFERSON PLUM, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF CONSTRICTION (SEE FIGS. 63 AND 64).

fruit we have much to learn from our neighbours
across the channel, who do more in grading the
fruit and putting it into small baskets or boxes than
we do. As a rule, it may be said that the smaller
the packages into which the best fruits are placed,
the betttr, especially in a scarce season.

As to the time of picking, everything depends
upon what is intended to be done with the fruit
when gathered. If it is to be sent direct to market,
in the case of Apples they may be gathered as soon
as they have attained a saleable size, and will part
fairly easily from the tree ; but if they are to be
stored for winter use, they must be allowed to hang
until fully developed, and, if possible, until they are
well ripened, and the pips turned brown. Fruit to
be stored should only be picked when quite dry, and
must also be handled with great care ; but if for
immediate use, it is not necessary to be quite so
particular. Plums for ordinary kitchen use, may be
gathered when only slightly coloured and still hard,
but if of the best dessert kinds, they must be
allowed to ripen first. Most Pears require to be
kept for a time after being gathered, to become ripe
and fit for use. Care must be taken not to gather
too early, which causes them to shrivel; nor to let
them hang so long as to have most of the crop
blown down by a moderate wind,

low price, alike unsatisfactory to the salesman and
the grower. I have this year seen Damsons upon the
market while etill quite green, and absolutely unsale-
able. How can salesmen be reasonably expected to
give satisfaction under such circumstances ? One
great advantage of the fruit from abroad is this —
" that when placed upon the market it is fit for
immediate use," which seems to suit the circum-
stances of most buyers, who say, " We do not want
fruit to keep, we want it to sell." We must, there-
fore, try and supply not only the article they want,
but supply it also in the condition in which they
require it.

Florists* Flowers.

CHANGEABLENESS IN THE CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

In his interesting and instructive Short History of
the Chrysanthemum, Mr. C. Harman Payne has a
chapter on sports, and he there informs us that from
what can be learned, " nearly all the early imported
varieties from China were much more inclined to
sport than the majority of those raised from seed ;
the old purple, the expanded light purple, the quilled

light purple, the curled lilac, and the buff seem to
have been those most sportive in the olden time."
He tells us that the first sport noticed and fixed in
this country originated from the old purple, the
plant first introduced in 1790, in the garden of the
Bishop of London at Fulham. Cuttings were at
once taken of the sport, which was called The
Changeable White ; in very rare cases something
more than a change of colour occurs, there is a
change of shape, and this characteristic is main-
tained when the sport is propagated.

The cause of sportiveness in some flowers is
one of those secrets the vegetable kingdom
keeps in a large measure to itself : it is hidden
away in the silent mystery of the flower's nature.
Mr. Gordon, when superintendent of the orna-
mental department in the Horticultural Society's
Garden at Chiswick, made a statement to the effect
that " the mutability of colours in the Chrysanthe-
mum flower is of old date, and was observed to
occur many years ago, when it was, no doubt, more
common than it is now, and probably was owing to
some differences caused by the change of climate on
the plants being first introduced, for the more
common cases happened in plants first propagated
from the original stock shortly after they were
imported from China." This was written half a cen-
tury ago, and had Mr. Gordon been living in our
day, and could have witnessed the frequent occur-
rence of sports from seedling plants, and also from
varieties that were obtained as Bports from others,
he would doubtless have modified his opinion. Mr.
Sabine, in a paper read before the Horticultural
Society of London so far back as 1820, slated that
"the old changeable white, or Lee's white, as it was
sometimes called, was obtained from a sport of the
old quilled purple, and that the variations in its
colours were great. Sometimes the florets were pure
white, especially in cold seasons ; sometimes the
backs of the inner florets and the whole of the outer
ones were pale purple. Sometimes each floret was
striped white and purple, and on which account
it has been called the magpie Chrysanthemum ;
while, in a warm situation, and in a fine autumn, the
centre florets would become purple, and the outer
ones white — and at other times, though but rarely,
one side of the whole flower would be purple, and
the remainder white — and in a very warm season the
flowers would become entirely deep purple like the
original." Probably some of these changes were
not really sports, but simply changes caused through
the varying age of the flower. It is well known that
remarkable changes occur, and not infrequently a
flower of a well-known variety is sent as represent-
ing a sport from it, whereas it is simply a matter of
development and age.

Queen of England, a popular incurved flower sent
out by John Salter in 1847, has proved most prolific
of sports. I think I am correct in stating, that it has
thrown at least six, viz., Alfred Salter, Empress
of India, Emily Dale, Golden Queen of England,
Bronze Queen, and John Doughty. Emily Dale, and
Golden Queen of England, if not quite the same in
general characteristics, come so near to each other,
that it is not expedient to exhibit both in the same
stand ; and John Lambert is of much the same
character, and is a sport from Lord Alcester, which
in its turn originated as a sport from Empress of India,
a white sport from the rosy-blush Queen of England ;
so in addition to the sports which broke direct from
it, some of these have sported in their turn. John
Doughty is considered the best of this colour. Alfred
Salter stands alone, and has not, so far as I am
aware, sported in its turn. In addition to Lord
Alcester, Empress of India threw another sport,
known as Golden Empress. Bronze Queen of Eng-
land and John Doughty also approach very near to
each other, and cannot safely be exhibited on the
same stand.

Next to Queen of England, the variety most prolific
of sports appears to be Princess of Wales, a rosy-blush
incurved variety, which has been in cultivation
nearly thirty years. Its first sport was Mrs. Heale
a white variety — this occurred in 1867 ; then, in 1888.

486

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 24, 1891.

Miss Violet Tomlin occurred, a deservedly favourite
variety, of a bright violet-purple colour when caught
at its best, but becoming paler with age. The fol-
lowing year appeared Mrs. S. Coleman, bright rose,
shaded with yellow in the centre, and, like the fore-
going a flower of fine quality when in good con-
dition • Mrs. Heale has sported in its turn. Princess
of Teck appears also to have thrown three sports,
viz., Hero of Stoke Newington, rosy-pink; Lord
Eve'rsley, pure white ; and about the same time,
Mrs. Norman Davis, rich golden-yellow, sometimes
shaded with bronze in the centre.

Of our leading incurved Chrysanthemums, some-
thing like thirty have originated as sports, and
among them we find not a few of the most popular
exhibition varieties. E. D.

Cyclamens at Islewohth.

Cyclamen, that is Cyclamen persicum and its
innumerable varieties, are now beginning to lend a
cheerful aspect to the shelves and stages of the cool
greenhouse, by means of their large and attractive
flowers, the colour of which varies from the purest
white to the deepest purple. In the nursery of
Mr. J. Taylor, Twickenham Road, Isleworth, a few
thousands of plants are grown, and present ample
evidence of successful cultivation, if one may judge
by the sturdy habit of the plants, their fine foliage,
and large blooms. The seeds are sown at different
periods, so as to ensure a succession of flowers during
the winter months. At the present time even,
arrangements are being made in regard to next
season. Numerous seedlings are being shifted from
the store pots into thumbs, from which in due course,
they will again be removed into larger pots accord-
ing to their vigour, and will be ready to produce
flowers early next season. As a rule, old corms are
not kept, it being found that the best blooms are
generally to be obtained from the young ones. Mr.
Taylor's houses are low, and although somewhat
detrimental to the headgear of a tall visitor, are
well adapted for the culture of Cyclamen, inasmuch
as the plants being tolerably near to the glass, are
enabled to obtain an abundance of light, which
is most beneficial to them. Owing to the very wet
season of this year, the only danger to be appre-
hended is damping, but this may in a measure be
successfully overcome by giving plenty of air (with-
out causing draughts) from the top and side lights.
Mitza.

Plant Notes.

NEW HYBRIDS OF STREPTOCARPUS.

The new race of hybrids of Streptocarpus, which
originated at Kew, and have been hybridised and
selected by Messrs. Veitch, will probably become as
popular as the Chinese Primula. They are easily
grown, and succeed well in an intermediate-house,
greenhouse, or conservatory. Seed Bown in February
or March will produce plants which will flower with
ordinary culture from July to November. From a
packet of seed sown in March, I have had a fine lot
of bloom since the end of August, and to all appear-
ance the plants will go on floweriDg till November.
There are many shades of colour, ranging from pure
white, with purple and blue stripes in the throat, to
pale lilac, deep lilac, lavender, mauve, violet, and
rosy-purple. The first year the plants usually show
from two to five blooms on a stem, and from fifteen
to twenty-five spikes, and as the plants get older
and stronger the flowers are much more freely pro-
duced, fifty to seventy flowers in various stages of
development being of frequent occurrence on a single
plant.

Now that the Streptocarpus has been taken in
hand, we may expect before long to have the most
telling colours for decoration in separate strains, as
in the rase of the Chinese Primula. A good bright
crimson would be an acquisition. White, blue,
purple, and crimson Streptucirpus will be a boon to
gardeners for the decoration of the conservatory or
greenhouse during the dull months of September and
October, and the Messrs. Veitch are to be congratu-

lated on introducing to the gardening world such a
useful decorative race of plants as the new hybrids
of Streptocarpus originated by Mr. Watson. " Sans
Pcur,"

The Bulb Garden.

NARCISSUS ITALICUS.

The bulbs of Narcissus italicus, flowers of which I
send for your inspection, came here from Italy three
years ago, and have been grown in the open border
(south), in front of a plant-stove. Last year it
bloomed here (Trinity College, Dublin) for the first
time on October 10, only bearing one scape ; but this
year there are several other scapes to follow. It is
very like N. papyraceus or " Paper-white," but as you
will see, the cup is pale primrose-yellow, and not
pure-white. We have a very similar plant from
Hyeres, but it will not bloom until November or
December in the same position.

We have now here a collection of wild collected
Narcissi, which will flower from this date until the
middle of June, or a period of at least eight months
of the year.

N. italicus is a variable variety, but these early-
blooming forms would prove preferable to " Double
Roman " and " Paper-white," whenever early flowers
of Narcissi are desired. F. W. Burbidqe, October 5.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE CATTLEYA-HOUSE.— Cattleya Bowringiana,
a beautiful Orchid, is now opening its first flowers.
It is a plant that is free in growth and very floriferous,
and may be grown either in a basket or pot in a com-
post consisting of three parts brown fibrous peat and
one of sphagnum moss. When growing, the plant
requires to be kept rather moist, and at all times in
rather more heat than most other Cattleyas
need. Laslia Perrinii, now in flower, is a
very beautiful Orchid for the autumn. As this
species of Ltelia displays so many varietieK of com-
parative worthlessness from a gardener's point of
view, the present is a good time at which to select
plants from the growers. The typical C. Hardyana,
truly a very fine Cattleya, is also in flower, as it is
regularly with us at this season. The true autumn-
flowering C. labiata and C. Warocqueana are flower-
ing side by side here, and the flowers of the latter
have the flower segments rather narrow, thus differ-
ing in those respects from C. labiata. It is, however,
a very useful addition to the autumn-flowering
Cattleyas, and seems to be a plant very easy to cul-
tivate. Great care must now be taken in damping
the Cattleya- house, the lack of sunshine during the
summer and autumn having left the growths soft
and immature, and a gentle warmth in the hotwater
pipes, and as free a circulation of air as can be
afforded with safety, will assist to ripen the growths.
" Spot," which at one time was found more or less
prevalent in collections, has now almost disappeared,
and some plants, which were considered "miffy"
then, are now grown without trouble. This change
for the better has been brought about by freer ven-
tilation, and by that alone. It is a penny wise and
pound foolish policy to shut up the house close
merely to save fuel, although there are times when
it becomes necessary to shut up all the ventilators —
when fumigating, for instance, but they should be
opened as soon as the smoke has dispersed. If this
is done, the objectionable smell of tobacco-smoke
in the house is avoided.

Ojoutoglo88um coronarium is now in flower, and
of our two plants one lias three and the other two
spikes of flowers. These plants are grown in peat
and sphagnum moss in boat-shaped baskets, and for
the last four years they have been hung up close to
the roof in the Masdevallia-house. Has any reader
ever seen more than three spikes on any one plant of
O. coronarium ? We bloom every year 0. brevi-
folium and 0. chiriguense under the same conditions.
I should perhaps mention that these plants have
never been allowed to become dry at the root. A. G.
Cat!, PdrMeld, Worcester.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

PREPARING THE GROUND, AND PLANTING ROSES.
— The Rose, as of yore, retains her own in public

esteem against all new comers, as with each suc-
ceeding year additional interest is evinced in its
culture, and fresh recruits admitted to her ranks.

SOIL AND SITUATION. — The soil most suitable
for Rose-growing is a rich deep loam, inclining to he
heavy, and resting on gravel, and if the situation
slope to the south-east or south-west all the better.
Should the'natnral soil be of a light description,
some clay should be well mixed with it. On the other
hand, should it be unduly stiff leaf-soil, then road-
sand, coal-ashes, burnt earth, and manure should be
incorporated whilst trenching it. I may remark
that good wheat - land will produce good Roses —
their cultural requirements being attended to.

PLANTING.— Although Roses may be planted
any time from the beginning of November to the
end of February (weather permitting), the sooner the
work is done in November the better. If the Roses are
to be planted in rows by the sides of walks, holes about
18 inches deep and wide should be dug out, putting
if necessary a layer a few inches deep of hard mate-
rials as drainage. If the excavated soil is unsuit-
able, replace it with a compost consisting of thiee-
parts good loam, and one of rotted manure. This
being well mixed, plant the Rose bushes, trees, or
standards, in the centre of each hole, and at about
the same depth in the soil as they stood before,
treading the soil well about them. Cut off in plant-
ing any damaged or unduly long roots with a knife,
and this done, put a stout stake at the further side
of each plant for its support, securing them with
tarred string, and afterwards laying over the roots
a thin mulch of half-rotted manure. Choose a fine
day for planting, and rather than plant when the
ground is very wet, lay in the plant, and wait for
fine weather. Roses growing in beds, as well as
those freshly planted therein, should now have a
surface-dressing of manure.

ROSES ON THEIR OWN ROOTS — For planting
in beds, I prefer plants on their own roots, giving
them a space of from 3 to 4 feet between good strong
plants, pegging the shoots out over the beds the end
of the following March, or early in April, according
as the season and situation are early or late. Thus
treated, the shoots send out flower-hearing growths
nearly over their entire length, and the suckers,
which annually push from the roots, are duly pegged
down between the older shoots, which ultimately,
i.e., when the allotted space has been properly
covered, they will replace, the old growths being cut
out each year as soon as the bloom is over. In this
way, fresh vigour, and consequential floriferousness,
and long life are yearly imparted to the plants.

VARIETIES.— Although the varieties of the Rose
are legion, new ones crop up from time to time to
swell the already long list, however, the following
brief selections include some of the best of the
respective kinds, and may be increased or decreased
according to circumstances. [A list of varieties will
be given in our next. Ed.] ti. W. Ward, Longford
Castle, Salisbury.

THE HARDY FRTJIT GARDEN.

TREE-LIFTING AND ROOT-PRUNING . — These
operations, so essential to success in fruit-growing,
should now be commenced, and continued during
fine weather until stopped by frost. Peaches and
Nectarines are trees usually taken first, and in their
case, lifting is preferable to merely cutting back the
stronger roots. In doing it, dig out a deep trench
at 4 to 6 feet from the stem, according to the
stretch of the branches, and then, with a digging-
fork, loosen the soil from the roots, preserving all of
them as far as possible ; and after this is done, and
the tree is lifted bodily, make the drainage good,
and refill the holes with a partly fresh compost,
consisting of fresh loam if procurable, burnt earth,
old mortar, and a small quantity of crushed bones,
and make it firm by treading before replanting. The
roots— that is, the strongest and longest— should be
shortened a little, and badly-bruised roots cut off
above the injured part, and all of them spread out at
various depths, and covered up with the compost.
Some temporary loose fastenings will be required to
keep the branches in place ; and over the roots place
a mulch of stable-dung several inches thick.

APRICOTS growing with too much vigour may be
lifted and replanted like the first-named fruits, but
giving them rather more depth of soil, and plenty of
lime rubble. Manure is not needed, except where
the soil is of poor quality, when a mild kind, like a
Mushroom-bed, or old-root-bed materials, may be
made use of.

October 24, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

487

PEARS AND APPLES.— Root-pruning, if needed
by any of the trees, may be undertaken as soon as
the fruit is gathered, and in the case of large old
trees, it should be done in part— only at one time.
All descending roots must be severed or bent up-
wards, for if any of these are left untouched, the
work will be spoiled. Make use of some fresh soil,
and make firm by treading. If this operation is car-
ried out with thoroughness, finer and better-coloured
fruit will result. All fruits, with the exception of
the latest ripening Pears, should now be stored.
Fruit trees required to form a reserve, or for filling
walls and fences, should be ordered from the nur-
sery. If the trees should arrive with the roots much
dried, steep them overhead in water for a few hours,
and lay them in on single lines in wet soil, if they
must be left unplanted for a time. H. Mark-ham,
Mercworth Castle, Maidstone.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

FRENCH BEANS. — Those in pots and frames now
coming into bloom should have a rather higher
temperature afforded them, and all the sowings for
succession now standing in cool frames should be re-
moved to heated pits or houses, and placed near the
glass. A temperature of 65° at night should be main-
tained and afforded when the weather is mild, but
carefully avoiding cold draughtr. Occasi >nal syring-
ings both before and after flowering will tend to keep
them clean, and doses of warm liquid manure should
be afforded to encourage growth, but only when the
soil has got filled with roots.

RHUBARB. — The leaves remain long on these
plants this year, and in taking up roots for forcing,
none with uuripened crowns should be chosen. It
will assist them if a trench be cut round the stools ;
and these be taken up ten days afterwards. Place
the roots close together on a hot bed of tree-leaves,
filling in between them with light soil or leaf-mould,
and syrioge the bed daily with tepid water. By
maintaining a bottom-heat of 70° to 75°, and an
atmospheric warmth of 5.3°, Rhubarb may be well
grown in an ordinary cellar, but it cannot be forced
in such places. Rhubarb should be lifted at intervals
of three or four weeks, so as to maintain a regular
supply of the vegetable, the roots being laid aside in
a dry cool place for a period of ten days before being
put into the forcing-bouse.

ASPARAGUS. — The beds should be hand-weeded,
and all the stems of Asparagus with seeds on them
removed from the beds before the seeds fall, other-
wise much trouble will be incurred next year in
destroying the seedlings. Asparagus roots may now
be lifted and forced, and of all kinds of forced vege-
tables, this one is the most accommodating. A good
way of forcing it is to make a mild hotbed of stable
litter and fresh tree leaves, of sufficient size to
receive a two or three-light frame, the bed being
made 3 feet longer and wider than the frame that
will be put on it. Put the material firmly together,
so as to secure a lasting and regular warmth,
and prevent unequal subsidence of the frame. If
the warmth is likely to exceed 80°, a layer of turves
should first be placed over the materials, and then
a layer of mould and leaf-soil, mixed, about 4 inches
thick. Lift the plants with all the soil that will
adhere to them, when the bed is quite ready for
them, and plant without exposing the roots to the
damp influences of the air. Place them close together
on the bed, and fill the spaces with light soil, cover-
ing the crowns G inches deep. Forced Asparagus is
most liked when it ia green, as when bleached it is
stringy, and but little of it ia eatable. As soon as
the shoots push forth, afford all the light possible,
and a fair amount of air when the weather is mild.

GENERAL WORK. — remove the remains of crops,
and mix them with lime, soil, and garden rubbish.
Turn manure heaps, and manure vacant quarters
needing it, and get them ready for digging or trench-
ing. Ground turned up at this season of the year ia
best left in a rough state, and stiff soils should be
ridged when digging them. Remove dead leaves
from Brussells Sprouts, Broccoli, &c. C. J. Waits,
Glenkarst. Esher.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

EARLY VINES.— The wood of all Vines should
now be thoroughly ripe, if forcing is to commence
next month ; and not only should the shoots be
mature, but the foliage decaying or falling. As
previously advised, pot Vines should now be in the

open air, at the foot of a sunny wall, the canes being
fastened to prevent their twisting. The earliest of
the planted-out Vines should be pruned without
delay, the loose parts of the bark removed (not
scraped with a knife), and dressed with some kind of
mixture to destroy insects. Vines in pots, &c,
should have the loose soil removed, refilling the
space with a rich compost. Let the drainage be well
looked to, giving more space for the roots to go
through into the plunging materials. The borders
in the early vinery should be similarly top-dressed
with loam which has been thrown up, with layers of
manure at every G inches ; some bone-meal or
Thomson '8 Vine Manure may also be added to the
loam. Young Vines which have been grown in pots
for planting or to be cut back next season may be
placed against a sunny wall to ripen, if required
early next season, some spent Mushroom-bed manure
being spread over the roots ; or they may be plunged
in stable litter. Before starting any Vines in pots,
thoroughly cleanse the house in which they are to
grow, and, if it can be done, paint the woodwork,
than which nothing is better for the destruction of
mealy-bug, &c. Materials in which to plunge the
pots should be placed in a heap, and turned over
frequently till it is in a sweet condition for use.

SUCCESSION-HOUSES, as fast as they are cleared,
should be abundantly ventilated night and day ; and
if doubts exist as to the ripeness of the wood, arti-
ficial warmth may be applied. Shorten the shoots
of the Vines if they are crowded, and if the borders
are unfortunately outside, get them covered with
materials which will exclude snow and rain. Vines
whose roots are in a bad condition may be lifted,
finishing the job this month, for I do not advise the
lifting of Vines later than October. In houses where
fruit is hanging, much attention will be necessary
from this date, going over all the bunches at least
once a week, and removing decaying berries, remem-
bering that one bad berry will contaminate three or
four others in its neighbourhood. Fire-heat must
always be used in small amounts in the day-time to
keep damp in check ; freely airing the vinery in line
weather. Houses in which Grapes must hang some
time longer should not have plants in pots put in
them, and everything that breeds dampness should
be kept at a distance. Cover the borders to throw
off moisture — we use corrugated zinc for the purpose
— it is light and easily transported. First we give
a thick covering of dry leaves, and then put the zinc
cover on the top of the leaves. Care is taken to
give the covering a sharp slope to the front of the
border. It is well at this date to allow free circula-
tion of air under the covering. 6r. Wythcs, Sion
House, Brentford.

THE APIARY.

PREPARATIONS FOR WINTER. —Colder weather,
with frosts, will soon be upon us, and nothing that
requires attention in the apiary should be deferred.
Any requeeniug that may be necessary must be
done before the close of the month. Queens will
not be obtainable after that time, as owing to their
liability to get chilled, they cannot be sent by
means of the post with safety. Feed'ng should
have been completed some time ago, but if this has
been neglected, it is essential, if syrup is used, that
it should be given at once at a temperature of about
100°, and as rapidly as possible. Stocks that are
only a few pounds short, it will be better to provide
with candy, which can be run into cardboard or
wooden boxes to any required weight. It is not a
bad plan to place about a pound of candy over the
feed-hole of every stock, even if they have sufficient
stores, for as soon as the bees take it, they provide
themselves with winter passages. Any uniting
that is necessary should be done now, and it is
better to dust each lot with flour beforehand than
to sprinkle with scented syrup. Hive-roofs should
be looked to, and any that require making water-
tight should be puttied up aod painted wbilst the
weather is still favourable. Quilts, in the 8hape of
several thicknesses of woollen carpet or flannel, must
be provided for covering each stock, and if American-
cloth comes next the frames, the entrance should be
left open all the winter to the extent of G inches at
least, unless an air-space is provided beneath the
frames, when it may be almost closed. If porous
quilta are used, the entrance may be contracted to
half an inch. Care must be taken to prevent mice
from obtaining ingress, as many a stock has been
lost from this cause when it has been least suspected.
Winter passages can be provided by laying two
pieces of wood, about half-an-inch in diameter, on
the tops of the frames, underneath the quilt ; or a

piece of stout Bamboo, cut in halves, would answer
the purpose perhaps better, placed hollow-side down.

FOUL BROOD— Naphthaline and Naphthol Beta
being now the accepted remedies for this disease, it
is advisable to use one or both preparations as a
preventive in districts where it is known to exist.
Pieces of the former, about the size of a nut, can be
slipped between the combs, so that they drop on to
the floor-board there, taking several weeks to evapo-
rate, whilst the latter is used in place of the old
remedy — salicylic acid — for medicating syrup or
candy. It requires to be dissolved in alcohol before
it is used. Both the remedies can be obtained at a
cheap rate, and of the proper strength, with full
directions for use, at the office of the British Bee
Journal. Expert.

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

THE PLANT STOVES.— The temperature of the
warmer houses will now require to be lowered, and
for the present the warmth may range from 65° to
70° at night, rising 10° on cloudy days, and to 85°
with sun-heat. Let all the ventilators be closed
early in the afternoon, damping at the time of
shutting up, the walls, stages, and paths. Shading
of all kinds may now for the future be dispensed
with, a fine drv day being chosen to take them down.
Any inmatesof the warm house which may have been
employed for furnishing other structures, will be the
better for being brought into their winter quarters.
The present is a suitable time for the re-arranging
of the plants in the stove, clearing the glass of con-
ferva; and dust, so that there will be no avoidable
loss of light during winter, and when re-arranging
the plants, care should be taken to place each sub-
ject in the position most suitable for it, at the same
time having an eye to effect.

FERNS : THEIR TREATMENT DURING THE
WINTER. — Those beautiful and interesting plants,
the filmy Ferns, delight in a comparatively cool and
shady situation, and the case or frame in which they
are grown should be placed where there are no cold
draughts, and where the sun's rays do not reach
them. In such positions, the temperature is usually
of a unifouu character, both iu summer and winter,
which is one of the secrets of their successful cultiva-
tion. During winter, special attention is needed in
the matter of atmospheric moisture, eo that no excess
in this respect shall occur. Excessive moisture at
this season is provocative of the growth of a species
of mould fungus, which is very destructive to the
plants.

The general collections of Ferns will have com-
pleted their growths, and the temperature of the
Ferneries should be lowered. The greenhouse kinds,
as Adiantum8 Williamsii, gracillimum, assimile,
cristatum — the last-named is a crested form of A.
assimile, and has a very graceful appearance —
Asplenium falcatum, and Doodia aspera multifida,
the last is destined to become a great favourite with
gardeners, on account of its dwarf habit, nicely arched
fronds, the young ones pink tinted ; these will winter
best in a temperature of 45° or 50° by night. No
higher temperature should be afforded greenhouse
Ferns, as it has a weakening effect on them, and in
Borne cases encourage the Bpread of insects.

The warm house or stove species of Ferns should
be kept in a temperature from 55° to 60° during the
winter, and during severe frost it will be advisable to
allow the tempereture to fall 5° lower, and make use
of a covering over the roof rather than keep the hot-
water pipes very hot during the night. The Ferns
will require much less water at the roots from now
onwards, but care must be taken not to let them get
so dry as to cause injury. Atmospheric moisture
must also be lessened. In many gardens no struc-
ture is entirely devoted to the stove species, and the
plants must be grown with the rest of the stove
plants, and where the temperature has to be kept
rather too high for them. Where such arrangementa
exist, it is advisable to place the Ferns at the cooler
part of the stove.

Cheilanthes chlorophylla, C. hirta Ellisiana,
and Gymnogramma elegantissima are very useful
plants, and admirably adapted for decorative pur-
poses, hanging in baskets, &c. Microlepia hirta
cristata and l'teris aspericaulis should be kept in
the dryer part of the house, as both are impatient of
damp. Any Ferns infested with scale or thrips
should be cleaned. The fronds being now in a hard
state, are not readily injured by the use of insecti-
cides. All kinds of fertilisers should now be dis-
pensed with. R. Milner, Penrice Castle, Stvanseo.

488

THE GAB DENE I? S ' GHIiO NI GL E.

[October 24, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be WRITTEN ON ONE BIDE ONLY OF THE
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

PLANTS, &0\, to be Named. ~ Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

Illustrations.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
flowers, trees, SfC, are solicited.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY,

Oct. 2

WEDNESDAY, Oct. 28

THURSDAY,
FRIDAY.

MEETING.

( Royal Horticultural Society, all

Oct, 27 J Committees; and Lecture by H.

/ Veitch, Esq., on "Autumn Tints."

8ALE3.

Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms

Nursery Stock at Thomson's Nur-
sery. Wimbledon, by Protheroe
& Morris (2 days)

Nursery Stock at Plaistow, Essex,
by Protheroe & Morris

Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms

Great clearance of Fruit Trees,
Roses, &c. , at the American Nur-
series, Leytonstone, by Protheroe
& Morris
.( Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms

Clearaoce of Nursery Stock at the
Mile A^h Nurseries, Derby, by
Protheroe & Morris

Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms

'Great clearance of Nursery Stock
at Churchfield Nursery, Ches-
hunt, by Protheroe & Morris
(2 days)

Clearance of the First portion of
Nursery Stock at the Sea View
Nurseries, Havant, by Protheroe
& Morris (2 days)

Plants and Bulbs at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms

Orchids of Mr. C. Van Trop at Fast
Dulwich by Protheroe & Morris

Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms

, * Dutch Bulbs at Prof heroe & Mori U'
) Rooms

Orchids at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms
Clearance of Nursery Stock at Ban-

SATURDAY,

stead by Protheroe & Morris

itch Bulbs at Protheroe & Mc
Rooms
/ Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms

1 Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe & Morrii
Oct. 31 •} Rooms

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.-470.

One circumstance that depresses
Copper Salts the souJ of the journa]ist arises
and Fungous J

Mould. trom the fact, that however fully

he may record the results of ex-
periments, however much he may, as he thinks,
offer demonstrative proof, even from his own
experience, of the desirability of making further
trials of this or that procedure, little heed
is paid to his admonitions by his readers.
We cannot say this of the experiments carried
out on so large a scale by Messrs. Sutton in the
case of the employment of sulphate of copper
as a remedy against the Potato disease. We
have recorded from time to time, and given pic-
torial illustrations showing in brief the results
obtained in France, and the Royal Agricultural
Society has called the attention of its members
to the desirability of instituting experiments for
themselves. Acting on this suggestion, Messrs.
Sutton have instituted, on a scale few persons
could emulate, a trial, to the results of which, on
(jeeount of its magnitude, we are bound to give

respectful attention, if not unconditional accept-
ance. Messrs. Sutton recently invited a number
of representative cultivators and publicists to
view the results of their experiments, and this is
what they told them : —

" As we annually plant, for trial, many hundreds
of samples taken from the bulks with which we deal
during the season, as well as new seedlings not in
commerce, we this year decided to divide each trial
into two equal portions, dressing one- half with the
' Bouillie Bordelaise,' and leaving the other half
undressed. The plots, or trials, thus brought under
treatment reached a total of 810, of which 278 were
separate varieties.

"In the annexed table will be found a complete
list of the weights of each half-row, dressed and
undressed, showing the loss, or gain, after treatment,
and the total loss, or gain, of each separate variety.
These results speak for themselves.

" A brief glance at the table, however, will show
that in the case of all the earlier sorts of Potatos,
which had matured their crop before the disease set
in, there is a very decided loss resulting from the
dressing. As the first dressing of the ' Bouillie Bor-
delaise ' was applied on June 27, when these Potatos
were in vigorous growth, this unsatislactory result
would seem to indicate that the Bouillie is not of
any avail as a fertiliser, whatever the effect of the
applications might have been in preventing the
disease had it appeared as early as is sometimes the
case.

" The instances where the dressing seems to have
produced the greatest benefit are on such varieties
as ' Regents,' ' Victoria,' ' Woodstock Kidney,' and a
few others, which are known to be so liable to disease
as to be seldom planted.

" It is satisfactory to find, that in the new group
of disease-resisting Potatos, represented by ' Sutton's
Magnum Bonum,' and ' Sutton's Abundance,' the
expense and trouble involved in the application of
the dressing is not warranted by the results obtained.
Out of 34 rows of Magnum Bonum' only 2 showed
any gain, 3 were unaffected, whilst 20 were injured
by the dressing; the result of the 3-1 trials showing
a total weight of 5 cwt. 2 qr. 24 lb. for the dressed
rows, and 7 cwt. 1 qr. 25 lb. for the undressed rows,
a difference in favour of the latter of 1 cwt. 3 qr. 1 lb. ;
35 rows of ' Abundance ' showed a total weight of

8 cwt. 1 qr. 4 lb. for the dressed rows, and

9 cwt. 1 qr. 22 lb. for the undressed rows, a dif-
ference in favour of the latter of 1 cwt. 0 qr. 18 lb."

The tables presented in confirmation of Messrs.
Sutton's statements are much too bulky for us
to reprint, but we may give the summary as
follows : —

810 rows undressed
810 rows dressed...

Tons. cwt. (jr. lb.
..5 8 -J 5

..4 17 1 1

Total increase in undressed 0 11 1 -1

Now this result of itself is what might have
been anticipated. No one supposes the copper
sulphate or the copper oxide as it becomes when
mixed with the lime to be a fertiliser. It is far
more likely to be a caustic. That it should act
as a check to vegetation is, therefore, just what
one would expect. The real question is, whether
the advantages which accrue from the prevention
or from the destruction of the fungus mould out-
weigh the loss which may be expected to result
from the application of such a substance as copper
oxide to the foliage. The practical man will
further ask whether, assuming, as is alleged, that
the sulphate is a fungus poisoner, the game is
worth the candle ; will the results, from a com-
mercial point of view, justify the cost ? To this
latter question the summary table above given
affords for the present a decisive answer. The
result of Messrs. Sutton's experiments, as far as
they are narrated, is decidedly adverse to the use
of the copper salt.

Messrs. Sutton have so well earned the thanks
of the Potato-growing and Potato-consuming

community, that we oan only express our grati-
tude for the pains they have taken in the matter,
As specially familiar with the many circumstances
which go to modify any general conclusion,
Messrs. Sutton will, however, we are sure, not
demur to the statement that their results,
valuable as they are, are by no means conclu-
sive. The tables give us no record of the
total weight of produce, and, although it
is true the tables say " sound Potatos only,"
we have no guarantee as to what were
sound and what were unsound ; nothing beyond
assertion from general inspection, only what
actual percentage of diseased tubers to the
whole really was. In experiments of such a
large character, general inspection has to take
the place of the more exact information that
more accurate scrutiny would afford. Thi3 is
one of the many cases where the so-called
" flower-pot " experiments are more trustworthy
than those conducted on a larger scale. In all
probability, there was much more disease than
appeared on the surface. What Messrs. Sutton's
tables show is. the fact that sulphate or oxide
of copper acts as a check to the growth of the
haulm ; and this is what, if we did not know it
before, we might have fully anticipated. We
do not see that Messrs. Sutton's tables
bring out, as we hoped they might have done,
the precise effect upon the fungus. As it is,
the diminution of the crop, as recorded, may be
partly attributable to the copper, partly to the
effect of the fungus. It must also be noted that
Messrs. Sutton's experiments do not agree as to
their results with those of Messrs. Ii. Veitcii, of
Exeter, mention of which is made at p. 40C.
Sorts, soils, dates of application and other
factors must all influence the results, in
connection with which circumstances we may
mention an interesting observation made by Mr.
Barron at Chiswick. Of two adjoining pieces
of ground devoted to the growth of Potatos th:s
season, one was tilled and ridged in the ordinary
way, so that it was exposed to the action of
the winter's frost, and was friable and workable
accordingly ; the other from force of circum-
stances, was left unworked. Roth plots when
the time came were planted with Potatos of the
same variety. When the disease came, it over-
whelmed those which were growing on the un-
worked soil, whilst it was so much less destruc-
tive on the same variety growing on the tilled
soil that the crop is reported as heavy and sound.
We have much to learn yet.

At last we have the very great
Ed cation™ satisfaction to note a general

movement towards that extension
of horticultural education, for which we have so
often, and for so many years pleaded. Now that
the tide has begun to flow, it seems as if it would
set in with great force. All the more necessary,
therefore, is it that it shall be, as far as possible,
controlled and directed into right channels.
We are inundated with notes and schemes and
reports on the subject, for which even if it
were desirable we could not find room, but we
may tay in general terms that the line of
advance seems to be three-fold. There is the
elementary education in the rudiments, and
which is controlled by the Education Depart-
ment; there is the system of practical demon-
stration for the benefit of existing cultivators,
and there are the projects, some of which are
already in action, to furnish more or less com-
plete schools of horticulture and agriculture.
It is evident that all three classes must be
worked qn a practical as well as on a scientific

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

489

basis, and that to do good they must grow
according to the progress of evolution, from
6mall beginnings. They cannot be started at
once as complete and faultless schemes of opera-
tion, but they must be possessed of such vitality
as to be able to bend to circumstances, and be
capable of adaptation to the requirements of the
case as they present themselves. For our own
parts, we look with greater confidence to bene-
fit arising from the education of the coming
generation than to attempts to instruct the
present race of cottagers and labourers, or even
the higher grades for whom horticultural
colleges are destined. To effect the most
good, we must begin at the very beginning
with the alphabet of principles, and the most
elementary of practical operations. How much

culture, insects, and fungi, and other general
matters. It is especially intended that both
principles and operations should be practically de-
monstrated at every step so far as possible, and in
some cases it is thought that, for a suitable fee,
qualified gardeners in the various districts would
occasionally undertake this task. Where con-
venient or desirable, the pupils in the third stage
could themselves perform the simpler work, under
the direction of the teacher, who in the two earlier
stages had acted merely as a demonstrator. We
cannot find room in this issue for the details of
this scheme, but we hope to do so on a future
occasion.

The system of education which seems to be
preferred by the County Councils is the telling-
off competent lecturers to visit the rural dis-

holding of good systems of cultivation and by
their denouncement of bad ones. Great advan-
tage will also arise from the practical demonstra-
tion of good methods of pruning, or other opera-
tions, and by the bringing home to the mind of
the cultivator that, as a rule, it is as easy to
grow good (that is, suitable) sorts as bad ones
— a lesson which greatly needs enforcing.

Turning to the third mode of improving hor-
ticulture, we must allude in passing to the
horticultural colleges for the education of a
higher class of pupils, and for the training of
teachers — a most important function. We
need say nothing at present of the very few
existing institutions in this country, and we
designedly omit mention of the strictly agri-
cultural colleges, but we may point to the

Fig. 66. — the parterre : Missouri school of horticulture at st. louis. (ses p. 489.)

may not be learned, say, from the growth of
Mustard and Cress, in which children delight?
In this simple operation there is abundant scope
for the clever teacher to drive fast home elemen-
tary principles and correct practice.

The British Fruit-growers' Association has
prepared a scheme for use in country schools,
which has been favourably received by the
Education Department. The scheme takes the
form of a three years' course, the first stage to
be devoted to an elucidation of the principles of
plant-life, not only on a botanical basis, but in
strict application to cultural requirements. The
second stage deals with the elementary opera-
tions of gardening, including the description
and use of the implements required. The
third stage is simply an extension of the second,
giving fuller details of the respective operations,
and referring briefly to fruit, vegetable, and flower

tricts, and to demonstrate matters of primary
importance to the cultivator. Thus, Mr. Bland-
ford is lecturing on Entomology at the request
of the Kent County Council. Mr. Grant, Mr.
Fish, Mr. Wright, Mr. Castlr, and others, are
admirably qualified to instruct in this practical
manner ; but, knowing what we do of the
average cultivator, we are not very sanguine as
to his ability to fully profit by the instruction
he will receive. Stolid indifference, scepticism,
prejudice are formidable antagonists, and, speak-
ing generally, they are not to be removed from
the mind of an adult labourer by lectures, how-
ever excellent. It is by beginning with tbe
child, and making his receptive mind grasp prin-
ciples, that the best chance of future progress is
afforded. Nevertheless, no doubt some present
good will be done by lecturers and demonstrators of
the class we have mentioned, by their constant up-

horticultural and technical schools of Belgium,
France, Germany, and the United States, as
furnishing models for imitation here. Among the
American schools is one in connection with the
botanical garden of St. Louis, founded by the
late Mr. Henry Shaw, aid now under the
direction of Professor Trelease. This Insti-
tution comprises, in addition to library and a
laboratory, an extensive garden, in which garden
scholarships have been founded, to which gar-
den pupils have access on special terms, and
in which, while the principles are duly enforced
in the lecture-room, practical work is carried
out systematically and unflinchingly in the
garden during a term of six years, the
garden pupils in the earlier part of their
career having to work nine or ten hours daily
in the practical work of the garden. The illus-
trations we give in the present issue will show

490

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 24, 1891.

that our statement that the new Missouri Botani-
cal is well equipped for the purpose in view.

"We must not overlook either the great number
of agricultural stations in Germany and the United
States, and even in our colonies, as at the Cape
and in Australia, which are the means of dif-
fusing an amount of information which have
hitherto been mostly denied to Englishman at
home. Still, we are now not quite destitute of
resources of this nature in this country, and a
movement is afloat to provide our fellow coun-
trymen with the means of obtaining high-class
technical education as good as can be had in
Belgium or the United States. A joint com-
mittee of the AVorshipful Company of Gardeners
and of the Royal Horticultural Society is formu-
lating a scheme, of which we subjoin the outline,
premising that the scheme in question is still
under discussion, and that is mentioned here,
not as final, but for the purpose of showing
that the Royal Horticultural Society is not
behindhand in the consideration of this edu-
cational question. The propositions recently
agreed to in principle are the following : —

" Name.— Tbe British School of Gardening and
Agriculture (?).

" General Ohjects.—To impart a higher class of
education in the principles and practice of fruit,
flower, vegetable and tree cultivation than is at pre-
sent attainable in Great Britain, to (a), Persons
wishing to qualify themselves for employment in
gardening and garden-farming in this country.
(6), Persons who may be desirous to emigrate, or
may be already resident in the Colonies.

"It is sought to Educate.— The sons of landed pro-
prietors, farmers, or any others who are interested
in gardening atid garden-farming, whether born in
Great Britain or the Colonies; preference being given
to British-born subjects.

" Admission of Students.— So student shall be ad-
mitted who does not already possess some practical
knowledge or experience of gardening or garden-
farming; all students being expected to continue
their studies for two years, under ordinary circum-
stances.

" Employment of Students— The object being to
impart a thoroughly practical education, all students
must be prepared to devote themselves to the manual,
as well as to the scientific branches of the work.

'* Teachers.— Efficient Directors will superintend
the instruction in the various branches of cultiva-
tion ; and lectures, illustrated by practical demon-
strations, will be delivered by qualified persons on
the scientific aspects of gardening and garden-
farming. To attain the object in view, it is pro-
posed that the Worshipful Company of Gardeners,
in conjunction with the Royal Horticultural Society
of England, secure suitable land within an easy
distance of London, where experimental and practical
gardening and garden-farming may be carried on,
pending which arrangements are being made to
utilise the Gardens of the Royal Horticultural
Society at Chiswick for the instruction of students
in connection with this scheme."

AVe shall revert to these several means for
the advancement of horticulture on another
occasion.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next

meeting of the Floral, Orchid, and Fruit Com-
mittees will be held in the Drill Hall on Tuesday,
October 27, when the Society holds its usual display
of new and rare plants, &c, and at which special
prizes will be offered for cooking and dessert Apples
and Tear.,, a8 well as for varieties of Grapes.
Intending competitors should at once communi-
cate the nature of their intending exhibits to
the Superintendent, Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens, Chiswick. In the afternoon, at 3 o'clock
Mr. Harht J. Veitch, F.L.S., will read a paper on
" Autumn Tints." Specimens of trees, shrubs, or

other plants, or shoots and foliage, will be welcome
as illustrations.

The Conifer Conference. — Among the

exhibits of living specimens at Chiswick the week
before last, some further mention than the mere
record of a Vote of Thanks should have been made
of the exhibit shown by Messrs. Little & Ballan-
tyne, of Carlisle. Those gentlemen showed an
interesting collection of some eighty species and
varieties, which were not only characteristic, but
interesting, as showing what can be grown in the
extreme north-western corner of England. The
enterprise manifested in the despatch of so large a
consignment from so great a distance is particularly
noteworthy.

"Botanical Magazine."— The October num-
ber contains coloured figures of the following
plants: —

Yucca filifera, t. 7197, described as by far the
finest of the filiferous Yuccas. A native of North-
east Mexico. Professor Sahgent, in Garden and
Forest, says of it, that its great panicles of white
flowers can be seen for miles in the clear atmos-
phere, and look like gleaming waterfalls pouring out
from the ends of the branches. Kew.

Cirrhopetalum Colletti, t. 7198. — A very remark-
able species from tbe Shan States. The flowers are
large (in the genus), orange coloured ; the dorsal
sepal ovate, with a long deeply-fringed terminal
appendage, the friDge being of a deep red colour,
and very mobile; lateral sepals deflexed linear-lan-
ceolate acuminate, about 4 inches long. The side
petals have a terminal appendage like that of the
dorsal sepal, but less deeply divided. Kew.

Napoleona Miersii, t. 7199. — A very curious West
African shrub, confused with N. Whitfieldi, but dis-
tinguished, according to Sir Joskph Hooker, by the
pale membranous obovate leaves, with faint sunken
nerves, and the smaller number of teeth to the
corolla, and other points. Kew.

Eucryphia Billardieri var. Milligani, t. 7200. — A
species like E. pinnatifolia, but with entire linear-
oblong leaves, and much smaller flowers. It seems
uncertain to what order this curious genus should be
referred. It has, in fact, no near relatives, and, con-
sidering that it is confined to Chili and Australia,
it may be regarded as a survival of vegetation
different from that now existing, but which flourished
when there was direct land communication between
Temperate Australia and South America.

Epiphyllum Gacrlneri, t. 7201.— A species con-
fused with E. Russellianum, but differing in its much
larger, broader, and thicker crenulate articulations.
The flowers are more brilliantly coloured, with
narrower petals and, terete (not winged) calyx-tube,
and the long spreading stigmas. Kew.

Cattleya labiata var. autumnalis —
M. Linden, of L'Horticulture Internationale, Pare
Leopold, Brussels, announces his intention of selling
at Messrs. Protheroe & Morris' Auction Rooms,
Cheapside, on F'riday, October 30, about 200 plants
in flower of Cattleya labiata var. autumnalis. The
event should be of much interest to cultivators and
collectors of Orchids, affording, as it does, a favour-
able opportunity of observing the merits or other-
wise of different varieties there exhibited in flower.

The Potato Disease.— In several quarters

the question has been asked, whether salts of copper
applied to the foliage would leave traces in the
tubers in sufficient strength to prove dangerous or
unwholesome for table use. This has long since
been proved in the negative sense in France, and
Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son, of Exeter, whose
experiments with the formula given in our columns
were most successful, have gone into the matter, and
report favourably on the protective influence of the
copper. They sent to Mr. Bernaro Dieb, the
Analyst for the Devon County Agricultural Society
two samples of the tubers— one a sample of Potato
whose haulm had been dressed with the solution of
copper and lime, and the other undressed. They
send us Mr. Dver's report, which we give below.

and which must be regarded as a satisfactory answer
to tbe question raised : —

[Copt. J
" Laboratory, 17. Great Tower Street, E.C.
"October 17, 1891.
"Messrs. Robert Vjhtcii & Son. Exeter.

"Dear Sirs. — I have carefully tested the Potatos you sent
•e, for copper. Practically speaking, they are free from
copper- that is to say, there is less than 100th of a grain of
copper in 1 lb. of the Potatos. Since I find practically the
same quantity in both sets of Potatos. viz., both in the dressed
and in the undressed ones, it appears clear that the small trace
that is to be detected must be regarded as normal to Potatos
grown in this field, and not as due to the dressing. But even,
if it were, the quantity is to be regarded as infinitesimal.
" Yours faithfully (Signed) " BERNARD Dl'EH."

L'ORCHIDEENNE. — The Brussels Society of
amateur orchidists known as the OrchideVnne, held
their thirtieth meeting on October 11, in the winter
garden of L'Horticulture Internationale. The exhi-
bition was a success in every way, especially so, con-
sidering the lateness of the season. In addition to
the exhibits enumerated below, the many visitors
much admired the fine series of varieties of Cattleya
Warocqueana (C. labiata autumnalis), which clearly
demonstrated the excellence of this magnificent
species, of which so much is now thought. Among
the principal Orchids staged, we must specially
mention the following :— The splendid Cattleya
Warocqueana, O. maxima var. Malonana, a unique
specimen; Cypiipedium Stonei, C. Harrisianum, full
of bloom ; C. tonsum, and Haynaldianum ; and On-
cidium varicosum Rogersi, bearing a long raceme of
brightly-coloured flowers, sent by M. G. Warocque
The new Angr;ccum du Buyssoni, a most interesting
species, with sweetly-scented blossoms ; and the
charming Lselia X exoniensis, from Madame E.
Gibez. Two piants of Cattleya aurea of superior
height and colour, and C. aurea var. Lansbergeana,
from M. J. De Lansberge. Splendid specimen of
Cypripedium Rothschildianum, bearing four most
beautiful floweis, from M. D.illemagne. The curi mi
and elegant Eiiopsis rutidobulbon and Cypripedium
Roebelini, both covered with bloom; Oncidium splen-
didum and Dendrobium Phaleenopsis, with flowers
of a warm shade of reddiah-violet, from M. Van
Imshoot. A species of Ofontoglossum, from M. F.
Kegeljan. A fine example of Cattleya Schillenana,
with large and well-coloured flowers ; and Angnecum
falcatum, from M. A. Wiucqz. Vanda coerulea, a
magnificent plant, with flowers quite unusual (or
their size and for their bright bluish colouring, from
M. J. Moens. Beautiful examples of Cattleya
aurea, Odontoglossum Insleayi var. O. Harry-
anum, and O. grande, Cypripediums Io, Eldorado,
and vexillarium, all splendid as to colouring,
were sent by M. le Dr. Van Cauwelaert.
Coryanthes leucocorys, Mesospinidium vulcanicum
var. grandiflorum, with large flowers ; the curious
Nanodes (?) sp., Mormodes buccinator var. auranti-
acum, of a beautiful orange yellow ; Trichocentriun
triquetrum, Eulophia pulchra, Cirrhopetalum Brieni-
anum, Cypripediums tonsum, regale, Arthurianum,
and cenanthum superbum (bearing about twenty
flowers) ; Oncidiums Lanceanum, aurosum, and
Forbesi ; Vanda cuerulea, well bloomed ; Burlingtonia
granadensis, Cochlioda Nbtzliana, Odontoglossums
Lucianianum, crocidipterum, and Andersoni ; Catt-
leya aurea, with a rather spreading lip, and of splendid
colouring; and, finally, tbe magnificent specimens be-
fore mentioned of Cattleya Warocqueana, showing
much diversity and beauty of colouring, sent by M.
Linden. The jury awarded the following First-class
diplomas: For Angrtecum du Buyssoni to Madame
E. Gibez ; Coryanthes leucocorys from M. Linden.
Mesospinidium vulcanicum grandiSoium from M.
Linden. Botanical Certificate awarded to Na-
nodes (.?) species, from M. Linden. l^irst - class
Certificates of Merit were awarded for Cattleya
aurea, from M. le Dr. Van Cauwelaeit, unanimously
awarded. Cypripedium Rothschildianum, from
M. Dallemagne, unanimously awarded. C. vexil-
larium, from M. le D.-. Van Cauwelaert, unani-
mously awarded. Dendrobium Phalienopsis, from
M. Van Imshoot, unanimously awarded. Odonto-
glossum Iusleuyi, from M. le Dr. Van Cauwelaert.
Four Certificates were awarded for four varieties of

Octobeb 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

491

Cattleya Warocqueana; two sent from M. Warocque,
two from M. Linden. Cattleya aurea var. Lansber-
geana, from M. J. van Lansberge ; C. maxima var.
Malonana, from M. Warocque, also were awarded
First-class Certificates. Second-class Certificates
of Merit were allotted for Cattleya Schilleriana,
from M. A. Wincqz ; and C. aurea from M. J. van
Lansberge. First-class Certificates for cultivation
were awarded for Vanda ccerulea, from M. J.
Moens, unanimously awarded. Cattleya Waroc-
queana (labiata autumnalis), from M. Warocque;
and Cypripedium Koebelini, from M. Van Imshoot.

DORYANTHES EXCELSA.— We learn that this
noble plant is now flowering for the second time in
the Trinity College Botanic Garden, Dublin. Mr.
Burbidge will have to find some other notable plant
to celebrate the tercentenary of Trinity College,
which will occur next year.

Kelway Medals for Gladiolus, P peonies,

AND PYRETHRUMS. — We are reminded by Messrs.
Kelway that five handsome and valuable Kelway
Medals may be won by amateurs in 1892, viz., four
large Silver Medals, and one large Silver-gilt. They
are given to extend the cultivation of improved
forms (of British origin) of some of the most beau-
tiful flowers which can be grown in the gardens of
the United Kingdom, and are as follows : — Mr.
James Kelway will again present the Kelway Gla-
diolus Medal (Silver) to the Royal Horticultural
Society, to be awarded by them at one of their
August meetings for the best exhibit by any amateur
of twelve varieties of British-raised Gladiolus— dis-
tinct hybrids of G. Gandavensis. Mr. William
Kelway will present the Kelway Medal (Silver-
gilt) to be awarded in the same manner at a June
meeting of the same Society for the best exhibit by
an amateur of a collection of three single and nine
double-flowered varieties of herbaceous P;eonies,
three blooms of each variety. Also the Kelway
Medal (Silver) at a June meeting for the best
exhibit by any amateur, of a collection of flowers of
six single and six double varieties of Pyrethrums,
three blooms of each variety.

Dendrobium phal/enopsis Schroderi-

ANUM. — The sale of this handsome plant, which the
importers, Messrs. F. Sander & Co., aptly term the
" Elephant Moth Dendrobe," at Messrs. Prothkroe
& Morris' rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., proved
one of the Orchid sensations of the season, as an-
nounced in the advertisement of the sale in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, October 10, p. 419. The event
brought together the finest company of buyers which
have attended for some years, and the plants of any
importance realised from three to six guineas each,
and, in a few cases, ten guineas ; while one mass
fetched twenty, and another twenty-eight guineas.
Some of the smaller bits, and unstarted plants not
potted up, and with but few leading growths, fetched
lower prices, in proportion to their quality, and the
whole, including a few lots of true old autumn-
flowering Cattleya labiata, realised between £2000
and £2100. As is always the case when a good
thing is fairly offered, everyone seemed well satisfied
both with the plants and the prices.

Ealing District Gardeners' Muiual Im-
provement SOCIETY.— On Tuesday, the 20tb, the
above-named Society organised a competition for
dinner-table decorations, when the exhibits were
staged in Prince's Hall, Ealing, and filled six tables,
all provided with a uniform arrangement, of vasep,
and laid in the same way. The decorations shown
by Mr. Hudson, of Gunnersbnrv, were composed of
growing foliaged plants, some variegated, others
green; the effect was distinct and unusual, but
somewhat sombre. Mr. Whitaker's table waB
crowded with many flowers and numbers of small
specimen vases ; Pancratiums, Gloxinias, Alla-
uiaudas, Pelargoniums, Roses, Cyclamens, and other
floweis were arranged with Fern and scraps of
Pampas-grass. On Mr. Mebidew's table, tawny and
pink flowers predominated ; pink Odontoglossums,
brownish Cypripediums, Dendrochilums, Pelargo-

niums, Primulas, and Chrysanthemums were chiefly
used. Mr. Pentney crowded his table with many small
vases and many and most varied flowers, which were
put together with imperfect attention to colouring ;
Fuchsias, Carnations, Hoyas, Abutilons, Roses,
Lilies, Primulas, Canary Creeper, and many other
flowers, were interspersed with coloured and green
foliage. Mr. Cooper employed principally Stepha-
notis, Tuberoses, Hoyas, Allamandas, Japanese
Anemones, and Salvias ; for foliage, Asparagus,
scarlet leaves ; and two varieties of grass. Mr.
Prewett, Swiss Nursery, Hammersmith, was wise
in confining himself to red, yellow, and white
flowers ; Pelargoniums, Allamandas, Eucharis, Pan-
cratiums, and Chrysanthemums, were arranged in
the tall vases, and in several small glass baskets.
Altogether, the exhibiton was a satisfactory one,
and reflects credit on the organisers.

London International Fruit Show.— As

will be seen from an announcement in another
column, it is proposed to organise a great fruit show
in London in 1892. A meeting will be held to con-
sider the project, at the Cannon Street Hotel on
Friday, October 30, at 3 p.m., when Alderman Sir
James Whitehead, Bart., will preside. This is a
matter for the Royal Horticultural Society specially
to consider, and whether the Society undertakes
the matter itself, or in co-operation with other
bodies, the Society should, as the national represen-
tative body, either take the foremost position or
none at all.

The Harveian Anniversary.— On Monday,
October 19, Dr. W. H. Dickinson delivered before
the Royal College of Physicians the annual Harveian
oration. The lecturer reminded his audience of the
importance of the famous physician's discovery,
and added that " It was not too much to say that the
medicine of to-day was scarcely less permeated with
the results of Harvey's discovery than the human
body with the circulation which he discovered."
During the afternoon, the President of the College
(Sir Andrew Clark) presented the Baly Gold Medal
for " Researches in Physiology" to Professor Foster
of Cambridge ; and the Moxon Gold Medal for
distinction in clinical medicine, especially in con-
nection with " Gout," to Sir Alfred Garrod. The
latter medal had never before been awarded.

Flowers at the World's Fair.— At this

much-talked-of exhibition, at Chicago, everything
is to be on a vast scale. It is estimated that the
total cost of the horticultural department alone will
be about £ 156,2 .30. Ten acres of ground are to be
planted, some portions with Roses, Lilies, Rhodo-
dendrons, &c. ; others with wild flowers. The num-
ber of Roses used will be about 100,000 ; there are
to be 500,000 Pansies, and unlimited numbers of
other flowers.

PROFESSOR Helmholtz — The Emperor Wil-
liam has shown his sense of the value of Herr
Hermann von Helmholtz 's work and discoveries, by
appointing him a member of the Privy Council, with
the title of Excellency. The compliment is doubly
great on account of the friendly way in which the
Emperor intimated the news to the Professor, whom
he hoped would long live to enjoy his new honours,
and benefit " Germany and the whole world."

SEEDLING TACSONIA. — Mr. Smyth recently
forwarded us a flower of a seedling Tacsonia raised
by him, as he supposes, from T. manicata. As the
resemblance is very slight, we venture to doubt this
origin. It seems to us more likely to be a seedling
from T. mixta. The leaves are divided half-way
down into three lanceolate, finely-toothed lobes,
glabrous above, downy beneath. The petiole has
about four pairs of sessile glands. The bracts form
a cylindrical sheath, 1£ inch long, and slightly downy
especially within ; the free tips of the bracts are
ovate lanceolate. The flower-tube is 3J inches long,
cylindric, slightly dilated at the base ; green, and
almost entirely glabrous. The limb of the flower is
about 3 inches across, the sepals oblong acute, aris-

tulate, keeled, green, slightly downy ; the petals as
long as the sepals, rosy-pink. The corona is very
small, of two rows of tubercles, the outer lilac, the
inner white. Ovary elliptic, downy. The plant was
grown in a 10-inch pot, plunged to the rim in a
south border against a wall, and flowered very beau-
tifully in that situation. At the approach of winter
the pot can be lifted.

Fruit Congress in Manchester.— As these

lines are passing through the Press, a great Fruit
Exhibition and Congress are in progress in Man-
chester. Some account of this will be found in our
present issue, and we shall refer again to the matter
in our next number.

Sulpho STEATITE. — This substance, which is
a mixture of sulphate of copper and silicate of
aluminium and magnesia, has been tried in the
School of Horticulture at Ghent this season, in com-
parison with the Bordeaux Mixture. The result,
according to the Lindenia, was that the one is as
efficacious as the other, and that practically it is a
case of the difficulty of selection.

Plane Trees at Ghent.— The Illustration
Horticole states that the Plane trees in the boule-
vards of that city have lost their leaves prematurely.
Red or brown streaks run parallel with the nerves.
M. De Nobele, of the School of Horticulture, has
ascertained that the trouble is due to the occurrence
of a fungus — Gkcosporium nervisequum. A 3 per
cent, solution of sulphate of copper, used in the form
of spray, is recommended.

Decorative Groups. — We understand that

Mr. Williams, gr. to S. Baeblein, Esq , of Dids-
bury, who has been a very successful exhibitor in
competitions of this nature, and who gained the
Royal Hurticultutal Society's Medal at Matlock this
year, has expressed his intention not to show in
future.

Peach Blister. — M. De la Bastie, President
of the Pomological Society of France, is said to have
prevented the occurrence of this pest by the use cf
sulphate of copper.

Vanda Sanderiana, Goldsmid's VAR.— Thi3
is by far the finest form of this noble species which
we have ever seen. It comes from Sir Julian Gold-
smid, Somerhill, Tonbridge, in whose choice collec-
tion it has just flowered. It gains at all points over
the type, viz., in size, perfect form, brightness of
colour, and effective display of the markings. The
flower is just 5 inches across at its widest, the sepals
2 inches, and the petals Ik inch in width. The
petals and upper sepal are of a bright rose colour,
with some beautiful crimson spotting and veining on
the lower halves. Almost the entire surface of the
lower sepals is heavily veined with a claret-coloured
tracery, various shades of crimson mingled with the
tawny-yellow which margins the sepals, and is visible
in the lower edges of the petals showing between the
lines. It is a common thing for anyone who flowers
a fairly good Vanda Sanderiana to fall into ecstasies
over it, and think there was never one like it before;
but Sir Julian's flower will withstand the test of
comparison, at all events, it would take an unusually
beautiful variety to beat it.

The Cheltenham Horticultural So-
ciety held Us annual dinner on the 7th inst., when
Mr. Cypher proposed success to the Society, coupling
the toast with the name of the Mayor as President
of the Society.

CHISWICK. — The ill-fortune that, so far as the
weather is concerned, attended the exhibition of
Conifers at Chiswick was, let us hope, terminated by
the destruction of one of the tents in the great gale
of October 13. As the accident did not occur till
after the close of the exhibition, the results were not
so serious as they might otherwise have been. The
Sunflowers have set in consequence of the heavy
storms to which they have been subjected, but many
of the Asters are still in full beauty, such as the
varieties known as Harpur Crew, bessarabicus, vi-
mineus, diffusus and its varieties, horizontals, and

492

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobee 24, 1891.

pendulus; the Kew form of Aster versicolor, a
charming little bush, covered with pink stand
whitears; the tall Asters Novs-Anglias rubra
and rosea, and a very fine sort with large blue
flowers, provisionally named Melpomene. It is inte-
resting to note, that in spite of the battering rain
and hail, the tuberous Begonias in the beds are,
comparatively speaking, little the worse.

ClERGNON.— The King of the Belgians, whose
interest in horticulture is well known, and whose
gardens 'at Laeken, under the superintendence of
Mr. Knight, are also well known to many of our
readers, has a fine establishment at Ciergnon, in the
Ardennes, where his majesty has been his own land-
scape gardener. In a subsequent issue we shall
publish an account of this magnificent establishment,
which the great pressure on our space forbids us
doing at present.

Ware and District HorticulturalMutual
Improvement Society.— The fortnightly meeting

of the above was held on Wednesday, the 14th inst.,
when a paper >vaB read by Mr. H. Brown, on " Exhi-
bition Onions." A discussion followed the reading
of the paper.

CAUTION. — Nurserymen should be on their
guard against the depredations of members of the
Long Firm. One man is well known to the police,
but, unfortunately, no one comes forward to pro-
secute, and consequently, as is stated in a note from
the Detective Department before us, the firm " go
on getting goods from all parts of the country."

WEDDIVQ.— The only daughter of Mr. Oliver
Goldsmith, the respected head gardener to Sir
Walter Fapquhar, Bart., Polesden, was married
on Saturday, October 17, at St. Nicolas Church,
Bookham, to Mr. Ed. Bates, of that place.

Home Correspondence.

MELON WEBB'S PRESIDENT.— I am very pleased
with this new Melon, and, notwithstanding the
already long list of varieties being cultivated, I con-
sider it a decided acquisition. It is the result of a
cross between Hero of Lockinge and Hendre Seed-
ling, both handsome, free-bearing, and high quality
varieties. The fruit attain? to a good- size under
ordinary cultivation, is oval in shape, of a deep
yellow colour, well netted, and of fine flavour, the
flesh being white, firm, and deep. The plant is
of good constitution, a good grower, showing
bloom and setting its fruit with great freedom
H. W. Ward.

CUCUMBER STOURBRIDGE GEM.— This excel-
lent Cucumber was sent out a few years ago by
Messrs. Webb & Sons. It was secured by fertilising
the flowers of Telegraph with those of the Prince of
Wales, and it partakes largely of the qualities of the
former well-known and highly reliable variety. It
is a vigorous grower and very prolific, bearing
straight, handsome, clean, and svmmetrical fruit,
from 18 inches to 24 inches in length, the flesh being
very white, crisp, and of good flavour. Stourbridge
Gem is quite as suitable for winter cultivation as it
is for summer. H. W. W.

VINES AND PEACHES IN ONE HOUSE. — It is
often asserted that Vines and Peaches cannot be
successfully cultivated in the same house, and that
many attempts to do so have ended in failure. This
is too broad an assertion to make. In a long span-
roofed vinery, which runs east and west, and which is
divided by a partition in the centre, in the gardens at
Barham House, near Newbury, there is the best
example of this kind of cultivation which I have yet
seen. The Vines, late varieties, are Lady Downes,
Gros Colmar, and Black Alicante, and they are grown
on the south side of the house; the bunches,
although not quite up to exhibition form, are useful
table samples, and had the appearance of being
capable of keeping for a long period of time. The
Peaches were Walburton's Admirable, and others,
the former bearing a capital crop at the time of my
visit; the fruits of Pine-apple and Lord Napier
Nectarines were excellent. The trees showed by
their healthy appearance, matured wood, and the

deep colour of the leaves, that the treatment they
were receiving suited their requirements, and augured
well for the future. A free system of training is
followed, and the trellis right up to the apex of the
roof in the " Paxton " houses was entirely covered
by the trees. The method of ventilation adopted in
this class of house may have had something to do
with the success, air being admitted the whole length
of the roof. Anyhow, after seeing these trees, I
shall have no hesitation in advising others to follow
the plan of combining Vines and Peaches, but I
would advise that the trees be planted where only
late varieties of grapes are grown, the tempera-
ture needed for late Vines in the spring being more
agreeable to the Peach and Nectarine trees. E.

LILIES IN 1891 AT OAKWOOD.— I send my usual
autumnal note on the blooming of my Lilies in the
past season. Lilium Hansoni, L. Leichtlinii, L.
odorum japonicum, the Lily sold as the new red
form of L. Leichtlinii, but which seems to me to be
the old L. tigrinum jucundum, L. pardalinum and
its varieties, L. Browni, L. superbum, L. giganteum,
L. cordifolium, and L. tigrinum splendens were all
very fine, L. auratum rubro-vittatum, and some L.
auratum macranthum, and especially one coloured
like L. a. pictum, were especially good. L. can-
didum simplex, only moderate ; L. auratum suffered
a good deal, first from the hail showers bruising the
buds, afterwards from the cold heavy showers aud
high winds; and individual plants had fine flowers,
but the most of the plants had enough damaged
buds or flowers to disfigure them. This unkindly
season gave a good lesson as to the difficulty of
growing L. auratum in cold damp climates. L. spe-
ciosum and varieties varied much. Our finest flowers
were on plants high up on the " mountain " at Oak-
wood, where the air about them was dry,
and in a sunk tub with the bottom out at
the entrance gate at Heatherbank, where they
are 'sheltered by shrubs from the sun, bat ex-
posed to much wind ; these are still in great beauty.
In some damp quite sheltered places at Oakwood
these Lilies bloomed well, but in damp exposed
places many of the flowers were spoilt. This was
our first year of growing L. odorum japonicum ; it
flowered well out-of-doors, and had a sweet scent, the
back of the flowers had a dark shade, but not the rich
dark colour of L. Browni — those grown in our Lily-
house were pure white and the scent delightful. If
they stand out of doors as well as L. Browni, and we
have planted them in different situations to ascertain
this point, I think that they will deserve to be more
generally grown. Many experienced gardeners have
seen our plan of growing Lilies, when exposed to
tree and shrub roots, in such casks with the bottoms
out, and approved of it. I had lately a pleasant criticism
on Oakwood, a first-class amateur lady gardener
owning a beautiful garden, after having carefully
looked over our plants, said, " I hardly know what
this place should be called — it isn't a garden." I
agreed it was not a garden. She then said, " It is
a place where plants from all parts of the world
grow wild." This is exactly what I am aiming at,
and if any success has been scored, it is in great
part due to friends in many countries having helped
with seeds and plants. George F. Wilson.

WALNUT TREE FRUIT FAILURE.— In regard to
" F. M.'s " note in last week's issue of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, respecting the failure of his Walnut tree
to ripen its fruits, notwithstanding the healthiness
and vigour of its branches and leaves, my opinion
of the matter is, that probably this may arise from
the lack of phosphoric acid in the soil. We know
that this element is an important factor in seed
formation, and that Walnuts especially are greatly
dependent upon an available supply of this sub-
stance in the soil, which, in the case in question, may
have become practically exhausted. From some
recent investigations which have been made, it
seems that as the season of the year advances, there
is a retrograde movement of the phosphoric acid of
the leaf to other parts of the tree ; and as the seed
is well known to contain a relatively large quantity
of this acid, we may legitimately be allowed to
think that the food elaborated in the leaf, when in
sufficient available amount, finds its way into the
fruit, and thus assists in its development and matura-
tion. Remedy:— As a remedial measure, it might
be advisable to apply a dressing of 3 or 4 lb. of
superphosphate of lime, and the same weight of
kainit salts ; or if the soil or subsoil is not of a
chalky nature, then 6 or 8 lb. of basic slag may be
used instead of the superphosphate, with 3 lb. of
kainit salts. This should be sown broadcast around

the tree over an area of about 2 poles of ground, and
dug in during the present autumn. J. J. Willis,
Harpenden.

CONING OF CEDRUS DEODARA.— I am pleased
to be able to add to the list you have given in the
Gardeners' Chronicle of trees of the above-named
Conifer coning this year, one which is growing
here. This tree, which, without searching, I see is
bearing four cones, equal in size to the one figured
in your journal of October 10, p. 423. There are
also on the same tree scores of male catkins yet un-
ripe, and this same tree bore male catkins thirty
years ago, and on several occasions since, but never
to my knowledge bore a female cona before. Several
trees of this Conifer on the grounds here in less
exposed situations, and of the same age, died one
after another. They appear to enjoy plenty of air —
in fact, this seems necessary for them, if not too
much exposed. Henry Mills, Enys, Penryn, Cornwall.

FIGS FROM THE OPEN WALL.— I send you three
Figs gathered from the open wall, and grown with-
out any protection whatever. The size of the fruits
this year is but little more than half what is usual.
Although there is a very heavy crop, I do not expect
many more will ripen after this time. Considering
the cold, sunless, and wet season we have experienced
here, it is remarkable ; during July alone we had a
rainfall of 6 50 inches, and August was but very little
less. It may interest some of your readers to know
what can be grown in the far north within a mile of
the Moray Firth, and only 100 feet above the sea-
level. Peaches, as a rule, do well outside, but this
season the blossom had a very trying time to come
through, as the weather in the mouth of March was
very severe here this year ; the biting wind at that
season is our worst part of the year. J. F. Smith.
Cullen House Gardens, N.B. [The Figs were won-
derfully fine examples to be grown on the open wall
so far north. We doubt if they would have ripened
so well in the neighbourhood of London. Ed ]

JOHN DOWNIE CRAB. — I wa3 pleased to see a
notice, in your issue of the 10th inst., of a descrip-
tion of the ornamental Crab, John Downie. This
is a variety of Crab which deserves to be better
known than it is at present, aud it undoubtedly will
become a great favourite with planters. Five years
ago I obtained six healthy, well-grown trees from
Mr. Downie's nursery, in Edinburgh, and planted
them in the orchard among the Apple trees, and
they bore a very heavy crop of yellow-skinned fruit.
I took the trees from the orchard, and planted them
as ornamental specimens, and they were this season
perfect pictures in the spring and autumn. It is a
tree that grows vigorously and flowers profusely. It is,
like most of the Crabs, not particular as to soil, situa-
tion, or aspect, but it certainly dislikes the too great
use of the knife ; a careful thinning out each winter,
where the young shoots crowd each other, and
balancing the growth, are all that is needed. The
fruit makes a good preserve. M.

SUBJECTS OF STUDY FOR GARDENERS.— The
correspondence on this subject is a promising sign.
There have been similar signs before, but after the
appearance of some letters in the gardening Press
the subject has lapsed, and no definite steps have been
taken. It ought not to be too much to hope that some-
thing, however small, should result from the present
discussion, and an earnest endeavour made to satisfy a
need which undoubtedly exists. As Mr. F. W.
Burbidge points out in his letter, " it would be a fine
opportunity for the Royal Horticultural Society for
promoting a forward movement in gardening, and
fostering unity amongst the craft, which would
realise splendid results ; the Society receiving the
gratitude of gardeners." There is now, as ever,
need for improvement, so that the younger generation
may keep abreast of the times, and the higher the
standard is fixed the better for them ; and if horti-
culture is to advance, the leading workers must add
largely to their knowledge. It rests with young
gardeners of the present what the future of horti-
culture in this country shall be — the outlook is not
discouraging. The subjects for thought are many.
Essentials, such as good writing, grammar, and con-
versation are worthy of acquirement ; and a know-
ledge of the structure of plants, and the chemistry of
soils would be of great advantage to all. Other subjects
are a knowledge of the French or German languages,
and shorthand ; and not to ignore the artistic side of
life, drawing and music should be included. But the
desire to acquire knowledge often exists where the
facilities for learning are wanting, and in the remote
localities this, j? commonly the case, and as a coni

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

493

sequence interest in higher attainments gradually
dies out finally. We owe much to the gardening
Press of this country, but it does not provide in a
satisfactory manner for the needs of the younger
gardeners. If a page were set apart for contribu-
tions by them, and articles inserted regularly on a
variety of topics by the best writers, it would be
received with delight. Will editors do this? The
idea is worthy of serious consideration. Fred.
E. Swan, Envitle Gardens, near Stourbridge. [Our
young friend's letter, like others that we have received
on the same subject, exhibits the common short-
comings of the school teaching of this country, and
points to the need that exists for a better and
clearer knowledge of the English language, and for
clear thinking and intelligible composition, be-
fore any of those other subjects which he deems
necessary to complete a gardener's education are
tackled. Ed]

I felt very much interested lately in the

note by " W. L.," p. 432, of this journal, and
should like to find in every number of any
horticultural paper an article on botany, for I
think that the horticultural papers ought to be
interesting, not only for the older gardeners, but
for the younger men. As for Mr. Burbidge's
note in last week's issue, 1 fail to see how
his advice can be termed practical as regards the
majority of us young gardeners. As a rule, young
gardeners have not much money at their disposal,
and where there is no other source than the wages
they get, there is a very poor chance for them of
possessing many scientific works. Nor has their
profession much encouragement to otter, even should
they be able to scrape the necessary sum of money
together. What is to become of them after all ? I
have amongst my acquaintances here young gar-
deners employed, much against their will, as Cucum-
ber growers. They have served an apprenticeship in
really good establishments, but are obliged to follow
this branch of our trade for the want of something
more interesting or better. Suppose, now, the gar-
dener, possessed of all this scientific knowledge, has to
slave, lor the sake of a living, from 6 a.m. till 8 p si.
in Cucumber or Tomato- houses ; or, perhaps, chances
to be engaged as a single-handed gardener, if
lie is married and without encumbrance, provided
he can milk a cow, and does not object to a little house-
work, would it not make those men feel their
poor condition and prospects much keener if they
had studied the books mentioned by Mr. Burbidge?
J. J. ft, Ponders End.

THE JAMES GRIEVE APPLE. — 111 your issue of
October 17, I note that the Scottish Horticultural
Association has awarded this (in my opinion) grand
new Apple a Certificate. We had from the raisers,
the Messrs. Dickson & Co., of Edinburgh, two young
bushes three years ago, and I have been so pleased
with them, that I wish that many more had been
planted. It is a free grower, and has borne ex-
cellent crops for two years running. By same post
I send you a couple of fruits for jour opinion.
J. Jeffrey, Caeersham Park. [An autumn fruit, of
good appearance, and first-rate quality tor cooking
purposes; height 2j inches ; width, 3 inches; colour,
yellow, with crimson flush and streaks on the sunny
side. Ed.]

HARDY PERENNIALS.— The present question is
not botanical— it is purely horticultural. By that, I
mean, I look at it from a gardening point of view ;
so, I am afraid, I cannot accept your answers to my
questions. Now, as regards bulbs, one of our oldest
and most respected judges. Mr. T. Baines ([ hope he
will pardon me for introducing his name into this
discussion), has, I am informed, expressed his
opinion that what is not excluded from a schedule,
is included. This opinion I have heard endorsed by
several other good judges, and I am quite prepared
to accept it. Now, nothing was said about bulbs in
the Boyal Horticultural Society's schedule ; it was
only stipulated that Sunflowers and Asters were to
be represented. Consequently, I maintain that I was
quite within my rights in showing cut blooms from
a bulbous plant; and let me ask if the society's
judges propose to make it a rule to exclude bulbous
plants, why were the prizes awarded at the
July meeting ? We nearly all showed Liliums, and
nothing was said about it. Again, looking at local
shows, nearly every other box exhibited by cot-
tagers contains spikes of that grand old Lily, L.
candidum, of which one can hardly say too much,
especially as a cottager's plant. I think you will
admit that this is hardy, and as it throws up its
glorious spikes of flower year after year, I fail to
see how, from a gardening point of view, it must

not be considered perennial, and there will be end-
less trouble if they are to be disqualified at our
Bmaller exhibitions. Now, as regards Pentstemons ;
you refer me to Nicholson's Dictionary. I accept
it. Kindly look at p. 71, at the end of paragraph 2,
you will find — "The best plan is to insert cuttings
annually, and preserve stocks in a cold frame. If
any old plants are to be kept outside, they should
be covered with ashes." You were kind enough to
say that I am qualified to liame a definition of a
hardy perennial ; a plant of this description is, in
my opinion, a long way from it. I am quite aware
that there are hardy species of Pentstemons, but we
are now considering the named varieties usually
grown in gardens, most of which, I believe, originate
in France. I have informed my gardener that I
consider he fairly won his prize, and shall pay him
his prize-money, and as I consider the matter ought
to be definitely settled, I propose to bring it before the
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society. W. Mar-
shall. [There is so much to be said on either side of
the question, and judges of equal standing and com-
petence oiler such conflicting opinions, that we are
glad our correspondent intends to bring the matter
before the Council of the Royal Horticultural
Society. Awaiting their decision, we hold that it
is not expedient as a matter of horticultural proce-
dure, entirely apart from botanical considerations,
to mix up bulbs with hardy perennials. Ed.]

THE TEDWORTH GLASS-HOUSE. — I was very
much interested with the account given in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, October 17, ot the great glass-
house of Tedworth Park, which was afterwards re-
moved to Southbourne-on-Sea near Bournemouth,
The estate forming this new district was purchased by
T. A. Compton, Esq , includes nearly one mile of
foreshore, and is very pleasant'y situated, having good
views of the Isle of Wight and the Needles. The above
great conservatory, with large pleasure grounds formed
around, was afterwards called the Winter Gardens,
Southbourne-on-Sea. I was manager there for four
years ; while there I remodelled the heating of this
large house, taking out the four old saddle-boilers
which did the work very badly, and using instead one
of Week's large Duplex Tubular Boilers which did
the work in a very satisfactory manner, heating eight
rows ol 4-inch piping, altogether about 2.~>S4 leet. I
also brought the healing of all the smaller plant
houses under one boiler instead of three as before.
While at Southbourne I had what, I suppose, has
never been attempted since, a Chrysanthemum show
consisting of 5000 plants, all grown at the Winter
Gardens. I herewith send a photograph of the con-
servatory as it appeared in winter ; its length, as
erected at Southbourne-on-Sea, was 323 feet, or
nearly 108 yards, and a width of 40 feet. W. Bailey,
Superintendent, Southwark Park, S.E.

Scotland.

SPLITTING OF PEACHES AND
NECTARINES.

The causes of splitting and decaying of stones in
Peaches and Nectarines is often attributed to over-
watering ; but, judging from many instances, where
the evil has shown itself in its worst form, it may be
fairly said that injudicious application of water is
productive of the evil, especially to gross-growing
trees, when the fruit is ripening; and on well-
trained borders, too, there is no exception. Often,
at Btoning-time, trees under glass are allowed to get
dry (outside, the roots have to take what the elements
supply), and when the crop is considered sale, and
about to swell into the ripening stage, a good soaking
of water is given to the roots, and the syringe is
freely applied when the house is shut up with strong
heat. The sudden reaction is more than the elas-
ticity of the fruit can stand (many varieties, at
least), and it is bound to give way at the stone or in
the flesh. Dryness at the roots of Melons, Grapes,
and other fruits, which causes the skin to become
brittle, succeeded by a moist atmosphere, is sure to
be running a risk of having cracked fruit.

It is well known how liable to crack the Stanwick
and Victoria Nectarines are ; but if kept in good
healthy action at the roots till stoning is completed,
and a dry bracing atmosphere, night and day, during
the ripening period, little difficulty need be feared
from cracking or stone-splitting. Stone fruits gene-

rally suffer more from lack of moisture at the roots
(especially on thoroughly-drained borders) than from
too much water. T. C. H.

The Hobticultore Class, Heriot-Watt College?,
Edinburgh.
The class for tuition in the technology of horti-
culture, which was opened in 1888 in connection
with the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, and was
continued the following year, but lapsed for lack of
interest, is again re-opened under, we hope, more
favourable circumstances. The introductory lecture
for the session 1801-2 was delivered by the lecturer,
Dr. J. H. Wilson, on the 10th inst., the subject
being, " A Gardener's Training."

The lecturer held, that the education of a gardener
in these days should be, like that of others, as good,
full, and thorough as it is possible to be. In order
to advance his own position, or contribute to the
advancement of his profession, he must be superior
in education. In general, the definition of a gar-
dener's education might be put into two propositions
— (1) mental training, to be derived from books,
lectures, classes, mutual improvement societies, and
the like; and (2) manual training, to be derived
from the practice of his professional duties. The
lecturer then described in detail the various subjects
in the prosecution of mental training which gar-
deners should give their attention to. The array of
subjects was apt to perplex and dishearten the
beginner; but if he would bear in mind that the
"world of books " contains in the main the same
facts, more or less differently expressed by different
authors, he would cease to despair. After a
thorough grounding in the three " R's," the gar-
dener-student was recommended to give his atten-
tion to pen-and-pencil sketching, free-hand geometrical
drawing, and botanical drawing; a systematic, study
of the mother-tongue, particularly with regard to
acquiring an easy and clear style of expression by
the study of masters of composition, rather than the
hard and fast rules of grammar; Latin sufficient, at
least, to enable the student to appreciate the mean-
ing of plant names. Botany and horticulture being
indissolubly connected, the gardener-student should
inquire particularly into the structure and phy-
siology ot plants, and all that relates to the fertili-
sation of flowers, improvement of crops, &e. In
short, a very thorough curriculum was laid out for
the gardener-student ; and the syllabus of the class
for the session just opened will aid all who attend
in acquiring a knowledge of some of the subjects
indicated in the lecture. The following is the syl-
labus for the session : — Good and Bad Soils: the
plants which grow on them naturally ; the effects
of cultivation on the soil and on the plant.
The Introduction and "Acclimatisation " of Exotics.
Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers : the history,
uses and peculiarities of varieties usually grown.
A Flowering Plant : its structure and life history ;
conditions conducive to healthy growth ; natural
and artificial regeneration of soil ; diseases of garden
crops ; methods of prevention and cure ; choice of
site for a garden. The Physiography and Cli-
matology of the Garden. Landscape Gardening: its
various schools. Land Surveying. The Application
of Geometry, Mensuration, and Levelling in the
Laying-out of Grounds. Hothouses : their design,
construction, and uses ; heating and ventilating.
Culture of Culinary Vegetables: growing for market.
Culture of Fruits: pruning, thinning, and training.
Culture of Herbaceous and Pot Plants : principle of
propagation ; cuttings, layers, and grafts ; sports.
The Fertilisation of Flowers. The Reproduction of
Ferns and Selaginellas. The Improvement of Plants
by Hybridisation and Selection. A Review of the
Progress of Horticulture. Horticulture as a Re-
creation. Town Gardens. School Gardens.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS ABOUT

LONDON.

The Parks.— The London County Council have

ample cause to be proud of the remarkably fine

exhibitions of Chrysanthemums of the best varie-

494

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 24, 1891.

ties which the various park superintendents have
provided for the delectation of the masses this
autumn. As evidence of the interest which the
people take in these displays, it is worthy of
mention that in the respective parks in which the
shows were ready— Battersea and Southwark, espe-
cially—the houses were literally crammed during
Sunday last, several thousands of persons visiting
each place. Higher reward for the County Council,
or those whose skill has furnished these charming
exhibitions, could hardly be conceived. How truly
in flower-love do we find that one touch of Nature
which makes the whole world kin.

Finsbury Pari.— Visitors to this northern lung of
the metropolis, alighting at the railway station, will
do well to take a tram to the upper gates, as the
Chrysanthemum-house is near that inlet. This is a
structure of 100 feet in length, and 18 feet broad,
has boarded sides, and a glass roof. The plants are
ranged in double-fronted fashion right down the
centre, with a narrow footway on either side. Due,
perhaps, to the greater elevation of Finsbury Park,
Mr. Mardlin's flowers are rather earlier than else-
where, and some few show the effects of the recent
damp weather. Here the show will be at its best
about the 30th. All the Iplants are in fine foliage,
and very neatly arranged, and can hardly be less than
1500 in number. A quantity of Pompons face the
slopes, and thus hide what otherwise would be
unsightly pots and stems. Japanese forms are, of
course, chiefly grown. These are the favourite
flowers of the public, whilst there are some good
incurved also. Of these the new M. A. Brahaut is
finely shown, and there are also Mr. Bunn, Prince
of Wales, White and Golden Beverley, Jeanne
dArc, G. Glenny, and others. Of Japanese very
good are Elaine, Avalanche, Stanstead White,
Thunberg, Gorgeous, Criterion, Princess Beatrice,
Mons. II. Jacotot, Mr. W. Holmes, very beautiiul ;
James Salter, Macaulay, Eynsford White, Margot,
Madame B. Pigny, Comte de Germiny, Stanstead
Surprise, Mons. Tarin, generally excellent ; Phcebus,
Madame De Levin, Viviand Morel, M. Bredemeier,
and the large Etoile de Lyon. That charming early
Pompon, Madame Elise Dordan, is also exceedingly
beautiful.

Victoria Park. — Here the Chrysanthemum-house
is fully a mile and a half from the station of this
name, and is much nearer to the Cambridge Heath
Station of the Great Eastern Railway. The house
is again a span 1U0 feet long, but fully 25 feet wide,
making a tine expanse. Then the foot-way in this
case runs down the centre, a straight line being of
necessity kept because somewhat foolishly the heat-
ing pipes are laid low beneath the iron grating, and
might almost as well for the drying of the air of the
house, not be there at all. Here Mr. Gibson's able
grower, Mr. Large, has marshalled, in rich array, some
2000 well-grown plants, these banks also being
fronted with dwarf Pompons. In about ten days
this house will make a glorious show, probably by far
the best of its kind in London, for the banks of
flowers slope fully 10 feet on either side. Here
again the " fops," as they are tersely termed, are in
the ascendant, and includes both the hirsute varieties,
Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, very good, but much better
still is Louis Boehmer, the pink variety, which is so
much more robuBt. Also Etoile de Lyon, E. Moly-
neux, Mons. II. Jacotot, very fine, Elaine, Avalanche,
Criterion, Mr. W. Holmes, Mons. Tarin, Lady Sel-
borne, Jeanne Marty (Anemone), Joseph Mahood,
Grandiflorum, Hamlet, Madame de Sevin, Stanstead
Surprise, Lady Lawrence, Glorie de Bocher, rich
chestnut; E. Audiguier, and Bouquet Fait. Of in-
curved, the best are Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred,
very fine ; White and Golden Beverley, Mr. Cobay,
St. Patrick, Queen of England, Novelty, Lord
Wolseley, and Miss Hope. Madame Elise Dordan
is also very prominent here. Later, very many more
fine varieties will be in bloom. The show was open
only on the morning of our visit, October 20, and
will keep gay for about six weeks.

Southwark Park is best reached from Deptford
Road Station of the District Railway, which is about

half a mile from the site of the Chrysanthemum
house. The structure is about 60 feet by 25 feet, a
broad span, which enables Mr. Franshaw, who grows
for Mr. Bush, the park superintendent, to group his
plants in the centre and sides; so that the arrange-
ment differs from the other paik displays. Then he
has also furnished some elevations and undulations
in his grouping, which is in that respect also the
most artistic. Generally the plants, as elsewhere, are
wonderfully well leaved, and country growers, who
make so much of their cultivation, would be sur-
prised to note how, under conditions of atmosphere
of the most trying kind, these London growers turn
out such capital plants and blooms. Here, of
Japanese varieties, Mr. W. Holmes was abundant, and
very beautiful. No finer memorial to the former
secretary of the National Chrysanthemum Society
could have been created than is this remarkably
fine variety ; also good are E. Molyneux, M. Plan -
chenau, Phoebus, Orientale, Bertier Rendatler,
Mrs. J. Wright, Ada Spaulding, Telephone,
Florence Piercey, Avalanche, La Triomphante, Fair
Maid of Guernsey, Lady Selborne, and a rich dark
variety, Mrs. C. Wheeler. Of incurved forms, excel-
lent are Mr. Cobay, Golden Beverley, Prince of
Wales, H. Shoesmith, Princess of Wales, Mr. Bunn,
Golden George Glenny, and Refulgens. The collec-
tion will be at its best in a week or ten days.

Battersea Park.— Somewhat less than one mile
from the Battersea Park Station of the London and
Brighton Railway, and located in one of the large
glass-houses of the reserve garden, is the display of
Chrysanthemums. The house is 120 feet long and
10 feet wide, presenting a single bank of remarkably
bright-coloured flowers, though not yet at their best.
The superintendent and grower have done their work
well, and large numbers of visitors will see the show
during the next few weeks. Although numerous
announcements as to the locale of the show, and its
existence, are sadly needed about the park— and are,
indeed, wanting in all the parks. Here, of incurved
varieties, not many yet were in bloom, the best being
Mr. Bunn, Jeanne dArc, Mr. Cobay, Prince of Wales,
and Queen of England. Of Japanese forms, Mr.
W. Holmes was again very prominent, for, beyond
being a beautiful flower, it is an October bloomer, also
Mdlle. M6lanie Fabre, President Hyde, Sarah Owen,
John Salter, Flamme de Punch, Mdlle. Lacroix,
Grandiflorum, Duke of Berwick, Hiver Fleuii,
Phuibus, J. R. Pearson, M. H. Jacotot, Avalanche,
and Dormillon are a few of the best fully open.
Amongst Pompons, Madame Elise Dordan is here, as
elsewhere, very prominent. Possibly in the grouping
of so large a mass of plants, some stiffness or formality
is unavoidable. It would much enhance the beauty
of the collection could some variations of arrange-
ment be introduced. Some more complete system
of naming is generally desirable also, as it is evident
that myriads of the working-class visitors take the
keenest interest in the varieties, and like to learn
their appellations.

The Inner Temple. — This year visitors to the
gardens of the Inner Temple will find the
autumn flower nicely accommodated in a house
worthy of herself, and in which there is plenty
of light — such, indeed, as is vouchsafed us
at this season — and where, while we admire
the beauties inside the house, the outside mois-
ture does not trickle down the nape of our neck
from innumerable crevices in the roof, as of
yore. There is one improvement more which
we may hope for, and that is, a stage of
three or four steps, commencing at, say, 6 inches
from the ground, where Mr. Newton could arrange
his plants in bank-like form, if he so choose,
without the need there is now of putting 8-feet
high stilts on his back-row plants, and nicely-graded
lower ones on the others. We may live yet to see
his plants of more moderate height, and furnished
with nice green leaves down to the rim of the pots.
It would really not be too much to hope for now
that he is our " only Chrysanthemum grower " about
the Temple. The collection is rich in good
novelties, of the Japanese forms chiefly ; indeed,

the space at command does not admit of the
presence of inferior varieties. We noted flowers
of the rich chestnut-crimson coloured Edwin
Molyneux, a good mid-season moderately dwarf
variety ; the rosy-carmine Madame J. Laing,
with florets just a little twisted and inclined
to incurve, it is also a dwarfish variety ; Mr. W.
Walter, of rich purplish-chocolate, also twisted in
its florets, and with an inward inclination; the
American acquisition, Ada Spaulding, lower half
rose shading off to white, the upper side of the florets
silvery-white — a large striking flower, it would be
classed as a Japanese incurved ; the silvery-rose
Exposition de Troyes ; Madame de Sevin, a rosy-purple
reflexed Japanese ; Robert Cannell, a crimson and yel-
low incurved flower ; Condor, Mons. W. Holmes, rich
chestnut-red inclining to crimson, with yellow tips
to the florets — a beautiful early flower ; and Jeanne
Martty, Japanese Anemone. Others of merit were
Louis Boehmer, Marsa, Sarah Owen, Alberic Lunden,
W. Stevens, Stanstead Surprise, and Mdlle. Elise
Dordan, an exquisitely quilled pink Pompon which
everyone should possess.

Societies.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Floral Committee.

October 14. — At a meeting held at the Royal
Aquarium on the above date, a large number of
ne.v flowers was staged, blooms of the fiue new
incurved variety, M. A. Brahaut, being numerous.
The Floral Committee award but one Certificate to
a variety, and they select the blooms which show the
highest state of development. On this occasion this
fine variety was submitted by about one dozen
growers, and the best blooms beiDg those sent by
Mr. H. Shoesmith, Shirley, Croydon, the Certificate
was awarded to him. This novelty is of the Queen
type, large, full, broad-petalled, and finely incurved ;
the surface colour bright crimson- chestnut, with a
silvery salmon-lilac on the reverse side.

.Mr. William Wells, nurseryman, Earlswood, sent
Kate Wells, dull red, tipped with gold, like a
small reflexed bloom, and promising to make an
acceptable decorative variety. Mr. C. Buck, gr. to
M. R. Smith, Esq., Trie Warren, Hayes Common,
sent a sport from the Japanese Carew Underwcod,
which the committee did not think to be sulliciei tly
distinct from that variety. Mr. C. Cox, The
Grange, Beckendon, Hertford, sent Japanese Jules
Toussaint, reddish orange-brown, with silvery reverse,
in the way of Madame C. Audiguier ; and Japanese
Secretaire General Cassagneau, a large blush variety
— pretty, but inclined to be a flower a little coarse.
From Mr. E. Rowbottom came the new American
Japanese W. Tricker, delicate rose — a large, full,
well-incurved flower, of great beauty, a kind of pale
Mons. Freeman, yet quite distinct (First-class Cer-
tificate). Mr. P. Blair, The Gardens, Trentham,
Staffordshire, sent six very fine and beautifullj-
finished blooms of Bouquet de Dame, a large and full
flower in the way of Avalanche, but distinct from
that variety, and of a pure white (First-class
Certificate).

Mr. H, J. Jones, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham,
sent a number of new varieties, including Hetty
Dean, a white sport from President Hyde, and
resembling a white Cullingfordii ; Japanese Madame
de Croisilles, orange-cense and crimson; M. J.
Moulins, bright rosy-red — very pretty in colour,
thread-like petals, distinct, very free (Commended
as a decorative variety) ; Pompon M. A. Herlant,
small, orange-brown — very compact ; M. Ulrich
Brunner, a bright claret-coloured Japanese, flushed
with crimson, Commended for its colour, being very
bright and effective ; and Madame Greame, a small
white Japanese.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, nurserymen, Swanley,
had M. R. Bahaunt, W. Tricker, M. Harry Laing
(Japanese), lilac-pink, very bright, compact flowers;
Rose Laing, wine-crimson, tipped with gold ; Miss
Stevens, a bluish-pink Japanese, Certijcated some
time ago ; Elliott F. Shephard, Japanese, a very
fine broad-petalled yellow, commended for its
colcur; and Madame Mezard, a fine delicate blush
Japanese — Commended.

Mr. C. Beckett, The Gardens, Aldenham House,
Elstree, sent two very fine and distinct Japanese,
viz., Edwin Beckett, a very fine deep yellow variety,

October 24, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

495

of great substance and finish ; and Miss E. Beckett, a
very fine, pure white flower, broad in the petal, and
of handsome shape; both awarded First-class
Certificates.

From Mr. N. Davis, Lilford Road Nursery, Cam-
berwell, came Pompon Souvenir de Leonie Ferie,
deep golden-buff, very handsome (first-class Certi-
ficate) ; and Pompon Vicomte Cliquot, which opens
orange-red, and turns to a bright golden-buff, very
handsome (First-class Certificate). Mr. R. Owen,
Floral Nursery, Maidenhead, also had this variety in
fine condition, and was awarded a First-class Certi-
ficate also. Mr. Owen, in addition, staged a number
of new varieties, including reflexed Superbum, a
golden Madame Desgranges, Japanese G. C.
Schwabe, 'in the way of Bertier Rendatler; J. A.
Nicholson, a promising cerise-coloured variety,
which the Committee requested to see again, as well
as Australia, deep gold, broad petalled ; and Gold-
mine, apricot gold, which was a decorative variety,
the Committee wished to see a plant of this again.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Stanstead Park Nur-
series, Forest Hill, had double Begonias, Laing's
Picotee, white, with a Picotee edge of bright car-
mine ; and Mrs. R. Dean, deep rose, both awarded
First- class Certificates; and the same award was
made to Mr. M. Pritchard, Riverslea Nursery, South-
bourne, Hants, for Shortia galacifolia, with very
handsome claret-coloured foliaged ; and Veronica
cupressoides, a small compact growing hardy ever-
green species, well adapted for rockwork.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

The Fifth Anniversary Dinner of this society took
place at the Cannon Street Hotel on the 15th inst.,
H. .1. Veitc'n, Esq., presiding, in the unavoidable
absence of Mr. George Dickson, who was prevented
from being present through domestic affliction.
Among the principal guests were Messrs. N. Sher-
wood, \V. II. Protheroe, Rider, A. Veitch, J. Laing,
T. Manning, 11. Turner, Futze, J. Cheal, Baker, &c.
In proposing the toast of the evening, '"The United
Horticultural Provident and Benefit Society," the
chairman alluded to the death of Mr, E. R. Cutler,
the last chairman, and also of the appointed chair-
man, Mr. Cavendish, and he was sure the sympathy
ol all present would go out to Mr. George Dickson
under the affliction he was experiencing. He stated
that the society was founded in 1865, Messrs. Rhodes,
Heale, and Baker being the founders. Mr. Cole, who
was very early associated with the society, was
present that evening, and Messrs. Joseph Wheeler
and James George, two of the trustees ; and though
associated so long with the society, not one of them
had ever received anything from its funds. The
progress of the society had been quiet, but it had done
good and select work. In 1885, the annual dinner
was instituted, and that was the means of calling
ttention to the society, and gaining accessions
of members. In 1883 there were scan e'.y 1U0
members, and a very few honorary members ; in
1887 there were 213 ordinary and 12 honorary
members; and at the present time they had 410
members and 53 honorary ones. As many as (59
had joined during the present year; the largest
number that had ever joined in one year. Members
were admitted between the ages of 18 and 25 ; there
were two scales of subscriptions— one of dd. per
week, 16s. per week being allowed in sickness; and
(W. per week, the sum of 10s. 6i/. being the allowance
in sickness. Sick members received full pay for a
period of 26 weeks, and half-pay for the same time
if they continued ill. To show the value of the
Benevolent Fund, he might say that the Committee
had voted the sum of £20 to a member who had
been ill a year, to start him in a small business.
After enlarging upon the benefits members received
from being connected with the Society, the chairman
said its business was transacted at a cost of only £60
annually, and this included £20 paid to the secretary.
He thought it to be the most economically ad-
ministered society of its kind. The chairman
brought his speech to a close by announcing that
Mr. Geo. Dickson had sent a donation of £10 10s.
from his firm, and would become a honorary member ;
also that Messrs. W. H. Protheroe, Ryder, and II. J.
Cutbush would become honorary members also ; Mr.
Nathan Cole replied on behalf of the Society. In
proposing the honorary and life members, Mr. J
Hudson, the treasurer, gave some interesting details,
showing the prosperous condition of the Society.

In proposing the health of the chairman, Mr. N.
Sherwood, after paying a high tribute to the interest
shown by Mr. Veitch and his firm in the charitable

societies connected with gardeners, alluded to the
convalescent fund for providing a convalescent home
at some sea-side place, said he would subscribe a
sum of £15 to the fund, and make three members
of his family annual subscribers of 1 guinea each per
annum.

The Chairman had a most gratifying reception
when he rose to respond to the toast of his health,
and said that what he was, was owing entirely to
the admirable training he received under his grand-
father and father. He would follow the example of
Mr. Sherwood, and subscribe the sum of £25 to the
Convalescent Fund, having no children of his own
to make members.

The toast of " the kindred societies," proposed by
Mr. R. Dean, was responded to by Mr. G. J. Ingram,
the Secretary of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent
Institution. The tables were charmingly decorated
by Mr. J. R. Chard, and an excellent dessert was
provided by members of the Society and others.

MANCHESTER ROYAL BOTANICAL
AND HORTICULTURAL.

Oct. 20. — Manchester has done well in providing
in her magnificent Town Hall a show of hardy fruits
worthy of her best horticultural traditions. It does
seem as if a great portion of the kingdom had been
laid under contribution in order to provide illustra-
tions for the Fruit Conference to be held to-day and
to-morrow.

There were Apples and Pears from North
Yorkshire, Durham, Lancashire, Cheshire, and
Derbyshire; from Herefordshire, Worcestershire,
Somersetshire, Sussex, Berks, Middlesex, Bucks,
and, not least, Kent, and so the Manchester
folk were able to see fruit from all the
best fruit-growing districts of the kingdom.
The Queen was also represented, by Mr. Thomas
sending from Frogmore 250 dishes of superb
Apples and Peats, including some seedlings. A
like number of dishes were sent by Messrs. James
Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, from their nurseries at
Slough and Fulham ; and these, with a collection of
some eighty dishes from Dicksons, Limited, Chester,
filled the spacious reception-room. In the ante-
room were collections from Messrs. Caldwell & Sons,
nurserymen, Knutsford, and Mr. Watkins, Pomona
Farm, Withington, Hereford, who sent a collection
of Cider Apples.

Across the corridor is the Town Hall, and here
were set forth the competitive classes. Broad stag»s
running down the centre, and lining the sides, were
laden with Apples, Pears, and Grapes ; in front of
the orchestra Mr. Samuel Barlow, Stakehill, had a
line of small bush Apples on the Paradise stock, such
as one could easily carry in their hand, but all bearing
fruit from three or four to seven and eight ; and in
front of these was a line of superb Grapes, with
plates of Tomatos forming a front line.

Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester, had a large
collection of Apples and Pears, and Mr. W. Crump,
Madresfield Court, sent some very fine Pears and
Apples, the latter richly ci loured. Mr. J. Clarke,
Albion Nursery, Farnham, Surrey, had a collection
of well coloured Grapes grown under glass without
fire-heat. Alicante, Lady Downes, Muscat of Alex-
andria, Gros Maroc, &c, for these an extra prize was
awarded the exhibitor.

The best collection of eighty dishes was
from Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone. They
were splendid, the best collection we have seen
set up this season. Mr. J. Watkins took the 2nd
prize with a very good collection also, and Messrs. J.
Cheal & Son, Nurserymen, Crawley, the 3rd.

Mr. J. Watkins took the 1st prize with fifty dishes
of Pears, and had the following in fine character,
Doyenne Boussoch, Conseiller de la Cour, Pitmaston
Duchess, Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Favourite, Beurri
Baltet pere, Beurre Diel, Marie Louise d'Uccle,
Beurr6 d'Ezee, said by some to be the same
as Brockworth Park. Vicar of Winkfield Duchesse
d'Angoulume, Beurre Bosc, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Fovelle, Jersey Gratioli, Autumn Bergamot,
&c. Mr. J. H. Goodacre, The Gardens, Elvaston
Castle, Derby, was 2nd with a highly meritorious
collection, he had a very fine dish of Williams' Bon
Chretien, Beurre Hardy, Easter Beurre\ Glou Morceau,
Souvenir du Congres, General Todtleben, Van Mons'
Leon la Clere, Marie Louise, &c. Messrs. Geo. Bun-
yard & Co. were 3rd.

The only collection in the open class for eighty
dishes of Apples and Pears grown under glass, a very
interesting one. came from Messrs. J. Cheal & Son,
They staged fifty dishes of Pears and thirty of
Apples.

In the amateur classes there was a remarkably
good competition. The class for thirty-six dishes of
Apples brought seven collections, and Mr. G.
Reynolds, gr. to Messrs. De Rothschild, Gunners-
bury Park, Acton, was lsr, with a perfect lot of
Apples, in fine condition, and exceedingly bright,
though a little more colour would have added
effectiveness; he had splendid fruit of Mure de
Menage, Lord Derby, Hollandbury, Stirling Castle,
Emperor Alexander, Tower of Glamis, Blenheim
Orange, Warner's King, Annie Elizabeth, Dumelow's
Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Waltham Abbey Seed-
ling, Lane's Prince Albert, Gravenstein, Scarlet
Nonpareil, &c. Mr. J. H. Goodacre was 2nd, with
a fine collection of much the same sorts ; and Mr.
S. T. Wright, gr. to C. L. Campbell, Esq., Glewston
Court, Hereford, was 3rd.

Mr. Wright came in 1st with eighteen dishes,
having some of the finest kinds for which Glewstoa
Court is famous, and Mr. T. Parker, gr. to Mr. Evans,
Moreton Court, Hereford, was 2nd. In the class for
twelve dishes of Pears, in which there were eight
entries, Mr. G. Goldsmith, gr. to Sir E. G. Loder,
Leonardslee, Horsham, was 1st with Catillac, Pit-
maston Duchess, General Todtleben, Doyenne' du
Cornice, Doyenne Boussoch, Marie Louise, Beurre'
Bachelier, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Beurro Diel,
Marie Louise d'Uccle, &c. Mr. W. II. Bannister,
gr. to W. Vincent Ames, Esq., Westbury-on-Trym,
was 2nd also with very fine fruit.

In the class for thirty-six dishes of Apples and
Pears grown under glass, Mr. J. Hunter, gr. to the
Earl of Durham, Lambton Castle, was 1st with a fine
collection, but some of the fruit so changed in
character that it is difficult to recognise the varieties ;
Mr. J. Mclndoe, gr. to Sir J. W. Pease, Bart., M.P.,
Hutton Hall, Guisborough, was 2nd ; and Mr.
Samuel Barlow, 3rd.

Three classes for Apples and Pears grown in the
open, within 20 miles of Manchester, had a certain
amount of interest for local planters, though the
radius appeared to be a wide one. Mr. A. W. Jones,
Marbury Hall Gardens, Cheshire, had the best
twenty-four dishes ; Mr. II. W. Browne, gr. to C.
Sherwin, Esq., Ashley Hall, Altrincham, the best
twelve dishes of Apples ; while Mr. A. W. Jones
came in with twelve Pears. Some good fruit was
shown in these classes, but many are quite green,
showing how the incidence of the Beason had
retarded ripening.

Grapes were a very fine feature, and Mr. J. H.
Goodacre took the 1st prize with ten bunches ; he
had superbly finished bunches of Muscat of Alex-
andria, two of Gros Colmar, grandly coloured ; one
each of Alnwick Seedling and Muscat Hamburgh,
and two of very fine black Alicantes. Mr. Geo.
Reynolds took the 2nd prize with a good collection,
he had Muscat of Alexandria, Gros Maroc, Alicante,
Black Hamburgh, and Chasselas Napoleon, which
looked like a late Buckland Sweetwater. Mr.
Wright had the best three bunches of black, staging
fine Alicante ; Mr. J. Read, gr. to the Earl of
Carnarvon, Bretby, Burton-on- Trent, came 2nd with
Gros Colmar.

Tomatos were well shown in a class for six dishes.
Mr. Mclndoe showed some varieties of Citron and
Plums ; and Mr. A. J. Harwood, Colchester, had
fruiting sprays of the Colchester Black Bullace, a
valuable late variety, to which a Certificate of Merit
was awarded.

Fruit Conference.

The Fruit Conference was held in the Mayor's
parlour, and was well attended by horticulturists
generally, and by some of the more influential citizens
of Manchester. The Mayor opened the proceedings
by introducing, in a few well-chosen sentences, the
Right Hon. the Earl of Derby. Lord Derby, in the
course of his opening remarks, referred to the great
social and economical importance the fruit industry
had. He looked upon it as giving some little help
to the depressed state of agriculture. It was every-
body's interest, and the landlord's particularly, to give
all such schemes.which were not of anUtopian charac-
ter, a helping hand. Thousands of acres of land were
unsaleable in England, and even on many lands that
were rented at exceptionally low rates, the farmer
had more difficulty in paying than on land of
higher value more favourably situated. This state
of things arose from four causes — (1), the increased
facilities given to foreign nations to compete with
our home produce ; (2), the demand of the worker
of the soil for a higher rate of wages; (3), the growing
impatience of farmers and other commercial men for
larger returns, and the desire to speculate in other
commodities ; (4), the tendency growing slowly, but
surely, of the moneyed people to invest in less risky

496

THE GA It DE NEBS' CHI? ONI OLE.

[October. 24, 1891.

things to yield them an adequate return. It might
be asked, he said, why Manchester had been selected
as the centre of a great movement, when all round
about it the land was so unsuitable for yielding
fruit crops. Many other counties of England grew
better crops of Apples, and Pears, and Hums,
and consequently it could only be because of its
central position, 'and mainly beeause of the energy
of the Botanical Society, who left no stone un-
turned to press fruit-growing as a commercial specu-
lation before all interested people. Moreover, the
demand lor fruit was largely on the increase par-
ticularly in all large towns. As to the prices realised
there was a consderable difference of opinion, boil
and climate must exercise their influence, and those
who had orchards in the more favourite spots of
England profited the most. In quoting from what his
lordship said had been told him by one of the largest
Iruit farmers in Kent, he instanced Strawberries as
realising a gross return of £27 per acre or a nett
profit of between £6 and £7; Currants realised £.30 per
acre gross, with a profit of £10 per acre ; and Apples
and Tears realised £25 per acre, with a nett profit
of £5 per acre. But here, as his lordship pointed
out, there was no return for five years after planting,
which reduced the nett profits to a very small margin.
Before, therefore, the fruit farmer could count upon
his profits, he had to discount bad years, and bad sales
when the market was glutted. He had been told
that in Kent, even this season, the Plums did not
realise the price of gathering and sending to
market. He did not think that any landowner would
throw obstacles in the way of fruit culture now— it
was a little different twenty-five years ago, when land
brought a much higher price, and was eagerly taken by
tenants. As to the size of holdings much must depend
upon the fruit tenants themselves what they have to
s >end upon, then it ought to be spent judiciously, and a
fall knowledge obtained of the best trees for the dis-
trict, and how to cultivate and look after them. He
rather thought the larger- sized holdings would come
beat out of the experiment, as they would be going on
wholesale lines and have a competent stall' to make
the most of things. The smaller growers who grew
for profit would, he feared, be in a measure handi-
capped, because he must pay the day labourers their
hire, but they could not count upon a money-yielding
crop. The great vicissitudes caused by weather, in-
sects, and other troubles, many a time reduced the
prospective income, and there could only be
om end to the long continuance of such adverse
CircnmBtances. He looked with ft ar on borrowed
money in an investment of this kind, because
the lent had not only to be paid but the mort-
gages as well. It appeared to him where landlords
were able to do it, it would be much the best
plan for them to stock the orchards, chareing a
minimum rate of interest to likely tenants. He. did
not see ihi-re was need for much other legislation on
the subject, as the bill that was passed, and looked
into with Bevere scrutiny by both Houses of Parlia-
ment gave arxple provision for the tenant to secure a
fair remuneration for any improvements in the soil,
or in any way about the tenancy. He counselled a
definite understanding between parties when any
lease was entered into, as the best of all means
of keeping down heaitburnings and dissatisfaction.
Good fruit was wanted everywhere, and although
these Conferences, and the papers read at them,
would do an immense amount of good, there was
nothing to beat hard-and-fast practice, and if prac-
tical schools were formed in the principal districts
O'er the country, and intending fruit cultivators
were to take adequate advantage of them, we should
soon see something like a profitable outcome from it,
because the scholars would be taught the value of
soils and climate, and make their selection from the
best working and most profitable Apples and Pears
in commerce.

His Lordship then introduced Mr. Baillie, of
Chester, who read a paper on the " Present Day
Features and Prospects of the Fruit Growing
Movement,"

Mr. Baillie, after a few introductory remarks, said
that he would deal principally with the distribution
question. He said that the dunand for fruit was
largely on the increase, and yet it had not come
withiu the daily food of the million. He attributed
the obstruction in the way of cheaper Apples to the
intervention of the middleman, the high railway
rates, and so on. But he could not shut his eyes to
the inferior quality of many parcels of fruit that
were sent by fruit-growers to the maiket. It
was neither picked, or cleaned, or carefully
packed, and hence people at large would not
buy. Their money went for foreign produce, and

therefore millions were lost to the country. He
thought that a Government grant should be given
to be used for fruit-gardens, either through Local
Boards or County Councils, and that an inspector
should be appointed to visit all infected districts,
such as exists in Tasmania. He thought, also, that
fruit farmers should sell by sample in the various
marts, and deliver the goods as a farmer does his
cereals. He also counselled the reduction of sorts ;
he would rather have eight good sorts than eighty,
and he would recommend a succession from August to
August.

Mr. Baillie agreed with Mr. Gladstone that a great
commercial void was too apparent, and that some-
thing was needed of an educative character to press
the matter before the general public. Under the
new Technical Instruction Act he would have lectures
in various places on such subjects as — how plants are
fed ; choice of site and preparation of the soil ; kinds
of fruit for different districts; pointing out the pests
and parasites that are the bane of culture, and how
to get them under. He recommended the leaflet
issued by the Royal Horticultural Society as one that
all interested in fruit farming should read.

Mr. Bruce Findlay made some observations bearing
upon the paper just read. He particularly animad-
verted on the spent trees which were grown in many
localities which were not cultivated at all, and pointed
out that until growers were fully alive to the finer
fruit needed, no success could be achieved.

Mr.Crump Madresfield then read his paper on"The
mode of Budding and Grafting and Growing general
Fruit trees for Estate plantation and for small hold-
ings." It was only some twelve years ago since he
began this sort of work, encouraged by his employer,
Earl Beauchamp, and the amount of fruit grown by
the industrious people on the estate was something
to be proud of. He gave a thoroughly practical
essay on how to manage Apples, Pears, and Plums,
scouted the idea of root pruning, would have all
young trees with their tap roots taken up,
and instead of cross-cutting them would lay them flat
in a horizontal position. In this way the trees grew
better. He would not root-prune any tree at all.
What he would do, by way of checking growth, was
to raise the trees, and replant, them, particularly
those in stiff clayey soils. He looked upon the
crab seedling as the best sort to graft upon ; he
thought that these dwarfing stocks, men as Paradise,
was like working with a cripple. He grew a lot of
dwarf standards as being toe best to plant in the
grass, and he recommended planting dwarf ones
among the Hops. There is no doubt that when
noblemen take up this nursery rearing of fiuit trees,
thev are doing a vast amount of good, and, as Mr.
Crump said, it did not interfere with the ordinary
business of the trade, as many people seeing how
the labourers managed, took to the culture as a
pastime, and had their reward in good eataMe
fruit.

Mr. J. F. Rivers read a paper on " Orchard House
Culture," dealing mainly with the growth of Peaches
in pots. He had his paper illustrated with several
photos, showing how plants of the kind grew under
the treatment which they received. It was some-
thing, he held out, to have good Peaches in succession
from 1st July to the eud of October. lie also
touched upon other fruits, such as Pears and
Cherries, and said they were beautiful objects to
look upon— so much so in fact as to entice tomtits
to play havoc among them unless they were protected
with netting.

Lord Derby spoke to the value of the papers that
had been read, although he was not practical enough
to express an opinion upon them. He said that it
had been clearly established that (1) there was an
increasing demand for hardy fruits, (2) that much
that had in past years been imported might be
grown at home, (3) that quality versus quantity
should be the order of the day, and (4) that un-
fruitful trees of too great age and of inferior quality
should be cut down and fresh plantations made.

were 10 guineas for Oncidium incurvum album,
Cymbidium affine, 8 guineas ; C. eburneum, 4.}
guineas ; Anthurium Scherzerianum, Lake House,
var., 9 guineas ; Lycaste Skinnerii alba, £5 10s. ;
Anguloa Ruckerii sanguinea, £9 and £5 ; Odonto-
glosssum Uro-Skinnerii, £9 10*. ; O. ramosissmnum,
£G ; several O. Alexandras at £4 to £5 each ; O.
luteo-purpureum crispatum, £.3 ; Lielia Wyattiana,
£3 10s. ; L. Pilcheri, £3 ; Cattleya Exoniensis, 15
guineas. Of the books sold on the same occasion,
Williams' Orchid Album, 9 vols., realised £11 10s. ;
the Reichenbachia up to date, £8 10s. ; Warnek s
Select Orchidaceous Plants. 2 vols., 5 guineas ; A
Monograph of the Genus Lilium, 7 parts, 5 guineas.

The Weather.

[By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the
aggregate timount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or auy other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Raisfall.

Bhiuht
Sun.

jg so

*- s

u > u

J ^ a-

Accumulated.

3.IS

Si ^

a
55

d
es

a .
si!

■A
3 JL

■P

O .

M
O .

. - o a

$i *i 4> ej

5 » 5 J

2 -

- -.*

a, n.

E-<

=■33

o~ ^

■a 'Eg t= . j-

° 0

s 3

v v

-1-5 =

**£

-*;*

N J - " g -

+ .2

™es

*c. a

^-2

o a > s a

.O O ~ O

■■r.

13
o

S 3
£

ll.iv-

D.iy-

H IV. Il.iv-

lOths

deg.

deg. | deg

Inch.

Ins

1 +

+ 222 -t- 64

1 +

192

11 i

1 aver

- I'.", 4- III

5 +

113

J3.f

1 +

— 60 + 86

3 +

138

18 8

2 +

- 61 4- 116

3 +

145

19.7

l aver

- 87 4- 99

9 -r-

145

22.7

3 +

— 78 + 13

13 +

23 9

1 + «a

4- 124 + 3111 +

157

33 9

lav.r 48

+ 61 4- 3ul0 +

111

27.1

I- 51

- 8} + 11317 +

119

32.1

:;.:

1 - ,34

+ 73 4- 2S 2 +

li<

2i9

j 2 - 41

+ 21 + 2711 +

15S

i9i

11+ «

+ 6 -t- 40, 9 +

lis

26 t

4-t

The <l. striata

indicate. 1 by UU uber in the hrat UOIUQIU ar

the following :-

Principal

Y/ieai-

trodttcing Districts

-1, Scotland, N

2. scjtta

nd, E.

. 3, E, g'and. N E

; 4, England, E.

.1 Counties ; 6, England, S

Grazing, i,c. District*— -7

Scotland, W. ; S

Bnelaiid,

N.W.

; 9, England. S.W

. ; 10, Ire. and, N

, Irelai

d, S.;

12. Channel Islands

Sale of the Lake House Orchids, &c — The

collection of G. Nevile Wyatt, Esq., at Chelten-
ham, most of the rare specimens in which were so
admirably grown by Mr. Simcoe, passed under the
hammer at Mr. J. C. Stevens' Sale Rooms, 38, King
Street, Covent Garden, on Wednesday and Thursday,
October 21 and 22, and realised good prices. The
highest price on Wednesday— 50 guineas was paid for
a healthy plant of Oncidium ornithorhynchum album.
The plant was purchased from Messrs. B. S. Wil-
liams & Son, for 25 guineas, and so it stands in
evidence that a good and rare plant if properly
treated does not lose in value. Other prices realised

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending October 17, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office:—

"The weather has been extremely stormy and un-
settled in all parts of the Kingdom, with heavy falls
of rain in nearly all districts, and occasional thunder
and lightning. Towards the end of the week the
conditions improved somewhat, and some fine clear
intervals were experienced.

" The temperature has been a little below the
mean over Ireland and the south-west of England ;
but, about equal to the normal, or rather above it
elsewhere ; in ' England, S.' there has been an
excess of 3°. The highest of the maxima, which
were registered on irregular dates, ranged from 64°
in ' Scotland, W.' and ' England, S.W.', to 57° in
'Ireland, N.' The lowest of the minima were
generally recorded either on the 13th or 17th, and
ranged Irom 32° in ' .-cotland, E ', ' England S.W.',
and ' Ireland, N.', to 39° in ' England, S. and N.W.',
and to 46° in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been more than the mean in
all districts. In most instances the fall has been
about twice as much as the normal, while in ' EDg-
land, S.', it has amounted to nearly three times as
much.

" The bright sunshine has been rather more than
the mean in most districts. The percentage of the
possible amount of duration varied from 49 in the
• Channel Islands,' and 40 in ' England, E.', to
between 27 and 30 in most of the northern and
north-western districts, and to 21 in ' Scotland, N.' '

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

497

MARKETS.

CO VENT GARDEN, October 22.
Tmade slow, with Bhorter supplies. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Cut Flowers.— average Whole?ale Pric
s.d. s.d.
Asters, Freoch,

12 bunches

English, per

CE3.

9 0-12 0

dozen bunches ... 4 0-60
Carnation?, 12 buna. 4 0-60
Carnations, 12 blms. 10-20
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 10-30

— 12 bunches ... 4 0-12 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 2 0-26

Dahlias, 12 bun. ... 2 0-40
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardiaa, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Gladiolus, U bunches 9 0-18 0
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 3-06
Lilac, white(French)

per bunch 5 0-70

Lilium Harrisii, doz. 4 0-60
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-30

Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches

Orchids: —

Cattleya, 12 blms.

Odonto g 1 ossu m

crispum, 12 blms.

Pelargoni urns, scar-

let. per 12bun.

— 12 spays

Pyrethrum, 12 buns.
Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-

chals),per doz.

— red, per dozen ...

— various, doz. bun
Tuberoses, 12 blms.
Violets, Parme, per

bunch

— Czar, per bunch

s. d. s.d.
4 0-90

2 0-40
6 0-12 0

3 0-60

4 0-60
0 6-10
2 0-30
10-30
2 0-40

2 0-60

10-20

3 0-60
0 3-06

3 0- 1 0
10-20

Orchid-bloom in variety.

Plants in Pots.— Avenge Wholesale Prices
s.d. s. d. s. a

0-12 0
0-12 0
0-63 0
0-6 0
0-6 0

Adiantums, per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18

Asters, per dozen
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Chrysanthe mums,
per dozen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ...3
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracaenas, each ... 1
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12

0-9 0
0-3 6
0-6 0
0-10 0
0 5 0

0-18 0

Erica gracilis doz. 0 9-
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0

— small, per 100 8 0-

Ficu", each J 0-

Fuchsiaa, per dozen 6 0-
Geraniums, per doz. 3 0
Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-
Lilium laneifolium,

per dozen 9 0-

Marguerites, per doz. 6 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-

— specimens, each 10 6'
Solanums, per dozen 9 0

s.d.
12 0
9 0
15 0

5 0
9 0

6 0
6 0

18 0
12 n
21 0
84 0
12 0

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Apples, £-8ieve ... 10-40

Grapes 0 6-30

Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 3 J 6-35 0
Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0

s. d. s.d.

Melons 0 6-10

Peaches, per dozen... 10-40
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6 10
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 3- ...
Cauliflowers, each ... 10-20
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumbers, each ... 1 0- 1 9
Kudive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per bunch ...0 9-10

s.d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 3
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 B-
Turnips, per bunch .0 3-

Potatos.
In consequence of heavy rains and gales the supply continues
short of the demand, and consequently best samples command
advance in prices. We expect to see a reaction in better
■weather. J. li. Thomas.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : Chemistry of Soils. Sir H. Ro9coe's Books,
the elementary and the larger work are both
excellent ones. Try at Macmillan & Co., Bedford
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Boundary Fence : Boundary. The outer edge of
your neighbour's ditch marks probably the line
dividing the properties; and your proposed fence
may come up to this line.

Correction : Crystal Palace Fruit Show, Oct. 8,
9, and 10. We are requested to state that the
winner of the Bunyard Prize for 3 dishes of Pears,
was Mr. It. Silk, gr. to Jas. Abernethy, Esq.,
Margate, not Mr. W. A. Cook, Compton.

Insects : W . R. J. S. The small grubs sent, which,
in July, attacked your seedling Sweetbriars, com-
pletely destroying the whole crop, ju9t below the
surface of the earth, and eating round the top-
root, and also causing the loss of about half a
million of one-year seedling Scotch Firs, a' e the
immature larvae of one of the small species of Cock-
chaffers (Melolonthidte). Repeated turning up of
the earth, and driving in a flock of ducks, or other
insect feeding creature, is a good remedy, but the
best plan is to kill the beetles when they emerge.
I. O. W.

Muscat of Alexandria on a Tbebbia.no Stock :
Subscriber. The union of the two varieties would
answer in so far as the one would grow well on
the other, but the flavour of the Muscat might
possibly be unfavourably affected in a slight
degree.

Names of Fruits: Bywater. 1, Duchesse d'Angou-
Ume ; 2, Baronne de Mell ; 3, Beurre de Capiau-
mont ; 4, Marechal de la Cour; 5, Louise Bonne
of Jersey; G.Alexandre Lambre. — S. Pick. Not
Red Ilawthornden ; not quite sure of name. — An
Old Subscriber. 1, Bellissime d'Hiver ; 2, not
recognised. — IV. W. J. and S. Your Apple is
quite unknown to us. — ft K. 1, New Ilawthorn-
den ; Marechal de la Cour. — Notts New Northern
Greening. — J. B, Lehton. — 1, Beurre Diel; 2, not
recognised; 3, DuchessedAngoulouie; 4, Bedford-
shire Foundling ; 5. Sturmer Pippin ; 6, Dutnelow's
Seedling. — F. M. 1, Marie Louise ; 2, Bergamote
d'Esperen ; 3, 4, Louise Bonne of Jersey ; 5,
Hambledon Deux-ans; 6, Cellini. — W. T. 1,
Columbia ; 2, not known ; 3, Bergamote d'Esperen ;

4, Huyshe's Victoria ; 5, Knight's Monarch. Plum
quite decayed. — J. Stocks. 1, Cellini ; 2, Shep-
herd's Newington ; 3, Rymer ; 4, Yorkshire Beauty ;

5, Rymer ; 6, not known. — B. G. 1, Swan's Egg ;
3. New Ilawthornden ; 4, Old English Codlin ; 5,
Court of Wick ; Beurre' Hardy. — Pontypool.
Urbaniste. — M. J. 1, Jalousie de Fontenay ; 2,
Emille d'Heyst ; 3, General Todtleben ; 4, Comte
de Lamy ; 5, Comte de Flandres ; 6, Beurre
Sterckmans— H. T. 1, Red Winter Calville; 2,
Souvenir du Congres ; 3, Old Russet ; 4, Marechal
de la Cour; 5, Beurre' Clairgeau ; 6, Duchesse
d'Angoulorae. — Stranger. Apple highly coloured,
left at our office, Emperor Alexander.

Names of Plants : Chelsea. Physalis Alkekengi, the
bladder Cherry. A hardy herbaceous perennial. —
L. <f G. 1 and 3, varieties of Oncidium micropo-
gon ; 2, Oncidium ornithorhyncum ; a white form
of which has just been sold at an auction sale at
Stevens' for 50 guineas. — A. A. Next week. — N. T.
1, Asplenium biforme ; 2, Cheilanthes lendegira;
3, Athyrium filix-fcemina ; 4, Polystichum an-
gulare var. proliferum ; 5, Pteris longifolia ; 6,
Microlepia hirsuta var. cristata. — A. M. 1, Statice,
probably latifolia; 2, Cassia corymbosa. — C. E. F.
Cyclamen Coum. — Request. 1, missing; 2, Dra-
caena hybrida ; 3, Nephrodium molle ; 4, Dracajna
marginata ; 5, Xylophylla angustifolia. — P. B.
Your fungi arrived in a rotten condition, with the
labels detached ; 5,isaClavaria. — Rock. Viburnum
opulus. — Berried Shrub (no name of sender)
Viburnum opulus, Wild Gueldres Rose. — J. S.
Lilium nepalense, seejfigure in Gardeners1 Chronicle,
October 13, 1888. — J. H. 1, Pyrus japonica ; 2,
Phygelius capensis; 3, Escallonia rubra. — W. F.
1 and 2. forms of Pyrethrum frutescens ; 3, Py-
rethrum Soleil d'Or. — G. P. Coccoloba platy-
cladon. — Paddy from Cork. 1, Cupressus Lawsoni-
ana; 2, Bignonia radicans ; 3, Desfontainea spi-
nosa; 4, Adamia cyanea; 5, Leycesteria formosa ;

6, Sedum spectabile. — F. P. A Ceropegia, or
allied plant, which we will endeavour to name by
next week.

Primula japonica : J. H. The grubs are those of a
weevil, which is very destructive. Scatter some
brewers grains about or some slices of Carrot, and
so trap them ; but it is rather a hopeless task.

Walnuts : K. E. Risien, Sans Saba, Texas. The
writer of the article in question resides at 10,
Whittingstall Road, Fulham, London, S.W.

Worms on a Lawn : -•(. L. Mix water and quick-
lime together in the proportion of 3 gals, of the
former to 1 lb. of the latter. After letting it
stand for two days, pour off the clear water and
apply it to your lawn, preferable in moist weather.
The worms will come to the surface, and must
then be swept up. It should be remembered that
worms are the natural drainers and manurers of
Grass land ; and, if they are wholly destroyed,
and the soil be of a heavy nature, the lawn will
not be so dry on the surface as formerly.

Communications Received.— H. F. Sare.— E. & F. Spratt.
— H. J. V.— F. M.— M. Godefroy, Paris.— M. Krelnge, Haar-
lem.—J. W.—C. C— M. L. Maserell, Ghent.— H. C— J. A.—
H. E.— A. Russell (next week).— D. M.— M. E. M.— W. E. D.
—Herbert & Co. — W. Roupell, Surveyors' Institute.— J. D.
— J. O'B. — J. Massee. — Pioneer. — J. B. — A. Outrara. —
,T. Blagney.— W. K.— W. N.— A. Douglas.— A. P.-J. S.—
J. T. N.— R. T. F.-A. G.— P. R. D.— A. H.— G.J.— O. W. G.
— G. S. T. — J. F.— J. Hood, junior (thanks for the account
of the meeting ; it will probably appear in our next issue).
— T. W.-C. P. & Co.— A. G.—F.T.—H.S.—G. J.— Pomona.
— Scottie.— .T. S.— W. P.— J. B. T,— F. Pearce.— Thomson —
G. S.— G. W.— W. R. G.— A. F.— E. R.— W. C. V. P.—
D. F. S.

DIED.— On the 16th inst., at Beddington House,
Surrey, Alexander Henry Bridges, Rector of Bed-
dington, and Hon. Canon of Winchester, in his
80th year.

oo
o

b
o
o

S. C. RUMSEY

73
O

m
if)

HI FIRST-RATE STANDARD ROSES for 10s.

10 ., ,. HALF-STANDARD „ „ 7s. id.

in SPLENDID DWARF or BUSH ., „ 5s.

10 GRAND CLIMBING „ ., Bs.

10 LOVELY MOSS ,, ,. 5.«.

All Best Sorts, Packing Free Cash with Order.
CATALOGUE on application.

ROSE - GROWER, WROTHAM, KENT.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Jtoses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

TfOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,

JL TifiitioncH or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED an.l
NURSERY STuOK is very complete and extensive, and "here
Dearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ark
all to ;>eud for a Catalogue, and then

€8KJ

m&m>e and <£e&.

I^SS

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

EVERGREENS! EVERGREENS!

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

JOHN PERKINS and SON beg to draw
attention to their large stock of the following, fine bushy,
healthy trees, with good roots, all of which will transplant
safely : —

ENGLISH YEWS. 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
GREEN HOLLIES, 2 to 3, 3 to 4. and 4 to 5 feet.
THUIA LOBBII. 3 to 4. 4 to 5, and 6 to 8 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS. 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
LAURELS. CAUCASICA, 2J to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
„ ROTUNDIFOLIA, 2J to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
„ PORTUGAL, ] $ to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 1J to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIAN A, 3 to 4, 4 to 5. and 6 to S feet.
RETINOSPORA PLUMOSA, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
,, PISIFERA, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
Special cheap offers by the dczen, 1C0, or 1000.
The Old-Established Nuksekv and Seed Business,
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.
Telegraphic Address — " QUICK. NORTHAMPTON."

JOSHUA. LE CORNTJ & SON'S

ITDOTV FRUIT TREES
JCrxOC T & ROSE TREES.

Carriage paid. Packed gratis. An immense stock of strong,
healthy, well-rooted Trees. No Starvelings.

CORDONS A SPECIALTY.

Roses wonderfully cheap. Uhe finest that money can buy.
Before ordering any, be sure to write for our Illustrated
Catalogue. HIGH VIEW NURSERIES, JERSEY.

--•

498

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobke 24, 1891.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, anil kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

86. per dozen, 603. per 100. far Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from lbs. per dozen.

N.B.— Single Plants are sol't at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBS!VEGE^LrEARFrER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

IMFORTANT TO PLANTERS.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

KNOWEFIELD NURSERIES, CARLISLE,

Offer an unusually Large and Varied *toek of FOREST and
ORNAMENTAL TRBES, EVERGREEN and FLOWERING
SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES. ROSES. &c,
all well-grown and very healthy. See CATALOGUE, free.
.Special OJfers made, and Contracts drawn up, on Short Notice.

AGENCE GENERALE HORTICOLE, BELGE.
De HERDT and STRECKER,

ANTWERP.
Branch House and Plant Houses. Ghent, 74, Ruede la Forge.

Plant Houses & Trial Grounds, Duezeld, lez Schooten, Antwerp.
Cablegrams— STRECKER, Antwerp and Ghent.

Special Trade Offer.

ARECA LUTESCENS,

Splendid Seedlings for Potting— Very large Blze

(1J Year).

Peice, 12s. 6d. peh 100.

SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION.

KENTIA SEEDS.

The following, in splendid condition, have just arrived from
our Collector : —

KENTIA FORSTERIANA, 20s. per 1000.
BELMORFANA. 20s. per 10 0.
CANTERBURYANA. 9s. per 100.
Also, SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, 12s. per 1000.
AREOA BAUER , 12s. per 1000.

HOOPBR & CO., Limited. OOVBNT GARDEN, W.0.

TRANSVAAL NATIVE BULBS, TUBERS,

■L SEEDS. &c — The undersigned, late of the Botanic
Gardens, Mantzbnrg, Natal, begs to inform his correspondents
that he is now offering Novelties of Merit, collected by him,
true to name. Anomatheca, Babiana, Tricbode.-ma, Mor£ea,
Ha?mauthus, Gerbera, Khamnus, &c. Price List on application.
R. W. ADLAM, Pretoria, Transvaal.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

E. H. ERELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland.

BARK'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best aud most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. 105. 6d., 21s.. 42s., 63S..& upwards.
COLLECTIONS of DAFFODILS,! 5s. 6d.,7».6rf., 10s. tirf.. to 105s.
Hvacinths, Tulips, Crocus. Daffodils, Iris, Pseonies, Lilies, &c.
BARR and SON, 12, King Street. Covent Garden, Loudon.W.C.

To those about to Plant.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses,

jLJl Fruit Trees, Conifers, Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs,
Rhododendrons, Ornamental and Forest Trees, Clematis, aud
other Climbing Plants, in large variety, sent free on applica-
tion to—

GEO. JACKMAN AND SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

CHARLES TURNER can offer the above with
tall sterna and good heads.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

FOR SALE, a few hundred of GERANIUM
CUTTINGS, rooted from open beds— H. Jacoby, Vesuvius,
Master Christine, and Crystal Palace Gem. For Price, apply —
GEO. SUMMERS, Sandbeck Park Gardens, Rotherham.

SUNFLOWERS-SUNFLOWERS (PERENNIAL).

Trade Offer, for Prompt Delivery.
HARTLAND'S IRISH PLANT, SOLEIL D'OR, beautiful

double-quilled. 20s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
HELENIUM BOLANDERI.honev-scented.acdSummer-flower-
ing ; Bees so fond of it ; Bloom, yellow ; Excellent for
cutting. 20s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
HELIANTHUS MIILTIFLORUS, as figured in Gardeners'
Chronicle, October 10. 7s. 8rf. per 100.

All for Immediate Order, and Cafh remittance.

Wm. Baylor Hartland, FR.H.S, Seedsman, Cork.
Carnations Ficotees, &c.

CHARLES TURNER'S AUTUMN CATA-
LOGUE of the above is Now Ready, and may be had
post-free on application.

It contains Descriptions of Many Novelties now being dis-
tributed, and to which Thirty-Six Certificates of Merit have
been awarded.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

BULBS. — Compare these prices ! 1000 Yellow
Crocuses, 7s. 9d. ; White, 8s. 6d. ; Snowdrops, 8s. 6(2. ;
Stars of Bethelem, 10s. ; Mixed Anemones, 20s. ; Spanish
Irises, 15s. 6tf. ; Biue Scillas, 7s, 6d. ; Narcissus, Double
White, 26s. ; Pheasant Eye, 6s. tid., 4s. 6d. and 2s. 9d ; 100
White Lilies, 9s. ; Yellow, 10s. 6d* ; Orange, 16s. All free
anywhere in England. Samples, *5d. each, free.

D'ALCOKN and CO.. Bulb Growers, Spalding.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality — for forcing
and planting ; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old. good
roots, 3s. per 100 ; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6(2. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. 6rf. per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old. extra fine. 12s. 6rf. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :— "Please Bend
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may fay that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing rootslever bought, and
my employer eays the quality is excellent. — C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens. Milton Abbey Blandford. December 27, 1890."
J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener. Go'dstone. Brighton.

CCELOGYNE CRISTATA, well grown and
cheap, from 9d. each ; Chatsworth variety. Is. Qd.,
larger with bloom-spikes.

TRUSTEES, late J. STEVENSON, Timperley, Che&hire.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-
JL\/^\/V/\/ grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per
dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. j" OLARK. Goldstone, West Brighton.

BQULTON & PAUL,

hortb^udle^ral NORWICH.
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

GARDEN FRAMES A VARIETY.
BOILERS

Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock.

ifcw

Our Celebrated No. 4,

CHECK END BOILER,

To heat from 300 to 5000 feet of 1-inch piping.

No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

To heat from 100 to 300 feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 12.

AMATEUR'S

SLOW

COMBUSTION

BOILER.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

To heat from

40 feet

to 100 feet

4-in. Piping.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDINGS and APPLUNCES. IRON BUILD-
INGS, POULTRY, aud KENNEL REQUISITES, &c.

BQULTON & PAUL, NOEWICH.

MERRYWEATHER'S

RED -GREY

NON-KINKABLE

GARDEN

HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,
MERRY WEATHER AND SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our
pamphlet. " Water Supply to Mansions."

RUSSIA MATS. - RAFFIA.

ARCHANGEL MATS and all kinds of PETERSBURG MATS
imported direct, and supplied to the Wholesale Trade only, at
much lower prices than any other firm.
MARENDAZ & FISHER, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, <feo.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

16, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BAOHUXOR'S WA.L.K. DURXrN -ZMsco.flie far Caih.

Octobeh 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

499

HILL & SMITH'S

BLACK VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stona.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the coat.

Used in all Loudon Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,

■iid on every important estate in tlie Kingdom. Has stood

the test of forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be

applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price 1». <&d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid

to any railway station, If. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or

9 gallons.

s% a tt m Y r\ »t Every Cask bears the above

UA U A 1 0 iV.— Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of oheap imitations.

HILL & SMI TH,

Brierley Ironworks, Dudley :

118. Queen Victoria Street, London, B.0 :

47, Dawson Street, Dublin.

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

S HORTICULTURAL
STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot - water Apparatus

for warming

Buildings of every

description.

Illustrated Circulart

Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3b.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part ot the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25ft. by 13 ft.. £50; 30ft. by 15ft.. £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, port -free.

Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, pdnzed with
21-o/.. glu^s, carriage paid : — l-Jight frame, 4 x ti 36*. 6d. ;

2-light frame, 6X8, 58s. ; 3-light frtmie, 12 X 6, 85*. 6rf.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4. £1 is. *v. • 9 x 5, £j 15*. ;

HARDY BRUIN^CO,Gsrtar^mLEICESTER

RICHARDSON'S

IMPROVED GARDEN FRAMES.

WITH ADJCSTABLE RinGh: VKXTILATION.

Lights can be instantly removed or fixed open at any angle
without interfering with the plants.

CARRIAGE PAID TO ANY STATION.

W. RICHARDSON & CO.,

Horticultural Builders and Hot-water Engineers,
DARLINGTON.

ORCHID BASKETS,

RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

SEND FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

HEATING APPARATUS;

BUy D/AECT FROM

STOURBRIDGE,

^PARKIRON^

" THE

IMPROVED
ISM JOINT

10T WATER PIPES

Free

'telegrams:
"ALPHA'

•V^

BRETTELL-LANE M^ATER A° «

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Sootia.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.
" O T /"» t> C M A " THE UNIVERSAL

Fib K C4 IM A j INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh. July 16, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were bo good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
lanuaryl, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Hold by Chemistt, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. id., 2s. id., and 3s. id. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. id. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHAKT & CO., Chemists to the Queen,

Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street, London.

"Nothing Succeeds like Success.''
l» (SOLUBLE)
INSECTICIDE

The most reliable and best of all Insecticides
for destroying insects and Vermin on Plants
and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ;
and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing
Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of
each Bottle.

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, i 6, 2/6, & 4/6; ^-gallon
7/6, i-gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Rolkfr & Sons.

THE CLIMAX

NOW IS THE BEST TIME TO APPLY

(NON-
POISONOUS)

OSS ERADICATOR.

It kills the Moss on lawns without injury to the grass ;
iu fact, it greatly stimulates the growth.

THE CLIMAX WEED KILLER.

We guarantee this to be the best and cheapest preparation
for destroying all Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drive*. &c.

NOTE.— One gallon will make 51 gallons for use. Price in
tine. * gal., Is. 9d. ; 1 gal., 3s.-, 5 gals.. 2s. 9d. ; 10 gals., 2s. id.;
40-gal. casks, 2s per gal. Ten gallons and upwards sent car-
riage paid. Sample gallon sent carriage paid on receipt of P.O.

PREPARED SOLELY BY

The BOUNDARY CHEMICAL Co., Ltd., Liverpool.

aAfiDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mate, Bamboo
Canes, Bustio Work, Manures, (ko. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON a_vd SCULL, 90, Lcwei Thames Street, London, B.C.

500

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 24, 1891.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

Undertake the oomplete ereotion of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, Ac. Have the
largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same.

BOILERS of the latest aDd most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; BAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address— "HOT- WATER. London." Telephone. No. 4763.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT. 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON. E.C.

R0GHF0R0 HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER.

^K^ Best Boiler in the Market for Heating a large quantity
of Piping, being both powerful and economical.

Can be erected by unskilled labour in a feiv hours. No Caulking
required. Quickly Repaired in case of breakdown.

PATTERN No. I.

A, 11 pipes at top, 4 each side of ^ Length.

furnace, 8 water-bars J 4feet 6 inch. long

B, ,, ,, ,, 6feet 6 inrh. long

C, ,, ,, ,, 9 feet 6 inch, long

Discount to the Trade.

Heating-power in

4-inch pipe.

1.200 feet

1.600 feet

2.000 feet

£ s. d
13 12 6
15 2 6
17 5 0

Above Prices include all Castings, Bolts and Washers. Furnace-door fitted to front
Casting, and India-rubber Joint Kings.

SECTION OF JOINT.

Bolting together with India-rubber Ring Joints.

Largest Stock of Hot-water Boilers, Pipes, Connections, &c, in the Trade.

Illustrated CATALOGUE free on Application to—

65a, SOUTHWARK ST.,
LONDON, S.E.,

IRONFOUNDERS, ENGINEERS. BOILER-MAKERS, &c.

CHAS.P.KINNELL&CO.,'

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OTJB, WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £

l-iight,

2
3
4
5
6

4 ft. by 6 ft.

8 ft. by 6 ft..
12 ft. by 6 ft..
16 ft. by 6 ft. .
20 ft. by 6 ft. .
24 ft. by 6 ft.

CASH
PRICES,

CARRIAGE
PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London ^yen«,Mr.H.SKELTON,Seedsman,&c.,2,HollowayRd.,N.

"DUROUEii

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY US D IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roofing Co., Ld." May and June iSgr.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE SSEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victo<ia Street, LONDON E.C.

To Nurserymen, Seed Merchants, and Florists.

J BLACKBURN and SONS are offering Arch-
• angel Mats lower than any other house in the trade ; also
Petersburg Mats, and Mat Bags, Raffia Fibre, Tobacco Paper,
and Shading. Prices free. — <t and 5, Wormwood Street, E.C.

21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.

"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY."

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithneld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack. Is. 3d. ; 10 sacks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s. ; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES, 3} feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT,
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
lfoot to 5 feet; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack; NITRATE of
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT A2TD Co.,
Hop Kiohsnge W&rehouiM, Southwark Street, London, 8.B.

October 24, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

501

WRINCH & S O N S,

IPSWICH

ST. LAWRENCE
WORKS,

WRINCH & SONS.

And 67, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.

IPSWICH.

Established isiu.

65,

LIONEL STREET,
BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect J'ests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedt-men. Wholesale and Ketail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

Is admitted by the

leading Nurserymen

to be the Best

SILVER SAND

Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus*ai>e half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bap sent on application to
GEO. GARSIDE. Juu., F.R.H.S., LelghtOD Buzzard, Beds.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to \§ ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. ti<i.

GISHURSTINE keepa Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Roxea, 6<f. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S LATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,

ALL FIRST-CLASS.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a SpecialitS.

For Price LIST, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
nearBexley, Kent, special Terms to thk Trade.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, tOD,

BROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s.
per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 tons ; Bags, 5s. each ;
10 Bags, 45s.

PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant
Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Fags, 5s.
each ; 10 Bags, 45s.

THOMAS WALKER. Tekels Park. Camberley. Surrey.

^chrysanthemum exhibitors.

The BECKETT CUP and TUBE is strongest,
simplest, and best ever introduced ; practically everlasting.
For Japmese Blooms, 9s. per doz. ; Incurved, 8*. 8d.

' SHOW BOARDS, extra strong, and well-fin-
ished. Board for 12 Blooms. 4s. ; ditto, for 6 Blooms, 2s. 9^.

; CUPBOARDS, for 2, 3, and 4 Boards, price on

application. Cash with OrcUr. Package Free.

H. J. JONES,

RYECROFT NURSERY, HITHER
GREEN, LEHISHAM.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very Btrong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Caah or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail iu London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS.

For Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over luu designs, free on
application.

GLASS!

15-oz., per 100 ft., 9.
21-07... ,, 13s

in ;
-{ 112X10.18
; Jj - 14X12,20
°"\ 16x12,16

CHEAP GLASS I

In Stock Sizes.
12X10, 18X12, 18X14,24X14
20X12, 18x16,24x16
.-, 16x11,^0x16,84x18, &c.
Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low priced
Flooring, at os. per square; Matching, at 3$.9d.; 2x4. at !(/.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, Doors, Paints
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.C.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT
anc ALL OTHER kiudsof BOILERS.

HOT- WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed,

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable ! For Coal !

Pure and ample heat. 24 hours for about Id
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 21 Hours for about One Penny.
Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in u*e at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W.

OliCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS. COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. &c, before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKWORTH and SONS, Reading.

pOCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, newly

V^ made, the same as supplied to the Royal Horticultural
Society. Truck-load of 2 tons, £1, free, on to the following
rails— G. W.. G. N., Midland, L. and N. W., L. and S. W. ; and
other lines, £1 5s. ; in bags, 20, 16s. ; 40, 30s. N.B.— A re-
mittance to accompany all orders.— J. STEVENS AND CO.,
Cocoa-nut Fibre Merchants, 153, High Street, Batterses, S.W.

CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3*. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29. Ludgatehill, London.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST- SUPPER.

502

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 24, 1891.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mb. J. W. Sedglky, until recently Gardener
at Rose Hill, Worcester, as Gardener to E.
Wallace Evans, Esq., Southwick Park,
Tewkesbury, Gloucester.

Mr. John Jessup, for three years Foreman at
Frognal, Chislehurst, Kent, as Head Gardener
to A. R. Titll, Esq., Crookham House, Newbury.

W. Railey, Garden Superintendent to the
Rosherville Gabdens Company, Gravesend,
has been appointed by the London County
Council, Superintendent of Southwark Park,
S.E.

Mr. C. Seymour, for the last nine years Gar-
dener to Walter Cobb, Esq., Silvermere Lodge,
Sydenham, as Head Gardener to Col. A. Wood,
Dar-el-Saleem, Abbeywood, Kent.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

English Fruit & Ruse Co, (Cranston's), Limited — Rosea,
Conifers, Fruit and Forest Trees, Rhododendrons, &c.

Martin' Grashof, Quedlinburg, Germany — Novelties of
1888-91, Reseda, Phlox Drunitnondi, Dianthus, Lettuce,
Cabbage, &c.

Wallace & Co., St. John's Street, Colchester— Speciality in
Japan Lilies.

V. Lbmoine et Fils, 134, Rue Montet, Nancy, France — Price
Current and Supplementary List of Novelties.

Little & Ballantvne, Carlisle— Trees, Shrubs, &c.

James Cocker & Sons, Sunny Park and Morning~.ide, i ber-
deen — 1, Forest and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Fruit
trees, &c. ; 2, Hardy Perennials, including Herbaceous,
Alpine, Bulbous and Tuberous-rooted Plants.

Frank Cant, Braiswick Nursery, Colchester — Roses.

C LORENZ, Erfurt, Germany— Novelties for 189.'.

John Harrington, Foreand Market Streets, Hertford— Bulbs.

The Beat Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. C>d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

•

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Garde/iron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

4
6
6

13
14

Lines

Head Line charged as two.

£0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

15 Lines

16 „

17 „

18 „

19 „

20 „

21 ,.

22 „

23 „
24

25 ..

£0
0

8
9
0 9
0 10
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0 11
0 11
0 12
0 12
0 13
0 13

AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERT ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set acros9 two Columns, the lowest chaise will be 20s.

If set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s.

Page, £8 ; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column, £3.

Postal Orders— To Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others. — It is very important in remit-
ting by Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has been made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any
person into whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N-B- — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

V AD KIEL'S ALMANAC, 189:

*-J Thk Best of any.

Contains: Voice of the Stars, Weather Forecasts,
Hieroglyphic, &c.
Zudkiel foretold the Influenza.— The Russian Famine. — The
Earthquake in Verona to the very day, &c.

London : COUSINS and CO., 6, Helmet Court,
and all Booksellers. Price, 6<^.

WANTED

Uecember 1, by one of the first German Seed

Houses, a

THOROUGHLY EFFICIENT ENGLISH

CORRESPONDENT.

Preference given to one who knows the Trade
well and has some knowledge of French and
German, ai>rt writes Shorthand. The situation is
a good and permanent one. — Address, giving
full particulars of experience, references, &c, to
A. B., Messrs. Watson & Scull, 90, Lower Thames
Street, London, E.C.

Partnership.
QLEEPING PARTNER WANTED, with

^J £250 capital, in a Seed and Florist's Business, to work
and extend the same. Liberal interest and full particulars
given.— R. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

PARTNER WANTED (£1400).— Wholesale
FRUIT and FLOWERS; Opening for Two Shops;
4% Acres, Freehold ; living houses; seaside; good opening. —
Address, J. SYMS, Fruiterer, Teignmouth, South nevon.

WANTEU, as WORKING GARUENER,
for the North of Ireland, a trustworthy Man. Good
references required. Three men kept. Wages. £1 a week,
with house and coals.— Address, MISS NICHOLSON, 28, Queen
Anne's Gate. Westminster.

WANTEU, a WORKING FOREMAN, for
the Houses, experienced in Fruit and Plant Culture,
including Orchids, House and Table Decoration, &c. Must be
energetic and trustworthy. Bothy and vegetables found.—
-Appiy. with references and wages expected, to G. SUMMERS,
Sandbeck Park Gardens, RoLherham.

WANTEU, a MAN, well up in Softwooded
Plants, under Glass. — Apply, with copies of testi-
monials, stating age. wages expected, &c, to JOHN FORBES
Nurseryman, Hawick, N.B.

WANTEU, a MAN, competent to Grow
Mushrooms for Market-to take sole charge. One
with suitable premises liberally treated.— Address, SOUTH
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-ton St., Strand, W.u.

WANTEU, a young MAN, accustomed to
Growing Pelargoniums, Chrysanthemums, &c. for
Market. State wages expected.— THOMSONS' NURSERIES
Spark Hill, Birmingham.

WANTEU, a young MAN, 16 or 17 years of
age, in a Seed Shop in fhe North of Eng'and. Must
be willing to make himself useful in Warehouse, &c. Apply
stating experience, wages expected, and full particulars to
N. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street
Strand, W.C.

j ^yy ANTED, a STOKER,

ONCE.—

Married man without family. One able to Paint and
Glaze preferred, and make himself useful in the Nursery
Wages, 20s., with cottage, fire, and light.— State age with
reference, to TURNER BROS., Nurserymen and Florist
Garston. Liverpool.

WANTED, a HANDY-MAN.-Must be a
first-rate Painter and Glazier, and good Carpenter
Wages, 2.is, per week.— Write, with testimonials, to NURSERY
Post Office, Sunbury, Middlesex.

Estate Carpenter.

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, a good CAR-
PENTER and HANDY-MAN, for a country bouse and
small estate.— Previous serviie with good character indispens-
able. Must have thorough knowledge of painting, glazing and
house-work in all its branches. Wages 22s. to 24s. per werk
No single man need apply.— Apply by letter, to A. II. TARLE-
TON, Esq., Breakspears, Uxbridge.

Seed Trade.
WANTED, as SHOPMAN, for a Retail

T T House, a thoroughly reliable pushing MAN; well up
in Agricultural and Garden Seeds ; with a good knowledge of
Bookkeeping. None need apply whose character will not bear
the strielest investigation.— State age, salary, &c to O
Messrs. Hurst & Son. 162, Houndsdltch, London, E.

WANTED, a SHOPMAN, to take the Man-
agement of a Retail Seed. Bulb, and Plant Business
including the making of Wreaths, &c. ; with some knowledge
of Nursery Stock. A married man without children preferred
as he can reside on the premises.— Reply, in own handwriting'
stating wages expected, age, and references, to Mr. H. ROGERS'
Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton.

Seed Trade.

WANMED AT ONCE, an ASSISTANT
SHOPMAN, with two or three years' experience.

Apply, with full particulars and salary required, to MILL
and TWEEDIE, Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, Truro

WANTED, a young MAN, to assist in a
Seed Shop and Warehouse ; willing to make himself
generally useful. Good writing indispensable.— 3t]te age,
also wages required, to G. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a respectable Country GIRL,
about 18, as GENERAL SERVANT, where there are
two young children. Must be quick and clean at her work.
Wages, £12; assistance given.— Apply, bv letter, with refer-
ences, to MRS. PAGE, Tangley Nursery, Hanw orth, Middlesex.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

ANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, ForesterB, &o.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

RICHARD SMITH and CO,
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 35, married,
one child; Scotch. Thoroughly experienced in the
cultivation of Plants, Fruit, and Vegetables. Gool references.
—GARDENER. Church Farm, Bickford, Chester.

GARDENER (Head); age 33.— Lord Rodney
wishes to recommend a man as above to any Lidy or
Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man.
His lived as Foreman with Mr. Crasp, Gardener to Lord
Wimborne, Canford Manor. Excellent character.— A. BAX-
TER, The Wharf. Leominster, Herefordshire.

GARDENER (Head), where two are kept.
Age 34, married, two children ; seventeen vears'
thorough experience with Store and Greenhouse Plants, Vines,
Peaches, and Forcing; nlso Vegetables, Herbaceous Planls,
nnd Chrysanthemums. — H. SPARKE, Pangbjurne, Reading,
Berks.

GARDENER (Head).— Married ; large and
varied experience in all branches of his profession in
England and Scotland. Testimonials lirst-class.—F. P. LUCK-
HURST, Vinters, Maidstone.

GARDENER (Head).— J. Brown, fifteen
years Head Gardener to J. B, Charlesworth, Esq., Hat-
field Hall, Wakefield, is open to a re-engagement with any
Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly
practical man. Breaking up establishment cause of leaving.—
Address as above.

GARDENER (Head); married, one infant.
—A Gentleman wishes to recommend; eighteen years'
fxperience in leading places. Well up in a'l deoar'ments.
Early and Late Forcing. Further parikulurs apply. L. A.,
CORBET, Esq , Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Snith Wales.

X*Q to anyone giving Advertiser information

cv*J leading to a Situation as HEAD GARDENER, where
three or more are kept. Thoroughly experienced i n all
branches. Age 32, married. Good characters.— HORTUS,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

Orchid Grower, &c.

GARDENER (Head). — Disengaged when
. suited, through employer leaving the Estate. Adver-
tiser is a skilful Orchid, Grape, and Pine Grower. Good
Landscape Gardener. Twenty years' experience and character.
—JOHN COOKS, The Grange, Stourbridge.

A GENTLEMAN can thoroughly recommend
his GARDENER, who has been with him spven year*,
and was eight years in previous situation. Age 33, 2 children ;
requires situation where three or more are kept. — W. B.
BACON, Eaq., Down House, Lamberhurst,

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
Age 35, married; thoroughly practical in all branches.
Understands Cows, Poultry. Bees, Land, Sec. Seven years'
excellent character.— G. DINNAGE, Norma Vale, BecketRoad,
West Worthing.

October 24, 1891.]

THE GAB DE NEB S9 CUB 0N1CL E

503

GARDENER (Head, or good Second).—
Age 30, married, no family; good reference from last
and previous employers. Well up in all branches— STRIDE,
Woodcote, Shooter's Hill.

ARDENER (Head), where two or three

are kept, or FOREMAN, in a good establishment.—
Age 2(5, married when suited; well up in Vint**, Melons,
Cucumbers, Stove Plants, also Chrysanthemums. Good refer-
ences.— H. MASON, Tittensor, near Stoke-on-Treat, Stafford-
shire.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two moreare kept. — The Rev. R. Ewing. Winterjlow,
Salisbury, can strongly recommend a man as above. Good
all-round man. No objection to good Single-handed Place.
Nineteen years' experience. Used to Land and Stock.

GARDENER (Head Working, or Single-
handed).— Age 29, married. Good practical experience
in all branches ; at home or abroad. Abstainer. Good character.
— W. WATERS, 17, Grafton Road, Holloway.

pt ARDENER (Head Working), no incum-

\JT brance, seeks re-engagement with any Lady or Gentle-
man requiring a good practicjl man. Sixteen years Head
Gardener in present situation. Satisfactory reason for leaving.
— D. BAKER, Gardener, Butleigh Court, Butleigh, Somerset.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept. — Age 25; fourteen years' experience
in all branches. Eleven months' present situation. Thirteen
years' previous.— T. GREEN, Bar\Mclt House, Yeovil.

ARDENER (Head Working); age 37,

married. — A Gentleman strongly recommends the
above. Left last situation through oeuth. Excellent nine
years' character, six and seven previously. Thoroughly ex-
perienced in all branches. — T. D., Fernleigh, Yattendeu Road,
Horley.

(GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
^T married; thoroughly experienced iu Growing Vines,
Peaches, Meions, Cucumbers, Tomato-t, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, Orchids, &c. Flower and Kitcheu Gardens. Good
relVrences. — FIELD, 9, Westgrove Villas, Hersham Road,
Walton-on-Thames.

GARDENER (Head Working).—
Age 37, one in family, age 17 ; thoroughly understands
all kinds of Hothouse Fruit t. rowing. Flower and Vegetable
Gardens, Altering and Laying-out New Grounds; understands
Land and Stock. Wife a good Dairy and Poultry woman, if
required. Three and a halt years' good character, with good
references.— G. R., Mr. Murdock, 57, College Street, Putney,
Loadon, S.VV.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 45,
married, no family ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches of the profession. First-class references. — A. B.,24,
PaddiDgtou Green, London, W.

G GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 35,
T married, one child, age 3. Several years' practical ex-
per.ence. Two and a halt years in present place. Diseng iged
when suited. First-cla;S testimonials. — T., Mr. William
Tadgell, Matching. Harlow, E-sex.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 41;
well up iu Early and Late Forcing of Fruit, Flowers,
and Vegetables. Has a good knowledge of Orchids, Ferns,
Sec, aud ever) thing connected with Gardening. Fifteen
years' m last situation.— E. S., 20, Argyll Terrace, Bognor.

GARDENER (Head Working), where five
or more are kept. Excellent references as to abilities. —
CRAWLEY, 413, liurmrd Road, West Hampstead.

C GARDENER (Head Working), when* two
~X or three are kept.— Age 38, married, one boy, thirteen
years, thoroughly experienced in all branches. Six years' good
character. Wife good character tor Housework in absence of
family.— W. B., be<-ch House. Bransgore, Ringwood, Hants.

GARDENER Single-handed), or where
another is kept. — Age 21, married; seven years' good
character. Steady and respectable.— VINCENT, '.ii, Hockley
Road, Shepherd's Bush, W.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or other-
wise).— Age 30, married, one child ; sixteen years' expe-
rience. Di=eng;iged. Excellent character and testimonials —
M. C, 2, Norfolk Villas, Saunders' Koad, Plumstead, S.E.

f^\ ARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).

\J[ — Age 34, married. Sixteen years' experience Insiae
and Out. testimonials, and gjod character from last place. —
RODGER, 2, Cedar Terrace, harrow Weald.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 30, married, no familly ; thoroughly understands his
profession. Good references. — H. L.( 1, Evergreen Villas,
Rectory Road, Hornsey, N.

4 y AliDiilNJliK (MNGLE - HANDED, OT HEAD

VJ Working).- Age M. Good practical experience in all
branches uf Gardening. Abstainer. Excellent testimonials. —
A. B., Head Gardener, Ewell Court Gardeus, Ewell, Epsom,
Surrey.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or where
help is given).— Age 26, single. Well experienced in
Orchids, Palms, Ferns, Punts, Vegetables, Poultry, and Birds.
Four years' present, and rive years' previous good characters.
Apply, Btatiug wag«a, to BRIuGS, lo, Kelvin Road, Highbury,
London, N.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or where help
is given ; married, one child. — Mr. E. Easey can
highly rectmrnend a man as above. Has been with him live
years. Near London preferred. — E. EASEY, The Grange, 23,
Highbury New Park, N.

GARDENER (good Single-handed), where
assistance is given. — Age 31, married, one boy; expe-
rienced in Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Chrysanthemums,
Begonias, and all kinds of Greenhouse Plauts. also Vegetables.
Four years in present situation. Good references. — GAR-
DENER, 13, Townshend Terrace, Richmond, S.W.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 22 ; over
eight years' experience Inside and Out, Excellent
characters.— E. STANLEY, Mr. Anderson, Nurseryman, Ha-
verstock Hill, Hampstead, N.

GARDENER (Second, or good Under).—
Age 23; seven years' experience Inside and Out. Good
references from present and previous emplov rs. — B. C , 33,
Parkfield Road, Willesden Green, N.W.

GARDENER (Third, or Under).— A Gen-
tleman can strongly recommend a young man (age 18)
for situation as above. Nineteen months' character ; three
years previous at Nursery. — J. W. BAMBF.R, Glenfronie,
Ashley Down, Bristol.

GARDENER (Third).— A young man seeka
situation as above. One year and eight months' good
character from last [situation.— CH. RALPH, Lucerne Street,
Tynham, Sittingbourne.

p ARDENER (Under).— Age 20. Has had

V]X fair knowledge of both Inside and Out. Six years' good
character. Bothy preferred.— H. H., Place Gardens, Pens-
hurst, Kent.

GARDENER (Under).— Situation wanted by
a respectable young man, ag'? 22, as above, Good refer-
ences.—A. MARDELL, d, Spencer Cottages, East Sheen,
Surrey.

GARDENER. — A Lady wishes to recommend
a first-rate Gardener, who has a thorough knowledge of
his work, and great experience iu all its branches. —
G. GEDGE, Farm Cottages, Stoughton, Guildford.

GARDENER. — James Lemairk begs to
offer his services to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a
practical man. Good all-round experience. Five years' g >ud
character from present employer.— Godstooe Road, Cateriiam
Valley, Surrey.

GARDENER. — Engagement wanted. Under-
stands Fruit, &c. Vegetables and Flowers. Wife
good Butter Maker and Poultry Raiser. Good character. —
Address, ROBT. PAVY, Sheepscombe, Stroud. Glos.

G^TRDENER (Scotch).— Age 31 ; married, no
family. Would like to meet with a La ly or Gentleman
who is requiring a good Gardener. Excellent testimonials and
references.— P. H., Glenblaith Cottage, Pitmuxton, Aberdeen.

To Florists,

MANAGER, or BUYER and SALESMAN.—
Fifteen years' London experience. First-class ability.
Unexceptionable references.— G. A. WEAVER, 73, Maryleboue
Road, W.

NUKSERY MANAGER, "Provincial." —
Many years' experience. Second to none in Grafting
aud Growing Roses, Clematis, Eueharis, Cyclamens, Chrysan-
themums. Ferns, &c. — Replies to J. C. A., 'M, Ludwick Road,
New Cross, London, S.E.

FOREMAN (Landscape), seeks situation with
Nurseryman or Gentleman. Fifteen >ears' practical
knowledge in all branches. Can work out Plans, Planting,
8c.c, and take sole charge. Sober, honest, and well-recom-
nieiuled. — W. R., Mr. J. Shuttleworth, Sumner Road, Edgbaa*
ton, Birmingham.

FOREMAN, in Large Establishment ;
married when suited.— J. Harkis, Tubney House
Gardens, Abinglon, would be pleased to recommend his Fore-
man, H. Gibbens. Two yearsin present place.

T^OREMAN, in the Houses, in a Gentleman's

J- establishment — Age 25 ; can have good characters from
previous situations. — H. SHEPHERD. Heathlands, Woking.

To Nurserymen and FloriBta.

FOREMAN. — Age 31 ; Cucumbers, Tomatos,
Vines, Ferns, Propagation. First-class Furnisher and
Table Decorator to Royalty. Unexceptional references. Well
up in Market Work.— W., 2, Milligin Road, Aylestone Park,
Leicester.

f\)REMAN, in Houses, or General. — Mr.
BUBTON Sarfow. of Ringwool Hall, Chesterfield,
wishes to recommend G. Perkins as above (thirteen years'
experience), to any Gardener wanting a good man. Mr.
Barrow will give all particulars.

To Market GrowerB and Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, in large or small Nursery. —
Thoroughl experienced. Successful Propjgator and
Grower. Excellent references.— L. LAWES, Turkey Street,
Waltham Cross, Herts.

FOREMAN, or Departmental, in good estab-
lishment.—a. ,7. Elphinstone can highly recommend
H. Russ as above (age 26). Twelve years' experience. —
Packington Gardens, near Coventry.

FOREMAN, or PROPAGATOR and
GROWER.-Age 26. Plants, Ferns, Vines, Tomatos,
Cucumbers, &c— W., Gtrdeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN, in good establishment.— Age 28.
Well up in Orchids, Chrysanthemums, Exotic Plants,
Fruits, &c. Fourteen years' experience in good gardens. —
Apply, stating particulars to W. P., Mr. Mason, York Town,
Camberley, Surrey.

X c

J- A

FOREMAN, in a good establishment, or Head
where two or three are kept. — Age 28; single. Good
experience in trade and private, also decorating Oood le-
ferenccs. — J. Drew, The Gardens, Sudbury Hall, Derhy.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 31 ;
sixteen years' experience in Trade. Soft-wooded Stuff,
Carnations, Tomatos, &c. Good references.— G. GRIGG,
Crofton Road, Farr, borough, R S.O., Kent.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER for Market

-L Age 30 ; twelve year-*' experience. Two years' from prt--
seut employers. Thoroughly well up in Cut Flower Trade,—
T., Pritchard's Nursery, Frankwell, Shrewsbury.

JOURNEYMAN.— Age 23, requires a situa-
tion in a Private Garden under Glass. Six year-.' expe-
rience. Abstainer, Good references. — T.J., 101, Moffat Road,
Thornton Heath.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or Inside and
Out. — W. Townsend can with confidence recommend a
young man (age 22) as above, and will answer any inquiry. —
The Gardens, Sandhurst Lodge, Sandhurst, Berks.

IMPROVER, under a Propagator ; or amongst
Soft wooded Stuff.— Age 20. Good character.— J W.,
Gardeners' Chronioie Office, 41 , Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

GARDENERS.— Situation wanted in a

Gentleman's Garden by a Lad ; age 16. Small Premium
given.— E. S., The Forty, Cholsey, Berks.

'TO GARDENERS and NURSERYMEN.— A

J- youth (age 16), requires a situation. Quick at Potting.
Good character.- JAMES WYTON, Felstead, Chelmsford.

rpO NURSERYMEN mid FLORISTST^A.

JL young gentleman seeks an opening in the business of a
first-class Nurseryman and Florist, as IMPROVER, or general
working ASSISTANT. Eighteen months' practical experience.
If exceptional advantages are offered, a Premium would not be
objected to.— Address, by letter, to M., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

NURSERYMEN. — Situation wanted.

Age 27. Nine years' experience in Plants, Cut Flowers,
Wreaths, &c. Excellent references. — G. S., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street, Strand. W.C.

rrO NURSERYMEN.— A young Man (Scotch-

J- man), age 21, seeks situation in a Market Nursery near
Loudon. Five years' experience in private Gardens. Good
references from present and past employers. Total abstainer.
-FORBES PARK, 261, High Street, Ayr, N.B.

rrO SEEDSMEN.— A young Man (age 22),

JL having general knowledge in Nursery Business, seeks
a situation in a Seed Shop, with view to gaining experience. —
T. D. YOUNG, Clare House, Andover.

rVOSEED MERCHANTS.— Wan ted by Adver-

-L tiser situation as ASSISTANT in a First class Provincial
House. Age 21; |good experience at Counter Work and
Book - keepiug. Highest references. — W. J., Gardener*'
Chronicle Office, 11, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Growers of Fruit, &c. under Glass.

A GENTLEMAN wishes to thoroughly learn
in a PBACTICAL WAY the PROFITABLE CULTIVA-
TION by large growers of PEACHES, GRAPES, TOMATOS.
and OTHER FRUITS.— Send terms with full particulars, to
S. I>.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER.— Age 32;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hummerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN or MANAGER.— Age 28. Ex-
perieneed in Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays, Bulbs, Book-
keepiug. &e. Would manage Branch, or work New Business
on Commission. — H., 65, Solor Road, S.W.

SHOPMAN (Assistant). — Age 21 ; desires
re-engagement. Six years' experience in Seeds, Bulbs,
Plants, &c— THOS. KENNEDY and CO., Seedsmen, Dumfries.

SHOPMAN, or SALESMAN. — Age 32 ;

O a Nurseryman's son. Lifetime experience. First class.
Florist, Maker-up, &c. Abstainer. — G. B., Watcombe Park,
Torquay.

SHOPMAN oh ASSISTANT.— Age 2lf Well
up in all departments of the Trade. Could take chargc-
of branch shop. Excellent re'erences. — A. G., Singleton,
Chichester.

ASSISTANT, SHOP, or WAREHOUSE.—
Aged 25 Good knowledge of the Trade. Good re-
ferences.— Z , Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellintgon
Street, Strand, W.C.

FLOKIST and SEED TRADE. — A young
Lady hiving several years' experience, wishes re-engage-
ment in aboce. No objection to temporary engagement. —
A. B., 68, Great George street, Liverpool.

HOLLOW AY'S PILLS.— Easy Digestion.—
These admirable Pills cannot be too highly appreciated
for the wholesome power they exert over all disorders of the
stomach, liver, bowels, and kidneys. They instantaneously
relieve and steadily work out a thorough cure, and in its
course dispel headache, biliousness, flatulence, and depression
of spirits. It is wonderful to watch the daily improvement of
the complexion, as Holloway's Pills purify; the blood, and
restore plumpness to the face which had lost both flesh and
colour. These Pills combine every excellence desirable in a
domestic remedy. The most certain and beneficial results
flow from the occasional use of this regulating medicine; even
perso is in health-, or when following -sedentary occupation,
will fi id it an invaluable aperient.

fc»

504

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeh 24, 1891.

SANDER

OFFERS 1,000 PLANTS OF THE OLD LABIATA

FIRST DISCOVERED BY SWAINSON,

LINDLEY'S NOT GARDNER'S LABIATA.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Ou FEIDAY, NOVEMBER 6.

IT IS THE TRUE OLD PLANT OF SWAINSON, and is GUARANTEED TRUE by the RE-IMPORTERS.

IT HAS NO SYNONYM.

IT IS THE TRUE OLD LABIATA. CATTLEYA LABIATA OF LINDLEY.

THE TRUE OLD TYPICAL PLANT.

IT IS A SPECIES FULL OF VARIETIES. IT IS THE QUEEN OF CATTLEYAS.

CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMN ALIS VERA, Red and Grean sheathed vars.
All double sheathed, and every Plant guaranteed true.

GREAT SALE of ORCHIDS

Br Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, oh WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, I89I.

AT THE

ORCHID NURSERIES, EAST DULWICH, LONDON, S.E.

By order of Messrs. SEEGER & TROPP.

The list of plants comprising the Catalogue is most exhaustive, and we may safely claim that never before has such a rich and varied selection been
offered by Auction in one day.

Flease ask for Catalogue, and give it careful perusal, when it will be found all kinds are so well represented that Amateurs have the opportunity of
acquiring desirable new and rare species and varieties not already included in their collections, many of them perfeotly unique.

Among the numerous good things to be submitted for sale are several fine, well established, healthy specimens, now pushing their flower-spikes, of
the greatest novelty among Orchid introductions of this year, viz.,

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM SEEGERIANUM.

SOBRALIA MACRANTHA KIENASTIANA, pure white
Macrantha. First-class Certificate, Royal Hort. Society.

L.ELIA PERRINI ALBA (not Nivea). First-class Certifi-
cate, Royal Horticultural Society.

CATTLEYA INTERMEDIA ALBA.

PHAL.ENOPSIS SANDERIANA ALBA.

TRIOHOPILIA SUAVIS ALBA.

L.ELIA ANCEPS ALBA.

CIELOGYNE CRISTATA ALBA.

L.-ELIA AUTUMSALIS ALBA.

Also the Following : — ■

lycaste skinneri alba.

dendrobium nobile album.

odontoglossum nebulosum album.

zygopetalum mackayi album.

sobralia leucoxantha grandiflorl (alba).

VANDA STANGEANA, grandest Specimen in Europe.
CATTLEYA MOSSI.E REINECKIANA, sepals and petals
pure white. [white.

CATTLEYA GASKELLIANA NIVEA, sepals and petals pure
CATTLEYA FAUSTA.

RENANTHERA STORIEI, fine specimen.
ANGR/ECUM GRANDIFLORUM.
CCELOGYNE MEYERIANA (pandurata type).
MASDEVALLIA SCHRODERTE, First-class Certificate, Royal

Horticultural Society.
MASDEVALLIA V'EITCHI GRANDIFLORA, fine specimen.
EULOPHIA GUINENSIS.
AN.F.CTOCHILUS, the leading species.
VANDA TRICOLOR CINNAMOMEA.
CYPRIPEDIUM, a choice selection. &c. &c.

The Sale will also include a splendid importation of the majestic ODONTOGLOSSUM HASTILABITJIlI, just arrived in grand order.

The whole, with a few exceptions only, will be offered ENTIRELY "WITHOUT RESERVE, in order to make room for new importations due
to arrive soon, this course being necessary, as owing to a short tenure of the premises, it is not possible to increase the house accommodation.

Plants may be viewed two days prior to day of sale, and Catalogues obtained on the premises ; also of the Auctioneers, Messrs. PROTHEROE and
MORRIS, at their Central Sale rooms, 67 and 08, Cheapside, London, E.G.

THERE WILL BE ON EXHIBITION THE FINEST SPECIMEN CATTLEYA IN THE WORLD.

The nearest Railway Stations, in their order, are :— East Dulwich, Denmark Hill, Heme Hill, Lordship Lane, and Peckham Rye.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. BRADBURY, AGNEW, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, October 24, 1891. Agent' ior Manchester— Johm Heywood.

Established 1841.

No. 253—Vol.X. {£-:.}

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1891

Regt. as a Newspaper. f PRICE 3dU

WITH SUPPLEMENT. [ POST-FREE, Z[d.

CONTENTS.

Agricultural education,
an experiment ia *...

Aristolochia elegans

Aster White Comet

Azalea procumbens

Books : —
Coura d'Anglais .;.

Mushrooms, and their

Culture

Piesse's Art of Per-
fumery

Bordeaux Mixture, ex-
periments with

Cattleya labiata ...'

Crioum and Hippeas-
trum, hybrid between .

Cypripedium, a mon-
strous

Darwin Tulips, the

Flower garden

Fruit at Hutton Hall ...

Fruits under glass

Gladioli, Lemoine's haruy

Hardy Fruit Garden

Hemp as a defence
against Weevils

Highbury, Orchids in
flower at

Ingest re Gardens

Jerusalem Artichoke, the
name

Kitchen garden

Lifting H. P. Rosea

Lilium Wallichianum
var. superbum

Obituary : —

Glasscock, Henry

Levet, Etienne

Miss Kitchen ...

Oichid houses

Orchid notes

Papaver glaucum
Peach, cultivation of ...
Peaches and Nectarines

in suburban gardens ...
Plants under Glass
Rose pests, destruction of
Roses, lifting H.P.

Rust in Wheat

Societies :—

Birmingham Gardeners'

Cirencester

Devon and Exeter Gar-
deners'

Linnean

Manchester Royal Bo-
tanical and Horticul-
tural

North of Scotland Hor-
ticultural

Royal Horticultural ...

Royal Horticultural of

Aberdeen

Sophora japonica and S.

j. pendula

Technical education 520,

Trollius

Trees and shrubs in large

towns, on

Wheat crop of 1831

ILLUSTRATIONS.
A bed of Darwin Tulips in Mr. J. H. Krelage's Nursery,
Haarlem. (See Supplement.)

Aristolochia elegans, seed-vessel of

Aster While Comet

Krelage, J. H., Mr. ...

Monstrous Cypripedium

Papaver glaucum .;

530
&23

530
519
515
527
523

516
519
522
517
521

521
523

523
521

534

6-7

514
531

515

513
52J

514
52*

517
515
527

" The Gardeners1 Chronicle'1 in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Building, Nexo York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

" Paxtorfs Calendar." Neiv Edition, u The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, S^d. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W.C.

Standard Cherries.

CHARLES TUKiNEK, can offer the above with
tall stems and good heads.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUB,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W,

10 OHO EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

lv)VWU grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per
dozen. Less by tlie 1000. Cash with Order.

J. j'. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES.
— Strong, healthy, and well-rooted runners of Thury,
Noble, Paxton, and President. Price, 3s. per 100, carriage
paid j 20s. per 1000, on rail. Sample dozen, id. LIST free.
W. LOVEL and SON, Driffield.

SPECIMEN PLANTS. — Stephanotis,

O Taberna?montana and Crotons, in good condition.
Apply to GARDENER, 5, Adam's Cottages, East Acton, W.

Bulbs direct from the Capetown Botanlo Gardens.

TRADE ORDERS are now being received for
this Season's growth of CAPE BULBS, deliverable Jan. to
Feb., 1892.— HENRY J. CHALWrN, Botanic Gardens, Capetown

BUTTON'S COLLECTIONS

J ■ ANTHUS NARCISSI.

100'Bulbs. in 12 choice named ports ...

60*Bulbs, in 12 choice named sorts ...

25 Bulbs, in 12 choice named sorts ...

12 Bulbs, in 12 choice named sorts ...

of POLY-

... 26s. Od.

... 14s. Od.

... 7s. 6cf.

... is. Od.

GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM

UTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,

READING.

Dutch Flower Roots.— Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON'S
CATALOGUE, specifies all the best varieties in first-
size Bulbs at moderate prices. Post free.

HYACINTHS, Choice-named, for Pots, 40s. to 80s. per 100.

HYACINTHS, distinct colours for Bedding, 16s. to 21s. per 100.

HYACINTHS, White. Red, and Blue, mixed shades, 12s. per 100.

TULIPS, Single and Double, by name, from 6s. per 100.

CROCUS, by name, and mixed shades. Is. tid. to 3s. per 100.

NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADIOLUS, IRIS, FREEZIAS, &c.
Seed Warehouse. 13. Old Millgate, Manchester.

Trade Offer of Large Palm?.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dracrenas,
Bam boos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

CHOICE F^RUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Ceutre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES. &c. Good references.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; alBO
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Covent Garden, W.C.

POT ROSES.— A Bargain ; room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Scuvenir
d'un Ami, Marie Van Houtte, and M. Niels. Splendid stuff.
Established in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection invited.
Price £6 and £6 per 100.
QUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Duranfs Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

RASPBERRY CANES and STRAW-
BERRY RUNNERS.— Good strong Canes of Carter's
Prolific, and Runners of Sir Joseph Paxton, at 10s. per 1000.

Apply to MANN and SONS, Market Gardeners, Whitton,
Middlesex.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 6s., postrfree, 6s. 6o\

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Sooiety, Chiswick.

NARCISSUS.— Double White Sweet-Scented
Gardenia, 2s. id. per 100; 20s. per 1000. Grand Mon-
arque Polyanthus NARCISSUS. 6s. 6d. per 100; 60s. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS, The Bride, 3s. per 100; 25s. per 1000. Cash.
Mention this paper.

PONTEY S Seed and Bulb Warehouse, Plymouth.

To Nurserymen.

WANTED, in or near Hammersmith,
ACCOMMODATION for several POT VINES, with
attention to same.

[Address Y. X., 10, High Holborn, W.C.

THE TRADE.

CHINESE FAIRY LILIES.

Special Low Prices for Quantities, on application to tie

Originul Importers —

JAMES CARTER, DUNNETT, AND BE ALE,

237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

STRAWBERRIES.— " Noble," the king of

O Strawberries; "Scarlet Queen," and "White Kui^tit."
best new, Certificated at R. H. S.'s Fruit Conference, and 150
best new and old sorts, true to name. Lists free.
T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

C CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
J CANES, Dutch and Kaby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr.-old Trees, 10s. per 100; sample dozen, 2s. td.

RASPBERRY CANES, best varieties, 35s. per 1000 ; sample
100, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P. O.O. with Order to Manager,
R. BATH, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

(J SHEPPERSON'S SPECIAL OFFER of

O* fine English-grown HARDY BULBS, for present plant-
ing in the opeu ground, or for potting for Greenhouse. Fine
Double pure Snow-white Gardenia - dowered NARCISSI'S,
15 for Is.; 60 for 2s. id. ; 100 for 4s. Carriage free. Extra
largedouble SNOWDROPS, 40forls.; 100for2s. Carriage free.
S. SHEPPERSON, Florist, Prospect House, Belper.

To those about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN Asr, SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 160 Acres.

FOR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA
GRACILIS, 10s. to 21s. per 100.
FLETCHER BROTHhRS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s. per 100. Order
earlv of —

WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 2ls.,
or 3os. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied,
A. J. AND C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
aod terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

Cheap Palms I Palms 1 1 Palms 1 1 !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
OOCOS, PHC2NrX, and many others. LIST of prices on

application. , „ ,- • ,

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

J WEEKS and CO., Hobticultubal
a Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Sooiety, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

HOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT

MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.

Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be bad of all Nursery

and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage

paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, VictoriaRoad, Putney.

WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

506

THE GAR BE NUBS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

OMG

by messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers,

CENTRAL AUCTION" ROOMS and ESTATE OFFICES. 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.

Tuesday Next.

TOTTENHAM, N.

The Hale Farm Nurseries, adjoining the Tottenham Hale

Station, Great Ejstern Railway.

GREAT ANNUAL SALE.

Immense Quantities of NURSERY STOCK, by order of
Mr, THOMAS S. WARE.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above.
On TUESDAY NEXT, November 3,
At 11 o'Clock punctually, in consequence of there being
upwards of 1500 lots, immense quantities of exceptionally
well grown NURSERY STOCK, as previously advertised.
Amongst the principal items, the following may be men-
tioned : —

35,000 Named CARNATIONS and PICOTEES,

comprising all the finest varieties.

10,000 HOLLYHOCKS, 10,0000 PYRETHRUMS,

25.000 CLEMATIS,

and others, fine and strong plants.

2500 AMPELOPSI3 VEITCHII, 6000 HEDERAS, of sorts,

5000 LILIES, &c,

including extraordinarily fine home-grown sorts of the best

varieties; choice named NAR JISSUS, IRIS, and others.

50,000 Berlin CROWNS of LILY OF THE VALLEY,

line forcing crowns, all the true German variety.

5000 SPIRJEA COMPACTA. MULTIFLORA.

Also thousands of the common variety.

3000 CHRISTMAS ROSES,

Large Forcing Clumps, full of flower-buds.

10,000 Forcing Plants and Bulbs.

100,000 SEAKALE and ASPARAGUS.

Exceptionally fine ROSES.;

50,000 PERENNIALS

Also
ROSES, ORNAMENTAL TREES, and SHRUBS,
in great variety.
The attention of the Trade and Private Buyers is particu-
larly invited to this important Annual Sale. The Catalogues
are now ready, and will be found to contain one of the most
varied and extensive Stocks ever submitted to Public Auction.
Copies will be forwarded on application to Mr. T. S. WARE,
on the Premises ; or to the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68,
Cheap-dde, London, E.C.

Note. — The Auctioneers will be pleased to purchase any lots
for those who cannot attend the Sale, and Mr. Ware will
undertake to pack and forward purchases to all parts of the
kingdom.

Tuesday next— Japanese Lilies.

The first consignment this season, consisting of 100 cases, and

comprising,

4400 LILIUM AURATUM. including about 300 extra large

Bulbs;

1600 LILIUM SPECIOSUM RUBRUM and ALBUM;

1000 LILIUM LONGIFLORUM.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to announce that they will include the above important
consignment of JAPANESE LILIES in their SALE by
AUCTION, at the Rooms, 67 and 6?, Cheapside, E.C, on
TUESDAY NEXT, November 3. at 11.30 o'clock precisely.
On view morning of Sate, and Catalogues had.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,

and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL bv AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 69, Cheapside,
London, E.C. FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'Clock each day. LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS. NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

200 AZALEA INDICT and 100 CAMELLIAS, selected varie-
ties; and 100 AZALEA MOLLIS, froa one of the best
growers in Belgium.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above consignment of plants in their SALE
on WEDNESDAY NEXT.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

80,000 KENTIA SEEDS in grand condition.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their SALE, on WEDNESDAY
NEXT, November 4.

" On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr. F.
Sander,

CYMBIDIUM RICOLOR. a most beautiful

CYMBIDIUM, from Ceylon.

Also a BURLINGTONIA SPECIES, of promising appearance,

from a new district.

Also a fine lot of UENDROBIUM McCARTHLtE.

Also a CYPRIPEDIUM SPECIES, from a new district in

Java, long green leaves upwards of 2 feet in length.

And quantities of other ORCHIDS.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

SANDER

Has just received 1000 grand Plants of the

OLD LABIATA,

Among them being 100 enormous specimens.

The masses are truly astonishing and marvellous, some of them

over 6 feet in circumference.

ENORMOUS BULBS,

COLLOSAL LEAVES,

TITANIC SHEATHS.
EVERY PLANT IS WARRANTED TRUE.

"THE OLD LABIATA."

Re-discovery of"the supposed long-exterminated

OLD AUTUMN-FLOWERING TYPICAL

CATTLE Y A LABIATA.

All the Plants have double sheaths, some green, others red ;

flower seats, four, five, and six. This is Lindley's original

Labiata.

CATTLEYA LABIATA (LINDLEY).

From Swainson's hunting grounds. This Plant was first
introduced by Swainson in 181S, and he actually u*ed its stems
in packing his Lichens for transport. Wheu first teen in
flower by Dr. Lindley it created a sensation, and he named it
in honour of Mr. W. Cattley, of Barnet, the foremost Orchid
amateur of his time.

" It is the Queen of Cattleyas,
We guarantee it true."
The Plants are in magnificent order and condition. They
could not possibly be finer.

" The easiest Cattleya grown,

The freest-flowering Cattleya known,
The varieties are endless."

CATTLEYA LABIATA (LINDLEY).

Was discovered by W. Swainson in 1817, and since that year
several small consignments have arrived in Europe. In
about 1830, Mr. Hors-fall, of Liverpool, received some
through a captain of one of his ships. Again, in about
1845, some plants came to Europe, and in 1882, Mr. Bart-
lett, of the Zoological Gardens, London, received a small
consignment, and he disposed of it to Mr. B. S. Williams,
of Upper Holloway, and two years ago a gentleman in
Paris received an importation.- The full history of the
Plant will shortly appear iu the " Reichenbachia." We
have succeeded in securing the quantity offered, and the
whole in grand health, ana just rec tved.

The old Labiata is a free-doing Cattleya, and makes rapid
growth, and is unequal for cut flower purposes and
grandeur of variety as a selling plant.

The above will be SOLD by AUCTION by

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS at
their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 6S, Cheapside, Loudjn,
E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT. November 6, 1891, at half-past
12 o'Clock, together with other new valuable OrtCHIDS.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr.
F. Sander, CATASETUMS of various kinds from the Rio Pinto
Mountains, the home of Swainson's OLD LABIATA.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL on November 6, bv order of Mr. F. Sander,
EPIDKNDRUM WaTSDNII (provisionally named).
A distinct and remarkable plant, another introduction from
the home of the old Labiata. The plant is provisionally named
in honour of Mr. Watson, of Kew, who was much struck with
the appearance of the plants.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr. F.
Sander,
A. SCHOMBURGKIA, from the woods of the old Labiata.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHKROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr. F.
Sander,

A NEW VANDA, VANDA O'BRIENIANA.
Preserved flowers of which will be on view.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr. F.
Sander.

TWO DISTINCT-LOOKING EPIDENDRUMS from Swainson "a

hunting ground. One of which greatly resnmbles in appearance

EPIDENDRUM RANDII.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr. F.
Sander,

DENDROBItTM RICHARDII,
a most beautiful Dendrobe, of stately habit and easy culture.
Flowers dark yellow with crimson lip.
See dried flowers.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their SALE on FRIDAY, November 6, by
order of Mr. F. Sander.

VANDA ROBERTSIANA, NEW, flowers white and choco-
late, striped and spotted crimson.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6, by order of Mr. F.
Sander, A DENDROBHJM,

like Lrelia anceps Sanderiaua ; flowers large, pure white, with
a crimson lip.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, on FRIDAY, November 6. by order of Mr. F.
Sander, a magnificent importation of a CATTLEYA from the
Rio Pinto— fuund with the OLD LABIATA— the plants are
not unlike C. Schoneldiana in growth, but the sepals and
petals are said to be white, while the lip is crimson. This
description Mr. F. Sander believes to be correct.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include in their ORCHID SALE, on FRIDAY NEXT.
100 DISA SPATHULATA,
a most extraordinary species, with white, blue, and roa;
flowers. The lip is a wonderful development, consisting of a
long slender stalk, with a tri-lobed blade at the tip, resembling
an old-fashioned spear. The tubers are true, havicg been
collected in flower.

100 DISA FLEXUOSA.
An elegant species, never before imported. Sepals pure white,

lip and petals rich gulden-yellow.
Also DISA POLYGONOIDES, orange-scarlet; D. RACEMOSA,
crimson ; D. LONGICuRNU, the broad-leaved large blui* Diss ;
DISPERIS C.APENSIS. ro-e to purple, offered for the first
time; and various other DISAS, SATYRIUMS, and other
CAPE TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Hampton, Middlesex.— Absolutely without Reserve.

THREE DAYS' CLEARANCE SALE, by order of Messrs.
Mahood & Son, the ground having to ce cleared for other
purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCITOV, on ths Premises, the Taugley Pa<k
Nursery, Buckingham Estate, Hampton, within a mile of
Hamptou Station on WEDNESDAY, November 4, and two
following days, at 12 o'Clojk each day, the whole of the ex-
ceptionally well-grown and thriving NURSERY STOCK, re-
cently transplanted, and comprising 6000 Standard and
Pyramid Apples, Pears, and Plums, tr.iued Peaches, 600
Standard Victoria Plums, fruiting trees, 5000 Maiden Apples,
Pears, and Plums, 600 Cupressus lutea, 3 to 4 feet; 2000
Cupressus, 4 to 5 feet; 2000 Standard Roses, and 301)0 Dwarf
Roses, all leading varieties; 2000 English Yews, 300 Golden
Privet, 3000 Common, Portugal, and uLher Laurels, 2000 yards
Box Edging, 5000 Standard Limes. 10 to 12 feet, splendid trees
with straight stems; Thorns in variety, aud other Ornamental
Trees, a large assortment of Conifers aDd Evergreens in the
borders, \\ to 3 feet; Weymouth Pines, 5 to 6 feet; large
Laurels (recently moved), and other Stock.

May now be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises ; and
of the Auctioneers. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Cliffe, near Rochester and Gravesend,

Adjoiaing Ciiffe Station, S. E. Railway.
THIRD GREAT ANNUAL TR\DE SALE of FRUIT TREES,

by order of Mr. W. Home.

IMPORTANT to NURSERYMEN, FRUIT GROWERS, and

OTHEKS.

7V/TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

IVX SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Perry Hill, Cliffe,
near Rochester, on FRIDAY, November 6, at 11 o'Clock.

100,000 FRUIT TREES,
comprising 30 000 Apples, Pear*, Piums, and Cherries, in-
cluding 1000 of the new dessert Apple, Beauty of Bath ; 50,000
Baldwin Black Currants, 5,000 Red Currants, 15,0u0 Goose-
berrie-, Bobs, Lads, and Whiuhams, 5,000 Carter's and Norwich
Wonder Raspberries, 5,00) John Ruskin Strawberries, new
(Rival on Noble;, 100.000 Laxton's Noble, and 50.000 Sir Joseph
Pnxton, 20,000 Connover's Colossal Asparagus. 50,000 Myatt's
Cabbage Plants, 50,000 Drumhead, &c. Every lot must be
sold to make room for others.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, Loadon, E.C.

Fulham, S.W.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of GLASS ERECTIONS,
PIPING, PLANTS, and UTENSILS, hy order of T. Hood-
less, Esq., the ground beiDg required forBuilding Purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises. Dor.-et C.ttage,
near the "Crab Tr.e," Fu ham Palace Road, S.W., on
WEDNESDAY. November 11 at 12 o'clock, without reserve,
the whole of the well-grown GREENHOUE PLANTS, in-
cluding 20 large CAMELLIAS, in pots and boxes; 240 A ZA-
LIAS, mostly white; 2000 FERNS, 11(00 CHRYSANTHE-
MUMS, 800 CARNATIONS, 1400 GERANIUMS. 500 ROSES in
pnts. ORCHIDS for cuttine. AZALEA MOLLIS, SHRUBS,
the erections of la OREE^HOUSRS. MOO f-et of 4-inch HOT-
WATER PIPING- Brickwork BOILERS. 17 OneandTwo Lieht
FRAMES, GARDEN TILES, FLnWER-POTS. Slate SLARS,
and TANKS, the Erections of GROTTO and large FOUN-
TAIN, several VASFS and PEDESTALS, useful HORSE,
SPRING MARKET YAN, and other Effects.

May be viewed day prior to and morning of Sale, Catalogues
had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, EC.

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

507

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SiLES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION at his Great Rooms. 38. King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY, at half-past 12 o'clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIl'S, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known Farms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

400 Choice-named Standard and Dwatf ROSES. CONIFERS,
HARDY EVERGREENS, LILACS. &c. CARNATIONS,
PINKS PICOTEES, fine CLIMBING ROSES in pots. 100
pots of ADIANTUM CUNEATUM, DAFFODILS,
CYCLAMEN PERSICA, AZALEA MOLLIS from Ghent,
Berlin LILY OF THE VALLEY Crowns. SPIRAEA
JAPONICA, LILIUM HARRISI, L. CANDIDUM, L.
AURATUM, AMARYLLIS speciee, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE, hy AUCTION, at his Great Rooms.
38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY
next, November 4.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

SPECIAL SALE OF DUTCH BULBS.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUC-
TION, at his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT. November 5, at half-past
12 o'clock precisely, a very extensive IMPORTATION of
BULBS from HOLLAND, just received in splendid condition,
and specially lotted to suit all Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

LAKE HOUSE, CHELTENHAM,

R. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by

AUCTION, on the Premises, as above, on THURSDAY
NF.XT November 5, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a
COLLECTION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
formed by the late G. Nevile Wyatt, E-q., consisting of well-
grown specimeus of Anthurium Andreanum, A. Scherzeria-
num. Dractenas, Stephanotis floribunda. Palms, Gloxinias,
Exhibition Specimen and Half-specimen Azaleas, comprising
very choice varieties which have won prizes annually at the
Cheltenham Shows. Also a few choice Orchids, &c.

On view the day prior, and Catalogues had on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneer at his Rooms and Offices, 38, King
Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, in London suburbs, within 8 miles
from the Bank, and in a good locality for 'trade, a
SMALL NURSERY BUSINESS, with about 1 to 2 acres of
LAND, position in which Seeds, Cut Flowers, &c, could be
done preferred ; only offers with full particulars will be
noticed. CERES, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
St., W.C.

WANTED, to RENT, a SMALL NURSERY,
with DWELLING-HOUSE. Good frontage. Provincial
town preferred.

BRUNSWICK, 58, Quentin Road, Lee, S.E.

WANTED, TO RENT, a SMALL
NURSERY.— Four or five Glasshouses. With good
frontage to main road. Handy for Town. — E. C. T.,
Gardeners' Chtonicle Office, 41, Wellington St.. Strand, W.C.

\\f ANTED to LEASE, a GLASS NUR-

VV SERY, for the Cultivation of Fruit, not smaller than
5 Acres.— A. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

TO FLORISTS.— Four ACRES of LAND,
to LET on LEASE, with option of purchase. No better
land could be obtained. Rent £12 per Acre. No tithe. Enfield
Highway, about nine miles from London, and near Railway
Station.— Apply to Mr. H. MOORE. 59, Bishopsgate Street
Within, E.C.

London. West End,

FOR DISPOSAL, the GOODWILL of an
old-established FLORIST BUSINESS, doing a first-class
trade. Long Lease. Low rent, Price £$&Q, for Goodwill,
Stock, and Fixtures.
Apply, PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside.E.C.

JOBBING BUSINESS to be DISPOSED OF,
AT ONCE.— Good connection. 20-feet span Greenhouse,
Tools, &c, tor carrying on same. Price £20.
Apply, SLMPSON, Stationer, Marshgate, Richmond, Surrey,

FOR SALE, TWO CORNISH TRENTHAM
BOILERS. 7 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches diameter, with
Check Bridge Ends and three Cross Tubes, with Furnace
Fittings. All uearlv new. Lying in South i*orkshire.

Apply. BOILER, Gardmers' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand. W.C.

Landscape Gardening.

Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

Prize Cob Filbert TreeaT"

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

BEARING PEACH TREES.— A few very
fine bearing Dwarf-trained and Standard Trees, fibrously
rcoted, well-balanced Heads. Prices on application.
W. ICETON, Putney. S.W.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croei and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. lOs.Hd., LUs., 42j.,£3s.,& upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS, 5s.6rf., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6rf.. tolOSs.
Hvacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Daffodils, Iris, Peeonies, Lilies, &c.
lllKK and SI IN, 12, King Street. Covenl Garden, London.W.C.

Special Cheap Offer.

ELCOMBE and SON, The Nurseries, Romsey,
Hampshire, beg to offer the following for cash : —
AMERICAN ARBORVITJE, 4 to 5 feet, per 100, HOs. ; ditto,

5 to 6 feet, per 100, 60s. ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet, per 100. 80s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, 2} to 3 feet, per 100, 25s.; ditto.
3J to 4 feet, per 100. 40s. ; ditto. 5 to 6 feet, per 100, 60s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, fine specimens, 8 to 10 feet, 3s. 6d.

each.
THUIA LOBBI, 6 to 6" feet, per dozen, l2s. ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet,

per dozen. 18s. ; ditto, 9 to 10 feet, per dozen, 42s.

CUPRESSUS ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 feet, per dozen. 181.

The above are all well-grown and finely-rooted.

GILBERTS ROYAL FAMILY
of the BRASSICA TRIBE.
CHOU DE BITRGHLKY (Kingof Cabbages), Is. per packet.
UNIVERSAL SAVOY (Queen of Savoys), Is. per packet.
KINO of the BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Is. 6a. per packet.
LATE WHITE VICTORIA BROCCOLI. Is. orf. per packet.
FARLY WILLIAM PEA (sow now). 2s. per quart.
WILSON'S ROYAL ASHTOP POTATO, for frame and outside

work, the best. 2s. per stone.
GILBERT'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. Is. twelve seeds.
EARLIEST STRAWBERRY— JOHN RUSKIN. turned out of

pots, 20s. per 1000; good runners. 15s. per 1000.
LATEST OF ALL runners, 15s. per 1000. Warranted best

plants in the trade.

K. GILBERT. High Park, Stamford.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS, extra fine, 30s. per
1000. weight 50 lb.; 2U.. weight, 30 lb. SNOW-
DROPS, double, best. 14s. ;Tseconds, 12*. ; single, 12*.'; offsets,
3s. per 1000. WINTER ACONITES and BLUE SCILLAS, Is.
per 100, 9s. per 1000. Samples 6d. Cash with order.
GEO. Y'ORKE, Seedsman, Retford.

rT AXTON'S NOBLE" STRAWBERRY.—

-1— ^ I am now clearing off the Beds, and can supply Trade
Growers with good strong Runners in any quantity, at low
rates. Will be dearer in the spring. Present price* on
application to—

T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

ANTHONY WATERER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the following well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet.

„ DOl'GLASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 5 to 8 feet.

„ HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA. 3 to 6 feet.

„ LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon). 4 to 10 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA EllECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet.

„ .. LIITEA (Golden). 3 to 6 feet .
JUNIPERUS CHIXENSIS, 3 to 10 feet.

,, „ AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS. 5 to 8 feet.

„ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ MAGNIFICA.3 to 5 feet.

„ PUNGENS, 1} to 4 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), H to 1 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 ieet.

,, LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet.

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBB1I (gigantea). 5 to ft feet.

., OCCIDENTALS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. 3 to 7 feet.
YEWS, Common, 3, 4, 5, and 6 feet.

,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

,, Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

,, Irish. 5 to 10 feet.

„ ,, Golden. 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2£ to 4 feet,
BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Common, fiom 3 to 10 feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE.

„ HODGINS or NOBLLIS,

„ LAURIFOLIA,

„ MYRTIFOLIA, ("3,4. 5, up to 10 feet.

„ SCOTICA,

„ Yellow berried, and otter sorts

. , Variegated, of sorts, 3. 5, up to 10 feet.

,, Golden Queen, 4, 5. up to 10 feet.

., Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

,, Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems
with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
HODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

. Knap Hill Nursery. Weking, Surrey.

EXHIBITIONS.

f£secs.

CRYSTAL PALACE,
GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW,
FRIDAY and SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 6 and 7.
Schedules and Entry Forms on application to Mr. W.
G. HEAD. Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal
Palace, S.E.

Entries close on Friday, October SO.

KINGSTON and SURBITON CHRYSAN-
THEMUM SOCIETY.
President: G. C. SHEKKARD. Fso... J P.
The FIFTEENTH ANNUAL GRAND EXHIBITION will 1 e
held in the DRILL HALL, KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, -n
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, November 10 and 11, 18*1,
wheu, in addition to valuable Money Prizes, the Sixth Chitn-
pion Challenge Vase, value 25 guineas, will be agaiu compi ted
for. Schedules, and any information, may be bad from the
Hon. Sec. MR. GEORGE WOODGATE, Warren House
Gardens, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Entries close on November 6.

LEEDS PAXTON SOCIETY'S THIRD
CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW will be held in the Town
Hall on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY', November 10 and It,
when upwards of £170 will be offered in Prizes, including Two
Valuable silver Challenge Cups. Entries close November 3.
JOsH. SMITH. Hon. Sec.
Asket Hill, Roundhay, Leeds.

THE BATH CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
— November 11 and 12, 1891. Entries close Nov. 6. For
Prize Schedules apply to B. R. F. PEARSON I

2, Northumberland Bdgs., Bath. W. JEFFERY

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHE M U M
SOCIETY, ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER.
GREAT AUTUMN EXHIBITION and FESTIVAL,
TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY.and THURSDAY, Nov. 10, 11, & 12.
Chrysanthemums, Table Decorations, Fruit, and Vegetables.
Many valuable special Prizes of great interest.
S.hedules of Prizes and all particulars of —

RICHARD DEAN, Secretary and Superintendent,
42, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, London, W.

'"TIVERTON CHRYSANTHEMUM, FRUIT,

-1 AND FLOWER SHOW.

The NEXT EXHIBITION will be held on THURSDAY,
November 12. For Schedules, apply to the Hon. Sec,

R. P. COS WAY, Tiverton. Devon.

SHEFFIELD, HALLAMSHIRE, and WEST

O RIDING UNITED CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY.
ANNUAL SHOW, Corn Exchange, Sheffield, Nov. 13 & 14, 1891.
Upwards of £J<j0 in Prizes, Medals, &c.
Schedules free on application. WM H0USLEY| ^

ViJRK CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.— The

-L TWELFTH ANNUAL SHOW in the Fine Art Exhi-
bition Building will be held on NOVEMBER 18, 19, and 20,
1891. £160 offered in PRIZES, in liberal proportion, for
Plants, Cut Flowers, Fruit und Vegetables. Entries close
November 11. Schedules may be had from the Secretary,
J. LAZENBY, 13, Feasegate, Y'ork.

UGB Y CHRYSANTHEMUM

EXHIBITION.

NOVEMBER 18 and 19, 1891.

Entries close November 11. Schedules from

WILLIAM BRYANT, Sec.

19, Oliver Street.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSO-

O CIATION.

GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

NOVEMBER 19, 20, and 21.

Schedules and all particulars on application to the Secretary,

ROBERT LAIRD, 17, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh..

CAUTION.— In the Court of Session, Scotland.
SUTTON AXD SONS v. BAXTER.— NOTICE IS HEREBY
GIVEN, That the Court has granted a PERPETUAL INJUNC-
TION, with costs, against the defendants, Messrs. John Baxter
& Sons, Printers and Publishers. Edinburgh, restraining them
from infringing the Copyright of Illustrated Catalogues pub-
lished by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading.
The defendants allege that they bought the electros of illustra-
tions from A. Blanc, engraver, of Philadelphia, U.S.A. As
numerous infringements of the illustrations in Messrs. Sutton
& Sods' several Catalogues have been made, they Give Notice
to all engravers, printers, seedsmen, and other persons, not to
print, publish, or circulate any illustrations copied from their
copyright catalogues, and that legal proceedings will be taken
against, any person infringing their rights.
Dated this October 23, 1891.

PLUNKETT and LEADER.
60, St. Paul's Churchyard, Loudon, E.G.,

Solicitors for Messrs. Sutton & Sons.

KOSES ! ROSES ! ! ROSES ! 1 ! — The best
and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals.for
21s. ; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 100,000 grand
plants to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter.

CHRISTMAS and LENTEN ROSES.— Mr.
Beockbank, our greatest authoritv, writing to the
Garden, says:— "They are the finest I ever beheld." Good
strong clumps full of flower-buds (large major var.), at 9s.,
12s., 15s., 18s., and 24s. per dozen. Specimen plants. ]£ to
3 feet across. Price on application. Twelve Lenten Ro$es, in
best named varieties, for 10s.

GEO. STAMP. Nurseryman, Bishop's Teigoton, South Devon.
Standard Apples and Pears.

CHARLES TURNER can offer the above,
best sorts, strong trees, and in large numbers.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

508

THE GAS DENE US' CHSONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

LILIUM AURATUM.

Just arrived, in grand condition, immense Exhibition
Bulbs, Is. id. each, 15s. per dozen, £5 per 100.

Grand Bulbs, either home-grown |or imported— Japanese—
10s. and 7s. $d. per dozen, 60s. per 100.

F. ROSS & CO., Importers, Bletcrungley, Rtdhill.

ONL Y

Gold Medal,

Paris, i889.

DARWIN

;;?:; tulips.

SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CATALOCUE.

Contents :—
"LA TULIPE NOIRE."
"NE PLUS ULTRA" Collection (50 vars.).
" DIAMOND " Collection (50 vars.).
" AMATEUR " Collection (100 vars.).
" CHEAP " Collection (100 vars.).

Prices, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 3d., Is. 6d.,
and upwards each.

For full details, see Gardeners' Chronicle,
July 4, 1891 (p. 10, 11), and our DARWIN
TULIP CATALOGUE, which will be sent
free on application to

E. H. KRELAGE&SON,

THE COUHT NURSERYMEN,

HAARLEM, HOLLAND.

Please mention Gardeners' Chronicle,

PLANTING SEASON.

"INTENDING PLANTERS at PUBLIC

JL PARKS, CEMETERIES, and PRIVATE PLEASURE-
GROUNDS, are respectfully invited to inspect the immense
Stock of TREES and SHRUBS for these purposes, in the
extensive Nurseries of —

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE

(By appointment, Nuhserymen to the Queen),
CARLISLE.

Catalogues, and all Information, free by Post.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters,
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

-L have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 10U.000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000 ; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH. 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet ; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet ; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties. 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, also for
Forest Planting ; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURbXS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old. good
roots, 3s. per 100 ; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6d . per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. 6d. per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6rf. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :—" Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Routs. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots lever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey Blandford, December 27, 1890."
J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STuOK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

wMne) arid aYee.;

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

THE
VERY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE &. VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and in excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. 397-

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

D icksons o.s;* Chester

H. LANE & SON

Beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their extensive
StocksofTREESandSHRUBSforimmeaiateefftct.extendinq
over 150 acres, including the following, all uninjured by frost.

EVERGREENS.

AUCUBAS, BERBERI3, BOX, COTONEASTERS, HOLLIES
(Green and Variegated), LAURELS, PORTUGAL LAURELS,
MAHONIAS, GOLDEN YEWS (fine specimens, 6 feet in
diameter), and Thousands of smaller Seedling Varieties, in
different shades of colour, variety, and form.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

DEMTZIAS. ELDER (Golden and Variegated), GUELDER

ROSES, THORNS in variety, LABURNUMS, LILACS,

PHILADELPHUS, RIBES, SPIRAEAS, WEIGELAS, &c.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

MAPLES, SYCAMORES, BEECH, Black NORWEGIAN

BIRCH, CHESTNUTS, ELMS, LIMES. PURPLE-LEAVED

PLUM, WEEPING TREES, &c.

CONIFERS.

ABIES DOUGLASI, ARAUCABIAS, CEDRU3 DEODARA
(splendid Specimens), CUPRESSUS, PICEA NOBILIS and
NOKD.MANNIANA, &c, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c. RETINO-
SPORAS in variety, THUIA LOBBI and others, THUJOPSIS
BOREALIS and DOLABRATA (fine Specimens).

RHODODENDRONS, fine named sorts, well set with bloom.

Ponticum and Hybrid Seedlings, Azalea Mollis, &c.

FOREST TREES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.

CATALOGUE FREE ON APPL1CA1IO.X.

THE NURSERIES, berkhamstead, HERTS.
KENTIA SEEDS.

The following, in splendid condition, have just arrived from
our Collector : —

KENTIA FORSTERIANA, 20s. per 1000.
„ BELMORIANA, 20s. per 101 0.

CANTERBURYANA, 9s. per 100.
Also, SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, 12s. per 1000.
ARECA BAUERI, 12s. per 1000.

HOOPER & CO., Limited, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

FRUIT TREES—APPLES,

ROSES.— HYBKID PEE-

PETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

FLOWER ROOTS-HYA-

CINTHS, NARCISSI, LILIES, TULIPS, &c. A very
fiae assortment, including all the most beautiful sorts,
at moderate prices.
Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c, free on application.

Please compare our prices before sending your orders
abroad,

WATKINS &. SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

o
b

S. C. RUMSEY

O
(/)
m

C/)

10 FIRST-RATE STANDARD ROSES for 10s.

10 „ ,. HALF-STANDARD „ ,, 7s. tid.

10 SPLENDID DWARF or BUSH ,, „ 6s.

O10 GRAND CLIMBING „ ., 6s.

10 LOVELY MOSS ,, ,, 5s.

^^ All Best Sorts, Packing Free. Cash with Order,
" CATALOGUE on application.

ROSE - GROWER, WROTHAM, KENT.

JOSHUA LE C0RNTJ & SON'S

||— DCCV FRUIT TREES

JCLKOC T & ROSE TREES.

Carriage paid. Packed gratis. An immense stock of strong,
healthy, well-rooted Trees. No Starvelings.

CORDONS A SPECIALTY.
Roses wonderfully cheap. 'J he tinest that money can buy.
Before ordering any, be sure to write for our Illustrated
Catalogue. HIGH VIEW NURSERIES, JERSEY.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

509

EXORS. of

the late

CHARLES FRAZER,

CONSERVATORIES, ^---st?;

GREENHOUSES.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

VINERIES.

FORGING HOUSES. 1

SUMMER HOUSES,

&c.

No. 67. -MELON and CUCUMBIR FRAME.

Cash Prices, Carriage Paid.

Lengths.

6 ft. wide.

Packing
Cates.

"« i
|

1 Light Frame ...

5 ,. ,,

4 ft.

8 ft.
12 ft.
16 ft.
20 ft.

£ s. d.
1 IS 0

3 0 0

4 5 0

5 10 0

6 15 0

s. d.
6 0
6 6

6 6

7 6

8 6

NORWICH.

Erected in Best Style,
at Lowest Prices.

Best Materials.

English Glass.

Sirperior Workmanship.

Competent Men Sent
to all parts to Fix.

Complete Illustrated Catalogue of Conservatories, Green-
houses. Garden Frames, Handlights, Poultry Houses,
Hog Kennels, &c, post-free.

ESTIMATES FREE.

No. 61a.-IMPR0V£D LEAV-TO FRAME.

Cash Prices, Carriage Pdid.

Lengths.

6 ft. wide.

Packing Cases.

8 ft.
12 ft.
16 ft.
20 ft.

£ s. d.
4 10 0

6 0 0

7 10 0
9 0 0

5. d.
6 6

8 6

9 6
10 6

Ca-h Piice*. Carriage Paid

Lengths.

4 ft. wide.

Lengths.

4 ft. wide.

Packing *S
Cases. ?

£ s. d.

s. d, ^J

4 ft.

2 0 0

6 ft.

2 10 0

3 6 £

4 6 2"

5 6;

6 6 I

8 ft.

3 0 0

9 ft.

3 10 0

12 ft.

4 0 0

15 ft.

5 0 0

16 ft.

5 0 0

18 ft.

6 0 0

20 ft.

6 0 0

21 ft.

7 0 0

7 6^

Carriage Paid to all Goods Stations in England and Wale3 ;
ilso to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, and Belfast.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

LILIUM WALLICHIANUM

SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly fine and rare Lily. The plants are
strong and healthy, IN FLOWER AND BUD.
Price 6b, 7b. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each.

Price to the Trade on application.

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses. Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c„ constructed on our improved plan, are the
perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equalled. We only do one class of work,
and that the very best.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORE. THE BEST MATERIALS.

THE COTTAGERS CALENDAR OF CARDEN OPERATIONS.

Post-free 3|d. ; 25 Copies, 6s. ; 60, 10s. ; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain,

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (No. 509). of E. H. KEELAGE AND SON,
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists to the Court,
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, and will be sent, post-
free, and without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letters, direct to

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem. Holland.

SUNFLOWERS-SUNFLOWERS (PERENNIAL).

Trade Offer, for Prompt Delivery.
HARTLAND'S IRISH PLANT, SOLEIL U'OR, beautiful

double-quilled. 20s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
HELENIUMBOLANDERI.honev-scented.aDdSummer-flower-
ing; Bees so fond of it; Bloom, yellow; Excellent for
cutting. 20s. per 100; 3s. per dozen.
HELIANTHUS MULTIFLORUS, as figured in Gardeners'
Chronicle, October 10. 7s. &d. per 100.

All for Immediate Order, and Cash remittance.

Wra. Baylor Hartland, FR.H.S, Seedsman, Cork

510

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

DENDROBIUM FORMOSUM

GIGANTEUM

IN BUD.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Beg to offer a magnificent lot of the above
showy white ORCHID, with splendid growths,
well set with buds.

Price 90s. and 126s. per dozen.
CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

eiitH!if!i!;)>iiii:(!n:iiMi:ii:;t:i;?,iit;iii!!:iTi:sE::i:i;::i:i);iiiii;ii!iii;i!iiii!i)>eiiiic

A ALL OTHER

f TREES & PLANTS,

I EVEHOHEENS, ROSES, Ac.

| NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

| VERT EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited'

Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

i JL^IGKSOISS NiicwKiiiEM

(LIMITED) C5E£ESTER.|

itt:i!iMiE::ici:t:iCtciiiitiiii:9itiiiiiii:ii;D3;iuiuiti*.iiiuueuuiiiiiiiittltui>.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

S»e CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

S. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with. Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBS!VEGEaSRFrER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

. ROSES I ROSES! ROSES I

PLANT NOW.

100 STRONG DWARF H.P. ROSES, for 35/- 100

■ • THE FINEST IN THE TRADE.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.
CATALOGUES, free on Application.

O. JT. GOftKINGE, Roselaada Nursery, EASTBOURNE.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution.

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN that an
ADDITION will be made to the PENSION LIST of this
Institution in JANUARY NEXT.

All persons desirous of becoming Candidates will be required
to send in their app'ications to the Committee on. or before,
NOVEMBER 14 NEXT, after which day they cannot be re-
ceived. Preference will be given to those applicants, or their
widows, who have been on the books of the Institution as sub-
scribers for fifteen clear years. Should there not be enough of
these applicants to fill the vacancies, then the cases of those
applicants who have not subscribed so long, or not at all, will
be considered. Forms of application, and full particulars may
be obtained of the Secretary —

G. J. INGRAM, 50, Parliament Street, London, S.W.

OVERT FOR GAME.

LAURELS Common, 1± to 2 feet, 70s. per 1000.

„ Bushy, 2 to 3 feet, 100s. per 1000.

„~ Very bushy, 3 to 4 feet, 15s. per 100.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, 38s. per 1000.

,, very bushy, 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIRS, fine, i\ to 3J feet, 100s. per 1000.
BEECH, extra strong, 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1100.
QUICKS, extra strong, 2 to * feet. 21s. per 1000.

.. thrice transpd.. 3 to 4 feet, 3ls. per 1000.
LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS and other trees equally cheap.

Catalogues and Samples free on application.
R. TUCKER, Nurseries, Faringdon, Berks.

160,000,-Special Offer of Kentias.

WICETON has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in ISO's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

Carnations. Picotees, &c.

CHARLES TURNER'S AUTUMN CATA-
LOGUE of the above is Now Read^, and may be had
post-free on application.

It contains Descriptions of Many Novelties now being dis-
tributed, and to which Thirty-Six Certificates of Merit have
been awarded.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS 1 ! ! — Stove
and Greenhouse. Great Annual Sale. Surplus Stock ;
100,000 in 25 most saleable sorts, at 12s. per 100 in 2£-inch
pots; out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantnm cuneatum, 50s. per
100, value in fronds. Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100.
A. cuneatum for potting on, 12s. and 16s. per 100. Palms,
15s. per dozen, in 48's. Packed free for Cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

AUTUMN and WINTER PRUNING.
TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the *' STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the "MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. They were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Bath
and Doncaster; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled with great
saving of rime and labour, and the riek to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends
severed in a vital condition.

Illustrated CATALOGUES can be had, post-free, from the
PATENTEES and MAKERS, at their works and depot,
ST. ALKMUND8 CHURCHYARD, DERBY; or of the prin-
cipal Ironmongers and Seedsmen, the leadiDg stores, and
kindred trades throughout the world.

GARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is. 3d., 10 for 12s.,
20 for 20s., 30 for 28s., sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per sack, 5 for 22s. 6d. ; BLACK do.,
4s. 6rf. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD. LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE SAND, Is. M. per
bushel, 14s. half-ton, 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, finch, lis.
per cwt. ; dust, lis. Gd. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7s. 6rf. per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lOd.
per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26s.
ROPE, ed. per lb., 28 lb., 10s. 6d. RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. Sd., Us. 6d.,
and 12s. $d. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Southwark Street. London, S.E.

TO CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITORS.

The BECKETT CTJP and TUBE is strongest,
simplest, and best ever introduced; practically everlasting.
For Japanese Blooms, 9s. per doz. ; Incurved, 8s. &d.

SHOW BOARDS, extra strong, and-well-fin-
ished. Board for 12 Blooms, 4s- ; ditto, for 6 Blooms, 2s. dd.

CUPBOARDS, for 2, 3, and 4 Boards, price on

application. Cash with Order. Package Free.

HinurO EYECROFT NURSERY, HP
. U. OUUlD, QUEEN, LBWJSHAM.

BOULTON & PAUL,

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

NORWICH.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft

No. 77.— Smaller size Frames,
similar to No. 75.

( 6 ft.
1 9 ft.
( 12 ft.

by 6 ft. ... £4 3 0

by 6 ft. ... 5 6 0

6 ft. by 4 ft. £1 15 0

' by 4 ft. 2 7 6

by 4 ft. 3 0 0

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 14S. each.

UNGLAZED LIGHTS 5s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

No. 64.

PATENT PLANT

PRESERVER.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

0 | 12 ft. by 6 ft.
0 | 24 ft. by t> ft.

No. 72.

THREE-QUARTER

SPAN-ROOF

FORCING FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

10 ft. by 6 ft.
20 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 76.

FORCING PIT

WITH SLIDING

LIGHTS.
Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

12 ft. by 6 ft,
20 ft. by 6 ft.

12 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. .
20 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in. .

£4 4
£6 12

All Frames made of Selected Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HOR-
TICULTURAL BUILDINGS, FRAMES, BOILERS, IRON
BUILDINGS, STABLING. KENNELS, POULTRY, and GAR-
DEN APPLIANCES. Free.

Beware of unscrupulous Imitators.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.
GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 6«. id. per sack ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 5». per eaok, 5 sacks, 22s. ; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel ; 15i. per half
■ — ' fcoa-r-S^-per toa^in 2-bushel bags. id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack.

MANURES. GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &.C. Write for Prioe LIST.—
H G SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Druxy
Lane (lately called 17A, Ooal Yard), W.O.

OCTOBEB 81, 1891:]

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE.

TO THE TRADE.

511

VEITCH'S

Award of Merit for the Strain, Royal Horticultural Society's Exhibition, May 29, 1891.
Four Certificates of Merit, Royal Botanic Society's Exhibition, April 22, 1891.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

Beg to direct special attention to this STERLING NOVELTY:-

The above illustration
growing

the photograph of a plant
Nursery.

rrillS beautiful new race of STREPTOCARPUS originated at the Royal Gardens, KeW
J- where Mr. Watacn crossed S. Rexii and S. parviflorus with S. Dunnii, and raised several
changing new varieties.

From the numerous complimentary letters which reach us respecting the very satisfactory
results obtained from the seed distributed last season, and the favourable comments of the
Horticultural Press, we feel sure that these hybrids have a splendid future. The results of last
year's work upon these has been to give us larger and more expanded flowers, and a considerably
increased proportion of the rarer and the brighter colours, particularly among the rose, rosy-
purple, reddish, and magenta shades ; and from the seed now offered, which has been further
hybridised, many entirely new and striking varieties may be confidently expected.

The plant is a greenhouse perennial, of dwarf, neat habit, growing about 9 inches high, with
rather long, narrow, arched and recurved stemless leaves.

These new hybrids are remarkable for their abundance of bloom, and the continuous
succession in which the flowers are produced for about four months in the summer and early
autumn, and also for the long time the individual flowers last in perfection.

The flowers, which are very graceful in form, are trumpet-shaped, widely open, and slightly
recurved at the mouth, and measure about 1J inch in length. They are generally produced in a
horizontal or semi-upright position, thus displaying their full beauty.

The variation of colours in these new hybrids is very striking, scarcely two plants being
exactly the same, and the colours range from pure white, through pale lavender, lavender-blue,
lilac-blue, light mauve, purple, violet, bright rose, and red to rich rosy-purple, with all the
intermediate tints, and in all the flowers the throat and three lower segments are more or less
marked or splashed with long blotches or spots of various shades of purple, generally shaded
and relieved with white, which greatly enhances the effect, and affords a pleasing contrast of
colour.

If seed is sown the end of January and February, the plants come into bloom the following
.Tune and July, and continue flowering freely until the end of September and October.

Per Packet, 2s. 6d.

PRICE TO THE TRADE ON APPLICATION.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, LONDON.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM ALEXANDRA

BEST (PADRO) VARIETY.

GUILLERMO KALBREYER begs to offer the above well-known and justly-prized Orchid at the

following prices, free on board of Royal Mail Company's steamers, at Savanilla :— £40 per 1000 good and healthy pieces.

G. K. also can supply :-

CATTLEYA TRIANjE. £8 per case.

SCHRCEDERII, £10 per case.

Each case contains about sixty good and strong pieces.

ODONTOGLOSSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM,

CUSPIDATUM PLATIGLOSSUM,

£36 per 1000.

The plants are packed with the greatest care and best method, but under no circumstance will G. K. hold himself responsible for the state of plants
On their arrival in Europe. Conditions : — AH Consignments are shipped entirely at Buyer's risk and expense from port of shipment. Plants ordered
mustbe paid for on receipt of bill of lading to Messrs. ROESING BROTHERS and CO., 10, Basinghall Street, London, E.C., who will then give
orders for forwarding the consignment to the Purchaser.

— The best time for dispatching Orchids from here are the months — December to April, and July to October.

Address : — G. KALBREYER, La Flora, Bogota, Republica de Colombia.

'■'--- - Telegram Address:— IXORA, BOGOTA.

512

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 31, 1891.

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,

Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations. SC-
AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cask with Order.

s. d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS P""« 60 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 1000.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35 0 per 1000.

(Gardenia-like — very sweet scented).
PHEASANT'S EVE NAECISS price 13 6 per 1000.
MIXED DAFFODILS price 16 0 per 1000.

(A Grind Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12

WINTER ACONITES price 10

SNOWDROPS price 21

6 per 1000.
6 per 1000.
0 per 1000.
Buyers from this List must please give the price with
their order.
All are offered so long as unsold, and for quantities of not
less than 1000 bulbs.

Suppliers of Bulbs to tlie Royal London Parks,
237
238

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS,

_l ETC.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.

in 60's, at 60s. per 100.

in48's,
in32's,

at 24s. perdoz.
at 48s. perdoz.
at 20s. per 100.
at 55s. per 100.
at 33s. periOO.
at £5 per 100.

COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs

., in 60's,

SEAFOETHIA Elegans, in 60's,
in 48's,
W. Ic-eton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in thumbs and 60's; Pandanus Veitchi, Dracaenas Lindenii,
and Ficus elastica.

W. ICETON. Putney. S.W.

FRANK CANT'S
ROSES

Have been Awarded the Jubilee Champion
Cup of the National Rose Society,

AND THE

FIRST PRIZES in the great 72 CLASSES

HEREEORD, WOLVERHAMPTON, MAN-
CHESTER and TIBSHELF,
Besides upwards of 40 other FIRST PRIZES

THIS YEAR.

Full List of Prises for Four years, published in my

ROSE CATALOGUE, post-free.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

IMPORTANT TO PLANTERS.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

KNOWEFIELD NURSERIES, CARLISLE,

Offer an unusually Large and Varied Stock of FOREST and
ORNAMENTAL TREES, EVERGREEN and FLOWERING
SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES, ROSES, &c,
all well-grown and very healthy. See CATALOGUE, free.
Special Offers made, and Contracts drawn up, on Short Notice.

rUITTR

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

A CHEAl&QONS

W a W Crawley, w Sussex,

PAULS'
NURSERIES

WALTHAM
CROSS.

South Entrance four minutes' walk from Waltham Cross
Station G.E.R.); West Entrance, three minutes' walk from
Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.E).

' " A

V (

• v/ff

IffQB

^Pjj

■ ■

ROSES.

The Largest and Finest Stock
In the Country.

NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY.

Also Books on Roses, by
Wm. Paul, F.L.8.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS
FRUIT TREES

AND

GRAPE VINES.

An enormous Stock of
Fruiting and Other Trees
unsurpassed in quality,
being vigorous, clean, and
true to name.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

HARDY TREES
AND SHRUBS.

EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and
CONIFERS, in endless variety,
kept constantly transplanted.
RHODODENDRONS off Loam.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS

a specialty.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

CAMELLIAS

The Largest Stock in the
Country.

Plants well set with Bloom-buds.

Also,

AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and

other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

BULBS.

Of these we are among the
largest Importers,

and can supply

ROOTS FOR FORCING AND

BEDDING

of the highest quality.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
» lW/*7## ' Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS.

SEEDS.

The choicest strains of Vege-
table and Flower Seeds.

Critical kinds grown specially for
ue. GARDEN MATS, MANURES,
INSECTICIDES, and all other
GARDEN REQUISITES.

Descriptive Priced CATAXOGUE
Free by Post.

g§* Pricts strictly moderate: reduced rates for large quan-
tities. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bu experienced
hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of character and
experience recommended.

Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address —

WM. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS.

. ■ s 1 •

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stook.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

And HEDGE PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS, "™

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfleld Nurseries, Altrincham;

Also, 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders :—
APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untiimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
APRICOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained.
CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.
PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.

DAMSONS, FARLEIGH PROLIFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large— Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

Specimen Palms,

TREE FERNS, &c.

B. S. WILLIAMS & SON

Respectfully invite the Nobility and Gentry
about furnishing their Conservatories and
Winter Gardens to an Inspection of their
Immense Stock of Magnificent Specimen

PALMS, TREE FERNS,

DRAC^NAS, CAMELLIAS,

AZALEAS,

RHODODENDRONS,

And all kinds of

FOLIAGE & FLOWERING STOVE &
GREENHOUSE PLANTS,

WHICH is UNEQUALLED in EUROPE.

Sizes and Prices will be quoted upon application.

VICTORIA & PARADISE NURSERIES,

UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Octobeu 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

513

SANDER

HAS JUST RECEIVED 1000 GRAND PLANTS

OF THE

OLD LABIATA,

AMONG THEM BEING

100 ENORMOUS SPECIMENS.

The masses are truly astonishing and marvellous, some
of them over 6 feet in circumference.

ENORMOUS BULBS,

COLOSSAL LEAVES,

TITANIC SHEATHS.

They will be SOLD on FRIDAY NEXT, November G, at

MESSRS. PROTHERQE & MORRIS' ROOMS.

An INSPECTION of these IMPORTED PLANTS, and also of some
5000 Plants which arrived some time ago, are now in sheath, and which
will flower shortly, is cordially invited at St. Albans previous to the Sale.

EVERY PLANT IS WARRANTED TRUE.

THE

(Sartors' Gjtamid*.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1891.

ON TREES AND SHRUBS IN

LARGE TOWNS.

Their Selection and Cultivation.

^rMIFj desirability of planting trees, more or
-*- less, in and around our large towns is, I
think, now universally admitted. The conten-
tion that the introduction of trees occupies space
already overcrowded, impedes the circulation of
the air, and minimises the light of heaven, will
not bear the test of examination. No sane
person would advocate the planting of every
square yard of ground in a town or city, nor
would he recommend planting so closely as to
shut out the light or impede the circulation of
the air. One great fact in favour of the practice
is, I think, the influence of active tree life in
purifying the air, and rendering it healthier and
more suitable for human consumption.

It would seem, then, that the practice can be
upheld on the grounds of utility alone, but the
sum and substance of human life are not
bounded even by that comprehensive word
utility; within its just limits, too, there is the
shade and shelter to enjoy, the eye to please, and
the mind to exercise and soothe, and what is
more likely to attain these ends than the intro-
duction of beautiful trees, with their varied
leaves and flowers, amid the dingy and mono-
tonous masses of town buildings. It has always
seemed to me that the introduction of trees to
towns should be regarded by the inhabitants as
a forecast of work in the interests of health and
enjoyment, and they may be so managed as not
to interfere with convenience or comfort either
in the present or the future.

The subject seems fairly open to discussion
under the following heads : — 1, What to plant ;
2, The selection of individual trees ; and S, How
to plant and cultivate them.

1. With regard to " what to plant," we have
but little to guide us beyond the knowledge
derived from observation and experience. We
know that certain trees flourish in certain towns
—take the Plane tree in London as an example
— whereas another tree, similar in appearance to
the ordinary observer, languishes, and a third
quickly dies. I have never yet met with a com-
plete solution of this problem, nor am I prepared
to offer one. I can only suggest probable
causes. We know that some trees thrive best in
a heavy soil, some in a light one ; some in a dry
soil, some in a moist or wet one ; some like a
warm climate, some a cold one. We know that
trees derive their nourishment partly from the
soil through their roots, and partly from the air
through their leaves— trees breathe and perspire

514

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 31, 1891.

through their leaves. The leaves are furnished
with numerous pores or openings on both their
surfaces,through which the functions of breathing
and perspiring are carried on. These openings
vary in size and number in different species of
trees and plants. This variation may probably
account in some measure for certain trees sus-
taining better than others the effects of living
and breathing in an impure atmosphere. Again,
it may be that the digestive organs of some
are stronger, or less unfavourably influenced than
others by bad air. And here I would remark
that by bad air I do not mean simply fog and
smoke, bad as those are, but air further polluted
by the noxious gases constantly streaming into
it from various chemical works which exist in
most large towns. I witnessed lately a case
which illustrates this remark. A row of Aucu-
bas had flourished for years in a large town,
despite of smoke and fog, but perished shortly
after a manufactory of chemicals was raised near
to them.

The Plane tree (Platanus orientalis var.) grows well
iu London and some other large cities and towns in
England, where the Chestnut, the Larch, and others
are not quite satisfactory, and where the Conifene,
with the exception of the Pinus austriaca, and the
Cupressus Lawsoniana, will hardly grow. But the
Plane tree does not do well everywhere, which, on
generalising from a number of isolated facts, would
seem to be due either to soil or climate. However
this may be, we cannot, in the present state of our
knowledge on this subject, do better than trust to
observation and experience by planting in each dis-
trict those trees and plants which we know do well
there.

The least observing canDot fail to have remarked
that in smoky districts deciduous trees thrive better
than evergreens. This is profably due to the former
dropping their leaves everj autumn, and renewing
them every spring, which the latter do not ; their
leaves remain on the trees, their pores becoming
choked with sediment from the air, and healthy
action consequently impeded. Deciduous trees and
shrubs should, therefore, abound in all town
plantations.

Guided principally by observation and experience
over a somewhat extended surface of country, and a
lengthened period of time, f have ventured to
compile the following list of trees and shrubs
suitable for plantations in large towns. For the
smaller towns with open surroundings, this list may
be considerably extended.

Deciduous Trees exceeding 12 feet in height when full 'grown.
Acer pseudo platanus Liriodeudron tulipiferuln

,, ,, ., purpurea Ornus europrea

,, dasycarpum Platanus occidcntalis

„ macrophyllunl ,, ,, pyramidalis

,, platanoides Populus alba, canadensis nova,

Aiianthus glandulosus fastigiata monilifeia (the

Alnus ot sorts black Italian), and a most

Amehinchier botryapium any other

Amygdalitis commuuis Pyrus aria

Betula alba ,, aucuparia, and many

Catalpa ayringtefolia others

Carya of sorts Rhus typhina

Cratiegus coccinea corallina, Robinia pseud - Acacia, and
graudirtora — Paul's new any other (a good town tree
double scarlet, n. pleno (the in sheltered places, but. very
double pink), stricta pen- brittle andeasily broken with
tagyna, and almost any the wind)
other free grower Salisburia adiantifolia

Oytisus Laburnum Salix vitellina babylonica.and

Fagus sy Ivatiea many other Willows

,, ,, purpurea Sophora japouica

FraXinus exieli-a Tilia europeea

,, ,, pendula Ulmus latifolia, stricta. mon-

Gieditschia tnacanthos tana, and its vars. glabra,

Juglans r.gia and nigra pendula, and vegeta

Liquid nil ar styrariflua

Deciduous Flowering Shrubs under 12 feet when full-grown.
Azalea, in variety Philadelphus coronarius, and

Berberis vulgaris, fol. pur- many other varieties

pureis. and many ethers Rhus Cotinus

Coiutea arhorescens Ribessanguinenmandaureum,

Cjrnus alba, mas, and many and many others

other varieties S'ambucus aurea nova, and

Oydouia japonica many others

Euonymu-, in variety Spiraa, in variety

Forsythia viridissima Symphoricarpus racemosus,

FuchBia Riccartonii vulgaris (oliis variegatis

H.bi>cu* sjriacus, in variety Svringa, the Lilac, in variety
Hypericum Kalmianum Weigela roi-ea, and many

Leycesteiia formosa others

L'guatrum vulgare, variega- Vihurnum opulus sterilis, and

turn, and others many others

Louicera Ledebourii

Evergreens.

Aucuba, in variety Mahonia japonica and aqui-
Berberis dulcis and Darwinii folia

Buxus Handsworthiana. and Osmanthusilicifo.ius, O. varie-

one or two other broad- gatus, O. rotundifoliustgood

leaved varieties town plants, but very brittle,

Cotoneaster Simonsii, and and hable to get broken by

others heavy snow)

t, . .. Olearia Haastii

Daphne pontics Phillyrea of sorts

Euonymus japomcus, radicans Eh,^nu9 A,aternuS

variegata Skimmia jauonica and oblata

Hypericum calyc.num Viburnum tinus

Ile.I„._aT:1l0!l^...(_CT_™'La Vinca elegantissimn, and

green, and any othersmooth-
leaved free growers)

others
Yucca, any variety

I. a. epeciosa (Golden Queen)< Veronica Traversii

aurea pumila, and some few Kalmia, in variety

others Taxus baccata, Crowderii,

I. a. Silver, albo marginata* elegantissima, fastigiata,

and some few others and perhaps others

Ligustrum ovalifolium, ovali- Common Rhododendrons

folium variegatum Cupressus Lawsoniana

,, lucidum and japonicum Pinus austriaca

Climbing Plants

Ampelopsis hederacea Lyciuru europceuni

„ Veitchii Menippermum canadense

Clematis flammula, and some Passiflora ccerulea

others Periploca graeca

Hedera (the Ivy), all the free- Vitis riparia (sweet-scented

growing sorts Vine)

Jasminum officinale W. Paul, Waltkam Cross.

(To be continued.)

FlO. 67. — THE SEED VESSEL OF A RI3 TO LOCHIA ELEGAN3,
WITH SEEDS.

APJSTOLOCHIA ELEGANS.

In 1885 (Septi mber 5, p. 301), we had the pleasure
of describing for the first time, and of illustrating, a
new species of Aristolochia, introduced by Mr. Bull,
and which is now a general favourite for conserva-
tory decoration, being attractive alike in colour and
form and destitute of the offensive odour common to
to its fellows. In order to render our story
complete, we add an illustration of the seed-vessel
as sent by Mr. Burbidge. It is of a dark brown
colour, and the seeds have a narrow wing. For
the rest, the drawing tells its own tale.

Trees and Shrubs.

SOPHORA JAPONICA.

This fine species was introduced from China
in 1763, and although it has proved itself to be hardy
even in the north of England, it is rarely seen iu
gardens. The Sophora forms a large-headed tree of
60 feet high, with wide spreading branches, pinnate

leaves of a rich glossy green, and pea-shaped creamy-
white flowers borne very freely in terminal panicles
which last three weeks in perfection. It will grow in
almost all kinds of soils and position, but preference
should be given to open and sunny spots. It is a
capital tree for town planting, standing smoke well
and retaining its foliage even in very dry weather,
although it may not flower quite so freely as in the
country. The tree retains its leaves till most others
are shed. It is propagated by imported seeds obtained
from the warmer parts of France. There are tine
specimens at Kew and in the Oxford Botanic Gar-
den, as well as at Fulham Palace.

Sophora japonica pendula.
This is a handsome weeping half tree or big bush
that is seen to the best advantage when worked on
stems of Sophora japonica, 10 to 14 feet high. Graft-
ing should be done in the month of March in the
open air, the scions used being of the last season's
growth, and well ripened, which is a very important
point. Tongue-grafting will be found to answer
well, although wedge- grafting is a useful and simple
method, covering the grafts with the usual clay and
horBe-droppiDgs mixture, or better still, with graft-
ing wax. In three weeks or a month they must be
looked over, and those that have grown should have
the matting loosened, later on removing it altogether,
It is an excellent water-side plant, and delights in
full sunshine. H.

Thb Highland Azalea (A. procdmbens).

This pretty evergreen shrub is indigenous to
many of the alpine districts of Europe and North
America, and in Scotland I have found it in the
Braemar Highlands at an elevation of about 3000
feet above sea-level, where in many cases it grows in
company with the Orowberry (Etnpetrum nigrum),
Wild Thyme (Thymus calamintha), and other hardy
mountain plants. By some botanists it is referred
to the genus Loiseleuria, but is best known as Azalea
procumbens. It thrives best on dry sandy soil
mixed with a small quantity of peat or thoroughly
decomposed organic matter ; it only attains a few
inches in height, and forms a dense carpet-like
appearance to the surface of the ground where the
plants get established. In early summer it produces
its beautiful pink-coloured bell- shaped flowers in
great abundance, which make a fine contrast with
its bright green-coloured elliptic-shaped leaves. It
is a grand plant for the embellishment of rockeries,
and other places where space is but of limited
extent ; and now that the planting season is at hand,
amateurs should keep this is view when renovating
their small gardens. I need hardly say that thorough
drainage is indispensable, and in cases where the
soil is of a close adhesive texture, mix a little sand
and thoroughly decomposed vegetable matter with
the staple to give porosity. This, as well as many
other evergreen shrubs, may now be planted out
where they are to remain, with perfect success.

With the exception of Azalea amcena, most of the
oriental evergreen species of this tribe of shrubs are
too tender for the climate of Great Britain, and even
A. amcena in some parts of the country requires pro-
tection. I have, however, grown this beautiful species
for many years in Ireland without any protection
whatever. This species grows iu any ordinary tex-
ture of soil, providing it is thoroughly drained, well
broken-up, and pulverised previous to planting. When
well-established, they generally begin to produce
their rich rosy-coloured flowers in April, and when
the plants are in health they continue to produce,
their pretty blossoms for a considerable space of
time. The contour of this Azalea is that of a
round-headed little bush, well furnished with leaves
of a dark-green colour, which, in a great measure,
render it attractive and ornamental all the year
round. When planting groups of hybrid Rhododen-
drons here and there in the park or lawn, Azalea
amcena maybe introduced here and there in the first
rank of plants around the margin with the most
happy results. Many of the Rhododendrons produce
their flowers about the same time as the former, and
when the plants are well arranged as to size, shape,

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE

515

and colour of blooma, the effect produced is one
of no mean order. This Azalea is by no means
a bad town plant, and it has this advantage — that
with a little cultural care it can be grown as a pot
plant for the embellishment of windows, halls, and
greenhouses. When amateurs use the plants for
this purpose, they should be careful to plunge the
pots containing them into the soil after they have
done flowering, where they should be allowed to
remain till autumn, when they may then be lifted
and placed under glass, to accelerate the formation
and production of their flowers. By this mode of
treatment, the plants often exhibit a complete mass
of flowers by the month of January, and I need
hardly say that they are highly attractive and fasci-
nating at that particular season of the year. As a
small standard shrub for the embellishment of small
gardens, this pretty Azalea is highly suitable, and
may be grown as such on the grass-plot, or mixed
up with others, to show contrast and variety. J. B,
Webster.

TROLLIUS— GLOBE-FLOWER

Belonging to the extensive natural order of Crow-
foots, and being among the best of our spring-
flowering perennials, these flowers should have more
attention than they are generally accorded. One of
the chief useful qualities of the Globe Ranunculus,
as this flower is also often called, is the fact of its
flowering at a period intermediate with the early
spring bulbs and the general show of early summer-
flowering plants. The present is the bestof all seasons
for increasing the stock of this, and therefore these
few notes may not be deemed out of place, although
the plants are not in flower at the present date.
There are two methods of propagating these, either
from seed, or division at the roots ; both of these are
best seen to at once. Seed is slow to germinate,
and consequently should be sown as soon as ripe ;
this is the only satisfactory way of treating such
subjects, as when the seed is kept for a few months
after becoming well ripened, it is often from eighteen
months to two years before it commences to grow.
This is the case with many subjects, such as
Gentians, &c.

Globe-flowers are best when transplanted into
fresh ground about every third or four year, and this
operation gives a splendid and seasonable opportu-
nity for propagation by dividing the roots. They
may be divided into almost any number, and if done
early in autumn, they will do much better as a
general rule than when left until spring before being
divided or transplanted. A deep and rich soil — not
too porous — is the finest compost for these very
useful and pretty perennials ; they love a fair amount
of moisture, and, when in full growth, if the weather
is at all dry, they will benefit greatly from a good
root-watering. They are hungry-feeding plants, and
applications of liquid manure are well repaid. The
flowers of Trollius are produced upon spikes about
2 feet high, and are usually of a deep yellow or
golden-orange colour. Not only are the flowers very
pretty, but the whole combination of the plant is
very ornamental, and forms one of the chief beauties
of the herbaceous border. They are also suitable for
planting-out among mixed shrubberies in the same
way as Dahlias, Delphiniums, &c. Unlike the two
flowers named, and many others, Globe-flowers do
not need any unsightly sticks for their support, and
have a far more pleasing appearance on account of
this. They are among the most hardy plants we
have, free-flowering, and of a vigorous constitution ;
they are also most useful for cut flowers, as they
can be removed from the plant with long stems, a
most desirable feature in all decorative work. Seed
should be sown in boxes or pans, and placed in a
cool frame ; a good plan is to lay a shaded sheet of
glass over the whole, this will be a great help in
preventing evaporation, and as the seed is a long
time germinating, it is well to be very careful in
keeping the soil of a sufficient moistness without
frequent waterings. If treated in a liberal manner,
the young plants will commence to bloom during
their second year, and will be in perfection during

their third and fourth seasons. There are a great
number of named kinds now grown, and many differ
very slightly one from another, so much so as to
become confusing; in fact, some are no more than
the same species under a poorer or richer mode of
treatment in different localities. A. P.

A MONSTROUS CYPRIPEDIUM.

Messrs. Sander of St. Albans, obligingly forwarded
us, a short time since, a shoot of a Cypripedium
which had apparently tried to be a flower, as the
frog tried to be an ox. In any case, the leaf had a
white ground, traversed by purple streaks (see fig.
68), as in the dorsal sepal. It is an interesting
case showing the essential identity of the parts of
the flower and the leaves.

Fig. 68.-

A MOXSTtOUS CVPBIPEDIUM : LEAVES WHITI
STREAKED WITH PURPLE.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ORCHIDS IN FLOWER AT HIGHBURY.

A very grand display is now to be seen in the
flowering Orchid-house at Highbury, near Birming-
ham, which I had the pleasure of inspecting in
company with the Right Hon. J. Chamberlain, the
owner. Arrayed artistically with Adiantums and
other fine plants, the following species and varie-
ties were observed in bloom; the houses here are
fitted with the electric light, and the effect at night
is said to be charming: —

Aerides Lawrenciae, Barkeria elegans, B. spec-
tabilis, and B. cyclotella ; Ccelogyne Massangiana ;
Calanthe veratrifolia, and C. Textorei ; Cattleya chry-
sotoxa, C. Dowiana, C. Dowiana aurea, C. maxima,
several well-flowered plants, six flowers on a spike; C.
Gaskelliana, many distinct forms ; C. Warocqueana,
some grand and extraordinary fine forms; C.
Harrisoniana, good ; also Cypripedium Sedeni,

C. Schlimii, and C. bellatulum. Many fine and
distinct forms of Dendrobium phaltenopsis, and

D. Statterianum, good examples of cultivation,
a charming addition to this numerous family,
and grand as seen here suspended in baskets.
D. superbiens was good ; it is a species that lasts a
long time in good condition. D. biggibum was also
grand ; D. formosum giganteum, several fine forms ;
D. longicorne and rhodostoma ; Dendrochilum Cob-
bianum, or Platycleris Cobbianum ; Epidendrnm
vitellinum majus (always showy) ; Lselia Dayana,
L. pumila, L. prseatans, and L. Perrinii ; Lycaste
nivalis, L. Skinneri ; MasdevalliaDavisii.M. amabilis,
and the fairy white-flowered M. tovarensis ; Mesospini-
dium volcanicum, Miltonia spectabilis ; Uncidium
aurosum, 0. albo-violaceum, O. Forbesii, grand
var. ; 0. incurvum, and others ; many Odonto-
glossum Alexandra, 0. grande, well-flowered
plants, one having eight flowers on a spike, and
three and four spikes on a plant — these were
examples of good cultivation ; O. cirrhoeum ; O.
Insleayii splendens ; O. Rossii, many distinct forms ;
0. papilio, and many O. Pescatorea, one of the
latter showing particularly fine branched spikes ;
Phalamopsis violacea, and the pretty P. Esmeralda,
were observed. The Pleiones were also chaimingly in
flower ; Vanda ccerulea and V. Kimballiana, the
latter a valuable addition to this fine family,
and like V. Amesiana, it comes into flower at a late
season. All of these enumerated are now in flower,
and at a later date a grand treat is in store,
the innumerable quantity of sheaths upon the
Cattleyas, Calanthes, Odontoglossums, and Laelias,
promising a very fine display. Upwards of 200
spikes were noted on the fine white Lselia anceps and
the beautiful white L. autumnalis. This collection
is, I think, much improved since Mr. Burberry came
t) Highbury.

While on this subject, I should like to say a
word respecting the much-disputed and talked-of
Cattleya Warocqueana, that it is a grand Orchid,
coming on, as it does, at this season of the year, and,
like Dendrobium Phalrenopsis Statterianum, is a
valuable addition to late-blooming species. That
Warocqueana will vary considerably is certain from
what I have seen of the Highbury collection, and of
imported plants bought last year. There is in flower
at the present time a fine variety of this plant with
three large flowers identical in every way with the
true old autumn-flowering Cattleya labiata, which,
hitherto, has been extremely rare. Alfred Outram,
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Hollaway,
London, N,

L.ELIA PB^STANS.

This is a dwarf evergreen plant, which, from grow-
ing at considerable elevations, must not be placed in
too high a temperature ; in fact, we have observed that
during the summer months the plant succeeds well
in the warm end of the Odontoglossum-house, hung
up close to the roof-glass, but shaded from the
direct rays of the sun during the hottest part of the
day. During the growing season, it delights in an
abundant supply of water to its roots, but the
drainage must be in good working order, so that it
may be carried away quickly ; and at the same time
the atmosphere should be maintained in a moist and
growing state. After blooming, water should be
withheld to a great extent, but on no account muit
the plant be so dried as to cause it to suffer frcm
drought, for if this occurs much mischief is done,
causing it to shrivel, from which state it is frequently
very difficult to get it to stait into fresh growth in
the following spring. During the winter, the atmos-
phere must be maintained in a dry state, and the
temperature should not be allowed to fall below 55°
or 60°. The soil should consist of good peat jbre
and some sphagnum moss, adding some nodules of
charcoal, but very little soil is necessary, and this
should be made firm and sound. A small while
scale is very ait to infest this plant, and if net
cleaned away in time, it works sad mischief; so look
the plant or plants over carefully and frequently,
wiping away this or any other insect which may be
upon them. Orchid Album, vol. x., part 109.

516

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

Odontoglossum Kossii albens.
This is a small-growing evergreen plant, the flowers
being wholly white, save some transverse markings of
«oft green. Its blooming season is in the late winter
and early spring months, continuing some Bix weeks
in full beauty ; the flowers last also a considerable
time when cut for personal adornment. This variety,
like many of the small-growing species, thrives best
when grown in a shallow pan or small basket, which
should be suspended near the roof-glass, so that it
may get the beneflt of all the light possible, but we
prefer the shallow earthenware pan before anything
for these plants. The drainage should be effectual,
and the best soil for the plant, or plants, is a mixture
of fibrous peat, having all the finer particles shaken
out, with some chopped sphagnum moss added ; the
whole should be well mixed, and in potting, this
must be pressed down firmly. During the summer,
which is their growing season, an abundant supply
of water is necessary, but during the winter they may
be kept comparatively dry. Orchid Album, vol. x.,
part 109.

OUTDOOR PEACHES AND NEC-
TARINES IN SUBURBAN GARDENS.

The culture of Peaches and Nectarines in suburban
gardens does not, on the whole, receive that atten-
tion which their good qualities deserve. It is very
rarely we have to record a failure — in fact, I remem-
ber but one total failure since 1870, when I first
came within the radius of fog and smoke. Partial
crops have occurred, but these even have been few
and far between. For several seasons now we have
annually taken heavy crops from the trees here
(Gunnersbury), and I see no reason why, with ordi-
nary care and attention, this should not continue to
be the case during the average of our seasons. The
aspect on which the trees are planted is not of the
best, our wall which is devoted to these frnits facing
nearly west, consequently we lose the benefit of the
sunshine for the earlier part of the day. I calculate
that this will make us about one week later than a
south wall in ripening. This year we gathered Alex-
ander Peach the first week in August, which was later
than usual. This variety was soon followed by Hale's
Early, which invariably bears well. As this kind
ran out, then Rivers' Early York came into use, one
large tree of which was planted in 1874, bearing this
season over twenty dozen fruits of good size and
colour. I find this Peach requires gathering and
using before it is fully ripe, and when thus taken,
the flavour is much better. It is a Peach deserving
of more notice than it receives ; but it is, as in the
case of the ordinary Early York, not quite proof
against mildew attacks. By the time this variety is
over, we have Alexander Noblesse, which possesses
the same good qualities as Rivers' Early York in
freedom from mildew attacks. This is a handsome
Peach, and an improvement upon the old Noblesse
which mildews badly here ; it succeeds the best in a
drier season. I found this year as it ripened that it
became susceptible to injury from heavy rains. Fol-
lowing this variety are the two fine maincrop sorts,
Dymond and Grosse Mignonne ; the first-named is
one of the best of all with us for cropping qualities
good colour, and fine flavour. Later sorts consist of
Sea Eagle and Late Admirable ; the first-named
invariably carries heavy crops, which usually last to
the middle of October in good condition. This year
they will probably be later, to all appearance. Our
season for Peaches is thus extended to about ten
weeks, all the trees being on the west wall. Had I
another lot, if but a few trees, upon a south wall, it
would not be any difficulty to make it three months
from start to finish. This, however, is impossible,
under existing circumstances.

With Nectarines the season in our case is not so
long; but, nevertheless, the results are very good.
Lord Napier is the first to ripen, as a matter of
course. I find this kind to do remarkably well.
This year heavy crops have been taken from the
trees, the fruits of good size, and well-coloured,
having finished better this season than usual, which

is rather singular, considering the lack of warm
weather. Elruge forms a good succession to the
foregoing ; this variety is closely followed by Hum-
boldt, which is a splendid all-round Nectarine ; it
is a heavy cropper, the fruits being also of good
size and high-coloured, whilst the flavour is ex-
cellent. This variety remains in good condition for
a longer time than many kinds, which is of no small
importance in prolonging the season ; it this year
lasted to the end of the first week in October. I
have not yet tried Galopin, but I hope to do so, and
thus lengthen out the season. When Mr. Rivers
puts his new Seedling into commerce, then the time
of gathering from outdoor trees will be lengthened
out further still, this variety being considerably
earlier than Lord Napier.

When the main part of our trees was first planted,
I found them to grow rather too strongly, but by
lifting them once, this evil was remedied. In doing
this I trenched deeply, and brought up to the surface
some excellent yellowish loam, which was free to a
great extent of manures. The trees have done well
in this, but little manure having been added since
that time, and this chiefly for other crops taken from
the border ; the trees, in spite of heavy cropping,
are still as vigorous as one could desire. In order to
keep down overstrong growth, as well as to afford a
little additional protection to the fruit whilst still
quite young, I do not practice disbudding as early as
some growers do ; I find this to answer the purpose
intended. Even when disbudding is performed, it is
done gradually, and never to such an extent as to
encourage gross growth in the remaining shoots. I
find another most important point is gained by not
disbudding early — it is thus of far greater immunity
from attacks of aphis ; this I have repeatedly noticed
during several years. When a few shoots are
attacked, they are removed, simply because we can
afford to do without them ; if, however, the trees had
been thinned down so that the shoots could not be
spared, then a more tedious process would have to
be resorted to for its destruction. We commence to
syringe the trees as early as it is in anywise safe to
do so ; this is done continuously every afternoon up
to the time of the earliest Peaches showing colour,
save when the weather is showery, and on Sundays.
I couBider this frequent syringing to be far better
than having to resort to the use of insecticides of
any kind, particularly in the earlier stages ; that it
is beneficial to the trees likewise, goes without
saying.

When an extra heavy crop is being borne by any
one tree, occasional applications of an artificial
manure are given, a stimulant of quick action being
decidedly preferred. The border being almost level,
the rainfall penetrates to the roots instead of running
off to other parts ; it very rarely happens, therefore,
that additional waterings have to be given, except in
the driest of seasons. In a few days' time, all the
trees from which the fruits have been gathered will
be gone over, and the least promising wood thinned
out, whilst there is yet time for that which remains
to become more perfectly ripened. As soon as the
leaves have nearly all fallen, the ties which hold the
trees to the wires are all cut, and the shoots then
bunched up together, after which the stems of the
trees are slightly pressed away from the wall. This
is done to obtain an opposing force when the
bunched-up shoots are lightly supported by ties to
the wiies without touching them. The object in
tying the branches is to keep the current season's
wood away from the wires, for whenever it touches
them the shoot is invariably killed by the contact
when sharp frosts ensue. The support given is suffi-
cient to prevent injury during heavy falls of snow.
The trees are fastened to the wire just before the
first flowers expand, but whilst still, in most
instances, showing colour. This retards the bloom
somewhat, and the prospects of loss from spring
frosts is much lessened. When the tying is com-
pleted, or as soon as the first flowers begin to open,
the wall is covered with three thicknesses of 1-inch
meshed fish netting, which is fixed to the top of the
wall, and kept away from the trees in a slanting
direction by means of Bamboo stakes about 11 feet

in length. These nets afford ample protection
against frosts and snow, and we do not remove them
before the trees become quite green with the young
shoots. After this, in ten days or a fortnight, the
disbudding follows. The foliage of the trees being
somewhat dense occasions a little more labour in ex-
posing the fruit ; this would not, however, be so
necessary were it not that the trees, by reason of the
wires not being quite close to the wall, as they should
be, stand away from it, hence the fruits are not thrust
forward as in the case of trees which are nailed to a
wall. Our trees are rarely ever affected with canker.
I think this is partly to be accounted for by not
having used any excess of animal manures to produce
luxuriant growth, but we depend rather on good soil
as the mainstay of the trees. Other varieties than
those named above would doubtless succeed, but I
say, by all means, avoid those which are susceptible
to mildew, when others equally good can be grown
to give satisfaction. The season of out-door Peaches
and Nectarines has, thanks chiefly to the many fine
seedlings sent out from the Sawbridgeworth nurseries,
been greatly lengthened by early aud late kinds ; it
will pay, therefore, to give out-door Peach culture
every attention. Jas. Hudson.

INGEST RE GARDENS,
STAFFORD.

It is always a great pleasure to me to inspect any
well-kept garden, and the more so when the features
of good keeping and beauty are above those of the
average English garden, as at Ingestre. About the
time of my visit, last August, rain had fallen in
torrents for several days, and to see everything in
good condition was a great treat to me. I may here
remark that the indoor and outdoor departments
receive equal attention. The walks were scrupu-
lously clean, the turf like velvet, and the pleasure-
grounds and kitchen garden in a state of high
cultivation.

The flower garden is not large, and small shrubs
are largely used in it, as edgings to beds. These
shrubs are cut into suitable shapes. There are
shapely Junipers, and variegated Acer negundo, in
fine specimens, in the flower parterre and other parts
of the gardens. Some of the finest Irish Yews in
this country stand on an elevated spot ; they are
nearly 40 feet high, and as much round them. Beech ,
Limes, and Oaks grow to a fine size at Ingestre ;
and Conifers are represented by fine specimens of
Sequoia gigantea, Canadian Spruce, Cedars, Yews,
and Retinosporas.

Some grand young trees of species of Pyrus are
also in the grounds, P. sorbus and P. floribunda
being very fine.

The entrance from the houses to the flower
garden and kitchen garden is by way of a terrace
400 yards long, on which are borders on each side
of the path planted with the choicer herbaceous
perennial plants, Irish Yew and creeping plants
forming an arch over the path. The effect is very
good when viewed from either end.

The end of this walk terminates in a conservatory
100 feet long, which was artistically arranged with
fine Palms, Dracaenas, and others having handsome
foliage. In front of this conservatory is a well-kept
Rose garden, where the Rose bushes were in splendid
condition, Mr. Oilman being a believer in putting
plenty of manure to his plants. The long range of
fruit houses is close to this part of the garden, and
consist of vineries and Peach-houses ; the trees in
the latter being excellent examples of good culture,
very clean, and the wood not too abundant or
crowded. The varieties of Peaches grown in the
earliest division were Hale's Early, Violette Hutive,
and Lord Napier Nectarine, which does grandly. In
the next house, in order of ripening, were Barring-
ton, Royal George Peaches, and Violette Hiitive
Nectarine ; and the late house contained some very
fine plants of Pine-apple Nectarine, Victoria, and
other late varieties of the Peach. There are four
vineries. In the early vinery the fruit was cleared
off; but the Muscat-house and the late vineries con-

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

517

tained good bunches of Black Alicante, Alnwick
Seedling, and Lady Downe's. White Tokay and
Trebbiano are grown in the second vinery ; and
these, Madresfield, and Gros Colmar, complete
the list of the varieties grown. Figs are well grown,
and the trees are in splendid condition. White Mar-
seilles and Brown Turkey are the kinds grown. Pine-
apples are grown in small numbers, but Melons
largely, and the Melon-houses are very light and
well-ventilated structures. Mr. Gilman grows a
fine green-fleshed variety, named Ingestre Hybrid,
and the Countess, with some few others.
Cucumbers and Tomatos are grown in large
quantity in the same kind of house as the Melons.
About 1000 Strawberry plants are forced yearly.
Sir Harry and Keen's Seedling are the varieties
grown, the former being much liked.

The plant houses contain fine decorative subjects,
plants for house decoration being much required.
Ferns are largely cultivated, as are Winter Carna-
tions. A house full of very clean Crotons of a
useful size and fine colour, and Gardenias, was
observed. Palms and flowering plants of the stove
were observed in several houses in robust health.

Orchids do not occupy much space at Ingestre,
but mention should be made of a house full of
Calanthe and Dendrobium, the first-named having
very strong growths, and promising well for late
autumn bloom; the Dendrobes are also grown for
decorative purposes, and stood, like the Calanthes, in
48-pots.

Begonias and Bouvardias have houses to them-
selves, and are well grown. A large number of
Mimuluses in pots was noticed; it is a very pretty
and uselul plant in the early autumn. A quantity
of Begonia nitida and B. manicata are grown ; and
about 1000 Chrysanthemum plants are cultivated for
the same purpose, and are excellent specimens.
Fruit trees in the kitchen garden bore good crops.
G. JV. S.

In the principal Peach-house, amongst several
fine trees, there is an example of Goshawk that fills
a space 40 feet by 17 ; the crop this year numbered
450. Golden Eagle, another Peach that is not met
with everywhere, is a favourite here.

In this bleak district little can be done'on open
walls with the best kinds of Pears and Plums. To
meet this difficulty, a selection of the best sorts is
grown under glass, with highly satisfactory results
both in the size and quality of the fruit, as well as
in appearance.

In one of the houses there were two plants of
Lapageria, one white, the other red-flowered, which
were carrying the heaviest crop of flowers for the
space which they occupied that I recollect to have
seen. The red one fills a space of 12 feet by 9, and
had 580 fully-expanded flowers. The white one is
smaller, covering 10 feet by 9; it had 400 perfect
flowers. Both the plants are fine forms of this
beautiful climber. T. B.

made elsewhere. These originated in the collection
of M. Lenglart, of Lille, which was purchased by
Mr. Krelage. Mr. Krelage's knowledge of the history
of bulbous plants is naturally most extensive and
varied, and not only is he in personal possession of
horticultural lore and experience beyond what is
accorded to most people, but his library is the envy
of collectors, and the delight of bibliographers.

J. H. KRELAGE.

We take the opportunity afforded us by the pub-
lication of the illustration of the new race of Darwin
Tulips, to offer a portrait of one of the foremost
horticulturists in Holland, or indeed of any country
— of one, moreover, whose disinterested services and

FRUIT AT HUTTON HALL.

Those who have seen many of the principal fruit
shows, especially those held at the leading places in
the north of the kingdom, including Scotland, are,
no doubt, well acquainted with the excellence of the
fruit that for many years past has been forthcoming
from this celebrated garden, and with the high
position Mr. Mclndoe usually attains to in the
competitions. At the recent Caledonian Society's
Show, he again secured first honours in the leading
class of twelve dishes, for which, in addition to the
handsome prize offered by the Society, he was awarded
the 10-guinea Cup given by the Turner Memorial
Trustees for the best collection of fruit shown in
the exhibition.

A sight of the vineries at Hutton Hall a short
time after the Edinburgh Exhibition gave ample
evidence that they still contained quantities of
splendid Grapes, both in regard to the size of their
bunches and berries, as well as their general finish.
In one of the large houses, which contained a number
of varieties, Mrs. Pince was exceptionally fine, the
bunches large, full, even in berry, and excellently
coloured. Of Lady Downes', there were large num-
bers of perfect examples, full-sized, and larger in the
berries than this excellent winter Grape often gets.
Alnwick Seedling was also in superb condition, and
faultless in finish, with larger bunches than usual, and
with no defective setting. Gros Guillaume (Barba-
rossa) was represented by beautiful bunches, highly
coloured. Trebbiano was also noticeable. In this
house there is a new Grape that promises to be a
desirable one. It is a cross between Duke of Buc-
cleuch and Gros Guillaume, aud perfectly black in
colour. The bunches are large, long, and moderately
heavy at the shoulder ; it is good in flavour, and
large in berry.

In another large house, where, as in that already
described, there are various sorts grown — Madresfield
Court, Gros Colmar, and Black Alicante were excep-
tionally fine, as likewise were Duke of Buccleuch and
Golden Champion. As seen here, the latter it a
grand-looking Grape.

Jilt. J. H. Krelage.

kindness can always be counted on. For our own
part, we are glad of the opportunity of expressing
our gratitude for the valuable information we have
so often received in response to our inquiries.

Jacob Heinrich Krelage was born in November,
1824, at Haarlem. He was the only son of E. H.
Krelage, a native of Osnabruck, Hanover, who
founded the business at Haarlem in 1811 — at first
on a very modest scale, but soon extended his
operations also to Frankfort, of which city, by
marriage with Miss Fresenius, he became a free
citizen, and in consequence entitled to carry on
business independently of the fairs. In 1830, an
eulogistic account of Mr. Krelage's nursery was given
in Loudon's Gardeners' Magazine, showing the extent
to which even then the business was carried. Year
after year further extensions were made, and in 1841
J. H. Krelage undertook the management of the
Frankfort branch. In 1850 the son entered into part-
nership with his father, the firm being styled, as it
still is, E. H. Krelage & Son. In 1855, the original
founder died, leaving the subject of our sketch at the
head of the establishment. The subsequent record of
the firm is one long succession of extensions, royal
visits, and records of successes obtained at various
exhibitions in Holland and elsewhere. In 1856 the
Frankfort business was given up.

The last among the more notable introductions of
the firm are the Darwin Tulips, to which allusion i«

ROSERY.

LIFTING HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES.
A few practical hints to any who think of growing
a few plants in pots of this section of Roses, during
the next summer, may not be out of place. There
could not possibly be any better time than the pre-
sent for this operation. For not only are the plants
quite ripe enough for lifting, but they invariably do
much better when got into their pots as soon as
possible after becoming a little more than two-thirds
ripe or matured. By lifting them early, and giving
them quite cool treatment, until early in the follow-
ing spring, the plants will be getting steadily settled
in the new soil, and will grow on and make fine
healthy wood during next summer. When Roses
are potted-up early, they commence to make new
roots at once ; this is not so much the case if left
until December or January before being transferred
to fresh soil.

Use a good and rich loamy compost, well-drained
pots, and above all, do not try to hurry the plants
into growth during the coming Bpring and summer.
It is not necessary to have turf, or even turfy loam ;
almost any good fresh soil will grow Roses well, par-
ticularly if it is a little porous, and assisted with
thoroughly decayed manure of any kind. Turf and
turfy loam are excellent things, but very few are so
fortunate as to have plenty of them to use for potting
purposes ; and, as I said previously, it is not abso-
lutely necessary to have them to grow Roses well.

Plunge the pots in some ashes or Cocoa-nut fibre
refuse, keeping the severe frost only from the wood,
and prevent the wood or roots becoming dry enough to
cause shrivelling. Prune back rather hard early in
February, and allow the plants to come on as they
like in a temperature of 50° to 55°, rising to 65°
with the sun upon a bright day. Frequent syringings
with clear soft water, of the same temperature as the
house, or a few degrees higher, will help them very
much. Do not feed with liquid manure during their
first season, as the plants ought to be able to find
quite enough nourishment from the fresh soil. After
the roots have filled their pots, and the plants are in
full growth the second time, is when a few manure
waterings will be beneficial.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses lifted at once will make
grand stuff for forcing in the winter and early spring
of 1893 ; but it is not good policy to attempt forcing
this section until the plants are thoroughly esta-
blished in their pots ; nor should they be forced so
severely as those of the Tea-scented and Noisette
classes.

A dozen of the very best hybrid perpetuals for this
purpose are : — General Jacqueminot, Fisher Holmes,
La France, Baroness Rothschild, Mrs. John Laing,
Gloire de Margottin, Eclair, Mdlle. Gabrielle Luizet,
Louis Dore\ Prince Camille de Rohan, Beauty of
Waltham, and Augustine Guinoisseau, the new
" white La France." Viscountess Folkestone, Lady
Mary Fitzwilliam, and Grace Darling are three hybrid
Tea-scented kinds that do excellently when treated
similar to the hybrid perpetuals. A. P.

Notices of Books.

COURB D'ANQLAI8. Par Alfred Legrand. (Paris :

Mesnit-Dramard et Cie., 3, Quai Voltaire.)

This is the text-book for the pupils of the National

School of Horticulture at Versailles who desire to

learn English. It contains a succinct account of

518

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeh 31, 1891.

English grammar, a list of irregular verbs, colloquial
phrases, and idiomatic expressions ; details concern-
ing money, weights, and measures ; sketches of the
history and literature of Great Britain ; models of
commercial correspondence, &c. The plan of the
book is decidedly better than the realisation. To
teach pronunciation by books, or any process short
of practice and careful imitation of the best speakers,
is obviously impossible. As a proof, take what the
author says about the pronunciation of the letters
th, which form such a stumbling-block for most
Frenchmen.

" There are two modes," says the author, " of pro-
nouncing the letters th, the one soft, the other hard.
To pronounce the letters th, the tongue is protruded
between and pressed up against the upper teeth, so
as to utter the sound of e for the soft th, and
that of t for the hard th." [Thus, in the word that,
the th is to be sounded soft like z, and in the word
thin the th is to be pronounced hard, as if written
sin]. Then follows an example : I thought (dur),
the path (dur) was smooth (doux). but found that
(doux) there were both (dur) thorns (dur) and thistles
(dur) there (doux)." In endeavouring to follow the
author's directions as to hard and soft sounds in the
foregoing passage, we arrive at something like the
following :— " I sought se pas was smooz, but found
zat zere were bos sorns and sisles zere." We concur
in that opinion in this case !

The very first among the "phrases usuelles " is
happily one not often heard by English ears, " Down
with the spy ! " In its French form, ii bos I'espion, we
may hope shortly to find it as little in use as it is here.
The epitome of English literature, though, of course,
greatly condensed, appears to ns to be better carried
out than the other portions of the work. There are,
however, many names included, of which the average
Englishman knows nothing, such as Bernard de Man-
deville Marmion, the author of a play called " The
Antiquary ! " It seemsstrange,also, considering he was
not born when the great Queen died, to class Milton
with the Elizabethan poets, from whom he differs so
materially. On the whole, we rather think the
English student will get more information from this
book, as he certainly will derive more amusement,
than his French colleague will do.

Piesse's Art of Perfumery. (Piesse & Lubin,
New Bond Street, London.)

We have to chronicle the appearance of a fifth
edition of a book which is a veritable encyclopedia
of the subjects on which it treats. Of a fifth edition
we need not say much, but we cite one passage from
the preface for the benefit of our readers : — " Horti-
culturists being generally unacquainted with the
methods of economising the scents from the flowers
they cultivate, entirely lose what would otherwise be a
profitable source of income ! " For many ages the
Cornish miners, while working the tin streams, threw
the copper ore over the cliffs into the sea. How much
wealth was thus cast away by ignorance we know
not ; but there is a perfect parallel between the old
miners and the modern gardeners. Our gardeners,
however, are not quite so behind-hand as this pas-
sage would lead the reader to infer. At p. 180 of the
same volume, we are told that the finest Peppermint
is that cultivated at Mitcham. Lavender and Rose-
mary are also grown in the same neighbourhood,
and at Hitchin. "The essential oil there produced is,"
says Mr. Piesse, " very far superior to that produced
on the continent." At p. 144, Mr. Piesse gives an
account of the method of cultivation, but says
nothing about the mysterious fungoid disease that
has occasioned so much loss. No doubt our colonial
friends might do much more than we do, and Mr.
Piesse's book contains details as to the statistics and
working of flower farms which will be of great
service to them. It will also show that certain
perfumes are not what their namps imply. Ronde-
letia of the perfumers, it appears, is a mixture of
otto of lavender and oil of cloves, with musk,
vanilla, and ambergris thrown in. " Wood Violet,"
however, which we had thought to have nothing to
do with Violets of any kind, except the name, is

really a compound into which Violets enter. By
" Syringa," Mr. Piesse means Philadelphus, or Mock
Orange, the flowers of which are used in France to
confer scent on pomatum, and which the author tells
hb could be made in our colonies [and perhaps here]
at a quarter the cost paid for the so-called Orange
pomatum. The Lilac, or true Syringa, also, might
surely be utilised here. " Jonquil " is made up
of jasmine, tuberose, orange - flower, and vanilla.
Would it not be cheaper and better to procure it
from headquarters by means of enfleurage ? " Ce-
dar " perfume is made from the so-called Red Cedar
(Juniperus virginiana), and not from any true Cedar.
Otto of Almonds is made artificially from benzol.

The days of polypharmacy are over, medical pre-
scriptions are simplicity itself in comparison with
what they once were; but in perfumery, according to
the book before us, mixtures of the most complicated
character still occur, and we doubt not that Mr.
Piesse can give good chemical reasons for the com-
binations. Kew Garden Nosegay, we may add, is
composed of an admixture of neroli, cassie (Acacia
Farnesiana), tuberose, jasmine, geranium, musk, and
ambergris. Elsewhere we are told that the " gera-
nium " is really Pelargonium capitatum. Certain it
is that in these days of germicide-vapours more
attention will be given to these perfumes than be-
fore, and the importance of certain odorous sub-
stances, like camphor for instance, once thought to
be over-estimated, will once more be brought into
prominence.

Mushrooms, and their Culture.

By C. Brooks.
We do not remember to have met with a little
treatise (treatment it is called) which is so full of
mis-statements, erroneous ideas, and bad English, as
this one on Mushroom culture. Moreover, there
exists no need for a manual on the subject, con-
sidering how well it has been handled by Mr. J.
Wright, of the Journal of Horticulture, who has said
all that would be found of any service by the greatest
novice in the art of growing Mushrooms.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

In continuation of my remarks in the previous
week on the planting of Roses at this season, I now
give a select list of varieties in various classes of
Roses. They are what is understood as garden varie-
ties, in contradistinction to those which are essen-
tially show Roses, being of good habit, strong
constitution, and profuse bloomers, and handsome
withal.

BOURBON ROSES. — Acidalie, white, tinted rose,
very beautiful ; Aruiosa, clear, bright pink, an old
but excellent Rose, of China-like habit — a constant-
blooming variety ; Catherine Guillot, very bright
carmine-rose, free bloomer, and good habit ; Queen
of Bedders, deep crimson, and very free-flowering ;
Rev. H. H. D'Ombrain, bright carmine, large, and of
good form ; Souvenir de la Malmaison, pale blush,
very large, a fine free-blooming autumn Rose- — a
time of year when the Bourbon Roses produce their
finest blooms.

CHINA ROSES. — American Banner, flowers semi-
double, yellowish-white, with broad, rose-magenta
Btripes, very free- flowering ; Archduke Charles, rose,
changing to deep crimson ; Clara Sylvain, pure white,
large; Cramoisi Superieur, brilliant crimson, fine
for beds; Ducher, pure white, medium size, full and
well formed, growth vigorous, fine for massing ;
James Sprunt, deep crimson, pretty shape, of mode-
rate size, a distinct, climbing-habited sport from
Cramoisi Superieur.

HYBRID CHINA ROSE8. — Blairii No. 2, pale blush,
very large and double ; Coupe d'HeM, waxy pink,
beautiful ; Fulgens, bright crimson-scarlet, superb ;
Juno, pale rose, very large ; Madame Plantier,
pure white, in large clusters ; Paul Verdier, very
bright rose, large, full, and fine shape, and very
vigorous.

HYBRID PERPETUAL8. — A. K. Williams, bright
carmine red, large, rouud, imbricated flower ; Alfred
Colomb, bright red, full, and very showy ; Auguste
Rigotard, bright crimson, large, and good; Bessie
Johnson, blush white, large, very sweet, and good
habit ; Captain Christy, delicate flesh colour, deeper
in the centre, very effective ; Charles Lefebvre, fine,
bright, dazzling crimson-scarlet, shape, colour, and
form very good ; Comtesse d'Oxford, brilliant car-
mine, very large and full, of fine form and vigorous
growth ; Dr. Sewell, brilliant crimson-scarlet, shaded
with purple, large, full, and finely-cupped form ;
Duchess of Edinburgh, a fine, light-coloured Rose,
large, full, and well-formed ; Duke of Connaught,
rich, bright, velvety crimson, with an intense fiery
blush, free and good ; Fisher Holmes, bright scarlet,
imbricated ; Francois Michelon, deep rose, reverse
of petals silvery, large, full, and globular form ;
Helen Paul, white, sometimes shaded with pink,
large, full, and globular; Hippolyte Jamain, fine,
bright rose, shaded with carmine, very large and
full ; John Hopper, fine rosy- crimson, back of petals
fine lilac-tint, large and full ; Jules Finger, white,
centre shaded with pink, growth very vigorous,
flowers large and full, and perfect in form ; La
France, beautiful rosy-lilac, very distinct, large and
full, free bloomiDg; Madame Eugene Verdier, bright
rose, sulFused with white, large and showy ; Magna
Charta, bright pink, suffused with carmine, very
large, full, and of good form ; Marguerite de St.
Amand, bright pink, large, full, and imbricated ;
Marie Baumann, light crimson-red, very large and
full; Mdlle. Marie Rady, fine brilliant red, good
form, and very fine ; Miss Hassard, delicate pinkish-
flesh, large, full, fine shape, and very sweet ; Ulrich
Brunner, bright cerise red, large, and full.

MOSS ROSES: SUMMER VARIETIES. — Alice
Leroy, blush, shaded with rose — large and double ;
Baronne de Wassenaer, deep rose — very large and
double ; Captain Ingram, dark velvety- purple — fine ;
Marie de Blois, bright rose — large, full, well mossed,
handsome buds ; Nuit d'Young, velvety-purple ;
White Bath, paper-white, beautiful, large and full.

PERPETUAL MOSS ROSES.— Blanche Moreau,
pure white — of perfect form, well mossed, the sepals
passing beyond the bud nearly an inch ; James
Veitch, deep violet, shaded crimson, large and
double ; Madame Moreau, fine vermilion-red, veined
with white — very large ; Madame Edouard Osy,
reddish-crimson; Perpetual White Moss, white — very
pretty in the bud ; Sonpeit et Notting, fine bright
rose — perfect form, very large and full.

Brief lists of Noisette, Tea, and other sections of
the Rose not included in the above, will be given in
our next paper. H. W. Ward, Longford Castle,
Salisbury.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.— The earliest trees
having shed their leaves, which, owing to want of
sun, have held on longer than usual, unfasten the
branches from the trellis or wall, and perform what
little pruning may be necessary, which will not be
much if previous directions have been attended to.
Some shoots may require to be shortened to the
desired length, and to a woody bud, but very well-
ripened shoots may remain uncut if the tree is a
well-furnished one. Some gardeners have great
objection to the use of the knife at the time the
fruit is gathered, but I think it has an advantage
over the severe pruning of the trees when they are
at rest ; as when the shoots are thinced at the earlier
period, it gives those which are left a better chance
to ripen — one of the chief points in Peach culture.
Another objection is that this early pruning causes
much root activity ; and it may do this in the case
of young trees, but such should be lifted as a pre-
ventative of too much root action. The dropping
of the largest buds is often a cause of anxiety to the
cultivator, and, though I do not say it can always be
prevented, it may be checked by keeping the soil
moist at the resting or ripening period, and by freely
exposing the trees, so as to get all the current
season's shoots properly matured ; and by evenly
balancing the shoots by pruning and disbudding, as
it is usually the case that large unripened shoots
drop their buds the worst.

The houses should be cleaned by washing the
woodwork and glass, and repairs done before the
trees are secured to the trellises. The trees may be
washed with an insecticide, and the older parts
dressed with a mixture of tobacco-water, flowers-of-
Bulphur, soft soap, clay, and quick-lime, previously
syringing the trees with petroleum at the strength

Octobeb 31, 1891.]

THE GARDE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

519

of half-pint to one gallon of water. The surface soil
of the borders should be removed, aud a fresh coat
consisting of loam, mortar rubble, wood ashes, and
bone-meal put on. Ventilation Bhould be freely
affjrded, and the trees remained unfastened for
some time yet. When the shoots are at length
tied in, leave ample space for training in next season's
shoots, remembering that crowded trees are difficult
to keep clean. Freely expose the trees in late
houses, and clear off decaying foliage as soon as it
drops of its own accord. Those who have trees on
walls to fill vacancies with should not wait for the
foliage to have fallen entirely, but plant at once.
G. Wythcs, Syon House, Brentford.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE FORCING PITS. — Roman Hyacinths, some of
the earliest at least, will be coming into bloom,
therefore more of them should be put into gentle
warmth to form a succession ; also place in the
forcing-pit a few plants of the Indian Azalea,
choosing those which were forced early last season,
or, failing these, some with prominent flower buds, and
especially Deutche Perle and Fielder's White. Azalea
indica has set its buds more freely than usual, and
the shoots are thoroughly ripened, two things which
make them in the best possible condition for early
forcing work. Syringe the plants in the forcing-pit
in the afternoons, using warm water for the purpose,
and continue the practice until the blooms begin to
open, when it must be discontinued. Bring into this
pit a few plants of Calla, which have been grown in
pots during the summer, keeping them well up to
the glass, and assisting them with frequent doses of
clear manure water. A few plants of Cactus or Epi-
phyllum truncatum should also be brought in, if the
growth is thoroughly matured.

THE STOVE.— Old plants of Crotons which may
have got thin and straggling should be cut hard in,
when they will break back, and still make useful
plants. Keep them rather dry at the roots till fresh
shoots push, and if they are infested with mealy-bug,
scale, &c, have them cleaned, this operation being
much more effectually done than when the plants are
furnished with full foliage. Young Croton plants
are sometimes much in request for decorative pur-
poses in the dwelling and conservatory, and when
well grown, there are few species handsomer, and the
gardener should propagate a good many annually,
and then by growing them on in good heat, and keep-
ing them always in a clean state, he will generally be in
possession of serviceable stock. Frequently sponge
the leaves of Dracaenas, especially the under-sides of
these, as it is generally there that thrip are first to
be found. Dracaenas which have got leggy through
age, should be cut down, the tops denuded of a
few of their lower leaves, and put into small pots,
filled with a sandy compost, fastening the leaves
lightly to a stick, and placed in a brisk bottom-heat,
covering them with a large bell-glass or handlight,
when they will quickly strike root. Be careful to
wipe out the glasses daily, leaving them off for
thirty minutes. Young plants of Ixoras should now
be growing freely, and if any of the shoots are
taking an undue lead, pinch out the points, which
will cause the shoots to break back, and throw
strength into weaker shoots. Keep the plants free
from mealy-bug. Old Ixoras going out of bloom
should be kept rather drier at the roots, and in a
rather lower temperature than that in which they
were grown.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— The plants forming the
chief portions of the stock will be at their best, and
care must be taken in keeping the house free from
damp, or the flowers will soon suffer. To keep pre-
sentable plants as long as possible, pick off all
decayed leaves and flowers, and admit sufficient air
on favourable occasions to dry up damp, at the same
time keeping the hotwater-pipes sufficiently warm
to assist the ventilation. Finish off the watering
in the morning, and do not spill water about the
floors, &c. if. Uilner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST-INDIA HOUSE — The month of
November always rinds this house ill supplied with
flower, unless Calanthes are grown in quantity,
which make a display till other Orchids commence
to flower. The two best varieties for winter flower-
ing are C. Veitchii and 0. vestita rubra, both of which
are easy to grow; but strong heat, is needed to bring
them to perfection. Although the weather may

remain cloudy, the plants must be carefully watched,
and no strong sunlight allowed to shine on them, or
the points of the leaves will decay, and once this
commences, nothing will stop its progress. Watering
must be very carefully done, and the plants not
allowed to get dry at the root. In the present dull
state of the weather, Phalaenopsis will not require
shade unless the sun should shine very strongly,
when a little shade must be afforded. A certain
amount of sunshine is needed to perfect the new
growth, which should be hard, thick, and leathery.

CYPRIPEDIUMS, as they go out of flower, should
be repotted if this be necessary. A great number
of the Cypripediums require a compoat of peat and
sphagnum moss, whilst some others grow better
when a certain amount of fibrous turf is added to
the compost, but I always pull the lumps to pieces
and sift the greater part of the fine loam out of it.
If a few 1-inch bones are placed over the drainage
materials it will assist the plants considerably, and
those who have not yet tried bones should do so, and
watch results. One of the finest things for drainage
are the clinkers from the stokehole, the only objection
to them is their weight; for Cattleyas, I believe them
to be far before the potsherds commonly used.

THE INTERMEDIATE HOUSE.— The Barkerias
and the Pleiones are now in flower, and these should
be found in every amateur's collection. The Pleiones
are of the easiest culture, also very cheap, and re-
quiring but little heat. They are nice button-hole
flowers, and the best perhaps for this purpose is P.
maculata ; but all are pretty, and when treated alike
they come on in a succession of flowers that lasts
about two months.

VANDA AMESIANA withstands the effects of fog ;
it did so here when Phaltenopsis buds and flowers
were lost last year. The varieties of this plant are
endless, and some prefer the dark ones, while others
have a great preference for the white varieties. I
would recommend all buyers to see the flowers first,
as it is then more satisfactory to purchaser and seller
alike. The temperatures for the different divisions
may rule for the East- India house about 65° at
night, Cattleva-house 62°, intermediate-house t>0°,
cool - house 50°. A. G. Call, Park-field, Hallow,
Worcester.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

8EAKALE. — If this vegetable is wanted very
early, care should be taken to lift only the ripe
crowns, if all of them are not fit for being forced at
this season. The roots may be partially lifted by
having a fork thrust under them, and gently raising
them, and this should be so carried out as not to
cause much flagging of the leaves. When finally
dug up, place them in regular rows in a dark Mush-
room-house, or any other suitable place. A mild
hotbed, composed of leaves, may be made use of to
stimulate growth, and light soil or leaf-mould
packed about them, a light watering with tepid
water being afforded to settle the soil, and clean the
crowns of soil. The maximum temperature should
be 60°, small wiry heads resulting from a tempera-
ture that is higher than that. About 100 crowns to
start with, and about sixty to put in to force once
a week afterwards, will be found sufficient for a
fairly large establishment. S?akale may be equally
well grown in large pots, with a rather smaller pot
inverted over each, and covered with litter, standing
them in a dark warm place.

CABBAGES. — Where Cabbages in sufficient num-
bers have not been planted, another plantation should
be made as soon as possible. Put out the plants in
rows, from 1£ to 2 feet apart, according to the variety,
or plant 1 to 1^ foot apart, the plants to be thuned
out in April, and later. Where Cabbage plants still
remain in the seed beds, have them planted in beds
in a warm situation, as a reserve.

WINTER SPINACH. — The beds of this vegetable
should be kept free from weeds and fallen leaves, as
if these are allowed to grow at this time of the year,
they would, in mild weather, soon overrun the land,
and injure the crop. Handweeding is to be preferred
if Chickweed and the like are plentiful. If the
Spinach plants have not been finally thinned, this
should now be done, and in doing so, always taking
the weakest plants. Spinach of the August sowing
will he fit for gathering, and any necessary thinning
should now bs done, leaving the plants t> inches apart

if of the ordinary varieties, and more for Monstreus
de Gondray and Viroflay. In gathering Spinach,
take the largest leaves, never the heart leaves.

ENDIVE. — Once a week, on a dry day, tie up to
blanch the full-grown plants, gathering up all the
leaves close, and tying the plant with a piece of
strong matting, not too tightly, but leaving room for
the heart leaves to grow, and closing the leaves over
the top. Some kind of protection against frost
should be got in readiness, as in a wet state the
younger leaves of Endive surfer from even a degree
or two of frost. In the absence of frames and lights,
it is a good plan to lift the best plants, and plant
them on a sloping south border, and allow each plant
just space to stand clear of its neighbour, and protect
with mats or broken Fern when frost threatens.
Endive and Lettuces in frames should be ventilated
during mild weather, and have all dead leaves cleared
away.

CHERVIL. — This herb is often required by cooks,
although it is almost a hardy plant, it will be
prudent to place some kind of covering over it, so as
to be able to have a supply of fresh leaves in hard
weather.

TARRAGON AND SPEARMINT roots should be
lifted aud planted in boxes, and placed in an inter-
mediate temperature ; and roots of Sorrel also may
be lifted, and the mass of roots being large, it is best
to put them into pots.

MUSTARD AND CRESS may now be raised in
warmth in shallow boxes tilled with light soil, made
moderately firm, the seed being pressed gently into
the soil, and the boxes covered with pieces of board
or slate until the seed sprouts. C. J. Waite, Glen-
hurst, Ether.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

THE PRUNING OF SMALL FRUITS.— The time
has now arrived when the pruning and putting
into order of most kinds of fruit bushes may be
undertaken and pushed forward as fast as possible
whilst the weather remains mild, for twice the amount
of pruning may be done in mild as in cold weather.
Gooseberry bushes should be attended to first,
although in some gardens owing to the ravages of
tomtits and some other birds, these must be left
unpruned until late in the spring; consequently, to
a time when work is more generally pressing, and
the pruning is apt to get insufficient attention. If the
pruning be done at this season, and the tops are well
dusted at intervals throughout the winter and spring
months with soot and lime, or syringed with petroleum
and soap-suds, the loss of buds will to a great extent be
avoided. In pruning Gooseberry bushes, keep the
branches moderately thinned out, so that light may be
admitted to the interior, and do not shorten leading
shoots if of strength equal to carrying the weight of
the fruits without bending to the earth ; and some
of the lower branches should be cut out, and the
heads kept in good form, the laterals being shortened
back to a few eyes at the base, and all root-suckers
removed with the sucker-iron. Scrape the soil from
under the bushes, if the Gooseberry sawHy has been
troublesome, replacing it with mould from some
other part of the garden not likely to contain the
larva; of the fly. When pruning, make a selection of
shoots to serve as cuttings to be heeled in without
delay, or made at once into cuttings and put out into
beds.

BLACK, RED, AND WHITE CURRANTS.— These
may be pruned, the black variety being treated like
the Gooseberry ; but Red and White Currants should
be close spurred, by shortening all the lateral shoots,
except those needed for extension, to within two eyes
of the base, and the leaders to 4 inches, according to
the age and Bize of the bush, as young plants should
be allowed to extend themselves until they have grown
into good-sized bushes, which is done by preserving
strong outward-inclined shoots, which should be cut
back one-balf or one-third of their length, and always
to a bud pointing outwards. Shoots bare of fruit
spurs should be replaced with stout, young shoots,
which should be slightly cut back. Gooseberries and
Currants may be trained to walls, and if the wall face
the north, the fruits will be fit for use long after bush
fruits are over. The stems, to the number of four,
may be trained upright, or better, obliquely, as then
the fruits hang clear of the stems, at \h foot apart.
The laterals are pruned as in bushes, a short leader
being left, for extension until the limit of space is
reached. //. Marl-ham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone,

520

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

Nov. 3S

THURSDAY,

TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY,
FRIDAY,

MONDAY,
TUESDAY,

WEDNFSDAY, Nov. 4

MEETING.

Nov. 5 — Linnean Society.
SHOWS.

Wells (two days).

Brighton and Hove (two days).

Brixton, Streatham, and Clapham

(two days).
Watford (two days).
Kent County (two days).
Ipswich, Beddington, Carshalton,
± and Walliogtou, Show and Con-
t ference on Fruit and Chrysan-
* themums.

yov .(Ealing, Sittingbourne (two days).
' ) Ascot. Portsmouth (three days).

Highgate.

Society.

THURSDAY.

FR-DAY,

8ATURDAY,

K/w ft i Crystal Palace Chrysanthemum
"OY-'>) (two days).

SALES.

{Dutch Bulbs at Protherce & Morris'
Rooms.
Dutch Bulbs at^Stevens' Rooms
f Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Lilium auratum and other Lilies,
and Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe &
Morns' Rooms.
Great Annual Sale of Nursery
Stock, at Hale Farm Nursery,
Tottenham, by Protheroe &
Morris.
Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock at
Mr. Mabood's Nursery, Tangley
Park, Hampton, by Protheroe &
Morris (three days).
Plants and Bulbs, at Protheroe and
Morris' Rooms.

, Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms.
Nov. S-J Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe & Morris'
( Rooms.

( Great Sale of Orchids, at Protheroe
& Morris' Rooms.
Nov. 6 Important Sale of Fruit Trees, at
Cliffe, near Rochester, by Pro-
\ theroe & Morris.

( Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Nov. 7< Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe

/ Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK— 45°.

Now that the subject of horticul-
Education turai and agricultural education

is occupying so much attention,
we may profitably cast our eyes upon what our
neighbours are doing. For this purpose, we
commend to the notice of those concerned, M.
Deherain's inaugural address to the French
Association for the Advancement of Science at
Marseilles. Greatly to our regret, we cannot
print this at length, but the few comments we
can now make, will show its purport and its
scope. The original may be read in the Amities
Agronomigues for September 25. The address
took the form of a very interesting summary of
the relations between physiology, chemistry, and
agricultural practice. What is said of agricul-
ture is, of course, with the necessary modifica-
tion equally applicable to horticulture. Sketch-
ing in broad outline the progress that has been
made, M. Deherain alluded to the researches
of De Saussure on the ashes of plants, showing
incidentally one curious illustration of the loss
and waste of time entailed by purely empirical
methods as compared to those based on exact
knowledge and direct experiment. Thus De
Saussure, as long ago as 1804, announced the

presence of phosphate of lime in the ashes of all
the plants he had examined, but it was not till
twenty years later that the chance applica-
tion of animal charcoal as a waste product
from a sugar refinery to the land, brought
to light the fertilising properties of a substance
the value of which might at once have been esta-
blished had practical men turned De Saussure's
experiments to account. The history of the ni-
trogen question, as here given, is interesting
from the first, but more than ever so now,
that the fertility of the soil is proved to depend
not only on certain mineral ingredients, but also
on germs which act as a ferment, instrumental
in the conversion of the insoluble into the
soluble nitrates.

Leaving the subject of chemistry, M. Dehe-
rain pointed out, how, acting on botanical lines
by a mere process of selection, the yield of Wheat
and of Potatos may be, and has been, largely in-
creased. Of course, in this matter, gardeners
are far in advance of the farmers. Naturally,
the Phylloxera occupies a great deal of at-
tention, as also the oidium and the pero-
nospora of the Vine. The salts of copper
are shown to be as useful in checking the
ravages of the one as sulphur is in controlling the
mischief effected by the other. A few years ago,
says M. Deherain, the scientific men were not
listened to. It is very different now, at least in
France ; and M. Deherain attributes the reason
of this beneficial change to the general spread of
education, the establishment of agricultural
schools and experimental stations, and especially
to the employment in each Department of a man
well qualified to act as the middleman between
the men of science in the laboratory and the men
of practice in the field. These peripatetic in-
structors gather the farmers together on Sundays,
as the only available day in France, talk with
them about their business, instruct, and advise
them, so that both parties are benefited, science
modifies her absolute or too abstract character,
practice on her side widens her narrow limita-
tions, and the result is that sound methods are
inculcated and extended. To the oral instruc-
tion thus afforded, is added in each Department
the means of practical demonstration or of ex-
perimental trial by means of local trial-grounds
which may be counted by the dozen in many
of the Departments of France. At the same
time, elementary schools of horticulture and
agriculture throughout the country are training
a race of cultivators to be as practical as their
fathers, but with more receptive intellectual
powers.

As Leonardo da Vinci is reported to have
said, " Theory is the general — practice the
soldiers." Carrying out the simile, we would say
that the teachers are as the officers instructing
the men how best to carry out the orders of the
general. Each is essential, the one to the other,
and means must be taken to secure adequate
training of all. In this connection, we call special
attention to the scheme in another column, for-
mulated by a committee of the Fruit-growers
Association.

THE DARWIN TULIPS.— Our Supplementary
Illustration shows a field of these brilliant novelties,
toweriDg above which is to be seen the portraiture
of the proprietor who, in more senses than one, is
one of the greatest men in Holland. Darwin Tulips,
which were so enthusiastically spoken of by one of
our correspondents who saw them in bloom last
spring, constitute a new strain of late-flowering self-
coloured or " breeder " Tulips, remarkable for the
brilliancy of colouring. So brilliant are they, that we
might be well content, if they remain as they are,

and do not " break " into the forms beloved of florists.
Nevertheless, from a botanical point of view, as well
as from the standpoint of the florist, there is great
interest in watchiDg the changes that occur, and in
endeavouring to arrive at some explanation concern-
ing them. No more remarkable instance of selec-
tion, according to Messrs. Krelage, has been wit-
nessed than this, and, on that account, the new race
has been dedicated to Charles Darwin, who made
a special study of variation in plants, and as a result,
inaugurated a new epoch in scientific knowledge. At
the Paris Exhibition these Tulips attracted great
attention, not only for their beauty of colour, but for
their hardihood and power of enduring both sun and
rain. Among them is the " black Tulip," described
as "the most absolute black in the vegetable
kingdom."

Horticultural Education.— The following

is the scheme for forty lectures prepared by a com-
mittee of the Fruit Growers' Association, and
favourably entertained by the Education Depart-
ment -.—First Stage. Plant Life.— Seeds, Nature of,
and Germination : requirements of growth, water,
heat, air. Soils: nature and composition. Roots:
nature and functions ; branches, fibrils, and root
hairs ; what they do, and how — what helps, what
hinders them. Stems and Branches : their nature ;
work and uses ; helps and hindrances. Leaves :
what they are, what they do ; helps and hindrances.
Buds and Tubers : leaf-buds, flower-buds, tubers.
Growth : increase in size and changes of composi-
tion ; formation and storage of food materials.
Flowers: their component parts; what they do.
Fruit: changes and development during ripening;
forms and varieties, as Apple, Strawberry, Plum, &c.
Second Stage. Elementary operations. — Description
and use of implements under each head. — Operations
connected with the land, with explanations and
illustrations of good and bad methods : digging and
and trenching ; draining; hoeing, stirring the soil,
and weeding; watering. Preparation of seed bed:
rolling and raking ; sowing, transplanting, and thin-
ning. Potting. Planting : positions and shelter ;
staking ; earthing and blanching. Propagation.
Elementary principles: cuttings; budding; graft-
ing; layering. Insect and fungus pests. Third Stage.
Advanced practice. — Budding. Grafting, and stocks
used. Layering. Division. Branch pruning. Koot
pruning : old and young trees and bushes. Fruit
culture : open air and under glass ; small fruits ;
Apples and Pears ; Stone fruits ; gathering and
storing ; packing and marketing. Vegetable cul-
ure : tubers and roots ; green vegetables ; fruits
and seeds (Peas, Beans, &c.) ; rotation of crops
Flower culture : outside and under glass. Manures
and application. Treatment of insect pests ; treat-
ment of fungus pests. General knowledge of fruits.

An Important Experiment in Agricul-
tural EDUCATION has been started in the rural
districts of Kent. In upwards of sixty villages,
courses of six lectures on elementary scientific sub-
jects bearing upon agriculture are in progress by
University lecturers on the model of the University
Extension movement. The lecture, the class, the
syllabus, the oxy-hydrogen lantern, and the travel-
ling libraries, the chief features of University Ex-
tension, are all put in action. In addition, local
teachers will be authorised to give supplementary
instruction in the intermediate weeks, since, owing
to the large area to be covered, the University lec-
turers can only visit a given village once a fortnight.
The lecturers on agricultural chemistry are: — Mr.
F. M. Legge, of Trinity College, Oxford ; Mr. H. H.
Cousins, of Merton College, Oxford ; and Mr. R. S.
Morrell, of Caius College, Cambridge. Mr. W. F.
H. Blandford, of Trinity College, Cambridge, lectures
on Injurious Insects ; Mr. A. S. F. Griinbaum, of
Caius College, Cambridge, on Physiology ; Mr. W.
B. Bottomley, of King's College, Cambridge, on
Plant Life; and Mr. P. Lake, of St, John's College,
Cambridge, on Agricultural Geology. The funds
are provided by a grant of £3000 from the Technical

u.
o

fc,

•I"

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

521

Education^Committee of the Kent County Council.
Thia is the first systematic attempt, says the Gar-
deners' Magazine, to briDg before rural audiences
some of the elementary scientific principles which
underlie their daily work, and we trust that young
gardeners will take full advantage of the lectures
and class-teaching.

LlNNEAN SOCIETY.— The first Meeting of the
Session 1891-92 will be held on Thursday, Nov. 5,
1891, at 8 p.m., precisely, when the following Paper
will be read:— "A Theory of Heredity based on
Force instead of Matter." By the Rev. Prof. Hens-
low, M.A., F.L.S. Fellows having any objects for
exhibition on that evening are requested to com-
municate the previous day with the Assistant-
Secretary, that they may be placed on the Agenda
paper.

Technical Education in Horticulture.—

The draft scheme for the establishment of twenty-
five scholarships at Swanley Horticultural College,
has now been prepared by the Kent Technical
Education Committee. Fifteen of the scholarships
are to be of the value of £60 per annum, and ten of
the value of £30 per annum. They are to be tenable
for two years. Ten of the Btudents for the £60
scholarships are to be selected from pupils or past
pupils of elementary schools within the meaning of
the Elementary Education Acts ; and five from
teachers, assistant-teachers, and pupil-teachers in
such schools. The students for the £30 scholar-
ships are to be selected from persons (other than the
above) belonging to the industrial classes, who are
to be required to pay half the fee of £60 per annum,
the other half being paid by the committee. This
class includes the children of all persons who are in
receipt of less than £400 a year. The candidates
are to be of not less than sixteen, nor more than
twenty years of age on January 1, 1892. The county
is, for the purpose of the scheme, to be divided into
twenty-five districts (fourteen urban and eleven
rural), each district being entitled to nominate five
candidates, and (except in certain specified events)
to have one of those candidates maintained as a
scholar at the college. Out of these nominated
candidates, scholars are to be selected by the com-
mittee, according to the result of an examination to
be conducted under the direction of the committee.

The Wheat Crop of 1891.— Sir John Lawfs
has kindly furnished us with a communication on
this subject, from which we take some extracts.
After dealing with the climatal features of the
harvest year, and their effect upon production, Sir
John gives a table, showing the yield on various
plots, manured and unmanured, calculated on the
supposition that the bushel weighs either 61 lb., as
was heretofore supposed, or 60 lb., as now adopted
by the Board of Trade and Board of Agriculture.
" The permanently unmanured plot gives a yield of
13| bushels per acre, being half a bushel more than
the average of the last ten years, and this plot,
which has been unmanured for fully half a century, is
supposed to give at the present time a crop of Wheat
per acre fully equal to the average crop of the world.
The plot manured every year with 14 tons of farm-
yard manure, gives a produce of 48.V bushels per
acre, ll1 bushels over the average of the last ten
years, and only l.V bushel below the great produce
of this plot last year. The three artificially-manured
plots do not differ much in yield, which is 40|, 40,
and 42^ bushels per acre. The weight of the
bushel is very uniform over all the plots, but
in no instance does it exceed 58 lb. per bushel,
the average of the last ten years having been
601 lb. It is worth noticing, that, although
by means of high manuring with farmyard dung,
an increase of 35 bushels of Wheat has been
obtained over the unmanured land, the weight of the
bushel is very nearly the same upon both plots, thus
proving that farmers have greater power to increase
the yield of their crops than to improve the quality
of their produce. In all the experiments, the
quantity of { straw has been very great. Calculated
injthe usual ;{way," the^Wheat j[crop of the present

year gives a mean produce of 34| bushels per acre ;
or, if calculated according to our custom upon a
basis of 61 lb. per bushel, a yield of 32| bushels per
acre. Formerly, the Board of Trade assumed 8077
parts of imported Wheat, flour, and meal to repre-
sent 100 parts of Wheat grain ; but now 72 parts of
imported flour are reckoned to be equivalent to 100
parts of Wheat. It is obvious that if both imported
and home-grown Wheat are to be taken at only 60 lb.
per bushel, the weight of both imported and pro-
duced Wheat will represent a higher number of
bushels. Further, if 72 parts of imported flour
are now to be reckoned as equivalent to 100
parts of Wheat, the estimated import of Wheat
in that form will be so much the higher.
Whilst the population to be fed has been consider-
ably less than has been estimated, the amounts of
Wheat, and flour equal Wheat, imported, have been
in excess of the estimates of them. Adopting both
these assumptions as correct, it is obvious that the
consumption for all purposes has been greater per
head of the population than we have hitherto assumed.
We have for many years past assumed that the con-
sumption of the United Kingdom was equivalent to
5 65 bushels, at 61 lb. per bushel, per head of the
population. In view of the changes already alluded
to, will it not be expedient to take, provisionally,
the round number of 6 bushels per head, at
60 lb. per bushel, for some years, until expe-
rience shows how far the altered estimates are
borne out ? Last year we concluded our report
upon the Wheat crop with the following sentence : —
"It would appear probable, therefore, that the quan-
tity required to be imported for consumption within
the current harvest year will be about 18 million
quarters, rather more or rather less, according to
the turn out of the home crop." The actual nett
imports amounted to a few thousand quarters over
18 millions, or, according to the figures now adopted
by the Board of Trade, to rather more than 18,800,000
quarters. The season has been competent to produce
very large crops, probably not much inferior to those of
last year in the number of bushels per acre, but of a
very much lower weight per bushel. I am therefore
disposed to adopt a yield of 30 bushels per acre, of a
weight of 60 lb. per bushel, as the yield of the Wheat
crop of the United Kingdom for the season of 1891.
Taking the population at the middle of the harvest-
year 1891—2, at 38,034,615, and adopting the con-
sumption at 6 bushels per head, our requirements
will be 28,525,961 quarters. Our home produce I
estimate at 9 million quarters, and deducting
2 bushels per acre for seed, a consuming quantity at
rather more than 8J million quarters, leaving our
requirements for imported Wheat to amount to
20 million quarters."

Bright Colours in Autumn Foliage.—

" JostPH Wharton long ago explained that when sap
ceases to flow in the fall, and the natural growth
of the tree ceases, oxidation in the leaves takes
place," says Mecharis Monthly for September.
"Under this oxidation the leaves change to red, or,
with a slight change of the condition, it might be
yellow or blown. This, however, is only the chemi-
cal explanation. Life, or as we would say, vital
power, has to bear a part. If a branch is entirely
cut off from the main plant, no change of colour
occurs. On the other hand, if a branch is injured,
though not entirely cut off frcm the tree, a change
of colour takes place, even if it be midsummer. In
other words, chemistry alone cannot account for the
bright colours of autumn foliage ; the mysterious
power we call life has to work at the same time."

The Birmingham Gardeners' Association.

— Mr. Harry J. Veitch, of the Royal Exotic Nur-
series, Chelsea, opened the Winter Session of the
Association in the large room of the Midland Insti-
tute, with a lecture on " A Visit to Greece," with
views illustrated by limelight, by the aid of a lantern.
There was a large attendance of members, and Sir
Thomas Martineau, the President of the Association,
presided. Mr. and Mrs. Veitch recently took a
three months' tour through Corfu and Greece, and

Mr. Veitch gave an animated and instructive narrative
of their journey. Mr. Veitch described the various
objects illustrated, and spoke with admiration of the
grandeur of the ancient buildings and the beautiful
sculptures. The horticulture of Greece was barely
touched upon, on account of there being but little
existing, the want of water for garden purposes
being very great; but he intimated that the Cypress,
Laurustinus, Phoenix serrulata, Euonymus, and Pinus
halepensis were amongst the trees and shrubs most
generally met with, and that Peaches, Apricots, and
Figs were very common. A cordial vote of thanks
was passed to Mr. Veitch, proposed by Sir Thomas
Martineau, in eulogistic words, seconded by Mr. W.
B. Latham ; and Mr. Veitch, in his reply, gave Bome
excellent practical advice to the young gardeners
present.

Rust in Wheat.— It is calculated that Aus-
tralasia loses annually nearly 2 millions sterling
through the rusting of its Wheat crops, says
the Mark Lane Express. To find a remedy for
it, a prize of £10,000 has been offered for a
successful preventive, and rust conferences have
been held in Sydney. The opinion prevailed gener-
ally that " certain sorts of Wheat are much better
able to resist rust than others, and that by judicious
cultivation and hybridisation still better varieties
may be grown. They seem to be almost unanimous
that early maturing sorts can be made to escape the
dangerous season, and that rust is due to climatic
conditions that can only be combated, but never
entirely overcome." In regard to curative measures,
it has been found that a solution composed of one
part of sulphate of copper and 400 parts of water de-
stroyed the vitality of the rust spores, and that a
solution of 1 oz. of sulphate of iron to the gallon of
water when sprayed over a growing crop at a time
when rust was about to break out, prevented its
appearance until a fortnight or three weeks later ;
and even if applied when the rust had attacked the
plant, destroyed all outward appearance of the
fungus, and prevented its re-appearance till 14 days
afterwards. Mr. Smith Ellis, who has claimed the
£10,000 for his discoveries in the matter of rust pre-
vention, says in a recent paper that " the wheat-
growers themselves are the sole propagators of rust
by the abuse of their seed Wheat. When they
cease to abuse their seed Wheat, and treat it in a
rational manner, like all other seed that is grown,
saved, and stored by practical seed-growers, they
will no longer be troubled with rust in their crops.
The cost of doing so is nothing ; care is all that is
required to secure that object."

The Chicago Exhibition, 1893. — The

Journal of the Society of Arts gives full details of
the progress and prospects of this gigantic under-
taking. The site of the exhibition is at Jackson
Park, an area of 800 acres, 6 miles from the centre of
the city, on the shores of Lake Michigan, between it
and the Illinois Central Rwy. The amount of money
available from different sources amounts to nearly
£5,000,000 ! Of this, Great Britain finds £20,000,
while Japan supplies £100,000, and Mexico as much
as £150,000. Rather more than £218,000 have been
expended up to the end of September, the cash in
hand being at the same time over £391,000. To the
northward is the great Horticultural Palace, around
and near which sufficient space is left to allow for
out-of-doors display of plants and flowers. Little
need be said about this building, except that it forms
a conservatory on an enormous scale, measuring
250 feet by 1000 feet, with a large and lofty central
dome. Extensive as is the space enclosed by this
glass and steel structure, it has already been applied
for, and will prove quite insufficient for the horti-
culturists and floriculturists of the United States.
Space has been reserved for the erection of many
other smaller glass-houses, and chiefs of the floricul-
tural department of the Exhibition anticipate that
much support will be given them by British flori-
culturists, who have extensive business relations
with the United States. The Agricultural Hall
occupies a space of 800 by 500 feet ; that for fores try

522

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

600 by 200 feet. The wooded island in the lagoon ,
which will be one of the principal ornamental
features of the ground, is already partially timbered,
and its surface is accentuated enough to throw it
into considerable relief. The work of planting the
island with indigenous trees will be carried on until
it becomes an exhibit of American forestry. No
buildings will be allowed here, but the island will be
accessible to the public.

The Irrigation Colonies of Victoria.—

We have received from Mr. E. C. Gates, 21, Fins-
bury Pavement, a pamphlet descriptive of the
Irrigation Colonies of Victoria, and of the openings
afforded for hard-working emigrants who can afford
the small sum needed to buy a farm therein. The
irrigation scheme originated in California. There,
large tracts of land so arid as to be quite useless
for agricultural purposes, ^were, by an elaborate
arrangement of aqueducts and canals, watered with
supplies brought from distant rivers and mountain
reservoirs. The success of the experiment, and the
pecuniary results which followed it, were quickly
seen, and from Australia engineers were sent to
learn the details of the system, and apply it to the
dry regions of their own colony. The irrigation
scheme proved equally successful in Victoria, where
many once-barren acres are now turned into rich
farm land, where fruit and other crops can be suc-
cessfully raised by large or small owners. Many
farmers now struggling against over-competition
and adverse climate might do wisely to emigrate and
buy for about £12 an acre land which, properly
managed, is very productive. Many of the farms
are so conveniently situated that the C06t of transit
of stock is small, while there is always a ready
market for really good produce.

" 1CONES PLANTARUM."— The last part com-
prises illustrations of many plants most interesting
from a botanical point of view. They are to a large
extent of Chinese or of West African origin. Some,
such as Eranthemum polyanthum, t. 2000, from
the Patkye mountains, between Burma and Assam,
are well suited for introduction as garden plants.
The curious central Chinese Pedicularis vagans,
with broad Fern-like foliage, and runners like those
of a Strawberry, would be well worth introducing, and
Carpinus laxiflora should be looked after by lovers
of trees. Emeritus Professor Oliver is the Editor
of this most useful record.

Spiral Torsion.— Prof. Hogo de Vries has

published in a separate form, and with numerous
illustrations, his elaborate monograph on this
subject, under the title of Monographic der Zwanqs-
drehungen, Psilotum triquetruni (stem), Banksia
marginata (leaves), may be added to the numerous
examples given or cited by the author.

Glasnevin.— The official report for 1890 of
the Director of Science and Art Museum, Dublin,
speaks of the Royal Botanic Gardens, under the
charge of Mr. F. Moore, as being in a very satisfac-
tory condition, the chief want being the long-asked-
for house for succulent plants. The increase in the
wages of the gardeners and labourers during the
year "was a well-deserved recognition of their
claims to participate in the general rise which has
taken place in wages. Purchases of plants to the
amount of £241 19s. 2d. were made during the year
and exchanges to at least the same amount have
been made. The number of donations was 126.
Musical promenades are held in the gardens, the
average attendance being 2235. The total number
of visitors to the garden during the year amounted
to 375 000, of whom no fewer than 274,201 were
present on Sundays.

The Influence of Pine Trees upon Tem-
perature, ETC.— The Echo Agricole says, it is
really astonishing that the resinous trees are so little
used by gardeners and others as a protection against
the north and north-easterly winds. Such trees are
of incontestable value in protecting early plants and
vegetables, and it has been observed that gardens
which are systematically protected with them are

always a fortnight in advance of others which are
more exposed to the cold winds and late frosts.
There is not a garden which cannot be made more
productive by a systematic protection with Pine
trees. Pines and Firs perceptibly keep the tempera-
ture in their immediate neighbourhood slightly
higher, besides breaking the force of the wind by
their thick branches. Anyone can demonstrate this
elevated temperature by making a few observations
with a common thermometer; it is by no means rare
to find a temperature as different as that of March
and that of May. Everyone knows how bad cold is
for young plants, and it seems by taking such natural
precautions as the planting of resinous trees in the
proper quarters, a great deal of early damage may
be avoided.

The Destruction of Rose Pests.— Mons.

Menart Boureau, of Suevres (Loire-et-Cher), makes
the following communication to the Journal dcs
Roses : — " In July, when I was treating my Vines
against the mildew, the idea occurred to me of
employing the same insecticide for destroying the
insect pests which affected my Roses. Consequently,
I syringed the trees with a liquid composed of the
following ingredients, with the result that a few
hours later all the insects were in a dead or dying
condition, and had fallen off the leaves: — Ammonia,
1 kilogramme ; sulphate of copper, 2 kilogrammes ;
water, 200 litres." Amateurs whose Rose trees get
infested with insect life are recommended to try the
same experiment. But a simple solution was
recently recommended by La Nature. It consists in
taking crushed wood-ashes, and sifting them dry in
a fine condition over the heads of the trees imme-
diately after they have been syringed with water.
The wood-ashes adhere to the leaves, and on
account of their alkaline nature, soon make it
uncomfortable for any insect pests that may be
there. The ashes do not injure the trees; on the
other hand, when they have been syringed off with
water again, they fertilise the Boil.

Poison in Artichoke Leaves.— A communi-
cation has recently been made to Cosmos by Mons.
Pauthier, of Senlis, concerning a very curious fact
which he has observed. There has been, hitherto,
no reason for believing that any part of the globe
Artichoke plant has a toxic effect upon the human
economy when taken directly, yet should cows acci-
dentally partake of the leaves, their milk for the
time being becomes distinctly dangerous to health if
used by children, or others of weak digestion. The
symptoms are those of poisoning, the patient vomits
and suffers from diarrhoea. Chemical analyses of the
leaves, and of the affected milk, has revealed the
presence of a substance which is known to chemists
by the name of cyanurin. ( ibviously, care should be
taken not to feed cows, or to allow them accidentally
to feed on the leaves of Artichoke, because their
milk for some hours afterwards contains a noxious
principle which is capable of causing serious compli-
cations in the system of a person, especially a child,
who should partake of it. Moreover, there is no
particular reason why cows should be allowed to eat
Artichoke leaves, even when there are plenty of
them, because as a food they possess a low value.

ARMERIA GADITANA. — In the last issued
part of Dr. Wili.komm's Illustrationes Florte His-
panic, &c, is a coloured figure, t. 159a, of this
"superb plant" known to Todrneeort, and
accurately defined by Boissier after having been
confounded with A. latifolia. It is a native of
Southern Spain, and the corresponding districts of
Portugal, while a variety of it occurs in Morocco.
The leaves are large and leathery, lanceolate acute.
The flowers white, in a large head, at the end of a
naked stem.

Gutta-percha Trees at Singapore.— The

Kew Bulletin for September contains a note on the
re-discovery of this tree, now known as Dichopsis
gutta, in the Island of Singapore. It was originally
discovered in 1842 by Dr. Montgomerie, and the
gum was employed to insulate telegraph wires, for

which purpose no other substance has yet been
found so good. The tree was supposed to be extinct,
but it has been re-discovered by M. Serullas, who
proposes a metkod of extracting the gum from the
prunings of the tree instead of by the ruinous
process of felling the tree and draining it of its
milky juice.

The Leeward Islands. — On the nomination
of the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, Mr.
C. A. Barber, late University Demonstrator of
Botany in the University of Cambridge, has been
appointed Superintendent of the Botanical and
Agricultural Department in the Leeward Islands.

AGRA. — Also, on the nomination of Kew, Mr.
Westland, of Hong Kong, has been appointed Super-
intendent of the Taj Gardens, at Agra. Mr. West-
land's position at Hong Kong has been filled up by
the appointment of Mr. W. J. Tatcher, from Kew.

HYBRID WHEATS.— The Sural New Yorker of
the 12th ult. contains some striking illustrations of
cross-bred Wheat, and still more remarkable figures
of true bigeneric hybrids between Rye and Wheat
obtained by Mr. E. S. Carman. The crosseB selected
for perpetuation are, of course, those best adapted
to the conditions and requirements of the several
States of the Union. Seed is placed on the market
by Messrs. Thorburn & Co.

Catalogue of Hardy Perennial and
Biennial Plants — Professor Wittbock and M.
Hans Oscar Jdel have compiled a very full cata-
logue of the plants above named, which are culti-
vated in the open air in the Botanic Garden of
Berg, Stockholm. The plants have been obtained
largely from seed supplied by other botanic gardens,
but the authors lament that scarcely one-half were
correctly named. Great care seems to have been
expended on the present Catalogue, to which are
added botanical notes in Latin relating to some of
the more interesting plants. A curious variety of
the Spruce is figured, Picea excelsa var. acutissima
(p. 79), which originated as a seedling. It is of very
dwarf habit, and slow growth, and the leaves rela-
tively long, very acute, and much flattened at the
sides.

Hybrid between Crinum and Hippeas-
TRUM. — In the October number of Meehan's
Monthly, Mr. Obersweller, of Austin, Texas, nar-
rates how he has raised a hybrid out of Crinum
Kirkii, fertilised by pollen of a hybrid Hippeastrum.
Further details are required as to the progress of the
cross, if it really be one.

Orchids as Cut Flowers.— The Journal des

Orchidias is about to take the votes of its readers with
a view to ascertain which are the best twelve Orchitis
to grow for market as cut flowers.

Hemp as a Defence Against Weevils —

Mr. J. B. Hellier of Graham's Town, writing in
the Agricultural Journal of the Cape Colony,
September 24, p. 71, says, that the " combings of
the Hemp produced in the manufacture of the fibre
are used as a protection against the attacks of
weevil on the " Mealies" Indian Corn. The leaves
of the Hemp are merely placed about and amongst
the bags and heaps of grain.

SCALE INSECTS. — Mr. Arthur Shipley, Christ's
College, Cambridge, makes known, through the Kew
Bulletin, his desire to receive specimens of scale
insects and nematode worms affecting plants. The
September number of the Bulletin contains an
article from his pen on the Orange scale in Cyprus.

Myles Memorial Fund. — We have already
alluded to the decease of this gentleman, at a com-
paratively early age. Unfortunately, he was unable
to make any provision for his widow. The Selborne
Society has, therefore, issued a special appeal to all
its members, but would also do so generally to any
other persons who may feel disposed to contribute
to the fund. As many of our own readers have
doubtless profited by Mr. Myles' admirable Pro-
nouncing Dictionary of Botanical Names, appended to

October 31, 1891.]

THE GABDENEFS' CHBONICLE.

523

Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening, it is hoped
that they may like to contribute to the fund. The
Rev. Professor G. Henslow, Drayton House, Ealing,
W., will be glad to receive any communications.

M. DE LA DEVANSAYE.— The Horticultural
Society of Angers, and Maine and Loire, have pre-
sented to M. De la Devansaye his bust, in com-
memoration of his twenty years' Presidency of the
Society. M. De la Devansaye is well-known as an
ardent horticulturist, and as the raiser of several
new and remarkable Anthuriums.

TODDY PALMS.— Adverting to the excellent
woodcut published at p. 105, aDd for which we were
indebted to Mr. Goldbing, the editor of the Tropical
Agriculturist says, that in the case of the Toddy
Palms of Ceylon, the juice is obtained, not from
the stem, but from the unopened flower-spathe.

Orchid-growing in England.— The October
number of the Journal des Orchidees contains an
account of the Orchid- houses of Mr. Statter, of
Manchester. The writer, M. Lucien Linden, goes
into detail, and is very eulogistic.

ETIENNE Levet. — Many Rose growers will
regret the record of the death of this distinguished
rosarian. M. Levet died at Lvons on August 21,
in his 75th year. Among the Roses raised by him
we may specially recall Paul Neron, Belle Lyonnaise,
Franijois Michelon, and others.

The Cultivation of the Peach.— Mr. R.

Honey, of Sunderland, read an interesting paper before
the members of the Newcastle and District Horticul-
tural Mutual Improvement Society in one of the rooms
of the Literary and Philosophical Institute, New-
castle, the subject beiDg " The Cultivation of the
Peach and Nectarine," on October 15. Mr. Baknard
Cowan, of South Shields, presided, and theie was a
fairly numerous attendance. Mr. Honey, in the
course of his paper, said that when cultivating the
Peach against a wall, it is preferable to have the
wall of brick rather than stone, as it is warmer ;
and it is advisable [in the Midland and Northern
Counties. Ed.] to build flues in the walls. For the
borders, a sound and dry sub-soil is required. Many
trees have been ruined by the borders being too
deep, too damp, or too rich. From 2 feet to 2 feet
6 inches is the proper depth, and a good hazel loam
is best; but whatever the soil, it should be of a
texture slightly adhesive. As to manure, the trees
should be top-dressed every year in May. Fan-
shaped trees should be planted 20 feet apart as
permanent trees, but riders can be planted between
them for cropping for a few years, the riders to be
finally discarded. The paper then went on to give
instructions as to the thinning of the fruit, preserv-
ing the trees against red spider, and various
diseases, such as gumming caused by wounding the
trees, mildew, and blistered leaves, &c. It also
deprecated the brushing off of the foliage in autumn.
The chairman, Mr. Cowan, said he considered there
was a great future before their own and similar
associations. Statesmen were just now deploring
the couditions under which agriculture was pursued.
There was fully as much to be said for horticulture.
In this respect he thought they might, at some not
very distant day, be assisted by the County Councils.
A great deal of the foreign garden produce brought
into Newcastle might, he thought, very easily be
grown in the district. He hoped the President of
the Board of Agriculture would recognise gardeners,
as he had already done farmers. Railway transit
was a great difficulty in this county. He (Mr.
Cowan) knew of a Strawberry farm near Alnwick
which paid very well, but the fruit from which had
to be sent to Glasgow instead of Newcastle because
the carriage was cheaper.

Floriculture in the States.— The United
States Census Bulletin just issued, notes that flori-
culture in the United States has come to be simply
the growing of a few things for cut flowers, says
Median's Monthly for September. It has found that
there are 4659greenhouse establishments in the United

States, and that the total number of plants raised is
about 125,000 000 ; of these, 49,000.000 were Rosse
alone, and the rest were made up of plants in the
following order: — Violets, Chrysanthemums, Lilies,
Hyacinths, Smilax, Bouvardia, Heliotropes, Pansies,
and Tulips. These together make 90 per cent, of the
whole of the plants raised. The other 10 per cent, were
made up of Orchids, Tuberoses, Mignonette, Prim-
roses, Camellias, Daffodils, and a few other scatter-
ing things. Three hundred and twelve of these
establishments are owned and managed by women.
The value of the greenhouses, including heating
apparatus, is placed at 38,000.000 dols. For outdoor
gardening the demand has been in a great measure
confined to Pelargoniums, Coleus, Roses, Pansies, Ver-
benas, Heliotropes, and Carnations. Among all the
large classes of florists' flowers, the Fuchsia is the
only one noted as being grown in sufficient numbers
to be worth naming. When it comes to a matter of
profit the report says, that Roses have been the most
profitable, the Carnations next. Some few florists,
however, speak of the Carnation as being more
profitable than Roses.

Cirencester Chrysanthemum Show. —

One of the newest of the Societies established for
the purpose of encouraging the cultivation of the
Chrysanthemum is Cirencester. The schedule before
ns exhibits a locally well-supported Society, and that
sine qua non of a country show, a fairly good list of
prizes offered in the various classes. Fruits and
vegetables likewise find place at the show which will
be held on November 11 and 12.

The Behaviour of Tannin in Plants.—
Experiments were recently made by Busgen, a Ger-
man botanist, in order to determine whether a dis-
appearance of tannin in any parts of plants can be
shown to take place ; the results were reported in
one of our German contemporaries, Forsch. Gebiete,
Agrik. Physik, xiii., p. 305. A distinction has been
made by Kraoss between " primary " tannin, which
is produced with, and "secondary tannin,'' which
is produced without, the intervention of light.
In certain cases both kinds were found to dis-
appear. Tannin was also found to disappear
from cells which were on the point of dying,
as well as from cells possessing more vitality.
Bcsgen doubts whether it is again used in building
up. Direct proof of the production of tannin from
Bugar, in a manner similar to the formation of starch
from sugar, was obtained. Portions of shade-leaves
of various plants were placed with the upper side on
a 10 per cent, solution of Grape-sugar, the chief
veins having been cut to facilitate the entry of the
solution. Portions of the same leaves were similarly
placed on pure water. The latter showed no increase
of tannin after four or five days, whilst those in the
sugar solution showed a notable increase. It has
still to be shown what intermediate products are
formed when sugar is converted into tannin, and
also whether other substances will give rise to it.

The Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Asso-
ciation.— The above, formed less than a month ago,
has begun its session in sober earnest, and if it can
be carried on with as much spirit and energy as it has
shown at the beginning, there is probability of its
being established on a firm basis, and of its serving a
most useful purpose. Under the chairmanship of Mr.
Alderman Roberts, the first meeting was numerously
attended, and Mr. D. C. Powell, of Powderham Gar-
dens, read an excellent paper on " Apples." The
paper evoked a spirited discussion, in which Mr.
Veitch and others took part.

CATTLEYA LABIATA, Lindl. — Much has been
said and written of late respecting what is known
in gardens as "Autumn-flowering labiata." As
examples of what clever collecting and quick con-
signment can do, Messrs. Sander exhibited at
the Royal Horticultural Society, on October 27,
grand masses, some of them with a hundred bulbs,
fresh imported, and with plenty of good dormant
eyes, and 'thick healthy leaves. In connection with

the exhibit, a curioas matter came out as to its
introduction. It appears, that in the spring of
1890, Mr. Sander saw in the collection of Mr. E.
Moreau, at Paris, some Cattleyas which had been
sent to him from Brazil. With the pardonable
scepticism of one who had already spent thousands of
pounds in searching for true autumn- flowering
libiata, Mr. Smder .refused at the time to acknow-
ledge the claims of the plant to be the long-sought
species, to be correct. However, he could not get
the matter off his mind so easily, and soon afterwards
thoroughly sifted the subject, and sent Erickson, one
of his hardiest and most reliable Orchid collectors to
the spot indicated, and in due time received a great
supply of which those referred to above are the last
arrivals and the best. There was one white flower,
one which opened in the case, but it is most likely
that albinos will be rare in this species.

Chestnut Tree Struck by a Fire-ball.—

DuriDg the storm on October 14, a fine Chestnut tree
standing in the grounds of Mr. Yates Neill, of
Ealing, was struck by a fire-ball. At the time of the
accident a gardener was sawing off a branch broken
by the wind of the previous night. He, as well as
two gentlemen who stood near, felt the shock
severely, but sustained no permanent injury.
According to a local contemporary, the trunk of the
tree " presents the appearance of having been burned
in a zig-zag direction for a distance of some 20 or
30 feet."

Messrs. Sutton & Sons Experiments
with Bordeaux Mixture. — It is needless to say
that the results of the above, alluded to in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle last week, has taken us by surprise.
From France, Belgium, Germany, and especially
from America, we have heard of nothing but success
attending the copper treatment. Nay, more, from
all we have heard up till now, of experimental work,
both on a large as well as a small scale, in Great
Britain, the result has been the same, all tended to
confirm our most sanguine hopes. Reading alone
sounds the unwelcome note of failure, and sends
forth a wail of disappointed hopes. One swallow
generally does not make a summer, so one failure
must not dishearten us. The very fact of it being
the only failure yet recorded ought rather to
stimulate our interest. Why should Messrs.
Sctton alone have failed — failed not in
checking the disease : but failed practically
by lessening the productiveness of the plants.
Naturally, those interested in the subject are not
slow to meet the case. Mr. W. Whitehead Cousins,
writing to a contemporary, the Agricultural Gazette,
brings forward some most important facts, which
cannot fail to be of interest to your readers. Like
Messrs. Sutton's tables, his letter is too long for
reproduction, but unlike these, does not contain
detailed niinutiaj of a single experiment — for such
theirs really is — it being the application on three
successive dates of one strength of the mixture upon
a vast number of varieties of Potatos growing
together in the same place under the same conditions
of climate and cultivation. Mr. Cousins quotes the
fact that the six 2-acre^plots dressed three times with
a 2 per cent, mixture in various parts of the king-
dom under the auspices o( the Royal Agricultural
Society, and 9 acres of Regents at Sittingbourne
dressed twice with a 2 per cent, mixture, have
none of them received any injury. That produce
of the Royal Agricultural Society's experiments
plots weighed in Bedfordshire and Wales show a
large increase in yield in favour of the treatment.
The same he finds to be the case at Cliffe, at
Spalding, at Bendly (Worcestershire), at Chedding-
ton (Bedfordshire), at Sittingborne, in the Isle of
Axholme, at Edinburgh, and at Arbroath : no injury
to the plant and an increase in the yield. Surely
these results "ought to outweigh the one trial at
Reading." Of course the point is, why did the
Reading experiment not turn out a success 't Many
reasons naturally suggest themselves, but in the
absence of knowledge of details of the experiment, it
is hardly worth while to speculate. We hope

524

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

at an early date to learn some of theBe details, and
I have no doubt that we shall see the cause was not
so very far to seek after all. Charles B. Plow-
right, M.D.

[We have received numerous comments on Messrs.
Sutton's experiments, which appears to be at vari-
ance with those of other experimenters. Next week
we may find room for some of these. Ed.]

Scotland.

NORTH OF SCOTLAND HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION.

The members of this Association held their first
meeting of the winter session in the Christian
Institute Hall, Aberdeen, on Wednesday evening,
the 21st inst. There was a good attendance, and
Mr. D. M. Smith, the retiring President, occupied
the chair at the opening of the proceedings. On
the motion of Mr. C. S. France, it was unanimously
agreed that all apprentice gardeners, foresters, &c,
be admitted to the Association, and their annual
subscription to be Is. In the discussion, it was
stated that no class required technical education
more than gardeners, and yet they were far
behind in this matter. Mr. C. S. France,
the newly-elected President, then took the chair,
and proceeded to deliver his opening presidential
address. At the out9et of his remarks, Mr. France
returned thanks for the honour which had been done
him in appointing him President. After a reference
to the high ability of his predecessor in office, he
went on to say that he was inclined to think that
they had been neglecting the scientific side of their
profession, and going in too much for the practical.
He thought they ought to make their programme a
little more varied and comprehensive. He impressed
upon them the advantage of careful observation of
every freak of Nature that might come under their
notice, and advised them to bring such matters
before the Association for discussion and solution.
In regard to what he had suggested with reference
to the widening of the scope of the Association,
what he particularly advised was, that papers should
occasionally be given on such subjects as botany,
vegetable physiology, geology, mineralogy, the
nature and quality of soils, chemistry, entomology,
and meteorology. He also directed their attention to
the importance of landscape gardening. The library
of the Association might also be extended. He
further suggested, in view of what he had said in
connection with extending the usefulness of the
Association, that a slight alteration might be made
in the name of the Association, by tacking on
arboriculture. They had many foresters in the
Association, and he saw no reason why subjects
relating to that department should not be discussed.
The name of the Association he proposed was, " The
North of Scotland Horticultural and Arboricultural
Association." He concluded by throwing out the
following additional suggestions:— That there should
be four grades of membership: first, proprietors;
second, factors and nurserymen ; third, gardeners
and foresters ; and fourth, assistant gardeners and
assistant foresters ; that a proportion of the
funds be voted as for prizes, for essays, or
for objects such as herbaria, collections of
cones, woods, or meritorious exhibits in either
horticulture or arboriculture ; that, in addition to
the monthly meetings, a meeting should be held
annually in September or October, of the nature of
a conference, at which the prizes might be awarded
and papers read on any given subject of general
interest ; that excursions should be organised to
gardens and other places of horticultural and aibori-
cultural interest in the neighbourhood ; and that the
meetings of the Association should be made so
attractive as to induce all members to come forward
and share its work.

At the close of his address, Mr. France received
the hearty thanks of the meeting. A paper was then
read by Mr. R. Farquhar, late of Fyvie Castle,

Aberdeenshire, on " Some Impressions of America,"
for which the thanks of the Association were also
accorded. The proceedings then terminated.

Royal Uoeticultobal Society of Aberdeen :
Annual Meeting.

The annual meeting of this Society was held on
Saturday, the 17th inst., in the Music Hall Buildings,
Aberdeen, Baillie Crombie, chairman of the directors,
in the chair. The following was the report:— It is
with deep regret that the directors have to refer to
the lamented death of their late chairman, Mr.
James Murray Garden, Advocate, whose warm
interest in the Society was so well-known. — The
Society held a spring exhibition in the Music Hall
Buildings on April 10 and 11. The exhibition was
an admirable one ; but, from a succession of unfore-
seen circumstances, the financial result was not a
favourable one. The annual floral fete was
held in the Duthie Public Park on August 20,
21, and 22, and proved most successful, both
from an exhibitors and from a financial point
of view. The entries numbered 1731, as
against 1607 for the previous year. The exhibits
were the finest that have been shown for a good
many years. The financial surplus on the year
amounts to £63 13s. id., which, added to the balance
brought from last year, makes £251 9s. Wd. at the
credit of the Society. The best thanks of the
Society are due to the Aberdeen Town Council for
granting the use of the Duthie Park ; to Dr. Dove
Wilson and Baillie Lyon for their services in con-
nection with the opening of the Exhibitions ; and to
Professor J. W. H. Trail for his interesting lectures
at the spring show. The chairman moved the adop-
tion of the report, Baillie Lyon seconded, and in
doing so, said it was satisfactory to find once more
that the balance was on the right side, and
that but for that most unfortunate ventme, the
spring show, they would have had a very much bigger
one. He was one of the parties that opposed very
strongly having a spring show — not against a spring
show itself, but against their risking it being a
success ; and they would see that the results of their
spring show these last three seasons had been a
most serious loss to the Society. He thought the
Society should pause before it held another spring
show until they had £1000 at their credit. Then
they could afford to lose £80 or £100. The running
of a spriDg show was a very risky thing indeed. It
might be very desirable from the point of view of
those who cultivated spring flowers, but theirs was
not an advertising Society altogether. Theirs was
a Society to be carried on for furthering horti-
culture, but not at a serious financial risk. He
thought the Society, having the experience of the
past two years, should pause before it had another
spring show. They would remember that he called
their attention at the last annual meeting to the
advisability of raising the price of admission to the
show on Saturdays from 3d. to 6d., and he thought
he could come there with very great satisfaction
that night and say that Mb recommendation had
been a great success. He said then, no exhibition
worthy of going into could be got in the United
Kingdom for prices of 6d., and much less 3d., and if
they risked putting the admission up to 6d., he was
quite sure the citizens of Aberdeen would encourage
it. It was very gratifying indeed that they should
rind their balance amounting to £251 9s. lOd.

The report was adopted, and the meeting pro-
ceeded to the election of office-bearers for the
ensuing year. Baillie Crombie was unanimously
reappointed chairman, as was also the Secretary,
Mr. A. M. Byres, C.A. The directorate remained
the same as laBt year.

Baillie Lyon Eaid they would have seen from the
newspapers that the Incorporated Trades of Aber-
deen had resolved to give off some of their land in
small plots. Now, he thought it was worthy of
the consideration of the directors to give some
prizes for the best-kept plots of ground. He
only threw this out as a suggestion. Mr. RobsoD,
of Messrs. Smith & Son, expressed his approval of

the suggestion. Baillie Crombie then drew the
attention of the meeting to a matter affecting
the Society which had been brought before him.
There had been placed in his hands the rules
of a benefit society in Edinburgh, such as had
been sometime ago spoken of in Aberdeenshire for
gardeners, florists, seedsmen, and nursery employe's.
It was connected with one of the free gardeners' big
bodies, and it was confined entirely to such aa
the Society was composed of. Baillie Crombie
then gave a number of statistical facts as to the
payments, benefits, and rules of the Society. Such
a Society as this, he continued, would be exceed-
ingly beneficial to the members, and than this Society
there was no one he knew of in the profession in
which they could get such advantages. The matter
had been brought under his notice by Mr. Robson.
He might say also that in Edinburgh the Society
had been very successful. He was led to believe
that the North of Scotland Horticultural Society
would be very glad to join in any effort likely to be
made in the direction indicated. It was agreed
that the matter be remitted to the Directors for
consideration. Votes of thanks terminated the
proceedings.

LEMOINE'S HARDY HYBRID

GLADIOLI FOR 1891.

NANCBIANUS SECTION.

Having described last year's novelties of this
beautiful race of hybrids in these columns, I hope
that some descriptive notes about this year's series
may not be unacceptable to the readers of tbe
Gardeners' Chronicle.

The set of novelties of the Nanceianus race of
hardy hybrid Gladioli for this year consisted of
seven varieties, and an eighth, not to be distributed
till this autumn, was sent me a year in advance by
the kindness of M. Lemoine. As this was the first
to come into flower, it will head the list.

A. de la Devansaye, named after the well-known
raiser of hybrid Anthuria, opened its first bloom on
July 14, and is a fine tall vigorous grower, with
branching flower-spike, and large fully expanded
flowers (all looking the same way) of a most pleasing
shade of light carmine, flaked with lake. The lower
petals are most beautifully and evenly divided into
three bands of colour, the inside deep carmine,
spotted with white towards the throat of flower,
then a broad band of pure white, and the outside
a similar band of light carmine, altogether a most
beautiful variety, and one of the finest of the whole
family, which should be in every choice collection.

Professor Sargent opened its first flowers on July 21,
and is a tall-growing variety, with a branching
flower-spike, and large, fully-expanded flowers of a
deep shade of carmine, with large and distinct
blotches of creamy-yellow on the lower petals, which
are spotted with carmine towards the throat of flower.
This fine variety somewhat resembles President
Carnot.

Ondine began to bloom on July 27, and is a variety
of rather slender habit, with medium-sized, well-
opened flowers of a dull, washy shade of red, flaked
with purple, and marked and blotched in the same
way as President Carnot, but, on the whole, a poor
and inferior variety, though accorded some admira-
tion by a few of my lady visitors, who pronounced its
dull ground colour to be the aesthetic hue known as
crushed strawberry.

Massena opened its first bloom on July 29, and is a
vigorous growing variety of less than medium height
of stem, bearing large handsome flowers of a pleasing
shade of light red faintly flaked with carmine, and
with large pure white spots on the lower petals, which
are themselves spotted with carmine towards the
throat of the flower — an exceedingly fine variety.

Dr. H. P. Waleott opened its first flower on August 5,
and is a variety of medium height, with fine, large,
well-opened flowers of a most pleasing shade of light
red flaked with carmine, and irregularly mottled with
white. The two lower petals are distinctly blotched,
with creamy white,

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

525

Le Grand Carnot opened first flower on August 9,
and is a fine vigorous tall-growing variety, with the
largest and handsomest flowers of the whole lot.
These fine flowers are of a bright shade of scarlet,
faintly streaked with carmine, and with two large
and most distinctly-marked blotches of pale canary-
yellow on the lower petals. The flowers are more
fully expanded than those of any other variety, and
and look you straight in the face. This grand
variety should certainly be found in every choice
collection.

Kleber began to bloom on August 13, and is a
fine tall growing variety, with upright, unbrancbing
spike, bearing large, well-expanded flowers, which
also look you straight in the face, and are of a
pleasing shade of light rose-colour, flaked with car-
mine, and distinctly blotched with pure white on the
two lower petals. An exceedingly effective variety.

I may add to the above notes that, having been
told by a horticultural friend (whose opinion I
usually hold in the very highest estimation) who had
visited M. Lemoine's garden in the autumn of 1889,
that the flowers he saw there were so much larger
in size, and brighter in colour, than those borne by
the same varieties when grown in my garden, that he
hardly recognised them when he saw them afterwards
with me, I, this autumD, made the journey to Nancy,
specially for the purpose of seeing for myself whether
this were so or not, and whether Irish-grown flowers
were really so inferior to those grown in sunny France
as they were said by my friend to be. I am pleased
to be able conscientiously to assert that, whatever
the French flowers may have been in 1889, those I
saw there this year were certainly not finer or
brighter-hued than those in my own garden. The
excessively severe and most abnormally prolonged

Fig. 70. — the white comet-aster.

Harry Veitch, opened first flower on August 15,
is rather a slender grower, with flower-spike of
medium height, with medium-sized flowers irregu-
larly disposed on the spike, and of the darkest
shade of scarlet yet seen in this race, resembling
that of M. Duchartre of last year. The lower petals
are blotched with creamy-white, but the unfortunate
depression of the top-centre petal, inherited from its
Sandersi parent, and only markedly seen in this one
variety of this set, prevents the beauty of the flower
from being fully seen.

Goliath. — Opened first flower on September 20,
nearly 6ix weeks later than any of the other sorts,
and is a good vigorous grower, with large tubular
and not lully-expanded flowers of a deep shade of
rosy purple, evenly flaked with carmine, and the
lower petals veined with white. It may be that the
extreme inclemency of the weather at the late season
of its coming into flower prevented this variety from
being seen to full advantage.

winter experienced last year in France, which pre-
vented M. Lemoine from getting his bulbs into
the ground till quite the end of May, may possibly
have caused his plants to make weaker growths, and
to produce somewhat smaller flowers this year than
they usually do. W. E. Gumbleton, Bclgrove, Queens-
town, Ireland.

WHITE COMET- ASTER.

M. Che. Lorenz, of Erfurt, sends us an illustration
(fig. 70) of his white Comet- Aster. The flower, which
resembles very closely a pure white large-flowered
Japanese Chrysanthemum, is larger and more double
than is usual, the petals being much longer and more
twisted. Each petal is ribbed, giving thus to the
flower a peculiarly elegant appearance. The colour
is glossy satiny white. No doubt this Aster will
become a general favourite.

Home Correspondence.

WH/ SHOULD GARDENERS STUDY ?— Kindly
allow me a word in reply to "J. C. 0." of Ponder's
End. He doubts (p. 493), my advice being prac-
tical, but I can assure him that, broadly speaking,
it is the men who study most to the purpose, that
get on best in the battle of life. That old saying
of Bacon's " Knowledge is power," was never so
true as it is to-day, and especially so far as gardeners
are concerned. I was born on a small farm, and am
not ashamed to own to having milked cows, even as
an under gardener ! My first place was as a garden-
boy at a shilling a day, and out of that I paid two
shillings weekly to the gardener as an apprentice,
and never did 1 spend such a small sum to so much
advantage. Certainly I had some parental assistance
besides my wages, but only in the form of food.
Ever since I earned my first few shillings a week, I
have always found it possible to spend a little on good
books. I do so still, and I am quite sure that as an
investment pure and simple the practice has repaid
me. "J. C. C." asks if men who are hard-worked,
or who have fallen on " hard times," would not feel
their position all the keener if they had studied the
books mentioned in my list (p. 4G1). My answer is,
no! decidedly not! Education of the right kind is
a blessing to the well-to-do, but it is ten thousand
times a greater blessing to the poor. The kind of
education that merely makes one dissatisfied is a
bad education ! But there is another side to the
question, and one must be careful not to confuse
causes wtih effects or results; but "J. C. C." and
his young acquaintances may certainly take to heart
the axiom in human economy, that the most ill-
educated members of any profession or calling, are
always those obliged to work hardest and longest.
Gardening, as a calling, is often said to be over-
crowded, and "J. C. C." is evidently one of those
who believe this, since he asks, " What is to
become of them all ? " (i.e., the young gardeners).
Well, 1 can tell him. The best men, as a rule, will get
the best places, and the worst men will naturally get
the poorest places ! Now it is pretty widely agreed to-
day, that no calling is over-stocked with good men,
but that most callings are over-stocked with men
who take no intelligent interest in their work. I feel
sure that it is so in the case of gardening generally.
It is not enough to study as " apprentices in really
good establishments," but study must go just as one's
food and clothing is obtained, viz , as a continual
necessity. Even a man who studied Cucumber or
Tomato culture so thoroughly as to grow them
better and cheaper than his fellows, would soon
reap the harvest of his ability, just as has
done the foreman who now directs his labours.
My argument is, that gardeners should read and
study, not only to enlighten themselves as to the
world of nature and art around them, and so make
their lot, however hard, happier than it would other-
wise be, but especially to make themselves better
and more valuable to their employers. The more a
man reads, other things being equal, the quicker
and clearer he can think ; and the better he
can think, the easier and the cheaper he can
work. There is no getting over the logic of
hard facts ; and in the struggle for existence and
place amongst gardeners, it is almost always the
weakest that go to the wall. And of course it is these
who complain the most, although complaining of the
inevitable will never help " J. C. C." nor his young
friends, nor anybody else. I am afraid to say what
I think of "J. C. C.'8 "and " W. L.'s" desire that the
gardening papers should each and all contain " an
article on botany." Why, are they not filled with
articles on botanical subjects from one year's end to
the other? To me they seem to become more
interesting and instructive every week, and always
filled with new problems, or with new phases of old
ones. My advice to young gardeners is, to read
and study all the good books they can get hold
of, and so strive to become happier and more
useful men. This is not mere talk, but a pro-
gramme I myself shall follow as long as I live.
The discreet purchase of helpful books can never
prove a pecuniary loss to a gardener with intelli-
gence enough to make the best, or even a fairly good,
use of them. When a man starts in business of any
kind, it is frequently the capital he puts into that
business which enables him to get a good living out
of it. This is equally true of a gardener who, by
some little personal self-denial finds the little capital
with which to buy helpful books. He is simply
investing his capital in the business of his life, and
nothing pays better in the long run than does expen-

526

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Octobeb 31, 1891.

diture of this kind on a man's own genius or special
calling. When that noble old gardener and Curator
of Kew, John Smith I., came to London from Scot-
land, he possessed only two books on gardening, but,
as he himself told me, those two books enabled him
to place himself head and shoulders above all the
young gardeners then employed at Kew. I do not
altogether believe the old story, "'Tis not in mortals
to command success," but I do believe that we
may at least not only do our best to deserve success,
but actually win success by our own endeavour ; and
even the men who slave in London market gardens
from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., might at least spare a few
pence each week for books, or adopt other simple
means of self-education so as to be worthy of a more
congenial occupation. After all, what is the work
in any market-garden, however hard, compared
with that of a Staffordshire iron-puddler, a
potter, a collier, or of a Sheffield grinder?
or, think of the dangers and trials of " tho9e
who go down to the sea in ships ! " I think if
" J. C. C." would send me a list of gardeners who
have not done well in this world, I might return him
that list as containing a list of men who did not
read good books, did not adopt any of the advan-
tages of self-improvement now within the reach of
all ; of men who are miserable because they grumble
and whine about the " badness of the times," and
have always been hanging around the nurseries
pestering people to help them, simply because they
have not the energy to shift for themselves. F. W.
Burbidge, M.A., F.L.S.

LILIUM WALLICHIANUM SUPERBUM. — Mr.
Baker, in his description of Lilium Wallichianum
superbum, in Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 480, seems in
doubt if it should not be regarded as a species, and
I venture to think it is a doubt well founded, for it
has little in common with the well-known L. Wal-
lichianum. Further on, he says that L. nepalense,
Don., and L. ochroleucum, Wallich, are two names
for one and the same plant. Will Mr. Baker say if
Wallich's drawing of " ochroleucum," to which he
refers, resembles in any way the flower of the true
"nepalense?" Mr. Elwes, in his magnificent
Monograph of Lilies, gives, under the name of L.
nepalense, an illustration admittedly drawn by Fitch
from Wnllich's dried specimen of L. ochroleucum, and,
without doubt, the drawing bears a much greater resem-
blance to the Lily described by Mr. Baker as " Wal-
lichianum superbum " than it does to the real " nepa-
lense." Wallich described his ochroleucum as "dull
yellow," which admirably tits in with the colour of Mr.
Baker's Wallichianum superbum ; but it would re-
quire the wildest stretch of imagination to reconcile
such a description with the flower of L. nepalense.
Indeed, it is difficult to believe that such a man as
Dr. Wallich described the flower of Lilium nepalense
as 5 inches long, and of a dull yellow colour ; or that
he gave it a descriptive name, to.ally inapplicable to
it. J. M.

FIGS. — Amongst the evidences of a considerable
development in fruit culture, which hardly finds en-
couragement in connection with popular fruit-
growing agitations, is the large demand now growing
up for good Figs, which it is difficult to meet.
Whether due to the more-refined taste which now
exists in relation to fruit products, or due to the in-
creased wealth of the country, certain it is that Fig
growing is developing rapidly, both in private gardens
and in market establishments. Amongst those
trading firms who are enabled to feel the pulse of
Fig culture, as it were, few, perhaps, are better
placed than Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for
they produce many hundreds of fine fruiting plants
of a score or more of varieties, in pots, yearly, and
find themselves now quite cleared out at the end of
the season ; whilst but a few years ago, the sales of
such plants hardly exceeded dozens. The advantage
of pot culture is found in having numerous varieties,
the plants well under control, kept somewhat root
bound, fruiting more freely than when planted out,
facility for removal to diverse houses or temperatures,
and securing of all the crops the plants produce.
Amongst newer varieties, the Negro Largo, so free
to bear and highly flavoured, is in great demand ;
whilst a yet newer form, Violette Sepor, very stout
in growth, short jointed, and an exceedingly free
cropper, is a valuable addition to the varieties — the
fruits are of rich flavour and very luscious. A com-
paratively flattish round and distinctively high-
flavoured form of the Brown Turkey promises to
prove a capital addition also. It is worthy of
notice that F"igs, like Tomatos in an uncooked state,
are not to every one's taste at first, but once they
are liked, then they never tire. There are few

more wholesome or healthful, and, in a re-
stricted sense, better medicinal fruits, than ripe
figs. A. D.

WHAT IS A HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANT?—
The difficulty of defining this term has been before
me for many years, and when I have been selected
to judge at provincial flower shows, and have asked
for instructions as to limitations, have generally been
told " not to be particular." In fact, I see no way
out of the difficulty, except to exclude from the term
" herbaceous " all monocotyledonous plants ; other-
wise, we must draw a line in the middle of a species,
such as " Iris," and if you try to exclude " bulbs
and corms," where do " tubers " begin ? In terres-
trial Orchids, would 0. foliosa come under bulbs,
and Cypripedium spectabile under "Hardy Her-
baceous?" And what shall we do with Trillium,
Alstriemeria, Anthericum, and such-like ? The
limitation I have proposed would not do away with
the difficulty of drawing a line between " heibs and
" shrubs " in their botanical definition, as many a
genus must be split in two — Veronica, for example.
If it is decided to leave the matter to the judges, the
chief objection would be, that some exhibitors are
more scrupulous or more cautious than others in
their acceptation of the limits of the class in which
they exhibit. C. Wolley Bod, Edge Hall, Malpas.

THE NAME "JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE." — Mr.
Dixon, on p. 482 of the Gardeners' Chronicle, writes
a long dissertation on the Jerusalem Artichoke. He
tells us that Jerusalem is, in this name, corrupted
from Girasolo, which is Brazilian (Portuguese?) for
Sunflower, and that the plant being " a native of
either Peru or of a district in Brazil" (though, as he
afterwards tells us, it was introduced into Europe
from Canada), brought its Brazilian name with it to
Europe. In the first place, this statement revives
an error which botanists have long since cor-
rected, as to the native country of the Jeru-
salem Artichoke. No species of Sunflower, as
far as is known, is a native of Brazil, and
though two or three are found in Peru, they are all
of fruticose habit, and not all likely to be the parent
of the Jerusalem Artichoke (see De Candolle, Pro-
dromus, vol. v., p. 500). It is true that students of
American botany have been a little puzzled about
the origin of this plant. Asa Gray formerly referred
it to Helianthus doronicoides, but in his Flora of
North America he made it a separate species, though
he tells us that II. giganteus also produces edible
tubers, called Potatos, in Canada. It seems probable
that more than one species of Sunflower produced
edible roots, when cultivated by the natives of North
America, perhaps before they had intercourse with
Europe. Then Mr. Dixon, having drawn what he
considers an infallible conclusion from a false pre-
mise, proceeds to speak disparagingly of those
who dare to differ with him, naming me.
He does not, however, attempt to answer the ques-
tion I formerly put, the substance of which I aek
leave to repeat here. Granted that the reasoning
seems plausible which contends that Jerusalem, as
prefixed to Artichoke, is a corruption of the Italian
Girasole, how is it to be explained in the following
combinations: — Jerusalem Cowslip (Pulmonaria),
Jerusalem Sage (Phlomis), Jerusalem Thorn (Par-
kinsonian Jerusalem Cross (Lychnis chalcedonica),
Jerusalem Oak (a species of Teucrium), Jerusalem
Star (a Cerastium), and Jerusalem Gourd ? Perhaps
this list of Jerusalem names might be lengthened.
My contention was that our ancestors were in the
habit — perhaps from the days of the Crusades, of
referring the origin of strange plants to Palestine,
and so Jerusalem came into the name. I have given
eight names, and of one of them a somewhat far-
fetched and pedantic derivation is invented, but no
explanation is offered of the other seven. Is it
unlikely that the name was given to all in the same
trivial and casual way, and signifies nothing more
than the ignorance of the namer ? C. Wolley Dod,
Edge Hall, Malpas.

THE DAY LILY OF THE DESERT (HESPERO-
CALLtS UNDULATA). — I wonder how many English
or Continental lovers of flowers have seen this early
summer-flowering novelty, described as " one of the
moHt beautiful and characteristic plants ol the desert
regions of California." One traveller reports having
counted no fewer than thirty flowers on one stalk, of
a pearly-white, with delicate greenish stripes. It is
also fragrant — in addition to which must be men-
tioned the fact that the bulb is edible — having a
pleasant taste, and may be eaten raw, or cooked like
Onions. The Indians are said to look upon it as a
veritable treasure, not only refreshing the eye with

its wondrous beauty, but proving of valuable utility
as well, the same plant producing both " food " and
" drink." The bulb grows as large as an Onion in
clear sand, 6 or 8 inches below the surface ; some
have been found resting on a bed of moist gravel.
One Californian editor speaks of it as being " one of
the handsomest flowers found in April." As I see
bulbs were procurable in California in the autumn
of 1889 at a very reasonable rate per 100, surely our
bulb growers can by this time manage to procure it?
Pioneer,

SEEDLING CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— It is not diffi-
cult to make an annual of the Chrysanthemum in
regard to its time of blooming, when raised from
Beed. I saw at the Rye Croft Nursery, Lewisham,
recently, a batch of seedling Chrysanthemums raised
from seed sown on the 25th of March last. Mr. H.
J. Jones said that a portion of the seed came from
America, and a portion he saved on his own nursery.
A plant of a Japanese variety showed signs of seed-
ing, and it ripened sufficiently to gather by February.
Mr. Jones said that when he rubbed it out of the
seed pods, it looked as if not a plump seed had been
produced ; but he sowed it on bottom heat on the date
above mentioned, and some plants put in an appear-
ance. These were pricked off, and grown on into
size gently until they were placed into their bloom-
ing pots. As soon as they were established, the
tops were pinched out, with the result that they soon
broke into three and four shoots each ; and, all
being well advanced in bud, were housed early in
< Ictober. There is promise that all of them will
bloom, and that shortly. The plants are now under
glass, and some, among them a promising yellow, are
showing colour. Mr. Jones stated that he assisted the
ripening of the seed by standing the pot, in which the
plant maturing its seed was, upon a hot-water pipe.
It is, therefore, apparent that the sted of the
Chrjianihemum cm be sown, and the ieejlings
got iuto blotm, in the space of eight or nine
months. B, D.

RASPBERRY SUPERLATIVE AND CARTER'S
SEMPER FIDELIS. — The superiority ot Superlative in
every way over Hornet, F'astolf, and others, was
affirmed by Mr. J. Sheppard in these pages early in
the year. Superlative is not quite so early as those,
but it has the advantage of being much larger and
more productive ; and it being a strong grower, it
requires more room and but few stakes for support.
I planted fifty canes of Superlative two years ago,
and it gave so much satisfaction, that I planted more
of it the following season. I may remark that from
three rows of Superlative we have had more fruit
than from twice the number of rows of other well
known varieties, so that I intend to grow it still
more largely in the future. At one of the meetings
of the Royal Horticultural Society, this fruit was
shown by Messrs. Veitch, and was far ahead of any
others. F\>r preserving it is much liked; and the
fruit is less liable to decay than others, as owing to
the robustness of its growth, the fruits are well
elevated above the foliage. Another recommenda-
tion that this variety possesses is the length
of time that it continues to fruit, which is
longer than that of any other variety I know of, and
even the smallest growths fruit after larger canes
have ceased to bear. Being a strong grower, spring
and autumn dressings of manure are necessary.
The Raspberry Semper fidelis, is chiefly to be valued
for its goodness as a variety for preserving, as it
makes a jam distinct in flavour from all others ; and
is much liked by those who prefer more acidity than
is found in other Raspberries. The colour of the pre-
served fruit is excellent, and the fruit is valued on
that account. Semper fidelis is a free-growing
variety, late, very prolific, and not much liked by
the birds. It is a much smaller fruit than Super-
lative, and is fit only for preserving or cooking. Geo,
Wythes, St/on House,

DEVONSHIRE FERNS.— Mr. Druery's criticism at
p. 420 is interesting, and I am glad that my dis-
crepancies in writing on Devonshire Ferns have
drawn out from so great an enthusiast such a long
discourse. My paper, however, was not written in a
comprehensive spiiit, neither does it require that
" discriminating eye " spoken of to perceive this, as it
is quite easy to do so in the ordinary way. I have now
dipped a little deeper into the subject, and note that
there were yet other varieties or species of wild
Ferns in Devon ap| arently unknown to Mr. Druery,
since he has omittid to mention them, and I have
also discovered that the Lomaria spicant was popu-
larly known as the rough Spleenwort even before
the days of that quaint old writer, Gerarde — so far

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

527

so good ; and now we come to the question of
manipulation in reference to varieties. My con-
tention is, that when a wild Fern having
some variation from the species to which it
belongs, is removed from its natural habitat to a
garden, where, after a lapse of time it is proved that
the said variation has developed, or, it may be,
remained constant, then it may be regarded as a
variety of that species, and this is precisely where
the manipulation I spoke of comes in. When I was
a nursery traveller, I was in touch with many rich
collections of British Ferns in different parts of the
country, and long ago was convinced that there were
distinctions with little differences in many of the
so-called varieties, therefore, we can well afford to
sweep off a great number of them, and their tedious
ugly names with them ; in fact, to put the whole
thing in a nutshell, there are said to be nineteen
genera of British Ferns, subdivided into forty-
five species, which, according to Mr. Druery, com-
prise tome 1800 forms or varieties. Now, my candid
opinion is, that if all these could be brought together
at a Fern Congress, quite four-filths would, if the
work were done rigorously, be cast aside, as being
insufficiently distinct. Then, if the varieties that
remained ware re-named with short English names,
after the manner of florists' flowers, as, tor example,
Nephrodium filix-mas, Adam ; Asplenium filix-kc-
mina, Eve ; Aspidium aculeatum, Eclipse ; Scolopen-
drium vulgare, Unique ; — therewould be more hope of
finding a named collection of British Ferns in well-
appointed gardens throughout the land. W. Napptr,
Chelsea.

NEPHROLEPIS PECTINATA.— On the back wall
of a north house in Messrs. Thomson's nurseries,
Sparkhill, Birmingham, a plant of this creeping form,
in a rustic stand, was placed a year or two since, and
it now occupies a considerable portion of the wall, so
freely has it thrown out and extended its growth.
It has a most pleasing appearance, and I recommend
it for such a purpose. The house in which it is
thriving so well is devoted to Ferns and young
Palms. W. D.

ROSES MADE OF BUTTER.— Most people would
probably imagine butter to be rather an unsuitable
material — especially in warm weather — for making
floral designs. At the Dairy Show, recently held at
the Royal Agricultural Hall, an enterprising exhi-
bitor (whose name unfortunately I do not remem-
ber), however, was apparently of a contrary opinion.
At any rate, by some means or another he contrived to
mnke a display of Roses, which at a distance of a
foot or two looked almost natural. It had never
before struck me so forcibly that Marechal Niel
Roses were of the colour of certain kinds of butter,
but I am alraid the aesthetic ear (if I might use such
a term) would be highly offended at hearing anyone
describe the flowers of this fine Rose as being
" butter- coloured." Golden-yellow sounds ever so
much nicer. What rendered these butter Maiechal
Niels so effective was the use of natural Rose stems
and foliage, on to which the unctuous blooms and buds
were artfully stuck by means of pieces of thin wire.
The shape of the fluwers and the delicacy of the
petals were all that could be desired from a florist's
point of view. Mitza.

BIGNONIA RADICANS. — It is very seldom now
that one sees the old Bignonia radicans, and yet
when planted in a suitable position, it is one of the
finest hardy climbers we have; at least, it is hardy
in most places, although I have known it killed
down in severe winters, but even then it generally
breaks up again from the crown, and quickly covers
a large space of wall, and clothes it with beauty.
To see it at its best, it must have a southern aspect,
and not be planted in rich soil, a deep sandy loam
being the most suitable, as then its growth is not
too strong, and the shoots are easily ripened. The
way to treat the plant is to run up and train out the
branches in a fan-shaped manner, or in such a way
us to cover the wall space, and leave them a foot or
so apart, and each winter to spur back close the
whole of the shoots made during the summer, as it is
on the young ones made each year that the flowers
are borne ; these come in dense clusters at the ends,
and each flower forms a tube 3 inches or so long,
with distended mouth, the colour being a rich deep
chestnut-brown when the blooms are open. Our
plant is on the end of a shed and greenhouse, and
covers a space of about 150 square feet ; but if it had
scope, it would quickly double that, as it is very free-
growing. Just now, almost every shoot, and there
are a great many, is terminated by great clusters of
flowers, and therefore the effect produced is striking
and fine. J. Sheppard.

CEREUS J. T. PEACOCK.— From the specific
name it will be easy to infer the origin of this plant,
as it was widely known that the late J. T. Peacock,
of Hammersmith, was a great connoisseur and col-
lector of this class of plants, and we believe it was
imported direct by that gentleman. To those un-
acquainted with the plant, it is by no means
a gigantic or unmanageable thing ; on the con-
trary, it is very similar in growth and flower
to the flat- stemmed, leaf- like section, called

Fltt. 71. — I'Al'AVKR OLATCl'M : TO SHOW HABIT.
J LOWERS, BRILLIANT SCAKLBT.

Phyllocactus, but with the very great difference that
it far surpasses in gorgeousness, both in size and
colour, any known member of that genus. It is a
matter of common knowledge that in the flowers of
many Cacti there is very little difference in the tex-
ture between the sepals and petals, there being no
sharply-defined difference between them, but occa-
sionally there is a difference in the colour. In J, T.
Peacock the sepals or outer whorl of the flower are
brilliant scarlet, the petals or inner series are

i "'^'■■~- _~

Fig. 72.— papavee glavcum.

somewhat broader, and a rich vivid purple and
scarlet, which, with the yellow tassel-like bunch
of stamens in the centre gives this flower a gorgeous
appearance. Fortunately, like most other Cactuses,
it is easy to accommodate, 5 or 6- inch pots are suf-
ficient to grow good-sized specimens planted in the
usual light loamy compost, taking care not to over-
water them, but during the summer, as they delight
in abundance of sun and air, there will not be much
danger of their coming to grief. It is during the

dull days of winter, when the plants are dormant
that care must be exercised in watering. Almost
every part of the plant roots readily as cuttings.
This plant, as well as all the Phyllocactus section, will
succeed in all temperatures if not below freezing.
They can withstand long periods of drought without
injury, and should be fully exposed to the sun. In
this respect we have seen, on closely-allied plants,
the sun's rays fall so direct and concentrated as to
melt large pieces of indiarubber hose, yet it did not
seem to injure the plants. Shade and damp soon
weakens them. F. S.

NOVELTIES.

Papaver glaucom. — Messrs. Ernst Benary, of
Eriurt, announce as a novelty, a scarlet-flowered
Poppy, P. glaucum, and for the illustrations of which
we are indebted to the famous firm at Erfurt. The
plant, as desciibed in Boissier's Flora OrUntalis, i.,
p. 116 (1867), is glaucous, with only a few appressed
hairs on the flower-stalk, with pinnately-lobed leaves
and deep scarlet flowers. The plant is a native of
Northern Syria, where it flowers in early spring.
We have not seen the flowers, but the venation of
the petals appears different from what we should
expect to see in a Poppy (see tigs. 71, 72).

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Toesdat, October '21, 1891. — The meeting of the
above society took place at the Drill Hall, James
Street, Westminster. The principal feature of the ex-
hibition was the collection of coloured leaves, such as
the diminishing light and lower temperature of autumn
bring about. It is hardly possible to conceive a
more beautiful or interesting "exhibit" than was
made on this occasion. But the British public either
did not think so, or did not know of the exhibition.
Be this as it may, an interesting display of
Orchids, a remarkable show of fruit, and a sprink-
ling of good Chrysanthemums — foretaste of what
is to come — made up a " meeting" which was
certainly not the least interesting of the season.
Adverting first of all to the autumn leaves, we have
to note the collection exhibited by Mr. E. C. Smith,
of Cobham. and to which a silver medal was
awarded. Though not numerically so large as some
other collections, this was the most appropriately
arranged and the most effective, so far as beauty is
concerned. American Oaks and yellow Horse
Chestnuts were especially conspicuous ; while as a
margin to the whole, the exhibitor had the eminently
happy thought of placing a wide belt of green moss,
thickly studded with a scarlet iungi such as Amanita
muscaria, Agarius rachodes, A. rubescens, Cantha-
rellus cibarius, and others which were delightfully
appropriate and effective.

Next in order on the left, proceeding up the hall
from the entrance, was a large collection from Svon,
comprising no fewer than torty-one varieties of Oak.
This was instructive, not only for the number and
interest of the specimens, but from the example
it afforded of the pernicious effect of a London
atmosphere on the coloration, for though consisting
mainly of the same species as shown in other collec-
tions, the color of the specimens from Brentford was
dull and ineffective.

The collection from Weston Birt, Gloucestershire,
was very rich both in species and in colour. We ci n
only note a few of the more remarkable illustration?,
Cornus sibirica, with its red rich twigs; Acer rufi-
nerve, A. septemlobum, American Oaks, particularly
O. Catesbeii, a small-leaved species, but specially
rich in colour ; Enonymus alatus, Pyrus arbuti-
folia, &c.

The collection from Combe Wood was naturally
full of interest, the more so on this occasion as it
was reinforced by contributions from Mr. Antony
Waterer of Woking. Andromeda arborea, Acer
palmatum, A. platanoides, Liquidambar, Rhus glabra,
Cerasus Watereri, Pyrus arbutifolia, Berberis Thun-
bergii, Ribes missounense, very deep claret red ;
Azalea occidentalis, Syringa pekinensis were among
the most striking of this collection.

Messrs. Cutbush sent a good miscellaneous group,
less well coloured than some others. The same ex-
hibitors showed a nice collection of Pernettya, with
berries of different colours.

528

THE GARDENERS' CHBONICLE.

[Octobeb 31, 1891.

Mr. H. Veitch's lecture was chiefly devoted to the
enumeration of the most desirable species to plant for
the sake of the autumn coloration. With the splendid
resources at hand, he had no difficulty in enforcing
his remarks practically. To report his lecture would
be to give some pages of a dictionary, for the alpha-
betical order was adhered to, but as the lecture was
delivered, and the specimens in illustration, it is
quite appropriate to describe it as a brilliant dis-
course. In the discussion which followed, Mr.
Bunyard took part, emphasising the necessity for
isolating the plants, so as to get their full beauty;
while Mr. William Paul pointed out the superior
advantage some specimens had over others in the
matter of their longer duration. Mr. Paul con-
sidered that the nature of the soil had much to do
with the rich coloration of particular species.

Chrysanthemums occupied a good deal of space,
and amongst them were several sterling novelties of
English raising, besides sports of well-known varie-
ties. Orchids were present in some quantity, con-
sidering the late period of the year, and much hardy
fruit and some Grapes were shown.

Floral Committee.
Present : G. Paul, Esq., in the chair ; and Messrs,
B. Wynne, H. Herbst, E. Dean, G. Brycesson, H. B.
May, G. Phippen, 0. Jeffries, W. B. Poe, C. E.
Pearson, F. Boss, G. Gordon, Hy. Cannell, W.
Furze, C. Noble, and J. Walker.

Some well-berried Pernettya elegans in variety
came from Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate
Hill, one of the best being P. macrocarpa, with ber-
ries of a bright crimson hue. The bright- flowered
Clerodendron fallax in small examples came likewise
from the same firm. It has especial value at this
season.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery,
Chelsea, exhibited a pretty white-flowered Bou-
vardia, Jasminiflora alba odorata. The reverse of
the floral segment is pink, the tint appearing to
slightly suffuse the white.

A compact and dwarfer form than the common
Richardia (Calla) sethiopica, was shown by Messrs.
R. Veitch & Son, Exeter.

Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Victoria Nur-
series, Upper Holloway, N., sho>ved a plant of Aris-
sema Wrayi, of the height of 2.} feet, palmate leaves
of a green colour, stem and leaf stalks green with
dense fawn-coloured marblings. The spathe pale-
green in all parts except the interior of the hooded
portion, which is deeper in tint. The spadix is
tertte, purple and semi-pendent.

We are so near the Chrysanthemum shows, that it
is not to be wondered at if Chrysanthemums were a
leading feature at the Drill Hall on Tuesday last.
Messrs. Veitch & Sons, nurserymen, Chelsea, had a
bold and striking group of plants, generally well
bloomed, of leading varieties of Japanese varieties,
as Viviana Morel, Miss M. A. Haggas, Robert
Cannell, Louis Bcehmer, and Alberic Linden.

Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, had three
blooms of Viviand Morel, but paler than those
shown by Messrs. Veitch & Sons ; Amos Perry, a
large golden-yellow incurved Japanese ; and La Con-
damine, in the way of Marsa, delicate pink ; two
blooms of this were shown, but not fully developed.
Mr. George Wythes, gr., Syon House, Brentford,
set up a stand of blooms of leading varieties of
Japanese and incurved Chrysanthemums, cut with
long stems and supported by means of wiie ; there
were about 120 blossoms, backed by Palms and
margined with small Ferns. It was an effective
exhibit, but it is doubtful if the idea can be extended
generally to Chrysanthemum exhibitions.

From Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell
Nursery, Nottingham, came three line blooms of the
new incurved Chrysanthemum M. R. Bahaunt, one
of the Queen type, very large and full, grandly in-
curved, the colour pale rosy-cerise, with silvery-
salmon reverse (Award of Merit).

Mr. Robert Owen, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead,
had a large number of Chrysanthemums, large
flowering and Pompon ; including Achievement,
white, with slight yellow centre, a seedling from
Madame Desgranges, and an October-flowering
form of M. R. Babaunt, Madame Darrier, a new
Continental incurved, the flower of the type of
Venus, but with the colour of Cherub, which the
Committee wished to see again, when more fully
developed ; Cardinal Foulon, bright claret-crimson
shaded— an attractive- looking reflexed flower ; Felix
Cassagneau, fine deep golden apricot — attrac-
tive in colour, shape of flower of Avalanche ;
two very fine blooms of W. Tricker, one of the new
American varieties, delicate rose, a large and full

incurved Japanese, and with it one bloom of Nineveh,
an older variety, and said to be identical with W.
Tricker, and the original of it ; Felix Mourant, pale
orange-crimson, in the way of M. W. Holmes ; Per-
manent, Japanese, incurved, which opens delicate
pink and becomes blush ; Confidence, bright pink,
broad petalled, reflexed ; Mrs. Nisbet, shaded claret
crimson, very fine in colour, broad petalled (Award
of Merit) ; G. C. Schwabe, golden yellow, tipped
with reddish dark-brown ; and several hybrid Pom-
pon and pompon varieties as Lady Emily Fitzmau-
rice, yellow, very free ; Profusion, golden-yellow,
very free ; Golden Shower, pale-gold, very bright;
and several others.

Mr. W. Wells, Nurseryman, Earlswood, had Wil-
liam Wells, a very fine and distinct primrose, sport
from Mdlle. Blanche Pigny (Award of Merit).

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, Nurserymen, Sydenham,
had HenryBallantine,a deep golden-yellow Japanese,
but rather flat, which the Committee wished to see
again : Louis Bcehmer and Mrs. Flann, a pale
coloured Anemone variety. From an exhibitor
whose name did not transpire, came Robert Smith,
a pale bright chestnut red sport from Dr. Sharpe,
not showing so much of the quilled petal as the
variety from which it sprang — larger and fuller
(Award of Merit).

From Mr. W. Mitford, gardener to W. Kaye, Esq ,
Worcester Park, Surrey, came an unnamed orange,
brown and buff sport from the yellow anemone
George Sand, which is of a promising character.

From Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewis-
ham, came a plant of Louis Bcehmer, carrying
superb blooms, bright pale lilac, with a silvery blush
reverse, very fine, the hairy petals being well deve-
loped (Award of Merit) ; one of C. E. Shea, a yellow
sport from Madlle. La Croix, and a plant of Felix
Cossagneau, described above. Mr. R. Falconer
Jameson, Hessle Hall, had blooms of M. R. B.ihaunt,
Bouquet de Dame, pure white ; and Marvel, white
with slight purple stripes.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair;
and Messrs. James O'Brien, J. Douglas, E.
Hill, Hugh Low, H. M. Pollett, Maxwell T.
Masters, L. Castle, T. B. Haywood, F. San-
der, D. B. Crawshay, and Sydney Courtauld.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited a
group of Orchids consisting of six varieties of Odon-
toglossum grande; and plants of Vanda ccernlea,
Aerides Lawrenceana, Oncidium incurvum album,
Peristeria guttata; a fine form of Lycaste Skinnerii
alba ; Cattleya Bowringiana, one having six and the
other five spikes ; Lissochilus Krebsii, Cypripedium
Maynardii superbum (previously Certificated), Den-
drobium O'Brienianum, an extraordinarily graceful
species with long pendent sprays of greenish flowers,
to which a Botanical Certificate was awarded, and
various other Orchids. They, moreover, staged
Bome fine masses of the true autumn - flowering
Labiata, some of them with 100 bulbs, and all in grand
condition, as examples of what suitable pack-
ing and quick transit are able to do. Messrs.
Collins & Collins, of the Cumberland Park Nur-
series, Willesden Junction, exhibited a very credit-
able and showy group made up of many varieties of
Oncidium variensum, 0. prtetextum, O. Forbesii,
O. curtum, and O. tigrinum. The group displayed
excellence in the varieties and much cultural skill.
Mr. H. A. Tracy, the Orchid Nurseries, Amyand
Park Road, Twickenham, showed a specimen of
Aerides suavissimum, and a supposed hybrid
Cypripedium, showing similarity to C. Hookerii x
C. Lowianum. E. G. Wrigley, Esq., Victoria
House, Dunkenfield, Cheshire, sent flowers of a
Dendrobium greatly resembling D. lituifloium, but
which is said to differ in growth ; indications of
growth was requested. Also a flower of Pleione, of
which the committee desired to see a bulb before
naming.

Admiral Caton, Hazelwood, King's Langley,
exhibited a group of Dendrobium formosum gigan-
teum, the largest specimen having over thirty flowers ;
a vote of thanks. F. Wigan, Esq., Clare Lawn,
East Sheen, Richmond, staged a fine plant of
Cattleya Warocqueana with six flowers, and a very
remarkable broad-petalled form of Cypripedium
insigne of the C. I. Maulei group. Messrs. B. S.
Williams & Son, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries,
Upper Holloway, sent a grand variety of Cypripedium
named C. Pitcherianum superbum (Spicerianum X
Han isianum superbum), the variety was superior to
the type. Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, United States
Nurseries, Hextable, Kent, again sent their form of the
beautiful Cypripedium Arthurianum, whose dorsal

sepal is dotted with purple as in C. insigne Maulei. E.
J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr., Mr. G.
Duncan) staged a pan of several plants of a form of
Angrsecum bilobum from Dutch New Guinea ; also
cut flowers of Oncidium crispum, Lselia anceps Daw-
sonii, and Cattleya labiata vera. E. H. Woodall,
Esq., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough, forwarded a
portion of a magnificent spike of a very fine form of
Vanda Kimballiana. Chas. Ingram, Esq., Elstead
House, Godalming, sent some plants of Cattleya
Warocqueana bearing together over thirty blooms,
a plant of C. calummata x , and the beautiful C.
radiosum x (Lawrenceanum x Spicerianum), to
which an award of merit was accorded.

Fruit Committee.

Present : Philip Crowley, Esq., in the chair ;
and Messrs. G. Woodward, T. F. Rivers, R. Hogg,
G. Bunyard, W. Wilks, II. D. Blackmore, C. Ross,
W. Warren, J. Willard, A. Dean, A. Pearson,
G. Reynolds, W. Bates, George Wythes, James
Hudson, H. Balderson, F. Q. Lane, J. Smith,
W. Denning, and J. Cheal.

Large collections of Apples and Pears formed the
chief subjects for the committee to deal with ; of
smaller items a First-class Certificate was awarded to
Mr. Reynolds, Gunnersbury Park Gardens, for white
Grape Cbasselas Napoleon, a French variety reputed
an indifferent setter in France, but here vouched for
by Mr. Reynolds as a capital setter and a free
cropper. The bunches are of good size, tapering,
and handsome, the berries large, semi-oval, and of
very fair quality.

Mr. C. Ross, Newbury, showed a fine and hand-
some seedling Pear, but it was found to be somewhat
gritty, and lacked flavour. Mr. Ross also showed
spikes of fruit of Phytolacca decandra, about 12 to
14 inches long, and tapering. The berries covering
the spikes resembling Blackberries, but were rather
acid. This fruit grows luxuriantly in not too dense
woods, and is strongly recommended as food
for pheasants. Mr. King, gardener to P. Crow-
ley, Esq , Croydon, was awarded a Cultural
Commendation for a dish of very fine and handsome
fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin, which the committee
found to be finely flavoured, and showed how
deficient in quality were some Apples sent for
approval.

Mr. Chambers, Abingdon, sent a dish of a very
handsome seedling Apple, which however did not
meet with approval. The same must be said of a
Seedling apple from Mr. Dyke, Southwell, as also one
from Mr. Smith of Newark.

Mr. W. Taylor, Hampton, showed fruits of Apple
Jolly Beggar. Mr. Ddbnam, gr. to A. Pears, Esq.,
Isleworth, showed a scarlet-flesh Melon, product of a
cross between Hero of Lockinge and scarlet Premier,
but it was much too late in the season for it to
exhibit its best qualities. Also a dish of very fine
fruits of Tomato ferfection, to which a Cultural
Commendation was awarded, crnne from Mr. Pears.

Of larger exhibits, by far the finest from gardeners
was the splendid collection of some 115 dishes of
Apples and Pears shown by Mr. Woodward, Bar-
ham Court Gardens, Maidstone. This fine lot in-
cluded Pears, superb examples of Gansell's Berga-
mot, Duchess d'Angouleme. Br une Hardy, Doyenne
du Cornice, Pitmaston Dachess, Easter Beurre,
Nouveau Poiteau, Doyenne d'Alencon, Marie Benoist,
Fondante Merriott, Ne plus Meuris, and Glou Mor-
ceau. Of Apples very fine indeed were Lady Hen-
niker, Yorkshire Beauty, Lord Derby, Gascoigne'si
Seedling, Washington, Belle Dubois, Mere, de
Menage, Warner's King, Queen Caroline, Tyler's
Kernel, Golden Noble, The Queen, New Hawthorn -
den, Anne Elizabeth, and Northern Spy, the latter
unusually fine ; also of dessert fruits, Melon Apple,
Claygate Pearmain, Cox's Orange Pippin, Reint-tte
de Granville, Adam's Pearmain, Mother Apple,
Wealthy, and the beautifully coloured Calville
Rouge Precoee.

Mr. G Wythes, Syon House Gardens, showed
some eighty dishes of Apples and Pears, many, how-
ever, being indifferent samples. The best Apples
were Golden Spire, Warner's King, Blenheim Pippin,
Alfriston, New Hawthornden, Ribston, Cox's Orange,
King and Holland Pippins, Worcester Pearmain, &c.
Of Pears the best sorts were Pitmaston Duchesse,
Maiechal de la Cour, Uvedale's St. Germains, Bel-
lissime d'Hiver, Madame Denalke.Duchessed'Angou-
leme and Beurre Diel.

Mr. Markby, Wimbledon, had eight dishes of fine
Apples of trade collections. One of special excel-
lence, the Apples generally being singularly fine, was
that of 100 dishes of Apples and Pears staged by
Messrs.J. Veitch & Sons,who had baskets of Alexander,

Octobee 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

529

Bismarck, New Hawthornden, Peasgood's Nonsuch,
Sandringham, Gloria Mundi, &c. Also of choice
dessert varieties, Golden Brunette, Brownlees
Russet, Scunner Pippin, Barnack Beauty, Rosemary
Russet, Ribston Pippin, King of the Pippins, Cox's
Orange Pippin. Of Pears excellent were Princess,
Doyenne Boussoch, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Louise
Bonne. Fondante de Cuerne, Beurre' Baltet Pere,
Beune' Bachelier, and others.

Messrs. Paul & Sons, Cheshunt, had nearly 100
dishes of Apples and numerous varieties of Pears.
The best of the former were Bedfordshire Found-
ling, Blenheim Pippin, Cox's Pomona, Warner's
King, Beauty of Kent, Ecklinville Seedling,
Cibston Pippin, Schoolmaster, Winter Queening,
Golden Noble, Transparent de Croncelles. The
Pears were very good samples.

Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, Norwood, had some fifty
dishes of Apples, the best of which were Gold
Medal, Glory of the West, Peasgood's Nonsuch,
Stirling Ccstle, Beauty of Kent, Bella Pontoise,
Sturmer Pippin, and Hoary Morning.

Mr. Barron sent up from the Society's [Garden,
Chiswick, sixty dishes of Apples all of fine appear-
ance, including Anne Elizabeth, Bramley's Seedling,
Grenadier, Alfriston, Cellini, Small's Admirable,
Gascoigne's Ssedling, New Hawthornden, Blenheim
Pippin, Mrs. Barron — very fine, and Swedish Rei-
nette. Also of Pears already for table, some twenty-
four dishes, Marechal Dillon, Marechal Vailliant,
Urbaniste, A. J. Moltke, Vineus, Flemish Beauty, &c,

Fruits in competiton. — A few classes for fruits in
competition for prizes were instituted at these
meetings. Those for Grapes, six bunches for
flavour, and six bunchhes any varieties, brought one
competitor in each only. Mr. C. Reynolds, whose
exhibits were as usual excellent. His varieties
for flavour were Black Hamburgh, Muscat Hamburgh,
West Sf Peters, Mrs. Pince, Mrs. Pearson, and
Muscat of Alexandria. The other six bunches com-
prised Gros Maroc, Black Hamburgh, Muscat of
Altxandria, Mrs. Pearson, and Chasselas Napoleon.
Mr. Sage, Ham House Gardens, Richmond, was the
only pxhibitor of ten dishes of Apples, six to be culinary
and four dessert. These were all good samples, and
comprised Peasgood's Nonsuch, Withington's Fill-
basket (query, Warner's King), Alfriston, Lord Gros-
venor, Baumann's Red Reinette, KiDg's, Cox's, and
Blenheim Pippins, &e. Only two competitors
entered in the class for six dishes of Pears, Mr.
Hudson, Gunnersbury House Gardens being first
with riper samples of Josephine de Malines, Marie
Louise, PitmaBton Duchesse, Beurr6 Superfin, Louis
Bonne, and Beurre Diel. Mr. Sage was second,
having good Flemish Beauty, Duchess d'Angou'eme,
Beurie Bachelier, &c.

List of Awards.
Floral Committee.
Awards of Merit.

To Mr. R. Owen, for Chrysanthemum Mr6. Nisbet.

To Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Son, for Chrysanthemum Mons.
R. Bahaunt.

To Mr. R. Owen, for Chrysanthemum Mons. R. Bahaunt.

To Mr. R. Falconer Jameson, for Chrysanthemum Mons. R.
Bahauot.

To Mr. W. Wells, for Chrysanthemum William Wells.

To Messrs. H. Caonell &Sons. for Chrysanth-mum R. Smith.

To Messrs. Pitcher &. Manila, for Chrysanthemum Louis
Bcehmer.

To Mr. W. Furze, for Chrysanthemum Louis Bcehmer.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Chrysanthemum Louis
Bcehmer.

■lo Cypripedium Williams' variety, shown by Messrs B. S.
Williams, Upper Holloway.

Botanical Certificate.
To DendrobiumO'Brienianum, shown by Messrs. F. Sander,
St. Albans.

Award of Merit.
To Cypripedium radiosum, shown by Mr. C. Ingram,
Elstead House, Godalming.

Medals.
Si'ver Flora.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for collection of Cut Autumn
Foliage.

Silver Banksian.
To E. G. Smith, Esq , for collection of Cut Autumn Foliage.
To R. S. Holford. Esq- (Mr. Quarterman, gr.), for , olle^tion
of Cut Autumn Foliage.

To the Duke of Northumberland (G. Wythes, gr.), for collec-
tion of Chrysanthemum Blooms.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for a collection of Chrysanthe-
mums.

Bronze Banksian.
To Messrs. W. Cutbu^h & Son, for collection of Cut Autumn
Foliage.

To the Puke of Northumberland, for collection of Cut
Autumn Foliage.

•Small Silver Medal.
To E. Collins, Cumberland Park, for collection of Orchids.

Bronze Medll.
T.i Mesjrs. H. Sander St. Co., St. Albius, for Group cf
Orchids.

Fbuit Committee.

First-class Certificate.
To Messrs. De Rothschild (gr., Mr. C. Reynolds), for Grape
Chasselas Napoleon.

Medals.
Silver-gilt Banksian.
To G. Woodward, gr., Barham Court, Maidstone, for
115 dishes of Apples and Pears.

To Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for 100 dishes of Apples
and Pears.

Silver Banksian.
To Messrs. Paul &. Sons, for 100 dishes of Apples and Pears.
To Mr. G. Wythes, Syon Hous-, for a collection of 110 dishes.

B'onze Banksian-
To Messrs. Peed 8c Sons, Norwood Road, for oO dishes of.
Apples.

MANCHESTER ROYAL BOTANICAL
AND HORTICULTURAL.

Fruit Conference.

Secokd Day, October 22. — The second day's pro-
ceedings of the Conference were not a whit less
interesting than the first. The Mayor introduced
Sir James Whitehead, Master of the Fruiterers'
Company, to take the chair.

The great drawback which Sir James emphasised
was the want of compensation and the insecurity of
tenure to the fruit-grower. This would interfere
with tenants going into the work with a will, and
it was useless to persevere until it was corrected.
The preparation of the soil in the shape of drain-
ing, and digging and manuring, the cost of the trees,
and the expenditure for the first five years, reached
up to such a sum, that it was only the capitalist
who could face it ; hence the stumbling block of
insecurity of tenure, and inadequate compensation
must be met by the landlords of the county full in
the face.

The Chairman then called upon Mr. Luckhurst,
Ranford, who read a paper on " The Importance of
Early Planting and Shelter in Fruit Culture."
Shelter he looked upon as one of the main supports
for keeping fruit on the trees. Many thousand
bushels were lost for want of it. Many orchards
were planted without regard to shelter at all, and
high winds lessened the crop, which was generally
cut down to a low state by spring frosts and other
influences. If all growers of orchard trees would
plant a belting around them, they would soon find
out its value. He recommended the planting
of a double row of Lombardy Poplars where ground
was limited. Where space was not so much of an
object here, the best thing of all was to plant
Austrian Pine. This tree was about the most
serviceable as a block line that could be used.
Early planting was also important. He preferred
planting in the back end much to spring planting.
The roots of the trees got established before winter
set in, and in the return of spring they grew so freely
as to keep down the insects which usually come
upon spring-planted trees. He looked upon October
and November as the gaining of a year in the growth
of the tree.

Mr. Cheal, Crawley, was next called upon. The
title of his paper was "The Condition, Preparation,
and After-Treatment of the Soil for Fruit Culture."
The subject of fruit culture, he said, might be
divided into two parts — above ground and below
ground. It was little use attempting the cultiva-
tion of fruits without having a full knowledge of the
soil, and how to make the most of it. It was the
principal medium of food supply. The component
parts of the land were not studied as they ought to
be by orchard planters. Of course any soil could
support plant life for a time, but soil to bear fruit
year after year was robbed of a great many con-
stituents that must, if success were to be looked
forward to, be replaced. Apart altogether from a
practical knowledge of soils, it was very desirable to
have a chemical analysis, because many soils had not
the chemical constituents that go to produce the
finest of fruits. In this they had all much to
learn. The soil, too, must have proper aeration.
Its physical condition must be seen to if the
best results are to be aimed at. The founda-
tion of all good culture was proper drainage
and deep cultivation, without both of these forest
trees would no more prosper than the cereals or
root crops of the farmer. There need be no appre-
hension about over- drainage, unless on very light
soils, and then clay could be used as a top-dressing
witn excellent effect. The heat of the sun acted
favourably on all well-drained lands, also improving
the quality and hastening the maturity of the fruit.
In breaking up the land for a plantation of fruit
trees, it was much the better plan where practicable,
to follow a root crop that had been well manured,

and where the land had been deeply stirred. Mr.
Cheal spoke favourably of the steam-plough, the best
digger. He wanted deep digging with any imple-
ment you like, only it must not leave the soil topsy-
turvy ; the sub-soil must be left below, and the surface
soil above. He had used an implement with a
couple of prongs under the share of the plongh which
stirred the subsoil and did all that was wanted at much
less draught than ordinary subsoil ploughing. The
first cost of this work might be heavy, but the ultimate
benefits were much greater. He did not approve of
hole-making at certain distances and planting the
trees therein, because of the tendency in most lands
of the water draining into these holes and destroying
the roots of the trees. In some instances where trees
were planted in grass, no other method was practic-
able ; only surface, or rather shallow drains, ought to
be made at each hole to carry away accumulated
water. It was much better to skim fallow waste
land for a year in order to get rid of the weeds, than
to plant and then have to do battle with them when
the trees were growing. It was much better, in his
opinion, to put sheep to eat down the pasture among
the fruit trees than to allow the grasB to grow into
hay ; this long grass intercepted the influence of the
sun and stole away the richness of the soil itself. In
any case, the turf should be kept clear of each tree,
and a forking take place to allow the influences of
sun, air, and moisture to play upon the roots.

Mr. Wright, of Hereford, next read a paper on
" Fruit-growing for Profit." He said that the fruit
grower's task was about the most difficult one in the
whole rMe of the cultivation of the land. He had
to contend with a combination of circumstances
any one of which might imperil the ultimate success
of the year's produce. Many of these mishaps might
be reduced by a proper regard in the selection of
the sorts of fruit most suitable for the district,
together with that attention to soil, drainage, site,
and intelligent management. He had put down
about 6000 trees of various sorts, chiefly Apples,
which he looked upon as the safest crop all round,
although he would not advise any grower to stand
by one article, as a variety of the many hardy fruits
gave a better chance of doing on the average. He
had himself experienced a heavy loss in the years
1887 and 1888 in the moth attacking his Apple trees.
To such an extent was this done, that before he could
check it, with its insidious movements within the
bark, he lost a three-years' crop, and had to fall back
upon the other produce to, in a measure, recoup
him. He appeared to get his fruit trees into
a profitable bearing state much sooner than the
five years named by several of the speakers.
From the young trees he was enabled to pick
fruit that brought the highest prices in Covent
Garden Market, showing that good culture and the
proper picking and packing of fruit would pay. He
had sent to the Manchester market this year
Peasgood's Nonsuch Apples that fetched 30s. per
cwt., when the best American Apples, at Liverpool,
only realised per barrel of 120 lb., 19s. 3i. This
was a most satisfactory Btate of things. He coun-
selled the planting of the early large-growing sorts
as being the most profitable. He also referred to
the pamphlet sent out by the Royal Horticultural
Society, with the combined opinions of forty experts
as being a valuable help for intending cultivators,
but they recommended Blenheim Orange Apple,
but he would say with reference to that variety to
all planters, " Don't." With soft fruits they had not
so many rivals as with the Apples and Pears, and
as it was not advisable to put all their eggs in one
basket, they could meet their.continental brethren in
a fairer field of competition with these soft fruits.
Altogether, he said it would be a wretched season if
the whole of the crops failed.

Mr. James Anderson would like to have an autho-
ritative opinion at this important conference on the
question, How long ought trees in an orchard to be
kept and yield profitable returns ? He instanced
the case of Mr. Matthews, of Gourdiehill, in the
lower reaches of Perthshire, as one of the greatest
authorities forty years ago, and a voluminous worker
to boot. In those days, his orchard, which was a
very large one, paid handsomely, as well as some
others along the carse of Gowrie ; but now these trees
were centenarians, and the produce was smaller, and
the quality not much better in some sorts than the
wood itself. He would therefore like to have the
opinion of those who were familiar with the orchards
of Kent as to the age when the trees of the orchard
should be replenished.

Mr. Cheal said that he knew hundreds of acres of
Apple trees where the trees were 90 years old, and
he could state, for the last fifteen years, the nett

530

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891;

profit from these trees was £10 per acre. A Pear
tree was instanced by a gentleman which bore 300 lbs.
this Eeason, and yet it was 100 years old. These
were looked upon by the Conference as exceptional

NATIONAL AURICULA AND CAR-
NATION AND PICOTEE.

The annual general meeting of the members of
these Societies was held on the 27th inst., at the
Hotel Windsor, by the permission of the Horticul-
tural Club, Martin E. Smith, Esq., in the chair,
there being a full attendance of members. The
fifteenth annual reports were read by the Secretary,
which set forth, that in reference to the Auricula
and Primula generally, most satisfactory progress
had been made with their extended and improved
culture ; that the display made on the occasion of
the annual exhibition in April last was remarkably
good, despite an adverse season — so late, indeed, that
not a single northern grower was able to participate ;
and that it was noticeable how the older varieties
of Auriculas, with the exception, perhaps, of Healy's
George Lightbody, were giving place to the new and
improved varieties put into cultivation during the
past few years. The collections of species of
Primulas were both interesting and instructive, the
gold-laced Polyanthus much better than for a few
years past, and the border Primroses and Polyan-
thus a leading feature as usual. The judges were
thanked for their services, and the Horticultural
club for allowing their room to be used for the pur-
poses of the Society, free of charge.

The report of the Carnation Society set forth
that a gratifying progress had to be reported ;
and that comparing the fifteenth exhibition
held in July last with the first held by the
Society, the advance was truly remarkable.
The season of 1891 was decidedly adverse to the
production of good blooms, and many growers
were unable to exhibit. The special prizes given by
Mr. Martin R. Smith, for border Carnations, pro-
duced a supplemental show of a popular character, a
large number of blooms being staged. The balance
sheet of the Auricula Society included among re-
ceipts, the sum of £70 6s. fid. received as subscrip-
tions ; prizes paid, £62, and a balance of £8 18s. 5d.
is carried forward to next year. That of the Carna-
tion and Picotee Society shows among receipts, sub-
scriptions amounting to £71 lis. 6i., and of expen-
diture, the sum of £48 15s. paid in prizes, a much
smaller sum than usual, owing to the paucity of
exhibitors; a balance of £21 15s. is carried forward
to next year. The reports and balance sheets were
adopted. Ten new members were elected to the
Auricula, and five to the Carnation Societies.
The election of officers for the ensuing year was then
proceeded with, Sir John D. T. Llewellyn, Bart., was
elected President of both Societies, but in the event
of Sir John declining the Presidency of the National
Carnation Society, Mr. Martin R. Smith will be the
President for the ensuing year. The Vice-President
and Committee were re-elected, Mr. Arthur Veitch
being added to that of the National Carnation
Society. Mr. T. C. Harwood was re-elected treasurer,
and Mr. J. Douglas, secretary of both societies. The
date the of Auricula show was fixed for April 20, and
that of the Carnation show for the last Tuesday in
July, subject to the arrangements of the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society. It was resolved that, in the in-
terest of country exhibitors, the time for staging the
flowers should be extended to half-past 11 o'clock.
A letter was read, asking that classes might be pro-
vided both for Auriculas and Carnations grown
within a radius of 4 miles from Charing Cross, with
a view of encouraging bond fide town culture of these
plants ; but the matter was postponed, and several
suggestions, with a view of improving the schedules,
were considered, but not adopted. It was under-
stood that the judges would be appointed by the
committee at a meeting to be held in January next.
A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Smith for presiding
brought the proceedings to a cloBe.

class Certificate of Merit; Secretaire Richard Dean,
a very promising pale flower of decided promise the
Committee wished to see again; also Madame A.
Girond, a seedling from Edwin Molyneux. From
Mr. Cox, The Gardens, The Grange, Hertford, had
Japanese Charles Cox, rosy-pink, in the way of H.
Elliott, but scarcely full enough ; and D. B. Crane,
like Sarah Owen, and not considered to be sufficiently
distinct. Mr. R. Owen, nurseryman, Maidenhead, sent
a large number of seedlings, mainly English raised,
including Confidence, Japanese, bright rosy pink ;
Mrs. Nisbett, bright deep amaranth ; and Snowflake,
a pretty white pompon : all of which the committee
wished to see again. From Messrs. Henry Cannell
& Sons, nurserymen, Swanley, came Japanese Flo-
rence Davis, a large white variety, somewhat green
in the centre ; and Mr. C. Gibson, The Gardens,
Morden Park, had the same, and in both cases the
committee wished to see it again. From Swanley
came also pompon William Kennedy, crimson ama-
ranth, very bright ; Beauty of Eynsford Anemone,
Boft pinkish lilac, with creamy pink centre, very
pretty and fine (First Class Certificate) ; and Louis
Boehmer, the new hairy petalled variety from
America; but not being fully developed, the com-
mittee wished to see it again. Mr. Wiiliam Wells,
nurseryman, Earlswood, had William Wells, the
promising sport from Madame Blanche Piquy,
and Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons had the
same variety. A commendation was awarded to
Mr. "Wills for his examples, and he also had
Mrs. Wells, a delicate blush Japanese of a very
promising character. Mr. W. Fyfe, Overstone
Gardens, Northampton, had William Fyfe, a sport
from Empress of India, which had reverted to the
type from which Empress of India sprang, and was
considered not sufficiently distinct. Mr. W. J.
Godfrey, nurseryman, Exmouth, bad Japanese Mag-
nificent, deep pink, in the way of Bouquet Fait ; and
Beauty of Exmouth, a very promising white variety,
which the committee wished to see again. From
Mr. C. Blick, gr. to M. R. Smith, Esq., Hayes
Common, come incurved Madame Darrier, a very
distinct variety (First Class Certificate). From Mr.
T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, came Amos Perry,
a large yellow Japanese in the way of Henry Can-
nell, which the committee wished to see again.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Octobee 28. — A meeting of the above society took
place at the Royal Aquarium on the above date,
Mr. C. Harman Payne in the chair; when a con-
siderable number of new Chrysanthemums were
staged. From MM. Ernest Calvert, fils, Grenoble,
France, came a collection of new varieties, which
having been well packed had travelled well, Japanese
Mrs. C. Hirman Pavoe. a very fine and full- petalled
variety like a pale W. Tncker, was awarded a Firat-

have been reproduced by Mr. A. Blanc, of Phila-
delphia, and it is alleged that electros are sold in
this country in an unauthorised manner. Cata-
logues are now in course of preparation, so that it is
desirable it should be known that a British illustra-
tion pirated in the United States and published in
this country, is as much an infringement of copyright
as if the copy were made aud issued in the United
Kingdom.

Nursery Notes.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AT MESSRS.
J. VEITCH and SONS.
There is a fine lot of Chrysanthemums at this nur-
sery, which make an effective display. The general
effect is somewhat discounted because the plants
are too much dispersed, whilst if all were grouped in
banks, they would make an exceptionally fine show.
At the time of our visit, a specially well-grown lot
of plants stood in single file on either side of this
corridor walk. A big collection was grouped in
one of the show - houses close at hand, and
a rather later lot was in another house,
Of the varieties in bloom, we noted, of incurved,
M. W. Brabant, the new red - bronze variety ;
also Thorpe Junior, Violet Tomlin, White Globe,
Irene, and Dr. Sharpe ; and Chevalier Domage,
reflexed. The collection is rich in Japanese,
and includes Janira, J. Delaux, W. Holmes,
Alfred Chantrier, Mdlle. M<51anie Fabre, Source
d'Or, Blanche Neige, Madame Rosain, Madame
B. Pigny, Maiden's Blush, Madame de Sevin,
William Clarke, Macaulay, Criterion, Lady Selborne,
Bouquet Fait, La Triomphante, Elaine, Mandarin,
Phcebus, and Madame Rendatler. This is but a very
limited list of a fine collection, which should be seen
at its best early in November. Naturally, in an
early notice of Chrysanthemum collections, the early
bloomers get first attention. What is but too evi-
dent in every case is that dry, fine weather is sadly
needed to perfect the flowers.

Mr. Henry Glasscock.— This gentleman, a

well-known cultivator and exhibitor of the Dahlia,
died very suddenly at bis residence, Rye Bank,
Bishop's Stortford, a few days since, at the age of
seventy-one years. He was always a familiar figure
at the annual exhibition of the National Dahlia
Society at the Crystal Palace, and acted as Secretary
for a few years on the death of Mr. Thomas Moore.
He was a florist of many years standing, and at one
time a cultivator of Pansies, later of Fuchsias and
Roses, with other things, but more recently devoting
himself to the Dahlia, and being very successful as
an exhibitor. Born at Bishop's Stortfoid, and by
profession a builder and brickmaker, he took a great
interest in all matters connected with the town, and
was a member of the Local Board of Health from
1875 to 1890. His death creates another vacancy
in the rapidly-thinning ranks of the florists of a past
generation, as he had been identified with flori-
cultural societies for nearly half a century. Mr.
Glasscock is deeply mourned by a large family, and
his fellow townsmen.

MlSS Kitchen. — The recent death of this
lady at the " Orange Tree " Inn, Butley, near
to Macclesfield, deserves a passing notice. For
something like seventy - five years, a Tulip show
has been held at the " Orange Tree " Inn, which
has been in the tenancy of the Kitchen family
for over a century, and one of the family has
always held the post of Treasurer and Secretary of
the Bhow. Miss Kitchen had held these offices for
a considerable time, and the success of the annual
exhibition was due in a large measure to her exer-
tions ; and she will be greatly missed and sincerely
mourned by the Cheshire Tulip growers. More than
ordinary interest will attach to the Butley show
next year, as Mr. Samuel Barlow, J. P., will offer a
handsome silver cup, value 10 guineas, to be com-
peted for on that occasion.

Enquiries.

" He tliat questioneth much shall learn much."—BA.C0K.

Mealies and Weevils. — A correspondent from
the Transvaal asks for information as to the best
method of preserving mealies (Zea Mays), from the
attacks of weevils. Our American friends are said
to have a plan of protecting the mealies, or of dry-
ing them in a kiln. Perhaps exposure to the vapour
of bisulphide of carbon would be effectual, but
we should not care to recommend this dangerous
substance without trial. See also p. 522.

Bearded Chrysanthemum Cullingfordii. — Has
any reader of the Gardeners' Chronicle, asks Mr.
Ebbutt, ever seen or heard of a bearded Chrysanthe-
mum Cullingfordii bloom ? He says, " I have a plant
here with two blooms that are freely bearded on the
reverse of petals, the bair-like growths measuring a
quarter of an inch in length."

Markets.

Trade_ Notice.

PIRACY OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Messrs. Sdtton have suffered, like others, from
the talent for "conveyancing," as the wise it call,
exhibited by certain persons. Tbeir engravings

Trade slow, with shorter supplies. Jama Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

' 'Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Apples, J-sicve ... 10-40

Grapes OH 3 II

Kent Cobs. 100 lb. 3 J 6-35 0
Uiuiuus, per case .,,16 0-30 0

s. d. s.d.

Melons 0 6- 1. 0

Peache9, per dozen... 10-40
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
obael. eaob ... 2 0- 8 0

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

531

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

4 0-
1 0-

s.d. s.d.
Asters, French,

12 bunches 9 0-12 0

— English, per
dozen bunches

Carnations, 12 blms

Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ...

— 12 bunches
Cloves, per dozen

blooms

Dahlias, 12 bun.
Eucharis, per dozen 2 0-40
Gaillardias, 12 buns. 2 0-40
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Gladiolus. 12 bunches 9 0-18 0
Heliotrope, 12 Bprays 0 3-06
Lilac, white (French)

per bunch 5 0-70

Lilium Harrisii, doz, 4 0-60
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

10-30
4 0-12 0

2 0-26
2 0-40

s. d. s.d.
Mignonette. doz. bun. 16-30
Marguerites, per doz.

bunches 2 0-40

Orchids; —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontogl oshu m
crispum. 12blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60

— 12 spays 0 6-10

Pyrethrum, 12 buns. 2 0-30
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals).perdoz. 2 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 3 0-60
Tuberoses. 12 blms. 0 3-06
Violets, Parme, per

bunch 3 0-40

— Czar, per bunch 10-20

— English, 12 buns. 10-16

The Weather.

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0
Aralias, per doz. ... 6 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0
Asters, per dozen ... 3 0-60
B-gonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Chrys anthem urns,

per dozen ... 6 0-90

— large, each ... 2 0-36
Coleus, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0
Dracaenas, each ... 1 0 5 0
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12 0-18 0

s.d. s. d.
Erica gracilis doz. 0 9-12 0
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

— small, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficus each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozeu 6 0-90
Scarlet Pelargo-
niums, per ooz. ... 3 0-60

Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

Artichokes, Globe,

each 0

Beans, French, lb. ... 0
Beet, red, per dozen 2
Carrots, per bunch... 0
Cauliflowers, each ... 1
Celery, per bundle... 2
Cucumbers, each ... 1
Endive, per dozen ... 2
Herbs, per bunch ... 0

s. d. s. d.

4-0 6
6-10
0-3 0
3- ...
0-2 0
6-3 6
0- 1 9
0-3 0
9- 1 0

s. d.

Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0-
Muahrooms, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 3-
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-
Spinach, per bushel 3 0-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-
Turnips, per bunch , 0 3-

s.d.
1 6

0 9
0 4

POTATOS.

Spitaleields : Oct. 27.-Quotations:— Magnums, 60s. to
75*.; Regents, 60s. to 70s.; Champions. 55s. to 68s. ; Impera-
tors, 60s. to 80s.; Hebrons, 60s. to 80s.; Early Rose, 60s. to
60s. per ton.

Borough : Oct. 27.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 85s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 75s. ; Bruce Magnums, 60s. to
80s. per ton.

Stratford : Oct. 27.— Quotations :— Magnums. 60s. to 80s. ;
Imperators, 60s. to 75s.; White Elephants, 60s. to 75s;
Herons, 60s. to 75s. per ton.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : Oct. 27. — Quotations :— English Apples,
3s. to 6s. per bushel; American do., 10s. to 20s. per barrel ;
Pears, Is. to 2s. 6d. per half-sieve; English Tomatos. 5s. to

W7s. per peck; foreign do., Is. to 2s. per box; Prune Plums,
3s. 6d. to 3s. 9d. per half sieve ; Damsons, 3s. to 3s. 6rf.

,do. ; Bullace*. Is. to Is. 6d. do. ; Seakale, Is. to Is. Qd. per
puonet; Cabbages, Is. to 3s. 6rf. per tally ; Savoys, 2s. to 3s.

■ do.; Greens, Is. to Is. 6d. per dozen bunches; Spinach, Is.

I to 2s. per bushel ; Brussels Sprouts, Is. 6rf. to 2s. per half-

Isieve; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per dozen bunches; Parsnips,
id. to <od. per score; Cauliflowers, 3s. to 7s. per tally; Car-
lots, Is. to 2s. 6(i. per dozen bunches; Endive, 9rf. to Is. per
dozen; Cos Lettuc«, Ad. to 8d. per score; Cabbage do., 3d.
to id. per dozen ; Leeks, 2s. to 2s. Qd . per dozen ; Mustard and
Cress, Is. 6d. to 2s. per dozen baskets; Erglish Onions, 4s. Gd.
to 5s. per cwt. ; Belgian do., 2s. 9d. to 3s. 3d. per bag of
110 lb. ; Spanish do., 6s. to 6s. 6rf. per case; Celery. Gd. to
lOd. per bundle; Parsley, Is. Gd. to 2s. per dozen bunches;
Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle; frame Cucumbers. Is.
to 2s. per dozen ; Radishes, Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd. per tally ; Beet-
roots. 2s. to 2s. Gd. per dozen bunches.

Borough: Oct. 27.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. Gd. to 4s.
per tally; Marrows, 2s. to 4s. do.; Broccoli, 4s. to 6s. do.;
Turnips, Is. to Is. Gd. ; Carrots, Is. to Is. 9rfper dozen bunches.
English Onions, 4s. to 5s. per cwt. ; Apples, 2s. to 9s., and
William Pears, 2s. to 7s. per bushel.

Stratford: Oct. 27.— There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade was done as under :— Cabbages, 2s. to
t, Gd. per tally ; Savoys, 2s. Gd. to 5s. do. ; Collards. Is. Gd. to
8). loose ; Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is. 3d. per dozen, and 3s. to 5s.
per tally ; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. Gd. per dozen bunches ; do., 30s.
to 40s. per ton; Carrots, household, 30s. to 40s. do.; do..
oattle-feeding, 26s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, Gd. to Is. 3d. per
score ; Mangels, 17s. to 20s. per ton ; Swedes, 20s. to 25*. do. ;
Onions, German, 5s. to 5s. Gd. per bag; do., English, 100s. to
115s. per ton ; do., Dutch, 3s. to 4s. per bag ; do., Ports, 5s. Gd.
to 6s. Gd. per case ; Apples, English, 2s. to 6s. per bushel ;
do., American, 12s. to 18s. per barrel ; red Cabbage, Is. to
1*. 9rf. per dozen; Horse Radish, Is. to Is. 3d. per bundle ;
Sprout, U. 3d. t.) is -pir hiU-sieve, aui 2s." to 2s. 9d. per flat
ptokling Onions, 3s. to is. per pacta*.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

^ a

I a
«_/ a>

! »'

V fc u

ja ^ a)

±•2°

Q 4>

Accumulated.

^ o
°a
+ 8

-a

a
'8

IB •

S3
a2

c ^

'3 c
K a

>-i
a

a
*S

n
3

o
B

M
«

3 ^

H
D

O .
— J*
O 4,

|
4>

S a
art

S -
5 a_

° «"

.0 o

8 a

a ca
£; «
■— a •

^C 'x 5i

° «

£ 8
% a

PQJS

£~
"Z •

S o

O.SJ

o „

S.2

Day-
deg.

Day.
deg.

Day-

deg.

lOths
Each.

In9.

i +

+ 223 + 68

4 —

197

41.9

i —

— 85+ 104

2 —

147

24.0

i —

— 66+ 89

1 —

143

19.4

2 +

— 53 + 110

11 +

151

21.5

1 +

— 88 + 94

8 +

151

24.2

3 +

— 65 + 136

16 +

147

26.2

) aver

+ 117 + 41

12 +

162

36.0

0 aver

+ 58+ 30

4 +

147

28 3

0 aver

— 85 + 112

15 +

155

34.6

2 —

+ 62+ 34

1 —

179

276

2 —

+ 6 + 30

6 +

161

30.8

1 +

+ 14+40

15 +

154

28.4

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, Eugland, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5, Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Principal Gracing, iijc., Districts — 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending October 24, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office:—

" The weather has continued very rough, squally,
and unsettled generally, with frequent and heavy
falls of rain in all but the northern and north-
eastern districts. In several parts of the Kingdom
— notably in Ireland — bright intervals of sunshine
were experienced, and towards the end of the period
a general improvement was in progress.

" The temperature has been rather below the mean
in ' Scotland, E.' and 'England, N.E.,' as well as
over ' Ireland,' and equal to it in the western parts
of ' Great Britain ; ' elsewhere it has exceeded the
normal value, the excess in 'England, S.' having
been 3°. The highest of the maxima were recorded
either on the 21st or 22nd, and ranged from 64° in
the ' Channel Islands,' to 55° in ' Ireland, N.' The
lowest of the minima, which were registered on
rather irregular dates, ranged from 27° in ' Scotland,
N,' 29° in ' Scotland, E.,' and 30° to 32° in most of
western and northern districts generally, to 36° in
' England, E.' and the ' Midland Counties,' and to
45° in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been less than the mean in the
north and east of Scotland, the north-east of Eng-
land, and the north of Ireland. In all other parts of
the Kingdom there has again been a large excess.

" The bright sunshine has just equalled the mean
in ' England, S.' and the ' Channel Islands,' but has
been above it in all other districts. The percentage
of the possible amount of duration ranged from a
little above 50 in ' Ireland,' and from 40 in
'Scotland, E.,'to 29 in England, S. and N.W.'"

Notices to Correspondents.

— * —

Abies or Picea, Picea or Abies : X. We fully
admit the inconvenience, but this is rapidly dis-
appearing now that we have an authoritative
standard in Bentham & Hooker's Genera, to which
all should be prepared to pay loyal obedience,
unless they can show sufficient cause to the con-
trary. The system of calling the Silfer Firs
Picea, and the Spruces Abies was and is confined

for the most part to this country. In all other
countries, and in the modern books of authority,
without exception, the practice is that adopted in
Bentham & Hooker, and this for the sake of
uniformity should be upheld.

Books on Fruit Growing : Leon. There is not
much to learn that is new on fruit culture. For
practical information about cultivating and train-
ing various kinds of fruit trees, Scientific and Pro-
fitable Culture of Fruit Trees, by M. Du Breuil,
English by W. Wardle (Lockwood & Co.,
Stationers' Hall Court); Subtropical Cultivation
aud Climates, by K. C Haldane (Blackwood &
Sons, Edinburgh and London). Probably other
and better books on the subject could be obtained
from the foreign booksellers.

Books : J, How to Lay Out a Garden. By E. Kemp.
(Out of print).

Correction. — In our mention of Messrs. Kelway &
Son's special prizes in our last issue, we omitted
to state that they also intend to give Medals for
Delphiniums and Gaillardias.

Dendrobicm fimbriatum : E. C The plant having
just finished its growth, put it into a very light
place, and close to the glass, and where the tem-
perature does not go below 60° or rise above 75°.
Withhold water.

Dressing for Board Fences : J. S. We should say
that Stockholm tar would be preferable to the
deep black of either common gas tar or black var-
nish, and it has moreover the advantage of not
being sticky.
Fruit of Monsteea deliciosa : A. R. You plucked
the fruit before it was ripe. When quite ripe, it
has a delicious flavour. To avoid the irritation
caused by the spine-like crystals, thrust a quill
into the fruit, and suck the juice through the
quill. The fact of your having grown the plant
out-of-doors during the past summer accounts for
the late ripening of the fruit. It must stay on the
plant till ripe.
Ginkgo : B. We are not aware whether this tree
has fruited in this country. It is dioecious, and
the best plan of securing fruit would be to do as
A. P. de Candolle did many years since — graft a
scion of the male on the female. Most of the
trees in this country are males, but on the Conti-
nent, and in the United States, the female is now
also common.
Grapes Dropping : An Anxious One. The Grape-
room is too damp.
Market Tulips : J. G. W. Probably Alba maxima,
Hose blanche, or Marriage de ma fille ; we do not
know which with certainty.
Names of Fruits: J. S. N. 1, Grosse Calebasse;
2, 3, Beune Bosc— E. T. F. A small Emperor
Alexander. — Thomson. Apple: 1, Grange's Pear-
main; 2, Winter Majetin ; 3, Sturmer; 4, Dume-
low's Seedling. Pears: 1, Pitmaston Duchess ; 2,
Easter Beurre1; 3, Catillac. — J. Borlase Tibbits.
Your Apple is the Frogmore Prolific. — P. Bogie.
Apple : Alfriston. — G. W. 1, smashed ; 2. Louise
Bonne of Jersey: 3, Beurre Bosc. — C. P. § Co.
Pear : Caillot Roaat. — Henry Smith. Pear : Col-
mar d'Ete. Apple: Jolly Beggar. — W. G. Sorby.
Apple : Cellini. Pear : Pitmaston Duchess. —
F. Pearce. 1, Hollandbury ; 2, Cox's Pomona ; 3,
not known — probably a local variety. — Pomona.
1, Autumn Pearmain ; 2, Red Streak ; 3. Winter
Peach; 4, Marie Louise d'Uccle ; 5, Beune de
Capiaumont. — G. J. J. 1, Tom Putt ; 2, Reinette
du Canada; 3, Verulam. Others not determin-
able from such poor specimens. — W, P. 1,
Duchesse d'Angouleme ; 3, Mareohal de la Cour ;
4, Thompson's ; 5, Brown Beurre ; 6, Alexandre
Lambre ; 7, King of the Pippins ; 8, Striped
Beefing; 9, Gloria Mundi.— J. S. 1, King of the
Pippins ; 3, Colonel Vaughan ; 5, Northern
Greening; 6, Reinette du Canada. Others not
recognised. — H. R. G. Apples : 2, not recognised ;
1, Hawthornden ; 2, Grange's Pearmain. Pear:
Louise Bonne of Jersey. — Scottie. Apples: 7,
Mannington's Pearmain; 8, Autumn Pearmain;
9, Rymer ; 14, De Maraise ; 15, Beurr^ Ranee ;
one without number, Beurre Diel. — F. Thirlti/. 1,
Beurrej Clairgeau ; 3, Beurre de Capiaumont ; 4,
Old Colmar ; 5, Duchesse d'Angouleme ; 6, Seckle ;
7, General Todtleben.
Names of Plants : Blue Bell. Aster macrophyllus.—
A. A. 1, Epidendrum, section Encylium, possibly
new. Please send more complete specimen if
possible, and state its origin ; 2, Sarcanthus
teretifolius. — A. J. B. 1, Sedum spectabile ; 2,

532

THE GARDENER 8' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1891.

Euonymus radicans ; 3, Monarda didyma ; 4,
Spiraea filipendula, double fl. ; 5, Phalaris arundi-
Bacea variegata; 6. Jasminum officinale yar.
grandiflorum. — E. E. Adhatoda cydonicefolia. —
W. S. C. Pinwell 1, Digitalis thapsi ; 2, Cam-
panula lamiifolia ; 3, Carthamus lanatus ; 4, Poten-
tilla argentea.— F. P. Z. Ceropegia, a new species.
Can you oblige with a better specimen, with
particulars for description, as it was withered
before it could be attended to. — Alfred Fryer. 1,
1, Setaria viridis ; 2, Amaranthus chlorostachys.
— J.W.M. 1, Pellionia pulchra ; 2, SalviR splen-
dens; 3, S. gesneria:folia ; 4 and J5, Dracae-
nas, garden hybrids.— E. E. Tortworth, Urginea
comosa.
Oak: J. H. G. Either the Fulham or the Lucombe
*i Oak— we cannot tell which.

Pinus Benthamiana : J. H. G. This is a form of
ponderosa, and does well in this country. There
Ere some fine trees at Orwell Park, Suffolk.
Plants in Vineries: A. B.— Early vinery : Roses,
Gardenias, Lilacs, Rhododendrons, Kalmias, As-
paragus prostratus var. plumosus, fibrous-rooted
Begonias, Staphylea colchica, Richardia sethiopica,
Cactus Epiphyllutn truncatum.E. Gasrtneri, Azalea
indica, A. mollis, Dutch bulbs, and Eucharis of
species. Much plant forcing may be done in this
house, if the roof is not crowded with Vine foliage.
Late vinery : Most of the above, excepting the
bulbs, which would be going out of season when
the house is started. In this house many kinds of
Btove plants may either be started into growth, or
placed therein alter growing for some time in the
stove : also Heliotrope, Achimenes, Tuberoses,
&c. Very few greenhouse plants should be kept
in a late vinery after it is started, unless it be cut
back— Epacrises, Azalea indica, Ficus, Oranges,
&c, and these only until they have well broken.
Tagetes: F. E. Good, but not remarkable.
Temperatoees : X. Y. Z. East Indian or Warmest
House: As most Orchids under cultivation in
this country begin to grow in the spring, the tem-
rature may be raistd from 60° to 62°, at which
the plants were rested to 65° by night, and by
day to 70°, and with sun- heat to 75°. The
warmth should be gradually increased as the days
lengthen, and during the interval — May to August
— it may range from 70° to 75° at night ; and from
75° to 80° by day, or 85° to 90° with sun-heat,
provided shade be afforded. In this house come
Vandas, Phalcenopsis, Saccolabiums, some Den-
drobes, and Cypripediums. Brazilian and Mexican
Orchids should be accommodated at the growing
season with a temperature at the commencement
of 60° to 62° by night, with a 5° to 10° rise by
day; and during the period — May to August — the
night warmth may range from 65° to 70°, and
that of the day 70° to 85°. Of course, with the
lesser warmth, less moisture is required by the
plants at the root, and in the air. Odontoglossums
will succeed whilst growing in a temperature of
60° to 65° by day, and 50° to 55° by night ; but
while the plants are resting — that is in the winter
mostly — a temperature of 40° to 45° by night, and
50° to 55° by day skould be maintained. Some
Orchids do not rest duriDg our winter, as, Zygo-
petalum, many species of Aerides, Vanda, Phalae-
nopsis, &c, and such, will require water at the
root at that period ; but great care should be taken
not to wet the young growths. These should be
placed at the warmer end of the house. The cool
house division should not fall below 45° at night
during the winter, or rise above 55° in the summer ;
the dav warmth at each period being kept at
about 10° higher.
Vines : J. F. The Vine shoots were healthy, and
quite free from mildew.

Communications Received.— C. F. , Melbourne.— C. v.—
D. D.— T. F. R.-C. C— F. V. D.— G. W— B. S. W.—
W. C. W.— E. H. K.. Haarlem.— Sir J. L.— D. T. F.— Sutton
& Sons —P. B.— S. P. O.— W. S.— E. L , Buffalo.— G. M.—
C. W. Cas'el — W. C. L.— W. H. B — G. G.— Anxious One,
(.lamp).— T. S.— W. W. C. next week.— W. Gill.— Price's
Patent Candle Co.— Kelway & Sons —J. OB.— E. C—
W. D.— F S. F.-R. A. M.— T. S.— W. Kelly.- J. B.—
R. A. R.— W. H. D.— S. H.— G. B. C— P. W.- A. D.-
J. B. W — Northern Newspaper Syndicate— J. S.— W. H.
Smith.— P. Blair.— E. M.— H. M— J. C. W.— A. C. M.—
J. Carter & Co.— W. J. S— A. S. C— E. J. L.— Reid &
Bornemann.— J. D.— H. E.— H. W. W.— T. W.— F. T.—
Seottie.— H. T.— J. F. S.-A. F.-E. R— W. E. V. P.—
A. G.— P. R. D— A. K— G. J.— O. W. D.— W. P.— A. C.
—A. K.— X. Y. Z.— G. S. T —J. F.— T. S.— G. G— A. O. W.
— F. R.-.T. T. N.— D. R. P.— E. M. G.— Enfield.— W. H. S.
W. R.— H. T.— G. M —Tweed.— Pioneer.— A. D. Melvin.

Photoqraphs, Specimens. &c, Received.— T. H. P., Buiy
(with many thanks). — Chr. Lorenz, Erfurt. — Ernst Benary.
Erfurt.— F. W. B , Dublin.— D. C. P.

Publications Received —fruit Growing and Market Gar-
dening as Irish Indurt'ies (Cambridge), by W. H. Bullock
Hgll.

RICHARDSON'S

^^HORTICULTURAL
^l4^>\ BUILDINGS.

^^\^^^y *K ^Ssv^ Conservatories, Greenhouses.

„ s?s > #"y^\ Vineries, Peach Houses,

Many XV^yfX Stove and Orchid

Prize Medals. \^ I* J>\ Houses, &c. Also

^V/V •*? ^s- Boilers, Pipes,

WARMIN'Oanl ^\Z'. *<n\ a^,d„.

VENTILATION of ^Sf4*> Q\. **•

Churches and Public Buildings ^"\/V fj t^^
(as well as Greenhouses). \^ O £* ^^

>o=£

W. RICHARDSON & CO., \^,.

CREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s
6 feet long, 3 feet wide\

6 feet
12 feet

6 feet
12 feet
12 feet

4 feet

5 feet

6 feet

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent. Mr. H.Skelton. Seedsman, &c.. 2. HollowayRd-.N.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, out to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.

"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY"

GEORGE FAEMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass. Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronise.! by 20,000 of the Nobility. Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for inside of Conservatories. Ac
PriceB. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London. S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

"DUiOLgHE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 GLASS

UNEHEAKA.BLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY USD IN ALL PARTS OF THE W0RL0.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report " London County Council v. Tlu New Wirt
Wozie Roojing Co., Id." May and June 1S01.

INVALUABLE FOE FAKM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
IVa/es, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland^ and
tJwusanJs of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LO.

75a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON. E.C.

BOULTON & PAUL,

Manufacturers
NORWICH.

WIRE ESPALIER TRAINERS.

i!t. high, with Standards loft, apart, and six lines of Gakanized

Wire, peryd., 6d. Terminal Posts and Radisseurs, each 9s,

Prices of other sizes on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST-FREE.

"pit lights.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inche8 thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in Loudon. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.

Octobes 31, 1891,]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

533

HILL

BLACK

& SMITH'S

VARNISH

for Preserving Ironwork, Wood, or Stone.

(Registered Trade Mark.)

An excellent substitute for oil paint, at one-third the cost.

Used in all London Parks, at Windsor, and Kew Gardens,

and on every important estate in the Kingdom. Has stood

the test o£ forty years' trial. Requires no mixing; can be

applied cold by any ordinary labourer.

Price 1*. %d. per gallon at the manufactory, or carriage paid
to any railway elation, 1«. Sd. per gallon in casks of 36, 18, or
9 gallons.
s* m r-r m -r s\ -mrt Every Cask bears the above

CA. U2J0JV, Registered Trade Mark. Beware

of oheap imitations.

HILL & SMITH,

Brlerley Ironworks, Dudley ;

118, Queen Victoria Street, London, EC :

47, Dawson Street. Dublin.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-coita i Portable I For Coal I

Pure and ample heat, 24 hours for about Id ,

without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &o.

GREENHOUSES Heated 21 Hours for about One P«nny.

Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in u'e at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W.

GLASS I CHEAP GLASS I

In Stock Sizes,
,„„,. „„ „, 112x10,18x12,18x14,24X14
15-oz.,per 100 ft., 9s. <W 1 Ux 12> 20xl2i 18 x 16i 21xl6

21-oz., ,, "'■"''• | 16x12, 16X14, iUxl6, 24X18, &c.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. per square; Matching, at 3*. 9d. ; 2x4, at $d.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,

72, BlSHOPSOATE STFF.ET WITHIN, LONDON, E.C.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

MERRYWEATHEFTS

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,
MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our
pamphlet, " Water Supply to Mansions."

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning

Factories in Newfoundland and Nova gcotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use. and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.
NOW IS THE BEST TIME TO APPLY

THE CLIMAX

(NON-
POISONOUS)

MOSS ERADIGATOh

It kills the Mo*9 on Ihti ns without injury to the grass;
in fact, it greatly stimulates the growth.

THE CLIMAX WEED KILLER.

We guarantee this to be the best and cheapest preparation
for destroying all Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives &c.

NOTE. — One gallon will make M gallons for use. Price in
tins, £ gal., Is. 9rf. ; 1 gal., .is. ; 5 gals., 2s. 9d. ; 10 gals., 2s. 6d.;
40-gal. casks, 2s per gal. Ten gallons and upwards sent car-
riage paid. Sample gtiHon sent carriage paid on receipt of P.O.
PREPARED SOLELY BY

The BOUNDARY CHEMICAL Co., Ltd., Liverpool.

BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDE.

1 Gallon 93. ; 3 Gallons, 88. per Gallon.

BENTLEY'S SOLUBLE!

PARAFFIN. s

1 Gallon, 5a. ; 3 Gallons, 4s. 9d. per Gallon.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

13ARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRICrHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ouncesto the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

GISHURSTLNE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

GENUINE GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA FIBRE REFUSE, fresh sack, Is. 3d. ; 10 saoks for
12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s.; truck, containing about 2 tons,
30s. BAMBOO CANES. 3J feet to 12 feet ; ORCHID PEAT.
BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, Coarse SILVER SAND, and
FIBROUS LOAM, in sacks and truckload ; STICKS, from
1 foot to 6 feet ; CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack ; NITRATE ef
SODA, SULPHATE of AMMONIA, GUANO, BONES, BONE
DUST and other MANURES in any quantity. RUSSIA MATS,
10s. to 18s. per dozen ; LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM, VIRGIN
CORK, and Sundries. Price LIST free.

W. HERBERT AND Co.,
Hop Exchange Warehouses. Southwark Street, London, S.E.

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia. Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &o. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON USD SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street , London, E.G.

1 1 FAMOUS ORCHID PEAT ! I

By the Truck-load, Ton, or in Sacks or Barrels.
All other kinds of PEAT equally good.

SPHAGNUM MOSS.— Fine, bold heads; the
best variety.

LOAM.— Fine silky yellow, full of fibre. In

Truck-loads, or Sacks.

MATS.— New and strong.

MUSHROOM SPAWN.— A great specialty.

Numerous testimonials.

TOBACCO PAPER.— As it ought to be ; as

different as chalk from cheese to the rubbish generally sold.
GARDEJS Sl/y DRIES of every description.

G. H. RICHARDS,

1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambeth, London, S.E.

Chief Peat Depot aud Cutting*,G rounds, RmgwooJ, Hants.
Please send for a detailtd PHICtC LIST.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

Tor ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAK-MOULD, Coarse, Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PateutMANUKES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINQWOOD. HANTS,

PEAT ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,
ALL FIliST-CLASa.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Speciality
For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Xbade.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough, Hants.

Special Reductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS, COCOA-
NUT FIBRE, &c, before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
BRINKVVORTH and SONS. Reading.

LMX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for
O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
la. 6d. ; 100 for 'is. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

AMERICANHORTICULTURALINTERESTS

ARE BEST REPRESENTED IN

THE AMERICAN CARDEN,

WHICH INCLUDES : —

THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... 18th Year.'
THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 32nd Year.

and HORTICULTURIST 44th Year. '
THE FLORAL CABINET ... 19th Year.

Making the Largest, Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest
Gardening Magazine in America.

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in
ONE.

534

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEE SI, 1891.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
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RUSSIA MATS. -RAFFIA.

BOILING WATER OR MILK

E P P

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING

COCO

BREAKFAST-SUPPER

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Ernest Beuary, Erfurt, Germany. —Preliminary List of
select Novelt.es Greenhouse Plants, Grasses, Trees, Bulbs,
&c.

J. M. Thorburx & Co., 15, John Street, New York, U.S.A.—
American Seeds.

G. Cooling & Sons, Bath.— Fruit Trees, Roses, Shrubs, &c.

J. C. SCHMIDT, Erfurt.— Novelties of 1892.

F. Roemer, Quedlioburg. —Novelties in Flower Seeds.

E. H. Krelage & Sos, Kleinen Houtweg, Haarlem— Dutch
Flower roots. Tuberous-rooted plants, Darwin Tulips, &c.

Huhst & Son, Burbage, near Hinckley.— Fruit trees, Roses,
&c.

Little & Ballantyxe, Carlisle.— Forest and Ornamental
trees, Evergreens, Roses, Vines. Game Covert plants, &c.

W. Smith & Son, Aberdeen.— Forest and Fruit trees, Shrubs.
Roses, &c.

R. Veitch & Son, Exeter.— Descriptive List of Alpines,
Perennials, and other hardy plants.

BANDRILLER, a Gennes (Maine et Loire).— Fruit trees, &c.

S. G. RUMSEY. Wrotham, Kent, Roses.

P. J. LO0Y9MANS & ZONES, Oudenbosch, Holland.— Special
offer of Articles, of which the stock is large, viz., Trees,
Shrubs, Conifers, &c.

Francoise Pittel, Lausanne— Bulbs, Corms and Tubers,
Hardy Orchids, Ferns, Alpines, Aquatics, Hardy Peren-
nials, Flowering Shrubs, &c.

J. PERKINS & SON, Market Square, and Billing Read, North-
ampton.— General nursery stock.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. W. Higqs, formerly of Woodlands Park,
Leatherhead,as Head Gardener to J. L. II an key,
Esq., Fetcham Park, Leatherhead.

Mr. J. Ward, formerly at Normanton-on-the-
Wolds, Plumtree, Notts, as Head Gardener to
Charles Jacoby, Esq., Lyegrove, Chipping-
Sodbury, Gloucestershire.

Mr. It. Curle, formerly of Sefton Park,
Liverpool, as Superintendent of Waterlow Park,
Highgate, London.

Mr. Arthur Allsopp, of Trentham Gardens,
as Gardener to Viscount Portman, Bryanstone,
Blandford.

W A N T E

December 1, by one of the first German Seed
Houses, a

THOROUGHLY EFFICIENT ENGLISH
CORRESPONDENT.

Preference given to one who knows the Trade
well and has some knowledge of French and
German, and writes Shorthand. The situation is
a good and permanent one. — Address, giving
full particulars of experience, references, &c, to
A. B., Messrs. Watson & Scull, 90, Lower Thames
Street, London, E.C.

WANTED, a PARTNER, with about £150.
— Business doing well, in the city of Bath— Address,
X. C. X , Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand. W.C.

WANTED, — The Undersigned wishes to
communicate with a Young Man who has a thorough
practical knowledge of Budding, Grafting, and general
management of Fruit Trees, a man with good Intelligence
and Energv, and used to working a large staff of men, as
SUPERINTENDENT, to Ptart a large Fruit Farm in Cape
Colony. Married man preferred. Free passage out. Salary
liberal. Only thoroughly qualified men. with first-class
references, need apply.— Address, Mr. CHAS. AYRES (of
Cape Town), Henbury, near Bristol.

WANTED, a first-class GARDENER, used
to West-End Trade; must be experienced in Window-
Boxing, Furnishing, and thoroughly understand the treatment
of Palms.— Apply, by letter only, to THE CRICHTON FLORAL
COMPANY, 37, Sloane Street, S.W.

GARDENER.— Can any Gentleman RECOM-
MEND a thoroughly respectable married man as
WORKING GARDENER (man and boy under him) for I n
English Gentleman's place in a quiet part of Ireland, where
the upper servants are all English. Must thoroughly under-
stand all Outdoor Work. To live in furnished entrance lodge.
Wife willing and able to help in Laundry. No young children!
but preference given to a man with a Son, as Yard Man —
P. BICKNELL, Esq., Foxgrore, Beckenham.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a really good
and competent all-rouud man as WORKING PROPA-
GATOR. GROWER, and HEAD GARDENER in a Private
Place, where the produce is sold. Must be well up in growing
and picking for Sale, and able to produce a good quautity of
Cut Blooms, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, Sec. Private
Gardeners need not apply unless they ha>e previously held
similar appointments. Preference given to a married man
without encumbrance. Applicant must be a good discipli-
narian with undermen, and character to bear the strictest
investigation as to industry, honesty, sobriety, and regularity.
Wages 30s. per week and house.— Apply by letter onlv to
HORTICULTURE, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41 Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR.
DENER, who thoroughly understands Orchids • two
kept.— GENERAL H., Owthorpe, Bournemouth.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER
and Wife, without young children, to take Charge of
Unfurnished House, adjoining town of Wantage, during the
winter, or until let, and to Grow Vegetables, Fruit, &c.. in
Garden, Greenhouse, and Vinery for sale in reduction of wages
—Apply, stating age, wages, &c, to Messrs. ORMON'Ii!
Solicitors, Wantage, Berks.

HCANNELL and SONS are WANTING
• to proceeed to Airica, THREE or FOUR thorough y
practical, steady, intelligent MEN for the production of Apple
and Pear Trees, and afterwards growing and packing the
fruit to Europe. Free passage and good wages. Three ye;. rs
guaranteed to thoroughly reliable men. They also require a
similar Man for their own Nursery. One who is competent
to tnke and carry out the Shrub and Tree Department in a
most business-like manner.— Particulars to Swanley, Kent.

WANTED, a MARRIED MAN, to take
charge of a small Nursery. Thoroughly experienced
in growing Tomatos, Cucumbers, Bouvaraias. Maidenhair
Fern, Chrysanthemums, &c. — E. CURRY, West Green
Nursery, West Green, Tottenham.

WANTED, a MAN, to grow Mushrooms for
Market. Must have had successful experience. First-
rate testimonials required. Responsible place. Good wa"es.
Share of profits. Write in first instance to AGARIC, 11 i.
Chancery Lane, W.C.

WANTED, a young MAN, in a Seed and
Florist's Shop. Must have a knowledge of Wreath
and Bouquet Making.— B. MALLER AND SONS, Burnt A h
Lane Nurseries, Lee.

WANTED, for a Nobleman's Garden, a
MARRIED COUPLE. Man required for Kitchen
Garden Work and Nailing ; Wife to look after young men's
rooms. Liberal wages given, with Cottage, Filing. Milk, and
Vegetables. First-class references required. — Apply, ,T. C.
MCPHERSON, Londesborough Park, Market Weighton',
Yorkshire.

WANTED, a MARRIED COUPLE, no
children; Man as GARDENER. Must understand
Stock. Wife to occasionally Assist in House.— Apply CHAP-
MAN, Chaplin Road, Wembley, Middlesex.

WANTED, an UNDER COWMAN.— A
smart, active, superior, willing young man. Must te
a clean, quick Milker, well up to attending first-class Pedigree
Stock, and used to early hours. Wages, 17s. per week. Good
personal character from last master indispensable. — Apply, by
letter only, to HERDSMAN. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Seed Trade.

WANTED, a young man, as ASSISTANT.
Must be a good Writer, and Quick at Parcelling.— State
experience, wages required, and references, to DICKSON and
ROBINSON, Seed Merchants, Manchester.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &e.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

October 31, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

535

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
eeries, Gaxston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

RICHARD SMITH and COl
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars. &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

QANDEKS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

O RECOMMEND several firstrclass HEAD GARDENEKS.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,
STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

To Gentlemen and Head Gardeners.

JOHN PKED and ISONlS have several young
Men they can recommend both as FOREMEN in the
Houses, or SECOND. — Nurserymen by Appointment to the
School Board for London, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.; also, at Mitcham Road, Str^atham, S.W.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 27 ; twelve
years' practical experience in all branches. Two and
ahilf vears io present place, and now at liberty to engage.
Can be'highly recommended.— J. M. MURPHY, The Gardens,
Feuagh Huuse, Baynalstown, Ireland.

GARDENER (Head).— D. Lindsay, for over
twelve years Gardener to the late Sir Thomas and pre-
sent Sir John Edwards Mos-*, Bart., is open to engage with
Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of an experienced
man. Breakiog-up of the estiblishment cause of leaviDg. —
D. LINDSaV, Otterspool Gardens, near Liverpool.

-L*Q to anyone giving Advertiser information

a^*J lending to a Situation as HEAD GARDENER, where
two or more are kept. Thoroughly experienced in all branches.
Age 33, married. Abstainer. Good characters. — C. TAYLOR,
2a, Brynmaer Road, Buttersea Park, S.W.

(^ ARDENER (Head), age 38, to any Lady or
!J~ Gentleman requiring a thoroughly practical man,
and an active worker.— Edward Baymax, Gardener to
the Hon. F. Leveson Gower, Holmbury, Dorking, can con-
fidently recommend a man as above.

C^ ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30,
A married. Abstainer. Thoroughly good practical, com-
petent and trustworthy g trdener. Twenty-three years experi-
ence in all branches of good Gardening, Good references. —
W. O., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W 0,

GARDENER (Head Working).— A Gentle-
man recommends practical, sober, reliable, industrious
man ; understands Orchid House, Table Decorations, Forcing
Choice Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. Master of his work
all round. Won over 100 prizes. — F. R., 20, Oxford Terrace,
West Norwood.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Married,
no family; over thiriy-five years of good practical ex-
perience in all branches of Gardening.— ELLIOTT, Post Office,
Tolleshury. E>s.'x.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 45,
married, no family. — Thoroughly experienced in all
branches of the profession. First-class references. — E. J. L.,
'i, Dudley Place, Porteus Road, Paddington, W.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept. — Age 27 ; experienced in all branches.
Can be well recommended. A. H., 37, Acre Road, Kingston-
on-Thames.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 31;
thoroughly experienced in all branches. Good character
and te^imomals.— W. CLAYTON, Next End, Lyoushall,
Kington. Herefordshire.

GARDENER (Head Working), where four
or more are kept ; well up in all branches of Early and
Lite Forcing. Excellent references.— CRANLEY, 42, Burrard
Road, West Hampstead, N.W.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 35,
married, one child, age 3. Several years' practical ex-
perience. Two and a halt years in present place. DiseDg;iged
when suited. First-cla-s testimonials. — T., Mr. William
Tadgell, Matching. Harlow, E-sex.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).—
Age 34. married, one child. Practical experience in all
branches. Nine years' good character. Knowledge of cows. —
W. Ii.j 2, Park Vulas, Park Place, East Finehley, N.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Age 30, married, io family; thoroughly understands
his profession. Good references.— H. L., 1, Evergreen Villas,
Rectury Koad, Hon.sey, N.

GARDENER (Working), aged 30, married,
one child; steady and industrious; gsod character.
Please state wages.— X. Y. Z., 22, David's Road, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

GARDENER (Single - handed, or Head
Working).— Age 39. Good practical experience in all
branches of Gardening. Abstainer. Excellent testimonials. —
A. B., Head Gardener, Ewell Court Gardens, Ewell, Epsom,
Surrey,

GARDENER (good Single, or where assist-
ance is given), — Age 28, married, one child ; experienced
in Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove Plants, and Green-
house; also Flower and Kitchen Gardens. — Three years
present situation, three years previous. Abstainer. — GAR-
DENER. The Lodge. West Park. Mortlake.

GARDENER (Second), in the Houses, or
Inside and Out, where five or six are fcept. Three
years ia a similar position. Good references.— W. H., Mr.
Mill ward, 88, Anerley Koad, Upper Norwood, S.E.

GARDENER (Under), in a Gentleman's
garden. — Age 27. Ten ye±rs' experience. Willing to
pay a Premium to a good man.— L. NUTBOURNE, Emsworth.

GARDENER (Under).— Six years' experience
in private Gardens and Nurseries. Excellent recom-
mendations. Total abstainer. Would not object to Nursery,
—JOHNSON, 15, Gibson Kuildings, Stoke Newington, N.

GARDENER (Under), or in a Nursery. —
Young man; age 19. Florist's son wishes for Situation
as above. Good experience in the trade ; good references. —
W. J., Bloomingdale. Stanley Road, Teddington.

GARDENER (Under), aged 17; active.
Five years character, can be well recommeuded ; glass
preferred.— W. FARNFXELD, Crondall. Hants.

GARDENER, where one or two are kept, or
good Single-handed. — Age 29 ; good reference.—
GARDENER, Mrs. Cheney, Up way, Dorchester.

FOREMAN, or Departmental, in good estab-
lishment.—a. J. Elphinstone can highly recommend
H. Russ as above (age 26). Twelve, years' experience, —
Packington Gardens, near Cuventry.

FOREMAN, or good SECOND.— Age 27.
Two years' good character. Well recommended.— T. B.,
Horley, Surrey.

FOREMAN, in a good establishment. — Age 27 ;
thirteen years' good practical experience. Highest
references.— W., 19, Bismarck Road, HighgateHill, London, N.

FOREMAN (General, or Inside), in a good
Establishment. — Age 24, single ; nine jears* experience
in all branches. House and Table Decorations. Testimonials.
—MORTON, Blair Gardens. Blair Athole.

FOREMAN, in a good establishment, or Head
where two or three are kept.— Age 28. single ; good
experience in trade and private, also decorating. Good refer-
ences.-J. DREW, The (l.irden*. Sudbury Hall. Derby.

UOREMAN, in good establishment. — Age 23.

JL Well up in Orchids, Chry-anthemums. Exotic Plants,
Fruits, &c. Fourteen years' experience in good gardens. —
Apply, stating particulars to W. P., Mr. Mason, York Town,
Camberley, Surrey.

FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, GROWER,
or SALESMAN.— Couifene, Clematis, Tea Roses,
Eueharis, BouvaMia-*, Cyclamens, Chrysanthemums. Carna-
tions, general Hard and Soft-wooded Stove and Greenhouse
Plant-* and Bedding Plant*: Wreath*. Crowes ; also Forcing.—
H.. Gardeners' Ck>onicle Olfice, 41, Wellington Street, Strand.

FOREMAN, or SECOND.— Age 26, single ;
twelve years' experience. Inside and Out. Vines, Cucum-
bers, Tomatos. Orchids, &c. Two years in present situation. —
— P., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN. — Aged 25 ; seven years experience,
two years as Foreman ; well up in Early and Late
Forcing, Stove and Greenhouse Plants.— J. WELLS, Sherfield
Manor, BasiDg'toke.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER, or other-
fl ise in Nursery or Market. — Age 27 ; twelve years' good
references in the Trade.— F. T., refer to JOHN DO WNIE, 144,
Princes Street, Edinburgh.

ORCHIDS. — Advertiser seeks a situation
among Orchids. — Age 24; good references. — J. S., Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office 11. Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

JOURNEYMAN. — A young man requires a
situation in good establishment, under Glass. Sir years
experience. Can be strongly recommended. Abstainer. —
HARDENER. St. Vincents, (irantham.

JOURNEYMAN, age 23, abstainer; good
experience in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers. Toma-
tos, &c, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Chrysanthemums. &c.
well u«ed to house and table decorations ; good character. —
R. J. WILLIAMS, Nine Houses. Connah's Quay.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 21 ;
good references from previous employers. Eight years'
experience.— PHILIP STEARN, 55, Essex Street, Cowley Road,
Oxford.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in good
Establishment. — Age 21 ; sis years' experience. Good
refererces.— 4. G., 6, Myrtle Terrace, Chelmsford Road,
Soutbgite, N.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20;

fJ r-ix years' experience in all Branches. — A. PIKE, The
Lodge, Inglewood, Hungerford, Berks.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside or Out.— J. Voss can
with confidence recommend a young man (age 19) to any
Gardener.— The Gardens, Finches, Lindheld, Sussex.

TMPROVER, Inside and Out.— Age 16; two

A years in good Garden. Strong, diligei.t; abstaiDer ;
quiet.— Rev. H. F. _GIBSOX, Collinguourne, Kingston, Marl-
borough.

IMPROVER, in Private Garden.— A Youth
well up in Store, Greenhouse, and Outside Work, seeks
situation as above. Good references.— JAMES, 102, Kilravock
Street, Queen's Park, YV.

TMPROVER. — Situation wanted, by a young
X man (age 18), in a good Market Garden as above. Chief
object is learning.— G., Mr. Howe, Stationer, Old Bridge, Bath.

TMPROVER, age 18; four years at Burghley

■M- Smart young lellow. Thorough good character. — K.
GILBERT, Burghley, Stamford.

TMPROVER or JOURNEYMAN, in Good

-t- Garden.— Age 19. Strong, active and willing; four year,
Inside and Out; well recommended. — Mr. BKOTHEKSro.V,
Milner Field Gardens, Bingley, Yorks.

HPO GENTLEMEN, and FRUIT GROWERS

J- for MARKET, or Gentlemen contemplating this
business. — Advertiser, life-long experience in Culture of high-
class Fruits, choice Cut Flowers, Toniatos. &c, in quantity,
is open to engagement as MANAGER. First-class connection
and references. — HORTUS, 8, Cambourne Koad, Wandsworth.

'T'O HEAD GARDENERS.— A young Man,

-L aged 25, offers a bonus of £5 for a JOURNEYMAN'S
place in Houses, where he could improve himself. H,is had
twelve months under glass. Good character, and an abstainer.
— T. MUSSELL, Bjtle/s Road, Chertsey, Surrey.

rPO GARDENERS. — Situation wanted in

-l a Gentleman's Garden, by a Youth, aged 18. Intelli-
gent; anxious to learn. Board and residence required. No
premium.— H. P., 9, Belmont Street, Chalk Farm, .Loudon.

rrO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted.

-A. Well up in Forcing Bulbs, Lilies, &c, and Growing
Roses, Ferns, Azaleas, aud all Cut Stuff.- C, 4, Grosveuor
Terrace, Chiswick, W.

TTO NURSERYMEN— Situation wanted in a

-A- Market Nursery ; eleven years' experience in Ferns,
Palms, Vines, and Soft- wooded Stuff. Good references. — T.W.,
91, Histon Road, Cambridge.

'T'O NUKSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, by a

-L young man (age 19), in a Market Nursery, iu or near
London. Three years' experience. Good character. — A. S.,
450, Old Ford Road, North How.

T* TiDBALL, Luxboro' Nursery, Chigwell,

■X • E--sex, can recommend a youug man, age 26. married,
to anyone wanting a Kuod AH.KK.ET HANO Been in good
places. Smart at his work. Wages 22s. Good references.

rPOSEED MERCHANTS.— Wanted by Adver-

X tiser, situation as ASSISTANT in a First-class Provincial
House. Age 21; good experience at Counter Work aud
Book-keeping. Highest references. — W. J., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

^HOPMAN, CLERK, or MANAGER. —

KJ Age 26; experienced in all branches; Wreaths, Bouquet*.
Posies, Plants, Nursery Stock, Bulbs, Book-keeping, Corre-
sponding, &.c. Excellent references.— ALPHA, 93, Acre Lane,
Brixton, S.W.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER.— Age 32~;
thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb. Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN (Assistant). — Age 21 ; good
knowledge of Seeds, Flowers and Fruits, first-class
references from present employer.— W. H. T., ere of Mr. W.
Barrack, Florist, Kendal.

rPO FLORISTS.— A Young Man (Tali) desires

-L situation as ARTISTIC FLORIsT. Good Wreath
and Bouquet hand. Willing to be generally useful. — J. T.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Offi;e, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

FLORIST. — A young Lady desires re-engage-
ment in London or Suburbs. Ten years' experience.
First class references. -FLORIST, 14, Clarendon Road, West
Green, Tottenham. N.

FLORIST, &c. — A young Lady requires situa-
tion as above. Well experienced, and good references.
-L. \V.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand. W.C.

TO FLORISTS, or FLORISTS and
FRUITERERS.— A young Lady, thoroughly experienced,
seeks re-engagement. Thoroughly well up in Posies, Bouquets,
Wreaths. &c. Highest references.— WILLIAMS, 70, Hyde
Street, Winchester.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS and OINTMENT.—
The attention of all offerers is drawn to these well-
known remedies, for they possess conspicuous advantages as a
safe and reliable aid in all those emergencies to which travellers,
emigrants, and sailors are so especially liable. They have
beeu largely patronised by wayfarers by land and sea, and, in
fact, by all classes of the community, to their very great
advantage. The Pills are beyond all doubt one of the most
effective remedies ever discovered for cases of obstinate consti-
pation, confirmed indigestion and colic, complaints which are
engendered by exposure and irregular feeding. The Ointment
will be found of the very greatest service in cases of piles
abscesses, erysipelas, and all kinds of local ulcerations.

536

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 31, 1S91.

The "Analyst," comparing the flesh-forming ingredients in Cocoas, gives the following average: —

" Flesh- forming ingredients in Natural Cocoa Nibs

ditto ditto in the best Commercial Cocoa, with added Starch and Sugar

ditto ditto in Cadbury's Cocoa, the standard English article

" The proeesc of preparation concentrates the nourishing and stimulating principles of the Cocoa bean.''
" Cadbury's Cocoa being Absolutely Pure is therefore the best Cocoa." No Chemicals Used.

13 00"
6 00 "
21-00"

Editorial communications snould be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Co veil t Garden, London, W.C,
Printed tor the Proprietors by Messrs. Ebadbuby, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
ARTHUB Gkobqe Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Pariah of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, In the said County.— Batitrday, October 81, 18B1. ,^«ent for Manchester— John Hetwood,

Established 1841

No. 254.— Yol. X. {STE»™ } SATUEDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper. 1 "RICE 3(1
L B | Post-free, 3j</J

CONTENTS.

African Oit-palm in Bor-
neo

Alpine plants, culture of

Apiary

Aristolochia g'ga*

Bees, the law with regard
to

Cattleya Bowringinna ...

Cattleya, a gigantic

Cattleya labiata Ludde-
manniana

Chrysanthemums at Mr.
Furze's

Commemorat ion trees . . .

Continental novelties ...

Crown Imperials

Croxteth Hall

Florists' flowers

Flower garden

Fruits under glass

Furcrueipubescens

Gladioli, new Californiai.

Gooseberries train* d to
walls

Hardy fruit garden

International fruit show

Iron v, wood in glass-
houses

Japanese books

Jerusalem Artichoke ...

Kew notes

Kitchen garden

Law notes

Lilium ochroleucum var.
Walliehi

Linden's sale of Orchids

National Chrysanthemum
Society's Catalogue ...

Nerine Fothergilli major

547
555
561

556
545
547
551)
651
5 If)
556

557
551
bbJ

557
554
557

546
551

562

557

554

554
555

New plant

Nursery notej

Onions, a bad crop of ...
Parcel Post and nursery-
men

Picea pungens

Pinks, garden and forc-
ing

Plants and their culture

Plant portraits

Potato blight prevention
Renanthera. Rolianiana...
Royal landscape gar-
dener, the

Scotland

Societies —

Brighton and Hove ...
Brixton, Streatham,

and Clapham
Edinburgh Chrysanthe-
mum

Gosport

Havant

Kent County

North of Scotland Hor-
ticultural

Royal Horticultural, 552
Royal Netherlands Hor-
ticultural

Southampton

Ware and District Hor-
ticultural

Watford

Streptocarpus Galpini ...
Syringas for forcing
Thomas, Mr. Owen
Train stopped by insects
Trees and shrubs in large
towns, on

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Aristolochia g:gas ... ^

Begonia tuberosa vittata, with striped blossoms

Gaillardia, Lorenz'a Perfection

Picea pungens

546
548

56J

554

547

518

550
551
557

546

554
551

551
56')
56U
560

561
559

551
559

5*4
561
546
555
551
555

553

£61

5-ii

, 519

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural l\iblish-
ing Co., Times Building, New York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

STRAWBERRIES.— " Noble," the king of
Strawberries; "Scarlet Queen," and •' White Knight."
best new, Certificat«d at R. H. S.'s Fruit Conference, and 150
best new and old sorts, true to name. Lists free.
T. LAXTON, Seed Grower. Bedford.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

FOR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA
GRACILIS, lOi. to 21s. per 105.
FLETCHER BROTHERS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

150,000.- Special Offer of Kentlas.

WICETON has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1003.

W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUB,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale. London, W.

LILIUM AURATUM.— Good, plump, sound
Bulbs, 6s., 9s. , 12s., 18s.. and 24s. per dozen.
All other good LILIES at equally low prices.
Mr. WILLIAM BULL'S Establishment for New and Rare
Plants, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

0 THE TRADE.

CHINESE FAIRY LILIES.

Special Low Prices for Quantities, on application to the

Original Importers —

JAMES CARTER, DUNNETT, AND B E A L E.

237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

/CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.— The

V^ finest in the Kingdom, now at its best. Admission each
day to 1 o'clock free, after 1 till dusk, 6d. each, len minutes'
walk from Beeston Station, Midland Railway.

J. R. PEARSON and SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, near
Nottingham.

B~"S. WILLIAMS and SON'S IMPROVED
• MUSHROOM SPAWN for Outdoor and Indoor
Culture. Per bushel, 5s.; per cake, id. Per cake, free by
Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London. N.

W. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,

• GRAPES, TOMATOS. and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Salesdaily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market. Covent Garden. W.O.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES. &c. Good references.

NARCISSUS.— Double White Sweet-Scented
Gardenia, 2s. id. per 100 ; 20s. per 1000. Grand Mon-
arque Polyanthus NARCISSUS. 6s. id. per 100 ; 60s. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS, The Bride, 3s. per 100 ; 25s. per 1000. Cash.
Mention this paper.

PONTEY'S Seed and Bulb Warehouse, Plymouth.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing. be9t quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s. per 100. Order
earlv of—

WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
CANES, Dutch and Raby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr.-old Trees, 10s. per 100; sample dozen, 2s. id.

RASPBERRY CANES, best varieties, 35s. per 1000; sample
100, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P.O.O. with Order to Manager.
R. BATH, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

G LOIRE DE DIJON ROSES, 400, strong
stuff, price 30s. per 100, cash with order.
ROCK AND SON, Swinfea, Lichfield.

LD CRIMSON CLOVE, exceptionally fine

layers, 15s. per 100. Special offer to the trade.
JOHNSON AND CO., The Nurseries, Hampton.

WANTED, any quantity of CHOICE CUT
FLOWERS to SELL on COMMISSION.
R. END. Court Florist. Crystal Palace; and 28, Wellington
Street. Covent Garden. W.C.

WANTED, 20,000 GLADIOLUS (The
Bride), pure white stamens guaranteed. Lowest
price per 1000 for cash, to

PAGE and CLARK, Langley Park Nursery, Hampton,
Middlesex.

WANTED, QUEEN PINES, for next
summer's fruiting. Send particulars and price to—
WM. CLIBRAN AND SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham.

WANTED, 20,000 MANETTI STOCKS,
1-year, good clean stuff ; 10,000 GENERAL JAC-
QUEMINOT ; and 5000 BARONESS ROTHSCHILD ROSES.
State Lowest price per 1000 for cash, to

PAGE and CLARK, Langley Park Nursery, Hampton,
Middle ex.

WANTED, SWEET PEAS, mixed or in
separate colours. Quote price and quantity to offer, to
JAMES VEITCH and SONS, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, London. S.W.

WANTED, CHRISTMAS TREES, from
1 to 15 feet, of good colour, and well furnished to the
bottom. Inferior stuff useless. Price and particulars to
WM. CLIBRAN AND SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham.

UTTON'S BULBS FOR BEDDING

BUTTON'S INIMITABLE HYACINTHS.

O —Special varieties, in distinct shades of colour, and to
Flower Simultaneously. Each separate colour, per doz. , 5s. id.
per 100, 40s.

BUTTON'S INIMITABLE TULIPS, for

O Simultaneously Flowering, in various colours. Each
separate colour, per dozen, 2s. ; per 100, 14s.

GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM

SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,
READING.

Roots, &c.,for Early Forcing.-Oarnage Paid.

DICK SON and ROBINSON
Offer the undermentioned, of Finest Quality, and extra
Stroug. for Early Forcing, viz. :—
LILY OF THE VaLLEY, Berlin Crowns, 44s. and 48s. per

1000 : 5s. and 5s. id. per 100.
LILY OF THE VALLEY, Dutch and German Clumps, 10s.

and 12s. per dozen.
SPIRJEA JAPONICA, Imported Clumps, 30s. and 35s. per 1C0;

4s. and 5s. per dozen.
DIELYTKA SPECTABILIS. Imported, 4s. and 5s. per dozen.
AZALEA MOLLIS, well-budded, 21s., 24s., and 30s. per dozen ;

2s. to 3s. each.
GUELDER ROSE, well-budded, 30s. per dozen ; 2s. id. and

Lilacs, Christmas Roses. Hydrangeas, Deutzias, &c.
Seed Warehouse. 12, Old Millgate, Manchester,

" T AXTON'S NOBLE " STRAWBERRY.—

-L^ I am now clearing off the Beds, and can supply Trade
Growers with good strong Runners in any quantity, at low
rates. Will be dearer in the spring. Present prices on
application to —

T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford.

Prize Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, E.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

"JO fH\fl EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

1U<)\/V/V/ grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per
dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. j! CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well- rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, His.,
or 30s. per 100. our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. and C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

OR SALE, a few dozens of CYPRIPE-

DIUM INSIGNE in 48-pots, showing bloom, average
ten growths each.

F. ROBERTS, Prestwood Gardens, Stourbridge.

C~~ IToiCE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

Bulbs In Perfection, from Holland.

J WEEKS AND CO., HOB.TICULTUR.AL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince ol
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea. S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent^Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Pntney.
WM THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiel»,N.F.

53S

THE GAB BE NEBS' (JTIB0N20LE.

[November 7, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Dutch Bulbs— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDVEsDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUi ITION :it their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C., FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day. LARQE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
N.B.— There will be no Sale of Bulbs on Monday next, in
consequence of the Lord Mayor's Show.

Tuesday Next.— 7000 Lillum Auratunis.
A spendid consignment jmt to hind, the B ilbs heinj; un-
usually tine. IMPORTANT to the TRADE.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their SALE on TUESDAY NEXT,
November 10.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

-9 " %

Wednesday Next.

PALMS and FERNS in variety, GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
CYCLAMEN, SPIR/EAS. ULY OF THE VALLEY,
DAFf'OUILS, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Rooms, on
WEDNESDAY NEXT, Novemberll, at half-past 11 o'clock.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Kext.

From Messrs. FRED. HORSEMAN AXD CO.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and
68, Cneapside, London, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, November 13,
at half-past 12 o'Cloch, a graud lot of

ODONTuGLOSSUM ALEXANDRA, best forms,

in spike, or with such erowths as will 11 ,wer during winter

anil spring, and a splend d Jut of

ESTABLISHED UNFLOWERED ORCHID3,
containing many rare plants, and comprising
MASDEVALLIA PICTURATA, ONCDIUM MARSHALLI-
ANUM, O. MONACHIUM, ODONTOGI.OSSUM CHIR-
QUENSE, CYMBIDH'M ELEGANS, C03LOOYNE CRIS-
TAVA ALB4, DENDROBiUM HENsuNI.E ALBUM,
LiELIA AUTUMNAL1S ALBA, MAsDEVALLIA SCHRO-
DUL'JE, &c.

Also twenty plants of MASDEVALLIA SPLENDIDA VAR.
PARL ATOKtiANA, an jther property.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

NEW CYPRIPEDiUM INSIGNE VARIETY.
A further shipment has been received of this beautiful variety,
and this clears up all That can be found. Also a small
parcel of Cl'PKIPEDIUM BELLATULIUM, CCELOGYNE
DiYANA and SANDliRIANA. imported by Mes.rs.
WALTER KEMSLEY & CO., 157, Leadeuhall Street, E.C.

Also from Messrs. CHlRLESWORTH, SHUTTLEWORTH,
& CO., of Heaton. Bradford and Clapharu, IMPORTED
and ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, consisting of Odonto-
glossums, Oncidiums, Cypripediums, Cattleyas, Sophron-
itis, Urandiflura, Omithocephalus, Grantlifolium, Mas-
devallias, Laelia pinella, and others in liower or bud.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
incluje the above in their SALE of ORCHIDS on
FRIDAY NEXT, November 13, at half-past 12 o'Clock.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Fulnam, S.W.

UNRESERVED CLEARANCE SALE of GLASS ERECTIONS,
PIPING, PLANTS, and UTENSILS, by order of T. Hood-
less, Esq., the ground being required forBuilding Purposes.

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Dorset Cottage,
near the '"Crab Trie," Fu ham Palace Road, S.W., on
WEDNESDAY, November 11, at 12 o'clock, without reserve,
the whule of the weil-grown GREENHOUSE PLANTS, in-
cluding SO large CAMELLIAS, in pots and boxes; 240 AZA-
LIAS, mostlv white; 2U00 FERNS, 1000 CHRYSANT-iE-
MUMS, 3U0 CARNA1IONS, 1400 i.ERANIUMS. 500 ROSES in
pots. ORCHIDS for cutting. AZALEA MOLLIS, SHRUBS,
the erections of 12 GREE-- HOUSES, 3OU0 f.et of 4-iuch HoT-
WATEH PIrING Brickwork BOILERS. 17 One and Two Light
FRAMES, GARDEN TILES, rLnVVER-POTS, Slate SLABS,
and TANKS, the Erections of GROTTO and laige FOUN-
TAIN, several VASES and PEDESTALS, u;eful HORSE,
SPRING MARKET VAN, and other Effects.

May be viewed day prior to and morning of Sale. Catalogues
had ou the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E.C.

Kingston Hill.

CLEARANCE SALE, bv order ot the Executrix of the late
Mr Woods.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
3EL.1. i.y AUCliON.on ihe Fr< mises, The Nursery (late
.lacusou'sj, Kingstoti i ill, 8. W., ten minutes' walk Uom Nor-
bituu station, ou WEDNESDAY, November 18. at 12 o'i loc<,
without reserve, the whole of the well-grown NURSERY
STO K, c Jin pr sing Everg eens ami Coniferee in great
variety, G .Men bnd Green Hollies, l;iOi> Aueubaa, 9 inches to
2 feet; 7'iU Liurestinus, IOlk) Poplars, 6 to 15 feet; Laurels,
1800 -taudard and Pyramid Fruit Trees. 1500 Irish Ivie*, Ani-
pelopsis and other Stock. 40 Rods of Mangol i, 3 Loads of Hay,
Flower-pots, and Sundries.

May be viewed one week prior to Sale; Catalogues had on
the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and tJ8, Cheapside,
Loudon, E.C.

Richmond, Surrey.

IMPORTANT CLEARANCE SALE.
By order of Messrs. G. and W. STEEL.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
The Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey, on MONDAY. November 30,
andTHKEE FOLLOWING DAYS, without reserve, in conse-
quence of the death of the senior partner, a ad the intention of
the. vendor to relinquish the business, a grand lot of GOLDEN,
SILVER, aud GREEN HOLLIES, thousands of AUOUBAS,
RHODODENDRONS, GOLDEN PRIVET and FRUIT TRfcES,
also 8 STACKS of HAY. CART, HORSE. &c.

Further particulars will appear.

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY'.

Iu Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

\Tll. J. C. STBVEiNS will SELL by

1VL AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 3», King Street, Covent
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
and frequently on THURSDAY', at half-past 12 o'Clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known farms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

400 Standard aDd Dwarf ROSES, CONIFERS, EVERGREENS,
HURELS, CARNATIONS, PIf.KS, and other RORDER
PLANTS, LILIU.M HAKRISI, ai«l L. CANDILUM. in
quantity, 6011 1 AMARYLLIS. 20,000 Berlin LILY OF
THE VALLEY Crowns, SPIR.E*. JAPONICA and PAL-
MATA, GLADIOLI, DiFFOlJlLS. Early White ROMAN
HYACINTHS. FORCING NARCISSUS. &c.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE, by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms.
38. King Street, Covent Garden. W.C., on WEDNESDAY
next, November 11.

On view morning of Sale, and Calalrgues had.

Thursday Next

CATILEYA LABI ATA.

\|R. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUC-

l-'-l TION. at his Great Room-, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT. November li, at half-past
12 o'clock p eeisely, by order of Mes>rs. fceeger & Tropp,
sever tl hue specimens of the New and Grand liKAMMAl'O-
PHYLLUM SEEGERIANUM; also a tine lot of CATTLEYA
LABIATA, imported by M Moreau, of Paris, who is supposed
to have received the first of the recent consignments ot the
autumn-llowenng CATTLEYA LABIATA (see Gardeners'
Chronicle for October 31, 1891. p. 5_'3). This small importation
reachi-d France about two months ago, and the plants now to
be offered have very large bulbs aud leave-, are most distinct in
general ap,.eaiauce, and each plant is vigorously making
strong new growths.

The Sale will also include the rare CCELOSYNE GAR-
DISSIANA, several fine specimens of CCELOGYNE LOWI
(ASPIRATA). semi-established plants of EPIDENDRUM
VITELLINUM, AEK1DES SCHKODER.E. the rarest and
fittest of Aerides; several fine plants of the rare CYMBIDIUM
ELEGANS and lovely CYMBIDIUM DEVONItNUM ; a fiue
plant of L.ELIA ELEGANS TURNfcRI, a grand specimen of
SCHO.MBERGKIA LYONSI, a neivly-imported consignment
of ODONTOGLOSSUM HASTILABIUM, iu splendid con-
dition ; and other Orchids of value.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Brecknock Nurseries, Camden Koad, N.W.

LEASE oE VALUABLE PREMISES, comprising Conservatory,
Seed Shop, Dwelling House, adjoining large Stable Pre-
mises and Greenhouse over, the Property forming a
splendid building site.

A valuable pi, ce of LAND in rear of Hilldrop Crescent, with
fioutage of 41li feet, and comprising a out 1 acre, part
used for law n-tenni-, and remainder (with about 5U0 feet
run of glass) as Nursery.

Also long leasehold DWELLING-HOUSE and SHOP, No. 14,
Brecknock Rjad, let on repairing lease, at £60 per annum.

MESSRS. GEO. HEAD and CO. will SELL
the above by AUCTION, at the Mart, Tokenhuuse Yard,
E.C, on THURSDAY, November 19, 1891, at I o'Clock.

Particulars, with Finn, and Conditions of Sale, may be had
of Messrs. JNDERMAUR CLAHK, and PARKER. Solicitors,
1, Devoasrrre Terrace. Portland Plac<\ W. ; or at the Auc-
tioneers' Offices, 7, Upper Baker Street, N.W.

Important to Nurserymen, Florists, Seedsmen, and
Others

rPO BE SOLD by TENDER, as a Going Con-

1 cem, He WILLIAM BARRACK, Seedsman aud Flori=t,
Castle Gardens and tinkle Street and Jubilee Gardens,
Kendal, the whole of the well-grown, healthy, ami valuable
STUCK, comprising amongother numerous items, 7 Camellia*
in pots and tubs, 12ir Azaleas in bud, 250 Chiysanthem ma in
pots, 7u0 Double White Primulas in 5 and 6 inch pots, about
3000 Geraniums in pots and boxes, 350 Fancy Pelargoniums in
3-inch pots, aoout i000 various plants, including Cyclamens,
Heaths, Solanums, Deutzias, Bouvardias, Calceolarias, Cine-
rarias, Primulas, &c. ; 500 Cuneatums iu o-inch pots, 150
Arums in 7 and 8 inch pots, 150Liiiums, various ; 4000 Roman
Hyacinths and other bulbs in pots and boxes, 600 Dwarf
Hybrid Rose's, 5U00 Pansie*. Auriculas, Daisies, Wallflowers.
Border Carnations, &c; 30o0 2-year-old Strawb-rries, 7U0
Gooseberries, Apple aud Plum Tr*es, &c. ; about 10.0U0 Cab-
bage Plants, &c. ; and some thousands of Miscellaneous Hardy
Herbaceous Stuff.

Aho about 6<.< 0 feet of GLASS, with 2'.00 feet of PIPING,
two large BOILERS, and CISTERN, and all accessories.

Also the stock of SEKDS, BULBS, aud Horticultural
SUNDRIES, at 29 and 31, Fiukle Street, Kendal. Cases.
Counters, Fixtures, Weighing Machine, Trucks, and all
requisites for a first-class business,

Tenders to be sent in not later than the 21st inst., to
F. J. THORNBER, C.A., Trustee, Kendal.

JOBBING and FLORIST BUSINESS for
DISPOSAL, Goodwill, Stock, &c. £$)•
Apply, CULLEN, Gresham Road, Staines, Middlesex.

TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c— Advertiser wishes
to meet with the Proprietor of a Small Business wishing
to INCRKASETHE SAMS easy of access, suitable for Growing
Tomatos. Grapes. &c, f„r Market. State quantity of Glass,
how long established, positiou and full particulars. C. 20,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWKLL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
brings experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens, Florist and Seed

BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF.

\TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS'

ItX HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti-
culars of the above, and can be obtaiued, gratis, at
(37 and 68, Cheapside. London, E.C.

rPHE TuWER EURiNIbHIi\(i COMPANY

J- (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchaser^ have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

Tha Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution.

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN, that an
ADDITION will be made to the PElNSION LIST of this
Institution in JANUARY NEXT.

All persons desirous of becoming Candidates will be required
to s^nd in their app ic tions to the Committee on. or before,
NOVEMBER U N KXT after uhich day they cannot be re-
ceived. Preference will be given to tho*e applicants, or their
widows, who have been ou the books of the Institution as Mib-
scribers for fifteen clear years. Should there not be euou-ili of
these applicants to till the vacancies, then the cases of those
applicants who have not sub-eribed so long, or not at all, will
be cons dere i. Forms of application, and lull particulars may
be obtained of the Secretary —

G. J. INGRWl, 5'», Parliament Street. London, S.W.

AUTION .— In the Court of Session, Scotland.

SUTTON and SONSu. E \XTER — NoTICK IS HEREBY
GIVEN. That the Court has granted a PERFETUaL INJUNC-
TION, with costs, against th- defendants, Messrs. John Baxter
& Sons, Printers and Publishers. Edinbu'gh, restraining them
frurn infringimz the Copyright of Illustrated Catalogues pub-
lished by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Ser-d Merchants. Reading.
The defendants allege that they bought the electros of illustra-
tions from A. Blauc, engraver, of Philadelphia, U.S.A. As
numerous infringements of the illustrations in Messrs. Sutton
& So s" several Citalogues have been made, they Give Notice
to all engravers, printers, seedsmen, and other persons, not to
print, publish, or circulate any illustrations copied from their
copyright catalogues, and tnat legal proceedings will be taken
againsf. any person infringing their rights.
Dated this October 23, 1391.

PLUNKEIT and LEADER,
60, St. Paul's Churchyard, Loudon, E.C,

Sjlicitors for Mes rs. Sutton & Sons.

FERNS ! FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Trade,
Greenhouse, and Stove. 25 most saleable sorts, V2s. 100 ;
out of pots, 105. A. cuneatum, for cutting at once 5-in. pots,
f.0s. 100; for potting on, 12s. and lrts. 100. Large FertH, 5-in.
pots, best sorts, aud Aralia Sieboldii, 455. 100. Palms, Ficu-',
E. hyemalis, E. gracilis, and Sulanunis, superior, 5-in. pots, \2a.,
15«., aud 185. do/.en. Packed free, cish with Order — J.SMITH,
London Fern Nurseries, Lmigaboro' Junction, S.W.

BEARING PEACH ^TREES.— A few very
fine bearing Dwarf-tra ned and Standard Trees, tibrously
rioted, well-balanced Heads. Prices on application.
W. I^ErON/Putney. S.W.

pHRISTMAS and LENTEN ROSES.— Mr.

V^ Brockbank. our greatest authority, writing to the
Gardm, says:— "They are the finest I ever beheld." Good
ctrong clumps full of flower-buds (large major var.), at 9s.,
12s., i5s., 18ff., and 245. per dozen. Specimen plants, l£ to
3 feet across. Price on application. Twelve Lenten Roses, in
best named varieties, for 105.
GRO. STAMP. Nurseryman. Bishop's Teignton, South Devon.

DOliBIi/S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS" GUIDE for lH9^.—25lh Annual Edition, IH0 pages,
illu-trated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent grans then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3d. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

POT ROSES.— A Bargain ; room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, I-abella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safmno. Souvenir
d'uu Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and ll-inch pott. Inspection invited.
Price £5 aud £(5 per 100.
QUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Duraufs Nur.-ery, Ponder'e
End, Middlesex.

The Best Present for a Garuener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 55., post-free. 5s. 8d.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural *< ciety. Chi<«wirk.

VINES.- VINES. — VINES.

V We bold a fine Stock of ihe above, both Fmitm^ aid
PI mtirjg Canes. Names and prices sent on application.0

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Rjad, London, S.E.

November 7, 1891.]

THE GA S DENES 8' CHS ONI CLE,

539

EXHIBITIONS.

KINGSTON and SUEBITON CHRYSAN-
THEMUM SOCIETY.
President: G. C. SHERRARD, Esq., J.P.
The FIFTEENTH ANNUAL GRAND EXHIUITION will be
held in the DRILL HALL. KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, November 10 and 11, 1891,
when, in addition to valuable Money Prizes, the Sixth Cham-
pion Challenge Vase, value 25 guineas, will be ogam competed
for. Schedules, and any information, may be had from the
Hon. Sec. MR. GEORGE WOODGATE, Warren House
Gardens, Kingston Hill. Surrey. Entries close on November 6.

CHEFFIELD, HALLAMSHIRB, and WEST

O RIDING UNITED CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY.
ANNUAL SHOW, Corn Exchange, Sheffield, Nov. 13 & 14, 1891.
Upwards of £;00 in Prizes, Medals, &c.
Schedules fn-e on application. WM HOUSLEY, Sec.

VOKK CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.— The

L TWELFTH ANNUAL SHOW in the Fine Art Exhi-
bition Building will be held on NOVEMBER 18, 10, and 20,
18*1. £'50 offered in PRIZES, in liberal proportion, for
Plants, Cut Flowers, Fruit and Vegetables. Entries close
November 11. Schedules may be had frrm the Secretary,

J. HZtCNBY. 13. Feaseg. te. York.

HULL and EAST RIDING CHHYSAN-
THEMUM SOCIETY.
EIGHTH ANNUAL SHOW, HULL.
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, November IS and 19.
Class 1, £17 10-. for 24 Incurved; and Cl.ss a, £17 10s. for
24 Japanese. Entrie- close November 11.
Schedules from the Hon. Secretaries,

EDW. HARLAND, Manor Street, Hull.
JAMES DIXON, 2, County Buildings, Hull.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSO-
CIATION.

GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

NOVEMBER 19, 20 and 21.

Schedules and all particulars on application to the Secretary.

ROBERT LAIRD, 17. South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

S" OUTH SHIELDS CHRYSANTHEMUM
and WINTER FLOWER SHOW.
EXHIBITION will be held on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, November 25 and 26, in the Royal As-nubly Hall, Souih
Shields PRIZE MONEY over £1(111 ; £10 for 3li blooms.

BERNARD CO WAN, Hon. Secretary.
Harton, South Shields.

N.B.— The Hall illuminated by electricity.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY iu the Kingdom, offers 3-year-Old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 aud 1-year olo Crowns for
planting out. of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's

Lynn, Norfolk.

Cheap Palms I Palms ! 1 Palms ! 1 !

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Clieaptst m the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA. SEAFORTH1A,
COCOS, PH03NIX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mausions. Victoria Street, Westminster. S.W.

CEED of MARGARET CARNATIONS.—

O Mixed, tall, 5s. per oz. ; medium, Is. per oz. ;

dwarf. 15*. per at.
Genuineness guaranteed.
Payment by Post-ortict- Order, or Cash on the spot,
NEW EVERLASTINGS, HELICHRYsUMS. &c.— Will send
Samples when la-ge quantities of the above are laken.

ALBERT* DABER3, Kuiist and Handelsgkriner, Market
Halle III., Berlin, S.W. ^

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAAV-
BERRIES, and all ^orts of Small and Hardy Fruits
grown in immeuae quantities. The be^t of the Old and New
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most complete issued, trf. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN W ATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington.
Hereford.

BARK'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application :—
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Cro.-i and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS, los.tfd., 21s.. 42s.,c3s..& upwards.
COLLECITONSof DAFFODILS. fis.6rf., 7»- tfd., 10s tid , to 105s
i Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus Daffodiis, Iris, Prcunies, Lilies, &c.
BARK anpSON, 12, King Street. Coveut Garden, London. W.C.

SEAKALE for FORCING, superior Selected
Crowns, 75s. per 1000; under 50i\ 8s. per 100. Cas-h
[ with orders.— Address, ALFRED ATWOOD, Market Grower,
21, Shillington Street, Battersea, S.W.

Carnations Ficotees, &c.

CHARLES TURNER'S AUTUMN CATA-
LOG HE of the above is Now Ready, and may be had
post-free ou application.

It contains Descriptions of Many Novelties now being dis-
tributed, and to which Thirty-Six Certificates of Merit have
been awarded.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations. &c ,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order,

s. d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS price 50 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 10PO.

DOUBLE WHiTE NARrISS ... price 35 0 per looo.

((i.r.ieniH-like — very .swe.-t gceated).
PHEASANT'S E\'E NARCISS price 13 6 per looo.
MIXED DAFFODILS price 15 0 per 1000.

( \ (ir nd Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12 6 per 1000.

WINTfR ACONITES price 10 6 per 10 i0.

SNOWDR PS price 21 0 per 1000.

Buyers fruiu this List must please give the price with

their onier.

All are offered so long as unsold, and for quantities of not

less than 10"0 bulbs.

Suppliers of Bulbs to the Royal London Parks,
237
^38

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PA1MS. from 6 to 25 feet
high, lit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Draeirnas,
Btiniboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICETUN, Putney, S.W.

LARGE 4 VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. 397.

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DscksonSgH, Chester

Cant's Roses

HAVE WOX THE

National Champion Trophy, 1891,
FIVE TIMES PREVIOUSLY;

ALSO THE

GHISWICK CHALLENCE TROPHY, 1891.

Besides 1690 other FIRST PRIZES,

AND

65 SILVER CUPS and MEDALS

The Most Successful Grower and Exhibitor
for the Last 40 Years.

CATALOGUES, post-free, on application to —

BENJAMIN R. CANT,

ROSE GROWER,

COLCHESTER.

Telegrams— ■• CANT, Colchester." Established 126 Years.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
toGrowThem, apply toSANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Paucraa.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

A have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — IO'J.000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White.
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000 ; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH. 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH. 6 to 12 feet; BIKCH, S to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet ; also a lar^e quantity of Horse Che^nuts. 12 to 15 feet,'
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet ; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties, ri to 12 leet; SPRUCE, for Christmafl Tree", also for
Forest Planting ; AUCU8AS. HOLLIES, 1SOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURKLS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

OVERT F O R G A M E.

LAURELS, Common, l£ to 2 feet, 70*. per LOOO.

„ Bushv, 2 to 3 feet, LOQs. per looo

„ V*ry'buthy, '.i to 4 feet, Ls. per 100.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, 35s. \er 1000.
SPRUCE FIRS, tit.e, £ to 3$ feet, 100s. per H 00.
BEECH, extra strong, i to 4 feet, 40c. per 1 K>.
QUICKS, extra Blrong. 2 to '& feet. 21s per lOuO.

,. thrice transpd , 3 to 4 feet. 30«. p*r 10UO.
LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS and other trees equally cheap.

Catalogue:* and Samples free on application.
R. TUCKER. Nurseries. Faring on, Berks.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. lid. per 100; 3-yp. old, good
roots, lis. per lot) ; ditto, selected, is. per 100 ; 6(/ per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old.
bs. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. Gd, per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; ti-yr. old, extra fine, \2s. fyl. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makej top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :— " Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forciDg roots lever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent — C. H. PERKINS,
The Gardens, Milton Abt.ey Blandford, l>ecember 27, 1890."
J. J. CLARK. Market Gardener. Gotdstone, Brighton.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

THE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of
these Articles (So. 509). of E. H. KRELAGE AND SOU.
Nurskrvmen, Seedsmen, and FLOHU.TS to the Court,
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, and will be sent, post-
free, aud wilhout charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letters, direct to

E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem. Holland.

ROSES! ROSKSI ROSES!

PLANT NOW.

100 STRONG DWARF H.P, ROSES, for 35/- 100

THE FINEST IN THE TKaDE.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on Application.

C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, EASTBOURNE.

JOSHUA LE CORNU & SON'S

irnQCV FRUIT TREES

JLKOEL T &. ROSE TREES.

Carnage paid. Packed gratis. An immense stock of strong,
healthv, well-rooted Trees. No Starveling.

CORDONS A SPECIALTY.
Roses wonderfully cheap, 'ihe hue»t ihat money can buy.
Before oideriug any. be sure to write for our Illustrated
Catalogue. HIGH VIEW NURSERIES, JERSEY.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

S. C. RUMSEY

^\ OFFERS ^^

-"^ 10 FIRST-RATE STANDARD ROSES for 10s. >^

O10 ., ,. HALF-STANDARD „ „7s.6d.ff.

Ill SPLENDID DWARF or BUSH ,, „ bs. W

O10 GRAND CLIMBING „ „ 6s. r-p.

10 LOVELY MOSS ,, ,. 6s. Ml

O All Best Sorts, Packing Free Cash with Order. ffi

CATALOGUE on application. "

ROSE - GROWER, WROTHAM, KENT.

540

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1801.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all SoilB.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

ROSES.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8s. P3r dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cask with. Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N B.— Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS & BULBS!VEGETa^EA^0WER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

WINTER fTTEATHS, EPACRIS,

I XI LILACS, GENISTA, CYCLA-

FLOWERING < mens, primulas, bouvardias,

-.- . «ma I CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, &c.

PLANTS. V Splendidly set for Bloom.

Pricks on Application.

DicksonsbxChester

DANIELS BROS., NORWICH.

WE are Large Importers of DUTCH and
other FLOWER ROOTS, and off er a tine assortment
of all the choicest in HYACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSI.
LILIES, CROCUS, ANEMONES, &c, in finest quality, at
moderate prices.

LILIUM HARRISII

(THE BERMUDA EASTER LILY).

Magnificent variety. Long, pure white, trumpet flowers,

deliciously scented.

First-rate for Pot Culture or for Forcing.

Fine selected bulhs per 100, 40s. ; per dozen 6s. Od.

Extra tine bulb) per 100, 60s. ; per dozen 8s. tfrf.

A few very large bulbs per dozen 15s. Oil.

FRUIT TREES.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. APRI-
COTS, NECTARINES. A grand assortment of all the Choicest
Varieties in fine Standard, Dwarf, and Trained Trees. Also
a fine Collection of GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS, RASP-
BERRIES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS, &c.

ROSES.

HYBRID PERPETUAL3 and TEAS. A very fine Collection.
Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratia and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

DUTCH BULBS,

FRENCH BULBS, and

ENGLISH BULBS.

See our Special Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs.

Containing LIST of all the best varieties of HYACINTHS,

TULIPS, CROCUS, LILIUMS, DAFFODILS, SNOWDROPS,

IRIS, &c, free on application.

Please compare our prices be/ore sending your orders
abroad.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

SEED and BULB MERCHANTS,

EXETER STREET, STRAND, LONDON. W.C.
PLANTING SEASON.

INTENDING PLANTERS at PUBLIC
PARKS, CEMETERIES, aDd PRIVATE PLEASURE-
GROUNDS, are respectfully invited to inspect the immense
Stock of TREES and SHRUBS for these purposes, in the
extensive Nurseries of —

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE

(BY APPOINTMENT, NURSERYMEN TO THE QUEEN),

CARLISLE.

Ctitaloque.i, and all Information, free by Post.

EVERGREEN HEDGES.

ARBOR- VnVE, American, 3 to 4 f.et

,, ,, 4 to 5 feet

„ ,, 6 to 7 feet

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. 5 to 3 feet

„ „ 3 to 4 feet

HOLLIES, Green, H to 2 feet

,, „ 2 to 2J feet

„ „ 21 to 3 feet

THUIA LOBBII. 2 to 3 feet

„ „ 3 to 4 feet

,. „ 4 to 5 feet

YEWS, English, 1 to 1£ foot

,, „ 1J to 2 feet

„ ,. 2 to 2^ feet

JNO. JEKFEKIES AND SON, Royal Nurserii-., Ciren

Per 100

35s.

60s.
120s.

3's.

7os.

4 Is.

60s.
1'2's.

40J.

7 >s.
120s.

*5l.

35s.

60s.
jester.

RASPBERRIES, " Fastolf," finest sort for
market; stone Canes, healthy and well rooted. Bfst
time for planting. Free on rail, 3s. 6d. per 100 ; 25s. per 100".
LAWS, Nurseries, Beccle^.

ARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 69». per

1000,6'. 6i. per 100; CAMPERNELLI. 20s. per 1000,
2s. 6d. per 100. Carriage paid to any railway station in
England upon orders for thousands only.

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

Bulbs direc'-. fr.:m the Capetown Botanic Gardens.
rl\RADE ORDEKS are now being received for

-L this Season's growth of CAPE BULB*, deliverable Jan. to
Feb., 1892.— HENRY J. CHALWIX. BotanicGardens. C ipetown

To those about to Plant.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses,

XJL Fruit Trees, Conifers, Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs,
Rhododendrons, Ornamental and Forest Trees. Clematis, and
other Climbing Plants, in large variety, sent free on appliia-
tiou to —

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

Special Cheap Offer.

ELCOMBE and SUN, The Nurseries, Bomsey,
Hampshire, beg to offer the following for cash : —
AMERICAN ARBORVIT/E, 4 to 5 feet, per 100,30s.; ditto,
5 to 6 feet, per 100, 50s. ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet, per 100, 80s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, 2J to 3 feet, per 100, 25s. ; ditto.
3J to 4 feet, per 100. 40s. ; ditto, 5 to 6 feet, per 100, 60s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, fine specimens, 8 to 10 feet, 3s. (id.

each.
THUIA LOBBI, 6 to 6 feet, per dozen, 12s ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet,

per dozen 18s. : ditto, 9 to 10 feet, per dozen, 42s.

CUPRESSUS ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 feet, per dozen, 18s.

The above are all well-grown and rinely-rooted.

AMERICAN TUBEROSE BULBS.

THE DOUBLE PEARL.

THE FINEST AND LARGEST BULBS EVER GROWN.

ORDER DIRECT FROM [THE GROWER.

Our DOUBLE PEARLS this season are the finest we have ever grown, and
Orders for early shipment should be booked at once. They will be ready for
shipment last of November.

Bulbs, No. 1 size, from 4 to 6 inches in circumference, £1 10s. per 1000.
„ No. 2 „ „ 3ito4i „ „ £1 6s

We have arranged for special low freight by steamer direct to London.
Remittances to accompany Orders.

ROBERT BUI ST, JR.,

BULB ANB SEEB GROWER, PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A.

Established isis.

65,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

THE PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Strand,

LONDON, W.C.

.1891.

Please tend me " Thk Gardeners' Chronicle " for _
commencing , for which 1 enclose P.O.O.

Months,

f&° Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for In advance. JB

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 16».; 6 Months, 7s. 6d. ; 3 Months. 3s. 9d. ; Post-free,

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. 6rf. for 12 Months. India and China, 19«. M.

Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be Bent unless specially asked for.

No. 42,

P.O.O. to be made payable at the Post Office,
DBtTBY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN.
Cheques should be orossed " DRUMMOND."

G C
Nov. 7, 1891.

Novembeb 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

541

NEW OSTRICH PLUME

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

i i

The Best aud Most Distinct Novelties of the Season.

W. A. MAN DA,"

The New Golden- Yellow Variety of the " Hairy Family ; "
free bloomer, of good habit, and strong constitution.

Well-rooted Plants, for Spring Delivery, 6s. each.

Six ditto ditto ditto for 30s.

Special Terms for Quantities, to the Trade, on Application.

BALLANTINE,

" profuse

The New Bronze Variety of the " Hairy Family
bloomer, fine habit, and of excellent constitution.

Well-rooted Plants, for Spring Delivery, 5s. each.
Six ditto ditto ditto for 25*.

Special Terms for Quantities, to the Trade, on Application.

f^ All ORDERS for the above two proved and sterling
Novelties now offered for the first time, will be executed In
SiriCt Rotation; and, for further description, write for our
NfcW CHRYSANTHEMUM CATALOGUE, post-free on appli-
cation. To Secure the best Plants, Order at Once, from—

PITCHER & MANDA,

The United States Nukserii:s,

HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT,

Who, at present, hold the entire St ck of both Varieties.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES-

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEAES. PLUMS. CHER-
RIES, anil DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards ;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Rilling Road.

G A R D B N.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these column's, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STuCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to Bend for a Catalogue, and then

i^nrnoTiBM^e^

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

DENDROBIUM FORMOSUM

GIGANTEUM

IN BUD.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Beg to offer a magnificent lot of the above
showy white ORCHID, with splendid growths,
well set with buds.

Price 90s. and 126s. per dozen.
CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

chrysanthemums!

Finest New Japanese Varieties.
I.OTirS BU3HMER, GLOIRE DTT ROCHER. BOUQUET HE
TUME. R. C. KINGSTON. W. TRICKER. CESAR COSTA.
EYNSFORD WHITE. MOHAWK, A. H. NEVE, W. H.
LINCOLN, and WILLIAM LANE.

Finest New Incurved Varieties.

MME. DARRIER. ANNIE HOSTE. CAMILLE, FLAMMA-

RIAN.MME.F. MISTRAEL. ROBERT CANNELL. PRINCESS

WALDEMAR, MME. MANTE. and M. R. BAHAUNT.

Cuttings of above, 1*. each ; 10s. per doz. Cuttings of the

fine New Early Japanese, 65. per doz.

HI I n II C 0 KYECROFT NURSERY. HITHER
O. UUIlLU, GREEN, LEWISWAM.

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

And HEDGE PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS, «£&»

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN&SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;

Also. 10 and 12, MARKET STREKT. MANCHESTER.

tlllT TR

FRANK CANT'S

Have been Awarded the Jubilee Champion
Cup of the National Rose Society,

AND THE

FIRST PRIZES in the great 72 CLASSES

HEREFORD, WOLVERHAMPTON, MAN-
CHESTER and TIBSHELF,
Besides upwards of 40 other FIRST PRIZES

THIS YEAR.

Full List of Prizes for Four years, published in my

ROSE CATALOGUE, post-free.

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

I ftHEAL* S0NS

U*M' CTawlev, VI Sussex-

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

H. LANE & SON

Beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their extensive
Stoeksof THEESand SHRUBS tor ■immediate efftct.eitendmq
over 150 acres, including the following, all uninjured by frost.

EVERGREENS.

AUCUBAS, BERBERIS, BOX, COTONEASTERS, HOLLIES
(Green and Variegated), LAURELS. PORTUGAL LAURELS,
MAHONIAS, GOLDEN YEWS (fine specimens, 6 feet in
diameter), and Thousands of Bmaller Seedling Varieties, in
different shades of colour, variety, and form.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

DEUTZIAS. ELDER (Golden and Variegated). GUELDER

BOSKS, THORNS in variety, LABURNUMS, LILACS,

PHILADELPHUS, RIBES, SPIR.EAS, WEIGELAS, &c.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

MAPLES. SYCAMORES. BEECH. Black NORWEGIAN

BIRCH, CHESTNUTS, ELMS, LIMES, PURPLE-LEAVED

PLUM, WEEPING TREES, &c.

CONIFERS.

ABIES DOUGLASII, ARAUCARIAS, CEDRUS DEODARA
(splendid Specimens), CUPRESSUS, PICEA NOBILIS and
NOKDMANNIANA. &c , PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c. RETINO-
SPORAS in variety, THUIA LOBBI and others, THUJOPSIS
BOREALIS and DOLABRATA (fine Specimens).

RHODODENDRONS, fine named sorts, well set with bloom.

Pontlcum and Hybrid Seedlings, Azalea Mollis, &c.

FOREST TREES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.

CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

THE NURSERIES, berkhamstead, HERTS.

ciiiiiiiiimiiimminiiiimiiHiiimmimrinuiiiiimtiiiimiiiimmtiiMiiiiiiiiiiir

PLANTING SEASON,

' HABDIU'-CKOWK

FOREST, FRUIT,

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, Ac.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

YEBT EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited-
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

Dickson's «iis™

(LIMITED) CHESTER-
■uiaiiiiiuumiuii iiumiuuiiiiiiiuiiiiiliiliiiujiiliiiiuiuuiiiiiuiiiiuiuiuil

IMPORTANT TO PLANTERS.
LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

KNOWEFIELD NURSERIES, CARLISLE,
Offer an unusually Large and Varied Stock of FOREST and
ORNAMENTAL TREES, EVERGREEN and FLOWERING
SHRUBS FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES. ROSE'S. &c,
all well-grown and very healthy. See CATALOGUE, free.
Special Offers made, and Contracts drawn up, on Short Notice.

542

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1891.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20s. per 100.

,, ., in60'« at55ff.perl00.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Ilelrnoreana, in thumbs, at 20*. per 100.
„ ,, ,, in60'n, at6os. perltH).

,, ,, ,, in48'3, atzto. perdoz.

,. ,, ,, inyi's, at 48s. perdoz.

SEAFORTHIA fclegans, in 60's, at*32s. per ±00.

., ,, in 48'a, at £S per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stoftk of Asparagus plumOT-us nanus,
in thumbs and tiO's ; Pandanus Witchii, Pracseaas Lindenii,
and Fiona elastici.— W. I^ETOX. Putney. S.W.

ANTHONY W A T E R E R invites an
insoection from intending Planters to the following
well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with
handsjmely-furuished, well-balanced heads, and from
frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth
of the stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground.
ACACIA BESSONIANA, 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 4 inches.
ACER DASYCARPUM, 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.

„ „ WIERIILACINIATUM.10tol4feet,girth3too iDch.
„ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
„ BEITENBACHU, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.
,, SCHWEDLERU. 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.
„ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH. Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
CERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet,

girth 4 'o 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS. Horse. 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
„ ,, Double White, 14 to lti feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
„ ,, Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to n inches.
,. Guernsey, lb' to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIMES. 12. 16. and 20 feet, girth 3 to 0 inches.
„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6

inches.
„ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUIDAMBAR, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
iM.K,. English, 12 to 11 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.

,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (EnglNh-grown), 12'to [fffetf, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety}, 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

,, Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet.
„ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
„ „ White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.

BEECH. Weeping. Pyramids, and standards, 8 to 12 feet.

,, Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids aud Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
,, Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and StandarJs, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH. Weeping, Pyramids. 8 to 10 feet
POPLAR, Weeping. Pyramid- and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking. Surrey.

LILIUM WALLICHIANUM

SUPERBUM.

HUGH LOW & GO.

Have to offer a large quantity of the above ex-
ceedingly fine and rare Lily. The plants are
strongYnd healthy, IN FLOVVER AND BUD.
Price fis , 7b. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each.

Price to the Trade on application.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have an immense Stock of

ESTABLISHED & SEMI-ESTABLISHED

ORCHIDS,

And they are constantly receiving Importations
from various parts of the world.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUES
Post-free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

170 R SALE, BRUSSELS SPROUT SEED,

JT. The Wroxton. warranted all new seed, and all grown on
my farm, at £2 per bu-hel. Apply to—

C. DAVEY, Seen Farm, Bedford.

Lj\)R SALE, 15 Large CAMELLIA TREES.

j0 Have been planted out a few years.— Apply to

GARDENER, Aubrey House, Aubrey hoad, Notting Hill, W.

GILBERT'S ROYAL FAMILY
of the BRASSICA TRIBE.
CHOU DE BURGHLKY (King of dbbages). Is. per pocket.
UNIVERSAL SAVOY (Queen uf Sivoys), Is. per packet.
KING of the BRUSSELS SPROUTS, Is. 6d. per packet.
LATE WHITE VICTORIA BHOLCOLI, Is. 6rf. per packet.
FARLY WILLIAM PEA (sow now). 2s. per quart.
WILSON'S ROYAL ASH1 OP POTATO, for lranie and outside

work, the best, 2s. per stoue.
GILBERT'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, Is. twelve seeds.
EARLIEST STRAWBERRY— JOHN RUSKIN. turned out of

pots, 20s. per 1000; good runners, 15s. per 1000.
LATEST OF ALL runners, 15s. per 1000. Warranted best

plants in the trade.

K. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

CARNATIONS f "MRS. REYNOLDS HOLE,"

an* ntViei- \ and other popular hardy Border

ana otner j carnations and picotees
should be planted now.

HAEDY
BOEDER PLANTS

Descriptive Catalogues of Hardy
flori-ts' Flowers on application.

CKSONSffSUHESTE

II.IMITF.B)

Special Seductions.

GARDENERS, &c, requiring PEAT, LOAM,
SAND (Coarse and Fine), GARDEN MATS. COCOA-
NUT FIBRE. &c. before ordering elsewhere should send for
our Special Quotations, Carriage Paid to any Railway Station.
HKINKWORTH AND SONS. Reading.

AUTUMN and WINTER PRUNING,

X*. TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Ce.'abrated TOOLS, including the '• STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the " MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, thau by any means. They were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the- .great Agricultural Shows at Bath
aud Doncaster ; thousands of vrju'tors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific effiev'ency, coupled with great
saving of time and labour, and the cv..k to life and limb
reduce I. After Stormv Weather, these Tbols will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, fearing the ends
serered in a vital condition

Illustrated CATALOGUES can be had. post-free, from the
PATENTEES and MAKERS, at their works ared depot,
ST. ALKMUND'* CHURCHYARD, DEKBY; or of the prin-
cipal Ironmongers and Seedsmen, the leading storefs, and
kindred trades throughout the world.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable ! For Coal !

Pure and ample heat. 24 hours for obout lCL.j

without attention.

For Greenhouses, 3edrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny.

Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent. ,

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS,34,VictorlaSt.tWestmin8ter,S.W. ]

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in '
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door, '
&c. Put on rail in Loudon. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNGAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.

EPPS'S^-^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,
ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. |
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL.C N FIBRE REFUSE,,
fresh SPHAGNUM. PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allother Garden Requisites Peat MOS3 Litter.
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.
LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,

ALL FIfiST-CLASS.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Fpe"cialite.
For t'rice list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,,

near BeXley, Kent, Special Tkkms to tiik Tuade.

BOULTON

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES iu all Styles.

& PAUL,

NORWICH.

GARDEN FRAMES

in
great

VARIETY.

BOILERS

Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.
VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock.

Our Celebrated No. 4,

£ END BC

To heat, from 300 to 5000 feet of 4-inch piping.

CHECK END BOILER,

No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

To heat from 100 to 300 feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 12.

AMATEUR'S

SLOW

COMBUSTION

BOILER.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDINGS and APPLUNCES, IKON BUILD-
INGS, POULTRY, and KENNEL REQUISITES, &c.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

GARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE RFFUSE, sack, is 3d., 10 for 12s.,
20 for 20s, 30 for l'8s . sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT. 5s. per sack, 5 for 22s. 6d ; BLACK do.,
4s. 6'i. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD, LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3*. per sack. COARSE SAND, is. fii. per
bu-hel. 14>. half-ton. 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, J-inch. lis.
per cwt.; dust, lis. %d. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7s. 6a! per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lOd.
per lb.. 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26s.
ROPE. %d. per lb., 28 lb., 10«. 6rf RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. tM., Us. id.,
and 12s. id. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses, ^outhwark Street. London, S.E.

TO HORTICULTUUISTS.— GREENHOUSE
GAS COKE and SMITHS' CnKE delivered in Truck-
loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address,

G. J EVESON, 2ri, Corporation Street. Birmingnam.

ORCHID PEATJ^best Quality; BKUWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER 1KB CO.. Farnborough, Hants.

November 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

543

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

EORTICULTUKAL BUILDERS

and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges, Cottages,

Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &e.

Hot- water Apparatus

for warming Churches,

Schools, Public Buildings,

Mansions, Harness Rooms,

Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and

Buildings of every Description.

Illustrated Circulars
Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3s.

THIS GREENHOUSE footed and heated complete, In
any part ut the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25ft. by 12 ft., £50; 30ft. by 15ft., £70. Bricfe-
warV BX<y»ptpd. Fornartu-ulars.seeourCatalopn*. po«t-free

Superior Portable Frames, large sto.k ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, glazed with
21-oz. glass, carriage paid: — 1-lieht frame, 4X1? 36ff. (W. ;
2-light frame, 6 x 8. 58j. : 3-light frame, 12 X 6, 85*. 6uf.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £4 7s. Gil. ■, 9 x 5, £3 15s. ;

Gsrtar^m LEICESTER

HARDY BRUIN*C0„

RUSSIA MATS. - RAFFIA.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and takeu apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s. d.

l-light, 4 ft. by 6 ft... n CASH

PRICES,
CARRIAGE

8 ft. by 6 ft. . .
12 ft. by 6 ft...
16 ft. by 6 ft. . . r
20 ft. by 6 f t. . . i
24 ft. by 6 ft.../ PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

HALLIDAY &

CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London ^'nf.Mr.H.SKRLTON.Seprismaii &c.,2.HnllowayR<1.,N\

w. h. LASCELLES & co.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

121, BUNHILL ROW,

LONDON, E.C.

CONSERVATORIES,

GREENHOUSES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

VINERIES,
PEACH HOUSES, &c.

Plans and Estimates Free.

HORTICULTURAL

A Large Stock pj i QO

always on Hand. U,J-ji\QO.

Special quotations for quantities,

WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS

At lowest possible prices,

NIDHOLLS It CLARKE,

6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH,

LONDON, E.

HILL & S

BRIERLEY HILL,
STAFFORDSHIRE,

And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET. LONDON, E.C.
NEW PATTERN

TREE GUARD,

uTJie Porcupine"

The maximum of utility and
the minimum of cost.

Comtructed of Strong Iron Up-
rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel
"Wire.

Price 10s. 6d.

TESTIMONIAL.

" The Whitte rn. Herefordshire.
"Dec. 28. 1887.

" Deab Sir-,— I have now had
an opportunity of trying
your PORCUPINE TREE

%MKtilrc> Guard?, and they se< n,
quite to answer my pui»
pose, so you may send m«
SO more an before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly.
■ RTCHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Hill & Smith.

"BUHOLIiSi

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

LARGELY US-D IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
Government Officials, Fire Insurance
Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and
numerous Experts have testified on oath
that "DUROLINE" is preferable to
and much safer than Glass for Roofs,
Skylights, and other similar erections.

See Report " Lorulon County Council v. Tlie New IVirt
Wove Roojing Co., Ld." May and June iSqi.

invaluable for farm buildings.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of ot/iers.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WiRE WOVE RGOFSKG CO., LD.

75a Queen V into' in Ktrp.-r LONDON. EC.

T H 0 S. w. ROBINSON,
-L D

Dennis Park Ironworks. Stourbridge.

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,

SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.

1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, 3tc.

Pnces. Patterns, anrt Testimonials. Posf-frpe.

Battersea, London,

S.W.

Grove Works,

lft, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W, ;
and BACHELOK'S WALK, MJltf.IN.— Discount /or Cash.

544

THE GABDENEBS' GHBONICLE.

[November 7, 1891.

PAUL & SON'S

GKEAT HAEDY NURSEEY,
CHESHUNT, N.

Invite Planters to Inspect and Select from their Stock of

PAUL & SON'S CHESHUNT ROSES.

STANDARDS— Demand large Early orders necessary.

DWARFS— Virtually all on the accepted stock— the Biiar.

POT ROSES— The finest lot they ever held ; therefore the
finest in the world.

ROSE SPECIES and SINGLE ROSES— A specialty of the
Firm.

PAUL & SON'S FINISHED FRUIT TREES.

STANDARDS, more especially APPLES, the very finest in
the Trade. From £12 per 100 downwards.

PYRAMIDS, and all FORMED TREES, vigorous, and yet of
best shapes.

All SMALL FRUITS, to ALPINE STRAWBERRIES, care-
fully tended.

Large Planters should see the Stock.

PAUL & SON'S HARDY TREES.

The variety of them is wonderful. By careful selection the
smallest garden may be made a varied picture.
From 185. per dozen.

PAUL & SON'S HOLLIES & EVERGREENS

Of every description, are moved and do well — notably Hollies,
of which there are 8 acres at the Epping Forest Nursery, from
2 to 12 feet, Is. to 5 guineas each.

PAUL & SON'S AMERICAN PLANTS.

The free-setting RHODODENDRONS and AZALEA MOLLIS
— specialty at the High Beech Nurseries.

PAUL & SON'S CONSFER/E.

The mo'it varied collection inFngland. Special selections of
ROCK GARDEN S HRUBS, and for Villa Gardens.
ARAUCARIAS iu thousands, green and beautiful.

PAUL & SON'S HERBACEOUS AND
ALPINE PLANTS.

For Borders, Rockwork, Cut Flower producing.
An acre of ROCK PLANTS at the Broxbourne Nursery.

Established IS07. Eighty-four years' continuous attention
and application has made these Hardy Nurseries one of the
moat complete in Europe. Planters should see for themselves.

ROSE and other CATALOGUES on application to

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT.

(One Mile from Cheshunt Station, G.E.R )

FRUIT TREES-FWJIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders :—

APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untiimme.l,
Pvrinviis, Standards.

APBICOTS-Standaid, and Standard Trained.

CHERRIES— Dwarf M:tidrns Dwarf Trained,2-yr.Uutrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.

PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyrtim'ds. Standards.

DAMSONS, FARLEiGH PROLIFIC -Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large- Quality Good — Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.
The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES.

SAWBRIDGEWOBTH, HERTS.

DAFFODILS

JAMES VEITGH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

ALBICANS.

Long drooping sulphur trumpet, changing to white as the
flowers become fully expanded, with white perianth.
Per dozen, 6s.

BICOLOR HORSFIELDII.

(KING of DAFFODILS.)
A splendid largef ree-floweriDg early variety ; immense golden-
yellow trumpet, with white perianth. Excellent for pot culture.
Per dozen, 9s.

BICOLOR GRANDIS.

Large golden yellow trumpet, with white perianth, as large
as Horsheldii, but about fourteen days later in bloom; tine
flower of great substance, and excellent for succession.
Each, \s. ; per dozen, 10s,

EMPEROR.

The most noble and striking Daffodil in cultivation, of im-
mense size and great substance, trumpet clear golden-yellow,
with broad stout perianth; a most beautiful and desirable
variety. Each, Is. 6d, ; per dozen, 16s.

GOLDEN SPUR.

The largest and finest form of Major or Spurius, immense
golden trumpet, slightly reflexed at mouth, perianth broad
and twisted ; a bold, stri King, aod very early-ilowermg variety.
Per dozen, 6s. 6d.

HENRY IRVING.

A bold and striking variety, having a large rich golden yel-
low wide trumpet, recurved at mouth, and broad clear yellow
perianth. Per dozen, 6s.

SINGLE DAFFODIL or LENT LILY.

Per 100, 2». ; per 1000, 17s. 6d.

DOUBLE DAFFODIL.

Large, double, deep golden-yellow flowers ; very showy for
planting, pot culture, or forcing.

Bulbs for Planting, per 100, 4s. ; per 1000, 35s.
Strong Bulbs/or Forcing, per 100, 6s. 0d.

INCOMPABABILIS CYNOSURE.

Large sulphury - white perianth, conspicuously stained
orange-scarlet crown.

Per dozen, 2s. ; per 100, 14s.

INCOMPARABILIS FIGARO.

Large flower, broad primrose periauth, with a very expanded
yellow crown, slightly shaded with orange.

Per dozen, 2s. 6d. ; per 100, 17s. 6d.

INCOMPARABILIS SIR WATKIN.

A magnificent variety, ranking with fimperor and Hors-
fieldii in size and beauty. First-class Certificate.
Each, Is. 6d.; per dozen, 16s. 6d.

INCOMPARABILIS STELLA.

Very early, the first in bloom of this section; (lowers pure
white, with a yellow crown. Very attractive, and excellent
for forcing.

Per dozen, Is ; per 100, 5s. 6rf.

LEEDS1I MINNIE HUME.

B*oad white perianth, with very large expanded pale lemon
cup. shaded det per lemon at edge. A charming and desirable
variety. The tiueat of this section.
Each, 3s.

BIFLORUS (Primrose Peerless Narciss).

Pure white, with yellow ciown. A well-1-nowii and tx-
cellent variety for cutting, bearing two (lowers on the same
footstalk. Per 100, 2s. Qd, ; per 1000, 21s.

BURBIDGEI.

Ptrianth white, with a small yellow crown, deeply edged
scarlet. Per dozen, Is. lad ; per 100, 9s. 6d.

FOETICUS (Pheasant's Eye, or Poet's
Narcissus).

A well-known hardy species, pure white, with red crown ;
very fragrant ; flue for cutting.

Per 100, 2s. ; per 10CO 17s 6d.

POETICUS OBNATUS.

Very early ; broad pure white perianth, with red crown;
flowers large and well-t-haped. A very beautiful and Useful
variety, per dozen, Is. '6d. ; %er ]00, 8s 6d.

For full particulars of above and other v, rietus of Daffodils,
as also Bulbs fur Pot Culture or Planting see

Descriptive and Illustrated BULB CATALOGUE,

forwarded Gratis and Post-free on application.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY,

CHELSEA, S.W.

PAULS'
NURSERIES

WALTHAM
CROSS.

South Entrance four minutes* walk from Waltham Cross
Station G.E.R.) ; West Entrance, three minutes' walk from
Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.R).

ROSES.

The Largest and Finest Stock
in the Country.

NEW KOSES A SPECIALTY.

Also Books on Roses, by
Wm. Paul, F.L.S.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS
FRUIT TREES

AND

GRAPE VINES.

An enormous Stock of
Fruiting and Other Trees
unsurpassed in quality,
being vigorous, clean, and
true to name.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

#Nift

HARDY TREES
AND SHRUBS.

EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and
CONIFERS, in endless variety,
kept constantly transplanted.
RHODODENDRONS off Loam.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS
a specialty.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

CAMELLIAS

iiSI^

The Largest Stock in the

Country.
Plants well set with Bloom-buds.

Also.

AZALEAS, LAPAGERTAS, and

other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

BULBS.

Of these we are among the
largest Importers,

and can supply

ROOTS FOR FORCING AND

BEDDING

of the highest quality.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS.

SEEDS.

^&c':^1 The cholcest drains of Vege-
£®»irlg3' i table and Flower Seeds.

Critical binds grown specially for
us. GARDEN MATS, MANURES,
INSECTICIDES, anl all other
GARDEN REQUISITES.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
1 rea by Post.

(^ Pricts itric'ly mole-ate; reduced rates for large gum-
titles. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bv £i:perimfad
hands for a'l parts of the wjrld. Gardtntrs of character and
experience recommended.

Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address —

WM. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS.

NoVEMBEB 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE ELEPHANT MOTH
DENDROBE,

IN FULL BLOSSOM

In great variety, from White to Dark.

SANDER & CO.

Earnestly Invite an Early Inspection of their

EXHIBITION

ST. ALBANS,

DENDROBIUM PHAL/ENOPSIS
VAR. SCHRODERIANUM.

Every Plant in flower is FOR SALE, and we cordial!.// invite an Inspection.

SANDER & CO., ST. ALBANS.

THE

(Bawkiwrs' dptnmirk.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1891.

CROXTETH HALL.

rpiIIS is the beautiful seat of the Earl of
-*- Sefton, and those who follow the move-
ments of royalty will remember the visits of the
Prince of Wales to Croxteth Hall, and of the
Duke of Clarence and Avondale this year, when
he opened the Royal Infirmary at Liverpool. The
original seat of the family of Molineux was at
Sephton, a place some miles distant, on the sea-
board, near the mouth of the River Mersey,
where a range of dreary sand-hills forms a
barrier along the shore, which is lined with
marshes, and covered with rabbit-warrens.

The Earls of Sefton trace their descent from
William de Molines, who is mentioned in the
Norman chronicles, before the Conquest, as a
man of noble origin, much esteemed by Duke
William. Soon after the Conquest, this first
Molyneux known to fame received the grant of
Sephton, and made it his chief seat. Among many
distinguished soldiers of a family of soldiers,
from Duke William's favourite downwards, was
Sir William Molineux, who was dubbed knight-
banneret by the Black Prince on the field of
battle, and of whom it is recorded in his
epitaph that the third Edward " loved him
as a friend." His son, Sir Richard, eminently
distinguished himself at the battle of Agin-
court, where he obtained his knighthood. The
next Sir Richard married a sister of Thomas
Stanley, Earl of Derby, and died the death of a
soldier in L459. His grandson, another soldier
of much renown, fought at Flodden ; and, next
in order, may be mentioned the Sir Bichard of
Elizabeth's reign, whom that queen knighted,
which is pretty good evidence that he deserved
the honour. On the institution of the order of
baronets, Sir Richard Molyneux was the second
person advanced to the dignity. Rising to a higher
seat, he was made an Irish peer by Charles I.,
with the title of Viscount Molyneux. The
second viscount was engaged on the king's side
at Worcester, and escaped that disastrous battle
with difficulty. The next viscount was created
Earl of Sefton in the peerage of Ireland,
and his son became a peer of the realm
by the title of Baron Sefton of Croxteth.
Many of this distinguished family— lords I'e -
tenants, constables of Liverpool, or chief
foresters of the royal parks and forests in Derby-
shire— lie buried in Sephton church, which holds
as much dust of once-eminent men as almost any
village church in England. Sephton Hall, a
stately pile surrounded by a moat, stood opposite
the church, on high ground. But this earliest
English home of the family of Molyneux was
razed to the ground, and even the farm-house,
which occupied its site, was removed four-score
years ago. At the present time, a few heaps of
stones, from the massive walls of the castle, are
the sole witnesses of its existence.

546

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NoVEilBER ?, 1891.

The old family, however, have outlived their
house, and Croxteth Park is, without doubt, a much
more comfortable and elegant residence than its
predecessor. It stands some 3 miles distant from
Knowsley, in the parish of West Derby, and tram-
cars from Liverpool run within less than a mile of
its doors. The Hall is a very handsome house, built
of brick, with stone " dressings " to the doors and
windows, in Queen Anne style, which succeeded the
mullioned windows and heavy gables and chimneys
of the Jacobean and Elizabethan periods. The front
was erected in 1702, and the hack, formerly of wood
and plaster, was rebuilt in 1802, and large additions
were made in 1874, so that the present house covers
a great deal of ground.

An extensive lawn has been tastefully planted
with flower-beds and clumps of shrubs, and with
timber trees not too thickly set, and not too near the
house, so as to darken the windows, or obstruct the
view into the park beyond. The most conspicuous
of all the trees on the lawn, though not by any means
the largest, is a variegated Evergreen Oak, with
branches drooping on the grass. There are lawns,
and flowers, and shrubs, on three sides of the house,
and the approach-road, covered with white and grey
gravel, winds pleasantly through thick clumps of
evergreens, amongst which the Rhododendron and
Yew abound. Outside is the park, with a capital
cricket-ground on the east-side of the house, where
the favourite game is often played, gentle and simple
joining in it together. Looking back to the house,
we see that its first floor, which would have been the
ground-floor, is lifted 12 feet above the ground by a
terrace, which is covered with handsome creepers.

In the kitchen garden depirtment (ably managed
by Mr. Barhani), there are twenty-four houses,
including six viueries, a Puie-stove and Pine-pit,
Melon-house, Cucumber house, Cherry and Plum-
houses, two stoves, and several houses filled with
fl nvers ; Rose-house, and Azalea- house. A favourite
Melon here is Conquering Hero, which is planted in
7-inch pots, covered with charcoal, to prevent
canker, and plunged in 16-inch pots — a system
found very successful. The garden walls are
covered with fruit trees, especially Pears and
Morello Cherries, each bearing good crops this
vear, though the former, in August was waiting
fjr sun. Among the mo9t successful Pears
are Pitmaston Duchess, Brockworth Park, and Bon
Chretien. In the Cherry-house, the trees planted in
the borders do better there than those in pots. May
Duke sets well, so does Elton and Black Tartarian.
Among the Plums, planted in the border of a house,
and doing well, we noted Jefferson, Kirke's, Reine
Claude de Bavav, all favourites, especially the last,
one tree of which bore a great crop this year on a
little standard 6 feet high. Golden Drop is another
favourite. Muscat Grapes were in capital order,
good bunches ripening fast. The Black Hamburgh,
in four hous^, have all been specially successful.
In one of these houses might be noted white paper-
cuards over each bunch, to keep off the drip from a
Dof which is somewhat flat.

In the three Peach-houses, the fruit, trained on
iron trellises, and well-exposed to light, were full of
colour ; and, in fact, everything here betokens
skilful and vigorous management, and an adroit
handling of the forces at command. Larger staffs
of gardeners, in our experience, have proved less
elective than the Lancashire corps at Croxteth
Hall. H. E.

The front lobe is deep crimson-purple, the blotches
on the sides of the throat light yellow, and the disc
veined with dull reddish-purple. It is indeed a giant
flower, and from the gardener, Mr. W. Hough, we
learn that the many people who have seen it all
agree than they have not seen its equal in size. It
is sufficiently typical in other respects. E. A. Eolfe.

New or Noteworthy Plant.

— ♦

CATTLEYA LABTATA LUDDEMANNIANA.
An exceptionally large form of this handsome
Cattleya is now dowering in the collection of E. G.
Wrigley, Esq., Howick House, Preston. The sepals
and petals are of a light rosy-lilac tint, the latter being
fully 4 inches long, one of them 3jand the other not
less than 3.} inches across. The lip is 3| inches long
and '2\ inches wide, and when expanded is seen to
have the characteristic narrow form of this variety.

KEW NOTES.

Furcrcea prjniiSCBNS. — This small species of
Fiii-crce* was described by Professor Todaro in
1879, and has been accepted as a good species by
Mr. Baker. A plant of it is now in flower in the
succulent-house at Kew. It has lanceolate green
leaves, 18 inches long, by 2 inches in width, the
margins clothed with small spines. The scape is
central, erect, 5 feet high, the upper half an elegant
branched panicle bearing numerous flowers, each of
which is 2 inches across, greenish-white and
fragrant. The buds, ovaries, and pedicels are
covered with a very fine grey pubescence. This
species is elegant enough and small enough to
deserve favour as a greenhouse plant. Its worst
fault is its perishing immediately after it flowers, a
fault which is common to all Furcroeas. W. IV.

Streptocarpus Galpini, Hook. fil. (VI. S ) — This
is a new species of Streptocarpus which has
lately been introduced from the Transvaal to Kew,
where it has just flowered for the first time. It
belongs to the monophyllous section of the genus,
and it has numerous many-flowered scapes which
spring from the extreme base of the midrib of the
leaf. The largest leaf so far is S inches long by
6 inches in width, the nerves very thick and fleshy,
tinged with red on the under side. The whole leaf
is clothed with a soft silky tomentum. The scapes
are erect, 6 inches high, and the flowers develop in
slow succession. A few days ago the Kew plant had
fourteen flowers open together. Each flower is nearly
\h inch across, and it differs from all other Bpecies
of the genus in the shortness of its tube. The colour
is a rich mauve-blue, with a conspicuous area of
white in the throat. This is the prettiest of all the
introduced species of Streptocarpus. Seeds of it
were received from Mr. E. Galpin, of Barberton, last
year. W. W. [The plant is figured in the current
number of the Journal of Horticulture. En ]

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE IN WESTERN
CHINA.
The discovery, a few years ago, of the Canadian
Cvpripedium arietinura in the Chinese province of
Yunnan, by the Abbo Delavay, was an interesting
discovery to the student of plant distribution. Dr.
Henry has since collected it in Central China, and
Mr. A. E. Pratt nearer the Tibetan frontier. But in
the collection recently made by the latter gentleman,
now being determined at Kew, are some fine speci-
mens of another Canadian Cypripedium — namely,
C. spectabile, whose presence in a wild state in that
interesting region may therefore be taken as an
ascertained fact. The collection is localised as
" West Szechuen and Tibetan Frontier ; chiefiy near
Tachienlu, at 9000 to 13 500 feet." Many other
plants are common to China and Japan, and North
America, but as Orchids are not usually very widely
distributed, the above discoveries are certainly inte-
resting. These are not quite isolated instances in
the genus, however, for C. guttatum, which also
occurs here, ranges right through Eastern Asia to
Alaska, in North-western America. It is also inte-
resting to note that Dr. Henry collected C. japonicum
in Central China, as formerly it was only known from
Japan. E. A. Eolfe.

Cattleya Bowrinoiana.
Everywhere this beautiful and free-growing intro-
duction of Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son is flowering
and brightening the Orchid- houses with the cheerful

rosy-purple of its flowers. A sample of a remark-
ably large and highly-coloured variety comes from
Mr. John Smythe, Bitterne Park Gardens, Ring-
wood, Hants, accompanied by the following remarks,
which, as they express the general opinion of th«
plant, are worth quoting. Mr. Smythe says : — " I
send you flower of a good form of Cattleya Bow-
ringiana. It is one of my first favourites. I have
plants with five spikes, and some of them bearing
twelve flowers each. Is not this rather good? A
grander sight for the dull season you could scarcely
imagine. The plants have done well with me ; I
only had them three years ago, and they were then
small, and with only one little break each. A
houseful of it now would be a sight '.

Renanthera Rohaniana
is an evergreen plant with distichous leaves, and in
every respect its habit is similar to that of the Vanda,
but the flowers differ from that genus in having a
pointed and movable lip, which is destitute of any
spar. The plant being a native of the warmest and
moistest part of Borneo, it is natural to infer that
it thrives best under cultivation in the heat of
the East Indian - house ; but it is quite sur-
prising to see the low temperature these plants
put up with during winter with impunity.
We know a plant of K. Lowii which has been
subjected to as low a temperature as 58° and
00° during the last three or four years, suffering
only in not developing its flower-spikes, but the
general health of the plant is not diminished. The
flowers of this plant are borne upon long pendent
spikes, those at the base being four in number, the
ground colour being rich orange-yellow, thickly
spotted with purplish-black. A considerable space
is bare between these and the ordinary flowers, which
are narrower, much undulated at the margins, and
entirely of a different colour, having a white ground
thickly blotched with large and irregular markings
of blood-red. The plant likes a moist atmosphere
when growing; and during the winter if kept cool,
great care must be exercised in giving it water, but
under no circumstances must it be allowed to suffer
from drought. Orchid Album, vol. x., part 109.

Thrixpehmum Berkeleyi.
As maybe inferred, this is not a large-flowered and
startling beauty, for its flowers are not more than
1 inch or 1} inch across the widest part. Its leaves
seldom exceed G or 8 inches across ; the raceme is
pendent, the flowers much crowded upon the stem,
and, as before stated, measuring 1 inch or li inch
across ; these are thick and waxy in texture, but we
could not perceive any perfume arising from them.
As the flowers of many Orchids are odoriferous at
various times in the day and night, we can only say
that at no time when we tried the plant did we per-
ceive any odour. The plant is very free- flowering,
and the bloom lasts a long time in perfection. It
should be grown in small hanging earthenware pans,
which should be well-drained, and hung up near the
roof-glass, in order to let the plant have as much
light and air as possible, but yet it must be shaded
from the direct rays of the sun through the middle
of the day. A little chopped sphagnum moss and
some nodules of peat fibre and charcoal will be all
that is necessary about its roots, but the plant must
always be kept moist during the summer season by
spraying with water from the syringe, a moist atmo-
sphere, and by water to its roots ; and in the winter
by moie careful attention to its wants. Under no
circumstances should the plants be allowed to suffer
through drought, and a warm part of the East Indian
house suits it at all times. Orchid Album, vol. x.,
part 109.

Cypripediom X Enfieldense, n. hyb.

This handsome hybrid was raised in the collection
of A. J. Hollington, Esq., Forty Hill, Enfield, by
Mr. Ayling, from C. Lawrenceanum, crossed with the
pollen of C. Hookerie. It may be described as an
improved C. X marmorophyllum, which it most
closely resembles, though the latter differs in having
C. barbatum instead of C. Lawrenceanum for one

November 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

547

parent. The foliage of C. Lawrenceanum and C.
HookerfB are very similar, and that of C. X Enfieldense
is naturally of the same type. The dorsal sepal is very
broadly ovate and subacute, stained and nerved with
purple on a light-green ground, paler towards the
margin. The petals are deflexed, and much like C.
Hookeras in their bright-purple colour, but not quite
so broad near the apex. The lip and staminode are
intermediate in character. It is a bold and effective
plant of good form and colour.

MlCROSTTLIS METAr.LICA.

A plant of Microstylis metallica is now in bloom
in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens, a lovely
terrestrial Orchid, of dwarf habit, with a long slender
raceme of flowers, of which the odd sepal is yellow,

dington, and Twickenham. Only two houses, and
not large ones, are devoted to Chrysanthemums, for
it is a very small place, and Orchids in considerable
variety, with table and other small decorative plants
seem to almost monopolise the houses. Our pur-
pose just now is with the Chrysanthemums, for with
the exception of a batch of Cypripedium Spicerianum,
there is not much in the Orchid line in bloom. The
collection comprises most of the best Japanese
incurved, re8exed, and Anemone sections, perhaps
not more than 200 plants in all, but then every one
is carrying fine flowers. Mr. Furze always stands
prominent in the competitions, and when his very
limited area of glass is seen it is wonderful that he
should do so well. Perhaps the secret of producing
really good class flowers is found in moderation in

Fig. 73. — cone of picea punt.exs.

lateral sepals one side rose-colonred, the other yellow,
petals rose, and peduncle violet. Leaves oblong
acute, of a deep metallic blackish-purple colour above,
and rose-coloured underneath. It is a Borrean
species.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS

AT MR. FURZE'S.

Chrysanthemums are well done in the garden of
Mr. Furze at Teddington, by his gardener, Mr.
Coombs. There is one characteristic about Mr.
Furze in regard to exhibiting, which merits com-
mendation. He regards local shows with chief
favour, holding that he grows the flowers first for
his own pleasure, and, in the next place, for the
gratification of his neighbours, hence his exhibits
are mostly found in the shows at Kingston, Ted-

effort, so that what plants are done are done well.
Amongst the reflexed varieties, Mr. Coombs shows
with special satisfaction, W. Farley, of arich reddish-
rose colour, which he regards with special favour.
Madlle. Madeline Tesier, Cullingfordii, King of
Crimsons, Amy Furze, the Christines, and others are
all in capital form.

The best Anemones expanded were Jeanne Marty,
Grande Alveole, Nelson, Annie Low— a primrose-
coloured sport from Lady Margaret ; also that
variety and others. Of iucurved flowers, that excel-
lent white Mrs. Heale, was very fine in form and
substance. Good also was the dark-coloured Re-
fulgence, and the golden-buff Barbara; very fine
were the new sport variety Alfred Lyne, the new
French variety M. A. Brahaut, and Mrs. Coleman,
and Violet Tomlin, one of the handsomest incurved.

In the favourite Japanese section the varieties

were the best, and the flowers superb, including the
new hirsute variety Louis Bcehmer ; it is evidently a
first-class show variety, and is a robust grower. A fine
yellow, Mr. H. Summers, blooming from the crown-
bud, on a plant 2 feet in height, has a good flower ; bit
on another plant, 3 feet in height, on which terminal
buds were taken, are much finer flowers. Flowers of
E. Molyneux, so beautiful on some plants, were very
poor on others, the petals being thin and incurved.
Mr. Coombs holds that when plants of this variety
show such tendency, they should never be used for
propagation, only the plants which have really fine
reflexed flowers should be retained for that purpose.
The new Puritan, a pleasiDg pink, was good ; and
the reddish chestnut, Gloire de Rocher, seemed to be
a flower that will appear well on the show-boards.
A beautiful rich-coloured variety is M. Bernard,
of others Val dAndorre, Jeanne Delaux, Sarah
Owen, Madame J. Laing, Avalanche, Stanstead
White, Condor, Sunflower, Belle Paule, Mons.
Tarin, Volunteer, Charlie Sharman, Gloriosum,
Etoile de Lyon, terminal flowers of fine colour ;
Madame J. Pigny, John Lambert, Madame C.
Audiguier, Maltha Harding, and R. Brockltbank,
made up numerous and high-clasa flowers. Perhaps
because standing somewhat thinly, and especially
near the glass, the blooms seem not to have
Buffered at all from damp, and yet so near the river
Thames, in a low-lying district, and with such a
continuous rainfall, such a misfortune as bloom-
damping might have been looked for. Judicious
firing, with plenty of air, however, has admirably
kept down that trouble at Teddington. A. I).

PICEA PUNGENS.*

We avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded us
hy Mr. Anthony Waterer to figure the cone of this
beautiful Spruce. Up to this time the cone has, we
believe, not been illustrated. Picea pungens is now
gradually becoming known, but it is worth while
mentioning that it varies in colour from dark apple-
green to the most beautiful silvery tint, as in the
variety known as argentea, which is even more beau-
tiful than the var. glauca, originally known as
Parryana glauca. It is widely different from, and,
in this climate, far inferior to, P. Engelmanni, which
is often confounded with it. P. pungens is per-
fectly hardy, and its colour remains throughout the
year, though naturally brightest in spring. It does
well even in the vicinity of towns, so that we can
strongly recommend its extended culture as an orna-
mental tree. It is too early to say anything definite
about it as a timber tree, but at least we may say
that it promises well, as it grows fast, and is very
hardy. We add in a note a few particulars for the
use of the botanist. M. T. M.

Florists' Flowers.

THE PENTSTEMON.
The question was asked recently if the garden
varieties of the Pentstemon were hardy. These
plants are generally considered to be hardy, but it is
really only to a certain extent, and in some parts
of th« country. In the neighbourhood of London
they are not hardy, although in mild winters most of
the plants will survive, and make beautiful objects,
well-furnished with flower-spikes the following
season. In a severe winter most of them will die,
therefore it is always desirable to make sure of

* Picea pungens, Engrlmann (syn. Parryana and commutata,
hort. (.— Fragrance aromatic. Bark rich orange. Pulvini orange,
flask-shaped, but four-bided ; truncate. Leaves on old branch,
arcuate, linear-acuminate, four-sided, 10 to 15 mill. long.
Leaves on the growing branches 2 to 3 cm. long, arcuate, linear
mucrouate, four-sided, with four to six ro*s of atomata between
each of the prominent green angles. Buds ovuid conic, sparsely
scattered. Scales oblong, membranous, light brown, recurved
at the edges above. Male flowers not seen. Cones penduloup,
7 cm. by 4, tblong, conoid. Bracts much shorter than the
scale, membranous, cuoeate, rhombjidal acuminate, laciniate
at the upper edge. Scales ligh* glossy b.own, undulate,
broad at the base, ovate obtuse, wavy, laciniate, and more or
less recurved at the tips. Seed with an obovate wing.

548

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 189i.

keeping the stock by taking cuttings during the
month of October. They will succeed very well with
the same kind of treatment a9 that usually afforded
the bedding Calceolarias— i.e., the cuttings may be
planted in a border, sheltered from the east and north,
and covered with a hand-light, or they may ba
planted in boxes, and be placed in a cold frame, or
they may be planted out in the frame. If severe
frost sets in, the frame should be banked up with
cocoa-fibre refuse, and mats or litter placed on the
glass. The frame where our Calceolarias and Pent-
stemons were wintered last season was so treated,
and they passed safely through the winter.although the
temperature fell nearly to zero, and low temperature
continued for many weeks. This was a sure test of
their capabilities of endurance. The garden varieties
of P. gentianoides are useful for producing flowers
during October and early November, and their varied
colours give an interest to the garden at this late
period of the year. Pentstemons seed freely, and
unless the capsules are removed, the plants soon
cease to flower ; but by their careful removal,
flowering goes on into the winter if the weather is
mild.

The Garden and Forcing Pink.

Readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle will remember
that I have urged the importance of planting out the
laced Pinks as early as the first or second week in
September, so that the roots may get a firm hold of
the soil. All varieties of the Pink are so perfectly
hardy, that there is no need for storing any of them
in pots ; moreover, I have noticed that if any of the
plants should die in the beds during the winter, and
they have to be replaced with plants wintered in pots
in the spring, these plants seldom produced as well-
laced flowers as did the permanent occupants of the
bed. It is necessary to stir the surface of the beds
in dry weather, and make firm any plants loosened
or thrown up by frosts. The plants have a prettier
trlVct when in flower if they are not planted too
wide apart, 8 or 9 inches asunder is a sufficient
distance; larger plants put out earlier in the season
may be from 10 inches to 1 foot asunder at the
outside.

Pinks grown to force for early bloom are as much
garden Pinks as any others we have, and succeed
equally well out-of-doors; but many garden Pinks
cannot be classed as forcing Pinks, because the
flowers are generally out of character when forced,
and none of the laced Pinks flower in their true
character when forced. The best varieties for
forcing are the white ones. The old fringed white,
grown in the fields about here, is a useful and very
pretty variety. It is able to withstand rough treat-
ment, and produces masses of flowers, which are
never so double as to force the calyx open. The
prettiest variety for pot culture is Lady Blanche,
the flowers of pure white, and of exquisite form ; but
I fancy it has become too delicate to produce the
large masses required for the production of a good
head of bloom. I have not grown it for several
years. The new one, raised by Hooper, of Bath,
and named Her Majesty, will be a valuable variety
if it force well, and in that event it should take the
place of the older ones. By putting in the cuttings
of these under glass early in the year, as I have fre-
quently advised, and planting them out in good
soil, they form big clumps, and should be potted up
in October or early this month. They may be
placed in an airy frame until they are required
for the forcing-house. Jas. Done/las.

Nursery Notes.

— *

CHRYSANTHEMUMS AT ST. JOHN'S
NURSERY, PUTNEY.

Mr. Stevens is well known as a large grower of
Chrysanthemums, not only for exhibition in plant
groups, but also for market ; hence his quantities are
considerable. Thus we see at his place large clumps,
as it were, of such effective varieties as Mr. W.
Holmes, E. Molyneux, Elaine, Sunflower, Amy

Furze, Source d'Or, and others, which are so striking
as to suggest the desirability of inviting groups of a
dozen plants of one sort only at shows, as in that way
a very fine result is obtained. Damp has done
much harm to many of the earlier flowers of some
varieties, whilst others suffer nothing. The chief
show-house is 80 feet by 25 feet, enabling a very fine
display to be made, but the roof is too low and the
ventilation imperfect ; hence, largely, the damping
complained of. Still there are plants enough to
form twenty such groups as Mr. Stevens puts up at
the Royal Aquarium, and which invariably take a
good place in the competition.

Of Japanese, very fine and abundant, are Mons.
Bernard, a rich dark magenta-coloured flower, of
great beauty ; W. II. Lincoln, a fine, broad, incurved,
rich yellow variety; Edouard Audiguier, rich crim-
son ; Maiden's Blush, very fine ; Avalanche, Stanstead
White, E. Molyneux, a beautiful Japanese Anemone ;
M. C. Leboscqz, primrose-buff; Sunflower, in grand
form, and blooming freely on cut-back plants ; Etoile
de Lyon, Criterion, &c. Beyond those previously
named as good for market, are William Stevens,
Miss Stevens, Gorgeous, Mons. Lemoine, and
for later cutting Albel, Golden Ethel, Golden
Gem, Mrs. H. J. Jones, and that very dwarf late
variety, Princess Blanche, Mr. Stevens specially
recommends for market cutting. There are some
three or four large houses crammed lull with plants to
furnish cut flowers, and the supply it is evident will
be well maintained until Christmas. There are also
in the collection some good incurved flowers, notably
Princess of Wales, on one plant of which is also one
bloom of Mrs. Heale, so pure white is the sport.
Mrs. Coleman. Miss Haggas, Violet Tomlin, John
Doughty, Sarah Owen, and Antonelli are a few of
the many excellent incurved sorts here. Few blooms
are grown to exhibit on show boards. All are shown
on the plants, with the exception perhaps of a few
for a special purpose. Growers for market do not
care to grow flowers, which, after being cut and
exhibited, are of little further value. It certainly
looks at present as if Mr. Stevens would not put up
one of the least meritorious of the Chrysanthemum
plant groups at the coming show of the National
Society.

Camberwell Nursery.

Mr. Norman Davis, at Camberwell, has a high
reputation as a provider of first-class Chrysanthe-
mum novelties, and enjoys, further, the distinction
of being enabled to show how possible it is to grow
an extensive trade collection of Chrysanthemums
well in the densely populated district of South
London. His plants also differ materially from those
generally found in the public parks and other show
places, because he propagates so late as March and
April ; hence his plants are dwarfer, not one exceed-
ing 4 feet in height : and as we look over the large
collection which fills the very fine light span-house
of some 60 feet by 25 feet at Camberwell, it is easy
to see every bloom below the eye-line. As one
result of the late propagating, generally the blooms
are later, but the plants ranging from 2 to 4 feet are
so stout and well-foliaged that they could hardly
be excelled. Really grand on these late-struck
plants are blooms of Viviand Morel. What a grand
reflexed flower this is ! quite putting into the shade
altogether that flat coarse flower, Etoile de Lyon.
Louis Boehmer is promising some good flowers
although Mr. Davis thinks the centre of this variety
hard to expand. If so, that will affect its exhibition
value. Of varieties less known yet, Miss Annie
Hartshorn, white incurved Japanese ; Mrs. Frank
Clinton, yellow incurved ; Elliot F. Sheppard, straw-
yellow ribbon petal ; Mrs. Walters, rich deep crim-
son, sport from E. Audiguier; Cresar Costa, like
E. Molyneux, but has shorter petals; Bouquet de
Dames, white, short stout petals, very free and robust •
Florence Davis, after Meg Merrilies style, fuller
flower ; W. H. Lincoln, beautiful yellow, very dwarf,
robust and free; and Gloire de Rocher, rich reddish-
chestnut, are all admirable varieties. Of course
the collection includes most of the older sorts
but these need not here be particularised. Of

incurved forms beyond the now almost common
M, A. Brahaut is May Tomlin, a deep rosy-lilac
sport from Princess of Wales, which will doubtless
be a welcome addition to this section. The pretty
Barbara is largely grown, and promises to produce
many beautiful flowers. Of new reflexed forms.
Marquise de Clapiers, of a rich pink colour, promises
to make a fine variety. Princess Blanche, very
dwarfy and late, is, perhaps, the best pure white
incurved to grow for Christmas cutting. The plants
run about 2 feet in height.

Of Pompons, of which there is a very large col-
lection, Miss Bateman, reddish buff ; Helene, ama-
ranth ; St. Michael, rich yellow ; Cendrillon, rosy-
pink ; Miss Wheeler, William Westlake, Maid of Kent,
and Blanche Douglas, were all excellent. Of single
Pompons, exceedingly pretty were Miss Rose, pink,
very free, and carrying a charming head of bloom ;
Mary Anderson, white; Terra-Cotta, reddish-buff ;
Mrs. Langtry, and Jane, the pretty white Japanese
Pompon.

Frankwell Norseries, Shrewsbury.

These are pleasantly situated on the outskirts of
the ancient and very picturesque town of Shrewsbury,
and are owned by Messrs. Pritchard & Sons. Both
the grounds and glasshouses have been considerably
extended during recent years ; in.'eed, at the present
time there are two large span-rooled houses being
completed for the growth of Tea Roses and Tomatos.
The latter are growing in pots, with single stems,
the shoots and leaves being kept well thinned and
stopped ; the plants being very healthy, and carrying
heavy crops of good clean fruits of Hathaway 's
Excelsior type. The houses contain a remarkably
well-grown lot of decorative plants in great variety,
and a portion of which, covering about 40 yards of
staging in one of the large tents at the recent grand
show of the Shropshire Floral and Horticultural
Society, and capitally arranged, showed to great
aivantage.and were greatly admired. Amongst them
was a batch of 1 .ilium auratum growing in 4}-inch
pots, with spikes about 2} feet high, having six or
seven large flowers each, and a profusion of clean
foliage. I also noticed a fine batch of seedling plants
of Grevillea robusta, growing in 48-pots, which were
very pictures of health. These light, erect-growirg
plants, with their Fern-like foliage, are very telling
when judiciously intermixed with variegated and
bright-foliaged and flowering plants. Mention may
also be made of large batches and good assortments
of Pelargoniums and tuberous-rooted Begonias, which
made quite a fine display in one of the houses.

The nursery grounds cover an area of about
12 acres, and occupy an elevated situation, from
which charming and extensive views (eastward and
northward) over the town of Shrewsbury and the
landscape beyond, are obtained. Northward is
Hawkstone, the beautiful seat of Lord Hill, and
three miles eastward is Sundorne Castle, and the
" Wrekin," a beautifully wooded hill, near Welling-
ton, about 10 miles distant, with occasional glimpses
of the Severn winding its course through the fertile
Shropshire valleys within a few hundred yards of
Messrs. Pritchard's nursery.

Trees of every description growing in such a high
and exposed situation necessarily make a sturdy
growth, and transplant well. The stock of Apple and
Pear trees is very promising, being clean, and many
of them bearing good crops for their size, of clean,
bright fruit. Golden Holly, Yews, Cupressus, Juni-
perus, and other coniferous trees, bear evidence of
being in congenial soil, and of being well looked
after in their various stages of growth ; the same
remark applies to the quantities of white Arums,
Spiraeas, &c, planted out in trenches, &c, for potting
up this month for winter and spring flowering.
Visitor.

THE CULTUEE OF ALPINE
PLANTS.

(Concluded from p. 484.)
There is just one thing more which I ought to
notice while I am speaking of the utility of pockets
which are on the level, or only on a gentle decline.

Novbmbbb 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

549

It is very helpful to §ome alpine plants daring the
scorching months of the vear to give them a thick
coating of cocoa-fibre. Gentiana verna e.g., is all the
better for it at once, and will begin to run. Ramon-
dia pyrenaica responds with great acclamation, and
in my part of the world a good mulching-substance
is an exceptionally useful ally in defeating the rays
of the sun. But the power to avail oneself of it
entirely depends on the way in which the rockery
has been built.

There is an immense satisfaction in the process of
consulting for the wishes of one's plants, and in
getting them to feel at home in one's hands. This
only can be done by incessant experimentation,
but the efforts bring their own reward along with
them. " Consider how they grow," are words with
which we are all familiar, and they are of a very
iotensive description, and I submit that it is only

On the other hand, the strangest surprises some-
times happen, and these in the right way. Ranun-
culus parnasBifolius was sent to me some time ago,
and partly because I was busy at the time, and partly
because I did not in the least know what to do with
it as I had failed so often before, I planted it at
haphazard, I might almost say, and never thought of
seeing it again. But this time it is doing wonder-
fully well, and there must be some lesson to be learnt
there, for its prosperity is against, and not because
of, the instructions I had received with regard to it.

Last year I came across a delightful little alpine
Morisia hypogcea — in the Jardin d'Acclimatation at
Geneva. M. Correvon had got it from the moun-
tains of Sardinia, and he was loud in its praise. Of
course, such a gem could not bs left unnoticed ; but
I remember thinking at the time that the chances
werp largely against its doing well under an English

ceased, as a rale, to give exceptional trouble, and the
memory of their former behaviour is no small reason
for welcoming them under better conditions.

Of course, as I have said before, all this is net
meant to imply that the method I have described is
the only one to be taken ; nor do I, even for a
moment, go so far as to assert, that it is the best
way. I do not believe in any wonderful nostrum rr
specific for growing plants. There is no elixir vita
for alpines. I wish to limit myself strictly to an
answer to the question put by the Editor to me, and
to tell his readers what I have done, whether it be right,
or whether it be wrong. A writer of a very interest-
ing letter to the Guardian, a few weeks ago, under the
initials, " M. H. M.," about the culture of alpines,
animadverted strongly on "bell-glasses, wooden or
woven screens, labels, and other devices." He might
almost have had my garden in his mind, and have

Fig 74 — picea pongens, vab. argentea : a hardy evergreen ; colour, silvery bllte. (see p. 547.)

in line with them to disbelieve in any wholesale
proceedings, and to try to individualise our flowers.
Sometimes it must be allowed that experiments fail
altogether, and when one still believes that there
should be success, it does not seem to be attainable.
I have entirely failed to establish Pulmonaria mari-
tima in my garden, though I have tried it over and
over again, and yet it is a thing to be done, for I
saw it myself in Mr. Wood's garden at Kirkstall,
and he has no trouble about it. I never can induce
Pyxidanthera barbulata to stay with me any length
of time. I had it again this year, but it was all in
vain, whereas a few years ago I came across it in Sir
W. Bowman's garden in Surrey, and it was as happy
as could be, and now it is very happy at Kew. I
never once have been able to carry Primula Reidi
through the winter on my rockery, though I have
minutely followed the directions of those who seem
to have done so, but I do not despair.

sky. This fear has, however, by no means been
borne out by the result. With much of trepidation
about it, I planted my little acquisition in the most
suitable place I could find on my rockery, and I con-
sulted for its wishes as best I could do it. Instead
of failure, there has been the greatest success, and
this experiment has, at any rate, answered in an
unexpected degree.

But all this keeps up the excitement, if I may so
say, and it is a legitimate and proper excitement,
which the cultivation of alpines affords. Moreover,
there is the very highest reward in having plants on
the rockery which are now quite docile and doing
well, but which once were heartbreaking in the
extreme. I would not on any account be without
Pulmonaria dahurica if I could help it. It now
does quite well, but it used to fail utterly with me,
and so it is also with very many other things.
Many Primulas, once very bewildering, have now

meant to condemn it, and he recommended a very
wholesale way of doing things, which he said was
sufficient to ensure good effects. He may be per-
fectly right, from his own point of view, in everything
he said, but I noticed one ominous sentence at the
beginning of his communication, which ran
thus : " If a plant dies, die it must." Those few
words are sufficient to show that his point of view is
not my point of view, and we aim at very different
things. If " M. H. M.," whoever he may be, can
throw light upon the cultivation of reallv difficult
alpine plants, I should like to pull my rockery to
pieces, from the top to the bottom, and to imitate
him ; but, at present, I do not see that it is so. It
seems to me that they must be individualised in our
hands, and no general treatment will do for them all.
I agree with him when he says. "Nothing to my
mind is uglier than a rockery ; " but I have noticed
that there is a sort of compensation for the

550

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1891.

criticisms which mine has called forth— and it is
this which consoles me. At first, my friends
used to exclaim, in wonderment, "What in
the world are you doing?" Afterwards, the words
ran thus—" It does not look quite so bad as it did
last year ; " in a little time they thought it seemed
beginning to be pretty in some parts ; then the per-
forated wall was actually admired, and I expect
that in a couple of years from now, when the plants
have grown properly over it, and have become more
established, and they are clearly showing their dis-
tinctive habits of growth, not a few of my visitors
will be so bold as to declare about the rockery itself
and its multifarious occupants, " we admire it
greatly ; " in other words, the moral which I should
deduce from my experience is this— take care of the
plants; do the very best that can be done for them,
and the rockery will take care of itself. H. E., Hyde.

The Apiary.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Owing to the low temperature, honey granulated
early this season. It is scarcely advisable to offer
it for sale in this condition, and the best way to bring
it back to its former consistency is to stand the
bottles or vessel containing it in a slow oven after
first taking off the covering. If there is any danger
of the oven getting so hot as to bring the honey to
boiling point, the door should be left open, as a
higher temperature than about 190° would impair
its flavour. The uninitiated generally seem to have
the idea that granulated honey has been brought to
that state by mixing flour with the genuine article
instead of its being a perfectly natural process, and
therefore a proof of pureness, and for this reason it
is an excellent plan to arlix an explanatory label to
bottles intended for sale. Honey sometimes granu-
lates in very coarse grains, and according to the
authority of Le Bulletin Apicole, a French bee
journal, if this honey is melted in a water-bath and
then exposed to cold, it will afterwards granulate
very fine. The same paper also states that honey
can be made to granulate by churning it, as is done
with cream to obtain butter, a few days after it has
been extracted, and that this process causes a very
fine grain.

In order to prevent sections granulating, they
should be kept in a dry place at a temperature as
near 60° as possible, and a cupboard next a fire-
place would be very suitable for the purpose.

New Appliances.
Two inventions likely to be heard of in the future
were submitted for the inspection of bee-keepers
present at the quarterly conversazione of the British
Beekeeper's Association on October 21. One was
an automatic smoker invented by M. Layens, a
French beekeeper. It has a clockwork mechanism
which has the effect of fanning the burning fuel, and
the amount of smoke emitted can be regulated by
means of a break. It can be set down without any
fear of its being out at the moment required, as it
holds enough fuel to last for a long time. It is
made in Switzerland, but the price of lis. del. is rather
a drawback. The other invention is what may be
termed an automatic swarm liiver. This arrange-
ment, on which is placed an empty skep, is put in
front of a hive expected to swarm. The queen, not
being able to get out, ascends into the skep, where
the bees find her out, and cluster, and are then
amoved and hived in the ordinary way. It met
with the general approval of the bee-keepers at the
met ting, and the appliance- makers present signified
their intention of making them for sale. Expert.

The Week's Work.

flowering ones is the true C. labiata. Many amateurs
would undoubtedly be glad to have the pretty Catt-
leya Percivaliana in flower at the end of the year ;
but unless the plants are very strong, and the growths
have been matured at an early period, and few plants
in this collection were sufficiently ripened to take in
hand this year, no good results will follow. Suitable
plants being selected, they should be placed in the
lightest and warmest part of the house, and no water
afforded till the first days in December, when the
flower spikes will be easily seen making their way in
the sheath. I would recommend those who may have
a good supply of flower spikes on white Laalia anceps
to put them in a position facing south, and may
so train the spikes that the flowers can be seen
in front or much of their beauty will be lost. Those
who have but a small collection of these plants should
buy L. a. Schroderiana, it being by far the best of
the section, the grand L. a. Dawsoni not excepted.
I am glad to hear from many sources that these
varieties are flowering generally, but it seems to be
an undoubted fact that L. a. Sanderiana is much
freer to flower than the others. I have been asked if
there is any difference in the treatment required to
bloom the others ; I can but tell those who may be
in doubt that our plants bloom freely with the
treatment which I have advised in these columns.

Cattleya exoniensis will not be found in a
flowering condition in many collections at this date,
but where rich colour and good quality are re-
quired, I think nothing that I have yet seen will
compare with it except a few varieties of C.
Hardyana. Like many other things, C. exoniensis
should be bought in flower, for though all are
beautiful some are much finer than others. Day's
variety is perhaps the best. Early in the year I
recommended the breaking up of large old plants of
Ccelogyne cristata, and the placing of them into pans
hanging to the raiters after the new pseudobubls
were completed, which may now be done. If a
long season of bloom is looked for from Ctelogynes,
some of them may be placed in the intermediate-
house, keeping them dry, or nearly so, to prevent the
d^cay of the pseudobulbs. Others should be placed
in the warmest division, but little water must be
applied in any case, or the flower spikes now pushing
up will turn black. The temperatures of the
various houses may remain as advised in the
previous calendar, and if any alteration be made, it
should not be more than 2°, and that downwards.
A. G. Catt, ParkHeld, Hallow.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.
CATTLEYA HOUSE —Our house is very gay with
Oat'.leyas, gayer then was at oca time possible, and
iriaiocs may differ as to which of the autumn -

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

THE COOL CONSERVATORY.— There is no lack
of flowering subjects wherewith to keep this structure
gay for some time to come, as the Primula sinensis
early sown are in full bloom, and will require care in
applying water at the root; zonal Pelargoniums,
Eupatoriums in variety, and Bouvardias which have
been grown in pots all the season. Those Eupa-
toriums and Bouvardias which were lifted from beds
where they had grown during the summer, have not
been affected in the least by their removal to pots,
and at the present time are flowering abundantly.
Heliotropes, now very useful, are always prized on
account of their fragrance, and these, with the late-
flowering Fuchsias, early-flowering Ericas, Roman
Hyacinths, and Chrysanthemums, will enable a dis-
play of bloom to be maintained till the end of the
year. The watering of plants should at this season
be performed in the early morning, so that floors,
stages, and paths may become dry again before night-
fall. Decayed leaves and blooms should be removed
from the plants before they become unsightly, and
the pots, tubs, and every part of the structure kept
scrupulously clean. The temperature at night may
range from 50° to 55°, and by day 10° higher,
admitting air by day on every favourable occasion.

LACHENALIA8. — These plants should be kept
well up to the roof-glass, to prevent drawing of leaves,
affording them plenty of air when the weather is
favourable for doing so. A cool pit will be found a
very suitable place for Lachenalias, or, failing this,
they may be grown on a shelf near the glass, in a
cool greenhouse. Now that these plants are starting
into growth, an occasional watering with clear
manure will be very beneficial in improving the
colour and size of the foliage and blooms.

EPACRISES will require special attention when
affording water; my practice is to allow the plants
to get fairly dry before watering, and then sufficient
is affoided to thoroughly moisten the ball. Epacrises
may be had in bloom throughout the winter and
spring months, if a proper selection of varieties be

made. A cool pit, from which frost can be excluded,
is a suitable place in which to grow them, and should
any be required to bloom early, a few of the earlier-
flowering varieties may be brought into the green-
house. Epacrises differ but little as a whole in the
time in which they flower. The latest are variabilis,
pulchella, miniata and m. splendens, impressa, and
Butterfly.

ERICAS. — Erica hyemalis, E. Willmoreana, E.
melanthera, E. gracilis, E. vernalis, &c, will now be
found very useful for furnishing purposes, and, con-
sidering the ease with which they may be grown,
should make them more popular than they are.
Ericas may be bloomed in a low pit, such as would
suit Epacris, admitting plenty of air at all times
when the weather is not frosty. By this time the
pots will be found well filled with roots, and care
must be taken that the soil does not become dry, or
the flowering shoots will become permanently in-
jured, and perhaps the plant will not recover.
B. Milner, Penrice Cattle, Swansea.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

NOISETTE ROSES. — The following are excellent
garden varieties : — Aimee Vibert, pure white, small
blooms in clusters ; Celine Forestier, bright yellow,
highly fragrant, and free growing, the opening buds
useful for button-holes and bouquets ; Cloth of
Gold, pale yellow, with deeper centre, large and
vigorous ; Madame Caroline Kuster, beautiful
orange-yellow, large and globular, and of vigorous
growth ; Madame Massot, white blooms in large
clusters ; William Allen Richardson, orange-yellow,
flowers small, and best as buds. All the Roses in
this and the Tea-scented sections are best when
grown against a south or a west wall or fence, the
shoots being laid in about 4 inches apart.

SINGLE ROSES. — Single Roses are decoratively
valuable in the flower garden or shrubbery in masses
or otherwise. The flowers of various shades of
colour, ranging from the white Japanese Rosa
rugosa-alba to that of the Copper-coloured Austrian
Briar, are effective for making bouquets and filling
vases. The following are distinct : — It. berberifolia
Hardii, Bingle yellow, with maroon ; Camellia
japonica, pure white flower, with yellowish stamens ;
Copper Austrian Briar, nankeen-yellow, very dis-
tinct ; Macartney simplex, large single white, with
shining evergreen leaves ; rugosa, a very handsome
species, which grows about 3 feet in height, and
produces a quantity of carmine-crimson flowers, and
bunches of large coral red berries, that remain on
the plant all the winter if pheasants do not eat
them ; rugosa alba is a white variety of the last-
named.

TEA-SCENT£D ROSES. — The Teas named in this
list have a fairly hardy constitution, and they are
good bloomers ; Belle Lyonnaise, deep canary-
yellow, tinged with salmon, large and full — a seed-
ling from Gloire de Dijon ; Catherine Mermet,
delicate flesh-coloured rose, large and full, fine form,
and a fine Rose for training under glaas-roof in
a greenhouse ; Comtesse de Nadaillac, apricot-
yellow, fine globular shape and double, vigorous
grower ; Devoniensis, creamy-white, tinted rose,
large; Etoile de Lyon, sulphur- yellow, with bright
yellow centre, large and full ; Gloire de Dijon, buff,
orange centre, very large, fine strong grower, and a
popular Rose ; Isabella Sprunt, sulphur-yellow, free
bloomer [Not good everywhere. Ed.J ; Letty Coles,
beautiful pink, of good form and free habit ; Madame
Falcot, rich orange-yellow, nice in bud or half-
opened ; Marechal Niel, the blooms being large, full,
globular in shape, and of deep yellow, and the
shoots clothed with large shining leaves ; Niphetos,
pale lemon, often white, with fine Magnolia-like
petals, blooms large and full, very nice in bud. The
climbing variety of this Rose, introduced by Messrs.
Keynes, Williams & Co., of Salisbury, is admirably
adapted for growing under glass or against a warm
aspect in southern shires. R*ine Marie Henriette
is a red Gloire de Dijon, and has the good properties
of that favourite Rose.

AYRSHIRE ROSES. — These make compact bushes,
and are well adapted for planting, either singly on
lawns or in shrubbery borders. They bloom freely
and the flowers are small, of white, rose, and other
colours. The varieties I should recommend are ;—
Alice Gray, Dundee Rambler (Myrrh-scentcd), Queen
of the Belgians, Ruga, very sweet ; and Splendens
(Myrrh-scented).

WINTERING PLANTS OF ECHEVERIA SECUNDA
GLAUCA. — These succulent, useful, and very effective

Novembeb 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

551

carpet-bedding plants, where growing in high and
dry situations, are quite hardy in the south, but in
other parts, as well as in low, damp places m the
south, it is necessary to take them up, remove the
offsets, sort into different sizes, and then pack them
close together in shallow boxes, working a little light
soil about the rooted stems when doing so ; water them,
and place the boxes in an orchard-house, cold pit, or
frame, where, with a slight covering in frosty
weather, they will be quite safe. The old plants, if
they are wanted, may be stored away in like manner,
but cutting oft' an inch or two of the old stems.
H. W. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

MELONS. — A high temperature must be kept in
the Melon pits to finish the fruits; and but little
moisture afforded at the root, air being admitted by
upper ventilators whenever it may safely be given,
that is, in very mild weather. Disused Melon pits
are usually occupied with plants in the winter, so
that when a start is made in the new year with
Melon growing, much cleaning is required to make
them fit for the work. All painting, &c, should be
finished at an early date, the young plants not liking
air about them which is contaminated with the
fumes of fresh paint; moreover, if dung and leaves
are employed for affording heat, the paint soon gets
discoloured if it be not thoroughly hardened by long
exposure.

SOILS AND MANURES FOR FRUITS.— Now is the
time to collect and stack soils for next season's use.
I prefer the plan sanctioned by long usage, of placing
layers of manure between the layers of turf, espe-
cially if the soil is infertile or sandy. As is well-
known, the surface-soil of a sheep-run or deer pasture
if loamy makes the best materials for Vines, Tines,
Melons, &c. ; but it is not always to be obtained by
the gardener, and means must be taken to enrich
the poorer materials which he has. Melons like a
heavy soil ; and Vines do best in fibroin loam
neither too light nor too clayey.

SELECTING FRUIT TREES, POTTING AND
PLANTING. —If any additions to the trees in the
fruit-house are contemplated, no time should be lost
in seltcting the trees if they are to be bought in, as
it is well known that the eailier purchasers have the
linest choice, and as the nurserymen despatch their
orders in rotation, those ordered early can be planted
before the hard weather sets in, whereas late order-
ing means late planting with all its disadvantages.
Vines for planting, when not home-grown, should
be bought soon, choosing those with short-jointed,
round, and hard canes, in preference to flat, long-
jointed ones, full of pith. Peach and Nectarine
trees are now ready, and should be planted, and if
the treatment afforded is a proper one they will feel
no check. If any house-repairs require to be done,
the new trees may be placed in an upright position
in the open air until these are finished. Trees for
pot-culture may be potted-up without delay now
that the leaves have fallen. Plunge the pots to the
rim in a border in the open, and they will be ready
to take indoors when wanted. For forcing in pots,
I prefer the older varieties of Peach, notwithstand-
ing some of the new ones are larger. A few trees in pots
of Hale's Early, Alexander, and Waterloo, will afford
nice dishes; and if space can be given, those
fine early Nectarines, Lord Napier, Early Orange,
and Advance, they should be grown. When plant-
ing in borders, be careful to place the roots not
further from the surface than 4 to 8 inches, to cut off
all injured roots, and to mulch with half-decayed
manure. G. Wythes, Syon House, Brentford,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

PLANTING FRUIT TREES— The present, being
the best month for planting, shifting, and regulating
the fruit garden, work of this kind should at once be
pushed on with vigour. Belonging to this section is the
making of new borders and stations for wall trees
and espaliers, draining land, and getting everything
in a forward state for orchard planting. Remove
much of the soil if fruit trees have stood on the
location previously, at least for several yards round
the site of the future tree, and replace it with sweet
loam. The soil should not be made rich tfith ma-
nure, and this should be laid in most cases as a
mulch over the roots ; only soils that are much
impoverished need manure to be dug in.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, ETC.— These fruit trees
may be lifted and replanted, as well as Pears and bush
fruits, at once; but it is almost too early to expect

fruit trees from the nurseries. In lifting large trees
open a trench 5 to 7 feet away from the stem, and
2 feet deep, and remove the soil from about the roots
with a fork, undermining them, and shaking out
the soil ; and when a good handful of roots is got out,
wrap them in wet mats, sacks, &c, and so proceed till
the whole of the roots have been liberated. The tree
should have previously been detached from the wall,
and held against it by a few strong ties, the stations
being prepared, and the hole made 12 inches wider
than the stretch of the roots. Carefully spread these
out in all directions, and at various depths, pruning
the wounded tips, and filling in amongst them with
the finer particles of the soil ; tread all firmly, if the
soil be not wet, then level, and make smooth. In re-
planting, the stem should not be lower in the soil than
just to cover the point of junction of the main roots
with it. Lightly secure all the larger branches to
the wall or fence, and afford a mulch.

Bushes of Gooseberry, Currant, &c, may now be
planted. In planting, care should be taken to keep
early separated from late varieties, and not to mix
up Currants with Gooseberries, the protection of the
fruits from birds being rendered more convenient.
H. Markham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

BROCCOLI. — The luxuriant growth made by
Broccolis this season will make them an easy prey
to frost ; and when the latter threatens to be severe,
protecting materials should be made use of, and the
stems protected by it up to the leaves. In well-
sheltered and naturally-warm gardens, a covering of
bracken or litter put over the plants in frosty
weather will suffice to protect from frost. Where
the heads are already formed, as will be the case
with the earliest varieties, the leaves should be
tied together with matting over them, or the plants
may be lifted and heeled-in in a cool shed or
cellar. The practice of partially lifting Broccolis
reduces the size of the heads, but as small as well as
large heads are required this does not much
matter. Autumn Giant Cauliflowers and the self-
protecting Broccolis mav be lifted when a fair-
sized luad is formed. This partial lifting of the
early varieties is done by the workman commencing
with the end plant in a row, and taking out a
spadeful of earth on the north side, say at 6 inches
from the stem, pressing the plant over towards that
point with the foot, and then putting the spadeful
of soil dug from behind the next one over the stem
of the preceding one, and so on through the entire
row. Later varieties are better if inclined to the
south. The plants should lean over at an angle of
40°, or thereabouts, with the level of the land.

TURNIPS. — White Turnips should now be stored,
after the tops are removed, in a cool cellar, or in
small heaps in the open, and covered with soil.
Chirk Castle Blackstone, is a variety that keeps
plump and firm longer than any other variety I
know of.

FORCING GROUND. — Where early-forced vege-
tables are required, forcing should begin early this
month, and heaps of tree leaves and stable manure
be thrown together for forming hotbeds, not much
dung being employed for beds requiring a mild
steady heat.

Seakale and Rhubarb, if forced by dung and leaves
out-of-doors, should have these materials placed over
the stools in a warm state about the third wenk of
the month. Before placing the pots or boxes on the
stools, remove all leave* from around the crowns, and
put a small heap of fine coal ashes, mixed with a
little soot and lime added, over each. Let all mate-
rials used for this purpose be well mixed together,
and got into a uniformly warm condition before
using. See that the lids of the forcing pits fit close,
or the ammoniacal steam may rot the crowns ; and
do not forget to place trial sticks here and there in
the beds, or to examine these once or twice a week.
At this season the warmth may reach 85°.

CHICORY AND DANDELION will be useful for
salads now that Lettuces are getting scarcer, and
roots of these plants in sufficient numbers should be
put into a Mushroom house or other suitable place
to sprout. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher.

PLANT POKTEAITS.

Acrosticbum tosawse. — A new Japanese species,
described and figured in the Japanese Botanical
Magazine.

Anthukitjm Ridolfianum X albdm, Bulletin delta
R. Soc Toscana di Orticultura, August.

ApHELANDRA TETRAQONA Var. IMPERIALIS. A

stove shrub with stalked, ovate acuminate leaves,
and dense spikes of red flowers. Gartenflora,
t. 1354.

Aster Shorti, Garden and Forest, October 7.

Begonia Mdlle. Emilie Rodigas. — A tuberous
variety with flat erect flowers, of a circular form and
deep red colour, nearly 7 inches across. Raised by
MM, Blancquaert and Vermeiren, of Ghent.
Illustration Horticole, t. 137.

Boltonia asteroides, Meehan's Monthly. Sep-
tember.

Caladium sagittatum. — A Brazilian importation
of M. Linden's, characterised by its very narrow
Bagittate leaves, deep green, with the central and two
basal nerves marked out with a broad irregular
stripe of red. Illustration Horticole, t. 138.

Coetanthbs leococorys, Rolfe. — A Peruvian
species, of extraordinary size and appearance.
Lindenia, t. 293.

Dendrobium bigibbum, Orchidophiie, July.

Dendrobium supebbiens, lichb.f. — An Australian
species, with roiy-lilac Bowers, and undulated seg-
ments. Lindenia, t. 294.

Diacriom bicornutum, Lindenia, t. 296.

Dianthus callizonus, Garden, October 10.

Echinocactos pectinatos bobustus, Westnik, St.
Petersburg, October.

Eriogonum Haussknechtii. — A curious little
species from Mount Hood, in Washington Territory.
The leaves are spatulate acute, and from the centre
of the tuft uprises a stalk bearing a globular head
of yellow flowers. Garten Flora, 1891, p. 493.

Ficus stipolata, Revue Horticole, October 1.
Dimorphic form, with fruit as figured in the
Gardeners Chronicle.

Hamamklis japonica, Revue Horticole, October 10.

Iris Robinsoniana, Garden, October 3.

Ljelia amanda, probably a natural hybrid, perhaps
between Cattleya intermedia and Lrelia crispa or L.
lobata. Illustration Horticole, t. 135.

Lilicm auratum cruentum. — A magnificent
variety in the way of L. Parkmanni as to colour,
having on each petal a broad central band of deep
crimson, and numerous spots of the same colour.
Grown by M. Ed. Pynaert. Revue de I' Horticulture
Beige.

Lobelia syphilitica. Revue de V Horticulture
Beige, October. Perennial, dwarf purple flowers.

LONICERA TATARICA, VAR. GRANDIBRACTEATA. A

form in which the usually minute bracts are replaced
by two shortly-stalked leaves. Garten Flora, 1891,
p. 4S7.

Masdevallia coriacea, Lindenia, t. 295.

Mouisia hypog.ea, Garden, September 12. — Dwarf
crucifer for rockery, with sinuate leaves and yellow
flowers.

Nothol.dna dealbata, Mcehan's Monthly, t. 4.

Odontoglossom crispom, var. Blothiana. — A
form in which all the segments are deeply flushed
with lilac. Garten Flora, t. 1356.

Orphanidesia gualtherioides, Gartenflora, Sep-
tember 1, 1891, p. 469.

Pear Chakles Cognee, Gartenflora, t. 1357,
October 15.

Pear Doyenne d'hivee. Westnik, St. Petersburg,
October.

Piiiladelphus microphallus. Garden, Septem-
ber 26. An elegant hardy shrub, small in flower as
well as in leaf.

Primula imperialis, Garden, September 19. — A
tall species with tiers of yellow flowers. It has been
long waited for, but scarcely justifies expectations.

Primula Poissoni, Garden. October 17.

Rose Queen Natalie of Servia, Rozenzeitung, n. 5,
1891.

Qcjercus pontica, Gartenflora, p. 512, October,
1891.

Stenandrium Lindeni, a stove plant with oblong
dark green leaves with transverse yellow nerves.
The plant is a Peruvian Acanthad, described by
Mr. N. E. Brown in Illustration Horticole, t. 136.

Stbeptocaiipl's kI'.wensis X , Illustration Horticole,
August 15.

Streptocarpus Watsonix, Illustration Horticole,
August 15.

Tillandsiahieroglyphica. — Leaves oblong, strap-
shaped, entire, with irregular transverse bars, flowers
yellow in apinnicle. Revue Horticole, September 1.

Trillium grandiplorum. Garden, September 5.

Tulipa kolpakowskyana, and T. Leichtlinu,
Garden, August 22.

Viburnum M0Li.E,..Vi>i7£>''s Vcutsche Gartner- Zeitung,
Aug. 10.

552

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1891,

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the i iqnature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Plants, &c, to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants
or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time
and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an
answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens
should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than
six should be sent at one time.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Illustrations.— Photographs or drawings, su table for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of temarkible plants,
flowers, trees, ifc.t are solicited.

Newspapers.— Correspo?idents s-nding newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY,

MONDAY,

Nor. 10

MEETINGS.

Nov 10-iRoyfll Horticultural Society: all
( Committees meet.

S H OWS

Nov. 9— St. Neot?.

National Chrysanthemum S<eiety,
Royal Aquarium, Westminster
(three days),
King,ton-on-Thame* Horticultural

Sucety (two days).
EsstGrinstead.
Leeds Paxton Society.
f Horsham.
-Sjuth Loudon.

r Croydon (two days).
Birmingham.
Northampton,
Torquay.

W2VNESDAY. Nov. 1H 2°Vr"mou!h- ,
I Bath (two days).
Tiverton.

Cirencester (two days).
Reading.
Swansea.

t Kastbourne (two days).

Chichester (two days).

THURSDAY, NOV. 12 Oiford, Dundee (two diys).

Chelm*for<l and Essex.

^Teddington, Wimbledon.

FRIDAY, Nov. 13^ R^r0,? anri ^eter

j De
<Hi

M INDAY,
TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,
SATURDAY.

tchin and Distriot, Cheshunt.

8ALE8.

Nov. 9 - Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms

Nov.

( Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms.

:wDutr

l(w Dutch Bulbs and Lilium auratums
( at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

fDutch Bulbs, nt Stevens' Rooms.
NOV n J Clearance of Greenhouse Plants at
J Dorset Cottage, Fulham, by Pro-
\ theroe & Morris.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Mortis'

Rooms.
Importation of Cattleya labiata,

&c, at Stevens' Rooms.

NOV 13 * Established and Imported Orchids,
1 at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

( Dutch Bulbs, at Stevens' Rooms.
Nov. 14^ Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
f Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSD-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 43°.l.

, At a meeting held at the Cannon

International n, , „ . , ,, . , _ . _,,

Fruit Show. btreet Hotel, on Friday last, Sir

James Whitehead in the chair,

it was determined to hold a great Fruit Show to

last for some ten days, in London next autumn.

The chairman began by inviting the co-opera-

tion of all horticultural societies, indicated
a site on the Thames Embankment as most
suitable for the purpose, arjd as one which he
thought could be obtained, at no cost, from the
corporation, and further showed his sincerity
in the matter by offering £500 towards a
Guarantee Fund. This was afterwards aug-
mented by Mr. Smee and by others. The
matter is, therefore, started in a business-
like manner. A proposal to exclude foreign
fruit, and to make the exhibition exclu-
sively national, was very generally condemned
as unwise. The only source of friction, so far
as we can see, is in the question of co-opera-
tion. Is this to be as the great International
of 1866 was, a private enterprise ? Is the
Royal Horticultural Society to repeat the error
it then made, or is it willing to take the lead, so
far as technical matters are concerned, leaving the
financial business to be undertaken by the City
magnates, or by whomsoever may have the
power of the purse. It is obvious, that in spite
of the great revival in the affairs of the Royal
Horticultural Society, it has not the command
of funds, but in the matter of brains, experience
and specially in pure disinterestedness, it has
greatly the advantage over any private enterprise.
History, past traditions, and, we are sorry
to say loyalty, do not go for much in these
times ; we must look to the present. Con-
sider what the Society has done of late years—
what it is doing now ! Look at its fruit garden,
its Fruit Committee, and its fruit congresses !
What has the Fruiterers' Company — till lately
an obscure, if not effete body— done to command
the sympathies of the horticulturists p Abso-
lutely nothing, but get up a successful
fruit show in the Guildhall last year.
And yet we are asked to allow this body
virtually to take the lead in a great national
enterprise of this kind before, if we are correctly
informed, the Royal Horticultural Society has
even informally been consulted on the matter.

Ultimately, it was resolved, that a provisional
committee be appointed to formulate a scheme, and
to report thereon to a future meeting. And, it was
further resolved, that the Royal Horticultural
Society, the Fruiterers' Company, the Royal
Agricultural Society, the British Fruit Growers'
Association, the Gardeners' Company, and other
horticultural societies, should be asked to co-
operate in the movement. So far well ; but the
resolution went on to say, " One member from
each of the above-mentioned societies, and one
member of the corporation, and six other gentle-
men, will constitute the provisional committee."
Of these six, so far as we understood, five are to be
nominated by the Chairman, Sir James White-
head, the Master of the Fruiterers' Company.
We sincerely trust we are mistaken in this, as we
can hardly think the horticulturists desire to
efface themselves in such a fashion even in favour
of so courteous and able a chairman as Sir James
Whitehead. But, after all, these are matters
of detail. The great matter is, shall we have such
a show or shall we not ? The feeling of the meet-
ing, as of that of the horticultural body at large,
was, and unmistakeably is, in the affirmative. If
the Royal Horticultural Society oannot or will not
take the lead in the matter, then, as Sir James
Whitehead said, " we shall be constrained to
go on."

ARISTOLOCHIA GIGAS.— The large Aristolochia
exhibited from Kew at a recent meeting of the
Koyal Horticultural Society, under the name of
Aristolochia grandiflora, is one of the most re-
markable plants in the Royal Gardens. It was
quite new to the Society, though another species

of Aristolochia bearing the same name was not
unknown to some of the members. The ques-
tion of the accuracy of the name having arisen,
it was considered desirable to investigate the
matter, with the result that great confusion was
found to exist in the synonymy of this and some of
the allied species. The history of the plant is briefly
as follows :— It was sent to the Horticultural Society
from Guatemala by Hartwkg, about the year 1840,
and in 1842 Dr. Lindley figured it in the Botanical
Register (plate 60), under the name of A. gigas. la
1848 tbe same species flowered at Kew, where it was
believed to have been raised from Beeds sent from
Jamaica by Purdie, and Sir William Hooker
figured it in the Botanical Magazine (plates 4368
and 4369). On the strength of this record, it
would appear, Hooker reduced it to Aristo-
lochia grandiflora of Swartz, a common species
in Jamaica. He also referred A. coidiflora, Mdtis,
a native of New Grenada, to the same species,
and he further mentions that his friend, Mr.
Miers, recognised it as a Brazilian species.
Duchartre (DC , Prodr., xvi., i., p. 472) followed
Hooker, with the exception that he excluded A.
cordidora, Muns, which be described as having a
tailless perianth. An examination of the Wett
Indian A. grandiflora convinces me that it is a dis-
tinct species, from which, however, A fastens, Lind-
ley (Bot. Beg., pi. 1824), does not materially diffct.
The two species, grandiflora and gigas, are very
similar in foliage, but the flowers of the former ate
not more than a third the size of the latter, and
quite different in shape, as i* evident from the figures
cited. The synonymy of the two species may be
summarised thus: — 1, Aristolochia gigas, Lindley,
in Bot. Reg., 1842, t. 60 ; A. grandiflora, Hojker, iu
Bot. Mag., t. 4368, 4369 (excluding synonyms), re-
peated in Flore des Serres, pi. 351 to 354 ; Garden
and Forest, iii., p. 596 and 598, figs. 79 and 80, ntt
A. grandiflora, Swaktz. 2, Aristolochia grandiflora,
Swartz, Flora Indite Occidentals, iii., p. 1566 ;
Tusszc Flore des Antilles, i„ p. 187 to 190, t. 27
Grisedach, Flora of the British West Indian Islands,
p. 299, excl. syn. A. gigas, Lindl ; A. fcetens, Lind-
LEif, in Bot. Reg., t. 1824. Dochartre (DC. Prodr.,
xv., i., p. 475), treats A. gigantea, Hooker, in Bot,
Mag., t. 4221 (not of Mautios, Nov. Gen. et Sj>., i.,
t. 48), as a variety of A. grandiflora, but I think it
is a distinct species, though I am unable to
clear up this point at present, as I can find
no specimen of it in the Kew H rbarium.
There are specimens in the Kew Herbarium of
another allied Aristolochia " from a garden at Bjn-
church, Isle of Wight," received through Messrs.
Veitch in 1857, and then named A. grandiflora, but
the flowers differ from those of this species and from
those of A. gigas. The dimensions of the Kew flow r
of A. gigas, exhibited at the Horticultural Society's
meeting, were, roughly, 18 inches wide by 22 inches
long, with a tail 34 inches long (fig. 75). In the case
cited in the Garden and Forest, the dimensions of a
flower are given as 12 by 18 inches, with a tail 42
inches long, though the plant now flowering at Kew was
originally a cutting from that described and figurtd
in Garden and Forest. A. gigas grows very rapidly,
and flowers freely, the plant in the Victoria-house at
Kew having borne over thirty flower-buds about
seven weeks ago, when the first flower opened.
Mr. Watson informs me that A. gigantea of Mutis
is in cultivation in several gardens in England, but
has not yet flowered. There are specimens of A.
gigas in the Kew Herbarium from Guatemala,
collected by Hartweo, Skinner, and Salvin.
W. Bolting Hemsley.

The Royal Horticultural Society.— The
various committees will meet as usual on Tuesday.
November 10, in the Drill Hall, Westminster. It
will probably interest growers of Chrysanthemums
to know that large money prizes and silver-gilt
medals will be awarded to the most successful com-
petitors, according to the society's schedule, copies
of which may be obtained from the secretary, 117,
Victoria Street, or from the superintendent, Chis-
wick Gardens, to whom all entries should be sent.

[The Gardeners' Chronicle, November 7, 1891.

Fig. 75.— abistolochia okas: cream-coloubed^flushed with rose; veins, pubple ; thboat, deep velvety black, reduced bi two-thibds. (see p. 552.)

554

THE GABDENEFS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBER 7, 1891.

Edinburgh Chrysanthemum Show— The

entries lor the above, we are informed by Mr. R.
Laird, the Secretary of the Society, will close on
November 13.

National Chrysanthemum Society's Ca-
talogue.—As several inquiries have recently been
addressed to me, says Mr. C. Harman Payne, con-
cerning a re-issue of our official catalogue, may I
be allowed to say, through the medium of your
paper, that it is not intended to publish a new
edition this year, nor have the committee proposed
to issue an appendix or supplement to the existing
centenary edition, which, having been brought close
up to date, will answer all practical purposes for the
ensuing season.

The Late Fruit Show at Edinburgh.—

Mr. W. K. Monro, 16, Pitt Street, Edinburgh, has
forwarded us a copy of a photograph representing
the judges and members of the committee at the
late great International Fruit Show in Edinburgh.
Many will be glad to possess so interesting a
memorial of so important a meeting.

The Royal Landscape Gardener.— The

King of the Belgians has, as previously mentioned,
been exercising his well-known love for horticulture
and landscape gardening in the palace and grounds of
Ciergnon. For ten years His Majesty has been plan-
ning and personally superintending alterations, which,
until completed, he kept quite secret, wishing to give
the Queen a pleasant surprise. Ciergnon Castle is
erected on the site of a small hunting-lodge, used by
the late Leopold I., and now includes a fine and well-
stocked conservatory, wherein, on pressing a button,
a little electric light gleams out at the base of every
plant. The grounds around the palace extend for
8 miles, sloping downwards from the chief entrance
lor some distance, and then rising sharply to a Pine-
clad plateau. Although the river Lesse runs by the
palace, the plantations in the park formerly suffered
much from drought. To remedy this, the same
engine which is employed for the electric light now
pumps up the river-water into a large concreted
reservoir. The tank is made ornamental as well as
useful ; little cascades, torrents, and streams have
been arranged, and the ground around them so
planted as to look as natural as possible ; rustic
bridges cross the water at convenient places, and
many pretty vistas and peeps at the adjoining country
have been opened ont. All the alterations made
have much enhanced the natural beauties of this
favoured nook near the woods of the Ardennes, and
say much for His Majesty's good taste and skill in
landscape gardening.

Royal Netherlands Horticultural So-
ciety.—The second National Chrysanthemum Ex-
hibition will be held at Amsterdam (Damrak, near
the Exchange) from November 12 to 16. The
number of entries is 109, with twenty-six different
competitions. It is said that the blooms and plants
will be better than last year. At the same time
there will be a Chrysanthemum plibiscite. The
Editor of Sempervirens puts the following questions :
— 1. Name ten elegant and curious-shaped Chrysan-
themums; 2. Name six Chrysanthemums which pro-
duce large flowers; 3. Name six Chrysanthemums
of compact-growing habit and free-flowering; 4.
Name six Chrysanthemums, high-growing varieties,
and free-flowering; 5. Which are the six best
Pompon-flowered Chrysanthemums; 6. Which arc
the four best Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemums ;
7. (Specially interesting for nurserymen.) Name six
of the best white Chrysanthemums for cutting pur-
poses ; 8. Name the six best yellow for the same
purpose; 9. Name ten Chrysanthemums with
different colours for cutting purposes. Printed
forms may be had either at the show, or of the
Editor of Sempervirens at Amsterdam. The re-
sult of the above plebiscite will probably be
published in the Gardeners' Chronicle. J. K. Sudde,
Haarlem.

Linden's Sale at Protheroe and Morris'

ROOMS. — The expectation of seeing over 200 speci-
mens of Cattleya labiata vera in flower brought
together such a company that there was scarcely
standing room. The plants made a grand show, and
prices may be said to have ruled high. The plants of
a supposed new form of C. labiata, named majestica
looked good, and the best pieces fetched from five
to eleven guineas. Dendrobium leucolophotum
averaged three guineas, and the undowered plants of
Cattleya labiata autumnalis realized about the prices
they have hitherto fetched, viz., for anything like
quality, from thirty shillings to two guineas. Then
came the plants of that variety in flower, and some
of the earlier lots fetched twenty-eight, twenty-four,
thirteen, and ten guineas, toning down towards the
end to from three to five guineas, and even less where
the varieties were not good. The best lots of the
Dendrobiums from New Guinea brought two to six
guineas, and a plant each of Cypripedium Arthuri-
anum and C. cenanthum superbum eight and a half
guineas each. The Mesospinidium volcanicum
grandiflorum and the pretty Cochlioda Noezliana
also sold well, and the total amount came to some-
thing like £700.

A Gigantic Cattleya.— One of the largest
Cattleyas ever imported is now in the nurseries of
Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, 112, Lordship Lane, East
Dulwich, and, setting aside the value of such an
enormous mass, the cost of its removal from the
virgin forests of Venezuela, and carriage to its
present home, must have taken a goodly sum of
money. The plant in question is on the native
wood as collected. It is in grand health, and of
such proportions that the counting of its bulbs
would be next to an impossibility. It is a Cattleya
MoBsise, the whole being made up of three varieties
growing together, viz , the typical form, another
larger and brighter coloured variety, and a third
portion consisting of the valuable white petalled
kind known as C. Reineckiana. The plant bids
fair to flower well, and when in bloom it will be a
grand sight.

Vandas at East Dulwich.— Vandas, and
especially the forms of V. suavis and V. tricolor, are
so often badly grown in gardens, that we are always
glad to note their successful culture, as it proves
that the plants are not difficult to grow, if but pro-
perly treated. In Messrs. Seeger & Tropp's Orchid
Nursery, 112, Lordship Lane, E. Dulwich, there is a
grand bank of these plants, comprising most of the best
and rarest species and varieties. The secret here, as in
other places where we have seen Vandas good, seems
to be to keep them in a fairly low temperature, and
in a house which is light, but not too bright with
sunlight in summer ; while the atmosphere in the
house is carefully ventilated, to keep it as pure as
possible at all seasons. The general collection of
Orchids here improves steadily in good looks, and
many very rare species and varieties are to be found
in it, such as Laslia Perrinii alba, Sobralia macrantha
alba, &c.

Nurserymen and the Parcel Post.— In

view of the increase at this season of post parcels of
young plants, shrubs, and trees, a notice has been
issued from the General Post Office suggesting the
following methods of packing, the greatest length
allowed being 3} feet, or a length and girth com-
bined of 6 feet: — Shrubs and dwarf trees should have
the roots encased in bass matting, and the branches
and twigs tied together with bass or string. Dwarf
standard Rose trees should have bands of hay or of
bass matting wound round their entire length.
Wooden boxes should be used for flowers and soft
or tender plants. The address label attached to
such parcels should bear the words, " By parcel post,
plants perishable." The rate of postage is 3d. for the
first pound, and \%d. per pound afterwards, up to the
maximum of 11 lb.

Ware and District Horticultural
Mutual Improvement Society.— At a special

meeting held by this society, a very interesting

and instructive paper was read by Mr. G. Paul, of
the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, on " Fruit Culture on
the West Slopes of the Lea Valley." Mr. Paul's
remarks were illustrated by a very fine collection of
fruit. The paper, which dealt particularly with the
fruit-growing capabilities of the county of Herts, was
greatly appreciated by the large number of the
members and their friends who were present.

Mr. Owen Thomas, on leaving Chatsworth,
was the recipient of a very handsome plated ink-
stand and pair of candlesticks from the gardeners
employed under him, 60 in number, during seven
and a half years.

The Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— The first
meeting of the committee after the recess took
place at the Hotel Windsor on Friday, October 30.
Mr. John Lainq presiding in the absence of Mr.
William Marshall, the chairman. The Hon.
Secretary, Mr. A. F. Barron, announced the receipt
of two donations of £5 each ; and the following
special contributions were also announced, viz ,
£2 2s. from the Bristol Chrysanthemum Society ;
£5 7*. Gd. collected by Mr. Wadde, the Gardens,
Birdsall, York; and £11 7s. 2d. from various money-
boxes. Mr. Barron also announced that the total
net proceeds of the late general collection was
£250 2s. Id. Mr. Barron made the announcement
that an influential district committee had been
formed in Manchester, consisting of Mr. Bruce
Findlay, Mr. R. Tait, of Messrs. Dickson, Brown &
Tait ; Mr. T. Robinson, of Messrs. Dickson &
Robinson; Mr. W. Plants, Mr. E. Griffith Hughes,
Mr. W. Elkin, and Mr. W. B. Upjohn, Worsley Hall
Gardens, who will act as hon. secretary. Mr.
Upjohn, by virtue of his office, becomes a member
of the executive committee, and power was given to
him, in the event of his being unable to attend the
meetings of the executive committee in London, to
delegate any other member of the Manchester com-
mittee to take his place. It was unanimously
resolved to invite Alderman Sir James Whiteiiead,
Bart , to preside on the occasion of the Annual
Dinner of the Fund in February next.

Fruit-growing and Market-Gardening
as Irish Industries.— Mr. W. H. (Bullock)

Hall has printed, in the form of a pamphlet, the
record of a recent trip to Ireland with Mr. Rivers.
It is well known that, through the liberality of Mr.
Hall, suitable trees have been distributed in various
districts of Ireland, especially in South Cork. The
object of the visit was to see what progress had hem
made. We shall, on a future occasion, revert to the
subject; but it may suffice to say now that, so far, the
prospects are encouraging, and Mr. Hall's wise bene-
ficence is, in more senses than one, likely to be fruitful.

DAFFODILS. — Messrs. Barr & Son propose to
offer for competition at the Royal Horticultural
Society, medals of silver and bronze for Narcissi of
all kinds, including Daffodils. The medals will be
awarded at six meetings, from February to May.
The details will be given subsequently. Suffice it
to say, that they include prizes for forced Daffodils,
new Daffodils, seedling Daffodils, and collections.

Japanese Books —Dr. Ryokichi Yatabe, of

Tokio, has issued the first part of a work, entitled,
Iconograjrfiia Florce Japonictp, descriptions with
figures of plants indigenous to Japan. It is pub-
lished by Z. P. Maroya & Co., of Tokio. Dr.
Yatabe, in his prefatory note, says that he
intends to give figures and descriptions of all the
plants known to be indigenous to Japan. The
figures, moreover, will serve as illustrations to a
compendious flora of Japan, by the same author
The undertaking is sufficiently formidable, but it has
this great advantage, that should Dr. Yatabe unfor-
tunately be unable to carry out so vast a programme
in its entirety, yet every item concluded has a dis-
tinct and independent value. The part before us
contains twenty well-executed lithographic plates ;
the drawing is generally accurate, and the attention
given to little points of detail connected with tha

Novembek 7, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

555

" habit " and mode of growth show that the artist
has a well-trained eye. Among the plates is one of
Chrysanthemum sinense, Sabine, var. satsumensis,
Yatabe, a form growing wild in the province ot Sat-
suma. [ = C. morifolium var. Hemsley in Gardeners'
Chronicle, November 23, 1889.] The text is in
Japanese and English. Phaius flavus is also
figured. — Illustrations of the Flora of Japan is a
monthly publication edited by Tomitaro Makino,
and published by Keigyosha, of Tokio. The illus-
trations are of a similar character to those men-
tioned in the preceding work, and are very creditable
alike to the artist and the botanist. Tab. 48 repre-
sents another form of the wild Chrysanthemum, C.
sinense, var. A. sinense, found abundantly at the
foot of the mountains in the province of Tosa,
Spikoku. [See Hemsley, loc, cit.] We may suggest
in this case that the Latin names be placed on the
plates, as well as the Japanese equivalents. Many
native Orchids are figured, as Sarcanthus scolopen-
drifolius, Oberonia japonica, Cirropetalum japonicum,
Stigmatodactylus sikonianus, &c.

The Original Chinese Primrose. — un

several occasions we have adverted to the discovery
of the original wild form in the mountains of Central
China by Dr. Henry and others. See Gardeners'
Chronicle, November 23, 1889. We have also
noted its introduction into this country where we
iirst saw it in the gardens at Appley Towers, and
subsequently with Messrs. Sutton. Now we have
received from Mr. Edmund Hyde a flowering speci-
men. The calyx is tubular, cylindric, scarcely at all
distended, the sepals oblong, quite entire, free for
about half their length. The corolla is \\ inch
(30 mm.) across, pale lilac, except at the throat,
which is pale cream-coloured. The petals are obcor-
date, and the anthers included. From such modest
beginnings came the Chinese Primrose of our gardens.

SYRINGAS FOR FORCING. -The question has
been asked in Moller's Giirtner Zeitunq, which
Lilac has the most enduring blooms when forced, S.
Marlyensis or S. Charles X.? S. Marlyensis was
said by importers of Paris blooms to be the best ;
but it is believed that there is no difference between
them in that respect, and that the Paris gardeners
employ S. Marlyensis for the excellent reasons that
it will more readily force at an early period of the
winter than others ; and because the flower-spike is
relatively small, and therefore well adapted for the
florists' art; and moreover, when grown in darkness,
the flowers are of a beautiful white or tender rose-
colour. S. Charles X. is better adapted for late
forcing, but its flower-spike is usually too large and
full for bouquet work. It should be known that
Lilac, of whatever variety, if it be forced early, or in
great warmth, is never very enduring when cut ;
but from January onwards, if the flower-spikes are
cut with a long piece of the matured shoot attached,
and placed in a cool place, they would last at least
from ten to fouiteen days.

RUSSIAN APRICOTS. — However desirable the
cultivation of the Apricot in the Orchard in this
country appears to be, its success has hitherto been
unattainable with such varieties as we possess. In
the organ of the Royal and Imperial Horticultural
Society of Steirmark (Styria), we read of two varie-
ties of the Apricot which are cultivated in Central
Russia, and are able to resist the intense cold of that
legion unprotected in any way. These are Aus-
outin's Large White and Small Late. As delineated,
these fruits measure respectively, 1| inch and \k inch
in their greatest diameter. They come almost true
from seed, and are very prolific. These Apricots
can be obtained from the National Arboretum,
Zoeschen, Merseburg, of which Dr. Dieck is the
Director.

Bombay Ferneries.— Mr. G. H. Cabstensen,

Superintendent of the Municipal Gardens, Bombay,
has published a paper on this subject read by him
before the Bombay Natural History Society, and
which contains interesting details as to the con-
struction and maintenance of a [fernery, and also
some remarks on the conditions under which the

plants in question grow naturally in that part of
India.

TASSO'S Tree, the famous Oak under which
the great poet is supposed to have spent the greater
part of the day during the last year of his life, when
he had retired to the Convent of Sant Oaofrio, was
blown down during a violent gale recently. The
tree, which all visitors to Rome used to visit, was
kept standing by supports of masonry on all sides ;
but at last, notwithstanding all the care taken to
preserve it, it has succumbed to old age. The trunk
will, however, be kept as a relic in the Convent of
Sant Onofrio.

Decayed Elms.— The stately Elms that line
the terrace at Richmond are all internally rotten,
and in a dangerous condition. Some must come
down at once, and the rest, it is feared, cannot last
much longer.

The Constituents of the Fruit of Illi-

CIUM ANISATUM.— What a wonderful lot of things
a simple little seed like that of the Star anise, for
instance, may contain. A German chemist, F.
Oswald, has recently found the following list of
substances in this plant, to say nothing of other
substances so well-known as to be unworthy of
special mention : — Anchoil, safrole, quinol, ethyl,
ether, anisic acid, various terpines, veratric acid,
piperonal, cholesterol, protocatechnic acid, shikimic
acid, phosphates, fatty and other glycerides. Sugar
is not present in the fruit in any considerable quan-
tity, hence its sweet taste is to be ascribed essen-
tially to the presence of an etherial oil. Oswald's
paper is published in the Archiv der Pharmacie,
vol. xxix., series 2, where it occupies Borne twenty
pages.

Tra^s Stopped by Insects— We have

hitherto been rather inclined to regard the news-
paper accounts of trains stopped by caterpillars
as exaggerations, but investigation has proved that
these tales were founded on fact. Near Luberton,
North Carolina, the drainage and consequent
improvement of once-swampy land is the cause
assigned for a sudden and enormous increase in the
number of Tent caterpillars (Clisiocampa disstria),
which not only stripped the leaves from Oaks and
Gums for 8 miles round, but collected on the
railway line in such quantities as completely to stop
a train. The wheels of the carriages went round as
if the rails were greased, and the track was com-
pletely hidden by millions of caterpillars, of which
so many were crushed, that the stench arising from
them was described as unendurable. On another
occasion, near Brighton Corners, New York, a
similar stoppage to traffic was caused by enormous
quantities of some water-beetle, thought to be Belos-
tenia, Dytiscus, or Hydrophilus, and attracted to the
spot by electric light. The line for a length of some
60 feet was covered with these creatures ; the train
could pass over them for but a little distance, yet
the wheels crushed so many, as to cause a " number
of loud, crackling noises like toy torpedos." Almost
yearly, tiains are stopped in various regions by
insect pests, the army-worm, cotton-worm, tent-
caterpillar, and certain species of locusts, being the
usual offenders. The plants most frequently infested
and destroyed are said to include species of the fol-
lowing genera :— Quercus, Juglans, Fraxinus, Tilia,
Rosa, Carya, Prunns, Acer, Crataegus, Fagus,
Liquidambar, and Nyssa. According to the report
of the United States Department of Agriculture
(Insect Life), the Gums and OakB are the greatest
sufferers.

Service and Medlar.— When dining with a
friend in Worcester College, a trifling incident
brought out one of his (Archbishop Whately's)
happiest bon mots. There were some Medlars on
the table, and his host regretted that he had in vain
tried to procure also some Services (Pyrus domes-
tica), a fruit which grows wild in Kent and Sussex,
and is there called " Checquers." One of the com-
pany asked the difference between a Service and a
Medlar, to which Mr. Wbately' replied, " The same

kind of difference as that between
" ofliciosus."

; officium " and

Legislation against Insect Pests. — In

California the " horticultural interest of the State '
is protected by an Act which requires that the Board
of Horticultural Commissioners shall examine any
fruit trees, vineries, and nurseries which are sup-
posed to be infected with insect pests. The Com-
missioners are further authorised to enforce the
destruction of any injurious insects, their eggs, and
larvae, which they may find, as these are considered
to be a public nuisance. Isolated cases of disease,
if not summarily treated, frequently spread to all
neighbouring plantations, when complete eradication
becomes a difficult and often ruinous task.

" Popular Gardening " and the "American

GARDEN." — An amalgamation between these
journals is announced. In consequence, Professor
Bailey, the whilom editor of the American Garden,
resigns his position, a distinct loss to progressive
horticulture. The combined journals will henceforth
be edited by Mr. Elias Long, whose experimental
garden enables him to speak with unusual authority.
The publishing office will for the future be at Times
Building, New York. We heartily wish all success
to our American contemporary.

GlSHURSTINE. — With returning winter, our wel-
come friend Gis hurstine appears, to appease the
gardener's dread of his peculiar maladies, rheumatism
aud the colds which follow on getting wet feet. We
may safely say, that provided the boots or shoes are
sound, a coating or two of the Gishurstine will render
them impervious to damp.

Commemoration Trees.— On Monday morn-
ing, November 2, their Royal Highnesses the Duke
and Duchess of Connaught, on the termination of
their visit to the Earl and Countess of Radnob, at
Longford Castle, near Salisbury, in the presence of
other distinguished guests staying at the Castle,
planted two trees of Cedar of Lebanon, on either
side of an old Cedar which stands opposite the west
front of the Castle, to commemorate their visit
thereto.

New Publications. — Garden-craft, Old and

Nail. By the late John D. Sedding. (Kegan Paul,
Tbencii, Tbubneb & Co.) A notice will be given
subsequently.

The Bulb Garden,

NERINE FOTHERGILLI MAJOR (CURVI-

FOLIA).
Of Cape bulbs none is more deserving of cultiva-
tion than the above, and it is surprising that the
plant is seldom met with in private gardens, parti-
cularly where cool conservatories have to be gay,
or choice flowers for cutting are in demand at this
season of the year. Whatever may be the reason
that this plant is not more grown, it cannot be that
there are unsurmountable difficulties in its culture ;
for this is easy enough, provided suitable accommo-
dation is at command, and a few simple points are
attended to, and in the neglect of this lies the cause
of some failures, i.e., it sometimea happens that the
non-success is due to coddling the plant. The fol-
lowing cultural memoranda comprise the whole of
our practice. We grow it chiefly for cutting, and
during its season of flowering, when growth com-
mences, it is kept on a stage near the glass, in a cool
airy house ; but when the scapes of flowers are
removed, it is placed in a cool position upon shelves,
close to the glass, and unshaded, so that they may
get all the Bunshine. Here they pass the growing
season, with a free circulation of air, except when
the weather is ungenial, and fire-heat only is afforded
to exclude frost. Like some other Cape bulbs, the
Nerine is impatient of a close warm house, which
causes its foliage to elongate, and the plant to get
out of health. When the foliage dies away, and until
flower-spikes appear, a place is found for the plants

556

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1891.

on a bed of ashes in a cool dry but airy frame. During
the resting period, from May until August, no water
is afforded, the soil being allowed to get as dry as
possible ; and this condition, together with free ex-
posure to air and sunshine, matures the bulbs and is
most favourable to profuse flowering.

The ordinary course of watering the plants is fol-
lowed whilst they are growing, and we find that
well-rooted plants are benefited by moderate supplies
of liquid manure. Frequent potting and large shifts
do not suitNerines. Indeed, this one grows best, and
blossoms more freely, when it is pot-bound, and for
this reason we are careful not to repot them oftener
than once in two or three years, according to the con-
dition of the plants ; but top-dress when growth
commences those which will not be repotted, the
soil used being turfy loam, with a little sand mixed
with it, but a very heavy loam should have a small
portion of peat or leaf-soil added. Thomas Coomber.

The Crown Imperial.

The late summer has not suited these plants, and
bloom has been sparse and unsatisfactory in many
places in consequence. In shallow soils and those
naturally poor, the stations for this strong-feeding
bulb should be dug out 2 or 3 feet wide and deep,
and a good proportion of rich loam and coarse sand
mixed with the staple. Above all, see that there is
no stagnant water in the land.

The bulbs, either from the bulb dealer, or those
which were formerly on the spot, may be planted
forthwith, making the soil firm by treading it whilst
dry previous to planting. Throw around each of the
bulbs, which may be about 15 inches asunder, a
handful of silver-sand, and make the soil firm about
them. The depth to plant varies from 9 inches in
very light, to 4 or 5 in heavy soil. Make a conical
heap of coal-ashes or half-decayed leaves over each
Btation, to keep out the frost.

Nerines.

Easy of cultivation as these bulbous plants are,
they are seldom seen in gardens, and yet no plants
are more worthy of culture. Years ago I grew them,
but circumstances have interfered with my doing so
for some time ; and so rarely do I meet with them
now, that on looking in recently at the Birmingham
Botanical Gardens, I was pleased to see plants of
Nerine coruscans in bloom. It is a very pretty
bulbous plant, with a truss of orange-scarlet blossoms.
Other varieties are flexuosa, Fothergilli, sarniensis,
and crispa. They do well with the treatment given
to Amaryllis, and a 48-pot is quite large enough for
them. D.

The New Californian Gladioli.

A new strain, belonging to the Gandavensis
section, has been raised in California, a strain that
bids fair to make its mark in the annals of Gladiolus
culture.

The American Florist thus describes this new
departure : " Perfect in colour and markings ....
nearly all colours of the largest of flowers so closely
ranked that the flowers Beem to be ranked in four
rows on the stem ; and, best of all, flowers to the
stem of the cane, so close together as to give the
extremity of the flower-stem a perfect cone of
flowers, the petals entirely hiding the stem on all
sides. The individual flowers are simply immense
in size. We found numerous ones of many varieties
5£ inches from tip to tip of petals, with colours of
every kind and marking known to the species."

To give an idea of colours, perhaps it would be
well to pick out five descriptions of dwarf-growing
varieties : —

No 1. Flowers closely packed all round the spike,
like a Hyacinth (and are often double). Light
cherry-rose in colour, striped lilac-crimson. An
exquisite and striking variety.

No. 2. A lovely flower, large, open, and of un-
usual substance. It is of the purest white, striped
and flaked with cherry-red. This is apt to vary,
sometimes appearing almost pure white or cherry-
red.

No. 3. Particularly attractive variety; flowers

dark flesh-pink, with a salmon sheen, streaked
purplish-crimson, and sometimes with black; edges
of petals charmingly tipped white.

No. 4 is a rich deep crimson.

No. 5. A striking variety, large open flower,
varying from shrimp-pink to carmine ; blazed and
striped amaranth.

The raiser of this race intimates that, in pro-
ducing this new strain, a million or more of seed-
lings have been raised, and a careful selection
carried on for twelve years, the result being as
before mentioned. It should be further added,
that the petals are of much greater substance than
the Gandavensis known to our English gardens, the
Californian strain being distinguished by thick, stiff,
nearly fleshy petals, which stand the Californian sun
much better than the thin petals of our English kinds.

Whether this strain will withstand our changeable
English climate has yet to be determined, but my
impression is, that this race would prove of much
value for conservatory decoration, and will doubt-
less meet with favour from amateurs who pos-
sess a glass-house, with little or no heat, and
who are at a loss what to grow. Again, in the hands
of decorators, and those gardeners who have to pro-
vide striking " changes " in the conservatories, &c,
and who are at a loss for " something fresh," I fancy
they have here valuable plants. Pioneer.

ON TREES AND SHRUBS IN

LARGE TOWNS.

{Concluded from p. 514.)

2. The selection of individual frees, cfc. — Anyone
visiting a nursery with the view of purchasing will
often meet with two styles of trees — the one with
clean, straight vigorous Bhoots ; the other with
shoots of more compact and moderate growth. The
former have been planted at considerable distances
apart when in a young state and left to grow undis-
turbed for years, hence their vigorous appearance.
They are the most tempting to the eye, but not
really so good as the latter, which assume the less
vigorous form, because they have been frequently
transplanted from a young state. These latter are
specially desirable for town planting. The conditions
under which they have to live in the future are not
over- favourable to growth and longevity, and it is
always a harder task, even under the most favour-
able conditions, to transplant the former with
success. The former will please the eye best when
newly planted, but the latter will look and be the
best at the end of the first year's growth and after-
wards. And the cause of this is easily explained,
even to those who have but a limited knowledge of
tree-nature. A tree or shrub that has remained for
a long time undisturbed in the same place pushes
its main roots downwards to a great depth, and
laterally to great distances, forming, as it does so,
but few fibres. Now, in removing such a tree when
sold, the roots are almost invariably shortened,
and the chances of life and prosperous growth
seriously diminished. But the frequently-trans-
planted tree has shorter main roots and more
abundant fibres, all of which may be dug out with
the tree, and replanted with it in its next home.

The question of how often should trees be trans-
planted in the nurseries to be safe for removal is
sometimes asked, but it is not easy to give a precise
and definite answer. Some trees, as the Welling-
tonia, are best removed once yearly; others, as
Willows and Poplars, will stand very well for four
years, and there are intermediate cases ; but none
should be left undisturbed for more than four years.
Here, in choosing the style of tree, a practical
knowledge of gardening is almost indispensable,
for it is not always easy for the uninitiated
to feel sure of his ground. Anyone who has
followed these remarks must see, on reflection, that
the present mode of obtaining trees for new planta-
tions is almost as bad as it can be. A list is pre-
pared, names and heights given, and sent round to a
certain number of nurserymen for prices. On their

return the prices are compared, and the lowest tender
is usually accepted. This is the way to obtain the
desired things for the least expenditure of money in
the first instance. The articles are there by name,
of the specified height, and of fair appearance. But
the chances are — the process of cultivation for safe
removal when sold, beiDg a costly one — that the
trees offered at the lowest price are of the least
value, having been cultivated to sell rather than to
prosper in the future. I have known many cases
where plantations have been filled on this principle,
and the owners have had the mortification of
seeing numbers of subjects die off at once, and
others drag on a miserable but short existence, which
would not have been the case had they been fre-
quently transplanted from their infancy upwards.
It is a costly experiment to plant badly-prepared
trees, howe7er good-looking they may be, as the
sum total of good ones is of small consideration in
comparison with the total expenditure of what may
be called cultural and collateral expenses. And
then, what a loss of time and enjoyment are incurred
in waiting for the bad trees to die before clearing
them out and replacing them with good ones. I
would here go so far as to say that a large tree may
be removed with the same chances of success as a
email one, provided it has been properly prepared for
removal beforehand. The only qualifications of this
remark are, the contingencies of a bad soil, an
unfavourable season, or careless planting.

3. It now remains to speak of the planting and
after-management of the trees : —

First, of Soils. — Soils are so various that it is im-
possible to particularise every one of them. If,
however, we speak of loam, peat, chalk, clay, sand
and gravel, we shall embrace the greater part.

Loam, in all its varieties, is a soil in which most
trees and shrubs thrive well. It requires nothing
more than loosening to the depth of 2 feet 0 inches,
and enriching by the addition of manure, much or
little, according to its natural poverty or richness.
There may, however, be extreme cases in which the
loam is so light, that it can be improved by the
addition of clay or marl ; or so heavy, that a portion
of sand would be valuable.

Peat, if not wet or too sandy, will suffice for
the prosperity of many trees and shrubs, and here
manure and clay are valuable improvers. Many
kinds of peat are precisely the thing for Rho-
dodendrons and Azaleas, but we have found
them thrive equally well in light fibrous loam. Wet
peat bogs are a bad soil for most trees, because they
are at once poor and sour, and are best improved
by draining and exposure to the air for some months
previous to the introduction of the trees, at which
time manure may be added.

Clay should also be exposed to the air for some
months before planting in it ; if wet it should be
drained, and enriched, and ameliorated by manuie
and sand, or old mortar, the dlbris of old brick
buildings.

Chalk is not a bad subsoil, as it is cool, though
poor; and if it comes within 2 feet 6 inches of the
surface, it should be removed to that depth, and
replaced with loam and manure. Rhododendrons
abhor chalk, and should be kept from the influence
of water containing its properties in solution.

Sand and Gravel are bad soils for trees, because
poor and dry, and they should be removed to the
depth of 2 feet 6 inches at the least, and replaced
with loam and manure.

All soils that are wet should be drained, for few
trees will thrive long if their roots are placed in
stagnant water.

When preparing beds or borders for trees, the
whole of the soil should be loosened by trenching to
the depth of 2 feet 6 inches, and converted or improved
where necessary on the above principles.

In planting single trees, it is a good plan to make
what gardeners call " stations," to give them a good
start in lite. By a " station " is understood a square
of ground, say, 3 feet in diameter, the soil of which
is loosened to the same depth, and improved by the
withdrawal or addition of materials if necessary,
according to the suggestions already given,

OVEMEIR ,

1891.1

THE GARDENEBV CHRONICLE.

557

If a good practical gardener ia employed in plant-
ing, he wants no instruction! from me or anyone
else ; but as this is not always the case, I will
venture on a few remarks.

When planting trees, the roots should be carefully
spread out, and fine mould settled between them
before filling up the ground, which should afterwards
be firmly trodden down above them. The careless
and foolish practice of allowing the roots of trees,
when planting, to be huddled together with their
ends often turned upwards, instead of downwards, is
often the cause of indifferent aftergrowth and pre-
mature decay. Trees should not be planted when
the ground is soddened with water, lumpy, or sticky.

Large trees require staking, that the wind may not
sway them to and fro, and hinder the formation of
fresh rootlets. The tree-guard, too, is often a neces-
sary adjunct as a protection against mischief or
accidents.

For the first year after planting, trees and shrubs
should be watered copiously, heads and roots, in dry
weather, driving the water with moderate force upon
the leaves, with the object of removing the impu-
rities that will have settled on them. As time goes
on, the pruning-knife will be called into requisition,
to preserve the symmetry of the trees, and prevent
an overgrowth that would interfere with the free-
circulation of air, or prove an inconvenient obstruction
of light. Nothing that I could say on this subject
would be strictly applicable to the numerous indi-
vidual cases which would continually arise. They
must be weighed and decided on by the individual
knowledge and good sense of an experienced practical
gardener.

It may be thought that before concluding this
paper, I should say something about the humbler
denizens of the garden, the bulbs and flowering
plants, which add so much to the beauty of our parks
and recreation grounds. But this opens up a wide
field, which can hardly be satisfactorily traversed
within the limits of space at my disposal. I can only
sey that many bulbs and herbaceous plants are
available here. By bulbs, I do not mean merely
Hyacinths and Tulips, to which we have been long
accustomed, but to many things, as Scillas, Narcissus,
Iris, Gladioli, Crocuses, and Snowdrops, which would
do well if planted in rich sandy soil.

One strong reason for the use of bulbs is, that they
can be brought to their work in a prepared and
efficient state, and can be renewed yearly whjie
necessary. Perhaps there are but few instances in
which they would prove satisfactory if allowed to
remain to flower a second year, when the previous
year's growth had been made under the trying
influences of a town atmosphere. The same maybe
said of some bedding and herbaceous plants — they
should be renewed annually. Wm. Paul, Paul's Nur-
series, Waltham Cross, Herts.

Home Correspondence.

IRON r. WOOD IN GLA88-HOUSE8. — This
question still agitates the minds of some gardeners,
notwithstanding the Bifting the subject rtceived some
years ago in gardening journals. I know the general
verdict of the gardeners was given against iron, and
in favour of wood ; but I, personally, am not satisfied
with that verdict, when it is viewed in the light of
these latter days. In those days the sash-bars of
iron houses were too close together, too heavy very
often ; were provided with no channels to carry off
the water, that always will condense on iron in cold
weather and during the night, and, so far as my
knowledge goes, they were rarely galvanised. All
these undoubted disadvantages of the iron house have
no v been got rid of, and in the system invented by
Ne*ton, of Hitchin, we find rolled steel used for the
roof-bars, thus ensuring the utmost strength with the
least possible dimeisions; channels to avert drip;
the non use of putty ; and galvanising to take
the place of paint — besides some minor " wrinkles "
that are very convenient in practice. Houses built
with these steel roofs are as air-tight as any plant-
house needs to be, and practically imperishable;
whilst owing to the reduction of the cross-section of
the metal to the minimum, the radiation of heat —

that bogie of the older gardeners— exists no longer.
And it was always a question that was not settled
to my satisfaction, " if iron reallv allows the
escape of more heat than glass itself?" The first
cost of an iron-house is certainly greater than a
wooden one, but this is greatly overweighed by the
smallness of future repairs, and the non-necessity of
paint, if the iron be galvanised. It. would afford me
much satisfaction to know what the readers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle thiuk of the matter. One in
Doubt.

THE ORCHID COMMITTEE —I do not think that
the Royal Horticultural Society goes the right way
to work to make itself popular with all classes of
the community. Take, for example, the Orchid
Committee. When a plant comes up for a Cer-
tificate, what happens ? The members of the com-
mittee in favour of a Certificate are requested to
hold up their hands; this. 1 contend, is a most
unfair way of judging. The well-known firm of
Messrs. A., having sold a plant to Mr. B., when the
plant comes up for a Certificate, Mr. A., being on
the committee, is obliged to hold up his hand, and
others in the trade, although not thinking the plant
worthy of first rank, are constrained to vote in its
favour, otherwise their interests might suffer, were
they not to do so. I am of opinion that the Com-
mittee should be composed of amateurs [It is largely
so. Ed.], and that the judging should be by
ballot. Under this system, to which no exception
can, I think, be taken, it will be found that many
who are under present circumstances unwilling to
exhibit, will then do so, as it is a recognised say-
ing that you must live close to London to have the
merits of your plants publicly acknowledged. A
friend of mine, well known in the world of horticul-
ture for his writings and cultural skill, was asked
and begged to come to London to read a paper on
his mode of culture of a certain plant. This he at
last consented to do, and at great personal incon-
venience to himself, started for London. When he
reached the place where he was to read his paper, only
one member of the Council condescended to speak
to him. He read it. and the secretary asked for, and
got, his manuscript, and far which he was not even
thanked. This is an example of the way many
practical gardeners have been cold-shouldered by
the Royal Horticultural Society, unless they happen
to be within the charmed circle; and it is not the
way either to extend the influence or usefulness of
such a Society, which, whether the Council think so
or not, is largely dependent on the reputation it
bears in the estimation of practical cultivators for
its success. Justitia. [We print this letter as expres-
sing the opinion of many at a distance, who do not
realise what the Society does. We think our corre-
spondent has made a mistake in his signature. Ed]

LILIUM OCHROLEUCUM, Wallich — At p. 526
of your recent issue, "J. M." writes :—" Wallich
described his ochroleucum as ' dull yellow,' which
admirably fits in with the colour of Mr. Baker's
Wallichianum superbum." Will •'.!. M." be so kind
as to give me the book and the page from which
this quotation is made ? I have not been able to find
out that Wallich every published any description of
his ochroleucum. I know that he intended to do so,
but I was not aware that this intention was ever
carried out. As I said before, David Don published
the plant as Lilium nepalense. and in his Plants
Asiatics Rariores, vol. iii., p. 67, Wallich adopted
this name. The plant was gathered by Wallich's
collectors in the mountains of Nepaul, and there is
no reason to suppose that he himself ever saw it
alive. Sir Joseph Hooker is engaged at present in
working out the Lilies for his Flora of British India,
and we have drawings of three of trie new Burmese
Lilies ready for the Botanical Magazine. J. G.
Baker.

ESTATE FRUIT NURSERIES.— Mr. Crump's ad-
vice, as given at Manchester, with respect to the
establishment by landowners having large estates,
of fruit tree nurseries, specially for the furnishing of
trees to their tenantry, is good ; but, I think, should
be qualified so far that it would be best to purchase
all such trees in the form of maidens from the trade,
because that course would almost invariably ensure
the securing of properly-worked trees, and the proper
stocks. If it were resolved to raise stocks on an
estate from Apple pips, these being very incorrectly
termed crab stocks, all sorts of stocks would result,
with the most irregular effect upon the future trees;
in the same way, if unevenly selected, or unsuitable
forms of dwarfing stock be used, the effect on the
future of the trees is usually disastrous. I very much

doubt whether there could be lound outside of
nurseries, just the techical knowledge, born of wid>-
experience, which nurseries alone afford. Few gar-
deners know one tithe concerning stocks and trre
working, which those who have had long terms of
service in fruit nurseries possess. No one would
wish to see badly worked or inferior trees supplied to
estate tenants, whether they be farmers or labourers.
On the other hand, there seems to be no present
means of solving the difficulty as to the furnishing
tenants with trees to plant on other's land so satis-
factorily as the landowner providing them, because
every such tree planted adds something to the value
of an estate. Probably few gardeners are in a better
position to give good advice on this matter than Mr.
Crump, because the plan advised has long been in
operation at Madresfield Court. He and I would
probably differ only in reference to the best place for
the stock selecting and working of them, and if I
incline to the trade nursery for such work, it is
because what I have seen leads to that opinion'. A, I).

DAHURICU3 ?— May I ask the meaning of the
specific or varietal epithet dahuricus, which I find
applied to several plants? I suppose it to be
geographical, and in old atlases I find a name
"Dauria.'giveu to a district on the upper Amoor, to
the east of Lake Baikal ; but I can find no Dahu'ria
either in atlas or gazetteer. But my newest atlas
Bartholomew's, published in 1889, which has a list
of 100,000 names of places and countries, gives no
Dauria or Dahuria, either on the map or in the index.
It is well, therefore, that an explanation of the word
should be given now, or posterity may dispute about
it, as some of us have recently been doing about
Jerusalem. C. W. Bod, Edge Hall, Malpas.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (pp. 482, 526).— Per-
haps I ought to have replied to Mr. Dixon's remarks,
but he seemed so determined to misunderstand what
1 wrote that I did not do so, and am quite con-
tented that Mr. Wolley Dod should have done it
for me. I may, however, be allowed to state that
the Jerusalem Artichoke was never called Girasole
in Italy, that the name was applied to a totally
different plant, and that the derivation of Jerusalem
from Girasola is a modern guess, which I un-
hesitatingly place among those " vulgar errors " in
philology, which spring from basing derivations on
similarity of sound. But I should like to ask what
is the objection to "Jerusalem?" If it is that the
plant does not come from there, Mr. Dixon must
somehow explain away the other instance that Mr.
Wolley Dod quotes (and there are more) ; he mutt
explain the Star of Bethlehem, and he must refuse
to eat turkey at Christmas till he has found out
how an American bird is called a Turk. Henry K
Ellacombe, Bitton Vicarage, Gloucestershire.

GOOSEBERRIES TRAINED ON WALLS. — Bare
spaces between the permanent occupants of the
wall might be planted with the Gooseberry, and it
matters but little what the aspect may be, an eastern
one will afford fruit fully a fortnight before that
from the open quarter is ready. A western aspect
affords a continuance of the supply of ripe fruit after
all has been gathered from the open quarters; and
plants standing on a northern aspect will supply the
latest fruit— and indeed as late as October, if birds
and wasps are kept from it. In a wet cool season
the fruit from walls excels in flavour that from the
open, and seldom do the berries split as is common
on the latter. A capital variety for wall culture is
the Warrington, which keeps a long time, and is of
good quality, but not better in that respect than
Champagne, which in spite of itssmall fruitis also well
suited for the wall, in which position the flavour im-
proves by keeping up to a certain period. The
branches of Gooseberries Bhould be trained upright,
allowing a space of 3 inches between the bearing
branches. Numerous growths will spring from the
front of the main branches, and these should be cut
off directly they are large enough. Summer pruning
of Gooseberry trees on walls well repays the outlay
incurred, and not only is it good for the fruit, but
the trees are easily protected from the birds and
wasps. E. M.

ONIONS.— The crops of Onions were badly mil-
dewed in many places this year. Our Onions had a
bad attack of it, but we managed to stay its progress
by syringing them with pentasulphide of calcium and
water, in the proportion of half a r int of the first-
named to four gallons of the latter, which at once
killed the mould. As the bulbs lost their tops early
in the autumn, or had them so badly injured, the
Onions did not grow to full size, and could not be

558

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1891.

properly ripened, so that their keeping in store is
doubtful, but much may be done to aid them in this
by roping and hanging them in a cool dry shed where
plenty of air passes through. The roping may be
done by using short lengths of tarred or other string,
or pieces of stick, to tie the tops of the bulbs to,
using for this latter purpose matting or raffia, and
then forming a loop at top wherewith to hang each
lot up. Any which are without necks, or in the
least unsound, should be laid out thinly for imme-
diate use, and on no account ought any attempt be
made to keep Onions in bulk, as sweating is caused,
and decay soon sets in. J. S., Ipswich.

BRIGHT COLOURS IN TREE FOLIAGE —I should
like to mention a case, which I noticed this autumn,
which seems to exactly illustrate your contention, at
p. 521, in the paragraph relating to colours in autumn
foliage. There it is stated that injury to a branch
will produce coloration in foliage even at mid-
summer, thus showing that chemistry is not alone
accountable for this autumn coloration. Quite early
in October, passing along the Richmond Park Road,
I noticed on a villa front the odd circumstance that
Ampelopsis Veitchii was green as grass, literally,
on one side of the front windows, and on the other
showing the richest colour. I went across the road
to examine this curious case, and found, not that
there were two distinct plants, as I had at first
assumed, the varia'ion being due to diversity of
character, as seedling raised, but that, whilst the
main stems, which went up on either side of the
lower window were of equal dimensions, the one
carrying the coloured leafage showed in one place
evidence of earlier injury, as the bark was visibly
cankered. Both stems, however, came from the
same root. That the injury to the stem had also
checked growth was evident, as on the green side
the branches covered one fourth more space than did
those on the coloured side. Should anyone be
dubious as to this fact, although probably few are
sceptical, or be disposed to put the matter to the test,
they can easily do so by injuring or ringing the bark
on branches of the Ampelopsis, or of deciduous trees.
It is evident that change in coloration proceeds
first from subsidence in the flow of sap, and that
changes which follow may be, to a certain extent,
chemical. There is nothing in it, however, that is
mysterious. What is much more difficult to under-
stand is, as in the case of the Purple Beech, Prunus
Pissardii, purple-leaved Maples, &c, the dark leaf
coloration should be the product of rude health,
and not of sickness unto death. A. D.

NEW PEA, SUPERABUNDANT.— I saw this new
variety of Mr. Eckford's, in his seed grounds at
Wem, during last August, and I feel sure it will be
found to be a decided acquisition. In height it is
about 2.J- feet, and it is an immense cropper. The
pods and seeds are in colour dark green, and the
flavour is excellent. Several plants grown as single
specimens, merely supported by sticks in the centre,
were branched and bushy. W. D.

THE WEATHER IN MID-STAFFORDSHIRE.— The
last month was one of the worst on record in this
locality for outdoor pursuits, rain falling on twenty-
two days. The second and third weeks give a rainfall
of 204 and 2 41 inches respectively, with an almost
total absence of sunshine. The rainfall for the
month was 5.'>3 inches. On October 27 the wind
veered to N.E., and has remained at that point with
variations to east to the present time (November 2).
On the 28th there were 4° of frost ; on the 29th, 6° ;
and on the 30th, 8°. John Wilkes, Crawell Hall
Gardens, Stafford.

THE PEOPLE AND PRIVATE GARDENS. — As
the note on p. 343 says, it is pleasant to record the
fact, that people living in and about towns appreciate
the privilege of being allowed to walk around and
see the gardens of the rich. Of this, I have a good
deal of experience, as through the kindness of my
employer many parties, large and small, have come
here from Portsmouth, which is fifteen miles distant,
and I do not remember an instance of misbehaviour,
although on many occasions the persons have been
mostly of the poorer classes. This good conduct of
the visitors may, I think, be attributed to the
freedom accorded them to go where they please,
through the tempting fruit-houses, or amongst
the flower beds, without let or hindrance.
The visitors appreciate the trust that is placed in
them, and form mutual protectors of the plants and
fruits. &c, which they are allowed to behold. And
should the grass be trodden down somewhat in
certain parts, or a few loose stones get on to the turf.

or some heel-marks be made on the margins of the
paths, a brush up, and the garden-roller, put all these
little matters right in a short time. Many of our
visitors say that they wish there were more possessors
of gardens like Mr. Myers, who takes pleasure in
showing the beauties of his garden to visitors from
a distance. E. Molyncux, Swanmore Park.

THE AFRICAN OIL-PALM IN BORNEO.— I was
much interested in your extracts relating to the
cultivation of Elais guineensis at Pu'lo Diat, an
island four cr five miles off the British colony of
Labuan. Being in Labuan in 1877 and 1878, 1 often
saw the young Oil-Palms referred to at p. 423,
these having b^en raised, as I believe, from seeds
supplied from Kew, or through their colonial cor-
respondents. The Hon. W. Hood-Treacher was at
that date Acting-Governor or Administrator of
Labuan, and having considerable interest in the
Cocoa-nut oil industry established by his relation,
Dr. Treacher, a former colonial surgeon of the
colony on Daat Island, he was anxious to add a
plantation of the African Oil-Palm to the great Oil-
Palm of the East, Cocos nucifera. Pu'lo Daat is
one of the largest of the seven or eight islands lying
near Labuan, and off the Bornean coast. On it are
very large Cocoa-nut plantations and rough oil-
works, maiDly worked by Chinese. The more hilly
parts of the island in 187S were covered by forest
and jungle, which sheltered numerous wild pigs —
animals which are about as mischievous and
ravenous as goats, and a constant source of trouble
to farmers and gardeners and settlers in the Malayan
Archipelago; in some parts of the Malay Archi-
pelago, indeed, organised pig-hunts are the rule
at certain seasons, and the sport is quite as
popular, and perhaps much more necessary, than
are stag or fox-hunts nearer home. I was
sorry to see by your extract on p. 423. that
the flourishing little colony of African Oil-Palms
had been removed, having had a slight personal
iuterest in their success. Mr. Hood-Treacher and I
had often talked over the pros and cons as to the
success of this plant on Pu'lo Daat, and when the
seedling plants were about 15 inches high, I accom-
panied him to the island in a boat, with some Malays
and the first batch of young Palms. A large square
patch of land, through which trickled a tiny stream,
had been surrounded by a stockade to keep out noc-
turnal marauding of the pigs, and here we, with the
help of the native boatman and a Chinaman or two,
had holes dug, and the first Palms were planted with
our own hands. The stream was dammed, and the
plants were well watered in from a dip-hole, and then
the young plants were shaded from the scorching
sun with branches from the jungle. I shall never
forget how the sun poured down upon us, and how
soon our white clothes became a mass of wet and
dirty rags on our aching backs; but the first batch
were got in, and later visits were cheered by their
leafy exuberance and vigour, and so we felt
rewarded for the blistered state of our hands and
subsequent loss of cuticle. There was a good Palm-
leaf or Atap-thatched residence on the island, and
my boatmen often ran in shore there for water and
vegetables on our journeys to and from the main-
land of Borneo itself, so that I now and then
rested there, after having had a rough time in the
forests beyond. If this should meet the eye of the
Hon. VV. Hood-Treacher, now one of II. M. Resi-
dents in Perak, I hope he will tell us why no
attempts were made to utilise the produce of these
African Oil-Palms. Of course, in all comparatively
new countries, it is difficult to manage and market
the produce of any new commodity. In Borneo,
Sago and Cocoa-nut oil are staple products, the
production and marketing of which are well known
to both the native Malays and the Chinese settlers ;
but, as stated at p. 424, there is no market for
African Palm-oil at the great eastern part of Singa-
pore, and it may be that there are also technical
difficulties as to the extraction and preparation of
the oil itself, not easily and readily acquired by
those to whom the preparation of Sago or of Cocoa-
nnt oil is easy and remunerative. F. W. Bnrbidge.

LATHYRUS SATIVUS.— The fact that this pretty
blue-flowered annual Pea has recently been dis-
tributed under the name of Lathyrus cceruleus, as if
it were a new species, is interesting because out of
one hundred who might grow it, perhaps not a dozen
would remember it as an old inhabitant of our
gardens. It is known in seed catalogues as L.
azureus, or Lord Anson's Pea, and it is so plentifully
produced in Germany that a pound weight of seed
can be had for a very small sum. It grows to the
height of from 3 to 4 feet, and, like other species,

attaches itself to branches, &c , for support. The
leaves are small and grassy-like, the flowers solitary
and abundant, smaller than those of the common
Pea, and of a bright azure blue colour — such a tint
of bright sky blue as is rarely found in annuals.
Alas ! like others of the tribe, the flowers burn when
fully expanded, and soon lose their beauty. The
seeds are large, brown, angular, and much indented.
It finds a place among the leguminous plants grown
for fodder, and is still largely cultivated for this
purpose in France, Germauy, and elsewhere, and that
notwithstanding pernicious qualities have been as-
signed to it by Duverny, and others, as causing
rigidity of the limbs, delirium, and other
injurious effects, and, it is said, to such an
extent that its use was prohibited by an
Edict of George, Duke of Wurtemburgh, in 1671,
which was confirmed and enforced by his successors.
There is a variety known as the white - flowered
Chickling, Veitch, which differs from the type in
nothing except in the colours of its flowers and seeds,
which are white, and the foliage is also a slight
shade lighter in colour. Our methods of cultivating
L. sativus are not of a nature to show off the
delightful tint of blue found in the flowers to the
best advantage. It is sown in the border thickly,
the plants make a spare growth, put forth a tew
blossoms, no attention is given to them, and it
proves disappointing. Now, let anyone treat it as a
biennial and sow seeds, say, in August, grow the
plants on in pots, and plant out in warm and
sheltered spots in October, leaving the plants to the
mercies of winter. It is quite hardy and generally
stands well. Let them cultivate the plant, giving it
due attention and good soil; and in spring and early
summer they will reap a wonderful harvest of fine
and brilliantly-coloured blossoms. The attempt is
cerlainly worth making — let me assure your readers
of that. if. D.

POTATO BLIGHT PREVENTION.— The inability
to credit anything new being of use seems to infect
everyone connected with the soil. The gentleman who
wrote the article upon the trial of the above at
Reading seems to have taken the complaint badly,
and has allowed himself to be convinced that the
Bouillie Bordelaise is injurious upon most insuffi-
cient data. I would point out one fact, and that is,
that Suttons' experiment with the mixture was not
an elaborate one, practically one strength of mixture
(2 per cent.) being used three times upon Potatos in
one spot, cultivated one way, on the same soil, and
exposed to the climatic influence of one place. It is
true it was applied to 278 varieties of Potatos,
but one mistake in the preparation or application of
the mixture would vitiate the whole experiment,
and I think no sane individual would call the appli-
cation of one strength of solution a large affair. No
recommendation has ever been issued by the Board
of Agriculture, so that the experiment was not
carried out as directed by them as stated by the press.
The following experiments were made upon Potatos
cultivated by fourteen different farmeis, and the
mixture applied by six different men ; in the case of
those of Mr. Cobb's, and of 2 acres of my own, by
the ordinary labourer, and in my opinion far out-
weigh the single experiment at Reading. The six
2-acre plots of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England at Sittingbourne, Cardington, Isle of Ax-
holme, South Wales, Devonshire, and Lancashire,
dressed three times with a 2 per cent, solution, the
first time between June 29 and July 13, and second,
between July 15 and July 27, were not damaged in
the bine by mixture. Plots at Cardington and
South Wales both show a large increase per acre over
undressed Potatos. The owners of the Potatos at
the former place write me — " We are well satisfied
with the utility of the Bordeaux Mixture." Nine
acres of Regents at Sittingbourne, next to plot of
the Royal Agricultural Society of England (same
sort), were dressed by Mr. Cobb twice) with 2 per
of mixture. I saw the 11 acres on September 21.
They were then greenand growing — not aleaf damaged.
Regents' bine untreated, and those dressed with 1J per
cent, adjoining, all killed down by disease long before.
The cultivation on this farm is of the highe t
character, fish and yard-dung being most liberally
used. At Bewdley, Worcestershire, Mr. Thomas
Harley applied 3 per cent, of mixture to Pince,
Maincrop, and Early Puritan at end of August ; ni t
the suspicion of damage to the bine, but Potatos (0
not appear bettered by tue treatment as far as with-
standing the blight is concerned. This land is
liberally treated. Mr. H. Chancellor, of Chessing-
ton Hall, Surbiton, put 2 per cent, of mixture on
Beauty of Hebron, and 4 per cent, once on Jeannie

NOVEMBER ?, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

559

Deans (on August 5). I saw them on August 29;
Hebrons were ripening off, bine of same variety all
round killed by disease ; the Jeannie Dfans a grand
green, same variety by the side, dead ; in this
instance mixture put on with ordinary syringe, and
not a leaf injured by it. Both sorts have been dug,
and show increase of some tons per acre for treat-
ment. Land rather heavy clay, well and intelli-
gently cultivated ; Potatos dunged with moss-litter;
Hebrons not Iresh seed ; Jeannie Deans from Scot-
land this year. Mr. H. Chancellor tried various
other fungicides, but without success. At Deeping
St. Nicholas, Spalding, on July 3, I applied 2 per
cent, of mixture to Puritans, Myatts, Internationals,
White Beauty, King of the Russets, Sharpe's
Victor, Monarch (about twenty-one sorts in all),
on my trial-grouud of 3 acres, many of them
being those that Messrs. Suttons' report shows were
injured at Reading. Same date, I used same mixture
upon \k square rod of Maincrop, in middle of 8-acre
field ; on August 1, 3 per cent, of solution was again
applied. A plot of Early Puritan on same farm,
dressed once with 2 per cent, and twice with 3 per
cent, had double crop without disease ; of same sort
adjoining, which were half bad. In lot 2, bine of
Maincrops were still green, and double crop of rest
of field, which was killed down some time before.
In digging the tubers on trial-ground, I found that in
the case of some of the varieties, especially Inter-
nationals, the mixture had failed to protect all the
tubers, but with each sort the crop was double on
those treated, which is not surprising, as bine kept
green for over a month alter that untreated had
died down. At Spalding, no damage done to a leaf
by mixture. Soil medium black land, well culti-
vated by owner, Mr. G. C. Healey, who understands
Potatos; manure on trial-ground, half a ton cheap
super, to acre. Maincrops and Puritans on dung.
The Myatts were from Cambridge, Maincrops from
Cheshire; most of other sorts were from Kent — a
change not calculated to make them grow stronger.
The Puritans last mentioned were not fresh seed,
were planted on soil that had been planted with the
tuber in 1888, 1889, and 1890. In the last year
the whole crop, same variety, was lost by blight ;
in addition, the spot is under trees, and wet.
Upon my trial-ground, at Cliffe, Rochester, Kent, I
applied a 3 per cent, mixture on July 18 and
August 24, to two plots, upon ends of an oblong
piece of Potatos — ten varieties : First and Best,
Windsor Castle, Nonsuch, Hebrons, White, White
Elephant, Sutton's Seedling, and others. On
August 24, I found intervening rows killed by
disease, bine of one plot rather spotted with disease,
the other only slightly so ; second dressing saved
latter entirely, and it ripened beautifully, but the
bine of others died off with disease in places; crop
much increased, and not a leaf damaged. Soil,
a strong loam, dunged last year (for Potatos) ; this
year, bone-meal, phosphatic guano, and nitrate of
potash. Seed came from Herefordshire, and some
my own saving. On September 5, in order to ascer-
tain cost of applying mixture in the field, I had
2 acres of Reading Giant dressed by ordinary
labourer with 3 per cent, mixture. They were
planted on June 18, especially to try effect of mix-
ture applied late once only. I intended to have had
it put on about August 24, but was short of labour,
so that bine was rather more spotted than I liked ;
but mixture kept it green three weeks' longer than
variety undressed. 260 gallons put on the 2 acres ;
time, two and a quarter days, going longest way to
work. From the acre covered by myself in half a
day, it would have taken me one day and a half. In
this case no damage to bine, except where mix-
ture was prepared by man from my written
directions, and about half an acre of bine seriously
damaged by me when I applied it. Soil, medium
loam, out of cultivation ; no manure for seventeen
years, taken to experiment upon with manures for
Potatos, seed from Surrey. Crop, two tons, all sorts
to acre. No difference apparently, one way or other,
resulted from putting on Bouillie Bordelaise, or it
was too slight to notice. Crop smaller where bine
damaged in slight degree. On September 11, on Mr.
Park's farm at Brunstane, near Edinburgh, and upon
Mr. Simpson's farm, at Portobello, I applied the
mixture to some Regents, Maincrop, and Abundance
upon the former, and to some Abundance on the
latter, in the presence of Mr. Young of the North
British Agriculturist, whom I have tff thank for
assisting me in my efforts to try the solution. On
the 15th, on my trial ground upon Mr. Duncan's
farm at Carnoustie, I dressed some Reading Giants,
Harperfield Regents, Shah, and other sorts ; and on the
16th, on Mr. Cowe's farm of Balhousie, Carnoustie,

Arbroath, I put it on some Imperators. Mixture
used in north, 1 lb. copper, 1 lb. lime, to 26 pints of
water. All the farms were cultivated in the very
highest way. On those near Edinburgh, large
quantities of dung are used ; at Balhousie, dung and
a special mixture of Mr. Cowe's. Trial ground
Potatos were on dung, placed in the rows. Not a
single leaf was harmed, although my friends
write it has done no good to the crop as far as they
can see. Object to see effect in Scotland of one
strong dressing once disease had appeared. The
printed summary you quote does not give the reader
the proper proportion, as there are 601 rows planted
with varieties that are injured, and only 209 to which
it was beneficial. The loss would have been
6 cwt. 1 qr. 14 lb. had they been equal. I do not
agree with a line of the report. From my expe-
rience, it is early and second-early varieties that will
pay best to dress as regards increased crop, and cer-
tainly all good quality Potatos like Abundance. I
have a letter this week from the largest Potato
merchant in Scotland to say that a 40-acre field of
Abundance, near Dunbar, had a fine 14-ton crop to
the acre. When I was north it was half bad, yet with
the Bordeaux Mixture I would plant it for a main
crop. It is the best quality cropping tuber ever sent
out from Reading from a farmer's point of view. As
long as we must have crops to pay, so long shall we
suffer badly with disease, even in the case of the
so-called disease-resisters. A mixture that will only
cost about 25s. an acre to secure the crop will pay
even with them, as it will enable them to ripen.
Thousands of tons of Magnums are cooking like
soap at the present moment, simply because the
bine was destroyed by blight before they were
ripe; that want of quality makes over £1 per ton
difference to the grower, it the soil is good quality
soil. I have juet sold Potatos at 60s. per ton
that would have made 90s. had they not been cut
down by disease; as they were my own, I speak
feelingly. The machine used in all the experiments
narrated was Vermorel's Eclair Vaporiser, except at
Chessington. The R. A. S. E. put 75 gallons to an
acre on first application, 100 gallons on second. I
believe at Reading, 100 gallons was applied each
time to the acre. In my experiment I noticed that
with bine 3 feet high I used mixture at the rate of
220 gallons to the acre; on second application just
before bine closed in rows, but consider I probably
put on too much in my anxiety to thoroughly cover
it. I think as little as 50 gallons per acre on first
application would be sufficient with some sorts, and
100 on second, but quantity would depend entirely
upon cultivation, variety, climate, time, &c, so no
definite quantity can be stated to meet all cases. I
did not find it a fertilizer, and never expected it was.
It simply increases the crop by protecting the haulm,
thus allowing the tuber to develop. Experiments
made have proved that the spores of the fungus
will not grow on leaf protected by copper.
It is far from any wish of mine to desire to minimise
the efforts the firm have made to inform the farming
world of the effects of the Bordeaux Mixture. What
I want every Potato grower to do is, to simply
consider the facts I have placed before him, and
not say it is no use trying that copper mixture,
it is a failure at Heading, so can be no good. Try it,
and you will report the same as W. Whitehead,
Cousins. [We have other correspondence to the same
effect, but which the pressure upon our space does
not permit us to print at present. Ed.]

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

Octoher 27. — Present : D. Morris, E«q., in the
chair; Dr. Hugo Muller, Professor A. H. Church,
Rev. W. Wilks, Dr. F. Oliver, Mr. McLachlan, Mr.
F. D. Michael, and Dr. Masters.

Primula Mould. — Mr. Massee reported upon a
specimen submitted to him for examination from
Mr. Wolley Dod. The mould in question is Ramu-
laria primulre. It has occurred in various parts of
Europe, but is believed not to have been previously
recorded from Great Britain.

Water Plant. — The capsules sent by Mr. Barr
from Constantinople were ascertained to be those of
Iris pseudacorus.

Pear Spot.— Mr. Hinds sent a Pear with irregular
depressions on the surface, corresponding to a black
patch of decay within, and probably of fungus origin.

The condition is familiar to Pear growers in the case
of certain varieties, but little is known of the in-
ducing causes. It was referred to the mycologists
at Kew for further examination and report.

Wallflowers with Clubbed Roots. — Specimens were
exhibited in which the roots presented a similar
appearance to that of " clubbing " in Cabbages. It
was suggested that the condition was due to the
presence of a Myxomycetous fungus rather than to
insect agency. The specimens were accordingly sent
to Mr. Lister for report.

Hunting Spider. — Rev. O. P. Cambridge reported
on a spider received from the Royal Botanic Garden,
Kew, on more than one occasion, and called by
Mr. Cambridge Salticus citus, though possibly iden-
tical with Hasanus Adansoni of Savigny. It is a
native of Amboina and other parts of the tropics.
The Kew example is an adult male; the female is
stouter and of a dull brown hue. The species is
partially naturalised in the hothouses at Kew, and
is interesting from its agile habits.

Fog Investigation, — Dr. Francis Oliver announced
that He was working with the Manchester Committee,
and to whom a moiety of the Government grant had
been made over. In or about London six stations
were established where definite quantities of air were
collected and analysed.

Miscellaneous Exhibits. — Dr. Masters showed a cone
of Abies Webbiana from Fota, imperfectly branched
at an early stage ot its existence, so that the apex of
the cone was two-lobed, and the whole cone more or
less twisted on its own axis from the check to growth
experienced by the union of the two branches. Tbe
same gentleman showed specimens of Heuchera sp.,
in which not only were leaf-buds formed at the apex
of the leaf-stalks, but also along the sides of the
withered flower-stalks. An examination of the
vascular cords of the leaf-stalk showed that
whilst throughout the greater part of their length
they were three in number, one central and two
lateral, at the apex of the stalk they formed a perfect
ring as in a true stem.

SOUTHAMPTON.

October 27 and 28. — The Chrysanthemum exhi-
bition season of the present year commenced in this
Bouthern town, where, for two years, no Chrysanthe-
mum bIiow has been held. It was pleasant, therefore,
to find that the townsfolk had conquered their
apathy, and re-established an old institution with a
very good exhibition, in which the classes generally
were well filled, and the exhibits of good average
quality.

The groups of miscellaneous plants formed a good
feature of the show, and Mr. Carr, gr. to W. A.
Gillett, Esq , Fair Oak Park, Bishopstoke, easily
gained the 1st prize, his group showing great skill
and good taste in setting up, and the plants em-
ployed were admirably suited for the purpose ; Mr,
W. Peel, gr. to Miss Todd, Sidford Lodge, Shirley,
was 2nd.

Groups of Chrysanthemums arranged with an eye
to good effect, were not remarkable tor either their
high quality ol plant or blossom, or in any respect,
great stiffness and formality prevailing in all of them,
and the sticks were very conspicuous. Mr. Busby, gr.
to F. Willan, Esq., Tfiornhill Park, Bitterne, and
Mr. H. Innes, gr. to Miss Buchan, Wilton House,
Southampton, were respectively 1st and 2nd.

Specimen Chrysanthemum plants were fairly good
considering the early date, but time was needed, in
most cases, to bring out their flowers perfectly.
Mr. E. Rose, gr. to Dr. Aldin, The Firs, Basse! t,
was 1st. Mr. Can made a pretty display with a
collection of Orchids. We noted Cypripedium
Harrisiannm, Odontoglossum grande, Cattleya
Warocqueana, Vanda co?rulea, Dendrobium formo-
sum giganteum, and Zygopetalum crinitum, all very
good.

Cut blooms of the Chrysanthemum were staged in
large numbers, and generally of fine size and finish,
especially when the earliness of the date is taken
into account.

The chief class was one of twelve incurved and
Japanese varieties, distinct, which brought five
competitors ; the best being those shown by Mr. N.
Molyneux, gr. to J. C. Gamier, Esq , Rooksbury Park,
Wickham, the incurved being large, fresh-looking,
and well finished ; and the Japanese fresh, not
lumpy. The best were L. Boehmer, Stanstead White,
E. Molyneux, Avalanche, and Sarah Owen, amonj.st
the latter ; Empress of India, Lord Alcester, Queen of
England, Golden Queen of England, Princess of
Wales, and Alfred Salter amongst the former. Mr.

560

THE GA RDENERS' CUR ONI CL E.

[November 7, 1891,

J. Agate, Havant, ran this stand very close, and was
placed 2nd, his Japanese being really excellent.

Mr. Molyneux exhibited fine blooms in the twelve
incurved class, with Mr. Inglefield as 2nd.

There were, in the class for twelve Japanese
varieties six competitors, the display made being
a bright one. Mr. Trinder, gr. to Sir H. Mildmay,
Dogmersfield Park, was an easy 1st, and Mr.
Inglefield 2nd.

Classes were provided for twenty-four and twelve
blooms in any section. These are easy classes to
fill, and no wonder that the entries were many. Mr.
Inglefield was an easy 1st for twenty-four, and Mr.
Agate for twelve blooms. Mr. Penford, gr. to Sir
F. Fitzwygram, Bart., staged nice full flowers in the
Anemone-flowered class. Mr. Agate, in the large
or show class, obtained the 2nd prize ; and in the
Pompons class he obtained the 1st place. The
handsomest stand of Chrysanthemums and other
flowers was one shown by Miss K. Goklring. Fruit
was exhibited in good quantity.

A nice lot of miscellaneous plants was shown by
Mr. Woodfine, gr. to Captain Bond.

As is usual at these shows, fruit found a place
here, and included Grapes and hardy fruits.

GOSPORT.

October 29, 30 —For four years past it has been
the custom to hold the autumn exhibition in the
month of October, and with very good results, for
the Chrysanthemum is an early bloomer in the dis-
trict, and November would certainly prove to be too
late. The Thorngate Hall provides a capital place
for a meeting of this kind. Mr. Spencer, the Hon.
Secretary, had all the arrangements well in hand.

Fine specimen Chrvsanthemums were those of Mr.
G. Hawkins, gr. to E.'Lapthorne, Esq .Gosport; and
Mr. Battershall, gr. to A. D. Cave, Esq., Newtown,
who were respectively 1st and 2nd.

Pompons were well staged by Mr. T. H. Watch,
Gosport. Mr. F. Davis, gr. to Mrs. Cburcher,
Gosport, obtained the 1st place for a group of well-
flowered Chrysanthemums.

Mr. G. Hawkins was a large prize-taker in the
cut-bloom classes, winning 1st for twenty-four dis-
tinct varieties, half Japanese, and the rest incurved ;
and also 1st for eighteen Japanese, twelve reflexed,
twelve singles, and twelve Pompons. Messrs. Foot
and F. Davis following them closely. A special
prize was offered for reflexed, incurved and Japanese
varieties, six of each, and won by Mr. Hawkins and
Mr. E. Foot. Single-flowered varieties were well to
the front, and were much admired.

Grapes, Apples, Pears, and vegetables foimed part
of the exhibition, and were abundant and of good
quality generally, but stand in no need of comment.

HAVANT.

October 29, 30.— The eighth autumn exhibition
of the Havant Chrysanthemum Society was held in
the Town Hall, and it was considered to be one of
the best hitherto held in Havant. The cut blooms
of Chrysanthemums were large, fresh, and well shown
throughout. The principal class was one for thirty-
six distinct, half to be Japanese, and half incurved
varieties. Mr. Payne, gr. to Mrs. E. Smith, of the
Oaks, Emsworth, won the Silver Cup, which went
with the 1st prize ; his incurved blooms were espe-
cially full, fresh, and well finished. Mr. J. Agate,
Havant, came 2nd.

For twelve varieties incurved, and twelve Japanese
varieties, Mr. Payne was again a successful exhi-
bitor, showing varieties almost identical with those
in his Cup stand ; Mr. C. Steptoe, gr. to G. A. Gale,
Esq., Horndean, was 2nd in the former class; Mr. J.
Parrot, gr. to Mrs. K. Smith, Wood End, occupying
a like position in the latter.

Anemone-flowered Chrysanthemums made a large
display, and a class was provided for twenty-four
mixed varieties of Japanese, Anemone, and the more
ordinary type. Mr. Agate, who was 1st, had a
capital lot, of which most were well developed in
the centre — a great point in this section. Mr.
Agate was 1st for twelve reflexed Anemone blooms ;
Mr. Steptoe being 2nd in this and the former class.

Single varieties were plentiful, the variety Oceana
being excelleut; it has the faintest blush colour on
a white ground, and the florets are pendent at the
tips. Mrs. D. B. Crane is cerise-pink ; Bessie Con-
way is lilac, mottled and striped with rose ; and
Florence is blush-white. These were some of the
more striking flowers in Mr. Agate's lot. Mr.
Steptoe was 2nd.

Plants in pots, whether arranged in groups, or as
single specimens, were excellent. Mr. Fuller had
the best group, and Mr. Penford, gr. to Sir F. Fitz-
William, Bart., M P., the best specimens.

KENT COUNTY.

A successful autumn exhibition was held by the
above, in the Rink, at Blackheath, on Monday,
November 2, and following day. The general good
quality of the exhibits was remarkable, and net, as
at some shows, a strong class or two, and others
weak. The exhibits were arranged with taste, and
the Skating Rink is a very suitable place for a
show of flowers. The secretarial duties were ably
carried out by Mr. Searle and an efficient committee.
Cut blooms formed the leading exhibits, and no
fewer than thirty-five classes were provided for in the
schedule. For the best thirty-six, half incurved and
half Japanese, distinct varieties, there were five com-
petitors. Mr. J. Doughty, gr. to Mrs. Tomlin,
Angley Park, Cranbrook, was 1st for two excellent
stands, the Japanese large, fresh, and bright-
coloured ; and the incurved flowers also large, com-
pact, and all were neatly staged — a great matter in
showing these flowers. Mr. E. G. Whittle, gr. to C.
Goschen, Esq., Addington, was a close 2nd ; the
Japanese flowers in this exhibitor's stand were of
remarkably good quality.

For the best twenty-four Japanese varieties, dis-
tinct, competition was strong, and the exhibits were
excellent throughout. Mr. Blick, gr. to M. R. Smith,
Esq., Hayes Common, was 1st ; his stand contained
a bloom of Viviand Morel (premier Japanese bloom
in the show), snd other novelties. Mr. G. Picker,
gr. to C. E. Shea, Esq., Foot's Cray, was 2nd.

Seven growers competed in the class for twelve
incurved blooms, and Mr. E. G. Whittle took the
1st prize; Mr. J. Lyne, gr. to H. F. Tiaiks,
Esq , Foxbury, Chislehurst, was next. Mr. G.
Picker, with heavy blooms of the Christine family
and King of Crimsons, led the way in the class for
twelve reflexed varieties ; Mr. Leadbetter, gr. to A.
G. Hubbuck, Esq., Elmslea Lodge, Chislehurst, 2nd.
Anemone vaiieties were well staged by Mr.
Mitchell, gr. to Mrs. Arbuthnot, Bridgen Place,
Bexley, who was 1st ; and Mr. A. Tomalin, gr. to S.
White, Esq., Oakwood, Crayfords. who was 2nd.

Pompons were well shown by Mr. E. Tickner, gr.
to J. Watney, Esq., Shermanbury House, Reigate ;
his Japanese blooms were largely represented in the
classes set apart lor specified colours.

For six of any white variety, excluding Avalanche,
Mr. Doughty was 1st. with very fine blooms of Stan-
stead White ; and for six blooms of Avalanche, Mr.
J. Blackburne was 1st, with heavy blooms. For six
of any yellow variety, 1st, Mr. Shea, with grand
specimens of Sunflower. The best six of any
colour except Sunflower were shown by Mr. Blick,
bis Viviand Morel being excellent.

A class was provided for Chrysanthemums of the
so-called Queen family, six blooms, in not less than
four varieties, and here Mr. Lyne, with very fine
examples, took the 1st prize. The finest stand of
six blooms of a white incurved variety came from
Mr. E. G. Whittle, who had Empress of India; and
for six of any colour, the same exhibitor was placed
1st, for Queen of England .

Amateurs made a great and good display, the
valuable prizes inciting to much competition.
Messrs. Perkins, Coventry, showed bouquets of
Chrysanthemums, and Mr. W. Garton, Blackheath,
had the best filled epergne.

Groups of Chrysanthemums to occupy 50 square
feet were shown by five, and these being arranged
at the sides of the Rink, together with other groups,
consisting of foliage and mixed flowering plants,
were effective. Mr. Payne, gr. to T. Williams,
Esq , Oaklands, Lewisham Park, was an easy 1st,
his plants being not too closely arranged, and carry-
ing fine blooms. Mr. J. R. Rhoden, gr. to J. Vavas-
seur, Esq., Rothbury, Blackheath Park, was the
winner of the 2nd prize.

Mr. A. Tomalin was 1st for a group of miscel-
laneous plants, lightly arranged.

Table plants were numerous and excellent, and
Mr. C. Lane, gr. to E. H. Coles, Esq., Burntwood,
Caterham, had the best.

BRIGHTON AND HOVE.

November 3, 4. — Taken as an all-round exhi-
bition, this annual gathering was one of great
excellence, as was apparent in the classes for cut
bloom, in which competition was keen, and in those
for plants, which were well-filled. The plants were

not abnormally large, and the greater number were
in the best condition. The groups to be seen at
this show are amongst the best to be found any-
where. In three classes for groups, there were
sixteen entries ; for cut blooms in the large class,
there were eight, and others mostly in propoitioi ,
The unfavourable weather for several weeks past did
not appear to have had any ill-effect — at least, m t
on the flowers observed at this show.

Cut Blooms. — For forty-eight cut blooms, Japanese
and incurved in equal proportions, Mr. Neville, gj.
to F. W. Flight, Esq., Cornstiles, Winchester, was
1st, in a close competition. The uniform quality of
this exhibit had great weight with the judges, and
the Certificate of Merit of the National Chrysanthe-
mum Society was awarded, in addition to the 1st
prize. The second award went to Mr. Penfold, gr.
to Sir F. Fitzwilliam, Leigh Park, Havant ; the
Japanese were equal to, if not better than in the 1st
prize, but the incurved were rather weaker.

For twenty- four Japanese, Mr. Glen, gr. to Mrs.
Montefiore, Worth Park, Crawley, was 1st, with a
splendid lot of blooms, very fresh, in good variety,
and many of extra large size. The 2nd prize went
to Mr. Phillips, gr. to Dr. Baber, The Deodars,
Meopham, Kent.

In the class for twenty-four incurved varieties,
Mr. Phillips was easily 1st, with a fine even lot of
blooms.

For twelve incurved varieties, Mr. Jupp, gr. to
G. Boulton, Esq., Eastbourne, was a good 1st, the
blooms of extra size and good quality, without any
overdressing; Mr. Emery, gr. to M. G. Megan, Esq ,
Avoca, Eastbourne, took 2nd place, with good
blooms.

For twelve Japanese, Mr. Emery was 1st, showing

fine blooms of the usual varieties ; Mr. Fowler, gr.

to Mrs. Hall, Barrow Hill, Henfield, was a close 2nd.

Mr. Phillips was 1st for Anemones, with splendid

flowers ; he also taking 1st for reflexed.

For six blooms of any one kind of incurved, Mr.
Russell, gr. to Dr. Lewis, Henfield, was 1st with Violtt
Tomlin ; Mr. Snow, gr. to C. and A. de Murietts,
Esqrs., Wadhurst Park, being a good 2nd, with W. G.
Drover, of the Queen type.

For six blooms of Japanese, Mr. Glen was placed
1st with extra large and fresh blooms of Avalanche ;
Mr. Emery following him very closely indeed with
large and richly coloured Edwin Molyneux ; Mr.
Fowler being 3rd in this, an extra strong class, wilb.
Thunberg, large and fine.

With Pompons, Mr. RuEsell was 1st.
Messrs. Perkins & Son, Coventry, were 1st, for a
bouquet of Chrysanthemums with a pretty combina-
tion. Mr. G. Miles, Victoria Nursery, Dyke Road,
Brighton, 2od. The judges might have reversed the
order without much difficulty ; in these exhibits
they were very close.

For a single stand, Mr. Brockway, gr. to A. S.
Culley, Esq., Burgess Hill, was 1st, with a beautiful
arrangement of Source d'Or.

Plants : Groups. — In the class for a group of
thirty plants, not less than fifteen varieties, Mr. Miles,
Bristol Nurseries, Kemp Town, Brighton, was an
easy winner, the plants were individually good
specimens, with an average of over twenty-four
flowers of good quality upon each plant ; Mr. Hill,
gr. to M. Wallis, Esq , Withdeane, was 2nd, with
freely-grown plants of the best varieties.

In the next class, Mr. James Thorpe, West Hill
Road, Brighton, waa 1st in a strong competition.
The variety in this group, with the extra fine quality,
were its strong points, combined with the finish as a
whole; Mr. Collis, gr. to J. Barnes, Esq., Alexander
Villas, Brighton, came a good 2nd, consisting chiefly)
of the larger-flowering kinds, Japanese in particular,
being strong.

In the following class, for twelve plants stocd
upon the floor with an undergrowth of foliage plants,
Mr. Fry, gr. to C. W. Catt. Esq., Brighton, was 1st,
with well-grown plants effectively arranged. Mr.
House, gr. to F. Mewatt, Esq., Withdeane Hill, was
a good 2nd, the variety not so fine. This kind of
grouping, combining good cultural display with
effect, is worthy of encouragement.

The class for four dwarf-grown plants contained
some of the best plants in the show. The 1st prize
lot from Mr. Scutt, gr. to Mrs. Jenkins, Burgeis
Hill, would have been an ornament to any exhibi-
tion, and very hard to beat. They were Maiden*
Blush (very fine indeed), Madame de Sevin, Petti
the Great, and Hiver Fleuri. The National Chrysan-
themum Society s Certificate was also awarded here ;
these plants averaged 4 feet diameter. Mr. Hill wis
a good 2nd, Source d'Or being shown remarkably
well.

November. 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

561

Decorative plants in small pots made a good dis-
play, the best comiDg from Mr. Fairs, gr. to B.
Clowes, Esq., Hassocks.

Mr. Scutt was also 1st for four standards, with
profusely-bloomed plants, the heads large, the best
being Bertha Rendatler and Maiden's Blush ; Mr.
Hill following again very closely with Bimilar plants;
and he also took 1st for four pyramids, Boseum
superbum being one of his best, Elaine also good.
The best single specimens were from Messrs. Scutt
and Hill in respective classes.

Mr. Scutt was again successful for six plants o
Pompons, with dwarf-grown examples, very pretty,
and not over-trained.

Cyclamens were best from Mr. House, whose plants
were equal to those seen at our best shows in the
spring time.

Double Primulas were very superior, the best
twelve coming from Messrs. W. Miles & Co., West
Brighton Nurseries ; and the best six from Mr. House.

The classes for single Primulas were very well
filled, the most successful prize- takers being Messrs.
Hill and Collis, each showing in respective classes
freely-flowered plants of good strains.

The show of fruit was an excellent one in all
classes. For black Grapes, Mr. Kemp, gr. to Scrase
Dickens, Esq , Coolhurst, Horsham, was 1st, with
very fine Lady Downes' Seedling; and Mr. Glen in
the same position, with Muscat of Alexandria, well
kept and coloured. Mr. Glen was also 1st for four
dishes of culinary Apples, and the same of dessert
Pears ; amongst the latter were very fine fruits of
Belle de Bruxelles and Doyenne du Cornice.

Mr. Duncan was 1st for dessert Apples, with
standard kinds, finely coloured. The competition
in the fruit classes, and, in fact, throughout the
entire show, was unusually good. No doubt, greater
encouragement is given by offering 4th prizes in all
chief classes.

Of the newer Chrysanthemums, Louis Bcehmer
was to the fore in several stands, whilst there were a
few good blooms of Mrs. Alpheus Hardy. Mr.
Wells showed his sport W. Wells, which was shown
at the last Royal Horticultural Society's meeting.
He had also a very promising seedling single variety,
of the colour of Cullingfordii. Mr. Owen had
several seedlings, the best being one from reflexed
Putney George, a fine and distinct flower.

BRIXTON, STREATHAM, AND
CLAPHAM HORTICULTURAL.

November 3, 4. — Very diverse generally is the
exhibition of this society from that of ordinary
Chrysanthemum societies, because Chrysanthemums
form only an ordinary part of the general body of
exhibits. The show was held in the Streatham
Town Hall, and was, perhaps, the first of the sub-
urban winter exhibitions. It was also a very bright
charming show, full of meritorious objects, the fine
hall being used to its utmost capacity.

Orchids. — Specially attractive were these for the
time of year, some two and a half dozens of excellent
pieces in good bloom being staged in the competi-
tions. Mr. Ranson, gr. to J. F. Gabriel, E?q., had
the best six, in capital Cattleyas aurea and Warnc-
queana, Vanda ccarulea, Oncidium tigrinum, Ca-
lanthe vestita rubra, and Cypripedium Spicerianum.
Dendrobium formosum giganteum, Cypripedium
Harrisianum, Odontoglossum grande, and Pleione
maculata were excellent in other collections. A
very fine Cypripedium insigne, from Mr. Ranson,
was the best single specimen ; and Mr. Wiggins, gr.
to 0. von der Meden, Esq.. bad the best three plants
in Odontoglossum Rogersii, O. grande, and Dendro-
bium formosum giganteum.

Foliage plants were very largely shown. The best
four were fine Alocasias metallica and crystallina.
A good Dractena and a Palm came from Mr. Hall,
gr. to J. A. Ryder, Esq.

Ferns also were very numerous and good, the best
four plants being staged by Mr. Wright, gT. to A.
Whitehead, Esq. Platycerium grande, Gvmno-
gramma Laucheana gigantea, G. peruviana, and Adi-
antum Farleyense were first-rate. A beautiful
plant of Gymnogramma schizophylla gloriosa
was included in other collections. There were some
stove and greenhouse plants in bloom shown ; the
best three from Mr. Hill were Pancratium fragrans,
Allamanda Hendersoni, and Bouvardia Alfred
Newnes. Chinese Primulas were very good also.
Mr. Murrell, gr. to Mrs. Burton, had twelve very fine
plants, capitally flowered. There were table plants,
epergnes, floral- baskets, bouquets, &c , in great
variety. The most effective group of Chrysanthe-
mums was set up by Mr. Poulton, gr. to C. T.

Cayley, Esq. Mr. Weston, gr. to D. Marbucar, Esq.,
had the best six trained Japanese plants, Elaine and
Mons. Jacotot being specially good. Mr. Cherry
had the best six incurved trained plants of the
usual varieties ; and Mr. R. Clarke the best three.
Mr. Austin also had the finest six trained Pompons,
all good plants. In the chief classes for cut
blooms, Mr. Howe, gr. to H. Tate, Esq., had the

Fig. 76.— begonia tuberosa vittata : with striped
blossoms.

best twenty-four incurved, Alfred Lyne, Violet
Tomlin, Princess of Wales, and Lord Wolseley,
being particularly good. Mr. Murrell had the best
twenty-four Japanese, having Mrs. Clarke, of
inordinate size. Mr. Howe had the best twelve
Japanese, showing some beautiful blooms. Other
classes for cut blooms were well filled. A class
for twelve Japanese on tall stems brought seven

Fig. 77.— galllareia, lorenz's perfection.

exhibit", but were much too crowded to produce any
good effect.

Grapes were capital. Mr. Howe was 1st, with
three bunches of Alicante in two classes for blacks,
and with Muscat of Alexandria in a class for whites,
all being first-rate.

Apples and Pears were abundant and good, so also
were vegetables in two classes, all Bhown admirably in
large flat baskets. Messrs. J. Peed & Sons showed
a good collection of Apples ; Messrs. Cannell & Sons
twelve fine blooms of Louis Boehmer Chrysanthe-
mums ; and Mr. W. Roupell, the Hon. Sec, a fine
basket of Grapes.

WATFORD CHRYSANTHEMUM.

The sixth annual exhibition of the above was
held in the Agricultural Hall, Watford, on Tuesday
and Wednesday, November 3 and 4, and proved, as
in former years, a great success, the attendance
being very large on both days. The entries greatly
exceeded expectation, no fewer than 1300 cut blooms
being entered. The splendid group of miscellaneous
plants sent by the President (the Earl of Clarendon),
was a striking feature in the show ; the whole con-
sisting of many fine plants of the best of Chrysan-
themums, relieved with Palms, &c.

The principal prizewinner in all the classes was
H. H. Gibbs. Esq., M.P., Aldenham House (gr., Mr.
E. Neve). This gentleman was 1st for a miscel-
laneous group of plants, the principal varieties of
cut blooms, and several of the prizes for vegetables
(one for the best exhibit in the show) ; also prizes
for Grapes.

Mr. C. R. Humbert, Hon. Sec. of the Society, was
successful in carrying off the 1st prize, for a group of
Chrysanthemums, on a space not exceeding 50 feet,
in the open class. He was also awarded an aneroid
barometer, for the best group in the show.

Mr. C. Van Raalte, Mr. J. Trotter, Mr. T. F.
Blackwell, Mr. G. Sturman, and Mr. P. Bosanquet
shared the greater part of the remaining awards for
cut blooms. Mr. Robins won the prize offered by the
Society to members for the best group of Chrysan-
themums (50 square feet) ; Lord Esher being 2nd,
with a prettily arranged group. Mr. A. Scrivener,
florist, of Watford, was 1st for a wreath, two
bouquets, and crosseB of mixed flowers.

Among the various varieties shown was a splendid
group of zonal Pelargoniums, Anemone and Pompon
Chrysanthemums, Chinese Primulas, Cyclamens, and
table plants. A Correspondent.

Continental Novelties.

We are enabled, by the kindness of M. E. Benary,
seed merchant and grower, of Erfurt, to offer our
readers an illustration (fig. 76) of a new striped
Begonia tuberosa vittata, raised by him. So far as
we know, our raisers of new Begonias have not been
so fortunate as their Continental brethren in ob-
taining varieties with similar markings. The seed
is said to produce 40 per cent, of striped or rayed
flowers. The flowers sent to us were considerably
larger than those here figured.

The other novelty (fig. 77), which we figure from
a block kindly lent us by Herrn C. Lorenz, seed
grower, Erfurt, is Gaillardia Lorenz's Perfection. It
is an improvement on his G. pictaLorenziana, raised
by him some eight years ago. The quilled petals
are produced in great numbers, and form a globular
bloom, not flattish, as in G. P. Lorenziana. It is a
fine subject for bouquets.

Scotland.

NORTH OF SCOTLAND HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION.
The monthly meeting of the North of Scotland
Horticultural Association was held on October 21 in
the Upper Hall of the Young Men's Christian Insti-
tute, Aberdeen, Mr. D. M. Smith, retiring President,
in the chair. A proposal to admit apprentice gar-
deners to the Association at an annual subscription
of Is. was adopted. Mr. C. S. France, the newly-
elected President, then took the chair, and proceeded
to deliver his opening presidential address. He
thought they ought to make their programme a little
more varied and comprehensive. He impressed
upon them the advantage of careful observation of
every freak of Nature that might come under their
notice, and advised them to bring such matters
before the Association for discussion, and if possible
solution. In regard to what he had suggested with
reference to the widening of the scope of the Society,
what he particularly advised was, that papers should
occasionally be given on such subjects as botany,
vegetable physiology, geology, mineralogy, the nature
and quality of soils, chemistry, entomology, and
meteorology; he also directed their attention to

562

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembee 7, 1891.

the importance of landscape gardening. A paper
was also read by Mr. K. iVqubar, late of i'yvie
Castle, on " Some Impressions of America," for
which the thao&s of the Association, were also
accorded. The meeting then terminated.

Law Notes.

THE LAW WITH KEGAKD TO BEES.

A case of interest to beekeepers was heard before
Judge Prentice at the Bow County Court on
October 6. Mr. W. J. Sheppard sued Mr. Alfred
Cottage, builaer, of Chelmsford Koad, Woodlord, lor
the value of two swarms of Ligunan bees, destroyed
by him and his son on July 10 and 11. Mr. Sim-
niouds, for plainurf, Baid his client was honorary
District Secretary to the Essex Beekeepers' Asso-
ciation, and the case was ot the greatest interest to
every keeper of Dees. Blamtill's premises aujoined
defendant's, and it was held by Biackstone tnat if a
swarm of Dees escaped from the owner's premises,
they remained his property whilst he kept them in
sigut, aud he was legally jjstihed in following the
bees on to any other person's land, with a view of
recovering tnem. Mrs. Sueppird uepused that on
July 10 last she saw a swarm leave one of her hus-
band's hives, aud go on to a tree in Mr. Cottage's
paddock. Deieudaut aud Ins sou came up with a
pan hiied with tar or something ot the kind, which
they lighted, and placed uuder the bees. They
shook tne bough, and the bees dropped into the tire,
and were burned. Auother swarm Issued the next
day, when she saw the same thing done. By
Mr. Hayues (.tor the defendant) : I heard a complaint
lrom a Mrs. Stubbings, living close by, respecting
bees, which she said were ours, spoiling some wine
Bhe was making. (His Honour : I don't place my
wine in my garden. I should expect bees to get in
it I did.) 1 did not hear deteudaut compiain that our
bees had stung his nurse. None of the bees came
back to the hives.

Walter DeOuain, of Chelmsford, expert to the
Essex Beekeepers' Association, was next called, and
said he had had several years' experience ol bees, and
got his living amongst them. Witness said it was
tne custom all over iissex, and indeed throughout the
kingdom, when bees swarmed ou to auotner person's
premises, tor the owner to go and take them.
Mr. Haynes : But we never retused their coming on
to our premises for them. Mr. DeOnain : It is the
custom to allow the bees half an hour or so to settle
betore asking leave to take them away. The defen-
dant killed the bees before they were properly settled.

His honour suggested that the parties should settle
the matter between them, but the plaintiff would not
agree.

Mr. Haynes said that for years the plaintiffs bees
had damaged his client's fruit trees. Still he did not
Dress lor a counter-claim. His honour: How could
they damage his trees ?

Ultimately, judgment was given for plaintiff (by
consent) for five shillings, with costs, as from £5 to
£10 ; the defendant, if he wished, having leave to
appeal.

A Bad Chop of Onions.
At Romford, James M. Manning, farmer, of Ash-
wells, BreDtwood, sued Messrs. James Carter & Co.,
seedsmen, of High Holborn, for £2 6s., for loss
alleged to have been sustained by the defendants
supplying him with inferior Onion seed. He had in
court a sample of the Onions represented to have
been grown from the seed, and they had a very
withered appearance, and were apparently worthless.
The plaintiff said he ordered 1 j lb. of the very beBt
Onion seed they had. He received the seed and
sowed it. A copy of the invoice was put in, and
this bore the printed notice: "We guarantee our
seeds according to the quality purchased to be of the
highest average standard of vitality of the season,
and it is open to the purchaser to confirm this by
submitting samples to professional analysis at his

own expense. We cannot, however, be in any way
responsiole for the produce of the seeds sold under
this guarantee or for errors of description, and it
must, therefore, be clearly understood our re-
sponsibility ceases upon the final acceptance of the
goods." His Honour : Whether that is a reasonable
condition I cannot say. Mr. Robinson : It has been
held so. His Honour : Then I should say he took
the seed upon these terms. 1 shall hold that the
plaintiff bought the seed on these terms, because he
had the option of rejecting. His Honour then gave
judgment for the defendants with costs. Mr.
Robinson : I must say, in justice to my clients, that
all their seeds are tested before being sent out.

Cut Flowers. — Average Wholesale Prices.

Variorum.

The Flora of Diamond Island.— Diamond
Island is situated at the mouth of the Bassein River,
in the Indian Ocean, about 5 miles from Pagoda
Point, and 8 miles from Cape Negrais, and in about
16° N. lat. It is of sandstone formation, somewhat
exceeds a square miie in area, being about twice as
long as broad, and the central part is a kind of
plateau 60 feet or so above the level of the sea.
With the exception of a small clearing for a tele-
graph station, the island is densely wooded down to
tne sea, but there is no Mangrove belt on any part
of the sandy coast, unless it be considered as repre-
sented by a tew patches of Avicennia officinalis.
Thus is the island described, though in greater
detail, by Dr. T. Train, Curator of the Herbarium
of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, who has
visited the island in H.M. Indian Marine Survey
steamer " Investigator," commanded by R. F. Hoskyn,
R.N. Dr. Rkain has published an elaborate ana-
lytical account of the flora in the Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal. He collected eighty-six
species of flowering plants, three Ferns, and four
funguses, among which there was not a single
novelty. Tne enumeration includes a number of
cultivated plants, among them the Coco-nut Balm ;
but these are all of recent introduction. It is sup-
posed that the island was not previously inhabited,
and therefore that the vegetation of the dense wood
overspreading the island is quite natural. The most
interesting tact brought out is the evident affinity
with the somewhat distant Andaman flora, pointing
to a former connection. The Report is also valuable
to the student of plant-distribution, for the details
it contains of the habitats and relative frequency of
the component species of the vegetation. — W. Butting
Hemsley, in " Nature."

Trade Notice.

Mr. George Blades, late gardener at Fern Grove,
Grimsby, has taken the Hurnber Nurseries, Thorold
Street, New Clee, Grimsby, which were until lately in
the occupation of Mr. J. Smith.

Markets.

CO VENT GARDEN, November 5.

[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility fur the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It miht be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. ED.]

Tbade slow, with shorter supplies. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices,

s.d. s.d.
Apples, A-sieve ... 10-40

Grapes OH 7 6

Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 3 J 6-35 0
Lemons, per case .,,15 0-30 0

s, d. s.d.

Melons 0 6-10

Peaches, per dozen... 10-40
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80

Acacia or Mimosa,

French, per bunch 1
Carnations, 12 blins. 1
Chrysanthemums, 12
biuunis ... 1

— 12 bunches ... 4
Cloves, per dozen

bluums 2

Euchans, per dozen 3
Gardenia, per aozen 2
Heliotrope, 12 sprays U
HyaciuUis, 12 sprays 0
Lilac, wnite(Freuch)

per bunch 5

Liuuui Harnsii, doz, 4
Liliums, various, doz. 1
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4

Mignonette, do/-, bun. 1
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches 2

0-13
6- 2 6

0-3 0
0-12 0

0-2 6

0-6 0
0 4 0
6-0 9
9-16

0-7 0

O-H0
0-3 0

0-4 0

Narcissus, paper

while, Fr., p. bun. 0
Orchids:—

Cattleya, 12 blins. 6
Ouonto g 1 ossu m
irispum, 12bltns. 3
Pelargum urns, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4

— li spaya 0

Roses, Tea, per dozen 1

— coloured, dozen 2

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 4

— red, per dozen ... 1

— variuus, doz. bun 6
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0
Violets, Parme, per

bunch 3

— Czar, per bunch 1

— English, 12 buns. 1

. d. s.d.

0-6 0

0-6 0
6-10
0-3 0
0-4 0

0-6 0
0-2 0
0-9 0
4-0 6

0-4 0
0-2 0
0- 1 6

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants ln Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiautums, per doz. 4
AralidS, per uuz. ... 6
Aspidistra,, per doz. IS
B' gouias, p=r doz. ... 4
Chrysanthemums,

per Uuzen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyclamens, per doz. 0
Cyperus, per dozen 4
liracujiias, each ... 1
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12

Vegetables.—

■M>.

i.i

• ti

- 9

- 6

18 0

s.d. s.d.
Erica gracilis doz. 0 9-12 0
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

— unall, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficus each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 6 0-90
Seanet Pelargo-
niums, per coz. ... 3 0-60

P eliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Marguerites, per Uuz. 6 0 12 0
Palms, various, each 2 U-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Sulauums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

S.d.

0 4

0 6

2 0

0 4<

o a

2 6

0 6

2 0

0 9

Avekage Retail Prices.

s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0-

Muahruuni-s puunet 2 0-
Mustard aud Cress,
punnet ... ... 0 4-

Pnr>le>, per bunch... 0 3
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-

Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9-

Turnips, per bunch . 0 4-

s. d.

■ 0 6

1 u

-30

- U 6

-06

-36

-09

-30

- 1 0

s.d.
1 6

Artichokes, Globe,

each
Beans, French, lb. ...
Beet, red, per dozen
Carrots, per buuih...
Cauliflowers, each ...
Celery, per bundle ...
Cucumuers, each ...
Endive, per dozen ...
Herbs, per bunch ...

Potatos.
Owing to the better weather, Potatos are arriving in larger
quantities, although valued ou the whole are fairly main-
tained. Maguums, 65s-. to 80s.; Imperators, 75s. to 85s.;
Hebrous, 70s. to 80s. ; Giants, 75s. to 90s.

1 3

0 6

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : Nov. 3.— Quotations :— English Apples,
3s. to 6s. per bushel; American do., 10s. to 20s. per barrel ;
Pears, Is. to 2s. per sieve; Plums, 3s. to 3s. 6d. per half-
sieve; Damsons, '6s. 6(2. to 4s. do.; Bullaces, Is. to Is. •■'■■•'-
do.; Tomatos, 4s. 6d. to 7s. per peck; foreign do., Is. to 2s.
per box ; Seakale, Is. to Is. tid. per pmrn. ; Cabbages, Is. to 2s.
per tally ; Savoys, 2s. to 3s. do.; Radishes, 2s. to 3s. 6d. do. ;
Greens, Is. to Is. 6d. per doz. bun. ; Turnips, Is. 6d. to 2s.
do. ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. 6rf. do. ; Onions, 2s. to 2s. rjd. do., ;
Parsley, Is. &d. to 2s. Qd. do. ; Beetroots. 2s. to 2s. 6rf.
do. ; Spinach, Is. to Is. 6rf. per bushel ; Brussels Sprouts,
Is. Qd. to 2s. per half-sieve; Parsnips, Ad. to 6a!. per score;
Cos Lettuc**, 6d. to 9d. per score ; Caboage do., 3d. to id. do. ;
Cauliflowers, Is. to Is. Gd. per doz. ; Mustard and Cress, Is. 6d.
to 2s. per dozen baskets; English Onions, 4s. tid. to 5s. cwt. ;
Belgian do., 3s. to 3s. 3d. per bag of 100 lb. ; Dutch do.,
3s. to 3s. 6d. do. ; Spanish do., 6s. to os. 6a\ per case ; Celery,
6d\ to Is. per bundle; Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. do.; frame
Cucumbers, Is. <6d. to 2s. per dozen.

Borough : Noo. 3. — Quotations : — Cabbages, 2s. 6ti. to 4s,
per tally; Marrows, 2s. to 4s. do.; Broccoli, 3s. to 5s. do.;
Turnips, Is. to Is. 6rf. per dozen bunches ; Carrots, Is. to Is. 9d.
do. ; English Onions. 4s. to 5s. per cwt. ; Pears, 2s, 6d. to 7s.
per bushel; Canadian Apples, 12s. to lbs. per barrel.

Stratford : Nw. 4. — There has been an abundant supply
of vegetables and fruits at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned prices : —
Cabbages. 2s. to 3s. per tally ; Savoys, 2s. 6a. to 4s. 6rf. do. ;
Greens, Is. to Is. 6d. per dozen buuehes; do., 4s. to 5s. per
per tally ; Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; do., 3s. to
5s. per tally ; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per dozen bunches; do.,
30s. to 40s. per ton; Carrots, household, 35s. to 45s. do.;
do., cattle-feeding, 24s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, tiOs. to 70s. do. ;
MangelB, 15s. to 20s. do.; Swedes, 20s. to 25s. do. ; Onions,
English, 100s. to 115s. do.; do., Dutch, 3s. 6rf. to 4s. 3d. per
bag; do., Oporto, 6s. to 6s. 6d. per case; Apples, English,
2s. to 6s. per bushel; do., American, 12s. to 20s. per barrel ;
Collards, Is. 6d. to 2s. 6a!. per tally; Celery, Srt. to Js. per
roll.

SEEDS.

LoxDON, A'o;'. 4. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., write that
a better aud stronger feeling prevails fur red Clover seed ; the
run of late has been more purticu'arly upon choice yearling
samples, for which consul-rally ennanced terms are nowa?ked.
There is no change in eith r Alsike, white, or Trefoil. Winter
Tares are dow temptingly cheap. Rye is firmer. Blue Peas
are in limited supply, growers are gratified with the prices at

NOVEMBER 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

563

present obtainable iq London for fine blues. White Runner
Heans continue in brisk request. The low rates ruliDg for
Haricot Beans attract attention. Bird seeds keep firm.
Linseed goes against the bujer.

POTATOS.

Spri'ALFiKLDS : A'ov. 3.— Quotations:— Magnums, 60*. to
80*.; Kegeuts, 605. to 70s.; Champions, 50s. to 70s.; Im-
perators, t>0s. to 80s. ; Hebrous, 65s. to 80s.; Early Rose, 50s.
to 70s. ; Snowdrops, 60s. to SOi-per ton.

Borough : Nov. 3.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 85s. ; Imperaiors, 60s. to 75s.; Bruces and Magnums,
60s. to 80s. per ton.

Stratford: Noo. 4.— Quotations:— Magnums, 60s. to 80s.'
Imperators, 60s. to 80s.; Elephants, 65s. to 75s; Snowdrops,
65*. to 80s. per ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Oct. 31,
and for the corresponding period in the previous year : — 1891,
Wheat, 35s. lid.; Barley, 30s. Id. ; Oats, 19s. 5rf. 1890,
Wheat, 31s. $d ; Barley, 29*. 7d. ; Oats. 17s. bd. Difference :
Wheat. +4s. bd. ; Barley, -f Is. ; Oats, +2s.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; aod this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° contUued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
au inversely proportional number of huurs.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright
Sun.

-a M
".5

Accumulated.

a
a

ill

»j2

T-*

■3

<«'

■i

o JjS

9 1th

■° 8

■— v "" o

+ SO

u
o .

a" »

■<

o .

Above 42°, differenc
IromMean since Jan

4, 1891.
Below 4i°, differenc
from Mean since Jan

4, 1891.

" O

±1

4)
O

c "^

o
d

■-

o
H

tic*"

« a

3.2

"1 V

8 a

o v

Day-

Day.

JJay-

)0ths

deg.

Inch.

Ins

1 —

+ 215 + 71 12 —

197

41.9

3 —

— 38+ 129

7 -

118

24.0

l aver

- 73+ 89

6 —

144

19 4

) aver

— 58 + 108

2 —

154

21.9

I —

- 81+ 69

4 —

154

24.5

) aver

— 76 + 132 4 —

119

26 5

3 —

+ 105 + 5312 —

162

36.0

2 —

+ 5l'+ 35

9 —

147

28 3

1 —

— 99+109

9 —

157

34.8

3 —

+ 53 + 42

8 —

178

27.6

3 —

— 6+39

9 —

162

30.7

J-

+ 8+40

5 —

156

28.9

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, S-cotland, K. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, Englaud, E. ;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, ^., Districts — 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, K.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.;
11. Ireland, S.; 12. Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending October 31, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather has been finer and drier than for
a long while past, especially over the more northern
parts of the Kingdom, where scarcely any rain has
fallen. Fog or mist has, however, prevailed in
various parts of the Kingdom.

" The temperature has been a little below the mean
in all but the eastern and southern parts of England,
the deficiency being greatest (about 3°) in Ireland
and Scotland. The highest reading, winch occurred
on very various dates, ranged between 55° and 57° in
most districts ; but in ' England. S.' the thermometer
reached 58°, and in the ' Channel Islands ' it rose to
61°. The lowest values were recorded on one or
other of the three concluding days, when sharp frost
was experienced in most districts. In the north and
ea«t of Scotland the thermometer fell to 20° or
21°, and in the ' Midland Counties ' and ' Ireland, N.'

to 24° ; in the ' Channel Islands ' the lowest reading
was 39°.

" The rainfall has amounted to about half the
average in the eastern, central, and southern parts
of England, but in all the more northern districts,
th« fall has been quite unappreciable, and at many
stations there has been absolutely none.

" The bright sunshine has been considerably more
than the mean in all districts excepting ' Eogland, E.'
The percentage of the possible duration has exceeded
40 in most parts of the Kingdom, and has exceeded
50 in 'Ireland,' the north-west of 'England,' the
north of ' Scotland,' and the ' Channel Islands; ' the
highest value of all (64) being in 'England, N.W.,'
where the amount of sunshine has been three times
as much as the normal."

Notices to Correspondents.

Books: Propagation of Soft- wooded Plants (Augusts
Reiser) ; Thomson's Handy-book of the Flower-
Garden, 4th Edition (W, Blackwood '& Sons,
Edinburgh and London). — T. Hading. 1, The
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. Apply
to Mr. J. Weathers, assistant- secretary at the
ofiice of the Society, 117. Victoria Street, West-
minster; 2. Thomson's Handy-book of the Flower-
Garden (Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and
London). — R. H. B. Handy Book of the Flower
Garden, by David Thomson (Blackwood & Sou);
Select Stove and Greenhouse Plants, by B. S.
Williams & Son, Victoria Nursery, Upper Hollo-
way, N. It you want merely a list of garden
plants, any good nursery list would answer your
purpose. — Floral Decorations : E. P. Miss
Hassard's book may be bought at the second-
hand booksellers for a few pence.
Centipede : C. E. P. The creatures prefer decaying
vegetable matter. They are not likely to injure
the bulbs, but it is possible they might take a
fancy to the roots if there was not sufficient de-
caying matter available.
Chrysanthemum Blooms : E. W. There are few of
these that do not require dressing more or less,
and all of them should be cut with stems about
6 inches longer than the tubes they will be shown
in. Japanese, with drooping florets, should have
stems long enough to juBt keep the tips of these
from touching the table.
Coinage of Popular Names : X. While always
availing ourselves of established popular names,
we think it preferable not to coin new ones,
except under certain circumstances. The canon
adopted at the Paris Nomenclature Congress,
art. 68, says : — " Every friend of science should
resist the introduction into a modern language of
names of plants, which had no previous existence
therein, unless they are derived from Latin botani-
cal names, or slight modifications." Thus it is
allowable, and indeed preferable to say, Conifers
instead of Coniferaj, and so far as we are con-
cerned, we should prefer the term Conifers to that
of " Cone-bearing trees and shrubs."
Correction. — In our report of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society in our last issue, p. 529, the name
of Mr. Holford's gardener, Westonbirt, Tetbury,
was printed Quarterman instead of Chapman.
Cucumber Roots : E. W. The swellings on the
roots of your plant are due to eel- worms, so often
described and figured in these columns. You
must turn out your plants, and burn both them
and the soil, and start afresh another season with
fresh soil.
Epidendrum : A. A. Yes ; please send another
flower when it opens. Accidents will happen, in
spite of our best endeavours to avert them.
Lectures on Horticulture : A. M. M. S»e the
leading article in the Gardeners' Chronicle for
October 31, and select your twelve lectures from
that.
Names of Fruits: X. Y. Z, 1, Reinette du Canada ;
2, Emperor Alexander ; 3, not recognised ; 4,
Court of Wick; 5 Dumelow's Seedling; 6, Golden
Pippin; 8, Beune^ d'Amanlis ; 9, Autumn B-rga-
mot. — A. K. 1, Duke of Beaufort; 2, Cox's
Orange Pippin ; 4. Alfriston ; 6, Claygate Pear-
main. — A C. 1. Hicon's Incomparable ; 2 Beurre
Bosc; 3, Swan's Eug; 4. Marie Louise d'Uccle ;
5, British Queen; 6, Jersey Gratioli. — E. C. 1,
Marie Louise ; 2, Bergamot d'Esperen ; 3, Louise
Bonne of Jersey ; 4. Beurre Diel ; 5, Cellini ; 6,
Hambledon Deux ans. — W. Parker. 1, Louise

Bonne of Jersey ; 2. Beurre Bosc ; 3, Vicar of
Wiukfield ; 4 Beurre de Capiaumont ; 5, Black
Worcester; 6, Comte de Lamy. — Carter, Page
S[ Co. 1, not known ; 2, St. Germain ; 3, not
recognised ; 5. Bergamot d'Esperen ; 6, a Bmall
Mane Louise ; 7, Urbaniste. — G. M. Pear : King
Edward ; 1, Queen Caroline ; 2, King of the Pip-
pins ; 3, Adams' Pearmain. — Tweed. Your speci-
mens are so very small, it is almost impossible to
identify them — we di our best. 1, King of the
Pippins ; 2, Betty Geeson ; 3, Lord Derby ; 5,
Cox's Orange Pippin ; 6, Golden Noble ; 7, Cel-
lini, or small Emperor Alexander. — H. T. 1,
Rymer ; 2, Bess Pool ; 3, Colonel Vaughan ; 4,
Reinette du Canada; 5. Beurre Bosc; 6, Van
Mons. Leun Leclerc— W. H. S. 1, Golden Rei-
nette ; 2, King of the Pippins; 4, Pomme de
Neige ; 5, Worcester Pearmain ; 6, Gravenstein. —
Enfield. I, Scarlet Nonpareil; 2, 3, Fearn's Pip-
pin ; 4, Mere de Manage ; 5, Golden Noble ; 6,
Waltham Abbey Seedling; 7, Winter Pearmain;
8, Blenheim Orange. Pears : 8, Josephine
de Malines ; 9, Colmar d'Et6 ; 10, Beurre
Bosc; 11, Thompson's; 12, Autumn Bergamot;
14, GIou Morceau. The number far exceeds
our limit of six. — In Dutch bulb bags — no
letter. 1, Beurre Diel ; 2, Gansel's Bergamot ; 3,
Flemish Beauty ; 5, Josephine de Malines ; 6,
Paradis d'Automne ; 7, Eyewood ; 8, Berga-
mot d'Esperen. — J. F. 1, Grenadier ; 2, Beauty
of Kent ; 3, Brownlee's Russet ; 3, Lord Suffield ;

4. French Crab; 5, Cockle Pippin ; 6, Braddick's
Nonpareil; 7, Brabant BellehVur ; 9, Manx Cod-
lin ; 10. Lord Derby ; 12, Pine Golden Pippin. We
cannot name more at this time — six is our limit.
The Pears must wait. — G. S. T. 1, Annie Eliza-
beth ; 2, Jolly Beggar ; 3, Golden Noble ; 4,
Manx Codlin; 5, Golden Noble; 7, Cellini. — ■
Leamington. Your Apple is Warner's King. —
D. R. P. 1, Passe Colmar; 2 and 4, not recog-
nised ; 3, Duchesse d'Angouleme. — W, Russell.
Your Seedling Apple seems to be quite distinct,
and is a large and very handsome fruit, well
worthy of extended culture. — T. S. 1. Lane's
Prince Albert ; 2, Lord Grosvenor. — G. G. 1,
Marechsl de la Cour ; 2, Louise Bonne of Jersey ;
3, Beurre d'Amanlis ; 4, Uvedale's St. Germain ;

5, BeurriS Hardy; 7, Colmar d'Eie;8, Beurre
Diel. Apple: Hawthornden. — Herbert Gray.
Beurre de Capiaumont.

Names of Plants: Helen. 1, Juniperus sinensis;
2, a form of the Douglas Fir ; 3, Retinospora pisi-
fera; 4, Juniperus, perhaps communis ; 5, Cepha-
lotaxus pedunculata var. fa6tigiata; 6, Platanus
var. orientalis. — M. S. T. Probably the Black
Italian Poplar, Populus monililera. — W. S. 1,
Lobelia syphilitica ; 2, Aster Novi-Belgii. —
P. S. Cupressu8 fuuebris. a most interesting and
beautiful species, introduced from China by
Fortune ; see Garicners' Chronicle, 1850, p. 439.
It is hardy in the southern counties. A warm
conservatory would be needlessly warm. — T. E. S.
Cypriperiium insigne. The Abutilon we do not
know. — E. W. G. Cratasgus Crus-galli. — E. M.
Calceolaria pinnata. — A. C. E. Salvia Horminun.
Prince of Wales Peach : P. S. A large well-
flavoured variety, ripening on the open wall in
mid-September. It is scarcely so good a fruit as
Princess of Wales, which ripens at the end of the
same month.
The Douglas Fir : X. We had thought that the
technical name this tree should bear was settled
according to the spirit of the Paris Nomenclature
Congress, see art. 64 ; but, some of our trans-
atlantic friends think otherwise. The question is
purely one for the botanists to settle. In the mean-
time we recommend you to use the English name,
which has remained, and probably will remain un-
altered, whatever changes may take place in
botanical nomenclature.
Vine Leaf: Munches. Your leaf from Grenoble is

remarkably rich in colour, but unknown to us.
Weed-Killer: A Subscriber. At this season, se-
lecting a dry day for its application. It is better
when applied in September.

Communications Received. -Secretary Kent County Chry-
santhemum Society.— C. K. Humbert. — W. T. T. D. —
O. T.— T. F. R .— P. B.— W. B. H — W. S.— F. W. B.—
Kendal. — F. V. D — Aberdeen — W. E. O.—W. W —
R. B W. — A C. : We await the further report of our
correspondent.— C. H. B— J. C. S, Erfurt.— S. E. C,
Boston. Mass.— T. D., BrusseU—B. S. W — E C— J. F.—
F. E. T.— Q. Mason— C. A. M. C— T. W.— C. B.— R. D.—
J. OB.— C. F.— S. S.-P. W.— Mushroom, next week.—
J. Mieers.— W. C. D.-W. G.— J. S.— C. B. P.— W. A. C—
T. H.— T. B. W._ T. W. H.— a. B. C— S. James.— P. B. &
Sons— Colonel R. T. Clarke.

564

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembee 7, 1891.

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SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of I oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strennth, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, aud so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or tpray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. 6d., 2s. &d,, and 3s. 6d. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. Qd. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,
Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street, London.

"Nothing Succeeds like Success.1'

WTTn-WFQ' (SOLUBl-E)

XlUUXlIJO INSECTICIDE

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, 1/6, 2/6 , & 4/6 ; \i-£. lion
7/6, r -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from :i,l the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Roi.kfr & Sons.

G IS HURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ouuces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to lti ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, 1*., 3s., and 10s. 6<i.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, titf. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

BROWN and BLACK F1BROUSPEAT, 25*.
per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 tons ; Bags, 5s. each;
10 Bags. 45*.

PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant
Beds, 2\s. per Too, or £4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Bags bs.
each ; 10 Bags, 45s.

THOMAS WALKER. Tekels Park, Camberley. Surrey.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kimlsof BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINOS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED -GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,

MERRYWEATHER and SONS. 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our

pamphlet. " Water Supply to Mansions."

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.
PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS,

For Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over luO denigi.s, free on
application.

U IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 'id. ; six for Is. 4<f.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. <od.; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten davs you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29, Ludgatehill, London.

REVUE de l'HORTICULTURE BELGE
et ETRANGtlRE (Belgian and Foreign Horticultural
Review) — 14th year. — Among the principal Contributors are : —
A. Allard, E. Andre, C. Baltet, F. Burvenich, F. Crepin,
O. de Kerchove de Denterghem, P. E. de Puydt, A. M. C.
Jongkindt Couinck, J. Kicki.T. Moore, C. Naudin, B. Oliveira,
H. Ortgies, E. Pynaert, E. Rodigas, O. Thomas, A. van Geert
Son. H. J. van Hulle, J. van Volxem, H. J. Veitch, A. Wert
mael. and P. Wolkenstein.

This illustrated Journal appears on the 1st of every month,
in parts of 24 pages, 8vo, with twocoloured Plates and numerous
Engravings.

Terms of Subscription for the United Kingdom: — One year,
14s. payable in advance.

Publishing Office: 134, Rue de Bruxelles, Ghent, Belgium.

rot-office Orders to be made payable to M. E. PYNAERT,
Ghent.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Oardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

4 Lines .

. £0

Lines .

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5 „ .

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6 „ .

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7 ,. .

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9 „ •

. 0

. 0 11

10 „ .

. 0

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11 „ .

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13 „ .

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14 „ .

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AND SIXPENCE FOB EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set acro9S two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20s.

If set acroja three Columns the lowest charge will be 30».

Page, £8; Half Page, i34 10s. ; Column. £3.

Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by which to identify the sender ; this in all
cafes causes a very great deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at all.
Advertisers are requested when Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
£6 words, including name and address, \s.6d.,
and Gd.for every additional line (about nine
words) or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations ,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, bs. each
insertion.

Postal Orders.— To Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others. — It is very important in remit-
ting by Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, asj unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has been made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any
person into whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N.B. — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should be addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months. 16*.; 6 months, 7s. ttd.;
3 months, 3s. 9d. Foreign (excepting India
and China), including Postage, 17 s. 6d. for
12 months; India and China. 19s. 6d. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-0 ffice, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

566

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 7, 1891.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

ESTATE SALES.

The Beat County Medium for Advertising Sales of Estates is

THE "WORCESTER HERALD,"

ESTABLISHED 1794.
The Leading County Paper. Extensive circulation among the
upper and middle classes in Worcestershire and adjoining
counties. Advertisers would do well to forward for reference
and distribution plans and particulars of Estates, Catalogues
of Machinery, Furniture. Books, and other Property advertised
in the Columns of the " HERALD."

Sales of St jck and Agricultural Effects.

The " WORCESTER HERALD " is the most effective organ
for giving publicity to announcements of this class. It is the
leading Agricultural Paper in the County, and Circulates
most extensively among Agriculturists in and around
Worcestershire.

Farms to Let.

Land Agents, Estate Managers, and all having Farms to Let
would do well to advertise in the " WORCESTER HERALD,'
the Leading County Paper. Specially adapted for bringing
such notices before Tenant Farmers. Large circulation.
Moderate charge.

Situations Vacant and Wanted.

For producing results the "WORCESTER HERALD" is

recognised as a specially good medium. Cheap Rates.

Applv for terms.

SPECIMEN FREE. Price 2d.

Published Friday for Saturday.

Offices : — Tl, HIGH STREET, WORCESTEB.

THE SYDNEY MAIL,

HEW SOUTH WALES ADVERTISER.

CONTENTS .—

INTERCOLONIAL and GENERAL NEWS.

SPORTING and the FIELD, in which is incorporated BELL'S
LIFE in SYDNEY.

RECORD of RACES, and NOTES on the TURF.

CRICKET and AQUATICS.

THE FLORA of AUSTRALIA. (Drawn and engraved especi-
ally for this Journal.)

NATURAL HISTORY. (Original Articles.)

AGRICULTURE, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURE.

GOLD FIELDS and MINING generally.

STOCK and SHARE REPORTS.

ORIGINAL and SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.

TALES by POPULAR ENGLISH and AUSTRALIAN
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THE FASHIONS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.

THE CHESS PLAYER. THE HOME CIRCLE.

COMMERCIAL NEWS.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

The SYDNEY MAIL has a wide circulation throughout the

Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Polynesia, &c. It contains

a large amount of information on a great variety of subjects.

Subscription in Advance, £1 6s. per Annum.

Single Copies, 6d. ; Stamped, Id.
Publishing Office — Hunter Street, Sydney, New South Wales.

ENGLAND.

The undermentioned Newspaper and Advertising Agents are
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SYDNEY MORNING HERALD and SYDNEY MAIL :—

LONDON Messrs. Geo. Street & Co., 30, Cornhill, E.C.

Mr. F. Algar, 8, Clement's Lane, Lombard

Street, E.C.
Messrs. Gordon &. Gotch, St. Bride Street,

Fleet. Street, E.C.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, 186, Strand.

BRISTOL James and Henry Grace, Royal Insurance

Buildings.
Manchester... James and Henry Grace, 73, Market Street.
EDINBURGH ... Robertson & Scott, 13, Hanover Street.

Glasgow W. Porteous &. Co., 15, Royal Exchange

Place.

<^f Copies of each Journal are filed at the
above Offices/or the use of Advertisers.

Dr. SELES'S WORKS.

JASMIN : Barber. Poet, Philanthropist.

" II rasaitbien. ilihantait mieux Si la France possg-

dait dix ptetes comme Jasmin, dix pofttes de cette influence,
elle n'aurait pas a craindre de revolutions."— Sainte-Bevve.

LIFE AND LABOUR ; or, Characteristics

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MEN OF INVENTION AND INDUSTRY.

6s.

THE HUGUENOTS: Their Settlements,
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SELF-HELP. I THRIFT.

CHARACTER.

DUTY.

SELF-HELP IN FRENCH. 5s.
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LIVES OF THE ENGINEERS. Illustrated.

5 vols. 7s. 6d each.
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LIFE OF GEORGE STEPHENSON. With

Illustrations. 21s ; Is. 6d ; or 2s. tirf.
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LIFE OF THOMAS EDWARD, Scotch

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LIFE OF ROBERT DICK, Geologist and

Botanist. Illustrated. Lis.
" Men of Dick's type are rare ; their example is too precious
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—in a word, that Self-he:p which is the foundation of all help
to others."— Quarterly Review.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, W.

Naw Ready.— Volume III.
"T^TARNER'S SELECT ORCHIDACEOUS

VV PLANTS." publi*hed by Robert Warner, F L.S.,
F.R.H S., consisting of thirty-nine beautifully-coloured p'ates,
painted by hand, and true to nature; with the mo*t reliable
descriptions and notes on culture, forming a handsome volume
suitable for the drawing-room. This work is by permission
specially dedicated to Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen
Victoria, and received First Prizes at several International
Botanical Congresses, and a Medal at the Calcutta Exhibition.
The First and Second Series, and back Part*, may also be hnd.
Published by the Author, ROBhRT WARNER, Widford
Lodge, near Chelmsford.

Belgian.

BULLETIN d'ARBORICULTURE,
de FLORICULTURE, et de CULTURE MARAI-
CHERE. A monthly horticultural work, with superb Coloured
Plates and Illustrations. Published since 1865, by F. Burve-
NICH, F. PAYNAEP.T, E. RoniGAS, and H. J. VAN HULLE,
Professors at the Horticultural School of the Belgian Govern-
ment at Ghent. Post-paid. 10s. per annum.

H. J. VANHULLE. Botanical Gardens. Ghent. Belgium.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mn. Walter F. Oliver, until lately at
Highbury Gardens, as Gardener to Charles
Winn, Esq., Uplands, Selby Wick, Birmingham.

Mr. J. Tuckfr, formerly of Gombard's House,
St. Albans, as Head Gardener to the City
Asylum, Birmingham.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Clark Buns. & Co .Carlisle — Forest, Ornamental and Fruit

trees, Roses, Conifers, &c.
Jas. Backhoi'sk & Sons, York.— Roses.

Wm. Clibran & Son. Altrinihnm, Cheshire ; and Man-
chester. 10 & 12, Market Street.— Roses, Conifers, Fruit

trees, Shrub*, American plants, &c.
Fishf.r, Son, & Siuray. Handsworth. Sheffield.— Fruit'

Forest and Ornan.ei.tal trees, and shrubs.
Dicksons Limitkd, Chester.— Fort st and Ornamental trees,

Evergreens, &c.
R. SMITH & Co , Worcester.— General nursery stock.
National Arborf.tum, Zoeschen, Merseburg, Germany —

Wholesale Price Current for Fruit Trees, Forest Trees, &c.
Frederick Pfeiffer & Co., Apartado, Mexico— Orchids,

Cacti, and Agaves,

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

P P S * S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCO

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

PARTNER WANTED, in an Old-established
FLORISTS' SHOP and Compict NUnSKRY. Near
Coveot Gaiden. All Glass. This is a good chance for a
pushing young man with a Small Capital. — W. P., 73,
Mordaunt Street, Stockwell Roid. S.W.

PAR1NER WANTED.— Wholesale Fruit
and Flower Business 4£ Acres Freehold, vith two
Dwelling Houses, and 40,00 ' feet of Gla=s.— Apply, J. SYMS,
Fiuiterer, 1 eigumouth. fcouth I't-von.

\\/ ANTED, a WORKING PARTNER.—

V * Florist and Nursery Business. Small Capital. Com-
fortable Home. Einht miles from Coven t Garden Market.
Particulars.— Address, W. R., Vine Cottage, Ealing Common,
Midd.ej-cx.

VyANTED, a first-class GARDENER, used

VV to West-End Trade; must be experienced in Wincow-
Boxing, Furnishing and thoroughly understand the treatment
of Palms —Applv, by letter onlv.roTHE CUICHTON FLORAL
COMPANY, 37, Sloane Street, S.W.

\\[ ANTED, a thoroughly experienced Man

T t to take charge of a small Nursery, to grow for Market.
Only those wilting to devote the whole of their time nnd
energy need apply. First-class references as to ability nud
honesty will be required. Wages to commence at 305. per
week. Apply in fir.»t place, by letter only, stating eiperirnee,
and leng'h of service with present or last employer, to
NURSERY, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C,

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR-
DE^ER— Two others kept. Thorough practical
knowledge of Grapes. Pciches &c, indispen-nble. Full par-
ticulars by letter.- SAB, Lowe & Co., 7ft. Old Broad St.. E.C.

WANTED, SINGLE - HANDED GAR-
DENER, who can milk.— Cottace. No family- Apply,
stating wagej, and all particulars to H. MASON, Hill House,
St instead Abbotts, Herts.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER
and Wife, without young children, to tike Charge of
Unfurnished House, adjoining town of Wantage, during the
winter, or uniil let, anil to Grow Vegeiables, Fruit, Sec. in
Garden. Greenhouse, and Vinery for sale in reduction uf wage.-.
—Apply, stating age, wages, &c, to Messrs. ORMOND,
Solicitors, Wantage, Berks.

W~~ ANTED, a GARDENER.— Must under-
stand Vines, Flowers, Lawns. State reference, wages
required (Board and Lodging provided). — Addrest, Mis*
WHITMORE, Burgess Hiil, Sussex. _„__^___

WANTED as GARDENER, a smart man.
Will be required to look after one horse and drive
occasionally. Must be well up in flower gardening. App'y
by letter, W. P., Hills-de. Queen's Ride. « a*tl»»har. Ruling.

A LADY, living near London, Kfc.QU.LKES
aGARDENKR for a -mall Flower and Kitchen Garden,
with two sn.aU Greenhouses. To live in the Huuse, and m-ke
hiius-lf useful. Must be single, and abstainer.— Apply, P. M.,
Housekeep r, 28, harles Street. St JameV«. S.W.

WANTED, a steady young MAN accustomed
to Grow Cattl-yas. State ng^, wages, to Me-srs,
CHARLE9WORTH, SHUTTLEWORTH and CO., Heaton,
Bradford.

WANTED, a PLEASURE-GUuUND
FOREMAN, not under 24 years of age. Well up in
Conservatory and House and Table Decoration. Must have
first-class references as to character and ability. Wages, 18s.
per week. Bothy. &c— T. SHINGLES, The hardens, Tort-
worth. Falfield. R.S O., Glos.

WANTED, a FOREMAN, experienced in
Growing Roses, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Tomatos.—
E. F. SMITH, Fruit Grower, Isleworth.

WANTED, a young MAN, well up in
grafting Roses, Clematis, Rhododendrons, Conifers,
&c. — F. STUART. Heatherside Nurseries, Camberley, Surrey.

COOK
annum

ANTED, a MAN and WIFE, as GAR-
DENER and (o look after a small Farmery, Wife as
and for Dairy ; in the bouse, all found. Wh^s. £ in per
G . May's Ad^ert'-ing Offires, 1rt\ Pic-adillv, W.

WANTED, a young MAN, quick bt Potting,
and used to Growing Ferns lor Mat ket.— Apply,
T. C, Nurseries, New Eltham, Kent.

WANTED, an industrious young MAN, as
JOURNEYMAN, not under 2i: 1ft*. per week. Bothy,
&C— J. ANNING, DigHwell Garden-, Welwyn.

Seed Tiade.

WANTED, an ASSISTANT of experience
for the Flower-seed Department. Must be a neat
and distinct writer, and of good address. — State all par-
ticulars, age. wages required, and references, to DICKSON
AND ROBINSON, deed Merchants, Manchester.

November 7, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

567

WANTED, a BOY about 12 years of age for
the gardens. Will be required to sing in the Choir;
must have a good voice. Wages, 8s. per week. Milk and
vegetab lea. ROWLEY, Hoar < ross Gardens, Burton-on-Trent.

V\/ ANTED, for the Seed Trade, a smart
TT ASSISTANT, for the Retail Counter Trade, of good
address, and used to a pu-hing business. — Apply, H. DEVERlLL,
Royal Seed Establishment, JJat.bury.

WANTED, a SECOND SHOPMAN, well up
in Seeds, Bulr>s, and Plants. State experience, age,
and salary required — 1'. S., Gtrdcners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street Straud, W.C.

WANTED.— KespecwbTe~LAD for Florist's
Shop, to iu:ike himself useful.— Apply, by letter, with
all pirticulars, wage*, &c, to F. WILLIAMS, The Nurseries,
Hereford Road, Bays water, W.

WANTED, a young LA UV as IMPROVER",
in a Florist's Business.— Apply, E., S8a, East Street,
Brighton.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so , addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

SCOTCH GARDENERS.— I have at present
several very superior MEN on my Krister, whose cha-
racter aud ability will bear the strictest investigation. —
JOHN DOWNIE, Seedsman, 144, Princes street, Edinburgh.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SUNS can at present
recommend with every confidence several euergetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
La> nes and Geutlemen in wan tot GAROENKRS and BaILIFFS,
aud HEAD GARDENERS for first rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited aud have full par-
ticulars by applying at Staustead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
Loudon, S.E.

rPHE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL

JL CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garstou, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend &
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man a* HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledgeof Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

RICHARD SMITH and Ca
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars. &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

ANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENEKS.

To Gentlemen and Head Gardeners.

JOHN PEED aud SONS have several young
Meu they can recommend both as FOREMEN in the
Houses, or SECOND.— Nurserymen by Appointment to the
School Board for London, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E, ; also, at Mitcham Road, Str^atham, S.W.

Gardeners, Parm -Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited}, are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Addre-9 — " DIcKSONS. CHESTER."

BIS. WILLIAMS and SON beg to intimate
• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon
their Register *ome excellent Men, competent either to fill
the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN,
or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of
the above will please send full particulars, when the best
selections for the different capacities will be made. —Victoria
and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway, N.

GARDENER (Mead), wDere two or three
are kept, as FOREMAN, in a good establishment —
Age 26, married when suited; well up in Vine?, Melons,
Cucumbers, Stove Plants also Chrysanthemums. Goo 1 refer-
ences.—H. MASON, Tittensor, near Stoke-on-Trent, Staff >rd-
ahire.

AltDE^ER (Head). — Age 44, married;

two children. Wanted, by an experienced man*
a situation as above. Thoroughly practical in all hranches of
th-? profession. Good references.— S. MILLINGTON, Cress-
brook H-ll, Bakewell.

GARDENER (Head); age 41.— A Gentle-
man will be pleased tu recommend a Gardener who has
bfen in his employ for the Inst fi teen years. Well up in
Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse Plants Early and Late Forcing
of Fruit-, Flowers, and Vegetables.— E. S., 20, Argyll Terrace,
Bogt or, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head)— Age 43, married.
Good practical experience in a'l branches. Sixteen
years Head. Left through death. F. SMALL, Buckingham
Read, Wiuslow, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39,
married; abstainer. Thoroughly good, practical, com-
petent, trustworthy Gardener. Twenty-three years' expe-
rience in all hranches of good Gardening. Good references. —
W. O., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 35,
maniei), one child, age 3. Several years* practical ex-
perience. 1 wo and a halt years in present place. Disengaged
wheu suited. First-cla-s testimonials- — T., Mr. William
Tadgell, Matching, Harlow, E-sex.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33,
married; nbstaiuer; twenty years* practical experience
in all branches of Gardening. Good "characters. — C. TAYLOR,
b, Telegraph Road, Peter=field.

G~ARDENER (Head Working).— Scotch!
Age 29; twelve years' practical experience in all
branches. Present employer pleaded to recommend. Good
references. — J. K. W., Head Garuener, Boldre Grange, Lyming-
ton, Hants.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept.- Married, no e. cunibrance. Life ex-
perience. Ten years' good character from Last situation. —
T. H.. 5', Bramford Road. Wandsworth, S W.

(^ARDE^ER (Head Working), where one
J or two are kept.— Age 23 Twelve v<_\irs' exp -r.ence in
all branches. J. GREEN, Potters' Pury, Stony Scratford,
Bucks.

GARDENER (Head Working), or FORE-
MAN in good Establishment.— Single ; long experience
in all branches tit first-class places. Ansraiuer. — HORTUS,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). —
Understands Glass. Slc. Five years' good character. —
W. B. HILLS, Church Street, Stejning, Sussex.

GARDENER (good Single-handed).—
Age 36, single; understands Vines, Melons, Cucumber*.
Tomatos, Flowers, and Kitchen Garden. Six years in previous
situation. — E. M., 12, Cobien Road, Sevenoaks.

G:* ARDENER (Single-handed), or otherwise.
H — Age 32, single ; eight years in Market V\ get ible and
Fruit Garden, tmall Stove and Ureeuhoune. — A. MfcERE,
Ru<eombe, near Reading. Berks.

GARDENER (Single-handed.)— Age 37,
married; five and a half jears go -d character; «-i^i» c
years previously. No objection to Hor»e ono#.— J. E , v*S,
Dorset Road, Ciaphim, S.W.

pOOD OLD GARDENER.— Well up in

Vj Laying-out, Planting, Pruning. Jobbing. &c. Can
Carpenter, Paint, Gla-e, tit Pipe*. &.C.— GARDENER, 4,
Porten Road, West Kensington Purk. London, W.

GARDENER. — Age \t ; Single-handed not
objected to; thorougii ; requires re-eng gemeat; under-
sl inds Grape-, Orchnis, Fruit, Flower and KiUhen G.rUin,
Aquatic Plants, Bees, Ate. Five Years' reference.— \V. J., Mr.
H. Smythe, Florist, Dyke Roid, Brighton. Sussex.

GARDENER (Working), aged 30, married,
one child; steady and industrious ; good cluraeter.
Puase state wages.— X. Y. /, , 2.', David's Ro^d, Forest Hill,
Loudon. S.E.

GARDENER. — A young Man, a^e 22, wants
a situation as Gardener. Six years in last pa e. Good
references.— J. PILLEtt. Church Gj.te, l)rew3te ;;uton, Devon.

GARDENER, where one or two are kept, or
good Sixgle-iia:*dkd. — Age 29; good reference.—
GARDENER, Mrs. Lhen.y, Upway, Donh.-v.er.

GARDENER (Under); age 22. — Thos.
Dksnes, Binfield Park Gardens, Brack ell, can strongly
recommend a steady young man for Inside aud out.— Please
address as above.

/^ARDENEU (Under), or in a Nursery. —

V_-I Young man ; age 19. Florist's son wishes for situation
as above. Good experience in the tra<ie gojd references. —
W. J., Bloomingdale, Stanley Roid, Teddiugton.

GARDKNER (Under, or small Single-
handed).— Age L'O. siugle. Good character.— J. A.,
J. Rivner, Park Roup. H'lnipt.m Wick

L^OREMAN, in a good establishment. — Age 27 ;

-1- thirteen years* good practical experience. Hig est
references.— W., Hi, Bismarck Ro^d, Higi.gute Hill, London, N.

FOREMAN, in good establishment. — Age 23.
Well up in Orchids, Chrysanthemums, Exotic Plants,
Fruits, &c. Fourteen years' experience iu good gardens.—
Apply, stating particulars to W. P., Mr. Mason, York Town,
Caiuberley, Surrey.

FOREMAN, or SECOND,"in~a good Private
Garden. — Experimie from early life in large places.
Abstainer.— HORrUS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

FO REMAN, in a good establishment, or Head

X where two or three are kept. —Age k8. single; good
experience in trade and private, also decorating. Good refe.-
ences.-J. DREW, The Gardens, Sudbury Hall. Derby.

"E\)REMAN, Inside and Out.— Ten years'

A. practical experience. Good references. — A. BEALE,
bS, Garland's Road. Red Hill, Surrey,

FOREMAN, in a good establishment.—

*- C. t-vZEY can with every confidence recommend his
Foreman, F. Lupton, as above.— Scampston Hall, Millington,
Yorkshire.

FOREMAN, in the Houses; age 25.— Mr.
Ross will be pleased to recommend W. S~h!ey as above
Eleven years' experience in good G .rdeus. Exc lie >t referei ces
from present and previou-t employers. — Appy, tuatin* parti-
culars, to W. SEBLEY, Bury's Court, Reigate.

GROWER and PROPAGATOR, First-class.
— Twenty-five years experience in Roses, Cut Flowers,
Bulbs, aud Bedding Hants, for New Y'O'k Market.— JOHN
T1LLOTSOJJ, 11, Jjniea Street, Garoton. Liverpool.

EDWARD BENNETT, F.R.H.S., Harefield
Gardens, Uxbridge, having let his Vineyard Nurs-ry,
Potter's Bar, can with every csnndence recommend to market
growers his late GROWEK and MANAGER.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Age 21.
Seven years' experience. Gooi references.— E. SMITH,
3, Rochester Cottages, Cavendish Road, St. Albans, Herts.

TMPROVER, Inside and Out.— Age 16; two

-A. years in good Garden Strong, dilige t; abstainer;
quiet.— Rev. H. F. GIHSON, Collinguoume, Kiogston, Marl-
borough.

TMPROVER, in the Gardens— Age 16.—

■*- _ A. Elphinstonf, cau highly recommend a smart aud
active Lad as above. — Packtngton Gardens, near Coveutry.

TMPROVER. — Age 17. London nursery

-L preferred.— ALFRED KEMf, 12, Sunderland Road, Forest
Hill. S E.

rT0 GENTLEMEN. — Young man wants a

A situa' ion abroad. Uoder-tauds Vines, Tomatos. &c.
Fixteen >ears' experience. First-class refereucei.— A. B. C,
Florist, 3, Market Plac^, Leyton. E.

rrO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted in the

■L Houses by a you"g nun (nge ^1). Six years* character.
Bjthy pre(rrred. Pay rujderaie premium.— H. MORGAN,
Horringer, Bury St. Edmuuds.

rj^O_ SEED-MEN.~^yourig"Ma^"(a^e~22)',

A having general khowledge in Nursery Business, seeks
a situation in a Seed Shop, with view to gaining experience. —
T. D. YOUNG, Clare House. Andover.

rrO NURSERYMEN.— situation wanted, by a

X young mm (age 2 ), Insiae. Six years" experience.
Private Nursery Work. Inside and Out. — G. S., 2, Chamberlain
Strecr, Reg-nfs Park Road, London.

rro NURSERYMEN.— Situation in a Nursery

-L wanted by a sii.g e young man (age j2) ; seven years in
present situation. Excellent ciiarai-ter. Leavir g situ itionto
gain more experience. Total abstainer.— SMITH NELSON,
Catcliff-. Rothnrhim, Y.-rk^hire.

rVU NUUSl^RYMEN.-Situation wanted, to

J. Manage Nurseries, or as FOREMAN, under Glass.—
Age 2S, married ; fifteen years' experience in Graphs, Cucum-
bers, Tom ttos. rot and Cut Flowers. Good recommendations.
—GARDENER, Ham Farm. Goring, Worthing.

rrO NURSERY GARDENERS. — Advf.r-

A tisek. with a view to Partner.-hip, and with some expe-
rience in Gardening, is anxiou* to obtain a po-t in a N uw ry,
to learn the Management of Houses. Would be will ng to
live on Premi-es. and to give servi< es in return for tmall
salary —E R , Royal Hotel, Attleborough Norfolk.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. Stite particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grin-tead, Sussex.

^OPMAN, ASSISTANT.— Age 21 ; good

O knowledge of Seeds, Flowers an I Fruits, firs' -class
references from present employer.— W. H, T., care of Mr. W .
Birrack, Florist, Kendal.

SHOPMAN, ASSISTANT. —Age 21; six

O years' experience in S^eda, Bulb-<, Plants, &c. —
THOS KENNEDY' axd CO.. Seed-men, Dumfries.

Seed Trade.
^OPMAN, or ASSISTANT (Scotch).—

O Age 24; nine years' experience in Retail, with knowledge
of Book-keeping. Excellent reference. — A. W.. Gardeners'
Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C.

SHOPMAN, or ASSISTANT.— Age 21 ; six

O year-*' experience in Seeds, Bulbs. Cut Flowers. Hants,
&c. Excellent references. — A. GOLDRING, Singleton,
Chichester.

SHOPMAN or ASSISTANT.— Age 25; nine
years' experience. Good knowledge of Seed, Bulbs,
Plants, and Nursery Stock, Good references.— J. H., The
Birches, Wordsley, Stourbridge,

SHOPMAN, CLERK, or MANAGErT—
Age 28 ; experienced in all branches. Wreaths, Bouquets,
Posies Plants, Bulbs, Nursery Stock, Buok-keeping, Cune-
sponding. &c. Excellent references.— ALPHA, 93, Acre
Lane, Brixton.

TO SALESMKN.— situation wanted by a
young roan, jige 21 ; to get knowledge of a Salesman's
business.— X. Y. Z„ 20, High Street, Lynn.

HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.—
Coughs, Influenza —The soothing properties of these
medicaments render them well worthy of trial in nil djseas*>s
of the respiratory organs. In common cold»and innuen7a, lhe
Pills taken interna ly. and the Ointment rtibVd over the
chest and throat, areexceedingly efficacious. When influenzj.
is epidemic, this treatment ii the ea-ie-t, safesr, and sme-t.
Holloway's Hills purify the blood, remove all ob-taele* to i^s
free circulation ihrough i he lung-*, relieve the over-gor*ed air-
tubes, and rend-r ^e^pi^ation tree, without reducing the
strength irritating the nerves, or depre-sing the spirit*: ^uch
are the ready means of escaping from suffering wh-n afflicted
with colds, coughs, bronchitis, and other chest complaints, by
which the health of so many is seriously and permanently
injured in most countries.

568

THE

GAR DENE ES' CHE ONI CLE.

[Novembe2 7, 1891.

TO THE TRADE.

STREPTOCAEPDS, NEW HYBRIDS.

VEITCH'S
STRAIN.

Award of Merit for the Strain, Royal Horticultural Society' 's Exhibition, May 29, 1891.
Four Certificates of Merit, Royal Botanic Society's Exhibition, April 22, 1891.

JAME

& SONS

Beg to direct special attention to this STERLING NOVELTY

The above illustration is taken from the photograph of a plant
growing in our Chelsea Nursery.

rTHIS beautiful new race of STREPTOCAKPUS originated at the Royal Gardens, Kew,
-*- where Mr. Watson crossed S. Bezii and S. parviflorus with S. Dunnii, and raised several
changing new varieties.

From the numerous complimentary letters which reach us respecting the very satisfactory
results obtained from the seed distributed last season, and the favourable comments of the
Horticultural Press, we feel sure that these hybrids have a splendid future. The results of last
vear's woik upon these has been to give us larger and more expanded flowers, and a considerably
increased proportion of the rarer and the brighter colours, particularly among the rose, rosy-
purple, reddish, and magenta shades ; and from the seed now offered, which has been further
hybridised, many entirely new and striking varieties may be confidently expected.

The plant is a greenhouse perennial, of dwarf, neat habit, growing about 9 inches high, with
rather long, narrow, arched and recurved stemless leaves.

These new hybrids are remarkable for their abundance of bloom, and the continuous
succession in which the flowers are produced for about four months in the summer and early
autumn, and aho for the long time the individual flowers last in perfection.

The flowers, which are very graceful in form, are trumpet-shaped, widely open, and slightly
recurved at the mouth, and measure about If inch in length. They are generally produced in a
horizontal or semi-upright position, thus displaying their lull beauty.

The variation of colours in these new hybrids is very striking, scarcely two plants being
exactly the same, and the colours range from pure white, through pale lavender, lavender-blue,
lilac-blue, light mauve, purple, violet, bright rose, and red to rich rosy-purple, with all the
intermediate tints, and in all the flowers the throat and three lower segments are more or less
marked or splashed with long blotches or spots of various shades of purple, generally shaded
ard relieved with white, which greatly enhances the effect, and affords a pleasing contrast of
colour.

If seed is sown the end of January and February, the plants come into bloom the following
June and July, and continue flowering freely until the end of September and October.

Per Packet, 2s. 6d.

PRICE TO THE TEADE ON APPLICATION.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, LONDON.
HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!J

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic AddresB— " HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM,

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

Freezing

MORITZ H.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, November 7, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywqod.

No. 255.

-Vol. X. | ST—

f Thihd i
\ Series. J

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper,

•{

Price 3d.

Post-free, 2i(\

CONTENTS.

Apple scab

Artificial manuring,' ef-
fects of...

Assimilation in lichens ...

Bordeaux Mixture

British Fruit-Growers'
Association ■

Cherries in September ...

Chrysanthemum prospects
at Woodhatch ...

Chrysanthemum sports...

Chrysanthemums in Bel-
gium

Climbing Niphetos Rose

Colour of grass

Continental novelties ...

Culture of sponge

Cunonia capensis

Cypripedium insigue
Bohnhoninuru, new
var

Daburicus

Flower Garden

Forestry

Fruit culture in Ireland

Fruits under glass

Horticultural Education

Iron V. wood in glass-
houses

*' Jam crop " of 1891

Jerusalem Artichoke ...

Kitchen garden

I, ■(■II. i Buuthiana

Liliutn ochroleucum

Maize culture

Nenne pancratioides ...

New plant

New poison in Conium
macula turn

Ouions, good crop of

Orchid houses

Orchid notes

Orchids in Brussels

Petunia Sunset, double-
fringed ...

Plant of ill-repute, a ...

Rockeries

Rosery

Societies : —

Birmingham

Crystal Palace

Dalston Amateur Chry-
santhemum

Ipswich and Ea-t of
England Horticul-
tural

National Chrysanthe-
mum

Portsmouth Chrysan-
themum

Putney, Wandsworl h
and District

Royal Horticultural ...

Struggle for plant-life in
the Guianan Forest ...

Subjects of study for gar-
deners

Vanda cuerulea, Sander's
variety

View in Prof. Foster's
garden

Zinnia, Double-striped
Perfection

584
588

577

586

.SMI

687
583

59-'l

59-'

591

538

591

592
590

578
687
586
579
586

ILLU8TRATION8.

lolis. Boothiana

Petunia, double fringed, brilliant, carmine. Sunset
Professor M. Foster's garden at Shelford, Cambridge
Ripening stages for Iris in Professor If, Foster's garden .
Zinnia, Double- striped Perfection

577
5b9

579
587

"Pa.vton's Calendar:' New Edition, "The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, Z\d. 41, Wellington
Street, St rand, London % W.C.

Bulb3 direct from the Capetown Botanic Gardens.

TRADE ORDERS are now being received for
this Season's growth of CAPE BULBS, deliverable Jan. to
Feb., 1892.— HENRY J. CHALWIN, Botanic Gardens, Capetown

BEARING PEACH TREES.— A few very
fine bearing Dwarf-trained and Standard Trees, fibrously
rooted, well-balanced Heads. Prices on application.
W. ICETON.'.Putney, S.W.

1 0 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

Av"^ V/VV/ grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 155. per

dozen. Less hv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. f. CLARK. Goldstone.'West Brighton.

CABBAGE PLANTS for Sale, good sorts,
strong plants, 35. per 1000. Also 10U0 good Standard
ROSES, maiden plants; best kinds; cheap.

JOHN NEWMAN, Stratford, Sandy, Beds.

INES. — Good Planting Canes for Sale.

Vars. : Black Hamburgh and Gros Colmar.

Price on application to

SAMUEL JENKS. Bramley Nursery, East Grinstead.

SEED TRADE.— Situation wanted by a re-
spectable young mam (age 21), as ASSISTANT. Five
years' experience with a well-known firm. Can be well recom-
mended —GEO. H. GREEN, Enville Gardens, Stourbridge,

VIOLA, White Virgin, for spring blooming,
Plants from pots, 6s., in pots, 8s. per 100 ; Lavender
Plants, 1 foot high, 2s. 6rf. per dozen; Primrose, mixed,
POLYANTHUS, Gold-laced, 7s. per 100. Sample plants. «d.
extra. Plants for Carriage. Cash with Order.— A. WHITE,
late Hardy, Stour Valley Nurseries, Bures, Suffolk.

UTTON'S BULBS FOR BEDDING

CUTTON'S INIMITABLE HYACINTHS.

O — Special varieties, in distinct shades of colour, and to
Flower Simultaneously. Each separate colour, per do/.. , 5s. 6d ;
per IuO. 40s.

SUTTON'S INIMITABLE TULIPS, for
Simultaneously FloweriDg, in various colours Each
separate colour, per dozen, 2s. ; per 100, 14s.

GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM

UTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen,

READING.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s. per 100. Order
early of —

WALSHAW AND SON, Scarborough.

FOR SALE, three ORANGE TREES, in
pots, fully 5 feet high.
Apply, G. H. DIXON, Carlisle.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

ij\JR SALE, 40 large pots of EUCHARIS,
very fine, strong, and healthy. To be seen at the
Nursery.— J. LITTON, Grosvenor Cottage, Bath.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS. GRAPES, &c. Good references.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS. and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Salesdaily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market, Coveot Garden. W.C.

GRAPE VINES to be sold, Cheap. —
Seven Black Hamburgh, four Black Alicante, four
Madresfield Court, splendid well-matured canes 4 years old. iu
full bearing, clean, and in good coudition. Price 7s. 6d. each,
or £5 the lot— one-third their value. Apply to the

HEAD GARDENER, Brookside, HeadiDgton Hill, Oxford.

CHRISTMAS and LENTEN ROSES.— Mr.
Brockbank. our greatest authority, writing to the
Garden, says : — "They are the finest I ever beheld." Good
strong clumps full of llower-buds (large major var.), at 9s. ,
12s., I5i.f IPs., and 24s. per dozen. Specimen plants, 1£ to
3 feet across. Price on application. Twelve Lenten Roses, in
b^st named varieties, for 10s.
GEO. STAMP, Nurseryman. Bishop's Teignton, South Devon.

VINES.- VINES. — VINES.

V We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6rf.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

W" ANTED, CHRISTMAS TREES, from
1 to 15 feet, of good colour, and well furnished to the
bottom. Inferior stuff useless. Price and particulars to
WM. CLIBRAN and SON. Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham.

WANTED, LAYERED CARNATIONS,
true to name, in quantity. State prices and full par-
ticulars, to F. G. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

TO THE TRADE.

CHINESE FAIRY LILIES.
Special Low Prices for Quantities, on application to the
Original Importers —
JAMES CARTER, DUNNETT, AND B E A L E,
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 60a. per
1000,6'. id. per 100; CAMPERNELLI, 20s. per 1000,
2s. tirf. per 100. Carriage paid to any railway station iu
England upon orders for thousands only.

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

Prize Cob Filbert TreeB.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

FOR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA
GRACILIS, 101. to 21s. per 100.
FLETCHER BROTHERS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertaey.

HALF A MILLION LILY OF THE VAL-
LEY, for Forcing, best quality only. Price 21s. per 1000
(free packing and free on board, Hamburgh).— N. CARSTENS,
Lily of the Valley Grower, Bergedorf, Hamburgh, Germany.

ALICANTE VINES for Sale- 500 strong
Planting Canes, extra well-ripened.
JOHN ROCHFORD, Turkey Street, Waltham Cross.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW-
BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most completeissued, id. Ordinary LIST frf e.
JOHN WATKINS. Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

NARCISSUS.— Double White Sweet-Scented
Gardenia, 2s. id. per 100 ; 20s. per 1000. Grand Mon-
arque Polyanthus NARCISSUS. 6s. id. per 100; 60s. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS, The Bride, 3s. per 100; 25s. per 1000. Cash.
Mention this paper.

PONTEY'S Seed and Bulb Warehouse, Plymouth.

L ILIUM AURATUM— Good, plump, sound
Bulbs, 6s,, 9s., l?s., 18s., and 24s. per dozen.
All other good LILIES at equally low prices.
Mr. WILLIAM BULL'S Establishment for New and Rare
Plants. 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

POSES! ROSES!! ROSES!!! — The best

X V and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals for
21s. ; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 100,000 grand
plants to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter.

POT ROSES.— A Bargain ; room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos. Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Souvenir
d'un Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection invited.
Price £5 and £6 per 100.
GUIV'ER BROS, and LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

SEA.KALE for FORCING, superior Selected
Crowns, 75s. per 1000; under 500, 8s. per 100. Cash
with orders.— Address, ALFRED ATWOOD, Market Grower,
21, Shilliogton Street, Battersea, S.W.

rpHOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT

\ MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by ua.

Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery

and Seedsmen, and direct from ua. 1 cwt. and over carriage

paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road , Putney

WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N B.

570

THE GAB DENIMS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

ME. J- C. STEVENS will SELL by

1VL AUCTION at his Gr*at Rooms, 38, King Street. Covent
Garden, every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,
aud frequently on THURSDAY, at half-past 12 o Clock pre-
cisely each day, first-class consignments of choice named
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS, arriving Weekly from well-known barms in Holland.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

500 choice named Standard. Half-Standard, and Dwarf
ROSES PLANTS from Holland, a beautiful collection of
IMKFODIlS Homegrown LILIES, 400 CARNATION
"MALMUSON," PICOTEES, PINKS. &c. ; also 20,000
Berlin LILY OF THE VALLEY Crowns, SPIK/EA
JAPONIC* and PALMATA. LILIUM HARRISII and L.
CANDIDUM. Collection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PUNTS, CYCLAMENS, ANEMONE FDLGEN3, AMA-
RYLLIS, GLADIOLI, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE, by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms.
38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY'
next, November 18.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Dutcb Bulbs.— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
and SATURDAY.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 83, Cheapside,
London, E.C., FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day, LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of tirst-cla^s
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tuesday Next.
9,200 LILIUM AURATUM.
A splendid consignment of ISO cases just to hand, the whole of
the bulbs being in magniticeLt condition, and including
1,800 EXTRA LARGE SELECTED ROOTS.
The catalogue will also comprise a choice
COLLECTION of DAFFODILS and IRIS,
Named CARNATIONS, PEONIES,
30 varieties of English-grown LILIES,
And an assortment of HARDY PLANTS and BULBS sent
for sale by a large grower, who is compelled to clear the
ground, together with HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS,
and other DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

MESSRS. l'ROTHEKOE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and
88. Cheapside, London, E.O., on TUESDAY NEXT, November
17, at half-past 11 o'clock.

On view morning of Su'e. and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

AZALEAS, ROSES, FERNS, and BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London. E.C , on WEDNESDAY NEXT, Novem-
ber 18, at half-past 11 o'Clock, a SPECIAL CONSIGNMENT of
PLANTS from BELGIUM, comprising 180 Azalea indica,
including 30 nice specimens and 50 Deuiche Perle, the plants
being unusually well grown; also 100 Azalea mollis, and 100
Ghent Azaleas, 40 lots of choice English-grown Greenhouse and
Stove Ferns. Cyclamen in flower, Palms and other Decorative
Plants; Standard and Half-standard Roses, Homegrown
Ldies in great variety, Lily of the Valley, Spirreas, and a
consignment of named Hyacinths and Tulips, for rots, glasses,
and bedding; Crieus, Narcissus, aud other Dutch Flower
Roots from Holland-in all, 970 lots.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Kingston Hill.

CLEARANCE SALE, by order of the Executrix of the late
Mr. Woods.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nursery (late
Jackson's), Kingston Hill, S.W., ten minutes' walk from Nor-
bitou Station, on WEDNESDAY, November 18, at 12 o'clock,
without reserve, the whole of the well-grown NURSERY
STO0K, comprising Evergreens and Coniferse in great
variety. Golden and Green Hollies, 120 > Aucubas, 9 inches to
2 feet; 7u0 Laurestinus, 1000 Poplars, 0 to 15 feet; Laurels;
1800 Standard and Pyramid Fruit Trees, 1500 Irish Ivies, Ani-
pelopsis and other Stock, 40 Rods of Mangol (, 3 Loads of Hay,
Flower-pots, and Sundries.

May be viewed one wtek prior to Sale; Catalogues had on
the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Heathfield, Sussex.

About ten minutes' walk from the Heathfield Station.
TWO DAYS' SALE of a PORTION of the WELL-GROWN
NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mr. W. Bean, the ground
being required for other purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Tower Nurseries, Heath-
field, on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, November 25 and 26,
at 12 o'Clock each day, 6000 Conifers, comprising 2000 Cupres-
sus Lawsoniana and Erecta viridis, and many others, 100 Arau-
caria imbricata, 5000 Laurels of sorts, 500 Aucubas, a quantity
of Border Shrubs in great variety. Deciduous and Flowering
Shrubs, Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing Roses, Climbing
Plants, 5000 Pinus austriaca, and others. Silver and Scotch
Firs, 2000 Standard Trees, quantities of Currants and Goose-
berries, Fruit Trees, and a large quantity of Forest Trees,
Quick, Beech, Hollies, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
Locdon, E.C.

Richmond, Surrey

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FOUR DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE
of the FIRST PORTION of well-grown NURSERY
STOCK, by order of Messrs. G. & W. Steell, in consequence
of the death of the senior partner, and the intention of the
Vendors to relinquish the business.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
■will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The
Common and Gaslields Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey, about
ten minutes' walk from the Richmond Railway Station, on
MONDAY, November B0, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS,
at 12 o'Clock precisely each day, the FIRST PORTION of the
extensive and well-grown NURSERY STOCK, including,
amongst other items, 10.000 Aucubas, 1 to 4 feet, a large
number being suitable for pots and for growing on ; 1000
Green and Variegated Box, 2 to 5 feet ; 1000 new Silver Dwarf
variety, 12 to 18 inches, citable for pots ; 4000 Golden Privet,

1 to 2} feet ; 4000 oval leafed Privet, 3 to 5 feet ; 3000 English
Yews, 3 to 6 feet; 5000 Laurels, 4 to 6 feet; 6000 Gold and
Silver Variegated Hollies— a splendid lot, including 2i 00
Standard and Pyramid and single stems; 5000 Green Hollies,

2 to 5 feet; a large assortment of Specimen Ferns, Standard
Ornamental Trees, 80.0 Fruit Trees, 2 to 3 years, amongst
them 4000 Plums, principally Victoria and Gisborne ; 500
Pyramid Morelio Cherries, fruiting trees. Six rick? of old
meadow HAY, about 100 loads ; large Market VAN, Bay
CART-HORSE, rising six years, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, t>7 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

N.B.— The LEASE of the Nurseries and old-established
Business is for DISPOSAL. Particulars can be obtained of the
Auctioneers.

Havant.

EXPIRATION of LEASE. SECOND PORTION.

\.f ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1YJL SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea Vie v
Nurseries. Havant. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY,
December 8 and 9, the SECOND PORTION of the particularly
well-grown and healthy NURSERY STOCK, which is in ex-
ceptionally fine condition for removing, comprising about
8000 Ornamental Trees. 5000 Flowering and Ornamental
Foliage Shrubs, 5000 beautifully grown Conifers and Ever-
greens; 3000 Fruit Trees, several thousands of Roses, for the
growing of which, these Nurseries have a wide spread reputa-
tion, and a large stock of smaller Evergreens aud Conifers
suitable for the Trade for growing on.

May be viewed. Catalogues on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 63, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Feltham, Middlesex.

A PORTION of the exceptionally well-grown NURSERY
STOCK, by order of Messrs. C. Lee & Son, the grouud
being required for other purposes. The Stock is in mag-
nificent condition for removal, having been recently
transplanted with great care.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Prenrsej, The Nurseries,
Feltham, Middlesex, on THURSDAY, December 10, at
12 o'clock precisely, 1500 CUPRESSUS ERECI'A VIRIDIS,
2'feet; 2(11)0 ENGLISH YEWS, 2 to 4 feet ; 1000 HOLLIES,
1000 named and HYBRID RHODODENDRONS, and a large
variety of CONIFERS, J of which particulars will be given in
future Advertisements.

Friday Kext, November 20.
\f ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1'JL SELL on FRIDAY, Novemb.-r '.0, at their Central Sale
Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, by ORDER of
Mr. F. SANDER—

CCELOGYNE DAY ANA GRANDIS,

The GARLAND ORCHID,

bigger and longer than Cielogyne Dayana.

offered for the first lime.

Flower-Spikes up to 5 feet, with nearly 100 flowers on

each spike.

GRAND PLANTS IN PANS AND BASKETS, BREAKING

FREELY.

Friday Next.

BROUGHTONIA SANGUINEA.
Splendid leafy masses of this beautiful and rare rich crimson
Orchid, which blooms in spring, and lasts three or four
months. The plant is very didicult to import, and the
plants offered are in grand condition.

ONCIDIUM TRIQUETUM.
A pretty dwarf species, wsth elegant sprays of wdiite and
blood-red flowers.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their SALE of ORCHIDS on
FRIDAY NEXT, November 2J.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next, November 20.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by order of Mr. F. SANDER,
A GIANT CATTLEYA.
Gigantic Masses. Gigantic Bulbs.

Gigantic Flowers. Gigantic Consignment.

Probably the most magnificent lot of Cattleyas ever intro-
duced into Europe.

And the only consignment that will be received.

Friday next, November 20.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by order of Mr. F. SANDER,

2,000 CATTLEYA LABI ATA (LINDLEY),

fine consignment just to bund.

The true old autumn-fluwering Cuttleya labiata from the Rio

Pinto, Swainson's hunting-ground, the only locality for the

true old plant. Re-imported by F. SANDER.

It is the Queen of Cattleyas.

It is guaranteed true.

Many plants in sheath will also be included in this sale.

Friday Next, November 20.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by order of Mr. F. Sander,
SPATHOGLOTTIS ERICSSONII,
A new and grand variety.

Friday Next, November 20.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, by order of Mr. F. Sander,
A grand lot of

DENDROBIITM AUREUM ZELANICUM.
The true Ceylon variety. It is by far the grandest yellow
Dendrobe of tbeaureum section, and is a magnificent species.
It is now very rare.

Friday Next, November 20.

MESSRS. PLIOTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, by order of Mr. F. Sander,
a fine lot of a CATTLEYA found growing in the OLD
LABIATA district on the upper Rio Hnto.
The plants much resemble C. Schoheldiana in appearance,
but the flower a are described as beiug white, while the lip U
crimson.

Friday Next, November 20.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
willSELI, by order of Mr. F. SANDER,
CYPRIPEDILJM INSIGNE, ALL UNDOWERED.
These plants were collected from exactly the same locality
whence the lovely
CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE SANDERS
originated. This I guarantee.
Particular attention is called to tnis batch of Cypripedes.

Friday next, November 20.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL, by order of Mr. F. SANDER,
a remarkable-loobiDg EPIDENDRUM from the old LABIATA
district ;
also a fine-looking BURLINGTONIA from the same region.

Friday Next, November 20.
TVTESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1VL SELL, by order of Mr. F. SANDER,

IMPORTED DENDROBIITM McCARTHLE,

in splendid order.

Also many other fine and valuable ORCHIDS.

Reigate Nurseries (close to Reigate Station).

MESSRS. WHITE and SONS are instructed
by Messrs. Ivery & Son, U SELL by AUCTION, as
above, on TUESDAY, November 17, 1891, at 12 o'clock pre-
cisely, a selection of young and thriving NURSERY STOCK
and FRUIT TREES, comprising about 1100 thriving Apple,
Pear, Plum, aud Cherry trees, many in fruiting condition,
about 350 Dwarf and Standard Roses, of the best sorts, a
quantity of Flowering Shrubs, in varieties, a quantity of
Border Shrubs, Thuias of sorts, Cupressus, splendid lot of
Handsworth Box, Portugal and Common Laurels (various
sizes), Berberis, Privet, Sweet Briar, Pinus austriaca and ex-
celsa, Deodaras, special Irish Yews, Limes, &c. Cobnuts and
Filberts.

Catalogues may now be obtained at the Hotels in Reigite
andRedhiU; of Messrs. I VERY and SON, Nurserymen, R-i-
gate and Dorking; and of the Auctioneers, 18, High Street,
Dorking; aud on Fridays, at Leatherhead.

Re Lewis Phillips, Esq., Deceased.

BEAULIEU. WTNOUMORE HILL.
The Choice Collection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANT i,
consisting of Camellias, Specimen Azaleas, Chrysanthe-
mums, Orange Trees, Pot Roses, Ferns, Abut dons, Dra-
caenas, 4,000 Bedding Plants, 200 Strawberries in pots, aud
other plants.

MR. ALFRED RICHARDS is favoured with
instructions to SELL the above by AUCTION, on the
premises, ou WEDNESDAY, November 18, at 12o'Clock, in lots.
Catalogues of the Auctioneer, Tottenham, and 18, Finsbury
Circus, E.C.

Brecknock Nurseries, Camden Road, N.W.

LEASE of VALUABLE PREMISES, comprising Conservatory,
Seed Shop, Dwelling House, adjoining large Stible Pre-
mises and Greenhouse over, the Property forming a
splendid building site.

A valuable pit ce of LAND in rear of Hilldrop Crescent, with
frontage of 41ii feet, and comprising about 1 acre, pare
used fur lawn-tennis, and remainder (with about 500 feet
run of glass) as Nursery.

Also long leasehold DWELLING-HOUSE and SHOP, No. 14,
Brecknock Road, let on repairing lease, at £60 per annum.

MESSRS. GEO. HEAD and CO. will SELL
the above by AUCTION, at the Mart, Tokenhou3e Yard,
E.C, on THURSDAY, November 19, 1891, at I o'Clock.

Particulars, with Plan, and Conditions of Sale, may be had
of Messrs. 1NDERMAUR CLARK, and PARKER. Solicitors,
1, Devonshire Terrace, Portland Place, W.; or at the Auc-
tioneers' Offices, 7, Upper Baker Street, N.W.

On Friday Next, November 20, 1891.

By Order of ihe Executors of the late H. J. Buchan, Esq., J.P
WILTON HOUSE, SOUTHAMPTON.

Important Saleof GLASSHOUSES, ORCHIDS, GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, FERNS, &c, comprising 500 feet of Glass-
houses, including 60-feet Peach, Orchid, and Greenhouse* ;
3rj-feet Vinery, 45-feet Stove House, and others. l.fcOO feet
of Iron Stove Piping, 4 Saddle-back Borers (by Lankester
& Son, Southampton), 12 large Garden Lights. 500
Fruit Trees, 360 Pots Chrysanthemums, 100 Pot Roses,
100 Orchids, 500 Greenhouse Plants, 40 Imantophyllum,
100 Single aud Double Begonias, 14 dozen Maidenhair
Ferns, 1,000 Bedding-out Plants, quantity of Rondeletia,
Bougalnrillea, Allarnandas, Schubert ia, Clerodeudron.
Palms and Gardenias, 100 Rhubarb Roots, 10 Rows Seakale,
Number of Garden Tools, Quantity of Ornamental Cork,
Several hundred feet of Brick-walling, Shedding, Gates,
and other Building Material.

MESSRS. HUNT and BANCE will SELL
the same by PUBLIC AUCTION, on the above date, at
11 o'Clock precisely.

Catalogues may be obtained of the Auctioneers, at their
Chambers, 59, Above Bar, Southampton, and 10, Argyll Street,
Oxford Circus, London, W.

N.B.- On View the Day Previous and Morning of Sale.

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

571

Brox Nursery, Brox, near Chertsey, Surrey.

IMPORTANT SALE of NURSERY STOCK.

TI/TESSRS. WATERER and SONS are

ItX instructed by Messrs. Gray & Sons to SELL by AUC-
TION, on MONDAY and TUESDAY, November 23 and 24,
1891, at 11 for 12 o'Clock each day, the exceedingly well-
grown NURSERY STOCK, which has all been moved within
the last two years, and is in perfect order for removal. It
comprises 10,000 Cupressus Lawsoniana, 1 to 5 feet; 2000
American Arbor-vitre, 1 to 3 feet; 1000 English Yews ; 15,000
Thuia Lobbii, 1 to 5 feet ; 10,000 Weymouth Pine, 1 to 5 feet ;
several thousand Green and Variegated Hollies; 1000 Aucuba
japonica, 1 to 2 feet ; 21,000 Rhododeudrons and Hybrid Seed-
lings, 1 to 3 feet; 500 Purple Lilacs, 4 to 6 feet; 11,000
Common and Portugal Laurels, 1 to 6 feet; 2000 specimen
Border Shrubs ; a large quantity of Dwarf and Standard Roses,
the choicest sorts; 1000 Standard Lime, Birch, Sycamore,
Maple, Ash, and Poplar, 8 to 11 feet; 3000 Larch, 2 to 6 feet;
1000 cut back Cherry, 2 to 0 feet, &c, &c.

May be viewed seven days prior to the Sale, and Catalogues
obtained upon the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, at either
of their Offices, at Chertsey; opposite Booking Office, Wey-
bridge Station ; and opposite Station Entrance, Walton-on-
Thames.

THOMAS B. JAMES (manv years with
Protheroe and Morris), will SELL by AUCTION, without
reserve, on TUESDAY NEXT, November 17, at half-past
11, a.m., at his commodious Sale Rooms, Bull Ring, Birming-
ham, twelve cases of well-selected Hyacinths, Tulips. Crocus,
Narcissus, and other Bulbs from reliable farms in Holland ;
also 5,000 Spirsea japonica; 50.0U0 Kentia Fosteriana and
Belmoreana seeds in splendid germinating condition ; 1,250
Dwarf Roses in 25 varieties, fine strong plants; 500 Rhodo-
dendrons; several hundred Azalea Mollis, Aucubas, Magnolias,
trained fruits; 300 grand clumps of Christmas Roses, Specimen
Retinospora, Cupressus, and other Conifers, Box, Lily of the
Valley (true Berlin Crowns), Lilium Harrisii, and numerous
other things.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues free.
N.R.— SALES of BULBS and PLANTS are held every
TUESDAY and THURSDAY.

THOMAS B. JAMES will SELL by
AUCTION, on WEDNESDAY". November 25, at half-
past 13 o'Clock, 403 lots of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, chiefly
in bud and flower, by order of Messrs. Charlcsworth, Shuttle-
worth, & Co.. of Bradford and Loudon, and others. On view
morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
Auction Rooms and Estate Offices, Bull Ring, Bimingham.

WANTED, a GROWER'S BUSINESS,
chiefly Cut Flowers, under Glass— small but good, and
capable of extensiou —that may be paid for wholly or partially
from profits. Near London. — C. D., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office. 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

TO BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the
Bath Road. HEATHROW FARM. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, from Michaelmas next; contiius 438 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Meadow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into I bree or four Market Gardens. The House and Buildings
are 3 miles from West Drayton and Haves Stations (G. W. R).
also Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R.). No Agents
need apply.

For particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wrotham Park Estate Office, Barnet, Herts.

'T'O BE SOLD a Bargain (through death)

-L the LEASE of a capital MARKET NURSERY, with
11 good Glasshouses, all exceptionally well heated; also 200
good Pit Lights and Fixtures, capital Stabling and Dwelling
House, standing on 1 acre. Rent, only £25 per annum.
Apply to T. S-, 2, Elm Villa, Town Road. Lower Edmonton.

ABOUT £350.— A first-class FLORIST,
FRUIT, NURSERY, and GENERAL HORTICULTURAL
BUSINESS, in the fast increasing and very popular town of
Bournemouth, including Household Furniture, Stock, and
every accessory for carrying on a really first-class Trade. This
is a splendid opportunity for one wishing to go into business.

Reasnn for leaving, and further particulars, to WM.
KNIGHT, Auctioneer, Holdernhurst Road, Bournemouth.

LONDON, West-End.— Main Thoroughfare.
Bold Corner position. FURNISHING FLORISTS' and
CUT FLOWERS BUSINESS. Suit Lady. Lease 18 years.
Price £650, or offer.— Full particulars of PROTHEROE AND
MORRIS, Auctioneers, 67 an 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

£AA feet of 3-inch HOT WATER SOCKET-

OUV PIPE, to be SOLD at half the Price of New. Also
an 18 feet ROOHFORD BOILER, made by Kinnell, South-
wark Street, in good condition, at best offer.

W. OWEN, 110, Stamford Hill, N.

JWEEKS AND CO., HORTICULTUn iL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department. War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening),
brings experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardens,
&o. Excellent testimonials from former patrons.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The fineBt
stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

ANTHONY WATERER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the following well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet.

„ DOUG1ASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ ,, GLAUCA, 5 to 8 feet.

,, HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet.

„ LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA EKECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to S feet.

„ „ LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS. 3 to 10 feet.

„ „ AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS, 5 to 8 feet.

,, LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet.

,, PUNGENS, 1J to 4 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1J to 4 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 feet.

„ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet.

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBBII (gigantea). 5 to 9 feet.

„ OCCIDENT ALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 3 to 7 feet.
YEWS, Common, 3. 4, 5, and 6 feet.

,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

,, Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

„ Irish, 5 to 10 feet.

„ „ Golden. 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2£ to 4 feet.
BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps. 4 to 7 feet.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE.

„ HODGINS or NOBILIS,

,, LAUBXFOLIA,

,, MYRTIFOLIA, f 3,4. 5, up to 10 feet.

„ SCOTICA,

,, Yellow berried, and otter sorts

., Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet.

,, Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

., Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to Hi feet.

„ Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems,
with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

FOREST TREES-FOREST TREES,

COVERT PLANTS, &c.

JOHN PERKINS and SON
beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their
large stock of the following, which for quantity and quality
cannot be surpassed : —

ASH, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.

ALDER. 3 to 4 feet.

BEECH, 2 to 3 feet.

BIRCH, 2 to 3 feet.

JUGLANS NIGRA, 4 to ,i feet.

LARCH FIRS, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.

OAKS, English, 3 to 4 feet.

PINUS AUSTRIACA, 1£ to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.

,, LARICIO, 1} to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
SCOTCH FIRS, 1 J to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
SPRUCE FIRS. 1-J to 2, 2 to », and 2i to 3 feet.
SYCAMORE, 3 to 4 feet.

BERBERIS AQUIFOLIA. 1 to 1J. and 1 J to 2 feet.
BLACKTHORN. 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
DOGWOOD, scarlet, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HAZEL, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HORNBEAM, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
LAURELS, common, 1£ to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.

,, Caueasica, 1£ to 2, and 2^ to 3 feet.

„ rotundifolia, li, to 2, and 2J to 3 feet.

„ Portugil, li to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 1J to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
PRUNUS MYROBALANA. 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum), strong transplanted.
QUICK or WHITETHORN, strong and extra strong trans-
planted. Special offers on application.

52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON,

Nurseries, Billing Road.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, true to name. This
collection includes the very best varieties only. Several
silver cups and hundreds of 1st prizes were taken by my
customers last year. For price of cuttings and plants see
CATALOGUE of"

W. ETHERIN'GTON, Swanscombe, Kent.

MaDy Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

BOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS* GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and "will be sent gratis then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3d. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

EXHIBITIONS.

\TORK CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.— The

J- TWELFTH ANNUAL SHOW in the Fine Art Exhi-
bition Building will be held on NOVEMBER 18, 19, and 20,
1801. JB1S0 offered in PRIZES, in liberal proportion, for
Plants, Cut Flowers, Fruit and Vegetables. Entries close
November 11. Schedules may be had from the Secretary,

J. LAZENBY, 13, Feasegate, York.

TWICKENHAM HORTICULTURAL and
COTTAGE GARDEN SOCIETY.
The ANNUAL CHRYSANTHEMUM and FRUIT SHOW of
this Society will be held in the Town Hall. Twickenham, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY'. November 1? and 18. Entries
must be sent in on or before Friday, November 13.

Schedules, and all information, may be obtained on applica-
tion to the Hon. Sec, MR. JAMES J. G. PUGH, 2, Heath
Road, Twickenham.

HULL and EAST RIDING CHRYSAN-
THEMUM SOCIETY.
EIGHTH ANNUAL SHOW, HULL.
WEDNESDAY' and THURSDAY, November 18 and 19.
Class 1, £17 10s. for 24 Incurved; and Class 2, £17 10*. for
24 Japanese. Entries close November 11.
Schedules from the Hon. Secretaries,

EDW. HARLAND, Manor Street, Hull.
JAMES DIXON, 2, County Buildings, Hull.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSO-
CIATION.
GRAND CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.
NOVEMBER 19, 20. and 21.
Schedules and all particulars on application to the Secretary,

ROBERT LAIRD, 17, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY of MAN-
CHESTER.
The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of CHRYSANTHEMUMS will
be held in the TOWN HALL. Manchester, on TUESDAY
and WEDNESDAY', the 24th and 25th iust. For Schedules
apply to the undersigned,
old Trafford, Manchester.

BRUCE FINDLAY,

QOUTII SHIELDS CHRYSANTHEMUM

O and WINTER FLOWER SHOW.

EXHIBITION will be held on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, November 25 and 26, in the Royal Assembly Hall, South
Shiel is. PRIZE MONEY over £UM ; £10 f jr 38 blooms.

BERNARD COWAN, Hon. Secretary.
Harton, South Shields.

N.B.— The Hall illuminated by electricity.

RAND FLORAL FETE, YORK,

June 15. 16. and 17, 1892.

PRIZES £iW0. Schedules rea.lv in January. Apply to

13, New Street, Y'ork. C IAS. W. SIMMONS, Sec.

CATTLEYA

FROM A NEW

TRIANyE,

DISTRICT.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,
Have just received a large and splendid impor-
tation of CATTLEYA TRIAN.F,, from an
entirely new district. The Collector discovered
the plants during the blooming season, and he
states that there are an unusually large number
of the pure white forms amongst them. The
entire lot looks distinct. Inspection of these and
also of the Company's immense Stock of Estab-
lished, Semi-established, and Newly - Imported
ORCHIDS is earnestly invited.

Full particulars on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

MALL SHRUBS and CONIFEILE.— Abies

O orientalis, 4-yr., 40s. per 1000; Cupressus macrocarpa,
1-vr., 30*. per 1000; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 40.?. per 1000;
C.'erecta viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000 ; Cutoneaster Sim-
nionMi, 1 foot. 30*. per 1000; Escallonta marrantha, 9 inch,
8s. per 100; Ivy, Irish. 2-yr., iQs. per 1000; Lilac, purple,
2-yr., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per 100;
Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, 50s. per 1C00; Pinus
cemhra. 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. Nordmannia,
2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000 ; P. nooilis, 2-year trans-
planted. 6s. per 100; Privets, oval. 9 inch, 8s. per 1000; ditto,
10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch,
transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100;
R. squarrosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; Rhododen-
dron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per 1000; 6 to
9 inch, 55s. per 1000; Thuia Lohbii, 10 to 12 inch, 30s. per
1G00; 15 to 18 inch, extra, 40s. per 1000; Veronica Traversii,
8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia, 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew,
English, 2-yrs., 1-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew,
8 to 9 inch, Ss. per 100.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

150,000.-Special Offer of Kentias.

WICETUN has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON, Putney. S.W.

572

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

-BARGAINS IN BULBS-

Jj PHEASANTS-EYE NARCISSUS, good. 6<. per 1000:
SNOWDROPS. YELLOW CROCUS, BLUE SCILLAS and
STARS OF BETHLEHEM. 8s. 3d. per 1000 f«*; bPA MSH
IRISES, Bweet-scented, blue. 14s. per 1000, free ; GOLD CUP
IRISES, very pretty, 30s. per 1000 free.

D'ALCORN and CO.. Bulb Growers. Spalding.

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing l ds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high fit for C. icrvitory and House Decorations; Dracrenas,
Bamboos,& Foliage PI n. ts. Lowest Pricesquoted on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

Cheaper tnan Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,00 ) Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to nime, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample doz.n, 6s. Carriage paid. 60 in 50 varieties 21s
or 30s. per 10). our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with f uU
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. AND C. ALLEN. Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! ! Palms ! ! I

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA,
COCOS, PH03NLX, and many others. LIST of prices on

application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries. S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS,
2s. id. per 100. of the following sorts : —
WHITES: — Elaine, Ethel. Sueur Melanie, Fleur de Mane,

Princess of Teck. and Madame Desgrang'S.
Yellows :— Chevalier Domage, and Peter the Great.
Bronze :— Source d'Or.

WANTED.-RASPAIL GERANIUM CUTTINGS.
W. E. SWIFT, Skegness, Lincolnshire.

PRIVATE COLLECTION of ORCHIDS on
SALE.— A small private collection of Orchids on Sale in
North Lancashire, either in one lot, or in lots to suit pur-
chasers, comprising Odontoglossum crispum in fine varieties,
Cypripediums choice and beautifully grown, Dendrobiums,
Cattleyas, and a miscellaneous lot of cool and tropical Orchids.
Established for eight years.— Apply for particulars, JAMES
ANDERSON, 26, Cooper Street, Manchester.

Game Covert.

GEORGE FARNSWORTH has to offer a
large quantity of PRIVETS, true Evergreen, 1-yr., 5s.
per 1000; do., 2-yr., very fine, Ss. per 1000.

RHODODENDRONS, Hybrid and Ponticum, mixed, 3-yr.
and 3yr. bedded, 25s. per 1000; do., 6 to 9 inches. 60s. per
1000 ; extra transplanted, very busby, 10 to 15 inches, 120s.
per 1000 ; and 18 to 24 inches, 200s. per 1000.

Samples on application at the Nurseries, Matlock.

FOR SALE.— A quantity of LAVENDER
CUTTINGS, SEDUM CALIFORNICUM, RASPBERRY
CANES, and a handsome FICUS ELASTICUS, 7 feet by 4,
all good of their respective kinds. For price, apply to—
J. GARDNER, Elsham Hall Gardens, Brigg, Lincolnshire.

New Apple, Chelmsford Wonder.

SALTMARSH and SON,
The Nurseries. Chelmsford, are now sending out this
splendid NEW KITCHEN APPLE, which, after receiving an
Award of Merit in March last, has had an additional award of
a First-class Certificate at the meeting of the Fruit Committee
of the Royal Horticultural Society on November 10.

It is a firm, handsome Apple, of large si/.e, a good keeper,
great bearer, and of superior flavour when cooked. It was
favoured with a well-executed illustration, together with a
faithful description, in the Gardeners' Magazine of April 11,
copies of which may be had on application.

Strong Maiden Trees are now ready at 5s. each, with the
usual discount to the Trade.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHER-
RIES, anil DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards ;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

WINTER ftTEATHS, EPACRIS,

_T _,„_,,,,.,.,, 1 -LJ- LILACS, GENISTA, CYCLA-
FLOWjLKI.Ntr-< MENS, PRIMULAS, BOUVAKDIAS,

I CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, &c.

V Splendidly set for Bloom.

PLANTS.

Prices on Application.

DlCKS0NS5S?CHESTER

PLANTING SEASON.

INTENDING PLANTERS at PUBLIC

JL PARKS, CEMETERIES, and PRIVATE PLEASURE-
GROUNDS, are respectfully invited to inspect the immense
Stock of TREES and SHRUBS for these purposes, in the
extensive Nurseries of —

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE

(By Appointment, Nurserymen to the Queen),
CARLISLE.

dialogues, and all Information, free by Post.

Special Cheap Offer.

ELCOMBE and SON, The Nurseries, Romsey,
Hampshire, beg to offer the following for cash : —
AMERICAN ARBOR YIT2E. 4 to 5 feet, per 10'J, 30s. ; ditto,
5 to 6 feet, per 100, 50s. ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet, per 100, 80s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, 2» to 3 feet, per 10U, 25s.; ditto,
Q to 4 feet, per 100, 40s. ; ditto, 5 to 6 feet, per 100, 60s.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONII, fine specimens, 8 to 10 feet, 3s. id.

each.
THUIA LOBBI, 6 to 6 feet, per dozen, 12s ; ditto, 6 to 7 feet,

per dozen. 18s. ; ditto, 9 to 10 feet, per dozen, 42s.
CUPRESSUS ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 feet, per dozen, 18s.
The above are all well-grown and finely-rooted.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing
and planting ; 2-vr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old. good
roots, 3s. per 100; ditto", selected, 4s. per 100; id. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. id. per 100; ditto
selected. 10s. per 100; S-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. id. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial ;- "Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots lever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford, December 27, 1890."
J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone. Brighton.

COVERT F O R GAME.

LAURELS, Common, 1J to 2 feet, 70s. per 1000.

„ Bushy, 2 to 3 feet, 100s. per 1000.

„ Very bushy, 3 to 4 feet, 15s. per 100.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, 35s. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIRS, fine, 2J to 3J feet, 100s. per 1000.
BEECH, extra strong, 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1000.
QUICKS, extra strong. 2 to 3 feet. 21s per 1000.

.. thrice transpd., 3 to 4 feet. 30s. per 1000.
LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS and other trees equally cheap.

Catalogues and Samples free on application.
R. TUCKER, Nurseries, Faringdon, Berks.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Plantei a.
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

J- have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000 ; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties. 8 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, alBO for
Forest Planting ; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURELS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

ROSES! ROSES! ROSES!

PLANT NOW.

100 STRONG DWARF H.P. ROSES, for 35/- 100

THE FINEST IN THE TRADE.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on Application.

C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, EASTBOURNE.

8. C. RUMSEY

c/)
m

f*\ OFFERS ^^

10 FIRST-RATE STANDARD ROSES for 10s. W

O10 ., ,. HALF-STANDARD „ ,, 7s. id.

10 SPLENDID DWARF or BUSH „ „ 5s.

O10 GRAND CLIMBING „ „ 6s.

10 LOVELY MOSS ,, „ 5s.
£\ All Best Sorts, Packing Free. Cash with Order. fj\

J*"' CATALOGUE on application. j"

ROSE - GROWER, WROTHAM, KENT.

LILIUM AURATUM.

Just arrived, in grand condition, immense Exhibition
Bulbs, Is. id. each, 15s. per dozen, £5 per 100.

Grand Bulbs, either home-grown or imported— Japanese—
10«. and 7s. id. per dozen, 60s. per 100.

F. ROSS & CO., Importers, Bletchlngley, Redhill.
^HRUBS and CONIFERS. — American

O Arbor-vitte, 2^ feet, 20s. per 100; Berberis aquifolium,
2 feet, 16s. per 100.; Box Tree, ] J foot, 12s. per 100; Coto-
neaster microphylla, 2 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet,
12s. per 100 ; Escallonia macrantha, pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 ;
Laurel, Common. 1J foot. 10s. per 100; 2 to 2} feet. lis. per
100; 3 to 3J feet, 20s. per 100 ; rotundifolia, 2 to 2J feet, 16s.
per 100; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2} feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo-
dendron ponticum, 1$ to 2 feet, 25s. per 100; 2 to 2£ feet,
32s per 100 ; 3 feet, 60s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Eng-
lish, 1J to 2 feet, 21s. per 100 ; 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ;
Araucaria imbricata, 3 to 3^ feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40s. per
doz., Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet.
30s, per 100; Erecta viridis, 2 to 2} feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to 3J
feet, 40s. per 100 ; Picea Nordmannia, 2 feet, 60s. per 100 ;
2J to 3 feet, 12s. per dozen ; Retinospora plumosa, 21; feet, 30s.
per 100; 4 to 4J feet. 50s. per 100 ; Thuia Lobbii. 3 to 4 feet,
30i. per 100 ; 5 feet, 50s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet,
extra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopsis dolobrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100;
2J'feet to 3 fett, fine specimens. 24s. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s.
each.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

EVERGREEN HEDGES.

Per 100

35s.

60s.
120s.

3)s.

75s.

40f.

60s.
12ns.

40 i.

70«.
120s.

25s.

35s.

60s.

ARBOR-VTTvE, American, 3 to 4 feet

„ ,. 4 to 5 feet

,, „ 6 to 7 feet

CUPRE9SUS LAWSONIANA, 2 to 3 feet

„ ,, 3 to 4 feet

HOLLIES, Green, 1J to 2 feet

., „ 2 to 2} feet

,. ,. 2J to 3 feet

THUIA LOBBII, 2 to 3 feet

„ „ 3 to 4 feet

,. „ 4 to 5 feet

YEWS, English, 1 to 1J foot

„ ,, 1} to 2 feet

„ ,. 2 to 2^ feet

JNO. JEFFEKIES AND SON. Royal Nurseries, Cirencester.

FRANK CANT'S
ROSES

Have been Awarded the Jubilee Champion
Cup of the National Rose Society,

AND THE

FIRST PRIZES in the great 72 CLASSES

HEREFORD, WOLVERHAMPTON, MAN-
CHESTER and TIBSHELF,
Besides upwards of 40 other FIRST PRIZES

THIS YEAR.

Full List of Prizes for Four years, published in my

ROSE CATALOGUE, post-free.

BRAISWIGK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

H. LANE & SON

Beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their extensive
Stocks of TREKS and SHRUBSfor immediate effect, extending
over 150 acres, including the following, all uninjured by frost,

EVERGREENS.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

DEUTZIAS, ELDER (Golden and Variegated), GUELDER

ROSES, THORNS in variety, LABURNUMS, LILACS,

PHILADELPHUS, RIBES, SPIR.EAS, WEIGELAS, &c.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

M4TLES, SYCAMORES, BEECH, Black NORWEGIAN

BIRCH, CHESTNUTS, ELMS, LIMES, PURPLE-LEAVED

PLUM, WEEPING TREES, &c.

CONIFERS.

ABIES DOUGLASII, ARAUCARIAS, CEDRUS DEODARA
(splendid Specimens), CUPRESSUS, PICEA NOBILIS and
NOHDMANNIANA, &c , PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c. RETINO-
SPORAS in variety, THUIA LOBBI and others, THUJOPS1S
BOREALIS and DOLABRATA (fine Specimens).

RHODODENDRONS, fine named sorts, well set with bloom.

Ponticum and Hybrid Seedlings, Azalea Mollis, &c.

FORE3T TREES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.

CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

THE NURSERIES, berkhamstead, HERTS.

rtUlTTR

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

J;f!HEAL*'SQN8

Us VI CTawley, ,*' W Sussex.

N0VEM3EB 14, 1891.]

THE GAB DE NEBS' GHBONICLE.

573

CARNATIONS

and other

HARDY

BORDER PLANTS

"MRS. REYNOLDS HOLE,"

and other popular hardy Border

CARNATIONS and PICOIEES

bhould be planted now.

Descriptive Catalogues of Hardy
Floriit*' Flowers on application.

DicksonsbsChester

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

And HEDGE PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS, "™

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had. POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;

Also. 10 and 12. Market Street. Manchester.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20j. per 100.

,, in60's at55s.perl00.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.
,, ,, ,, in60's, at 60s. per 100.

,, ,, ,, in48'8, at24s. perdoz.

,. ., ,, in32's, at 48s. perdoz.

SEAFOKTHIA Elegans, in 60's, at32s. per;00.

., ,, in 48's, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in thumbs and 60's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracaenas Lindenii,
and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney. S.W.

NEW OSTRICH PLTJME

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

i i

The Best and Most Distinct Novelties of the Season.

W. A. MAN DA

j j

The New Golden- Yellow Variety of the "Hairy Family;"
free bloomer, of good habit, and strong constitution.

Well-rooted Plants, for Spring Delivery, 65. each.

Six ditto ditto ditto for 30s.

Special Terms for Quantit.es, to the Trade, on Application.

"H. BALLANTINE,"

The New Bronze Variety of the "Hairy Family;" profuse
bloomer, fine h»b't, aud of excellent constitution.

Well-rooted Plants, fr>r Spring Delivery, ?s. each,
Six citto ditto ditto for 25s.

Special Terms for Quantities, to the Trade, on Application.
PIP All ORDERS for the above two proved and sterling
Novelties now offered for the first time, will be executed In
S riCt Rotation ; and, for further description, write for our
NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM CATALOGUE, post-free on appli-
cation. To Secure the best Plants, Order at Once, from —

PITCHER & MANDA,

The United States Nurseries,

HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT,

Who, at present, hold the entire Stock of both Varieties.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STUCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a Bplendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Q6?cme a7u) ayee-.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

DANIELS BROS., NORWICH.

WE are Large Importers of DUTCH and
other FLOWER ROOTS, and offer a fine assortment
of all the choicest in HYACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSI.
LILIES, CROCUS, ANEMONES, &c, in finest quality, at
moderate prices.

LILIUM HARRISII

(THE BERMUDA EASTER LILY).

Mpgnificent variety. Long, pure white, trumpet flower?,

deliciouBly scented.

First-rate for Pot Culture or for Forcing.

Fine selected bulbs per 100, 40s. ; per dozen 6s. Qd.

Extra fine bulb3 per 100, 60s. ; per dozen 8s. 6rf.

A few very large bulbs per dozen 15s. Orf.

FRUIT TREES.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. APRI-
COTS, NECTARINES. A grand assortment of all the Choicest
Varieties in fine Standard. Dwarf, and Trained Trees. Also
a fine Collection of GOOSEBERRIES. CURRANTS, RASP-
BERRIES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS. 4c.

ROSES.

HYBRID PERPETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

:tllUllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllHI1lllllll1limillIlllMIIIIIM>IIMHIIIIIIIIItllltlMll!ll

PLANTING SEASON,

-' UABDILI-GBOWN

Fore: st, fruit,

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES;

VERY EXTEN8IYB STOCK. Inspection Invited*
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

i/IvKSONS NURSERIES

(limited) Chester.

IIIIIUIlllllllllllllUIUIIMIIMUIWIIIHIIIIIIIIIItlllld

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Finest New Japanese Varieties.
LOUIS BCEHMER, GLOIRE DU ROCHER. BOUQUET DE
DAME, R. C. KINGSTON, W. TRICKER. CESAR COSTA,
EYNSFORD WHITE. MOHAWK, A. H. NEVE. W. H.
LINCOLN, and WILLIAM LANE.

Finest New Incurved Varieties.

MME. DARRIER. ANNIE HOSTE. CAMILLE, FLAMMA-

RIAN.MME.F. MISTRA EL. ROBERT CANNELL, PRINCESS

WALDEMAE, MME. MANTE, and M. R. BAHAUNT.

Cuttings of above. Is. each ; 10s. per doz. Cuttings of the

fine New Early Japanese, 6s. per doz.

HI I fl II C O RYECROFT NURSERY. HITHER
. V, uUntO. GREEN, LEWISHAM.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders : —

APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Unthmmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

APRICOTS— Standard, and Standard Trained.

CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Traintd,2-yr.Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

PEARS^Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pj ramids. Standards.

PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained. 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids. Standards.

DAMSONS, FARLEIGH PROLIFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large— Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

Cant's Roses

HAVE WON THE

National Champion Trophy, 1891,

AND

FIVE TIMES PREVIOUSLY;

ALSO THE

CHISWICK CHALLENGE TROPHY, 1891.

Besides 1690 other FIRST PRIZES,

AND

65 SILVER CTJPS and MEDALS.

The Most Successful Grower and Exhibitor

FOR THE L.A8T 40 YEARS.

CATALOGUES, post-free, on application to —

BENJAMIN R. CANT,

ROSE GROWER,

COLCHESTER.

Telegrams— " CANT, Colchester." Established 126 Years.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable
and Easy to Grow.
■ 74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15*. per dozen.

N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBS!VEGElnfFEARFrER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FEEN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

574

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

iiMcwM

AUTUMN, WINTER FLOWERING,

AND

FORCINC PLANTS.

Prime Quality, in Splendid Condition,
Now iteady for Delivery.
ACACIA ARMATA. covert with buds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIBUNDA, extra fine.
AZALEA INDICA, finest kimis for forcing.
MOLLIS, loaded with buds.
GHENT VARIETIES, very fine.
BEGONIAS, winter-flowering,
BOUVARDIAS, crowned with flower-buds, including the

Latest novelties.
CAMELLIAS, fine sorts, well set wilh flower.
CARNATIONS, tree varieties, loaded wilh buds.
CYCLAMEN, our superb Giganteum stra;n.
DAPHNR INDICA RUBRA.

DEIITZIA GRACILIS, splendidly set with flower buds.
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS, extra strong.
EFACRIS, of sort-, very tine for winter.
ERICA HYEMALIS, GRACILIS, CAFFRA, &c.
GARDENIAS, bwt sorts, well bud led.
HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.
KALMIA LATIFOLIA. covered with flower buds.
I.AURUSTINUS. dwarf stems, compact heads.
LILAC A' BA VIRGINALIS, fine pot plants from Paris.

,, CHARLES X.

.. PERSICA.
LILY OF THE VALLEY, fine clumps from Holland.
LtLIUM HARRISI. extra strong, from America.
PRIMULA SINENSIS ALBA PLENA, in fine varieties.
ROSES, finest Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals, strong plants

grown in nots for forcing.
SOLANUM HYBRIDUM, Empress, and other kinds.
SPIRAEA ASTILBOIDES, a charming plant.

JAPONICA, extra strong imported clumps.
STAPHVLEA COLCHICA, fine, from South of France.
VIBURNUM OPULUS (Guelder Rose), imported pot

plants.
For Complete List and Prices, see Illustrated Bulb

Catalogue, Gratis and post free on application.

B. S. WILLIAMS & SON,

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries,
UPPER HOLLOW AY, LONDON, N.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

AT
LOWEST
BATES.

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No- 397-

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DicksonsS* Chester

«s

IMPORTANT TO PLANTERS.

LITTLE & BALLANTYNE,

KNOWEFIELD NURSERIES, CARLISLE,

Offer an unusually Large and Varied Stock of FOREST and
ORNAMENTAL TREES, EVERGREEN and FLOWERING
SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES. ROSES, &c,
all well-grown and very healthy. See CATALOGUE, free.
Special Offers made, and Contracts drawn up, on Short Notice.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Our whole aim and exertion is to grow and supply plants
and cutting* in the highest possible condition, so that they
succeed everywhere. It would gladden the heart of every
veteran grower to see our houses filled with the finest stools,
full of vigour (these were cut down six weeks ago, when out
in the open ground), now throwing up the loveliest cuttings
ever supplied, in perfect health and full of colour. It is really
extremely important, however many cuttings exhibitors may
have on their overfed exhausted plants, to have all they want
for next season from our grandly-prepared stock, and 12,000
plants in pots specially prepared in the same manner for
foreign transit. See following Testimonials of the great
results from our importation to the furthermost parts of the
globe, and which have made us the largest exporters of these
and all other plants and seeds : —

Mr. T. SPAULDING, Importer of Chrysanthemums,
Orange, N.J., U.S.A., August 18, 1891.

Gentlemen,— The Chrysanthemums came to hand in tine
shape ; iu fact, better than any ever received. I do not think
I shall lose one.

Messrs. D. HAY and SONS, Montpellier Nursery,
Auckland, N.Z., September 11, 1891.

Dear Sirs,— We have very mu.h pleasure in informing you
that the plants arrived in the best possible condition. We are
delighted, and thank you.
Mr. EDWIN HESKETH. Bank Buildings, Auckland, N.Z.,
June 20. 1891.

Dear Sirs, -I have to offer you my best thanks for the
plants. They all reached me in grand condition, nothing
could have been better. This will be sure to bring its reward.
I shall ask your valuable assistance again.

gjf Send for ours, the finest and most correct ILLUSTRA TED
and DESCR/PTJI'E CATALOGUE of the best kept
Collection in the World.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations, &c,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order.

s. d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS price 60 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 1000.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35 0 per 1000.

(Gardenia-like — very sweet scented).
PHEASANT'S ETE NARCISS price 13 6 per 1000.
MIXED DAFFODILS price 15 0 per 1000.

(A Grind Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12 6 per 1000.

WINTER ACONITES price 10 6 per 10)0.

SNOWDROPS price 21 0 per 100O.

Buyers from this List must please give the price with

their order.

All are offered so long as unsold, and for quantities of not

less than 500 bulbs.

Suppliers of Bulbs to trie Royal London Parks,

237
238

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

piLBEKT'S ROYAL FAMILY

VjT of the BRASSICA TRIBE.

CHOU DE BURGHLF.Y (King of Cabbages), Is. per packet.
UNIVERSAL SAVOY (Queen of Savoys), Is. per packet.
KING of the BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Is. id. per packet.
LATE WHITE VICTORIA BROCCOLI, Is. 6(1. per packet.
EARLY WILLIAM PEA (sow now). 2s. per quart.
WILSON'S ROYAL ASHTOP POTATO, for frame and outside

work, the best, 2s. per stone.
GILBERT'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, Is. twelve seeds.
EARLIEST STRAWBERRY— JOHN RUSKIN, turned out of

pots, 20s. per 1000; good runners, 15s. per 1000.
LATEST OF ALL runners, 15s. per 1000. Warranted best

plants in the trade.

H. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

DUTCH FLOWER BULBS.

Miscellaneous, Bulbous, & Tuberous-rooted Plants.

HTHE NEW CATALOGUE (81st year), of

X these Articles (No. 509), of E. H. KRELAGE and SON,
NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, and FLORISTS to the Court,
Haarlem (Holland), has been published, and will be sent, post-
free, aud without charge, to all who apply for it by prepaid
letters, direct to

£. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland,

PAULS' NURSERIES,

WALTHAM CROSS.

South Entrance four minutes' walk from Waltham Cross
Station (G.E.R.); West Entrance, three minutes' walk from
Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.R).

*5fc2M

B)Sj^8|^C"

ROSES.

Tbe Largest and Finest Stock
in the Country.

NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY.

Also Books on Roses, by
Wm. Paul, F.L.S.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, "WALTHAM CROSS
FRUIT TREES

AND

GRAPE VINES.

^?stf V1 ^" enormous Stock of

^jS'S&R Fruiting and Other Trees

%S^4Qj\t'> unsurpassed in quality,

being vigorous, clean, and

true to name.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

HARDY TREES
AND SHRUBS.

EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and
CONIFERS, in endless variety,
kept constantly transplanted.
RHODODENDRONS off Loam.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS
a specialty.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

CAMELLIAS

The Largest Stock in the
Country.

Plants well set with Bloom-buds.

Also,

AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and

other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

BULBS & SEEBS

OF BEST QUALITY.

ALSO
MUSHROOM SPAWN. GARDEN
MATS, MANURES, INSECTI
CIDES, aui all other GARDEN
REQUISITES.

Pricts strictly moderate; reduced rates for large quan-
tities. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bu experienced
hands for all parts of the world. Gardentrs of character and
experience recommended.

Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address—

. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS,

HERTS.

Novembeb 14, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

575

FRIDAY NEXT, November 20.

THE

GARLAND CCLOGYNE

Bigger and longer than
CCELOGYNE DAYANA.

NEW VARIETY.
NEW DISCOVERY.

THE LONGEST INFLORESCENCE KNOWN.

Flower- spikes 5 feet, with nearly
100 flowers on a spike.

CELOGYNE DAYANA

GRANDIS (Sander).

A GIANT CATTLEYA.

Gigantic Masses,
Gigantic Bulbs,
Gigantic Flowers,
Gigantic Consignment.

This is probably the finest im-
portation of any Cattleya ever im-
ported into Europe, and the only
consignment we shall receive.

THE GARLAND CtELOCYME,

Offered for the first time.

i
Collector writes, " that nothing in J

Nature can exceed the elegance,
grace, and beautjr of this Orchid,
clothed with its immense long spikes.
The profusion of nankeen-yellow,
chocolate, and white blossoms liter-
ally hid the branches of a tree from
view. Each flower 2^ inches and
more in diameter. Thirty spikes
were seen on a plant, many 5 feet
long."

It is an Orchid of easy culture,
and Amateurs will remember the
wonderfully-grown plant of Ccelo-
gyne Dayaua, with five flower-spikes,
shown by Baron Schroder last year.

DENDROBIUM

AUREUM ZEYLANICUM.

The finest golden-yellow Dendrobe
of the aureum section, and a magnifi-
cent species. The true variety from
Ceylon. Very extra and very rare.

2000

CATTLEYA LABIATA

(TRUE).

Fine consignment, just to hand,
of the true Old Autumn-flowering
C. labiata, from Eio Pinto, Swain-
son's hunting - ground, the only
locality for the true old plant. Ee-
imported by F. Sander.

SPATHOGLOTTIS ERICSSOIMI,

New and magnificent CATTLEYAS and other OECHIDS, probably quite
new, from the Upper Eio Pinto, locality indicated in Swainson's

correspondence.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

Will SELL the above grand Consignments, at their Kooms,

67 & 68, Cheapside, on Friday Next, November 20,

By Order of

Mr. F. SANDER, ST. ALBANS.

*&tV*i\ti> ® /ltl%i^

Jk ^

jM ,

^^^^%i

^^fe

'vCff ^fe-i4fwcvP

gillie

<^^S?B»ZsIifiBfi^fe

THE

darters' (ttltrimick

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1891.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SPORTS.

(A paper read at the Cooference of the National Chrjeanthemuni
Society, November 10.]

HPHE Secretary has done me the honour to
■*- ask me to say something about Chrysanthe-
mum sports from the botanical point of view. I
had much hesitation in acceding to his request,
on the ground that I knew but little about them ;
but as I was aware that botanists, as a rule, are
equally in the dark, I ventured to accept the
responsibility, with the hope of gaining infor-
mation, if I was unable to impart much of any
importance.

Of course, what we all want to know is, what
are the causes which bring them about ? The
answers to this question are at present little
more than guesses, but they would be extremely
valuable practically if we knew them. Thus,
Dr Masters writes : — " Whoever will investigate
the cause of these sudden outbursts of local
variation must, of course, sedulously examine
each case for himself, according to the measure
of his ability and of his opportunity. The cir-
cumstances, the history, the progress, the
anatomy, of each particular sport must be inves-
tigated, both absolutely, and in relation to
similar outgrowths in other plants. Until
this is done, and it has not been done yet, any
explanation as to the cause of the phenomenon
must be a matter of speculation."* The only
way likely to lead to an interpretation of the
origin of sports is by means of such careful
observations as Dr. Masters suggests, and by
experiments. Unfortunately, this is just the
means which florists and practical culti-
vators of all sorts apparently have no time
for carrying out. It requires great patience,
and in the end any particular series of ex-
periments may lead to no practical results.
The experimenter must work in faith, and be in
nowise disheartened if no result immediately
follow. However, it often happens that while
one is investigating with one end in view,
something quite unexpectedly turns up, which
may prove to be of great practical value
in some quite different way. For example,
while experimenting at Chiswick on the Jen-
senian method of moulding-up Potatos, in order
to protect the tubers from the spores of the
Phytophthora, the confirmation was furnished
that whole Potatos used as seed gave vastly better
results as a crop than when cut portions were
employed.

With reference to our special subject to-day,
such observations as have been recorded upon the
appearance of sports in Chrysanthemums are
suggestive of one or two practical questions,
which may or may not be useful, which I will
mention as occasion requires.

* Bud Variations or Sports, Gardener? Chronicle, January
10, 17, 24, and February 21, 1891.

576

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

Chrysanthemum sports may be grouped under
the two heads of Colour and Form. First, with
regard to colours. Botanists are pretty well
agreed in their belief that yellow was the
primitive colour of true flowers, which were first
evolved in the missing links between Gymno-
sperms, i.e., Firs and their allies, and Angio-
sperms, which includes all other flowering plants.
When, therefore, a coloured or white Chrysan-
themum sports to yellow, which is frequently the
case, it may be regarded as a reversion to the
typical or original colour indicated by the name
Chrysanthemum or Golden-flower. 'Hence, it is
not surprising to find such reversions to be
common ; but Mr. Davis remarks that a yellow
never sports to a white.*

The nearest approach to this that I am
acquainted with, is Madame Desgranges (intro-
duced by Mr. Ware in 1882). The flowers open
of a sulphur colour, but change to pure or
nearly pure white.f

Another writer, Mr. Forsyth, statesj : — " It
appears that Lilac flowers are the most sportive,
and that they frequently change to yellow . . .
also that nearly all the colours are capable of
sporting into white ... It may be pretty safely
said that any colour is capable of sporting
to any other colour that is within the range
of colours proper to the Chrysanthemum."

Similar experiences were met with abroad.
M. Carriere records the fact that in 1864 the
white-flowered Vesta produced yellow flowers.
In 1856, Surprise, with rosy flesh-coloured
flowers sp3rted to a deep rosy-lilac called Gain
of the Museum. He also mentions that in 1862,
this sport bore on one branch pure white flowers,
on another flowers which were half-rose and
half-white. Both varieties were permanently
retained by budding. This last case is interest-
ing, as it has been thought that such sports as the
last mentioned could not be fixed.

A white variety may be called a lapse from some
coloured condition. The power to reproduce the
colour may often, 'perhaps always, in white varieties
raised by cultivation, be retained in the blood, so to
say ; so that, it is not surprising as a rule, to find seed-
lings from white varieties of many kinds of flowers
in general, to revert to the parent colour, or else ba
very various in their tints.

Besides seedlings, a whole plant may suddenly lose
the colour of its flowers by transplantation, and
appear white-flowered in the next season. Thus,
blue Violets transferred from the Isle of Wight to a
bed of red sand in Sussex, became white in the
following year. In two years' time, however, they
reverted to blue again. As another instance, a
white variety of the Everlasting Pea was trans-
planted from one garden in St. Albans to another, in
which it permanently reverted to the common red
type. Orchis pyramidalis is very common iu Malta,
and has white flowers till May ; those that subse-
quently open are red. Lastly, a blue-flowered Hy-
drangea, growing at Southampton, became red when
transported to Bedfont.

As instances in Chrysanthemum sports, it will be
sufficient to add the case of Cedo Nalli (white),
which gave rise to yellow, lilac, brown, and white
sports ; while Queen of Eogland (blusb) has sported
into six different colours, as well as white, namely,
two golds, two bronzes, a rose, and a primrose.

Regarding yellow as the primitive colour, and
white as the neutralisation of all colour, we can
understand how any other may revert to yellow, and
all may lapse into white.

Now, the colours of flowers are dua to chemical
substances, which are, in the main, undoubtedly
organiied products— i.e., made by the plant itself.

* Gardeners' Chronicle. January 12, 1889.
t Since the above was written, Mr. Owen informs me he has
experienced this exceptional phenomenon.
J Gardeners' Magazine, April 20, 1872.

Nevertheless,^ high or lowjiutrition, prolonged and
clear sunlight, as well as temperatures, have marked
influences upon the colours of flowers, if he cannot
alter the sunlight, the florist has one means, at least,
at his disposal— namely, the ingredients of the soil.

As an example of marked atmospheric influences
is the well-known fact of the greater brilliancy of
flowers in high latitudes and altitudes. MM. Bon-
nier and Flahault have shown that this is indirectly
due to the enhanced assimilative powers of the
foliage in consequence of the prolonged sunlight, by
means of which the flower-making and flower-colour-
ing materials are increased.

Oxidisation under the action of light has been
thought to be another cause of change in colour, as in
the case of the changeable Hibiscus, which is white
in the morning, pink at noon, and bright red by
sundown. Again, a species of Phlox with pink
flowers, is of a light blue colour at first at 5 A M ,
but by 9 or 10 a.m. acquires its proper colour. The
clump which catcheB the sun's rays first being the
first to change, as is also the case with Chrysan-
themums. Thus one of the early varieties, called the
Changeable Buff, introduced by Reeves in 1824, com-
mences yellow, but passes into a pinky-orange as the
flower expands. Again, the magnificent Etoile de
Lyon bears two kinds of flowers, the crown or single
buds being nearly a pure white, while terminal buds are
described as a lilac-rose. One cannot as yet assign
any definite cause to account for these differences,
but can only suggest that they may be due to some
obscure differences in nutrition.

Mr. Lowe describes Titania as a sport from the
white Pompon Modele. It has blooms which are
white at first, and then become pink, with the
centre of the bloom remaining white.* Again,
Mr. Buss speaks of Lady Dorothy as being of a pretty
tint of fawn flushed with pink. When grown for
late flowering, and with all its flower buds left on,
it comes more of a yellow colour than fawn,
apparently indicating a tendency to reveision.

That climatal conditions, over which one ha? no con-
trol, may bring about sports has been suspected, fiom
the well-known fact that sports often appear simulta-
neously at various places and in the same season.
Thus, the lilac-purple Baronne de Prailley threw a
fine brownish-orange sport (Carew Underwood) at
two or three places simultaneously, and in the same
form.t Mr. Molyneux supplies another illustration,
in the case of Bou'e d'Or, which produced a chestnut-
coloured sport both in Hints and Lancashire.

The suggestion at once arises that such simul-
taneous sporting may sometimes, at least, be due to
the common practice of florists "sending out" a
large batch of a new variety, all over the country and
abroad, in one season. And, if such individual
plants sported immediately afterwards, one might
suspect that the power was inherent in the parent
from which all the cuttings sent out had been
derived ; but as Mr. Davis observes, " a variety may
piss many years without showing any inclination to
sport, and then, all at once, sports appear in all
directions."} When such is the case, the above
id*a seems to be negatived. So that this fact cer-
tainly suggests the sport to be due to some climital
conditions prevailing uniformly over the various
districts where the sports occurred.

It has also been observed by Mr. Payne that
nearly all the early imported varieties from China
were much more inclined to Bport than the majority
of those since raised from seed. The old purple, the
expanded light purple, the quilled lit;ht purple, the
curled lilac, and the buff, seem to have been those
most sportive in olden times.

Now, if the above facts warrant one in regarding
climate as an inciter to sporting, we have an obvious
means of encouraging, if not of actually producing
them, by frequently introducing plants from as dif-
ferent a climate as possible from our own — say,
Jersey, Portugal, South of France, Italy, and
America, in which countries our mure stable sorts

* Gardeners' Ch-on'cle, 1878. p. 242.

t R. D., Gardeners' Chronicle, December 7, 1839, p. G36.

J Garieners" Chronicle, 1889, p. 40.

will, perhaps, reward ^the" florists of those countries
by sporting with them in return.

I remarked that the colours of flowers are due to
chemical substances organised by the plant itself;
and Professor Sachs has come to the conclusion that
it is the ultra violet rays of the solar spectrum which
have some special power in making flower-substances.
We know very little about these particular rays iu
their relation to plant life; but judging from
the fact that flowers so often fail to be produced
in even very moderate shade, coupled with the in-
tensity of colours in high alpine flowers, which en-
joy a clear uninterrupted atmosphere, we can at once
realise the importance of bright and prolonged sun-
light. It must be remembered, however, that light
itself has little to do with the actual making of the
flowers. This depends entirely on the foliage ; so
that for fine flowers you must see that the foliage
can do its work to perfection ; especially that the
surface of the leaf is not begrimed with soot, &c,
but well cleansed, if necessary, with soap-and-water.
G. Hcnslow, M.A., F.L.S.

(To be continued.')

New or Noteworthy Plant.

NERINE PANCRA.TIOIDES, Baker, n.tp*

This is a very distinct and interesting new species
of Nerine, which has just been imported from Natal
by Mr. James O'Brien. The structural peculiarity
which it shows, is having small square bifid scales
between each of the filaments, as in Coburghia or
l'ancratium. It is this peculiarity which has sug-
gested the specific name. Its horticultural charac-
ters are middle-sized, pure white flowers, with
uncrisped segments, and very slender, nearly terete
leaves. My description is taken from material
kindly sent by Mr. R. A. Todd, of Honeyden, Fool's
Cray.

Leaves contemporary with the flowers, bright
green, 15 to 18 inches long, j>5 to ^ inch dia-
meter, subterete in the lower half, nearly flattened
towards the tip, glabrous. Scape robust, 2 feet long.
Umbel 12 to 20-flowered, centripetal; spathe-valves
two, small, lanceolate ; pedicels stilHy erect, very
pubetcent, 1 to \k inch long. Perianth pure white,
$ to 1 inch long ; segments oblanceolate, not crisped,
j inch broad. Stamens scarcely half as long as the
perianth, slightly declinate ; filaments tinged pink,
alternating with bifid square scales ; anthers small,
oblong, black. Ovary j, inch diameter, pubes-
cent, deeply 3 lobed. Style very short when the
anthers are bursting. J. G. Baker.

THE "JAM CROP" OF 1891.

Intebesting and profitable as are the tables
annually published in these pages in connection
with the fruit crops of Great Britain and Ireland,
they would probably be of still greater value could
they be supplemented by such returns as that noted
above, the "jam crop; " but, to obtain these, manu-
facturers would have to be consulted, and we are
very well aware that most of them object to the
publication of that, which, as they put it, " the benefit
of which to themselves they do not see." Perhaps
they are right— possibly they are wrong; at any
rate, what we have termed the jim crop of the
present year must be a very large oue, and in
humble life will run margarine very closely in
the race for economic food supply. The taste is a
growing one, and extends with the population.
London adds 60,000 souls to its great total t very year :
given four in a family, then 60,000 -1-4 = 15 000
families. Suppose these consume 1 lb. of jam per

* Nerine pincritioiies. Baker, n. sp.— Foliis synanthiis ses-
quipedalib's viridibus angustissimis deorsum subteretibus
Mirsum subplanis ; scapo robu to b pedali ; umtoUis ceotri-
petalibus 12 — 20 iloris ; spathre valvis parvis linceolatis;
pedicellis longis strictis dense pubeacentibus; periaiilhio albo
subinciali segmentis oblanceolatis plaois; fctaminibus peri-
anthio duplo brevioribus, antheris parWa oblongis nigris,
filamentis aquamis qmdratis bifilis alternantibus ; stylo brevi.

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

577

week, then the consumption for the twelvemonths is
represented by 785,000 lb. = (say) 350 tons per
annum. The consumption per week for each family
is admittedly low — but even at this figure what an
enormous mass of wholesome sweetness must enter
into the food bill of 5,000,000 men, women, and
children— a million and a quarter one pound jars
per week, or, roughly 625,000 tons a year ! You
can do much with figures. Quite an enormous
sale of " bread and jam " made in all the
busy quarters of London — in the immediate
neighbourhood of factories and workshops. The
keeper of one little "general" shop informed the

persons, young and old, for various terms ; and have
used nearly 58,000 glass bottles and jars in getting
this jam ready for market. How the genial coun-
tenance of the once-famous tenant of Tiptree Hall,
"Alderman and Sheriff" Mechi, would brighten at
such an enumeration as this, and how he would have
lectured his brother agriculturists on jam as his
theme ! But not only this " sweetness " is manu-
factured by this young and enterprising company ; as
with nearly all other fruit preservers, some dozen
other commodities are put upon the market — not all
the eggs being put in one basket. But it would be
wsste of space to occupy attention further with this

Fig. 78. — l.*:lia boothiana: flowers, purple.

writer the other day that she sold over 500 slices of
jam every day — there were plenty of margarine slices
as well, but the "jam " was preferred. It would appear
then that the supply can hardly be overdone — as yet,
and the amount of labour called into use in the
manufacture and marketing is very great. There
are the regular field and orchard workers, those con-
cerned in harvesting and manufacturing, in the
manufacture of glass and earthenware bottles and
jars, in fancy printing and packing-cases, and in a
lot of other industries. Here is a little item
worth notiog, as giving point to our remarks all
round. The Britannia Fruit Preserving Company at
the world-renowned Tiptree, in Essex, have this
year harvested over 200 tons of fruit — have made
100 tons of jam, in which they have used 50 tons of
sugar; in producing all this have employed 400

matter at present ; the reader, landowner, grower,
manufacturer, speculator, vendor — whichever he
may be — can readily read for himself the lesson
sought to be inculcated by us in thus noting the
"jam crop " of the present year.

L.ELIA BOOTHIANA.

Now that the Orchidic world is excited over the
re-discovery of the long-lost Cattleya labiata, it may
be of interest to call attention to another Brazilian
form which is evidently allied to the true labiata,
though technically a Ltelia, and which is nearly as
great a stranger to our collections as that species
was until lately. The plant was originally intro-
duced in 1840 from Brazil by Messrs. Loddiges,
and described by Lindley as Cattleya lobata.

Its flowers are " of one uniform purple tinged
with violet, with some rich crimson veins on the
lip . . . The excessive lo'uing of the petals and lip,
and the comparatively small size of the latter," dis-
tinguish it from Cattleya labiata. Ten years after its
first publication, Reichenbach described the same plant
Udder the name of Lxlia Boothiana, it has also been
known as L. Rivieri of Carriere, and as Bletia
Boothiana ; whilst in Messrs. Veitch's indispensable
Manual, from which we take some of these particu-
lars, it is named Lielia lobata. Messrs. Veitch tells
us that it grows in the neighbourhood of Rio, high
up on a bare rock facing the sea, and in full sunshine
from morning till night, a fact of which cultivators
should take note, as this species, though often grow-
ing vigorously under the usual cultural treatment of
Cattleyas and La-lias, often fails to flower. Messrs.
Veitch consider it to be a near ally of L. crispa.
Its season of blooming is April and May.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

DENDROBIUM PHALiENOPSIS SCHRODE-
RIANUM AT ST. ALBANS.

One hundred and fifty spikes of flowers of this plant
are now to be seen at Messrs. F. Sander & Co.'s, and
they make a brave show. The flowering specimens
of this coveted plant previously in the country might be
c»unted on the fingers of one hand ; yet a large
number of them may now be seen arranged with
other choice and showy Orchids in one of the long
houses. As was indicated by the life-sized drawing
shown when the plant was offered for sale at Messrs.
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms, there is a great range of
colour in the blooms of this species, and even the
flowers of the first batch of plants exceed the promise
in this direction, for the Elephant Moth Dendrobe
exhibits as much variation as even the favourite
Odontoglo8sum Alexandra;, and, like it, it will
probably have a long run of popularity.

First, it may be as well to say that it proves to be
the true plant, and not D. P. Statterianum, which
always has narrower sepals, narrower and longer lip,
devoid of that broad square formation at the upper
part of the front lobe ; indeed, there are characters so
well marked as to render the two botanically distinct.
The rich sprays of this plant represent it in every
shade and combination, from white to dark crimson,
and always in such beauty as to render the task of
selecting the best variety a difficult matter. Here
is the typical rosy-petalled form of Baron Schroder's
original plant, and beside it a still richer coloured
form with fifteen flowers on a spike ; and glancing
along the bank a few of the leading types may be
selected. The first to catch the eye is a large
pure white form, the only colour which can be
observed on closer inspection being some delicate
pink veining in the lip ; this will be one
of the cardinal types. Then comes a delicate
variety, with blush sepals and blush petals,
veined with rose, and a rose-coloured lip,
with crimson centre, the crimson extending in
delicately- traced lines to the front lobe of the lip ;
passing on we find one with flowers richly coloured
all over, calling to mind the colours of a fine Cattleya
Bowringiana, and then we find in contrast a large-
flowered form which may be called a pure white,
with only the outer halves of the segments delicately
tinged with pale lilac. Another has white sepals
marbled with rose, and bright rosy-crimson petals
with dark crimson lip. One of the prettiest has
very delicate white flowers with a pale rose-flush
over them; and, indeed, although there are some
highly-coloured forms, it is likely that the light and
white varieties will be the favourites — but where there
is such a wide range all tastes will be satisfied.
The plant increases very freely, so much to, that the
supposed eyeless pieces, set aside when the importa-
tion was unpacked, are now breaking freely along
the pseudobulbs, after the manner which seems to be
habitual to it.

With the above-mentioned also came, as a single

578

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

specimen it is feared, another new Dendrobe, which
is now flowering at St. Albans. It is a very beautiful
species, with pseudobulbs about 3 feet, and elegant
sprajB of flowers, each about 2 inches across. The
sepals are like those of D. phalaenopsis, white
freckled with rose. The petals, which are as narrow
as the sepals, are bright rosy crimson, the hand-
somely-formed lip greenish at the base, and with
the front and side lobes of a rich rosy-crimson,
and down the lip runs several very distinct wavy
ridges. It is a very handsome species.

Also arranged with the new Dendrobe, the
whole forming a splendid sight, may be men-
tioned a specimen of the beautiful Cymbidium
cyperifolium, a very rare species, with yellowish
sepals and petals lined with reddish-brown, and
a large pure white lip, with purple lines on the side
lobes, and purple spots on the front. Flowering also
for the first time are many plants of a new form of
Calanthe vestita, with the stout habit of C. v.gigantea,
or igneo-oculata, but with flowers 2.} inches across,
pure white, with lemon-yellow eye, very distinct,
and a grand flower for cutting. The St. Albans im-
portation of Vanda coerulea is also producing some
fine things, which are very effective in the display.
One is probably the best and richest-coloured variety
yet flowered. Its flowers are large, and nearly cir-
cular, dark blue, closely chequered, and with only
white spotting showing through, and the reverse side
of the flower is as richly coloured as the front.
Among their importation of Cypripedium insigne-
montanum many fine things have flowered, and at
present there are four quite distinct, and these,
with some plants of the showy C. Majnardii
superbumX, some good C. Spicerianum, among
which the form that Mr. Sauder distributed
as C. S. magnificum, is the best. The new and
distinct C. Malyanum X, a very singular and
pretty form of C. Leeanum X, and other Cypri-
ptdiunis aid the show, together with some Lycas-
tee, white and coloured, and many other hand-
some things. In their quarters, suspended over the
rock, are some scores of specimens of the white form
of Liclia anceps, covered with spikes.

CaTTLEYA L1BIATA, Liudl.

A collector of Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St.
Albans, has sent home some well-dried flowers from
the locality whence the recent importations have
been sent, one of which has been presented to Kew,
and the others I have examined. They are pre-
cisely ideniical with those which have been men-
tioned in these columns on several occasions recently,
and it is theiefore evident that this useful autumn-
flowering Cattleya will soon be as common in culti-
vation as formerly it was rare. Viewed in the light
of recent events, one cannot cease from wondering
how it has eluded the search of so many collectors
for so long a period. R. A. R.

Orchids at Bletchlev Park.

While in the district of Bletchley a week or two
ago, I made a Bpecial visit to Bletchley Park, the
magnificent country seat of H. LeoD, Esq., M.P.
Through the kindness of the gardener, Mr. Hys-
lop, I was permitted to inspect the collection of
plants. As I have a weakness for Orchids, my
attention was naturally directed to these plants in a
special degree. We are all well aware that the pre-
sent season of the year is a dull one lor Orchid
bloom, and, what with the boisterous weather to
which we have been subjected of late, it renders it
doubly hard to get anything like a good display. 1
was not disappointed by any means, and what I saw I
was delighted with, because it was of a fine quality.
My attention wai specially fixed on a batch of
Cattleya Dowianii aurt-a, Beveral of which were in
flower ; most gardener* will agree with me, 1 fancv,
wtien I say that this Orchid is by no means an easy
one to flower, it is so much apt to run away into new
growth as toon as a bul) u completed. Mr. Hyslop
has devised artificial means, however (which he im-
parted to me as a secret, and which I am conse-
quently bound to respect as such), to make the

plants flower regularly every season. The process by
no means injures the plants ; on the contrary, it has
a tendency to strengthen them, and make them pro-
duce flowers of much finer quality than any I have
hitherto seen. The colour, form, and marking of
these flowers were superb, and I have one of them on
the table now as I write, though cut fourteen days
ago. Mr. Hyslop is particularly successful with his
Cattleyas, and I saw several good forms of Cattleya
Gaskelliana flowering at this late period. A fine
collection of Cypripedium insigne cannot fail to
attract a good deal of notice ; there are several huge
specimens about 3 feet in diameter, and each one
literally covered with unexpanded buds, and giving
promise of a very fine display when fully expanded.
Some people are fortunate in getting cheap Orchids,
Mr. Hyslop informs me that he got all those lovely
Cypri pedes for the pioverbial " old song." There is
a fine healthy lot of Odontoglossums in a cool house
— they grow well here, and flower regularly ; broad
flat growths are to be seen on these plants, indicating
vigour and distinctness. Dendrobiums are also
well looked after, and many fine specimens of D.
Wardianum, crassinode, nobile, and more rare
varieties, are now undergoing the ripening process
preparatory to flowering. A very good form of
Cypripedium Curtisii is in this collection ; it is par-
ticularly well marked, and the petals are quite pen-
dulous, and almost fold themselves around the base
of the pouch ; a distinction not often met with. Mr.
Hyslop has effected many interesting crosses among
his Orchids, and we must not be surprised if the
Orchid world will be shortly startled by some of the
wonders of Bletchley Park. Much could ba written
on the fruit garden and arboretum, but that I will
leave to his experienced hands. Weathercock.

THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE IN
THE GUIANAN FOREST.

Orchids at Home. — Far above our heads are the
representatives of Shakespeare's " long purples" and
the other temperate Orchids which decorate the Eng-
lish meadows. There they sit, 100 to 150 feet above
our heads," born to blush unseen," as far as the human
eye is concerned. Nevertheless they live, and perhaps
enjoy life, doing their work, and doing it admirably.
They do not elbow their neighbours, nor do they
smother, strangle, or suck them, but simply make
use of the topmost branches of the forest giants, as
resting places. The Orchid grasps its support in a
loving manner, holding it tightly, but not like the
parasite, to get fat at its expense. No, the Orchid
has succeeded in making itself almost independent.
It is satisfied with a little light; so there is no
necessity for interfering with its host. Having as it
were, succeeded in getting out of the turmoil of the
fight, it decorates the brawny limbs of the forest
giant with its brilliant flowers, and invites the bees
and butterflies to come to its nuptials.

Although it apparently takes things very easy, the
Orchid is by no means idle, while its position to-day
represents the outcome of generations of steady work.
Having no connection with the soil, it has to gather
its food from the air, rain, and dew, and not only to
collect, but also to store it. Although rains are
frequent enough, still there are dry seasons, when,
under the tropical heat, a plant in such a position
must wither and die, unless some provision were
made for these contingencies. Like the plants of
the desert, the Orchid stores its food in anticipation
of a drought ; but every family, and almost every
species, do this in a different manner. Some, like
Oncidium Lanceanum, lay up their store in thick
leathery leaves, so that they can enjoy plenty of sun-
light without injury. Others, like the Cattleya, have
thick leaves and a swollen stem, which latter is one
of the forms of the pseudo-bulb, aud is peculiar to
the Orchid family. Where the leaves are thin the
pseudo-buibs are often very large, so that if every
leaf should be dried up, the plant still retains its
vitality. In some cases the store of food is laid up
in cylindrical leaves, some resembling porcupine's
quills, others like yard lengths of thick twine ; in

others there is a plump fleshy stem, which answers
the same purpose. A few species have no leaves or
pseudo-bulbs ; in such cases, their aiirial roots per-
form all the functions of both.

Beyond the fringe of rampant vegetation, nothing
can be seen from the river, but by pushing aside the
branches and Creepers, so as to get behind the veil,
Orchids may be seen growing luxuriantly in great
numbers. Here live those species that delight in
plenty of moisture, and that cannot endure the drier
atmosphere which is met with in the "high woods."
This is the home of Zygopetalum rostratum, which
is enabled to flourish and produce its beautiful white
flowers in more gloomy recesses than most of the
others. It has developed a creeping habit, by which
it seems to derive benefit, being able by this means
to grow upwards on a branch as the tree extends
itself. When this species is plentilul, it forms quite
a pretty aecoratiou to the rugged branches.

The places where Orchids are seen to advantage
are not, however, on the banks of the great rivers,
but rather on those that are wide enough to allow a
moderate quantity of light to penetrate. Not having
sufficient sunlight to produce rampant vegetation,
such places are very congenial to a great number of
species. High above the water rise the giant Moras
and other immense timber trees, while here and
there a great trunk leans across the creek, its upper
surface decorated with creeping Ferns, Pepero-
mias, and the smaller species of Orchids, such as
Pleurothallii and Dichtei. In some of the larger
forks, grow immense masses of Oncidium altissimum
— often 3 or 1 feet across — their elegant flower-
stems being 10 or 12 feet high, hangiug or curving
gracefully over, aud loaded with hundreds of pretty
yellow flowers. Brassias are also very common,
while here aud there Stauhopea eburuea perlumes
the air with its large ivory-white penduluus blos-
soms. As the creek twists and turns about, a new
vista is opened at intervals, every short reach, from
the different degrees of light, showing some diver-
sity in its forms of vegetation. Now, as the creek
narrows, the canoe is paddled through a gloomy
cavern almost as dark as night, from which tne exit
appears at a distance like the termination of a
imiui.i. Then comes a wide bay, where the sun
snines in all its brilliancy. Here a mass of vege-
tation chokes the passage, and the cutiass has to be
used freely; while, a little further, a forest tree t.as
fallen right across the stream, giving, perhaps, an
hour's hard work with the axe before the canoe can
be pushed through, hauled over, or drawn under.

On leaning trunks or projecting branches the
Catasetums are generally plentiful. There are
several species, which live under entirely different
conditions, and taken altogether, this genus is
perhaps the best example of adaptation to circum-
stances in the Orchid family. On the borders of
the swamps, where only the Eta Palm will grow,
dtasetuni longifolium finds a congenial home
among its lower fronds. There the Orchid hangs
downward, and waves its long grass-like leaves in
the wind. Catasetum discolor, as a contrast, has
come down to the ground, and on the sand-reef,
where the forest trees find it hard to live, this
species revels in the poorest soil. Being provided
with large pseudo-bulbs, the Catasetum endures the
change of seasons without injury. Although its
leaves are generally thin, and are liable to be dried
up during a drought, this does not injure it, as the
reservoir of food enables it to wait patiently, and
even flower, under such conditions as might be fatal
to many other Orchids. As if this were not enough,
several species have developed a faculty which is
almost uuique in plants, although well-known in the
case of bees, that of producing male or female
according to circumstances. In the case of Cata-
setum tndentatum, there are three distinct shapes
of flowers, which differ so much from each other
that, until Schomburgk found them growing on the
same plant, they were described not only as separate
species, but even different genera. The male was
known as Myanthus barbatus, the female as Mona-
chanthus viridis; while the third form, which appear*
to be hermaphrodite, went by what is now the name

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

579

of the species, Catasetum tridentatum. When this
plant has plenty of food, it produces a spike of
female or hermaphrodite flowers, which are thick
and fleshy, resembling in shape an old-fashioned
woman's cap or sun-bonnet. These flowers and
their attendant capsules, require a special effort, and
can only be satisfactorily produced when the plant
is in good condition. Daring a drought, when the
plant is half-starved, it would be unable to support
such a strain, therefore a few lighter and more elegant
male flowers are produced, and as there will always
be some stronger plants able to produce those of the
opposite sex, the work of the weaker is not lo9t.

If one passes under one of these plants, when in
flower, a swarm of yellow and black bumble bees (Eu-
lema dimidiata) are seen hovering in its neighbour-
hood, and flying from flower to flower. Except in
this locality, not a single bee is to be seen, and
perhaps a collector might search for miles without

means of a sticky disk, with which they are provided,
they adhere to the back of the insect, and are carried
to another flower. Here the pollen masses come in
contact with the stigma, and the flower is fertilised.
Hanging from a Creeper or branch may be seen
here and there an oval bag-like mass of aerial roots,
something like one of the nests of the troupials so
common on the silk-cotton tree, above which are the
pseudo-bulbs and leaves of that wonderful Orchid
the Coryanthes. After throwing out two or three
roots to attach itself to its support, it develops an
interlacing network all round, in a way almost
peculiar to the genus. At first sight it would be hard
to say what purpose could be served by such a contri-
vance, but strike or shake the plant and it will be
seen that it is nothing less than a veritable ant's
nest. The Orchid is, like other plants, subject to
the attacks of many foes, such as cockroaches and
larva?, which are particularly fond of the aerial

Fig. 79. — ripening stages foe ibis in professor m. poster's garden, shei.ford.

finding a specimen. But when the Catasetum opens,
whether it is hidden in the fork of a tree, perched far
up among the foliage of the Eta, or on sand thrown
up from a charcoal pit, the insect is sure to find it
out. The flowers are not generally brilliant or
showy, neither have they, like the Stanhopeas, any
strong perfume, but, nevertheless, the bees discover
them at once. Even in Georgetown, where many
Orchids do not find their fertilising agents, and
consequently remain barren, no sooner does the spike
of flowers open, than the bees swarm around it.
However it may be obstructed by foliage, or hidden
in some out-of-the-way corner, the buzzing is heard
in the early morning, telling anyone who has his
eyes open that a Catasetum is flowering. Having
succeeded in attracting the bee from a distance in
some unaccountable way, a feast is provided in the
shape of a little reservoir of nectar, to procure a sip
of which the bee has to bring its head in contact
with a pair of incurved antennse, one of which is very
sensitive. Immediately on touching this, the cover
of the little case containing the pollen-masses flies
off, and, like a skip-jack, these spring out, when, by

roots. To protect itself against these, the Cory-
anthes has chosen to provide a comfortable nest
wherein a garrison of carnivorous ants find shelter,
they, in return for the accommodation being ready
to come out and fight at the first alarm of an enemy.
Other Orchids, which live in the tree tops, are not
so subject to crawling insects as those nearer the
ground, and for that reason it appears that they have
never seen the necessity for this special protection.
Epidendrun (Diacrium) bicornutum has obviously
felt this need, and set to work in its own way to
accommodate a garrison. Being provided with long
cylindrical pseudo-bulbs, it has left these hollow,
and, for a doorway, allowed the shell to split for
about a quarter of an inch at the base. In these
well-protected homes the ants live and thrive, and
in return for their lodging, like those of the Cory-
anthes, are a standing terror to evil-doers. Other
Orchids, such as Gongora, provide a half-shelter for
ants, but their efforts in that way are of little
importance as compared with Coryanthes and
Diacrium. James Rodway, F.L.S., in " Timchri.'
(To be continued.)

VIEWS IN PROF. M. FOSTER'S
GARDEN, THE NINE WELLS.

In vol. vi., n.s., p. 5, of the Gardeners' Chronicle,
will be found a short description of Prof. Foster's
garden at Shelford, near Cambridge, and the illustra-
tions on this aud page 585, will supply readers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle with further iniormation relating
to the garden of this devoted cultivator of the family
Iridere. Visitors to The Nine Wells must not expect
to find the Irises grouped altogether, but to find here
a terrace and there an enclosed spot containing many
rare and scarce species and varieties. The view
(tig. 79) where the lights are shown, represents ore
of these sheltered spots, and the lights have been
placed over those which have gone out of flower, so
that they may be protected from wet, and thoroughly
ripened ; and to this system the Professor claims
that he owes no small share of his success in growiDg
and flowering many of the choicer and shyer bloom-
ing Irises. No man, perhaps, knows more of the
details of the genus Iris than Prof. Foster, and if he
could but be induced to give a few aiticles in these
pages upon his experience in cultivating these lovely
flowers, it could have no other effect than assisting
to make the family more generally cultivated than
is the case at the present time.

There is one drawback in ordering plants of a
certain species from a catalogue, as some of
them possess so many varieties of all grades of
quality ; the consequence is, that a person might
see some kind at an exhibition or elsewhere of
particular merit, and order the same from his
nurserymen, which would turn out, when in flower,
altogether different, and perhaps inferior, to the one
lie based his purchase upon.

The Professor in some parts of his garden can
poiut out variety after variety of the same species,
some with great merit, and others much removtd
from the standard of perfection. The unlortuuate
point is, that Iris cultivation has not become so
popular as that of Narcissus or Orchids, where, as
soon as one deviates from another, we get a name of
some kind to distinguish the variety.

Last summer Ins Gatesi was flowering in these
gardens. This is one ot those flowers which one only
needs to see and a craving to possess it is at once
induced. 1. iberia was also in flower, and this
species one does not often have the pleasure of
seeing in bloom. Upon enquiry, I was told that the
former is not so free a flowerer as the latter.

The gardens are not wholly devoted to the Iris,
but the visitor will find mauy choice rock plants, as
will be seen in the photograph showing the house
(tig. 80), and many other tine herbaceous plants in
the borders.

Professor Foster gives a good piece of advice to all
who manage gardens. " The first thing," says he,
" that a gardener requires to find out, is what his
garden will grow, and be content with it." It is im-
possible to visit these gardens, go when you may, with-
out finding something in tlower to greet one's senses.

In speaking of Ins seeds and sowing, he is par-
ticular in impressing upon the tyro the virtue of
patience ; as for example, he says "that he received
lrom Persia some setds ot Iris in 1884, and the first
year after sowing, one seed germinated (which a
greedy slug devoured), aud in the year 1890 he was
rewarded for his patience by six other seeds
germinating." W. Harrow, Sheffield Botanic Garden.

THE BRITISH FRUIT GROWERS'
ASSOCIATION.

(Concluded from p. 485.)

The Philosophy of Pruning. — This was the
the substance of an address by Mr. J. Wright.

Mr. Wright did not prepare a paper, but spoke
from short notes, making reference to a number of
diagrams, and thus taught through the eye as well as
the ear. — He said he was aware he had amongst his
audience men as capable as himself in growing and
pruning fruit trees ; some of them could, no doubt,
teach him something on the subject, and he should

f>80

THE GARBENE11& CMWNIGLE.

[\0VEMBEB 14, 1891,

be nt least as pleased to learn from them as lie was
willing to try and teach others who had less educa-
tion in the school of experience. Hundreds, indeed
thousands, of persons were endeavouring to grow
their own fruit, and all would wish them success.
They needed instruction in pruning fruit trees and
bushes, as did many young men who had taken the
charge of gardens after gaining most of their
experience under glass.

After describing the objects of pruning, namely,
the production of fruitful trees in required forms
adapted to certain positions, also the different kinds of
pruning — summer and winter, root and branch — the
lecturer said that both symmetrical garden trees, also
informal standards and dwarf bushes, could be made
essentially fruitful in character. They could not be
made to bear full crops of fruit unfailingly, because
gardeners could not control the weather and prevent
frost destroying the blossom ; but if the trees were
brought into the best condition of fruitfulnesB by
correct management and methods of pruning, those
who had brought them into that state had done
their duty. Fruitful examples were shown in
diagrams of the different forms of trees — pyramid
and bush — from sketches made at Chiswick, and a
thrifty, fruitful, open standard, as grown at Cardiff
Castle, the methods of pruning adopted in producing
such trees being shown in each case.

Crowding trees with a thicket of growths in
summer to be cut out in winter, a too common
habit, was strongly condemned. A sturdy framework
was advocated by shortening the branches of young
trees for two or three years, then having the main
branches so thinly disposed that the sun should
shine between them, and directly on the leaves, not
near the tips of the shoots only, for that was of small
service, but on the leaves near the base, for rendering
them structurally perfect for performing their impor-
tant functions of [forming and] storing nutrient matter
in the stems, and so becoming spur and bloBsom
formers and fruit manufacturers. With healthy
root action in good soil, a due balance of force
between roots and branches, leaves of the best
character by the direct action of light and air on
their surfaces, blossum-buds were bound to form and
fruit to follow, weather being favourable to its setting
and development.

Particular attention was asked to the following
statement: — "No matter what kind of trees were in
question — restricted and formal, or large and free —
all pruning must be based on this fundamental fact
— namely, the roots of a tree are part of the stem,
the hidden counterparts of the visible branches, and
one part cannot be manipulated — weakened or
strengthened — without influencing the other."
" That," he went on to say, " is the concrete con-
dition on which all action in pruning must
be based. The cultivator must not induce by mis-
taken practice a great preponderating power of roots
over branches or branches over roots ; he should, in
fact, regard roots as what they are — underground
stems, and be able to form a clear conception of the
parts of a tree within the ground from a critical
inspection of the parts above it, shoots and leaves;
and until a man can do that he cannot be regarded
as a competent safe, profitable pruner." The lecturer
said he had found that a large number of successful
fruit growers were distinctly of opinion that as much
fruit was prevented by the abuse of the knife as was
produced by its use, but he did not call that pruning
but butchering. " A butcher," he said, " can cut
off limbs, and destroy life in doing so ; a surgeon
amputates and prolongs life by the operation. The
butcher's work is physical mainly, the surgeon's
intellectual, scientific ; and we want intellectual
pruning in gardens, not butchering ; producers of
fruitful trees, not preventers of crops of fruit."

Right and wrong methods of pruning were illus-
trated; roots were shown as influenced by branch
growth, and vice versa; both fruitless and fruitful
wood were portrayed ; the causes that produced
certain effects demonstrated, and remedies for ob-
vious evils pointed out. Waste of material was
made clear in the form of a dense thicket of summer
growths, rampant roots and no fruit on one side of

a tree; spur formation, fruit production with corre-
sponding fibrous roots on the other — the latter the
natural outcome of rational pruning. This, it
was stated, "consists in disbudding and thinning
to prevent overcrowding instead of shortening
branches, yet letting the roots extend to create it,
encouraging the roots of weakly trees and shorten-
ing the branches to promote necessary vigour ;
but when trees grow too luxuriantly in summer,
cutting back the shoots in winter is simply followed
by more and stronger growths. It is a case of man
fighting against Nature, and the combat may go on
for a generation, Nature inevitably winning in
forcing growth. If man must conquer, he must use
his brains and change his tactics. The branches of
a strong-rooted tree, if kept thin and not shortened,
will in time counteract the root power, form blossom-
buds, and bear fruit, weather permitting ; but if for
special reasons the growth must be arrested and
restricted within certain bounds, the roots must be
shortened to a greater extent than the branches,
especially strong roots that strike deep down in the
subsoil ; then, with otherwise good cultural attention,
trees hitherto practically barren will produce valuable
crops of fruit."

APPLE SCAB.

Fusicladium dendeiticum. — The fungus appears
to be retarded by the heat of summer. Its most
rapid growth takes place during moist, cool weather,
such as we have had prevailing for a long time.
On the treatment of this pest the report in
question states: — "The fungus of the Apple scab
does not penetrate into the tissues of the host, and
very early in its development it is wholly exposed to
any application which may be made to destroy it. It
appears, howtver, that the vegetative portion, or
plant body, of this as well as of many other fungi, is
very resistent to the action of chemical reagents,
quite as much, or more so, than are the tissues of the
leaf or Apple upon which it grows. We can scarcely
hope, therefore, to accomplish its destruction, unless
it be the growths infesting the young shoots and the
scales of buds. Before the latter expand in the
spring, much stronger solutions can be applied than
it is possible to use later in the season, and it is at
this period that the warfare against this fungus
should begin. It has been observed that the germi-
nation of the spores is wholly prevented in very
dilute solutions of copper, and our chief dependence
in combating this disease appears to rest upon this
fact — the possibility of preventing the germination
of the spores where they can do harm. A practical
treatment has been discovered by which we may
prevent the germination of the spores of the downy
mildew of the Grape Vine, by applying various solu-
tions of sulphate of copper to the surface of the
leaves upon which the spores of the fungus fall. It
is doubtless equally practical to accomplish by a
similar treatment a like result in the case of the
Fusicladium of the Apple. Experiments already
made with the sulphate of copper solutions indicate
that they will, when properly applied, at once check
the ' scab.' Further and more systematically-con-
ducted experiments are required in order to determine
fully what preparation is most efficacious, at what
season it is best to make the application, and the
strength to which the solutions must be limited.
Where eau celeste, prepared according to the original
formula, has been tried, it has severely burned and
injured the foliage. This preparation may be
rendered less caustic by the addition of ordinary
carbonate of soda.

"Another and more simple modification of the
eau celeste is prepared by dissolving in 1 quart of
liquid ammonia, 4 to 6 oz. of carbonate of copper,
then dilute with water to 25 gallons. The ammonia
and carbonate of copper solution may be kept in a
bottle, and diluted when required for use at the rate
of about 1 oz. of the solution to the gallon of water.
Those who have used this preparation on the Grape
Vine, say it is perfectly harmless to the foliage, and
is as efficient against mildew as eau celeste.

"Simple solutions of sulphate of copper should
not be employed during the growing season, as their
use is almost certain to result in injury to the foli-
age. The Bordeaux Mixture may be used at any
time without fear of injury. In ming one or other
of these preparations, the following course of treat-
ment is suggested : —

" (1). In early spring, before the buds have com-
menced to expand, spray the trees thoroughly with
a solution of sulphate of iron, using four pounds of
the iron sulphate to four gallons of water.

" (2). As soon as the fruit has set, apply the Bor-
deaux Mixture or one of the modified preparations
of eau celette.

" (3). If the weather should be such as to favour
the development of the ' scab ' fungus, a third appli-
cation should be made two or three weeks after the
second, using the same materials.

" In addition to the effect that these applications
may have on the development of the fungus, they
will doubtless serve to keep off many insect pests.

" In storing the fruit for the winter, especial care
should be taken to separate all the Apples showing
any signs of the scab from those which are smooth
and healthy, and they should all be kept in rooms or
cellars free from moisture."

These are the sum total of the recommendations
which have been made, but we have no positive in-
formation as to the practical results. " Grevillea,"

A PLANT OF ILL - REPUTE.

Two very different plants, the Meadow Saffron
and the Saffron, have been sometimes confounded.
As a frequent visitor at Saffron Walden, which
derives its name from the latter plant, I have long
been acquainted with the harmless character of
Crocus sativus saffron, which was cultivated at
Saffron Walden, for domestic use, from the time
of Edward lit., till the last century, when Saffron
for colouring purposes in cookery fell out of use,
and which is still found wild in this neighbourhood.
But Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale), had
never fallen under my observation till lately.
It is a plant which farmers ought to know,
and do know, in the districts where it pre-
vails, not because it yields a potent remedy for
gout, which those who lead an out-door life are
not specially liable to, but because it kills their
cattle. It is, in fact, an exceedingly dangerous
plant, every part of it being poisonous at one period
of the year or another. Owing to much intercourse
with farmers, and some knowledge of the land and
of cattle, I should probably have known this con-
spicuous plant if it had grown at all commonly in
the East or South of England, or in the Midlands.

It is commonly stated that Colchicum autumnale
grows in the pastures of the North-west of England,
and I have lately met with it blossoming in the
pastures of Herefordshire and other counties bor-
dering on Wales. About 2 acres of one field were
thickly covered with its beautiful lilac-coloured and
vase- shaped blossoms ; but, as a rule, the patches of
this plant of ill-repute were of much less extent.
It happened that I was visiting a gentleman who
owns a very valuable herd of Hereford cattle, and
at this time of year animals worth hundreds of
pounds each may be seen grazing among the Colchi-
cum blossoms without suffering injury. Oae almost
pities the handsome white-faced cattle for the danger
they seem to incur. But it does not appear that
in point of fact, they run any risk ; the blossoms
are poisonous, but they are eschewed by the cattle,
and no cases of poisoning have been reported
at the period of flowering. Botanists will need.
no reminder that the plant in question bears
its leaves and its flowers at different seasons
of the year ; and, unlike the Coltsfoot, which
produces flowers early in the year, and leaves
later on, the Meadow Saffron bears its leaves in
spring, and its flowers in September. 1 noticed the
blossoms in meadows from which the hay had been
removed much later than usual this year, and the
blossoms probably would have appeared in August,

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

581

if the hay had been carted at the usual season. It
is said that children have been poisoned by eating
only a few of the attractive-looking petals ; they
would not be likely to eat many, on account of their
strong acrid taste. The leaves, too, are of ill-
flavour; but, in the spring, when cattle are first
turned into the pastures, they eat the scanty green
food greedily, and are sometimes poisoned by swal-
lowing the leaves of Colchicum with those of grass.
Farmers have a wholesome dread of the plant,
which, they say, can only be eradicated by spudding-
up the bulbs. Possibly, some dressing might prove
effective for its destruction. Meanwhile, its blossoms
ornament the pastures of the West, just as the several
varieties of Crocus do the turf of St. James's Park
or elsewhere. The Crocus springs in pastures in
several places, not as a native wildling, but as a
plant escaped from culture ; as when old gardens
have been turfed over, and the bulbs of Crocus and
Narcissus have continued their reproduction years
afterwards. As a poet has said : —

" Long years ago, it might befall,

When all the garden flowers were trim,
The grave old gardener prided him
Of these the most of all." H. E.

[By constantly pulling up the leaves during
summer, and spudding up the bulbs (although this
is difficult, owing to their great depth in the hard
soil), the plants become weakened, and gradually
die out. But this kind of extirpation of Colchicum
autumnale is heartbreaking work, and it would in
the end cost less to trench or steam-plough the land,
and collect the bulbs. When land foul with Col-
chicum is mown for hay, the first job after cuttiDg
should be to send youngsters into the field to collect
all the leaves and stems of the plants ; the dried
leaves being productive of illness and death amongtt
the cattle fed with thetn. Ed.]

Forestry.

Lakch Cultuke. — The advantage of planting Larch
upon ground that cannot be utilised for tillage, is illus-
trated in a variety of ways, but perhaps in none more
so than by an example which came under my notice
a short time ago in Ireland. The plantation which
I refer to was planted, under my direction, thirty
years ago, and consists principally of Larch and
Scots Fir, planted at a distance apart of about
3} feet, or, in round numbers, at the rate of about
3600 plants per imperial acre, the plants being mixed
in an even and uniform manner as the work pro-
ceeded. The soil consists of clay and gravelly loam,
testing upon a gritty subsoil of clay that required
draining. The ground had been under a state of
tillage for many years, but had never been properly
cultivated, to that the surface was principally
clothed with noxious weeds, and in consequence
of which the tenant was unable to pay his
rent. Under such ciicumstances, the proprietor had
no alternative but either to plant the ground, or
allow it to lie unoccupied. All the plants grew
remarkably well, and by the time they required
thinning, it was evident that the Larch in all
probability would be the best crop for profit and
utility, so that the Scotch Firs were gradually cut
out in the course ot thinning, to allow space for
the full and healthy development of the Larch. The
trees now stand at a distance apart of about 8j feet,
or at the rate of about 000 trees per acre, and as
each tree is worth on an average bs., the present
value per acre amounts to £160, which is by no
means an extravagant estimate. Now, had the laud-
lord received an annual payment of 20s. per acre, the
amount received during thirty years of course would
have amounted to £30, which shows a balance in
favour of tree-planting to the amount of £100during
the above period of time. The cash realised for thin-
nings did more than cover the expense of the forma-
tion and working expenses, as well as the interest for
the capital employed. In Ireland small thinnings are
always in demand by farmers and others, and fetch
from 1*. to os. per dozen, according to size and

quality. But although the present value of this
plantation is highly encouraging, yet I believe the
prospective value would be much more so, as the
trees are in the best of health and making rapid
progress, not the least appearance of ulceration or
larch disease of any kind, such as we are accustomed
to see in many parts of England and Scotland.
Another point in favour of Larch culture is, that the
tree being deciduous the ground is coated with its
leaves every autumn, which fall as regularly and even
on the surface as a shower of snow, and as these
get fixed to the spot and are not apt to be
blown away by the wind they soon rot and decay,
and thus leave a rich deposit on the surface
which promotes the growth of natural grasses
close to the stems of the trees, and as these soon
form a close green sward on the surface, it makes
excellent pasture for sheep and cattle. This plan-
tation affords a remarkable example of this, as the
principal weeds and surface scrub has disappeared,
and been supplanted by nutritious pasture plants anp
natural grasses, which are very valuable. But in
recommending the planting of trees on waste land,
we must not overlook the utility of shelter, as I
consider good shelter for animals to stand next in
importance to that of a proper supply of nutritious
food.

Great Biilain is a mining country, and the quan-
tity of timber which we require for mining purposes
is something enormous, the greater portion of which
comes from Sweden ; and as the quantity required is
still increasing, surely that ought to act as a stimulus
to owners of waste lands to have them planted
and turned to better account. But the quan-
tity of timber required for mining purposes in
this country is but an item by itself, alter all ; for
when we contemplate the quantity of wood rt quired
in the formation and maintenance of our railways,
telegraphs, and other purposes, the stuff required
soon swells to colossal dimensions. In a paper
before me, which bears upon this subject, I gather
the following statement : — " The exports from
S.veden of matches are on the increase, and
amounted, duriDg the first hall of the present
year, to 6101 tons, against 5810 tons in the
first half of 1800, 6353 tons in the same period
of 1889, and 5051 tons in the same period of 1888."
Cving to our geographical position, we cannot
grow timber of a similar size as what we get from
America and other places, for particular purposes ;
but I have nj hesitation in saying that we can grow
timber of a suitable size and quality for mining and
manufacturing purposes, including matches.

Keeping in view the increasing demand for timber
of all shapes and sizes, from the mere sapling up to
trees of large size and matured growth, which, as
I have shown, can be grown upon ground unsuitable
for tillage, we may well be amazed that men of capital
and enterprise have not turned their waste lands to
better account long ago. By planting marsh and
mountain-ground, many millions of money might be
kept at home annually in place of being drained out
of the country ; many thousands of able-bodied men
could find employment at home in place of emigra-
ting to foreign parts to procure a livelihood. Much
has been said and written of late about the utility
of establishing a school of forestry in this country,
and I wish it every success ; although at the same
time, I would strongly advise all who wish to acquire
a knowledge of tree culture to take their lessons at
first-hand from God's book of Nature to man. The
trees, the earth, the herbs, the rocks, and the insects,
can all teach us much in every-day life if we would
only condescend to study them.

What to Plant.
Now that the planting season is at hand, foresters
will require to exercise their judgment as to the
selection of trees for different soils and situations,
and in doing so, there is no better guide than
past experience and observation. In the Gardenert'
Chronicle, Oct. 17, p. 458, I see an interesting
article on coniferous trees of recent introduction,
and in which Mr. Malcolm Dunn, gardener,
Dalkeith, consider! Cupressus macrocarpa one of

the [best trees for the afforesting of Ireland.
Mr. Dunn, it appears, gathered his experience
of tree-planting in Ireland, at Lord Powers-
court's estate, co. Wicklow. and as a great part
of this county is hilly, and in a marine situa-
tion, the tree in question thrives very well, and
justifies Mr. Dunn's recommendation. But co,
Wicklow is but a small portion of Ireland, and to
recommend C. macrocarpa ai one of the best treei
for afforesting that country is by far of too sweeping
a nature. In inland situations in the north of
Ireland the hardiness of this tree cannot be depended
upon. In the Lough Neagh district, co. Armagh,

1 had this tree planted in quantity as forest tree«,
and after they had attained a height of some 8 feet
they were all killed by frost in 1861-2 ; others in
inland parts of the country shared the same fate.
C. macrocarpa can only be planted with safety in the
south of It eland; and in the north, a few mile«
inland from the seashore. Some time ago, when
overhauling and renovating Lord Carysfort's orna-
mental plantations at Glenart Castle, in the Vale of
Avoca, I found C. macrocarpa to be in excellent
health, and very ornamental, but as a timber tree
for utility and profit, it cannot be compared with
some other species of conifer of recent introduction,
inasmuch as the timber of young trees is of a soft
texture, and wanting in resinous matter.

About eighteen years ago, I gave directions for
thinning a series of young plantations in co. Tyrone.
The trees at that time appeared to me to be about
ten or twelve years old, and had never been thinned
before. I again inspected these plantations in the
month of September this present year, and found
them in a thriving condition, and making rapid pro-
gress, and the following is the girths of the stems of
a few species taken at 3 feet from the ground, and
will furnish a pretty good index as to their growth
aud utility: — Common Spruce, 2 feet 2 inches;
common Silver Fir, 3 feet 9 inches ; Scotch Fir,

2 feet 9 inches ; Larch, 2 feet 9 inches ; Pinaster,

3 feet; P. austriaca, 2 feet 11 inches; P. Cenibra,
1 foot 10 inches; Cupressus Lawsoniana, 3 feet

6 inches; P. excelsa, 3 feet 4 inches; Abies
Douglasii, 3 feet 6 inches; Wellingtonia gigantea,

7 feet 6 inches; Cedrus atlantica, 2 feet 6 inches.
Cupressus macrocarpa and Pinus insignis had disap-
pered altogether, probably they had died out, or
been killed by frost. The soil here is of a free, open
texture, about 30 miles inwards from the sea, and
about 200 feet above the level of the same, aspect
south. Many years ago, I directed the attention of
planters to the merits ofThuia gigantea (Lobbi) as a
probable substitute for Larch, and I am glad to see
that other planters can recommend the tree after a
fair trial. This species is capable of growing on stiff
adhesive soil on exposed situations, as well as on
reclaimed peat bog in marsh and mountain.

In the Gardeners' Chronicle, October 10 (p. 425),
there is an article on the naturalisation of exotic
forest trees in Prussia, in which we are told that the
Douglas Fir does not thrive in low peaty swam) s.
The reason of this is, that the peat or moss-ground
had not been properly prepared by draining pre-
vious to planting, as this Fir is very impatient
of wet at the roots, but when the moss is pro-
perly drained, and allowed time to drip and cleanse
itself from any impurity before planting the trees,
they soon take to the ground and make rapid pro-
gress. At Churchill, Verner's Bridge, Ireland, I
planted some of these F'irs many years ago, on flat
peat bog about 30 feet deep ; the bog was well-
drained and in an advanced state of decomposition
previous to planting. The trees were planted in
spring, which is the best season of the year for plant-
ing this class of ground, as the antiseptic properties
of peat are apt to damage the roots of trees planted
during autumn and winter, but after the roots take
to the ground no danger need be apprehended. At
the time of planting the trees, a small quantity of
earth or pulverised clay was mixed with the staple
at the spots where the trees were planted. These
trees established themselves in the ground at once,
made rapid progress, and are now magnificent speci-
mens. The ground here ja sheltered by other trees.

582

THE GA BDE NEBS' CHB ONI GL E.

[November 14, 1891.

in the vicinity of which, I have no doubt, was favour-
able to the growth of the trees, as the Douglas Fir
is very impatient of wind. The only drawback which
the trees exhibit here is that they cannot raise their
heads above the tops of their hardy neighbours ; as
soon as they feel the full sweep of the wind on their
tops they lose their leader and form a bushy top.
On Ileather ground and wind-swept districts of
Ireland, no better tree can be planted for profit and
utility than the Larch, and as two-year seedling
plants can be planted by the notch system of plant-
ing at the rate of about 40o. per acre, that of itself
is a great recommendation. Another point in favour
of Larch planting in Ireland is, that I have never
found a single tree in that country affected by
ulceration or Larch disease proper. The Larch is
naturally a tree of the misty mountain, and when
planted on such places it can live aud attain a pro-
fitable size where many other trees would perish.
/. B. Webster.

ROSERY.

AUTUMN IN THE ROSE GARDEN.

When Tom Moore wrote about —
" The last Rose of summer left blooming alone,
When its loveliest companions are faded and gone,"
it was not the days of hybrid perpetuals and Teas,
but of the old Provence and Gallica Roses which
filled our gardens with beauty and perfume in June,
which was then emphatically the month of Roses,
and we can just see the poor survivor of the heats
of early July shaking on its long shoot until its
petals dropped ; but now all that is altered, our
Roses do not come in so early, unless we grow some
specially for that purpose. July, not June, is now
decidedly the month of Roses, but in September
we get a new flush of beauty, and in a cool season
Ike the past, grand blocms were to be had of many
H.P.'s, while Teas everywhere caught the eye, and
gladdened us with their soft and delicate beauty.
There is doubtless a capriciousness about the H.P. ;
some bloom but sparingly, but there comes a season
(why we cannot tell) when the same plant comes
out strongly as an autumn bloomer, while others
seem, for one reason or another, to refuse in certain
localities to give a second crop of blooms. Thus,
there is one Rose which is very despairingly spoken
of as an autumn bloomer —

Madame Gabriel Luizet, yet I have always found
it giving me good blooms in September, and this
year I had not a plant which did not flower, while
with two or three there was literally a profusion of
bloom. I do not think that in any pink Roses we
have anything so lovely as this Rose when at the
height of its beauty ; and it most certainly enhances
its value, when we lind it blooming so well in the
autumn. There can be no doubt, however, that it is
capricious in this respect, as so many complain of it
as being only a summer Rose — mine are cutbacks
on the Manetti of some years' standing.

Gloire de Margottin, — This is another capital
autumn bloomer, a not very full Rose, and I belitve
with a good deal of the (iloiredes Rosomanes blood in
it, and therefore very brilliant in colour. Its growth
is suiuewhat straggling, suggesting a pillar Rose ; it
is therefore vigorous, and its bright flowers are
distinguishable at a distance.

Gloire Lyonnaise, — Tnis, which was described as a
yellow hyorid perpetual, is in reality a hybrid Tea,
having the very faintest suspicion of yellow at the
base of the petals. It is an excellent garden flower,
and blooms well in the autumn, when the yellow
tint is a little more pronounced. The wood is stout,
and the substance of the flowers good.

Mrs. John. Laing. — The very best Rose I thick
that the late Mr. Henry Bennett ever sent out, and
well deserved the Gold Medal of the National Rose
Society, which it obtained. It is of a soft delicate
rose colour, beautiful in shape, and of good sub-
stance; to which may be added, that it is one of the
very best autumn-blooming Roses that we have.

Gustavo Piganeau, said by some to be a sport from
Paul Neyron, by others from Antoine Ducher; if from
the former, it retains one of those qualities for which
it is so great a favourite in and about Paris, its free
autumn-blooming character, for the most abundant
Rose at that season in the bouquetists' Bhops, is this
huge coarse flower. In the autumn-time it loses a
good deal of its size and coarseness. Gustave Piga-
reau is unquestionably a good autumn bloomer, of a
fresh, lively colour — light carmine.

Margaret Haywood. — A very pretty light pink Rose,
sweet-scented, of good form, and, so far as my expe-
rience goes, likely to prove a good autumnal flower.
There is another flower by the same raisers (Paul
& Son), which I have seen, but not grown, which I
think promises to be a good autumn flower — Bruce
Findlay, very bright, somewhat in the style of Gloire
de Margottin.

The greater proportion of flowers in the garden is,
however, furnished at this season by the Teas, which
do not indeed equal the hybrid perpetuals in bright-
ness of colouring, but are always favourites from their
extreme delicacy, refinement and delicious perfume
(although I have found people who dislike it). I do
not know to whom we are indebted for the absurd
term " hybrid perpetual." The French, from whom we
first received the Roses, gave them a much better
name— "second-flowering" (remontant)— thus clearly
distinguishing them from the summer Roses, whose
young shoots never support a flowering-bud. The
Teas continue to bloom up to the time when frost
holds them in its iron grip, and nearly all of them
are very generous in giving us blooms in the autumn.
Perhaps the two most remarkable in this respect are
Marie Van Houtte and Madame Lambard, the
former with its beautiful creamy-white flowers, edged
in autumn with pink, and the latter of all colours.
I have at this season of the year, gathered blooms,
oft' the same plant, of a bright red, and others of a
creamy-yellow tint. It has one fault, when gathered
the colour is apt to fly, and the centre to become
confused, but as a garden Rose it has few rivals. Of
the new varieties I have found —

Souvenir de S. A. Prince, very free, as is the Rose
from which it is a sport, Souvenir de mon Ami.
During the last season it has increased the estima-
tion in which it has been held, and will, no doubt, in
the future be a greater favourite still.

Somewhat allied to the Teas are the little dwarf
Polyantha Roses, and these are very fine and
constant bloomers. The little Perle d'Or and Mig-
nonette are very charming just now.

Single Roses, of course, are not to be expected at
this season of this year, but how very delightful are—
Eosa rugosa and Rugosa alba, for not only do they
give an occasional bloom, but they are loaded with
their handsome and large heps, brilliant in colour,
and set in the midst of very handsome foliage.
These are beloved of birds, and hence, and for their
density, they are coming much into favour for
coverts ; but they are very beautiful in the garden,
requiring, however, to be kept in check, or they will
soon overrun other things. Another single, or some-
times semi-donble, Rose is —

Rosa Pissardii. — This with me in October,
flowered in great profusion. I do not know whether
this is unusual or not. The flower is pure white,
small, with yellow stamens, and is frequently semi-
double, although more beautiful in its single state.

It would not be fair to omit the Noisette or Tea-
Noisette Roses, which are now giving us many pretty
blooms of the more rampant-growing ones of the
Gloire de Dijon race. The most satisfactory in the
autumn blooming are Belle Lyonnaise and Bouquet
d'Or, the former especially, is giving many very
beautiful blooms, and does not come so quartered in
autumn as in summer. Now those charming Roses,
William Allen Richardson and L'ldeale are giving
variety and depth of colouring to the bouquet, which,
even in so small a garden as mine may now be
gathered ; and although I do not exhibit, yet the
greater portion of my Roses are exhibition Roses. I
do not confine myself to them; the single Roses
charm me quite as much, and I know nothing more

exquisitely beautiful, in its way, than the common
wild Briar of our hedges and woods, and I think
lovers of Roses do themselves wrong when they do
not find a place for Polyantha simplex, Macre.ntha
lucida, and such beauties; but, at the same time,
I hope that their admirers will not look with pitying
contempt on those who can also admire a Marie Bau-
mann, or Charles Lefebvre. Wild Hose.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

BANKSIAN ROSES. — These popular climbing
Roses should be given a warm situation, and allowed
plenty of room to develop, and show off to the best
advantage their small globular white and yellow
flowers and long shining leaves. The varieties
are : — R. Fortunei, white, large-sized flowers ; Jaune
Serin, very rich yellow, with fine foliage ; Alba, or
white (the old variety), small white flowers; Lutea,
or yellow (the old variety), fine yellow flowers, small
and full.

MINIATURE, OR FAIRY ROSES.— The productions
of these diminutive Roses as staged by Messrs. George
Cooling & Sons at the Bath Rose shows, have
served to demonstrate their suitability and great
utility for decorative purposes. In a cut state the
flowers are useful for vases and nice in bouquets,
and the plants are admirably adapted for pot-
culture, or as edgings for Rose beds, &c. The best
varieties are; — Aune-Marie de Montravel, flowers
very small, of the purest white, a perfect " fairy
Rose," and deliciously scented ; Lawrenciana rubra,
the old double red fairy, free flowering, and very
pretty ; Mignonette, soft rose changing into white,
very beautiful ; Paquerete, pure white, very
continuous and pretty ; Perle d'Or, yellow with
orange centre, flowering in large clusters, novel and
distinct, and very pretty in the bud state ; The Pet,
double white, profuse bloomer, and one of the
prettiest little Roses in cultivation.

CLIMBING EVERGREEN ROSE.— To be accurate,
the so-called evergreen Roses, which have originated
from Rosa sempervirens, are only sub-evergreen,
retaining their leaves till the approach of spring.
Tbey are well adapted for covering pillars, arches,
and banks, being vigorous growers and free-bloomers ;
the large clusters of small variously-coloured
flowers being very telling in effect. The shoots
should be well thinned in pruning, and left nearly
their lull length, merely cutting oft' the weak points
of the individual reserved growths. The varieties
here recommended are : — Adelaide d'Orleans, white ;
Banksiieflora, white, centre pale yellow, small
flowers; Dona Maria, pure white, small; Felicite-
Perpetue, creamy white, flowers small, full, and
beautiful; Leopold ine d'Orleans, white, shaded with
rose; Princess Mary, reddish pink; Princess Louise,
blush ; Spectabilis, rosy lilac, large, and double.

PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS.— Where the
making of beds and borders for ornamental trees and
shrubs is contemplated, the work should be pushed
forward quickly, with a view to getting the planting
done before Irost sets in. The borders, if new,
should be slightly or boldly irregular in outline,
according to the size of them, and beds should be of
a simple shape, irregularly but gracefully curved.
The land should be trenched or dug two spits deep,
and if it be of good quality, the bottom may be
brought to the top ; where the soil is shallow and
poor, leaf-mould, road-scrapings, and such like
should be added after it is (lug, mixing these
materials with the staple whilst planting. In the
case of the natural soil being stiff and heavy, wond
and coal-ashes may be applied in addition to the
other substances, which render it more congenial ct
the requirements of the rose. I may here remark
that Rhododendrons and Azaleas will do fairly well
in the latter description of soil, and still better if a
few shovelfuls of peaty soil be placed about their
roots in planting them. If leaf-soil be plentiful, and
peat less so, it may be used instead of the latter.
H. W. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

THE ORCHARD- HOUSE.— The trees being now at
rest, should be stood in the open, the pots plunged in
Cocoa-nut fibre or coal-ashes, and the house cleaned,
repaired, and painted if necessary, and everything
got in readiness for a start at the new year. If the
trees) have been repotted or top-dressed, aud are now

Novi

14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

583

in the open air, care must be taken to ensure their
not suffering from excessive rainfall, but at the same
time do not so protect them that they will become
dry at the roots. The trees should stand on a
bottom impervious to worms, which would soon spoil
the drainage. Fruit- houses at this season are often
filled with Chrysanthemum plants, and the borders
are apt to get more water than is good for the trees,
besides the atmosphere being kept close to hasten the
flowering of the plants, or to keep out the frost,
and in some instances these conditions tend to
bud-dropping. Any trees late in ripening the wood
should now be repotted or top-dressed, and the shoots
painted with Gishurst Soap after being washed with
warm water; if scale or mealy-bug be present, a
stronger insecticide should be used.

CUCUMBERS. — With the absence of bright sun-
shine, it will have been necessary to use fire-heat
freely, but I would advise affording the plants a few
degrees lower temperature on sunless days, in pre-
ference to hard firing, and to keep a supply of sweet
fermenting material in the house to assist in keeping
up the warmth. With a lower day temperature, the
night warmth must be made to correspond, and 65°
will be sufficient, the glass being covered at night
with mats or dressed canvas, which will make from
6° to 9° difference in the temperature of the house,
and prevents sudden changes in variable weather.
The day temperature will be much influenced by the
weather ; on cold days without sun, it may reach
70°, with a rise of 10° or 15° when the sun shines.
Avoid heating the hot-water pipes much in the
morning, and injuring the tender foliage. Watering
will also need care, so that canker may be avoided ;
and what watering is required should be done early
in the day, and the stems kept dry at the surface ;
heavy syringing should now cease. Continue
to entice new roots to the surface by small top-
diessings of rich compost, and see that the fresh
soil is of the same temperature as the bed, and make
it firm, eo that the new roots may get a hold, and
thus favour a sturdy growth. The plants will show
an abuudance of fruit, but these must be removed if
fruits are wanted in quantity after the new year.
Continue to train the bine, stopping it as required.
G. Wythes, Syon House, Brent/on/.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CELERY. — Celery for late supply should be
earthed-up before it gets injured by frost. Si>il
itself affords the best protection against frost and
moisuire, but if it should be of a very heavy nature,
dry Fern or light stable litter should be placed on
each side of the rows during hard weather, instead
of almost covering the plants with soil. But where
the soil is light, that alone forms the best kind of
protection, and the plants should be earthed-up when
dry, only the tips of tbeir leaves being visible. In
very wet or very heavy soils, the better plan is to
plant Celery on the level, or but a slight depth below
ground, the necessary soil for moulding the plants
being obtained in the usual manner.

ASPARAGUS. — The beds should now be cleared
of dead stems and weeds, and evenly top - dressed
with rotted manure, or in places with access to the
seashore, with sea-weed. Then mark out the beds
anew, and if the look of manure be objected to, a
little of the soil from out of the alleys may be strewn
over it, and the alleys lightly forked over. This
mode of treatment applies only to beds on dry
soils ; on heavy ones I advise covering the beds with
dry leaves, over which a thatch of straw or bracken
should be placed, and no manure made use of, alleys
being dug to the depth of 1 foot or 1 j foot below the
top of the beds in order to secure good drainage, and
the top-dressing applied in the spring in the form
of artificial manure in preference to stable or
farmyard dung. Plants which will be needed for
forcing should be covered with litter to keep out
frost. Seedlings or young plants in beds on light
land should be cut down, and the ground dressed
with half-rotted manure ; this will protect the roots
and crowns which are near to the surface.

CAROOONS. — Those plants which have been
blanched by means of wrappings of brown paper
or hay-bands, before hard frost, should be lifted with
soil and roots, and placed in a c >ol, frost- proof
shed, or laid in upright, packing the roots round with
cocoa-nut fibre or leaf-mould, in which way they
can be kept fit for use for a long time.

BROAD BEANS. — These may on warm, dry soils, be
planted from the present time till the end of the
month, but on heavy ones it is a waste of seed and
labour to show at this season. A warm border or
other piece of ground should be chosen for this sow-

ing, and it should have been well tilled and manured
for some other earlier crop, and in that case no
manure will be required, the plants standing the
winter better when the soil is not very rich. Make
the soil at the bottom of the drills moderately firm
by treading it before sowing, and let them be drawn
2i feet apart, and about 2k inches deep. The varie-
ties to sow at this season are Mazagan, Minster
Longpod, and Dwarf Cluster.

PEAS. — On a light, well-drained sunny border,
sow about November 15, any of the First Earlies —
William I., Ringleader, or Veitch's Extra Early,
The ground being well tilled, and only lightly
manured. The drills may be placed as much as 7
or 8 feet apart to allow of early Potatos or Cauli-
flowers being planted between them ; or they may be
3 feet apart. Make the drills as for Beans.
Sow thickly, making them safe from the ravages of
mice, slugs, and sparrows. After the rows are well
filled in. cover them with fine soil and a layer of
coal-ashes of about 1 inch thick. In the colder
parts of the country, out of doors, early sowings of
P.-aa are not to be advised. C. J. Waite, Glenhtrst,
Eshcr.

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

HARD-WOODED PLANTS OF THE GREEN-
HOUSE.— At this season attention should be paid to
the training of hard-wooded plants, care being taken
to place very few sticks in the pots of plants with
hair- like roots, such as Cape Heaths, and many of
the New Holland plants, great injury resulting from
the practice of putting a large number of them into
the balls. In training specimen plants, only as
many ties should be afforded as will keep the plants
in form. On the other hand, plants which are grown
mostly for supplying flowers for cutting will not
require many sticks, and in some instances no train-
ing is necessarv, as, by cutting the flowers, the
plants are kept sufficiently in good shape. Look
frequently over all the hard-wooded Heaths, and on
the first signs of mildew, dust affected parts with
flowers-of-aulphur. Azalea indica should be fre-
quently examined, and if thrips are present, fumi-
gation, or washing with an insecticide, should be
resorted to. Admit air on all favourable occasions,
but at the same time avoid admitting draughts of
cold air in direct contact with the plants.

STAT1CES. — Plants of these are liable to be
infested with thrips and red-spider, so the plants
may be sponged at intervals, which is preferable to
overhead syringing at this season. Let the night
temperature during the winter fluctuate between 45
and 50°, affording a rise of 10° or 15° by day,
according to the state of the outside temperature and
the amount of ventilation that is afforded, as, if the
temperature falls below the former point, the plants
are liable to become stunted in growth. Less water
will now be required and during the winter, but care
should be taken not to allow the soil to become so
dry as to cause injury.

CYCLAMENS. —These plants are now coming
into flower, and they need to be kept well up to the
light in a low pit or house, where fire-heat can be
obtained when required, that is, to keep the tem-
perature at night at about 45°, and by day 55° to
60°. Any plants still in cold frames should be
taken to the greenhouse or pit without further delay.

MIGNONETTE.— Plants which have had their
final shift and are well rooted should be assisted with
weak dung-water, or some well-tried fertiliser, occa-
sionally ; and as the plants show for flower, steady
them by putting a few neat sticks into each pot, and
a girdle of bast passed round these. The later batch
of Mignonette plants should be kept well up to the
glass, to prevent drawing.

EUCHARIS AMAZONICA. — Plants which were
broken up and divided, or repotted without disturb-
ance of the roots in the spring or early summer, and
have been grown in a brisk temperature, will now be
showing flower freely, and at no other season are
they more appreciated than now and during the
winter. Every care should be taken of them, ard
the flowers saved from injury ; keep the foliage clean
by sponging it occasionally with clean water, the
blooms showing to greater advantage when the
foliage is glossy and clean. R. Milner, Penricc Castle,
Swansea.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— With the month of
November, Cypripedium Spicerianum, that gem
amongst the gems, comes into flower. Time was
when the price asked for this plant was excessive,

but now it may be bought for almost as many
pence as pounds were formerly asked for it, and
it seems in some degree to be losing the position
which its beauty once commanded. Like many
Cypripeds, it is of free growth, so long as
plenty of heat and water are given it, it mattering
little what kind of compost the plant was placed
in. The best materials in which to grow it
consist of fibrous peat chopped fine, turfy loam of
equal quantities, and some coarse silver-sand. When
watering this plant, which is needed almost every day,
the water should be poured overthefoliageoftheplant;
no fear need be felt of the centre rotting, or young
growth either, if ventilation and artificial warmth are
given in a proper manner. The above treatment will
be found to suit the greater proportion of Cypripe-
diums, except those of the C. barbatum section, which
do not like loam or peat, but sphagnum moss alone,
the roots of this section being large and fleshy.
Any Cypripediums in need of repotting, may be
done at any season ; indeed, I make it a practice
to repot almost everything as soon as may be
after it comes under my charge, as by doing this,
I know what state the plant is in, and how
to treat it. Now that so little is to be done in re-
potting, the opportunity should be taken to clean all
the plants with the sponge and brush, using soft-
soapy water for the work, not neglecting to cleanse
also the walls, stages, pots, and floors. Again, iu the
re-arrangement of the plants, they should be staged
in such a manner as best suits their several require-
ments. Plants set up in banks upon the stages, the
large plants behind in rows followed by smaller ones,
and of necessity removed from the light, are not
likely to do well. Some plants have a preference for
a shady place, and these should be placed under
larger plants that may require more light than those,
and Dice, versa ; some need more air than others, and
some again delight in moisture. If the air be foguy
and damp outside, a moderate amount only should be
admitted, and a little extra he^t kept up in the hot
water-pipes. The temperature of the East India-
house should now range about 6^° ; 60° for Oat-
tlevas ; 50° for the intermediate- house ; and 45° to
50° for the Odontoglossums. A. G. Call, Park-field,
Hallow.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Tun busy time in the fruit garden has arrived,
and those who make the best use of the pre-
sent month for pushing forward with all kinds of
work therein will reap their reward.

RASPBERRIES. — These plants often occupy the
same plot of ground f r u o long a time, and instead of
heavy crops of fruit, the produce is lessened year by
year. New plantations may now be made, and in
such a way that the fruit can be easily protected
from birds. The soil should be well manured with
half-decayed dung, deeply dug ; but as the Raspberry
is a surface-rooter, the larger proportion of the
manure should not be buried deeply. Break the
subsoil, if at all impervious to water, but heavy soils
may be rendered more porous and easy in working by
mixing in plenty of road-sweepings, leaves, or half-
decayed dung during the digging.

If suckers were lifted early in summer, planted, and
attended to as regards watering in dry weather, they
will have made good canes, which may be transplanted
at this season in clumps of three at 6 inches apart,
and at a distance of 4 or 5 feet from clump to clump.
In the open quarters, I prefer c'umps to rows closely
planted. In spring, after all danger Irom frost is
past, cut these canes back to half their length, or
more if they are weak. These clumps will need no
stakes to support them, the weight of the fruit
bending them outwards and clear of the new canes.
For plants in lines a1. I foot apart, 5 feet between
the lines, is not too much. These canes are usually
fastened to a wire espa'i;r. No fruit should be
allowed the first year after planting. New planta-
tions made with nursery canes, or canes dug up at
this season, should be cut down to the ground in
early spring. Red Antwerp, Baumforth Seedling, ai d
Superlative, with Belle de fc'onteany as an autumn
fruiter, are good varieties to grow.

STRAWBERRY BEDS.— These should be put in
order fir the season, mulching with manure, wheh
she uld be close round each plant, especially he
tend-rer varieties, as Sir C. Napier. Young pi nti
that were rooted early in pots or on turves, an 1
planted out in August on well-prepared beds, wi 1 b'
ihis date have made grand fruiting crowns, an 1
should, when the soil is moderatelv dry, be thoroughly
trodden tight in the soil. H. Markham, Mereuorth
Castle, Maidstone.

584

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters fob Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the tiqnature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

THURSDAY,

TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,
FRIDAY,

MONDAY

TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,
FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

MEETING.

Nov. 19— Liuuean.

S H OW S.
.. . - ( Twickenham (two days).
N0T- "{Liverpool.

f Ancient York Florists' (three days).
I Hull and Ea*t Riding (two days).
| Spalding (two days).
(.Cardiff (two days).

("Scottish Horticultural Association
v t. 10J (three days).
r.ov. !»■; Norwich (two days).

(.York Chrysanthemum.

v ,„ 1 Stockport (two days).
r.o\ . .u^ chorley (two days).

SALES.

/Large Importations of Bulb1, at
v-n- \*J Steveis' Rooms.
"m ■ lK\ Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Moms'
(. Rooms.

4 9000 Lilium auratum, and other
Nov. 17 -| Hardy Bulbs and Plants, at I'ro-
( tlieroe & Morris' Rooms.
/Dutch Bulbs, Roses, Border Plants,
at Stevens' Rooms.
Azaleas, Ferns, Bulbs, &c, at Pro-
Nov. 18 \ theroe & Morris' Rooms.

Nursery Stock, at the Kingston
Hill Nursery, by Protheroe &
\ Morris.
■k™ i q 3 Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
riov. 19} Morris' Rooms.

v .,.. * Important Sale of Orchids, at Prc-
B0V- M\ theroe & Morris' Rooms

Evergreens, as Laurels. Conifers,
&c, at Protheroe & Morris'
Nov. 21 : Rooms.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'
t, Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-41°.9.

Fruit Culture

A pamphlet recently published
by Mr. W. H. (Bullock) Hall,

in Ireland. J v { '

at the Cambridge University Press,
gives some account of an experiment made by
that gentleman, which does credit to his sagacity
as well as to his benevolence. Believing that
accessories like fruit-farming and market-garden-
ing are indispensable to the success of small
holdings, especially in Ireland, where the farms
are so greatly sub-divided, he advocated in a
lettertothe then Lord-Lieutenant, the promotion
the cultivation of vegetables and bush fruit,
especially in the south-west of that country.
Soft fruits, choice vegetables, early Potatos, and
Mowers for market might, owing to the elimatal
<'onditions, readily be grown in that district.
But correspondence with a Lord-Lieutenant is
slow in producing results, so that Mr. Hall
eventually adopted the plan of distributing among
the school -masters, station-masters, and post-
masters of the south-coast of the county of
Cork, a number of fruit trees, with directions
for planting and pruning them. One hundred
and seventeen applicants, including seventy-
three National School teachers, were thus pro-
vided with fruit trees at Mr. Hall's expense.
With a view of inspecting the trees presented by
him, Mr. Hall recently visited Ireland for the

sixth time. On this occasion he was accom-
panied by Mr. Rivers, who availed himself of
the opportunity to give some sound practical
advice to the assembled tenants.

The neighbourhood of Youghal was generally
admitted, both by its soil and climate, to be
eminently adapted to the culture of fruit and
vegetables. It is relatively sheltered, there is
abundance of seaweed — furnishing potash,
whilst Cork and Queenstown are within
about an hour's journey by rail, and fur-
nish a convenient market for the disposal
of the produce both to the towns-people
and to the numerous steamships which put
into Queenstown on their way to and from the
United States. We cannot follow the track of
the travellers on their useful mission. It is
evident, however, that Mr. Hall does not allow
his enthusiasm to outrun his discretion. The
evidence he lays before the reader amply
confirms the propositions he lays down. In the
Fingal district, south of Drogheda, an acre of
ground is cultivated by the post-master, the
fruit being represented by two-fifths of Rasp-
berries, the same proportion of Gooseberries,
and one-fifth currants and miscellaneous subjects,
together with Potatos and Cabbages. The wife
of the proprietor here exclaimed, " The fruit
is a great paying business." The husband,
however, adding that the Irish small farmers
" are not refined to this business yet; " and then
the significant note follows that the inhabitants
of the prosperous Fingal district, where fruit cul-
tivation is carried on to a considerable extent,
are of Danish descent.

Near Skibbereen, Mr. Fortune, a post-master,
sold Cabbage and Broccoli, the produce of one-
eighth of an acre, for £i, the inhabitants hold-
ing up their hands in astonishment at the size
of his Broccoli. Glandore, it is added, should
become a centre for the production of early
flowers, vegetables, and fruit, some of which
might, it is said, be three weeks earlier in the
market than the produce of the gardens near
Dublin or Belfast. On his way home, Mr.
Hall visited the Dublin fruit market, there to
find English Plums and French Pears being sold
by auction, but of Irish-grown fruit absolutely
none. Mr. Cole, a fruit salesman, believes that
the Irish peasant, now " entering for the first
time into possession of his inheritance — the soil
of Ireland, will, like the French after their
Revolution, show the world what he can make
of it." Mr. Colk advocates a system of small
Government loans, to be guaranteed by the
County Councils, to assist small farmers to start
in fruit-growing. We cannot say anything
about the political aspects of the case, but all
parties must rejoice at the favourable prospects
which appear to be opening out for the Irish
peasantry and small farmers.

" I know," says Mr. Hall, in conclusion, "no
nation more susceptible of refining influences
than the Irish, and noae where the women and
children are more inherently gentle. They
seem eminently suited to deal with fruits and
flowers needing delicate handling. It is because
I have been so painfully struck with the absence
of such humanising settings as orchards and
gardens round Irish homesteads, that I am con-
tributing in a small way to supply the defect."
By making the fact known, we believe Mr.
Hall has taken the most effective means of
inducing others to follow his example.

The Queen has graciously consented to be-
come patron of the International Fruit Show now
being promoted by an influential body of horticul-
turists, of whom Sir James Whitehead is the chair-

roan. The Exhibition will be held in London next
year.

THE LlNNEAN SOCIETY.— An evening meeting
of this society will be held on November 19, at
8 pm., when the following papers will be read: —
1. " Notes on the original Portraits of LinDteus, made
during a recent visit to Sweden," by Mr. W.
Caeeuthees, F.R.S. 2. "On a new Fossil Plant
from the Lower Coal Measures," by Mr. T. Hick.

" Botanical Magazine."— The plants figured

in the November number are the following : —

Brymophheus append icitlata, t. 7202. — A remark-
able Palm, native of New Guinea, with a slender
ringed stem, and a terminal crown of pinnate leaves,
the segments of which are wedge-shaped at the baee,
dividing at the apex into shallow triangular lobes ;
margins finely dentate ; panicles issuing from the
stem below the leaves. The flowers are greenish-
white. The analyses show that the floral axis is
raised above the sepals, and bears from its sides the
petals and the numerous stamens as well as the
ovary. Kew.

Pinguicula lutea, t. 7203.— A species with nearly
regular yellow spurred flowers. Native of the
Southern States of North America. Kew.

Angrtecum fastuosum, t. 7201 — The Madagascar
species described in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881,
and again in 1885, part i., p. 533, fig. 96. Kew.

Ccreits procumbens, t. 7205. — A Mexican species
with spreading 4 to 5-angled stems, with tufts of
spines, the central spine being much the longest.
The flowers are 4 inches across, rose-coloured, with
a greenish centre. Kew.

Disa tripctaloides, t. 7206. — The species described
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1889, vol. i , p. 360; and
figured in 1890, vol. i., p. 766, f. 127. Introduced
from the Cape by Mr. J. O'Brien. The plant is very
hardy, having been frozen hard in a cold frame
without injury.

HORTICULTURAL INSTRUCTION. — It is with
great pleasure that we are enabled to report that
Mr. Lewis Castle, one of the members of the
staff ot the Journal of Horticulture, and the Hon.
Secretary of the British Fruit Growers' Association,
has been appointed chief instructor in horticulture
to the County Council of Hampshire. For us, who
for so many years past, have advocated some such
scheme as that now adopted, it is a great matter for
satisfaction that such men as Mr. Fish, Messrs.
Wright and Castle are among those selected to carry
out the provisions of the Technical Fducation Act.
In so doing, almost everything depends upon the
men employed in the work, but if, following in the
steps of our Belgian and French friends, the authori-
ties appoint men like those we have named, we have
no doubt but that in a short time after a period of
experiment, and perhaps some failures, a large
measure of success will be arrived at. The important
step taken by the County Council of Kent is alluded
to in another column.

A New Poison in Conium maculatum.—

Chemists are always on the look-out for new sub-
stances by the discovery of which they may gain
fame amongst their confreres. If when found, they
can manage to saddle it with a name extending over
many syllables, and occupying a considerable period of
time in its pronunciation, so much the better ; is it not
more glorious ! Within the past four years a number
of remarkable poisons belonging to the class of alka-
loids have been discovered by enterprising chemists
who have deserted the synthetic methods of the
laboratory for the examination of plants. In doing
this tbey are performing good services, as all know-
ledge that can be collected concerning the origin,
constitution, and action of the subtle vegetable
poisons go in favour of prolonging human life, not so
much because the machinations of the poison are
more easy of detection, as because many of the sub-
stances have proved valuable in medicine. The most
recent addition to our knowledge of these gruesome
drugs is the discovery of a new alkaloid in Conium
maculatum, which has been named pseudo-conhydrine

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

585

by its discoverer, Herr A. Ladenberg, who, it must
be admitted, has shown great moderation in his
choice of a name, considering the chances that were
open to him of selecting a long one.

Cherries in September.— Mr. J. C. Schmidt,

of Erfurt, writes as follows : — " I take the liberty of
calliDg attention to a very late-ripening Cherry,
called ' Hochgenuss von Erfurt ' [Great satisfaction
from Erfurt], This Cherry is a very remarkable
one, as the fruits begin to ripen when all other
Cherries are over, namely, in the month of

ripe, half-ripe, and unripe fruits at the same time,
because the fruits do not all ripen at the same time.
The fruit itself is of a dark-red colour, of good size,
and has a fine sourish-vinous taste. The history of
this new sort of late-ripening Cherry tree is this :
It is now some years ago that Mr. Heinrich
Schmidt, the former proprietor of the establish-
ment, J. C. Schmidt, at Erfurt, found in a neglected
nursery garden a wild Cherry tree, which, culti-
vated by him, became a nice, well-grown tree of
very good appearance, and having the remarkable
peculiarity of bearing in great nuaber ripe fruits in

vigorous Groundsel in flower growing on a piece
of old sponge that had been lain aside, and which
furnished the requisite moisture, and a little more.
It is astonishing how small a proportion of solid
matter is extracted from the soil by plants in pro-
portion to their bulk. Air and Water, Light and
Heat, are each and all more potent factors in the
growth of plants than is soil.

CUNONIA CAPEN8IS.— Mr. Burbidge recently
favoured us with a specimen of this effective green-
house shrub, which, though an old inhabitant of

Flli. SO. — PROFESSOR M. FOSTERS GARDEN AT SEELFOEDS, CAMBRIDGE. (SEE P. 579.)

September. It is au agreeable and suiprisiug
sight for every lover of Cherries to see a tree in
September laden with ripe and delicious fruits. The
first ripe fruits are seen in the early days of
September, while there are mauy fruits remain
until the loth or 20th of October. It is a well-
known fact that fruits offered and brought to
market at a time when nobody expects to find them
there realise high prices, and, I think, in every case
better than fruits which are offered when the
market is full of them. It will, therefore, be
profitable to the nurseryman and farmer to grow
the ' Hochgenuss von Erfurt.' During the whole
time of the ripening of the fruits, we find on the tree

September and October. The firm, J. C. Schmidt,

has now a good stock of ' Hochgenuss von Erfurt '
ready for distribution." Mr. Schmidt's letter was
accompanied by a woodcut bearing out his state-
ments, and taken from a photograph executed on
September 12.

Culture on Sponge.— We have all heard,
and many have practised, the cultivation of Mustard
and Cress upon moistened flannel, and we know from
experiment that the growth can be prolonged beyond
the germination stage for a much longer period than
could be anticipated. We were reminded of this the
other day on the receipt from Mr. Burbidge of a

botanic gardens, is rarely seeu out of them. This is
to be regretted, for it is decidedly a handsome plaut,
with bold pinnate foliage, and long dense spikes of
white flowers. The stipules are remarkable, being
broad and leafy, and forming a flat case, at the
bottom of which the young leaves are snugly en-
sconced out of harm's way. Another peculiarity we
observed in Mr. Bcrbidge's specimen, is the
presence of a resinous or milky juice, which
exudes freely from the inner side of the base
of the stipules, which appears to be provided
also with numerous tubercles, perhaps of a glan-
dular nature. We have not been able to ex-
amine the microscopical appearances, but we com-

586

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBER 14, 1891.

mend them to some of the biological students of
Trinity College as a promising subject for examina-
tion. Cunonia is not far off from Escallonia, which
yields a coloured resinous juice.

Maize CULTURE.— The past summer was not
such that one would have deemed propitious to the
growth of Maize. Mr. Leach, the gardener to the
Duke of Northumberland, at Albury, near Guild-
ford, is one of those who, recognising the significance
of the old saying, that " one does not know till one
tries," forthwith proceeds to try. The result as
shown us recently was decidedly satisfactory, so much
so, that in Mr. Leach's opinion Maize would form a
profitable crop, the grain being used for cattle or
poultry feeding.

Orchids in Brussels.— Our correspondent

notes that in the collection of Mr. Peeters there
are now several fine forms of Cattleya labiata var.
autumnalis in flower, part of an importation of some
thousands of plants, while a second lot is expected
shortly. Poor C. labiata ! there will not be very
much of it left before long. In the same estab-
lishment is a specimen of Vanda ccerulea with
ten spikes, and very large flowers ; a Cymbidium
giganteum with five spikes, a fine Cypripedium
Sallieri Hyeanum of a translucent golden yellow,
a specimen of Cypripedium superbiens var. Demi-
doff, &c.

Chrysanthemums in Belgium —Never have

so many of these flowers been seen as this autumn.
The little towns and villages vie with the large
cities in their culture of the Chrysanthemum.

HOLLAND. — A society for the promotion of the
study of the diseases of plants has been established
at Amsterdam. M. J. II. Krelage, of Haarlem, is
the President ; Dr. Ritzema Bos, of Wagenengen,
and Dr. II. W. Heinsius, of Amersfoort, act as
Secretaries ; and to one or other of them all com-
munications should be addressed. Among the com-
mittee we also note the names of Professor Hugo
de Vhies and Dr. J. H. Wakkee, so that the Society
starts under promising auspices.

L'Orchideenne Society of Brussels.— A

special feature of the exhibition of this Society on
November 8 was the number of forms of Cattleya
Warocqu»ana, the most striking collection being that
of Mr. Warocque, who showed twenty-six plants,
almost all different in colouring, and comprising
the fine varieties which attracted so much attention
in Brussels and London last year. A variety Ame-
thystina had flowers nearly '.) inches wide and G
inches long; width of anterior lobe of lip 3
inches ; width of petals, about 3J inches. An
authentic example of the old variety Cattleya labiata
rubra-Pescatorei, exhibited by Mr. Van Imschoot—
afforded a most interesting comparison— being abso-
lutely identical with the beautiful forms of Waroc-
queana, but it was much inferior to the fine forms
exhibited by Mr. Warocque, to whom a special Gold
Medal was unanimously awarded for his exhibition
as a whole. To a specimen in the same lot, having
one hundred pseudobulbs, eighty leaves, and forty-
eight flowers, a Cultural Certificate was unanimously
awarded. Amongst other exhibits may be men-
tioned, Odontoglossum Insleayi splendens, Oncidium
phalamopsis and others, from Mr. A. Van Imschoot;
the curious Ciropedium Lindeni, from Mr. Pawels;
Cypripedium Moulmeinense, and manv others from
Mr. Dalliere; two fine Cattlevas Warocqueana,
and the Cypripedium albo-purpureum, from Dr.
Cauwelaebt; Cattleya El Dorado var. Crocata,
from Mr. Martin Cahuzac ; Dendrobium bigibbum,
from Dr. Capabt ; a fine Brassia finetiana, a new
species, with very attractive colours; Cypripedium
Rodigasianum x Burlingtonia granadensis-rosea deli-
cate rose colour ; a rare Odontoglossum var. striatum
with spots of dull red; Dendrobium phalamopsis,
Cypripedium tonsum, and C. Harrisianum • C
superbum, from Mr. Linden; and lastly, a beautiful
Cattleya virginalis from Mr. H. Schmitz.

CLIMBING NlPHETOS ROSE.— A German corre-
spondent, adverting to an article on this subject at
p. 424, says that, having procured plants from various
nurseries (not specified), purporting to be of climbing
habit, he baa always found them destitute of that
characteristic ; and one German nurseryman is
reported to have declined to execute an order, as he
found no difference between the so-called climber
and the ordinary form. This is a serious allegation,
but one which demands the notice of Hose growers.
It may well be that the climbing habit is not assumed
at first.

PlCEA PUNGENS AND P. ELGELMANNI : A
CORRECTION. — By an unfortunate oversight we
last week suffered a misprint to pass unnoticed, and
one which completely misrepresented our meaning.
P. pungens, especially in its glaucous forms, is
greatly superior to P. Engelmanni for cultivation in
this country.

The Effects of Artificial Manuring —

In some experiments by W. von Knierein on the
effects of artificial manuring, which are reported in
Beidcrmanris Centralblatt, the following substances
were used, namely, gypsum, lime, potash, super-
phosphate, bone-meal, potash and superphosphate
mixed, superphosphate and ammonium sulphate
mixed. Compared with plots of similar soil, which
were not treated with any manure, the plots that
were so treated gave much more produce. In every
case, except where superphosphate was used alone,
the beneficial action of the manure extended to the
second year's crop.

Assimilation in Lichens.— Under favourable

conditions of light, humidity, and season, all Lichens
can decompose the carbonic acid of the atmosphere
so energetically, that the quantity decomposed ex-
ceeds that evolved by the Lichen doing the process of
respiration, and consequently the organism gains in
carbon. The intensity of the assimilation of Lichens
varies enormously, however, with the species, and is
relatively strong with such Lichens as Cladonia or
Parmelia, but is very feeble in the case of such
Lichens as Lecidea, for instance. When all other
conditions are equal, direct sunlight is much more
favourable to the assimilation of carbon in these
plants than is diffused light. These observations
are due to Mons. H. Jumelle, who recently read a
paper upon the subject before the Paris Academy
of Science.

Vanda ccerulea, Sanders' var. —Ordinary
V. ccerulea appears as a white fljwer, with veining
and flushing of blue, but this grand variety reverses
that order of things, and appears as a perfectly-
formed, large, rather deep - blue flower, with a
little spotting of white showing between the
bright dark - lilac chequering, so clearly are
the bars of colouring placed. One reason for the
unusual predominance of blue in this over other
forms is, that the reverse sides of the flowers are as
dark and as brightly coloured as the front. The lip
is violet coloured, with the upper part of the keels at
the base white. The flowers are almost circular,
4A inches across, the petals being If inch in width.
I have never seen anything like this variety for
form and richness of colouring combined. It is now
in flower with Messrs. F, Sander & Co., writes Mr.
James O'Brien,

Cypripedium insigne Bohnhofianum, new
VAR.— In advancing this unique form, one has not to
contend with the endless complication which arises
among those with crimson spots, viz., those of the
Maulei group. The chaste and lovely thing is
entirely different. The labellum and petals have
little to mark them from an ordinary C. insigne,
except that the yellowish body-colour is suffused
with a purplish-brown instead of the usual mark-
ings, and the staminode is rich yellow, with purple
hairs at the back. But the sepals are the extra-
ordinary features, and especially the upper one.
The lower sepal is ovate oblong, and larger or longer
than in the type. The dorsal sepal is large, flat,

and well displayed. The lower half has a circular
area of pale purplish-brown ; this, in its turn, is
encircled by a J-inch wide bind of emerald-green,
and the remaining upper portion of the sepal is
pure white, the white extending and narrowing
downwards even to the base. There are no spots
anywhere about the flower. It will be highly prized
by some collectors of Cypripedia, and justly so, for
it is handsome and distinct.

Chrysanthemum and Fruit Exhibition at

EDINBURGH— The winter exhibition of the Scottish
Horticultural Association, which is now looked for-
ward to as one of the most attractive events of the
year in Edinburgh, will be held in the Waverley
Market from the 19th to the 21st inst., and promises
to equal, if it does not surpass, all previous shows of
Chrysanthemums. The fruit section will be a source
of the greatest interest and attraction to our pomo-
logists, as the Government of the United States have
intimated through Mr. H. E. Van Dewan, the State
pomologist, their intention to exhibit a collection of
the fruits of the United States. As this is
believed to be the first occasion on which such an
interesting exhibit has appeared at any horticultural
exhibition in Britain, it will be examined and
criticised by pomologists and fruit growers with
great care and zest, and will be an object of much
attraction to the multitude who consume fruit.
Intimation has also been received from the govern-
ment of Nova Scotia, through Dr. George Lawson,
Secretary for Agriculture, to exhibit one of their
splendid displays of the Apples for which that
enterprising colony is so famed, and which of late
years have been so well exhibited at the Edinburgh
fruit shows. The fruit grown in the British Isles
and the Channel Islands is also to be present in
considerable force, so that to fruit growers and
consumers the show is likely to afford a rare treat.

Continental Novelties.

- ♦ -

ZINNIA DOUBLE-STKIPED PERFECTION.

Through the kindness of M. C. Lorenz, seed
grower, of Erfurt, we are enabled to afford our
readers a figure (p. 587) of a very fine Zinnia of a dis-
tinct character. Hitherto, Zinnias have been "selfs "
in the sense of the flowers possessing but one colour,
although in the colours of the varieties, there was
much diversity. We have in the novelty figured a
large and faultlessly-shaped flower, of a pure golden-
yellow colour, elegantly striped with bright scarlet.
The mixture of these two colours is very effective,
and makes this a valuable variety for decorative
purposes. About 70 per cent, come true from seed.

Double- fringed Petunia Sunset.
Another of M. C. Lorenz's novelties is the so-
called double-fringed Petunia Sunset, a flower of
carmine-rose colour, a distinct new colour of value
for decoration purposes (see p. 589). The plantgrows
about 2 feet in height, and produces a great profusion
of prettily-fringed flowers. During the sojourn of their
Imperial Majesties the Emperor and Empress of
Germany at Erfurt in September last, M. Lorenz
decorated the imperial pavilion with this new variety,
which excited much admiration.

Home Correspondence.

chrysanthemum prospects at wood-
hatch. — Haviug had occasion lately to visit these
gardens, some account of the prospects for the
coming season of so well-known a grower as Mr.
Salter may interest many of your readers. The pre-
valent dampness in the air has, of course, affected
the plants very much ; this is especially seen in the
flowers of the incurved varieties, but by unremitting
care and attention, the affected blooms are being
gradually got healthy again. The damp has not
affected the Anemone-flowered varieties so much, aud
Mons. C. Lebosc'qz was bearing some magnificent
bloonis, Prom.irif-rit varieties in the Woodbatch

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

587

collection are Mr. C. Orchard, John Lambert, E.
Molyneux, Criterion, Cresar Costa, Cullingfordi,
Gloire de Rocher, Maiden's Blush, Etoile de LyoD,
Val d'Andorre, M. It. Bahaunt, Refulgens, Count de
Germiny. Of the new ones, W. H. Lincoln and
Madame Prunard seemed the best. The bad weather
has not affected the Pompons so much, and whoever
bsats Mr. Salter in these will have to be far above
the average, some of the blooms of Black Douglas,
Prince of Orange, and Rubra perfecta being as good
as they can possibly be grown. Vagabond.

IRON ». WOOD IN GLSSS-HOUSES. — In the
last issue of 10-ir paper, 1 notice, under "Home
Correspondence," an aiticle on "Iron v. Wood Green-
houses." Will you kindly allow us to draw attention
to the fact, that to obviate the difficulty of radiation,
&c, in iron-house?, as they used to be built years
ago, which were entirely of iron, with sash-bars
about 4 inches apart, ours are made with bars 18
inches apart, or about one-fourth the old number;
and the woodwork is of the best red seasoned deal,
unless otherwise ordered, which is completely covered

to condemn Mont Blanc rockeries. " II. E." has no
doubt seen how well the little gems grow on the Alps,
Pyrenees, and Apennines, where they can be seen in
hundreds in almost every crevice. Surely this is a
good lesson for us all. Why not imitate Nature as
far as we can? why not make the garden picturesque
with rockwork as well as alpine plants? In a well-
arranged rockery, in the dead of winter, you can roam
about without the assistance of a ladder such as
" H. E." refers to. Then, again, you can have your
Mont Blanc beautifully arranged with small evergreen
shrubs and foliage plants, which will give your rockery
a lively appearance in winter, when the alpines are
mostly gone to rest ; whereas, on " H. E.'s " prin-
ciple, there would be nothing to look at but a
cemetery. And I am afraid many ladies would
object to ascend the heights of a ladder to look at a
small plant in flower. About three years ago I had
the pleasure of making a rockery for a gentleman on
the Mont Blanc system, which has given every satis-
faction. I mention this rockery in particular,
because previously the gentleman had had one of
his own construction, upon which he could never

Fit). 81. — ZINNIA, DOUBLE-STRIPED PERFECTION: SCARLET AND GOLD. (SEE P. 086.)

by the galvanised bars and glass, and thoroughly
protected from weather, thus minimising radiation,
&c, almost as well as in houses entirely of wood.
This is really an important feature, and one appa-
rently lost sight of in your correspondent's letter.
E. Newton <j- Co.

ROCKERIES —I should have thonght "II. E."
would have been the last man in the world to con-
demn the so-called Mont Blanc system of rockwork.
As " H. E."' no doubt is well aware, there are many
ways of constructing a rockery to grow alpines
leallv well. I could mention several rockeries en
the Mont Blanc system where plants will not grow,
for the simple reason that the construction has been
wrong. That is the commonest fault, and the reason
why so many plants fail to grow. If the work has
been done by a practical man, there" is no fear but
what the plants will do well, because every plant is
in its proper position. If"H. E." wants to go in
for quantity, why not grow them in pots and elevate
them, in accordance with his views; they could be
grown thus with far less labour than with the
bideous-looking slabs, which resemble a churchyard
far more than a flower garden. I think " H. E " is
going away from Nature altogether when he tries

get anything to live longer than, on an average,
about twelve months (I may mention that the gen-
tleman's rockery was built on " II. E.'s " principle),
for the simple reason that the pockets were not large
enough to admit soil enough to keep a plant alive
longer than that period. My experience is, give a
plant room to grow, good soil and drainage, and the
plant will overcome every trouble, and do well.
There are more plants lost with too much nursing
and coddling than in any other way. If people had
to treat alpines as alpines, and not as half-hardy
plants, they would find out much to their advantage
in growing these little gems. I could give scores
of instances to prove the truth of my statement. I
might mention another piece of rockwork which was
made this spring, and planted in May with plants,
such as Androsace carnea eximia, A. vitaliana,
Anthyllis montana rubra, Saponaria ocymoides
splendidissima, Arenaria Huteri, and Erodium gut-
taturn (the four last-named new plants were offered
for the first time this year by James Backhouse &
Son, York), Polemonium confertum, Hypericum
cuneatum, H. reptans, Lithospermum Gastoni, and
several other rare alpines. Most of the above
covered a space of from 18 to 21 square inches with
this summer's growth. What would have been the

result had they been planted in pockets or behind a
slab ? You can never see the beauty of a plant until
it is fully developed, and develop the plant cannot in
a small pocket. I might mention in conclusion,
that the Saponaria to which I refer is planted be-
hind the summit of a rock about 3 feet deep. Now
the plant nearly covers the rock to the bottom,
forming one mass of brilliant colour. Adjoining is
Lithospermum prostratum, which covers with blos-
som a stone about the same size. Such features as
these you can never expect to see where alpines are
grown on " H. E.'s " principle. W. A. ft, York.

SUBJECTS OF STUDY FOR GARDENERS. — I
have been reading with interest the notes referring
to the "subjects of study for young gardeners," and
I thought that a few lines from a young gardener
would not be out of place. It is needless to say, that
if young gardeners wish to follow the footsteps of the
best gardeners past and present, it is absolutely
necessary to devote much of our spare time to study.
We, too, have gardeners who set us good examples —
a fact which Mr. F. W. Burbidge has commented upon.
I think if young men would only take to the study of
the various subjects relating to gardening, reading
their Gardeners' Chronicle regularly and intelligently,
they would acquire a still greater liking for it, and
feel more eager to embrace every opportunity afforded
them to such study. I can speak from experience,
that evening study on topics relating to gardening is
a pleasurable pastime, and when one's profession
becomes a pleasure to them (as it ought to be),
they are more Likely to give satisfaction to the head
gardener, and pay every attention to their duties,
and consequently the head gardener can conscien-
tiously recommend them to a worthier position. If
we, as young gardeners, ever wish to attain a position
where it may fall to our lot to have the management
of extensive places, where a succession of fruit,
flowers, and vegetables of high-class quality are
demanded, as well as a well-kept pleasure-ground
and flower garden, I feel sure we ought to waste
but little time. Much can be learnt from this
valuable paper by following it regularly, there being
always something of interest brought to their notice,
as well as a Calendar of operations for the week.
I do not think too much can be said in favour of
Cassell's Popular Educator, there being much matter
in it of great value to gardeners, and written in a
simple and clear way, eo that if any one has a desire
to learn at all, he cannot fail to do so. I think, too,
it would help us young bothy men if space could be
spared from week to week in this paper where we
could discuss different gardening topics, or if papers
on different subjects were allowed to be sent by
young gardeners occasionally, and small prizes
awarded for the best. It would be encouraging.
Butlicnian.

— This is a subject which has attracted my
attention for several years past, and it has again
been excited by the article on p. 489. If I may
be permitted to express an opinion, I should
say that any scheme which is not for the benefit
of the present generation of gardeners, will
eventually come in competition with them.
With this in view, I should be in favour of lec-
tures at local centres, with an examining body in
London, organised and carried out on the lines of
the Science and Art Department, as indicated in the
Principles of Agriculture. I believe a large number
of gardeners would avail themselves of such means
of study, and the local centres might be in connection
with, or in places where gardeners' mutual improve-
ment societies already exist; and for text-books, some
of the science primers recommended by Mr. Burbidge
would be found very useful if there was some one
appointed to explain how they link together, and to
teach the principles of agri-horticulture. Until
such time as lectures on gardening topics are given,
I advise young gardeners who can attend lectures on
the principles of agriculture to do so, in order to
acquire an insight into the composition of soils, and
the action of manures. C. F.

STREPTOCARPUS, NEW HYBRIDS.— I should like
to say a word in favour of these pretty and interest-
ing plants. I purchased a packet of seeds, and they
were duly sown as directed on the cover, but they
positively refused to germinate, either in a stove or
intermediate house. But, after placing them in a
hotbed, they came up, as gardeners say, " as thick as
hail, " and in due time they were placed in thumb
pots, and the largest in 3-inch pot6. Since the be-
ginning of July, they have been flowering very freely,
their Gloxinia-like blooms are very pleasing. The
colours range from pure white through the various

--.

588

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

ehadee of blue to red, and they are most useful for
decoration in email vases. I have had flowers last
quite three weeks in water. Lovers of interesting
and pretty things could not do better than procure
some seed. These Streptocarpus hybrids are of the
easiest possible culture. Walter Grace, Biclton,
Fordingbridge.

DAHURICUS— Mr. Baker has kindly explained
to me the reason of this geographical specific name
of plants, about which I asked a question last week,
only because the name of the country which it de-
notes seems to have become obsolete in English
atlases. The botanist Ledebour divided the Russian
empire into ten botanical districts, of which Dauria,
Davuria, or Dahuria is one. It lies to the east of
Lake Baikal, extending to the frontier of the empire
of China, say from 110° to 130° east longitude, and
from 50° to 55° north latitude, the latitude thus
corresponding with the southern portion of Great
Britain. Though comparatively small, Mr. Baker
remarks it is very rich botanically. C. Wolleu Dod.
Edge Hall, Malpas.

LILIUM OCHROLEUCUM. —In your last issue,
Mr. Baker asks where Dr. Wallich described this
Lily as "dull yellow." If he will refer to the Gar-
deners' Chronicle for August 25, 1855, p. 564, he will
find a note respecting L. nepalense, with a reference
to Wallich's Plant. As. Rar., vol. iii., t. 291, under
which figure Mr. Baker stated that Wallich included
his L. ochroleucum. Dr. Lindley there wrote,
doubtless on good authority, " According to Dr.
Wallich, the flowers are dull yellow," adding, how-
ever, that it did not agree with the Lily then under
notice, which was manifestly, from the description
given of it, neither L. nepalense nor L. ochroleucum,
but L. polyphyllum. I have not the privilege of
being able to refer to Wallich's Plant. As. Rar., so
should esteem it a favour if Mr. Baker will kindly
answer the inquiry made in my last communication,
viz, whether the figure of the Lily in the above
work, t. 291, bears more resemblance to the true
nepalense, as figured in the Garden, than does the
drawing of nepalense given in Mr. Elwes' Monograph,
which was drawn by Mr. Fitch from the specimen of
L. ochroleucum, Wallich ? I would also call Mr.
Baker's attention to the pBge illustration at p. 77 of
the Gardeners' Chronicle, July 17, 1880; it is given
as L. nepalense, but is really a very excellent figure
of what Mr. Baker has named Wallichianum super-
bum. Perhaps the editor could inform us from what
material the woodcut in question was produced.
./. M. [It is too far back to trace. The drawing was
by Mr. Fitch.]

COLOUR OF GRASS. -Wind-blown grass with a
silvery hue is to me a tine sight ; it is a finer quality
than mere brillancy of colour— but this appearance
is not be found in all grasses. How is this? I
notice it chiefly, almost entirely, on clay soils ; is
this because special varieties grow there, or would
the same species differ in this particular when grown
on sandy or clay soils ? S. James. [The colour would
depend probably on the number and distribution of
the stomata, and these again would vary according
to the conditions under which the plant was grow-
ing. Ed] b

A GOOD CROP OF onions.— I have grown at
my place this year thirty- fire bushels of Onions on
8 rods, and quite half the number of bulbs were fully
12 inches round, the largest coming off the lightest
ground ; and yet they say in most gardening books,
give heavy soil for Onions to grow in. I suppose this
is what may be called a good crop. I found it quite
difficult to harvest them this year-nothing but wet
weather week after week. F. S. Fletcher, The Maples,
Otters haw, Chertscy. [The crop amounted to 1 bushel
of bulbs on each 7 square yards of land-a very good
crop indeed. Ed]

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.-Mr. Dod (p. 526)
does not tell us who the botanists are who have long
since corrected the error as to the native country of
the Jerusalem Artichoke, nor where that country is.
He also differs from De Candolle, Caspar Bauhin,
J.indley, Loudon, Faxton, Steudel, Wood, and
other American botanists as to its being a native
of Brazil All these say it is, but he says theie
is no Helianthus native of Brazil, and the two

Wh.r ? tUDr m lerU are a11 of ffuti«*>e habit.
Where is the fruticose habit of Helianthus annuus,

vol v i? p""/,, Vn 'he Pa8e ^icated (590) of
nhL.".^ Cand0!le* Prodrome, the two fruticose
p ants there mentioned are neither of them native.

so NoVrn ,\D- W0l\ld 'tad U8 t0 6UPP^> «d
sp. No. 36 (H. tuberosus) is there stated as a native of

Brazil, and has no synonym, either of Asa Gray or
any other authority. Sp. Nj. 13 (H. doroni-
coides has three synonyms, none of which
is H. tuberosus ; and sp. No. 33 (H. gigan-
teus) is also quoted by De Candolle as a
distinct species, which it would be a serious
libel upon Asa Gray to say that he made either
of these non-tuberous plants synonymous with H.
tuberosus, if even their nationality would allow it,
The Helianthus, as a genus, came over to Europe
from America, and probably took their name
Girasol to Italy. The Jerusalem Artichoke brought
its Spanish name with it from Brazil, and it may be
that it acquired the name Artischoki on the Continent
before it came to our shores. It would be a mis-
take to take up your columns with what can be
obtained from books, therefore Mr. Dod must refer
to Fryor on popular names of plants for an answer
to his questions, where he can be satisfied in the
most of them, excepting, of course, Jerusalem Gourd,
which Mr. Dod must say more about, before I say
anything in disparagement of what I believe is a
very old friend iu disguise. I hope shortly to prove
that the Jerusalem Artichoke was known to all the
old Spanish writers on Peru as well as to Columbus,
and I believe it to be mentioned by T. Hariot as a
vegetable in Virginia, and possibly prove its greater
right to the name of Potato than Solanum tuberosum
with which it came to America, and being hardier
travelled further north into Canada. All American
botanists (Asa Gray, of course, included), say the
Jerusalem Artichoke is naturalised in hedge-
rows and ends of fields, really escaped from cul-
tivation, but all, except A. Gray, pledge themselves
to Brazil as the native country ; and probably he
thought with me that Peru was nearer the mark.
I was sanguine myself at one time, that they
should be proved natives of Canada, and would
gladly hail evidence of this, but the weight is
so much against it. The earliest representation of
the plant that I have seen is a subfruticose plant
from Peru, but a very different part of South America
than that to which Mr. Dod drew my attention at
p. 590 of De Candolle's fifth volume of the Pro-
dromus. May I ask also where the quotation at the
end of my paper (p. 482), which was taken from the
Gardeners' Chronicle. December 15, 1888. has been
contradicted ? W m. Etherinqton Dixon, November 3.

Societies.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

HRYSANTHEMUMS formed the
subject of the great autumn com-
petition and fite of the National
Chrysanthemum Society opened
on Tuesday last at the Royal
Aquarium, Westminster, and, not-
withstanding the past unfavour-
able season, there was a capital
display of bloom. The cut flowers were not, as
a whole, so large as those exhibited on previous
occasions, although sjme very creditable examples
were Btaged, while the groups showed a slight
improvement on those of last year. It is to be
regretted, however, that a more suitable place
cannot be found for such a fine display, for in many
parts of the building it was utterly impossible to
discern the true colours of the flowers, so bad was
the light. Apart from this, too, the incessant noise
caused by the numerous other entertainments was by
no means conducive to that pleasant quietude which
Bhould characterise all floral exhibitions.

The Societies' Competition.
This class, being open to Chrysanthemum and
horticultural societies of the United Kingdom,
is usually of an interesting character, although the'
entries on this occasion were not so numerous
as might have beeu expected. The stipulations
are, that forty-eight blooms, twenty-four Japanese,
and the tame number of incurves, shall be staged^
the flowers to have been grown by members of the
societies exhibiting. The leading prize, which con-
Bis s of a Challenge Trophy and £10, the former
to be held for the year by the President of the
winning Society, was awarded to the Havant Chry-
santhemum Society, the growers of the blooms being
Mr. J. Agate, Mr. N. Fuller, Mr. C. Penford, Mr. C
Hoskins, and Mr. A. Payne. In this collection some of
the flowers were very fine, particularly the Japanese
although a few of them had weak centres. Among
the best were Sunflower, E. Molyneux, Mone. Berard

Ralph Brocklebank, Madame J. Laing, G. W. Clarke,
W. W. Coles, Gloriosum, Viviand Morel, and W. H.
Lincoln. The incurved blooms were smaller than
usual, but very solid, the best shown being Lord
Wolseley, Empress of India, Princess of Teck, Queen of
England, Violet Toralin, Miss Ilaggas, Jeanne d'Atc,
Hero of Stoke Newington, and Mr. Shipman. The
2nd prize was awarded the St. Neots Chry-
santhemum Society, which won the leading honours
last year, for a very creditable collection of
blooms. la this exhibit some capital blooms
of Etoile de Lyon, Boule d'Or, Florence Davis,
Mons. Bernard, Lilian Bird, Viviand Morel, and
Violet Rose, were noticeable among the Japanese
varieties ; while of the incurved kinds Violet Tomlin,
Alfred Salter, Princess of Wales, Queen of England,
Robert Cannell, and Golden Empress were very fine.
It is only fair to sav that there were but two
growers, namely, Mr. J. Myers and Mr. Fetfield, in
this instance, against five in the case of the winning
Society. The 3rd prize went to the Wimbledon
Horticultural Society for a collection of well-growu
blooms, the growers being Mr. C. Gibson, W. B.
Faulkner, Esq., and G. Walker, Esq. In each
case the flowers were fresh and well developed.

Cut Blooms.

Incurved. — The principal class in this section was
that for forty-eight blooms, consisting of not fewer than
twenty-four varieties. The entries were not very
numerous, but among those who did exhibit the com-
petition was somewhat keen. The leading honours
fell to Messrs. W. & G. Drover, nurserymen, Fare-
ham, who staged a collection of clean and solid
blooms. The majority of the flowers were of uni-
form size, and the best being John Lambert, Lord
Alceeter, Jeanne d'Arc, Queen of England, Empress
of India, Lady Carey, Princess Teck, Princess of
Wales, Hero of Stoke Newington, and Violet Tomlin.
Mr. J. Doughty, gr. to Mrs. Tomlin, Angley
Park, Cranbrook, was awarded 2ud, for a scarcely
less creditable lot, many blooms in this collection
being very neat and compact ; among others de-
serving of notice were Jardin des Plantes, Lord
Wolseley, Empress of India, J. Lambert, Alfred
Salter, and Pink Venus. Mr. R. Petfield, gr. to
A. J. Thornhill, Esq., Diddington, Buckenden, came
in 3id, with a stand of large but somewhat loose
blooms; Mr. W. G. Ray, Teynham, Sittingbourne,
was awarded 4th prize; Mr. J. Agate, Havant, 5th,
in this class.

For twenty-four incurved varitties, distinct, Mr.
C. W. Knowles, gr. to Mrs. Chas. EgertoD, Solna,
Roebampton, was placed 1st, for rather small though
solid blooms. Conspicuous in this collection were
Lady Hardinge, Empress Eugenie, Empress of India,
Golden Empress, Barbara, Refulgens, A. Salter, and
Mrs. Shipman. Mr. J. Myers, gr. to the Earl of
Sandwich, Hinchingbrooke, Huntingdon, was awarded
2nd for a regular lot, among which Miss Ilaggas,
Golden Empress, J. Doughty, and Prince Alfred
were very good ; the 3rd prize falling to Mr. A.
Ivies, gr. to E. C. Jukes, Esq., Hadley Lodge, High
Barnet, for a stand of neat blooms.

The best stand of twelve incurved varieties came
from Mr. II. Shoetmith, gr. to M. Hodgson, Esq.,
Shirley, Croydon, the blooms being very fine and
even. The flowers were so regular that it is almost
impossible to individualise any particular varieties,
although Golden Empress of India, Mrs. Heale, J.
Lambert, Lord Alcester, and Mrs. S. Coleman may
be mentioned as being specially good. The 2nd prize
in this class was gained by Mr. J. Douglas, gr. to Mrs.
Whitbourne, Great Gearies, llford, for well deve-
loped blooms ; and Mr. H. Lees, gr. to the Duchess
of Montrose, Sefton Lodge, Newmarket, came in 3rd,
with creditable examples.

Mr. J. Myers, Hitchingbrooke, staged the best six
incurved blooms, one variety only, the kind being
Golden Empress; the flowers were large and yet
compact. Mr. Shotsmith followed a good 2nd, with
well-grown examples of Lord Alcester ; and Mr.
Matthew Russell, gr. to Dr. C. Thews, Hentield,
Sussex, was placed 3rd, with good blooms of Violet
Tomlin.

Japanese. — As a whole the Japanese varieties
were better than the incurved, and the competi-
tion somewhat keener. In the class for forty-eight
blooms, in not less than twenty-four varieties, some
excellent exhibits were staged, the best being those
of Charles E. Shea, Esq., The Elms, Foots Cray ;
most of the blooms put up by this exhibitor were
of a high-class character, M. Viviand Morel, Glorio-
Bum, Annie Clibran, Condor, Danae, Stanstead
White, W. W. Coles, and E. Molyneux, being par-
ticularly fine. Messrs. W. & G. Drover were
awarded 2nd prise lor a stand of large blooms,

NOVEMBER 14, 1891l]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

589

which, however, presented rather a ragged appearance ;
in thia collection some excellent examples of the new
hairy pink Chrysanthemum, Louis Bcehmer, were
conspicuous, while Mrs. C. \V. Wheeler, Avalanche,
Madame Baco, Sunflower, and Carew Underwood, are
also deserving of notice. The 3rd prize went to
Herbert Fowler, E«q., Claremont, Eiher, for smaller
but well-grown blooms ; Mr. H, R. Brown, gr. to
G. D. Barclay, Efq., Roydon Lodge, was awarded
4th ; and Mr. C. Cox, gr. to J. Trotter, Esq.,
Brickenden Grange, Hertford, 5th. In the three
last-named competitors' stands some well-developed
blooms were noticeable.

Mr. J, Agate, Havant, staged the best twenty-four
varieties, distinct, and among others deserving of
mention in this stand were G'oriosum, W. H.
Lincoln, Sunflower, Madame Baco, B auty of Castle-
wood, and Mrs. W. Wheeler. The 2nd prize in this
class went to Mr. II. R. Brown, gr. at Rimlon Lodge,
for a brightly - coloured collection, conspicuous
amongst which were Condor, Bjlle Paule, Mr.
Garnor, and Val d'Andorre. W. IIerb?rt Fowler,
E'q , was placed 3rd for a fresh lot of blooms,
which included a well-grown example of Louis
BreSmer.

Mr. A. Ocock, gr. to Mrs. Mcintosh, Havering

Kingston Lisle Park, Wantage, was awarded 3rd
for a very poor arrangement.

Large Flowered Beflexed. — There were very few
entries in this section, but some good flowers were
staged by various growers. Mr. J. Myers gained
1st honours for the best twelve bloom9. Dr. Sharpe,
King of the Crimsons, Putney George, and Cloth of
Gold being very good in this stand. The 2nd prize
was awarded to Mr. G. Carpenter, gr. to Major
Collis Browne, Broad Oak, Bytleet; and the 3rd to
Mr. Matthew Russell, Heathfield.

Japanese reftexed. — For twelve blooms of not less
than nine varieties, Mr. C. Long, gr. to E. P. Oak-
shott, Orchard Dene, Ealing, was placed 1st ; and
Mr. It. C. Notch, Broughton Road Nursery, Ipswich,
followed a close 2ad. In the first-named com-
petitor's stand Sunflower, Belle Paule, Criterion, and
Mdlle. Li Croix were very good ; while Amy Furze,
Maiden's Blush, and Gloire de Rocher, a seedling of
Val d'Andorre, were conspicuous in Mr. Notch's
collection.

Large-flowered Anemones. — Mr. W. Green, gr. to
Miss Wyburn, Iladley Manor, Barnet, sent the best
stand of twenty-four blooms; and Mr. A. Ivies was
placed 2nd, for a meritorious collection ; while Mr.
Myers came in 3rd.

jJ^ -v/A

FlO. S2. — PETUNIA, D»UBLE-FRIN'GED BRILTIANT CARMINE-ROSE "SUNSET." (SEE P. 586.")

Park, Romford, gained 1st honours for the best
twelve blooms, this being a very good stand. The
flowers were fresh and well-grown, particularly Mrs.
J. Wright, M. Viviand Morel, J. Delaux, and
Fair Maid cf Guernsey. A remarkably fine bloom of
Mrs. A. Hardy was also conspicuous in this collec-
tion. The 2nd prize went to Mr. W. II. Divers, gr.
to J. T. Hopwood, Esq , Ketton Park, Stamford, and
the 3rd to Mr. J. Doughty, Angley Park.

The best six white blooms were shown by Jas.
Shaw, gr. to Lord Clinton Hope, Deepdene, Dirking,
who staged good examples of Avalanche ; while the
2nd prize went to Mr. C. Cox, for large blooms of
Stanstead White. Mr. .1. Hughes, gr. to the Hon. II.
T. Taravicini, Heathfield, Brackering, was awarded
3rd prize.

The leading prize for six blooms, any colour
except white, went to Charles E. Shea, Esq, for
fresh flowers of Etoile de Lyon ; while Mr. J Dou-
glas was awarded 2nd for good examples of Sun-
flower, and Mr. J. Hughes 3rd, for a "stand of the
some variety.

There were but two entries in the class for twelve
Japanese blooms, distinct, the flowers to be staged
with moss, Ferns, or small foliag« plants. The 1st
prize went to W. Howe, gr. to Henry Tate, Esq ,
Park Hill, Streatham Common, for a stand of fresh
blooms, shown well above a groundwork of Maiden-
hair Fun; while Mr. F. Sutton, gr. to J. Taylor,

Large Anemones. — In the class for twelve blooms,
Japanese included, Mr. W. Green staged the best
stand, which included fresh and well-grown examples
of Lady Marguerite, Mrs. Judge Benedict, and Madame
R. Owen ; the next best lot came from Mr. Ives ;
and Mr. C. Notcutt had the 3rd prize.

Japanese Incurved. — Mr. R. Petfield sent the best
stand of twelve blooms, among which Boule d'Or,
Mrs. C. Wheeler, and Madame Audiguier were con-
spicuous ; Charles E. Shea, Esq., gained the 2nd
prize in this class ; and to Herbert Fowler, E<q.,
3rd, the blooms in each case being well-grown.

Anemone Pompons. — These were poorly represented,
so far as entries were concerned, but some fair
blooms were staged by Mr. J. Myers, to whom the
1st prize was awarded ; Air. E. J. Salter, gr. to
T. B. Haywood, Esq., Woodhail Lodge, Reigate,
gained the 2nd prize for twelve blooma ; and the
3rd was awarded to Mr. W. B. Carpenter, Gravesend.

Pompons. — Neither were these so plentiful as
might have been expected, although those staged
were of good quality. For the best twelve blooms
Mr. C. J. Salter gained 1st prize, the 2nd and 3rd
being awarded Mr. G. Duncan, gr. to C. T. Lucas,
Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham, and Mr. Matthew
Russell, Henfield, respectively.

Amateurs' Metropolitan Classes. — Nine classes were
provided for amateurs and single-handed gardeners,
and among these some creditable stands were

noticeable. The best were staged by Mr. F. Lang-
ley, Watford ; Henry Fineham, Esq., Cranbrook ;
Mr. J. Horril, Havant; Mr. J. Heath, gr. to M.
Gurry, Esq., Abington Place, Newmarket ; Mr. J.
Little, gr., The Gardens, Rylands, Romford; Mr. W.
Jones, gr. to W. Hooper, Esq., Glenamount, Sutton ;
and E. Mawley, Esq., Rosebank, Berkhampstead.

The Metropolitan classes were open to com-
petitors residing within a radius of 3.J- miles of
Shoreditch Church, and considering the conditions
under which they had been grown the blooms
staged were very creditable. The best stands were
shown by Mr. F. Bingham, Stoke Newington ; Mr.
W. Beech, gr. to L. Seligmann, Esq., Hereford
House, South Kensington ; Mr. W. Davey, gr. to
C. C. Paine, Esq., Cedar House, Stamford Hill; and
Mr. E. Easy, gr. to J. W. Jones, Esq., Highbury New
Park.

Groups and Pot Plants.

As has been said, the groups of plants were better
than those staged last year. The leading group of
Chrysanthemums, any varieties, was exhibited by
Messrs. Reid & Bornemann, Sydenham, to whom
the 1st prize was awarded. The plants were well-
grown, and the blooms, though not particularly
large, were well finished. Mr. G. Stevens, St.
John's Nursery, Putney, followed closely with a fine
group, the 3rd prize going to Mr. N. Davis, Camber-
well. MeeBrs. Reid & Bornemann also staged a
capital group of Japanese varieties ; and for a group
of Chrysanthemums and foliage plants, Mr. E. EaBy
gained 1st honours for a light arrangement.

Trained plants were very good, the best four speci-
mens coming from Mr. D. Donald, gr. to J. G. Bar-
clay, Leyton. The same exhibitor was also 1st for
six and tour trained standard specimens respectively.
Mr. J. Brooker, gr. to W. Reynolds, Esq , The Grove,
Highgate, N., staged the best six large-flowered
specimens. Other prize winners for trained plants
were Mr. W. Davey, Stamford Hill ; Mr. J. Weston,
Claysham Paik; Mr. W. Robinson, and Mr. E.
Easy.

Special Phizes.

Special prizes were offered by Messrs. J. Laing &
Sons, Forest Hill; Mr. It. Owen, Maidenhead;
Messrs. II. Cannell & Sons, Swanley ; Messrs.
Pitcher & Manda, llextable; Mrs. Myers, Cam-
worth ; and Mr. II. J. Jones, Lewisham. In several
of the classes thus provided, however, there was no
competition. Messrs. W. & G. Drover took the
1st honours for six blooms of Louis Bmhmer, as also
did Mr. Charles Blick, gr. to Martin It. Smith, Esq.,
The Warren, Hayes Common, Beckenham ; Mr. G.
Foster, gr. to W. Hammond Spencer, Glendaragh,
Teignmouth; W. Herbert Fowler, Esq, and Mr.
T. Aplin, gr. to W. Meath Baker, Esq., Gloucester.
The Gardeners' Magazine Medals were won by Mr.
II. Shot smith and Mr. Ocock.

Table Decokations and Bouquets.
There were but few entries in this section, and in
some cases the exhibits staged were not of a very
high-class character, though those put up by Messrs.
Perkins & Co., Coventry ; Mr. E. Chadwick, gr. to
E. N. Nelson, Esq., Hanger Hill, Ealing ; and Mr.
R. Potter, gr. to Sir M. W. Collet, Bart., St. Clare,
Hensing, Sevenoaks, were really good. These
exhibitors were awarded 1st prizes in various classes.

Miscellaneous.
Mr. II. J. Jones, Ryecrott Nursery, Lewisham,
staged a grand group of single Chrysanthemums,
which attracted much attention. The plants were
well-grown, and covered with bloom. From the
same grower came an extensive collection of new
varieties, comprising the principal continental and
English-raised novelties, some of which appeared
to be of real sterling value. Messrs. Pitcher &
Manda also staged a number of Chrysanthemum
blooms, as likewise did Mr. T. S. Ware,
Tottenham ; Messrs. Carter & Co., High Holborn ;
Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead, and M. W. Wells, Redhill.
Messrs. J. Laing & Sons sent a representaive
collection of fruit and Chrysanthemums; while from
Messrs. Cannell & Sons came a showy group of cut
flowers, comprising zonal Pelargoniums, Louis
Boehmer Chrysanthemums, &c. Mr. Whillans, gr.
to the Duke of Marlborough, Blenheim Palace,
staged a fine group of Carnations ; and Messrs.
Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, foliage plants. Flower-
pots and fancy vases were exhibited bv Messrs.
W. S. lies & Co., Camberwell Park ; greenhouses by
Messrs. Haywood & Co., Brockley ; and sundries by
Mr. J. George, Putney.

Fruit and Vegetables.
Fruit was sparingly shown, compared with other
years, but that staged was well finished.

590

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 14, 1891.

Mr. G. Goldsmith, gr. to Sir Ed. Loder, Bart.,
Leonards Lee, Horsham, had the best six dishes of
dessert and culinary Apples ; while the leading prize
for Fears went to the same grower.

Mr. W. Harman, gr. to the Earl of Denbigh, Wen-
ham Paddock, Lutterworth, was awarded 1st for
white Grapes, this exhibit being some well-coloured
Muscats.

The best black Grapes were staged by Mr. C.
Giffen, gr. to Miss Christy, Coombe Bank, Kingston ;
and Mr. W. Wilson, The Elms, Roehamptou.
Mr. G. Duncan. Warnham Court ; Mr. J. Bowry,
Forest Hill ; Mr. W. Howe, Streatham Common ;
F. Craven, Potter's Bar, F. Davis, Castle Bar,
Ealing, also took prizes for Grapes. Messrs. Cheal
& Sons, Crawley, sent a large collection of highly-
coloured Apples.

Collections of vegetables for the special prizes
offered by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, and
Messrs. Webb & Sons, Stourbridge, were very good,
the leading prizes being taken by Mr. R. Lye, New-
bury, and Mr. A. Miller, Rood Ashton Park, Trow-
bridge. The Potatos, too, staged in competition for
the prizes given by Mr. C. Fidler, ReadiDg, and
Mr. Whitehead Cousins, Covent Garden, were of
first-rate quality, particularly those shown by Mr. E.
S. Wiles, Banbury ; Mr. A. Miller, Mr. Peckover,
Banbury ; and Mr. H. Ridgewell, Cambridge.

Ceetificates.

A meeting of the Floral Committee took place in
connection with the great show, and a very large
number of flowers was staged, especially of the
Japanese varieties ; probably some 500 blooms of
new varieties were submitted for Certificates. A
First-class Certificate of Merit was awarded to
Japanese Comte de Galbert, a grand new variety of
great beauty of a pale blush colour, large and full.
This came from M. Ernest Calvat, Grenoble, a
French raiser, who has succeeded in obtaining some
new varieties. Exposition de Grenoble, a very pro-
mising variety of a high colour, the Committee
wished to see again. Other varieties were much
damaged in the course of the journey.

Messrs. James Carter & Co., Holborn, W.C., sent
a number of seedlings. First-class Certificates of
Merit were awarded to Lord Brooke, a very fine
golden-orange incurved Japanese; Holborn Rose
was much admired, but it was thought not to be
sufficiently distinct.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, Hextable, Kent, re-
ceived a First-class Certificate for Japanese Miss
Libby Allen. A large yellow incurved Japanese of
excellent character, and a yellow form of Louis
Bcehmer, the Committee wished to see again. A
First-class Certificate was also awarded to large
Anemone Delaware, a fine variety, the guard petals
white, with yellow centre. A large batch of new
varieties came from Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead,
who received a First-class Certificate of Merit for
Excelsior, a large bright cerise Japanese with a
silvery reverse ; Japanese Mrs. G. C. Schwabe,
delicate rose, shaded with salmon, and tipped with
gold, very distinct; and Mrs. Robinson King, a
golden incurved of good colour, and fine petal and
build. Mr. T. W. Flight, a Japanese, the committee
wished to see again.

Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham,
sent some seedlings. Among them was Amos
Perry, an incurved Japanese in the way of Thunberg,
but paler (Commended). A First-class Certificate
was awarded to Japanese Florence Davis, a very fine
and distinct pure white variety, raised by Mr.
Norman Davis, of Camberwell, and shown in ad-
mirable character. Mr. Mursell, Streatham, received
a First-class Certificate of Merit for Kate Mursell, a
pure white sport from Lady Trevor Lawrence; and
for Coronet, a large and very fine deep orange-yellow
incurved Japanese, of great beauty.

A large batch of new varieties came from Mr.
II. J. Jones, of Lewisham, of a very promising
character, which the committee wished to see again
in better condition ; Mrs. Lihbie Allen was also in
Mr. Jones' collection. From Mr. Milford, Wor-
cester Park, came Ada Kaye, a sport from Gliick,
Anemone-flowered, which the Committee wished
to see in better condition. Some verv fine blooms
of Louis Boffimer came from Mr. H. Loader, and
were awarded a First-class Certificate ; and a
batch of plants of the same variety, in pots, of fine
quality.

First-class Certificates of Merit were awarded to
Mr. James Lye, Clyffe Hall, Market Lavington, for
two seedling Potatos of high character, and a round
variety, a refined Schoolmaster named Advance, and
kidney Renown of the Lapstone type, but tinted with

red at the broad end. Also to Mr. A. J. Harwood,
Colchester, for Colchester Black Bullace, shown in
large clusters of fine ripe fruit. Apple Graham's
Jubilee was shown by Mr. II. Pocock, and highly
commended.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Toesday, Nov. 10.— The usual fortnightly meet-
ing was thinly attended, owing to the attractions of
the Chrysanthemums at the Aquarium. Those,
however, who visited the Drill Hall, found
a good group of Chrysanthemums, from Mr.
Wythes, showing what can be done in so
smoky a locality as Syon. The collection from
Kew was chiefly remarkable for the very great
beauty of some of the single forms, which put
to shame some of their more-flaunting com-
panions. There was an interesting collection of
Orchids, including the inevitable Labiata autumnalis
and other exhibits specially noticed elsewhere. A
flower of the Stapelia gigantea figured at p. 728,
Dec. 22, 1888, attracted — as well it might — great
attention. Mr. Lynch showed from the Cambridge
Botanic Garden a spray of the elegant Creeper,
Porana paniculata, Aristolochiagrandiflora; and Mr.
Wythes showed Bignonia venusta. The Fellows
greatly appreciate Mr. Lynch'a exhibits on these
occasions. Would that the managers of other
Botanic Gardens would follow the lead of
Kew, and send up to these meetings any
interesting species they may have. They form
so delightlul a change from the interminable series
of Chrysanthemums, Gladioli, Narcissi, or what not.
Mr. Ingram's lecture on " Soils " was read by the Sec-
retary, and consisted, in the main, of an enumeration
of the principal kinds of soil found in this country,
of the rocks whence they have been produced, and
of the causes — water, frost, air, ice, &c. — which have
b;en instrumental in their production.

Floral Committee.

Present ; W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair ; and
Messrs. B. Wynne, H. Herbst, H. Cannell, W. B.
II. PSe, H. H. D'Ombrain, C. E. Pearson, W. Watson,
C. Jeffries, T. Baines, C. T. Druery, G. Paul, and
J. Eraser.

Some few competitive exhibits of Chrysanthe-
mums appeared in response to the invitation of the
Society, and had it not been for these the Hall
would have worn a very bare appearance. Six bush
plants disbudded, and six not disbudded were desired,
and Mr. E. Vince, gr. at Highgate Cemetery, was
1st in the former competition, with excellent plants,
3£ feet high and 3 feet in breadth, with very good
flowers, fairly abundant; the best were, Avalanche,
Madame Rendatler, M. Berard, Madame Lacroix,
and Peter the Great. The plants had the rather
rare furnishing of foliage to the base of the stems,
and were probably two years old. Mr. J. Weston,
gr. to D. Martineau, Esq , Clapham Park, was 2nd ;
Madame Sevin and Avalanche were his best.

In the unthinned class, Mr. Vince was 1st, with
the varieties Mous. Lacroix, W. Holmes, Phojbus,
Lady Selborne, Source d'Or, bearing numerous
flowers — of course, of a much smaller size than those
in the other class, but very decorative objects withal.
2nd in this class was Mr. J. Weston, but his plants
were immoderately tall and bare of leaves, although
in some instances there was plenty of bloom. Mr.
Pince showed six Pompons, nice plants full of
flowers, Cendrillon and Soiur Melanie being the best.

In non-competitive groups, we observed one of
Chrysanthemums from the Royal Gardens, Kew,
some of which were single- flowered, namely, Mary
Anderson, Gus Harris, and Miss Rose, all profusely
bloomed and showy. Others consisted of Japanese
varieties grown without flower disbudding.

Mr. G. Wythes.gr. at Sion House, Brentford, showed
tallish well bloomed plants, of some, very fine
varieties of Japanese and incurves, many of the
individual flowers being of exhibition proportions and
quality. The plants generally carried from two to
four flowers each, that were wonderfully fresh looking
for this, around town, rather forward season.

Messrs. J. Carter & Co., 237-238, High Holborn,
exhibited Chrysanthemums, Holborn Rose, a large
flat petalled mauve-coloured Japanese, Holborn
Dragon, an imported Japanese, incurved florets, white
with a tinge of pink on the reverse side ; Miss Bella
Weston, an English seedling incurved, the flowers
shown being in some cases from crown, and in
others from terminal buds.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanler, had a large
stand filled with blooms of the hairy variety Louia
Bcehmer. It is a roughish flower, of a dull lilac

colour, with too much green eye noticeable, although
that is not always present, as we remarked later in
some stands in the National Chrysanthemum
Society's show. A Japanese, Colonel B. Smith, of
the favourite orange colour, with involved and
incurved florets, came also from Swanley ; it is a
good thing.

Mr. J. Weston showed Pompon Ethel Weston, a
pale pink flower with a yellowish centre, a sport
from Rosenante. An incurved flower, Mrs. Row-
lands, came from Mr. Rowlands, gr., Bardney Manor,
Lincoln ; and a white Japanese variety, Florence
Davis, was shown by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons,
Chelsea. It has confused narrow flat florets, which
have a green tinge about the centre of the bloom.

Besides the Porana, Aristolochia, andBignoniamen-
tioned previously, another very handsome flower,
Gerbera Jamesoni was sent by Mr. Lynch, of the
Cambridge Botanic Garden. It had been gathered
from the foot of a south wall which is overhung with
glass ; there were also from this garden some flowers of
the botanically- curious Narcissus viridiflorus, a native
of Spain and N. Africa. Mr. C. Wood, gr. to Lord
Hylton, Merstham, showed Stapelia gigantea, figured
in these pages in 1887, a rare and interesting subject,
with a purple flower, and large fleshy calyx, 10 inches
in diameter, of great substance, and banded closely
with fine crimson lines. Messrs. Peter Barr & Sons,
Covent Garden, showed Aster grandiflorus, a bright-
coloured, purplish - flowered species, the blooms
measuring 2 inches in diameter. A cluster of the
rich orange-coloured Bignonia venusta came from
Mr. G. Wythes. It is remarkable that the plant
from which the blooms were cut is sixty years old.
Some of their beautiful crosses and hybrids of
Javan Rhododendrons, came from the nurseries of
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, and amongst them a novelty
in the shape of a semi-double flower, of a p'eising
salmon tint, and at present it is without a distinctive
name. A Croton named Mrs. Ussher with bold yel-
low markings, chiefly in the middle and lower half of
the erect leaves, which are 7 inches long by 1| broad,
cam" from the raiser, Mr. J-. Smith, gr. to R. E.
Wai burton, Esq., Arley Hall, Cheshire. A distinct
showy vaiiety, and a good candle-light colour.

Fruit Committee.

Present: P. Crowley, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. John Lee, R. Hogg, 1!. D. Blackmore, G.
Bunyard, G. W. Cummins, P. Willard, C. Ross, W.
Warren, T. J. Sallmarsh, G. Ciifiv, G. Wythea, J.
Hudson, G. Reynolds, F. Q. Line, H. Balderson, G.
Norman, J. Smith, Harrison Weir, W. Bates.

A large assortment of Carrots came up from
the society's garden at Chiswick, which had been
arranged into eight sections, a convenient division
for those little acquainted with the diversity of form
in this root.

Group 1 contained the knobby forcing varieties, of
which Parisian Red and the Forcing Horn aie
types ; 2 is a slightly larger section, of which
Carter's Improved Horn is typical ; 3, are the roots
of the cylindrical, Carentan type ; 4, are thicker
than the former, but not much, it any, longer, Guer-
ande and Chantenary Carrota are typea of thia ;
section 5 consiat8 of roots longer than those in
section 4, but less in diameter, like Carter's Scar-
let Intermediate ; 6 are mostly Carrots of about
the same length as the preceding, but thick, like
the English Horn ; 7 is a longer form of Horn, with
the St. Valery as the type; and 8 includea our Long
Surrey, Altrincham, &c.

An excellent lot of Peara (thirty-one dishes and
varieties) came also from Chiswick, and included
many not yet common in gardens, nsmely Onondago
Bouvier Bourgmeister, Oken d'Hiver, Helotto Dun-
das, a bright-looking fruit ; Charlotte de Bromccs, a
fine-flavoured fruit ; Louis Gregoire and Comte de
Paris. The best flavoured Pear waB White Doyenne^
and the next, perhaps, Marie Louise.

Many seedling Apples were sentby various growers,
but none met with approbation from the judges, ex-
cept Messrs. Saltmarsh & Sons' Chelmsford Wonder,
a large yellow-skinned fruit, and Colonel Eyres' Ata-
lanta, a seedling raised by Mr. Ross, received an
Award of Merit. It is a cooker.

Mr. Myles, gr. to Lady Hutt, Appley Towers,
Isle of Wight, showed the black Grape, Appley
Towers, a seedling raised at that place, and not seen
now for the first time. It resembles somewhat
Black Alicante, and is a lightly shouldered good-
looking bunch. How large it may be grown we do
not know. He ahowed a white delicate-looking
Grape, said to have been raised from Gros Coiinar
and Black Alicante.

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

591

A few dishes of fruit came from Messrs. W. Paul
& Son, Waltham Cross.

Some Leeks blanched to a great length of stem,
and some very fine stout curled Parsley, and Mari-
golds, came from Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay,
N.B.

Orchid Committee.

Present: II. J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. H. M. Pollett, Hugh Low, E. Hill, F. Sander,
H. Ballantine, II. Williams, J. O'Brien, M. T.
Ma9ters, T. B. Haywood, and A. H. Srnee.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, exhibited another
handsome hybrid Orchid, raised at their establish-
ment by Mr. Seden, Pbaius maculato-grandifoliusX
(maculatus £ , graudifolius ^ ) ; the plant had the
general habit of P. grandifolius, but the leaves were
rather thinner than those of that species, and ex-
hibited a few yellowish spots, as in the male parent.
The spike was nearly 3 feet in height, and bore
flowers as large as those of P. grandifolius, the
sepals and petals yellow, with a slight coppery tinge;
the lip yellow at the base, the in-folded front lobe
being chestnut-red, and lines of the same colour ex-
tending to the base of the lip. A very handsome
species of a colour much needed. Messrs. Veitch
also exhibited a flower of Cypripedium Niobe
superbum X (Spicerianum 2 X Pairrieanum <J ), a
still more beautiful form of the variety previously
certificated, the rich purple and white of the dorsal
eepal being very showy. Baron Schroder, The Dell,
Egham (gr., Mr. H. Ballantine), exhibited the beau-
tiful Cypripedium insigne Sandera;, an unique form
in which the flowers are of a clear shining yellow,
except the upper part of the dorsal sepal, which is
white. The flower is unspotted, aud not marked in
any way, and is a very charming novelty.

Messrs. P. Sander & Co., St. Albans, sent a hand-
some new species of Dendrobium, named Lee-
anum, which appeared as a single specimen it is
feared among their importation of D. Phalainopsis
Schroderianum. The plant had tall slightly com-
pressed pseudobulbs, like those of D. taurinum,
and stout ascending spikes of flowers larger than
those of D. superbiens ; the sepals white, with a
rosy purple mottling on the outer halves, the petals
rich rosy-crimson, and the front lobe of the lip,
which has several distinct wavy ridges down the
centre, was of the same colour, the base of the lip
greenish — a very fine and distinct species.

Mr. Sander also sent the new Cypripedium Maly-
anum X Spicerianum $ X Crossianum (J . a singular
variety, with some resemblance to C. Leeanum, but
without the purple spotting.

Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Victoria and
Taradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N., staged a
very cheerful-looking group of Orchids, to which a
Silver Banksian Medal was awarded. Among the
flue Cypripediums were C. Morgana: x , C. euryan-
drumX, C. Arthurianumx, with five flowers; C.
Adonis X (Spicerianum X Harrisianum) ; and several
forms of Cypripedium insigne, of which some good
plants of C. i. punctatum violaceum, one with four
and one with six flowers, were the best and showiest.
Messrs. Williams also had plants in flower of Odon-
toglosBum grande, exceptionally good varieties ;
Lycaste Skinneri, with fine flowers ; Oncidium vari-
cosum, O. tigrinum, 0. Kramerii, good plants of
Dendrobium formosum giganteum, &c.

The Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, Tring Park
(gr., Mr. E. Hill), exhibited a life-size photograph of
a noble specimen of a fine variety of Vanda ccerulea,
with seventeen spikes, and over -00 flowers, which
recently flowered at Tring Park. A special vote
of thanks was accorded.

M. S. Cooke, Esq (gr., Mr. D. Cullimore), Kingston
Hill, sent a supposed hybrid Odontoglossum, of hand-
some form, the flowers about 2 inches across ; the
sepals and petals of a bright yellow colour, spotted
with reddish brown ; the lip white, with a few purple
spots. (Award of Merit, subject to its being named
or verified.) Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, ex-
hibited an interesting series of nine varieties of
Cypripedium insigne, among which C. i. Chantinii,
C. i. Mooreanum, and C. i. albo-marginatum were
the more distinct ones.

H. M. Pollett, Esq., Femside, Bickley, Kent (gr.,
Mr. T. Paterson), staged a plant, and cut flowers of
three varieties, of the old autumn-flowering Cattleya
labiata.

List of Awards.
Orchid Committee.
First-class Certificites.

To Messrs. Veitch & Sons, f jr 1 haius x maculitus grandi-
flo us.

To M 'ssis. F. Sander & Co., for Dendrobi mi Le?auum.

To Ba-ou Schroder, for Cyprip diu-.n insigne Saadeire.

Award of Merit.
To Malcolm S. Cooke, for Odontoglossum hybrid, to be
named.

Miner Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, for Group of Orchids.
Floral Committee.
First-class Certificates.
To Mr. R. J. Lynch, for Gerbera Jamesoni.
To Mr. C. Wood, for Stapelia gigantea.
To Messrs. B. S. Williams & Sou, for Rhopaloblaste
hexandra.

Award of Merit.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, for Aster grandifiorus.
To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sous, for Chrysanthemum Colonel
W. B. Smith.

To Messrs. J. Carter & Co., for Chrysanthemums Holborn
Rose and Miss Bella Wilson.

Medals.

Silver Banksian.
To Mr. G. Wythes, for group of Chrysanthemums.

Bron:e Banksian.
To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, for Chrysanthemums (cut
bloom sj.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.
Bronze Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, N.B. , for collection of
Vegetables.

First-lass Certificat s.
To Messrs. Saltmarsh & Sous, Chelmsford, for Apples,
Chelmsford Wonder.

Award of Merit.
To Mr. C. Ross, for seedling Apple, Atlanta.

Cultural Commendation.
To Lady Hutt. Appley Towers, Rycle (gr., Mr. T. Myles),for
Grape, Appley Towers.

To Mr. Barron, Royal Horticultural Society's gardener,
Chiswick, for collection of Carrots.

Fruit. — The display of fruit was very good, espe-
cially in Grapes, Apples, and Pears. Lord Rendles-
ham showed the best collection, and had splendid
Grapes (black Alicante) and Doyenne du Cornice
Pears. C. H. Berners, Esq., Woolverstone Park, gr.
Mr. Sheppard, came 2nd, and the Hon. W. Lowthtr,
3rd. Mr. H. Berners and the Rev. H. A. Berners
were respectively 1st and 2nd for white Grapes.

Messrs. Daniel Brothers, the Nurseries, Norwich,
showed largely Potato and Apples, and Mr. P. Cress-
well, gr. at Stoke Park, showed well in this section.

IPSWICH AND EAST OF ENGLAND
HORTICULTURAL.

Tuesday, November 3. — The exhibition of the
Ipswich and East of England Horticultural Society
has by this time assumed the defiuite character of a
graud festival of flowers and music. There was on
this occasion not only a larger and more lovely
display of blossom and foliage than has perhaps
ever been seen before, but the arrangement was
better and more artistic, and the incidental
decorations of the room were a very pretty
variation upon the style hitherto adopted.
The coveted Silver Medal o( the National Chrysan-
themum Society, for the best single bloom in any
amateur's collection, was won by Mr. M. (lurry, of
Abington Place, Newmarket, with a very fine white
flower of Queen of England, which he showed among
the six incurved specimens which took 1st prize.
Mr. R. B. Cabbell, of Cromer, took the handsome cup
offered by Mr. Win, Colchester, of Ipswich, for the
best Japanese blooms grown or fed with pure
Ichthemic guano. The whole twenty-four were of
enormous size, some rather coarse ; but specimens of
Molyneux, Val d'Andorre, and Condor were worthy
of high praise. With all respect to the exhibitors of
cut blossoms, however, more credit is undeniably due
to those who can produce a good group of plants,
and in this competition the first place is well earned
by the Rev. H. A. Berners, of tlarkstead Rectory.
Mr. R. M. Miller took the 2nd prize, with a very nice
aud attractive lot. For collections not exceeding 40
square feet, Mr. E. R. Turner deservedly took the
1st prize, with a very nice collection, among them
being a fine specimen of Stanstead White. Mr. J. D.
Cobbold was 2nd.

The trained and single specimen Chrysanthemums
were poor indeed, in comparison with the rest of the
show.

Groups. — There were five groups of plants arranged
for effect, which formed an attractive feature of the
exhibition. Major Howey, of the Grange, Wood-
bridge, took 1st prize with a number of gocd
specimens, which were very lightly and artistically
put together. The 2nd prize went to Mr. W.
Beer for a bright, varied, and useful lot of furnish-
ing Btuff. The Primulas, which were not remark-
able, helped to adorn the fruit room ; there were
good plants for table decoration in between the cut
Chrysanthemums, and Mr. George Gilbert, of the
Ploral Nurseries, Ipswich, took the 1st prize for
specimen foliage plants, with a grand Phormium
tenax.

Cut Blooms. — The cut Chrysanthemums occupied
most classes, and comprised many blooms of great
size and beauty of form. The Duchess of Montrose
headed the list with the best incurves. Against
strong competition, Mrs. Lowe, of Gosfield Hall,
Halstead, Mr. R. Burrell, of Westley Hall, Bury St.
Edmund's, aud Mr. R. C. Notcutt, of the Broughton
Road Nursery, Ipswich, succeeded in taking minor
awards. The Rev. H. A. Berners came in 2nd with
a good collection of 24 Japanese and incurved.

PORTSMOUTH CHRYSANTHEMUM
SHOW.

November, 4, 5, 6. — Another very successful ex-
hibition has to be chronicled by the Chrysanthe-
mum Society of Portsmouth and neighbourhood as
haviDg been held in the Drill Hall in Alfred Road,
on the dates above given. This building affords
ample space for exhibits and the public alike ; and
in few towns is there such an interest in flowers
generally and especially in Chrysanthemums by all
classes as here. The managers of the society find in
the cheap price charged for admission a most satis-
factory addition to its funds ; and to such an extent
do they carry this idea, that one penny only is
charged for admission during the last three hours the
exhibition remains open, and as large a sum as
twenty-five pounds has been taken at the doors in
pennies.

Cut Blooms. — These form the strongest charac-
teristic of the show, no fewer than 2,600 being
staged, and the competition in the leading classes as
a consequence was very marked. The principal class
was one for forty-eight, half incurved and half
Japanese varieties, and in not less than eighteen
varieties. The 1st prize in this class was a piece of
plate value £25, to which £8 in money was added,
the conditions being that it should be won twice
consecutively or three times in all. Messrs. W. and
G. Drover, nurserymen, Fareham, were the most
successful exhibitors in 18P0, and repeating their
success this year, they secured the award, which is
now theirs solely. This stand was doubtless the
best — as a whole — that we so far have seen this
season. The incurved were large, fresh, and well
finished, and included Golden Queen of England,
the premier incurved in the show. The Japanese
were large and very fresh, and consisted of some
novelties in part. Mr. A. Payne, gr. to Mrs. E.
Smith, The Oaks, Emsworth, was winner of the
2nd place, and his Japanese were very good. For
twenty-four distinct varieties, twelve to be Japanese
and twelve incurved, several valuable prizes were
offered, with the result that a good display in this
class resulted. With very fine incurved and fairly
good Japanese, Mr. N. Molyneux, gr. to J. C. Garnier,
Esq., Rookbbury Park, Wickham, was 1st, and Mr.
Payne 2nd.

Twelve incurved blooms in as many varieties :
1st, Mr. Penford, gr. to Sir P. FitzWygram, Bart.,
Ml'., Leigh Park, Havant, with blooms of medium
size ; Mr. C. Steptoe, gr. to W. A. Gale, Esq.,
Horndean, was 2nd.

Reflexed flowers made a good display, and Mr.
Penford had here the best twelve in eight varieties,
each flower being excellent ; Mr. Russell, gr. to
Dr. C. F. Lewis, HeDfield, Sussex, was 2nd. Sepa-
rate classes were provided for large Anemone and
for Japanese-Anemone blooms, which also produced
good competition, and made a display of much
interest: Mr. Penford was again 1st in each class;
with Mr. Steptoe 2nd in the former, and Mr. Adams,
gr. to T. S. Edgecombe, Esq., Hinton House, South-
sea, 2nd in the latter.

l'ompon varieties, always pretty, were also nume-
rously shown. Mr. Russell had the best, a choice
selection; and Mr. Agate, Havant, 2nd. Fimbri-
ated varieties were shown in triplets, Mr. Lapthorne,
gr. to Mr. Hawkins, Gosport, taking 1st place for
twelve bunches. Pive competed with stands of
single flowered varieties in twelve triplets set up
with their own foliage, and Mr. Agate was 1st
with the best varieties. Mr. Edwards, Witley
Heights, Surrey, was 1st for six Japanese of one
variety, and Mr. Molyneux was 1st in the any variety
class with large and solid Empress of India, winning
easily

A Silver Cup was offered by Mr. W. Colchester for
six incurved and six Japanese, grown with their
special Icthemic manure, Mr. Molyneux also won.
The premier Japanese variety was a bloom Stan-
stead White, found in a stand set up by Mr. Penford.

Plants. — The 1st prize, a good one, for eight
trained specimens, was easily won by Mr. Penford,

592

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[NoTEMBKa 14, 1891.

with healthy plants of 3 feet in diameter, carrying
good foliage and numerous flowers; Mr. G. Lambert,
Gordon Terrace, Whyke Lane, Chichester, being
2nd. Mr. Penford was also 1st for one, a freely-
flowered Elsie.

A novel yet good class was that for twelve dis-
tinct varieties in pots not exceeding 9 inches, inside
measurement, and each to carry from six to twelve
blooms. In this class, Mr. Burridge won 1st honours,
with plants 2 to 4 feet high.

Groups of Chrysanthemums were few, and not very
brilliant, and the plants mostly too tall.

Fruit. — A variety of fruits in season made good
display. Mr. T. Hall (gr. to S. Montague, Esq.), Mr.
N. Molyneux, Mr. J. Chalk (gr. to G. Read, Esq.),
Messrs. Bunyard & Co., Mr. J. Watkins, Hereford,
Mr. Mariner, (gr. to Lieutenant-Colonel Thistle-
thwayte, Drayton, Cosham), were the chief ex-
hibitors.

DALSTON AMATEUR CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.
Wednesday, November 4. — It is well-known in
the horticultural world, that amateurs who apply
themselves closely and earnestly to any branch of
gardening, often excel in the production of plants,
flowers, fruits, and vegetables requiring the utmost
skill and attention ; indeed it is not an uncommon
occurrence in open competition for amateurs to de-
feat experienced gardeners. This results chiefly
from the fact that devoting time and attention
solely to one class of production gives the best
chance of success in cultivation, and this is abun-
dantly proved in the system adopted by market
growers at the present time, namely, confining them-
selves to, and making a reputation for a few plants,
fruits, &c , which become specialties. In floriculture
amateurs have done wonderful service, and amongst
the Chrysanthemums especially, they have taken a
prominent place in the ranks of successful exhibitors.
Even in the least favourable districts, closely-pent
populous localities of the metropolis and provincial
towns, they have overcome innumerable difficulties,
and presented the " Queen of Autumn " flowers in a
condition highly creditable to themselves, eminently
satisfactory to visitors, and offering every induce-
ment to others to enter the ranks of those who
engage in snch a delightful, hea'thlul, and admirable
recreation.

Knowing what has been and can be accomplished
in this way, a most agreeable surprise was still
afforded by the fourth annual exhibition of the
Dalston and De Beauvoir Town Amateur Chry-
santhemum Society, which was opened by Lady
Hunter at the Albion Hall on Wednesday, No-
vember 4. The hall is of moderate size, and its
resources were taxed to the utmost to find space for
the overflowing exhibits, contributed in competition
and otherwise. Around the sides of the hall were
groups of Chrysanthemums bearing abundance of
brilliant flowers, while the centre tables were de-
voted to the cut blooms which were of satisfactory
quality throughout, and in several classes would
have taken a good place in much more extensive
shows. There was a freshness and diversity which
imparted a most pleasing character to the show, and
it is almost needless to say that the committee had
arranged the exhibits to the best advantage.

Glancing hurriedly at the winning contributions,
we found that in the " Holmes Class" for thirty-six
plants, Messrs. Rolt, Reid and Powell were the most
successful, in the order named, the first also taking,
in addition to the Silver-gilt Medal, a special prize
of a Portable Greenhouse, presented to the society
by "A Friend of Horticulture." The other two
prizes were Silver and Bronze Medals respectively,
and the plants in each case were well-grown healthy
specimens. With twenty-four plants, Messrs. W. H.
Miles, H. R. Pearce, and J. Mann, were the prize
winners, the best twelve plants coming from Messrs.
Prentiss, G. C. Young, and V. Pearce, and the best
trained specimens from Messrs. Rolt and Reid.

The cut blooms were most praiseworthy, the
Japanese bright and substantial, the incurved neat
and refined. Mr. W. H. Miles had the best twenty-
four blooms, twelve Japanese, and twelve incurved,
thus winning the Silvei Gilt Medal, and Mr. Toope's
excellent heating apparatus presented as an ad-
ditional priz*. Mr. G. P. RJit followed closely in
this class, and was 1st with twelve Japanese and
twelve 1 ompons, the latter wonderfully good.

Mr. Miles also had the best twelve, six incurved
blooms and six Japanese. In the open classes, Messrs.
Winter Kendall, and Nye were the winners for
twehe blooms.

Amongst the non-competing exhibits, Messrs. J.
Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, had a valuable collection
0( foliage plants and Heaths. Mr. H. J. Jones, of
Lewisbam, sent thirty-six handsome cut blooms,
and Mr. C. Gibson, Morden Park Gardens, a well
known exhibitor at the leading shows, had twenty-
four fine cut blooms, all which added materially to
the interest and beauty of the exhibiton.

Altogether the Society had good reason to be
satisfied with the result of their endeavours, and it
is evidently performing valuable service in the
district. The committee with their chairman, Mr.
Hill, and secretary, Mr. Butler, deserve especial
congratulation upon the work performed, which
should give ample encouragement to proceed on the
same lines.

PUTNEY, WANDSWORTH, AND DIS-
TRICT CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 5, 6. — The committee of this sub-
urban society made a bold departure this year by
carrying its annual show right into the heart of
smoky Wandsworth, holding it in the spacious Town
Hall, where there was elbow-room. We hope the
greater attendance amply justified the change. A
few remarkably fine groups of Chrysanthemums were
staged, the leading one set up by Mr. Springthorpe,
gr. to R. W. Alexander, Esq., Roehampton, being
pronounced by the judges one of the best and most
effective they had yet seen — very high praise for
Wandsworth that. Mr. Dark, gr. to J. Hooker,
Esq., Putney, whose group came 2nd, had perhaps
the best quality in his blooms, but his groupiDg was
ineffective.

Trained plants were plentiful — some excellent.
Mr. Bentley, gr. to W. J. Bosworth, Esq., Roe-
hampton, had the best four incurved varieties, and
Mr. Springthorpe the two best Japanese, in fine
plants of Mdlle. L?croix and Madame de Se/in.

Pompons were plentiful, the best perhaps being
the standards Black Douglas, Golden Madame
Marthe, and a white variety, which were specially
good.

Ferns in fours were exceedingly good. The best
lot came from Air. E. Moe, gr. to F. T. Delcoyme,
Esq., Clapham Common, these comprising very fine
specimens of Adiantum concinnum latum, A. Far-
leyense, A. trapezitorine, and Nephrolepis rulescens
tnpinnatifida. Other lots included very fine
Davallia Mooreana, Gymnogramma chrysophylla,
Asplenium bulbiterum, and Microiepia hirtacristata.

The prettiest miscellaneous group of plants came
from Mr. Portbury, gr. to W. N. Troy, Esq., Putney
Heath ; Bouvardias, Cyclamens, and Cypripediums,
formed the chief floral feature.

Mr. Methuen, gr. to W. Heiller, Esq., Wimbledon
Park, had the best four stove and greeuhouse plaDts
in Crotons and Palms. Quantities of scarlet pink,
and other coloured zonal Pelargoniums ; Chinese
Primulas, Capsicums, &c, lent welcome colour to
the show. The best ol these latter were the erect
short red, the yellow dropping Prince of Wales, and
the long red Currant or Grape varieties. All blooms
of Chrysanthemums were fairly good, but behind the
shows ot some previous years. The best twenty-
four Japanese were shown by Mr. Knowles, gr. to
Mrs. Egerton, Roehampton, who seemed to be equally
invincible in other classes, as he was also 1st for
twelve Japanese, and for twenty-four and twelve in-
curved. From his stands were selected the premier
Japanese bloom, a rather loose Stanstead White,
and the incurved John Doughty, a capital flower-
Jeanne d'Arc, Alfred Salter, and Refulgence were
also capital blooms.

Fruit. — Apples and Pears were remarkably good, in-
deed, finerin their respective classes otkitchen and des-
sert Apples con Id hardly have been found. These were
all the produce of small private gardens, and ex-
hibited a wonderful advance on what used to be seen
on the show tables. Alfriston, Lord Derby, Warner's
King, Blenheim Pippin, Gloria Mundi, Mere de
Menage, New Hawthornden, and Wellington, were
fine ; as also were Cox's Orange, King, and Ribston
Pippins, of dessert varieties.

Pears, too, were good ; Marie Louise, Beurre Diel,
Beuie Hardy, Pitmaston Duchesse, &c, being ex-
cellent. The residents of Wandsworth who see only
such truit as the shops display, must indeed have
marvelled when they gazed upon the fine samples
placed before them on this occasion.

CRYSTAL PALACE.

Novhiber to, 7.— Some very fine groups of Chry-
santhemums and grandly-developed blooms were the
leading features of this exhibition. As is usual the

groups were at the sides of the nave, the 11 jwers
arranged on tables in the centre, and the plants
lollowing on at the eastern end.

Cut Blooms. — There were seven collections of
forty-eight varieties, and Messrs. W. & G. Drover,
nurserymen, Farehain, received tne 1st prize, their
twenty-four incurved, and same number of Japanese
bjing very fine. Among toe newer flowers of the
former were Mrs. S. Coleman, J. Doughty, Violet
Tomlin, Miss M. Haggas, the Queen, Princess, and
Empress types being very good.

Among the Japanese were grand blooms of W. II .
Lincoln, Stanstead White, Mrs. Falconer Jameson,
Mrs. C. Wheeler, a grand variety ot the character of
Edwin Molyneux, but more refined; Etoile de Lyon
and Sunflower were finely coloured. 2nd, J. W.
H. Shoesmith, gr. to M. Hodgson, Esq., Shirley,
Croydon, came in a good 2nd.

Tnere were live collections of eighteen incurved,
and Mr. Whittle, gr. to C. H. Goschen, Esq., Bil-
lards, Addington, was placed 1st, having in tine
character Violet Tomlin, John Lambert, Jeanne
d'Arc, and other leading varieties admirably finished ;
Mr. Cox, gr. to J. Trotter, Esq., Brickendon, Hert-
ford, was 2nd, with a capital lot of flowers. Also out
of eight competitors, the 1st prize for twelve incurved
was taken by Mr. J. Hughes, gr. to H. F. Paravicini,
Esq , Bracknell, Berks, who had, in the best form,
Alfred Salter, John Salter, Queen of England, Lord
Alcester, Violet Tomlin, ami John Doughty; 2nd,
Mr. A. Felgate, Buckhill, Walton - on - Thames,
whose stand was only just inferior to the 1st.

Tne class for six incurved, one variety, was very
interesting ; and Mr. A. Turner, gr. to F. Murray,
Esq., Woodcote Hall, Epsom, was placed 1st, with
superbly-finished blooms of Princess ot Wales ; and
Mr. A. Felgate 2nd, with Queen of England — ten
exhibitors competing.

Japanese blooms were superb ; not only were they
large in size, but superbly coloured lor such a season.
Tne best eighteen came from C. E. Shea, Esq.,
Foots Cray, Kent, who had, iu admirable lorm, the
new Viviand Morel, Mrs. Falconer Jameson, Boule
d'Of, Coronet (a very tine deep yellow incurved
flower), a superior Tnunberg, W. W. Coles, W. H.
Lincoln, &c. ; 2nd, Mr. Glen, The Gardens, Worth
Park, Crawley, his Stanstead White being very fine
and l'riomphe de Lyon superbly coloured.

There were nine collections of twelve varieties,
and Mr. James Douglas, gr. to Mrs. Whitbourn,
Great Gaarics, lllord, was 1st, with a finished lot of
blooms, such as Etoile de Lyon, Boule d'Or, Ava-
lanche, Mons. B.'rard, Sunflower, Puritan, Stanstead
White, &c.

There were thirteen stands of six blooms of one
variety, and Mr. C. Cox was 1st, with splendidly-
finished Avalanche ; and Mr. Glen was 2nd, with the
same. Tnis variety took the 1st prize, thus vindi-
cating its claim to be regarded as the most symme-
trical and beautiful flower grown. Next season
Viviand Morel may possibly dispute its premiership.

Keflexed and Japanese retiexed were somewhat
sparingly represented. The best stand of twelve
blooms came from Mr. Felgate, who had the usual
varieties in good form ; the retiexed flowers were
very attractive, and it seems a pity they are not
shown in greater numbers.

Anemone-flowered were in good character, and the
best eighteen (Japanese varieties being admissible)
came from Mr. W. Green, gr. to Miss Wyburn,
Hadley, Barnet, and their singular character ap-
peared to attract a good deal ot attention ; Jean
Marty, Mrs. Judge, Benedict, Gladys Spaulding,
Nouvelle Alveole, L- Deuil, Lady Margaret, Gliick,
and Acquisition are among the best.

Pompon varieties were sparingly represented, and,
owing to being much disbudded, the flowers were
generally large ; and to many, out of character. But
the pretty Pompon Anemones are delightlul.and one
wonders they are not more grown. Mr. C. J. Salter
was 1st, with twelve buncnes of three blooms, the
following being specially attractive, Aglaia, Perle,
Madame Montels, Calliope, Briolus Autonius, and
Sadowa.

Groups were a remarkable feature. The best
filling a space of 100 leet, came from Mr. J. Towus-
end, nurseryman, Putney.

In the class for a group of Japanese only, Messrs.
Reid & Bornemann, nurseryme. , Sydenham, was lot ;
and Messrs. James Carter ..V Co., Holborn anu
Forest Hill, 2nd, with bold and striking semi-circular
groups ot high quality.

In the class lor group of 50 feet, the best came from
Mr. A. Ilex, gr. to the Rev. C. 11. Spurgeon, West-
wood, Upper Norwood, very neatly edged with Ferns.
Trained plants showed a great falling off com-

November 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

593

pared to what was seen at the Palace shows of
fifteen and twenty jears ago. The best came from
Messrs. Cherry, Clarke, Weston, and Cooper.

Messrs. Carter & Co.'s special prizes for six dishes
of Potatos brought several very bright collections,
Mr. E. S. Wills, of Edgcote Park, taking the 1st
prize with perfect tubers.

BIRMINGHAM

November 11. — The thirty-first annual exhibition
took place in the Town Hall, and notwithstanding
the wretched weather of the first day, there was a
very large attendance.

The principal priz»s were those of £20, £lj, and
£10, for forty-eight blooms, twenty-lour incurved
and twenty- four .Japanese, distinct, lor which there
were twelve competitors. Mr. Parker, gr. to
J. Corbett, Esq., M.I'., Impney, Droitwich, staged
the best lot, the Japanese being universally acknow-
ledged by the judges to be wonderfully fine.

In the class for twenty blooms, Mr. Parker was
again l9t. For eighteen incurved, distinct, Mr.
Parker was again 1st, with a fine lot.

For twelve Japanese, distinct, 1st, Mr. Coombes,
gr. to the Dowager Countess of Dudley, Himley.

Classes were set aside for twelve and twenty-four
Chrysanthemum blooms, grown in Birmingham ; and
Mr. Brasiere, gr. to Sir Thomas Martineau, was 1st
in each c1*bs, and was closely followed by other
exhibitors.

The specimen plants were very fine. In the classes
for nine and six, Mr. Dyer. gr. to Mrs. Marigold, was
well 1st ; Sir Thomas Martineau and Mr. Cadbury
running very cIosp. Mr. G Cadbury a three magni-
ficent Pompons were the only lot staged, and moie
than deserved the 1st prize.

Fine large Groups were staged, the 1st, '2nd. and
.'Srd lots running very close together : lit, Mr. W, II.
Dyer, gr. to Mrs. Marigold.

Chinese Primulas also made a grand display. The
1st prize and Gardeners' Magazine Medal in the open
classes was taken by Messrs. Thomson & Co. of the
Sparkhill Nurseries.

For six stove and greenhouse plants, five lots were
staged in competition, and two lots of six Urchids were
put up, very fine specimens, exhibited by W. Bown,
Esq. (gr., Mr. W. Palmer), taking the 1st prize, and
the 2nd going to the light. Hon. Joseph Chamber-
lain, M.P. (H. A. Burberry, Orchid grower), for single
specimens of great merit.

Grapes were not so numerous as usual, but
some were of excellent quality, especially the three
bunches of Muscats and the single bunch of Muscats,
all well finished and coloured, exhibited by Mr.
Harman, gr. to the Earl of Denbigh, which took
the 1st prize in each class. In the class for six
bunches of black Grapes, Mr. Slade, gr. to the Duke
of Newcastle, was 1st, with a bunch each of Alnwick
Seedling, Gros Colmar, Gros Maroc, Mrs. Pearson,
Muscat of Alexandria, and Duke of Buccleucb.
In the class for three bunches of black Grapes there
were nine exhibitors.

Apples were largely exhibited, many of them being
very tine. For six dishes of culinary and six dishes
of dessert Apples, Mr. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of
Harrington, was 1st, with two very fine exhibits; and
Mr. Austin, Witley Court Gardens, was let for six
and four dishes of Pears.

There was a fine display of vegetables in competi-
tion for Messrs. Sutton's prizes for a collection,
there being twelve exhibits ; and nearly as many for
Mr. R. Sydenham's prizes for collections of vege-
tables, Mr. Greatorex taking the 1st prizes.

Messrs. Pope & Sons, M-ssrs. Thomson & Co.,
Messrs. Ilewett & Co. staged honorary exhibits, to
which Certificates were awarded.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION

IN KENT.
The Technical Education Committee of the
Kent County Council has devised a scheme for
the elation of county scholarships and the selec-
tion of county scholars at the Horticultural
College, Swanley, Kent, under certain conditions,
of which we can only mention a few, and those
in a condensed form. Twenty - five scholarships
are established, tenable at the college far two
years, frcm January 20, 1892. In respect of
fifteen of such scholarships, the committee will pay
the whole of the fees due to the college in respect of
each scholar. In respect of the remaining ten
scholarships, the committee will pay half of such

fees. The fees to be paid to the college in respect
of each scholar selected under this scheme amount
to £69 per annum, and cover the cost of instruc-
tion, board, lodging, and surgical and medical
attendance, and all books, apparatus, implements,
and appliances, convenient or proper in connection
with such instruction. The subjects in which in-
struction is provided at the college comprise —
Horticulture : Orchard trees, bush fruits, fruit bor-
ders, fruit culture under glass, pruning, grafting,
harvesting and marketing. Mushrooms, Tomatos,
vegetables, salads, flowers, hybridisation and propa-
gation, soils, manures. Dairy-work. Poultry-rear-
ing. Bee-keeping. Applied Science : Zoology and
general biology, natural history in relation to plant-
life, botany, chemistry, horticultural chemistry,
geology, meteorology, heat, light, dynamics, hydro-
statics and hydro-dynamics, the steam-engine,
measuring and surveying, levelling, drawing, build-
ing construction, horticultural building, materials,
book- keeping, law relating to horticulture. The
instruction embraces lectures, classes, laboratory
practice and outdoor work under qualified instruc-
tors. All students are entitled and required, so far
as health and other circumstances permit, to take
part in the practical and experimental work of the
college in the grounds, glasshouses, and workshops.
The scholarships will be granted to three classes of
cindidates, as follows: Class I. Pupils or past
pupils of elementary schools within the meaning of
sec. 3 of the Elementary Education Act, 1870, not
being teachers, assistant- teachers, or pupil-teachers
included in Class II. By sec. 3 of the Elementary
Education Act, 1870, the term "elementary school "
means " a school, or department of a school, at
which elementary education is the principle paitof
the education there given, and does not include any
school or department of a school at which the
ordinary payments in respect of the instruction, from
each scholar, exceed ninepence a week." Class 11.
Teachers, assistant teachers, and pupil-teachers in
such schools. Class III. Persons (other than those
included in Classes I. and II.) who are not, and
whose parents are not, in receipt of more than £400
a year from all sources, ie,, who are allowed an
abatement of the income tax. The twenty-five
scholarships will be awarded among the three classes
of candidates as follows: ten to Class I, five to
Class II., and ten to Class III. The committee will
pay the whole of the fees in respect to scholars in
Classes 1. and II., and half the fees in respect of
scholars in Class III. Candidates must be males,
and of not less than sixteen nor of more
than twenty years of age on January 1, 1892,
must have been domiciled in the county for six
calendar months prior to that date, and must
possess characters satisfactory to the committee.
Each of such twenty-five districts is to be entitled
to have one scholar at the college, and with that
object is to be entitled to the nomination of five
candidates for such scholarship, which five candi-
dates may belong to any one or more of the three
classes of candidates before mentioned at the option
of the district. From the candidates nominated by
each district one will be selected for a scholarship.
The committee reserve the right upon the representa-
tion ot the authorities of the college to remove any
scholar whose conduct or progress is, in the opinion
of the committee, unsatisfactory, and to supply the
vacancy so created by the selection of another
scholar from the district from which the scholar so
removed was originally selected or from any other
district. The scholarships will be awarded by the
committee according to the result of an examination
to be conducted by or under the direction of the
committee, and to be held on Tuesday, December 29,
1891, at 10 30 a.m., at the following four centres or
such of them as the committee may determine after
the wishes of the candidates in respect thereof shall
have been declared upon the nomination papers :
Gravesend, Tunbridge, Canterbury, and Ashford.
The examination will comprise the following sub-
jects : — 1. English; 2. Mathematics; 3. Theoretical
Mechanics ; 4. Inorganic Chemistry ; 5. Physics ;

f>. Botany and Horticulture. Candidates in Class I.
will be examined in the following branches of sub-
jects 1 and 2 only [Elementary]. Candidates in
Classes II. and III. will, in addition to more
advanced questions upon the branches of subjects
required from candidates in Class I , be examined
more fully in some of the above-named subjects.
In Subject 6, the examination will comprise cha-
racters of the root, stem, leaves, and parts of the
flower, as illustrated by specimens of common
flowering plants ; structure of wood, bark, and
pith ; cells and vessels ; food of plants, and manner
in which a plant grows ; functions of the root,
leaves, and different parts of the flower ; the com-
parison of a Fern and a moss with a flowering plant ;
the formation of different kinds of fruits ; the
structure of a Bean, and a grain of Wheat or Barley ;
the phenomena of germination. In this subject, in
addition to the branches specified, a few elementary
questions in practical horticulture will be set.
Further particulars can ba obtained from Mr. Fras.
W. Crook, Secretary, Sessions House, Maidstone.

THE BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Some Experiments on the Preparation and
Effects on Vegetation of the Bordeaux
Mixtorb.

Having recently had brought uruler our notice the
fact, that under certain circumstances the application
of Bordeaux Mixture to the foliage of young Potato
plants may lead to a certain amount of injury to
their foliage, it appeared desirable to show how this
unfortunate result could happen. We have heard so
far of nothing but favourable results following this
treatment of the Potato disease. I may say that,
personally, the first intimation I received was a
letter from an unknown correspondent asking
details of the Jensenian method, alleging as a
reason that the Boideaux Mixture had been found an
utter failure. I do not mean that these were the
exact words used, but that was the sense of the
communication. Naturally I felt surprised ; but in
the course of a few dajs, the Gardeners' Chronicle
appeared with a fuller account of the experiment
upon which my correspondent had based his un-
favourable opinion on the matter.

It is a well-known fact that powdered sulphate of
copper, dusted on the leaves of living plants, will
destroy those tissues with which it comes in contact.
But it is not so well known that a solution of sul-
phate of copper, however weak, will do the same.
The explanation is simple enough. It is simply a
question of concentration. The drops on the plants
evaporate, and, of course, the solution becomes
stronger in each one until nothing remains but
the solid copper sulphate, which soon Bhows its
presence by producing brown or black spots, and
consequent destruction of leaf-tissue.

In the Bordeaux Mixture, the copper sulphate is
decomposed by lime into the hydrated oxide of
copper, which body has been found by experience to
be fatal to the spores of the Phytophthora, and
indeed to most other parasitic fungal spores, while it
does no injury to the foliage of the host-plants.

Oa October 28, two samples of 3 per cent. B >r-
deaux Mixture were made by my friend Dr. H.
C Brown. No. 1 was made with some quick-lime
which had been bought two or three days before for
another purpose. It was said to be freshly-prepared
good lime, and answered the purpose for which it
was originally obtained quite well. We found, how-
ever, that the Bordeaux Mixture made with it gave
a distinctly acid reaction with blue litmus paper, and
what was of much more importance, the supernatant
liquor contained large quantities of copper in solu-
tion, a copious precipitate being obtained with the
ferrocyanide of potassium. On the following morn-
ing the Mixture was still acid, and gave an abundant
precipitate with the ferrocyanide, although not so
copious as it did the night before. After fourdajs, viz.,
on November 1, the supernatant liquor still showtd
traces of dissolved copper, but this was much

594

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Notembes 14, 1891.

reduced in quantity — reduced to a trace; the re-
action was faintly acid. The lime used /or this
mixture was apparently good. The addition of
water to it caused it to become warm, but not dis-
tinctly hot.

No. 2 solution was made in exactly the same way,
and with the same quantities, but the lime was
freshly burned, and evolved great heat when water
was applied to it. In this case the Bordeaux Mixture
had an alkaline reaction, and no trace of copper
could be found in the supernatant liquor of the fer-
rocyanide test. I may say that the lime used for
No. 1 was obtained by myself, and that I had no
idea but that it was (as it was said to be) good quick-
lime until alter the solution was made, and we found
traces of dissolved copper in the supernatant
liquor. This led us to try the effect of using
another sample of really quick - lime. It is
clear that a person not alive to the importance of
having a mixture free from undecomposed copper
sulphate would never have dreamed that his
Bordeaux Mixture was not properly made, but it is
equally clear that had it been used upon the foliage
of young plants of any sort, especially upon that of
young Potatos, it would have produced most
disastrous results.

No. 1 solution was left in Dr. Brown's laboratory
for four days, until November 1. It had then lost
nearly all trace of copper, but for the sake of seeing
what effect it would produce, a quantity was sprayed
upon the young shoots of a Tomato plant. It
contained such a minuti quantity of free copper
sulphate that we did not expect any result could
be produced, but after the lapse of three days its
influence was distinctly visible upon the leaves.

As control experiments to teBt the effect of dis-
solved copper sulphate upon the foliage of living
plants, Dr. Brown prepared three solutions, contain-
ing 1 per cent., 2 per cent., and 3 per cent, of copper
sulphate respectively.

The 1 per cent, solution was, on November 3,
sprayed upon the young shoots of a Tomato plant,
upon some seedling plants of Pyrethrum, Celery,
Lobelia, and a plant of Ranunculus bulbosus.

The 2 per cent, solution was applied to a Tomato,
a Calceolaria, and a young plant of Clover.

The 3 per cent, on a Marguerite Daisy plant, a
Scabious, and on a Tomato.

On the following morning all these plants, without
exception, had their foliage blackened. Those to
which the 1 per cent, solution had been applied were
somewhat less injured than those upon which the
stronger solutions had been sprayed, but the effect
was the same upon all, and the differences much less
than one would have expected. Specimens of the
injured foliage are sent herewith. Charles B. Plow-
right, M.D., King's Lynn, Xov. 9,1891.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Enquiries.

— » —

" He that questioneth much shall learn much." — Bacon.

Heating by Steam. — Amateur asks if any of our
readers will kindly give him some information on
this method of heating. Is it cheaper than hot
water, and what are its disadvantages? Why is it
not more in use ?

Cider Making.— Can any of our readers inform
"A. W., Hereford, November 9, 1891," the best
method of using Hops and sugar, to increase the
body and keeping-qualities of cider." How are they
applied ? and in what quantities per hogshead of
54 gallons ?

Markets.

CO VENT GAKDEN, November 12.
Business quiet. James Webber, Wholesale Apple
Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

Apples, £-sieve ... 10-40

Grapes 0 6-76

Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0
Lemons, per case .,,.15 0-30 0

s. d. s.d.

Melons 0 6-10

Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-80

s.d. s.d.
Acacia or Mimosa,

French, per bunch 10-13
Azalea, p. doz. sprays 10-16
Camellias, white, doz. 2 0-40

— red, per doz.... 10-20
Carnations, 12 blms. 16-26
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ...10-3 0

— 12 bunches ... 4 0-12 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 2 0-26

Eutharis, per dozen 3 0-60
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09
Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 9-16
Lilac, white(French)

per bunch 5 0-70

Lilium Harrisii, doz. 4 0-60
Liliums, various, doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-20

s.d.
4 0

s. d,
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches 2 0-

Narci ssus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun. 0 6-16
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontoglossu m
crispum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60

— 12 Bpays... ...0 6-10

Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 4 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 6 0-90
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 4-06
Violets, Parme, per

bunch 3 0-40

— Czar, per bunch 10-20

— English, 12 buns. 10-16

Orchid- bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0
Aralias, per doz. ... 6 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0
Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen ... 6 0-90

— large, each ... 2 0-36
Coleus, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0
Dracaenas, each ... 1 0 5 0
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12 0-18 0

s.d. s. d.
Erica gracilis doz. 0 9-12 0
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

— small, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficu<\ each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 6 0-90
Scarlet Pelargo-
niums, per doz. ... 4 0-60

Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb 0 6-10

Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-06
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3-06
Celery, per bundle... 2 6-36
Cucumtiers, each ... 0 6-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10

0 6

s.d. s.d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 10-16
Mushrooms, puuuet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0 .'
Seakale, p. basket ...30-,
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...
Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9-13
Turnips, per bunch .04-06

Potatos.
Market values remain steady, but with supplies in com-
parison with last year's arrivals the trade would see lower
prices. Taking the cue from the market values at the com-
mencement of this year for last year's crops, the farmers
generally are speculating for the same results. We may have
weather to correspond with that of last winter, but he who
should speculate on such a possibility would be a "plunger,"
besides taking into consideration what would happen with a
mild winter. Market values now about 15 per cent, higher
than last year, with 30 per cent, less supplies. All other
kinds of vegetables remain low, which have a great influence
on the price of Potatos throughout the season. J. B. Thomas.

SEEDS.

London, Nov. 11.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report an
improved feeliDg for Clover seeds generally. American Red
is cabled Is. higher. Blue Peas continue in strong request at
full prices. Haricot Beans are now moving upwards. White
Runners offer at reasonable figures. Canary seed, having
lain dormant for some years, exhibits a sudden upward jump
of several shillings. Hemp seed is also firmer. For Rye there
is an improved demand at enhanced quotations. Winter
Tares are unchanged. Mustard and Rapeseed keep steady.
Linseed, Buckwheat, Millet, and Dari realise former terms.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : Nov. 10.— Quotations :— Brussels Sprouts,
Is. to 25. per half-sieve; Parsnips, Ad. to 9d.. Cos Lettuce,
4d. to 9d. per score ; Endive, id. to Is., Cabbage Lettuce, 3d. to
Qd., Leeks, Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd., frame Cucumbers, Is. to Is. Qd.
per dozen ; Mustard and Cress, Is. Qd. to 2s. per dozen
baskets; English Onions, 4s. Qd. to 5s. Qd. per cwt. ; Belgian
do., 2s. 9d. to 3s. 3d., Dutch do., 3s. to 3s. 9d. per bag of
110 lb.; Spanish do., Qs. to 6s. Qd. per case; Celery, 4d. to
Is., Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle; Cabbages, Is. to
2s. Qd., and Savoys, 2s. to 3s. Qd. per tally ; Greens, Is. to
Is. 6d., Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 3d., Carrots, Is. to 2s. 6^., Onions,
2s. to 2s. Qd., Parsley, Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd. per dozen bunches;
Spinach, li. to Is. Qd. per bushel; English Apples, 2s. Qd.
to 6s. per bushel; American do., 10s. to 18s. per barrel ;
Pears, Is. to 2s. per half-sieve; English Tomatos, 4s. to 7s. Qd.
per peck ; foreign do., Is. to 2s. per box,

Borough: Nov. 10.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. Qd. to
4s. \d. per tally ; Broccoli, 3s. to 5s. do. ; Turnips, is. to
Is. Qd. per dozen bunches ; Carrots, Is. to Is. 9d. do.; English
Onions, 4s. Qd. to 5s. per cwt. ; English Apples, 2s. to
9s, per bushel ; Pears, 2s. Qd. to 7s. do. ; Canadian Apples,
12s.to 25s. per barrel; and Newtown Pippins, 20s. to 50s. do.

Stratford: Nov. 11.— There has been a good supply of
all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,

and a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned prices :

Cabbages, 2s. Qd. to 3s. Qd. per tally ; Savoys, 3s. to 5s. do. ;
Greens, Is. to Is. Qd. per dozen bunches; Cauliflowers, 9d.
to Is. 3d. per dozen ; do., 4s. to 6s. per tally ; Turnips, 2s. to

2s. Qd. per dozen bunches; do., 30s. to 40s. per ton; Carrots,
household, 40s. to 50s. do.; do., cattle-feeding, 26s. to 32s.
do. ; Brussels Sprouts, Is. 3d. to Is. 9a!. per half-sieve ; Spinach,
Is. to Is. 3a!. per sieve; Carrots, Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd. per doz.
bunches; Horseradish, Is. 2d. to Is. 3d. per bale ; Parsnip?,
65s. to 70s. per ton; Mangels, 15s. to 18s. do.; Swedes, 20s,
to 25s. do.; Onions, English, 100s. to 120s. do.; do., Dutch,
3s. 9d. to 4s. fc'd. per bag ; do., Oporto, 6s. to 6s. Qd. per case ;
Apples, English, 2s. to 6s, per bushel; do., American, 12<- *o
2'2s. per barrel.

POTATOS.

Spitalfields : Nov. 10.— Quotations:— Snowdrops, 60f.
to 80s.; Early Rose, 50s. to 70s.; Hebrous, 60s. to 80s.; Im-
perators, 60s. to 80s. ; Champions, 50s. to 65s. ; Regents, 60s.
to 80s. per ton.

BOROUGH : Nov. 10.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s. ; Imperators, 55s. to 80s. ; Bruces and Magnums,
60s. to 90s. per ton.

Stratford : Nov. 11.— Quotations : — Magnums, 65s. to 85s. ;
Imperators, 65s. to 80s. ; Elephants, 65s. to 80s ; Snowdrops,
70s. to 80s. per ton.

CORN.

Averages, — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Nov. 7,
and for the corresponding period last year : — 1891, Wheat,
36s. Id. ; Barley, 30s. lid. ; Oats, 2-'s. 6d. 1890, Wheat,
32s. Id ; Barley, 2»s. id. ; Oats. 17s. id. Difference : Wheat,
+ ls. 6d. ; Barley, +ls. 6d ; Oats, -+3s. Id.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices at
the various metropolitan markets during the past week :—
Clover, prime, 80s. to 105s. ; do., inferior, 40s, to 75s. ; hay,
best, 60s. to 92s.; do., inferior, 26s. to 50s.; and straw, 20*.
to 40c, per load.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" siguifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bhight
Sun.

-^ a
a

°»-

.. s s

+11

Accumulated.

1 4)

^ a)

+ "

-a

3 i

o
6

3
d

a
a
'E

a .

— 0>

l£

O 4)

o X.
"S.

a a

- 2

aj .a
o

3 ^

■a m

h
o .

Above 42°, difference

from Mean since Jan.

4, 1891.

Below 42°, difference

from Mean since Jan.

4, 1891.

2 -

"3 .

o a

— -

o v

3>.a

c a
£ O

Day-

deg.

Day-
deg.

Day.
deg.

Day-

deg.

lOths
Inch,

Ins.

i +

+ 213

+ 85

10 —

200

42.0

i +

— 44

+ 129

7 —

15D

24.1

2 +

- 63+ 85

6 —

146

19.6

1 +

- 69+ 106

5 —

158

22.0

0 aver

— 96 + 101

6 —

155

24.5

1 —

— 94 + 135

7 —

150

26.7

1 +

+ 97+ 58

12 —

164

36.1

0 aver

+ 40+ 34

9 -

148

283

2 —

— 124(+ 110

10 —

158

34.6

0 aver

+ 42 + 43

8 —

180

27.7

1 —

— 21 + 39 8 —

163

30.7

— 16 + 40 9 —

1 1

157

28.9

The districts indicated by number in the first column
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland,
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England,
5. Midland Counties ; 6. England, S.
Principal Grazing, $c, Districts — 7. Scotland, W.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W. ; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

N. ;
E.;

S.
N.;

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending November 7, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather of the week was quiet and dry
generally, although a good deal of haze or fog pre-
vailed over Great Britain, and the sky was often
very cloudy or overcast.

"The temperature was 3° below the mean in the
' Channel Islands,' and 2° below in ' England, N.E.

November 14, 1891.]

THE GAB DEN EMS' CHRONICLE.

595

and S.W.' ; in the other parts of the Kingdom it did
not differ materially irom the normal. The highest
of the maxima were recorded either on the 1st or
2nd. and varied irom 57° in ' England, E. and S.',
to 52° in 'England, N.E.' During the latter part of
the week the daily maxima were generally below
50°. The lowest of the minima were registered
during the early morning of the 1st, and varied from
20° in the ' Midland Counties,' and 27° in ' Scot-
land, E.', to 31° in ' England, S.W7, and 37° in the
' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall has been much less than the mean
in all districts. In several of the more southern
and western localities, the fall has been scarcely
appreciable.

" The bright sunshine has been very deficient in
nearly all districts ; in the ' Channel Islands,' how-
ever, there has been a considerable excess, the per-
centage of the possible duration having been as high
as GG. Elsewhere the percentage ranged from 23 in
1 England, S.', and 18 in ' England, E. and S.W.', to
1 in ' Scotland, \V7, whilst in 'England, N.E.', the
amount beiDg lees than half an hour, was iii.t
appri ciable as a percentage of the possible duration."

Variorum.

— # —

THE OPIUM POPPY. — In Persia, where there
is a liberal supply of water for irrigation, and in the
close vicinity oi the village, are to be seen the fields
of the Opium Poppy, more especially since the failure
in the silk crop, as, wherever the villages have suf-
fered from the disease amongst the silkworms, the
inhabitants have taken to the culture of opium,
resulting in a complete demoralisation of the vil-
lagers, who, almost as a whole— men, women, and
children — have adopted the pernicious practice of
eating, besides many of smoking, the drug. In
Afghanistan there is little opium grown, and the
wholesale demoralisation is absent. At Bezd and
other villages in Persia, children came to me asking
for some means of getting rid of the habit, and out
of every small crowd of children who used to sur-
round my tent, coming to see the stranger, one or
two could be picked out from amongst the number,
from their haggard looks and peculiar pasty com-
plexion, as being addicted to smoking the poison.
The eaters look upon the habit of smoking as an
enormity that they would never adopt. Large quan-
tities of opium are traded in between the villages and
towns, but what became of it after that I could never
find out. The people were very reticent in talking
about the trade in opium — I suppose, owing to the
heavy Government tax upon its cultivation and
sale. The oil of the seeds is much used for burning,
as also for food, and the seeds are eaten in sweet-
meats. J. E. T. Aitchison's JS'otes on Products of
Afghanistan and Persia.

Notices to Correspondents.

— • —

Acer neodndo : H. C. The fungi on your tree come
after the tree has been injured by frost or wounds of
any kind, and are not themselves a cause of disease,
provided the bark be uninjured. It is extremely
common on dead twigs of all kinds. There are
two forms, one in the form of smooth pink pimples,
the other in that of small groups of pimples or
tubercles, but both forms belong to the same
species of Nectria cinnabarina.

Correction. — In our report of the Watford Chry-
santhemum Show, Mr. Neve was inadvertently
spoken of as gr. to H. H. Gibbs, Esq., M.P.,
instead of Mr. E. Beckett, who was the winning
exhibitor in the principal classes. Mr. Neve was
awarded first honours in other classes.

Field for Growing Mushrooms : Mushroom. A
thick dressing of fresh horse droppings dug in, or
buried in patches a few yards apart, and covered
with 6 inches of soil, and well trodden into a firm
mass, might have the effect of inducing Mush-
rooms to grow in the field. The land should be
made very firm by rolling it when the soil has
settled after the digging. Getting these, esculents
to grow in fields is an uncertain business.

Daffodils and Snowdrops in Grass : A Subscriber.
We have never heard of any case of cattle being
poisoned from eating the leaves of these plants ;
still, both contain poisonous mitter.

Grease Bands for Fruit Trees : West. Common
cart-grease will answer the purpose. It should be
spread on bands of thick paper, 6 inches wide,

which with an underlay of grease-proof paper of
the same width, may be fastened with string or
wire round the stems, 2 feet from the ground.
If the greased paper band couid be so cut as to bend
over away from the stem at the top, it would
answer the purpose it is intended far better than
a flat band. The bands should be on the trees ere
this, and they will require occasionally smearing
anew.

Heavy Gooseberries : X.Y.Z. London, Catherine,
Thumper, Maccaroni, Rifleman, Lancashire Lass,
Roaring Lion, and many others. Apply at any
good fruit nursery.

Insects: B. cj- Son. The white maggots which are
destroying your old crimson Clove plants, by
eating out the heart of the stems at the base of
the leaves, are the larvieof a two-winged fly, allied
to the Lettuce fly (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1841,
p. 36-1, Anthomyia lactuca;). The plants Bhow the
presence of the maggots by the withered leaves,
which should be picked and burnt. We will try
to rear the fly. /. 0. W. — /. S. The egg-cases and
eggs of the Vaporer moth. — W. W. The eggs of
the Lackey moth.

Large Good Pears, etc : -V. Y. Z. Jargonelle,
William's Bon Chieiien, White Doyenne, Beurre
Boec, B. Diel, B. d'Aremberg, B. d'Amanlis,
Thompson's Napoleon, Colmar d'Or, Hacon's In-
comparable, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Marie Louise,
Marie Louise d'Uccle, Madame Treyve, Glout
Morceau, Vicar of Winktield, Easter Beune, and,
where it does well, Knight's Monarch. There are
several other good trustworthy varieties, but they
cannot be called large fruits. We know of no
such Celery as you mention.

Names of Fruits : S. Reginald, Small specimen of
Margil. — A Constant Header. 1, Marie Louise ; 2.
Beurr^ d'Amanlis ; 3, smashed ; 4, Josephine de
Malines. — A. E. Liddington. Kymer. — C. W. 1).
London, or Five-crowned Pippin. — Constant
Header. Pear: Bellissime d'Hiver. — J. A. 1.
Yorkshire Greening; 2, King of the Pippins ; 3, not
recognised; 4, Dumelow's Seedling. — D.I.Bedford-
shire Foundling; 2, Striped Beefing; 3, Beauty
of Kent; 4, Beurre de Capiaumont ; 5, Winter's
Bon Chretien; G, Beurre; Durham. — G. MtDonell.
Apple: Glorie Muudi. Pears: l.Styrian; 2. Vicar of
Winkfield ; 3, Did Crassane ; 5, Duchesse d'Angou-
loine ; 7, Marie Louise ; W. L. Colonel Vaughan.

Names of Plants : J.M. Strelit/.ia regina ; ordinary
stove treatment ; water freely during growth, but
very sparingly, when the plant is at rest. — tr. C.
Abies Veitchi (true), and A. pectinata, the Silver
Fir.— C. T. I). What used to be called Usnea
florida. — J. 1\ L. 1, Grevillea or Lomatia — send
when in flower; 2, Hicmanthus albiflos ; 3, Ciclo-
gyne fuliginosa. — C. D. 1, Davallia pyxidata ; 2,
Pteris serrulata cristata ; 3, Cyrtomium Fortunei ;
4, Pteris longifolia ; 5, Cheilanthes elegans ; G,
Aspidium (Nephrodium) molle. — George. 1, Reti-
nospora pisifera, var. filifera ; 2, Ketinospora
pisifera, var. plumosa ; 3, Thuiopsis dolabrata ;
4, Thuiopsis borealis ; 5, Thuya orientalis, var.
Sieboldi ; 6. Libocedrus decurrens. — J. T.L. Source
d'Or. — W.L. Pandanus javanicus variegatus. The
fruit is not edible, but the plant is ornamental,
and it is sometimes employed for table decoration.

Nicholson's Gardeners' Dictionary : A. A. T. The
work is published by Upcott Gill, 170, Strand,
W.C. The report of the Conifer Conference is
not yet published.

Sacred Lilt of China: J. W. Narcissus tazetta,
mentioned in these columns, p. 277, February 28
this year, and p. 468, April 13, 1889, where it is
also figured ; directions for growing the bulbs in
a bowl of water being there given.

Show Reports. — Owing to the great pressure on
our space, several of these are deferred to our
next issue.

Sulphate of Copper : S. H., New Zealand. See onr
prssent issue. We do not think any advantage
would accrue from its use in the case of the
Phylloxera.

Communications Received.— Rambler.— J. W. B.— J. H. K.,
Haarlem.— L. L., Brussels.— Ch. D. B., Lierre.— H. D.,
Breslau.— W. B. L.— W. G., Adelaide.— Dr. P.— W. T. T. D.
— M. B— H. P. M..— J. W.— R. P.. Costa Rica.— H. N. E.—
C. W. Cassel.— J. Riddle.— N. D. B.— C. E. M.— Meunier.—
R. L.— E. M -J. Hood.— Dr. F. Kranzlin.— E. C.—W. E. D.
—J. Hughes. - Pioneer.— J. R. J— W. W.— E. Neurte.—
C. B.— T. D. F.— J. H.— A. P.— W. A. C— T. S — T. B.—
J. R-— H. E. Heushaw Russell.— J. Carter & Co.— J. B. C—
P. Pryor.— E. P. Dixon & Sous.

Specimens Received. — W. B. L., Birmingham (many thanks,
very interesting).

TROP^EOLIUM speciosum.
Now is the time to plant.
A limited number of fine healthy Tubers to dispose of.
2s. ed. per dozen. Carriage paid. Instructions supplied for
planting. Cash with order.

GE0R3E STEWART, Secretary. Horticultural Society,
Dunkeld.

MAIDEN CHERRIES, probably the finest in
the count ry ; clean, stout, and well-rooted. Fine Stan-
dards for Ore hards.

TARRAGON, for forcing, large clumps transplanted last
spring.

VICTORIA PLUMS, thousands of fine Standards and cheap
Market Trees.

WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex.

Apply to R. Gilbert, High Park, Stamford, for the

FOLLOWING .—

OXONIAN STRAWBERRY, the best late
extant, good plants, warranted true (not Eleanor),
2s. 6rf. per 100 ; 20s. per 1000.
MRS. REYNOLDS HOLE CARNATION, per dozen. OS.
TRUE CHAMPAGNE RHUBARB, from the Raiser's Stock, at
5s. per dozen eyes. Trade price on application.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. 10s. id., 21s., 42s., ti3s., & upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS, 6s. id., Ts.id., 10s. id., to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Daffodiis, Iris, Pceonies, Lilies, &c,
BARRandSON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London.W.C

To those about to Plant.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses,
Fruit Trees, Conifers. Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs,
Rhododendrons, Ornamental and Forest Trees, Clematis, and
other Climbing Plants, in large variety, sent free on applica-
tion to —

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.

Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

Roots, &c, for Early Forcing. -Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
Offer the undermentioned, of Finest Quality, and extra
Strong, for Early Forcing, viz. :—
LILY OF THE VALLEY, Berlin Crowns, 4-ts. and 48s. per

100O ; 5s. and 5s. id. per 100.
LILY OF THE VALLEY, Dutch and German Clumps, 10s.

and 12s. per dozen.
SPIR.F.A JAPONICA, Imported Clumps, 30s. and 35s. per ICO:

4s. and 5s. per dozen.
DIELYTKA SPECTABILIS, Imported, 4s. and 5s. per dozen.
AZALEA MOLLIS, well-budded, 21s., 24s., and 30s. per dozen ;

2s. to 3s. each.
GUELDER ROSE, well-budded, 30s. per dozen; 2s. <bd. aid

3s. each.
Lilacs, Christmas Roses, Hydrangeas, Deutzias, &c.
Seed Warehouse. 12. Old Millgate, Manchester.

fXlREST TREES— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16s.
per 1000 ; Ash, 3-yr., 2s. id. per 1000: 1J to 2 feet, 13s.
per 10U0 ; 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 1000 ;
Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet, 21s. per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 2£ feet,
22s. per li00; 1 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut, rior.-e,

2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C. 1£ to 2j feet, 16s. per 1000 ;
Elm Wych, 2 to 2£ feet, 16s. per luOO ; Larch. 12 to 18 inch,
14s. per 1000; 1J to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2i feet, 24s. per
1000; Spruce Fir, 1 \ to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; Scotch Fir, 2-yr.,
2-yr. tr.. 16s. per 1000 ; 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Hazels, 2 to 3
feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; Oak,
English, 1J feet, 12s. per 1000; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2£ to 3
feet, 18s. per 1000 ; Privets, Oval, 1£ to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ;
Privets, Common, \\ feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, 1} to 2
feet, 12s. per lOiO; 4 to 5 feet, 4US. per 1000; Thorns, 2 feet,
10s. per 1000 ; 24; feet, 12s. per 1000 ; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000 ;

3 to 4 feet. 17s. per 100O.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

AUTUMN and WINTER PRUNING,

J\- TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the " STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the "MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. They were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Bath
and Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled with great
eaviug of time and labour, and the risk to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends
severed in a vital condition.

Illustrated CATALOGUES can be had, post-free, from the
PATENTEES and MAKERS, at their works and depdt,
ST. ALKMUND'S CHURCHYARD, DERBY; or of the prin-
cipal Ironmongers and Seedsmen, the leading stores, and
kindred trades throughout the world.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.

1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, &o.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cash.

596

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONIGLE.

[Novbmbeh 14, 1891.

RICHARDSON'S

PATENT

HOODED TUBULAR BOILERS

Have combined in one the advantages of the two best forms of
Boilers hitherto made— the plain Siddle and Tubular Saddle.

They Heat more than Twice the Quantity of
Piping

that can be heated by an ordinary Saddle with an equal amount
of fuel. They are durable, quick-heating, easily set, and easy
to manage. Send for PRICK LIST to the patentees and sole
makers —

W. RICHARDSON & CO.,

Horticultural Builders and Hot-water Engineers,

DARLINGTON.

DUROUNE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE I CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roofing Co., Ld." May and June fSqi.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj
Wales, The Dukes OJ Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.O.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

„ 4 feet

6 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

£ s.

'2 0

2 5

4 0

2 15

4 15

^5 12

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Bept. Materials, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASH
PRICES,
CARRIAGE
PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS.

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London ,4r7r*n*.Mr.H.SKFXTOrY.Seedsmao.&c..2.Hollowny Rd.,N.

HILL & SMITH,

BRIERLEY HILL,
ST AFFORDSH IRE,

And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET. LONDON, EC
NEW PATTERN

TREE GUARD,

uThe Porcupine"

The maximum of utility and
the minimum of cost.

Comtmcled of Strong Ircra Up-
rights and Galvanised barbed SUel
Wire.

Price 10s. 6d.

TESTIMONIAL.

The Whittfrn. Herefordshire,

"Dec. 28, 1887.
Dear Sir*,— I have now had
an opportunity of trying
your Porcupine Tree
Guards, and they seen
quite to answer my pur-
pose, so you may send me
50 more as before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly,
RTCHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Hill & Smith.

GARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens,
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is 3d., 10 for 12s.,
20 for 20s., 30 for V8s , sacks free; 2- ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per sack, 5 for 22s. 64. ; BLACK do
4s. it. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD. LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COAR«E SAND, Is. id. per
bu-hel. 14s. half-ton. 25s. per ton. PURE BOVES, £ inch. lis.
per cwt. ; dust, lis. id. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7s. id per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lOd
per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26«'
ROPE, id. per lb.. 28 lb., 10<. id RUSSIA MATS New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBUR3, 10s. id., lis. 6d.,
and 12s. 6d. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses, South wark Street. London, S.E.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,

MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our

pamphlet, " Water 3upply to Mansions."

CHRISTMAS ROSES,

GROWN IN THE OPEN GROUND, SHOULD BE
PROTECTED WITH

FRIGI DOMO CANVAS.

This Protection will insure perfect and lieautiful
Blooms.

Protect your Plants and Glass from Frost, Damp
and Cold Winds, by using

"FRIGI DOMO"

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

CANVAS.

A terfect Non-Conductor of Heat, keeping wherever

IT IS applied an even temperature.

To be obtained of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen.

mmmmm

BUy D//1ECT FROM^

stourbridge,

Free

the

IMPROVED

[5I0N JOINT

WATER PIPES

'TELEGRAMS :-

"ALPHA'

'BRETTELL- lane

r£v^

^^flfio^

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.

"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTT Y."

GEORGE FAEMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, B.C.

Stock Lints and Prices on application. Please auote Chronicle.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.
GLASS! CHEAP GLASS I

Id Stock Sizes.
,Bn, n.rinofr q, Bj ( " X •». 18 X 12, 18X14, 24 X 14
15-oz.. per "'('"■•S8' 6«' J j4><, 2, 20X12, 18X16,24X16
Jl-oz., ,, J.4S.U1. | 16xl2, l6xH, i0xl6,24xl8, &c.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. id. per square; Matching, at 4*. ; 2x4. at $d.
per foot ruo. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.C.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, newly
made, the same as supplied to the Royal Horticultural
Society. Truck-load of 2 tons, £1, free, on to the following
rails— G. W., G. N., Midland, L. and N. W., L. and S. W.j and
other lines, £1 5s. ; in bags, 20, 16s. ; 40, 30s. N.B.— A re-
mittance to accompany all orders.— J. STEVENS and CO.,
Cocoa-nut Fibre Merchants. 153, High Street, Battersea, S.W.

^LX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; sii for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. id. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, I.udgatehiU, London.

NOVEHBEE 14. 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

597

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only 'effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

.__. __. _-.—. — -»_««-. ■» ■ ■ ■ ■* m T0 NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR

AMERICAN TUBEROSE BULBS.

THE DOUBLE PEARL.

THE FINEST AND LARGEST BULBS EVER GROWN.

ORDER DIRECT FROM THE GROWER.
Our DOUBLE PEARLS this season are the finest we have ever grown, and
Orders for early shipment should be booked at once. They will be ready for
shipment last of November.

Bulbs, No. 1 size, from 4 to 6 inches in circumference, £1 10s. per 1000.
„ No. 3 „ „ 3it<>4£ „ „ £1 5s

"We have arranged for special low freight by steamer direct to London.
Remittances to accompany Orders.

ROBERT BUI ST, JR.,

BULB AND SEED GROWER, PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT- WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c„ constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equa'led. We only do one class of work,
and that the vert best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our Arm,
f .-om the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed

in all oases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plana, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom,

Our Ma Jim is and alwayB has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THB BB8T MATERIALS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

THE PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Strand,
LONDON, w.c.

Please send me " Thb Gardeners' ChkoniClb " fjr _
commencing , ,/or which 1 enclose P.0.0.

_1891.
Months,

Eg" Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must he paid for In advance. Jt

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 .Months, 15j.; 6 Months, Is. Bd. ; 3 Months. 3j. 9d.; Post-free,

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, Vs. 6d. for 12 Months. India and China, 19i. id.

Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for.

No-

P.0.0. to be made pat/able at the Post Office,
4S, DRURY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN.
Cheques should be orossed " DRUMMOND."

Nov. 14, 1891.

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Best of all Iasactlcides.

As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and
Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green
and Black Fly, Mealy Bug, SL*ale and Thrip. Red Spider,
American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c.

Price in tins-J-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3s.;
J-Qallon, fts. ; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-Gallon Drums, 8s. per
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application.
Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO ., LTD.,

LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

EILLMRIGHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from Ihe

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDE.

1 Gallon, 9s.; 3 Gallons. 8S. per Gallon.

:BENTLEYS SOLUBLE!

= PARAFFIN.

1 Gallon, 5s. ; 3 Gallots, 4S. 9d. per Gallon.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,
BABROW-ON-HTJBffBER, HULL.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and lus. 6a*.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

PEAT. — Gentlemen and Gardeners requiring
Peat of good quality should apply to
JAMES SMITH, Peat Merchant, The Heath, IVersfieM.

598

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 14, 1891.

FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION

HEAT1NC APPARATUS.

Most Efficient and Cheapest in Existence.
Requires no sunk stokehole and no brick
Betting. Will last all night without atten-
tion. Will burn house cinders, therefore
costs next to nothing for fuel. Any one
can fix it. A domestic servant can stoke it.

Complete Apparatus from £4 12s.

SUCCESS GUARANTEED.

Enormous num-
bers in use all
over the country.

Only Slow Com-
bustion Appara-
tus of the kind.
CAUTION.

Beware of in-
efficient incom-
plete Apparatus,
which will not
last all night.

Full particulars
and Prices of |
every sized Ap-
paratus, and see
numerous Testi-
monials for the
last five seasons,
showing enorm-
ous success, post-
free on applica-
tion.

BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST

Greenhouses, Forcing-houses, Pits, Frames, Plant

Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c.

Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-free from

CROMPTON & FAWKES,

CHELMSFORD.

See this Boiler before being induced to purchase

any other.

DEFBIES' PATENT

HOT-WATER circulating BOILER.

Price, 38/6

Price, 44 6

For CONSERVATORIES, LEAN-TO HOUSES, &C

The Patent Oil Stove is the only one that neither smells nor
smokes. It burns with a blue flame, anil gives double the heat
0/ any other large Oil Stove.
Sole Manufacturers, the Metropolitan Light Co., proprietors of

THE DEFRIES SAFETY LAMP and OIL AGENCY,
43 and 44. HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C.

No Agents. Orders executed strictly in rotation.

THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL.

*' DURRANS' PATENT."
This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly
unclimbable. It is a complete protection
against trespassers and cats. The most perfect
fence nail invented. In u«e at Hurst Park and
Hull Racecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and
hundreds of other places.

A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge.
Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron :— lj, 2,
3, 4, 5, and 6-in.. 7-lb. Bags, 3s. 6rf. ; perewt, 65s.
lj-in. Steel Nails, for thin paling*. Is. per gross.
Machine-cut Nails, for dowelling joinery, wood-
block flooring, &c, |, 1, &. lj-in,, Qd. per gross.
Sample boxes, assorted sizes, 6d. ; by post, 84.
DURRANS' PATENT NAIL SYNDICATE, Limited,
4:i & 44, itpptR Baker street, London, N.W.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable I For Coal I

Pure and ample heat. 24 hours for about Id.,
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 21 Hours for about One Penny.
Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W.

BLACKBMN'HOMER

43, WELLINGTON STREET,
COVENT GARDEN, W.C.,

FOB.

MATS, MATTING,

EAFFIA, Orchid PEAT,
BAMBOOS, BONES,
FIBRE DUST, CORK,

AXD ALL OTHER

GARDEN REQUISITES.

WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

FLORISTS' WIRE a Specialty.

Sole London Agents for Kempton's Floral Gum

Open at 4 a.m. on Market Mornings.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough, Hants.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,
ALL FIRST-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Speciality.
For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Trade.

EPPS'S«-"dPEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL.C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS. INSEC-
TICIDES, and allotherGarden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

BOULTON & PAUL,

Manufacturers,
NORWICH.

WIRE ESPALIER TRAINERS.

4 ft. high, with Standards 10 ft. apart, and six lines of Galvanized
Wire, per yd., 6d. Terminal Posts and Radisseurs, each 9s.
Prices of other sizes on application.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST-FREE.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about S tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, 4d. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5». »d. per sack ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 5«. per sack, 6 saoks, 22».; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel; lBi. per half
ton ; 2fis. per ton, in 2-bushel bags, id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SFHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H. O. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard). W.C.

QABDEN REQUISITE S.—

\X Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustio Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AMD SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street, London, K.O.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.
RUSSIA MATS. -RAFFIA.

ARCHANGEL MATS and all kinds of PETERSBURG MATS
imported direct, and supplied to the Wholesale Trade only, at
much lower prices than any other firm.
MARENDAZ & FISBER, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE
GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck-
loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address,

G. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Street, Birmingnam.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residenoe, or Purchasing an

Estate, can have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

Notice.

SUPERINTENDENT for FRUIT FARM, in
the CAPE COLONY.— Mr. CHARLES AYRES bfgs to
inform thenumerous applicants for thesituation as above, that
he has SELECTED a MAN, and to say that this advertisement
will please be accepted as a reply to all communications.

WANTED, for Cape Town, South Africa, an
ASSISTANT PLANT GROWER and PROPAGATOR,
with good knowledge of Buiddng and Grafting. Agentout20;
total abstainer preferred. Three years' eDgagemeut. Free
passage by Mail Steamer. Salary commences £ri per month,
and a rise second and third year. One used to Nursery Work
preferred.— Apply immediately to Mr. CHAS. AYRES (of Cape
Town), Henbury, near Bristol.

WANTED, an experienced GARDENER
(Single-handed, with some help), for a garden of
2 acres. Not much glass at present, but thorough knowledge
of Flower and Kitchen Garden lequisite. — Apply to Mr. C. G.
MOTT, Harrow Weald, Middlesex.

W "ANTED, a WORKING GARDENER,
accustomed to grow Peaches. Tomatos, Flowers, &e ,
under Glass for Market.— Address, C. F. LEWIS, Henfielci,
Sussex.

W "ANTED, a MARRIEDllAN, as
SECOND GARDENER; experienced in Glass and
Flower Garden. Good wages, and Cottage found. — Address,
V.. WELBOURNE, Gardener, Holly Hill, Hartfield, Tunbridge
Wells.

WANTED, a young MAN accustomed to
growing Palms and general market plants. State
experience and wages expected.— THOMSON'S NURSERIES,
Spark Hill, Birmingham.

XXJ ANTED, a good PROPAGATOR,

V T GRAFTER, and BUDDER, for medium-sized Nursery.
Must have good references. — Apply to A. D., 8, Dunstau's
Road, Forest Hill Road, London, S.E.

WANTED, a MAN of good character, for
Outside Work, who thoroughly understands Pruning,
Nailing of Fruit Trees, and Kitchen Garden Work generally.
Wages, 17s. per week, bothy and vegetables. — Mr. SLADE,
Clumber Gardens, near Worksop.

WANTED. — We are in immediate want of a
skilful YOUNG MAN for our ORCHID DEPART-
MENT ; as also a good SOFT- WOODED PLANT GROWER.—
References and state salary required, JOHN LAING AND
SONS, Forest Hill Nurseries, London, S.E.

WANTED, for the Houses, a MAN well up
in growing general stuff; abstainer preferred. Wages,
205.— GEORGE PHIPPEN, Nurseryman, Reading, to whom
please give particulars, age, &c.

NoVEMBEB 14, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

599

WANTED, an energetic, steady MAN, as
FOREMAN and SALESMAN, in a Nursery, near
London. Good Grower, &c. — Apply, with full particulars,
to P. MAHOOD and SON, Nurserymen, Putney, S.W.

WANTED, a"W00DMAN (Woeking).— A
married man to act as Working Foreman in Woods
for an appointment in Ireland. Apply, with full particulars
as to ag-*, experieuce, &c. — ARBORIST, Dickson's Nurseries,
Chester.

WANTED, a MANAGER, for SEED,
BULB, 'and NURSERY BUSINESS (Provincial
House). — State wages required, with references, to L. K.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand. W.C.

Florists' Department.

WANTED, a smart young SALESMAN,
capable of Managing the Department during the
absence of the Buyers.— Apply.at 530 P.M. to Mr. SCOONES,
W. Whiteley, Universal Provider, 159, Queen's Road, Bays-
water, W. Close on Saturdays at 2 o'Clock.

Seed Trade.

WANTED, a JUNIOR ASSSISTANT, of
good address. State all pirticulars, age, wages ex-
pected, and reference.— ALFRED PRirCUARD, Abingdon.

WANTED, a SECOND SHOPMAN, well up
in Seeds. Bulbs, and Plants. State experience, age,
and salary required.— P. S., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

WANTED, an INVOICE CLERK.— Must
be a quick Writer, and used to the Seed Trade. — Apply,
by letter, giving all particulars, to W ATKINS and SIMPSON,
13, Eieter Street, Strand, London, W .C.

WANTED, a JUNIOR CLERK, with a
knowledge of Shorthand. — Apply, Stating age, ex-
perience, and salary expected, to LITTLE and BALLAN-
TVNK, Seed Merchants, Carlisle.

WANT PLACES.

A Ivertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Lulu-sand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
Beries, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF ; also a thoroughly competent man an HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly

RECOMMEND several firstrclass HEAD GARDENEKS.

To Gentlemen and Head Gardeners.

JOHN PEED and SONS have several young
Men they can recommend both as FOREMEN in the
Houses, or SECOND.— Nurserymen by Appointment to the
School Board for London, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E. ; also, at Mitcham Road, Streatham. S.W.

Gardeners, Farm-Balllffs, Foresters, &e.

DICKSONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS. CHESTER."

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

GARDENER (Head).— A Gentleman recom-
mends energetic, sober, industrious, reliable man.
Skilled in Stove Plants. Orchids. Decorating. Forcing Choice
Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables. Master of his work all round.
Won over 100 prizes.— F. R., 20, Oxford Terrace, West Norwood.

GARDENER (Head), in a Nobleman's
Place.— Age 26, single. Appointment wanted by a
superior man as above. Good Manager. Highest references —
GARDENER, 8, Beaconsfield Terrace, Catford, S.E.

GARDENER (Head), where two or more are
kept.— Age 42, marriel. Scotch. Thoroughly under-
stands Gardening in all its branches.— DOUGLAS BROWN,
181, Leighton Road, Kentish Town, London, N.W.

f^ARDENER (Head).— Age 32, married.

VT Mr. S. T. WRIGHT, Gardener to C. Lee Campbell,
Esq., Glewston Court, Ross, can with confidence recommend
his Foreman, W. Tarling, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring
a thorough practical man.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39.
Married. Abstainer. Thoroughly good, practical, com-
petent, trustworthy gardener. Twenty-three years' experience
in all branches of good gardening. Good references. W. O.,
Gardeners', Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33,
married ; abstainer. Experienced in Vines, Peaches,
Melons, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants,
and Flower, Fruit, Kitchen Gardening, and House and Tab e
Decorations. Good characters.— C. TAYLOR, 8, Telegraph
Road, Petertfield, Hants.

/ ^ ARDENER (Head Working), where two

VJT or three are kept ; or Second, in a gjod establishment.
—Age 28, married; twelve years' experience in all branches.
Can be well recommended.— A. H., 27, Hooper Road, Custom
House, London, E.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29,
married, no family. Scotch. Twelve years' practical
experience in all branches. Present employer pleased to
recommend. Good references.— J. M. W., Head Gardener,
Boldre Grarjge, Lymington, Hants.

GARDENER (Head Working), or FORE-
MAN in good Establishment.— Single ; long experience
in all branches at first-class places. Abstainer. — HORTUS,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise).
—Age 24 ; well recommended. — H. STEVENSON,
Paston Rectory, Peterborough.

ARDENER (good Single-handed), or

where assistance is given. — Age 28, married, one child ;
abstainer. Sixteen years' experience under Glass, Flower and
and Kitchen Garden. Three years' good character from
present situation. Three j eirs' previous.— GARDENER, The
Lodge, West Park, Mortlake.

GARDENER (Working).— Age 33, married,
two children at home; fifteen years' practical ex-
perience in all branches of Gardening. Good character —
W. A., 3, Vale Grove. Slough.

GARDENER (Working). — Married, no
children; thoroughly practical. Steady and indus-
trious. Excellent character.— W. L., 38. Palmerston Road,
Southfields, Wandsworth.

GARDENER ( Working).— Age 30, married,
one child. Steady and industrious. Good character.
Please state wages.— X. Y. Z ,22, David's Road, F'crest Hill,
London, S.E.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 22; over eight
years' experience. Inside and Out.— Excellent characters.
— F. STANLkY, 3, Lyndhurst Road Mews, Hampstead, N.W.

GARDENER (Second, or good Under).—
Age 23 ; seven years' experience. Inside and Out. Good
references.— C. B., 33. Parkfield Road. Willeslen Green. N.W.

GARDENER (Second). —Ten years' expe-
rience, Inside and Out. Good references.— A. BEALE,
58. Garland's Road, Redhill. Surrey.

GARDENER (Second), or JOURNEYMAN.
—Age 23. single; nine years' experience. Good refer-
ences.—H. H.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand. W.C.

GARDENER (Under, or small Single-
handed).— Age 20, single; five years' experience.
Excellent references from present and previous employers —
W. BURDETT, Aspen Lodge, Sudbury, Harrow.

C^J. ARDENER, or any place of Trust.— Good
!T knowledge of Stock. Three and a half years' good
character.— G. W., 2. Devon Terrace, Manor Park Road, East
Finchley, N.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Plants and
Cut Flowers for Market purposes. Twenty-five years'
experience.— GROWER, 9, Wood St., Penarth, South Wales.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER,or FLORIST.
—Age 25; nine years' Nursery experience. Palms,
Ferns, Stove, and Soft-wooded, Propagation, Forcing. &c.
Wreaths, Bouquets, Decorations. — A , 62, Victoria Ro id,
Burton-on-Treot.

FOREMAN, in large establishment. — Age 28.
Well up in Orchids. Chrysanthemums, Exotic Plants,
Fruits, &c. Fourteen years' experience in good gardens.—
Apply, stating particulars to W. P , Mr. Mason, York Town,
Ciruberley, Surrey.

FOREMAN, where one or two are kept under
Glass. — Ag-> 2o. Can be well recommended.— S. WILLS-
MAN, Bystock Lodge, Exmouth.

FOREMAN, or FIRST JOURNEYMAN, in a
-'good Establishment.— Age 21; seven years' experience.
Good character.— J. DILLEY, The Gardens, Rockingham
Castle, North Hants.

FOREMAN, in a good establishment, or Head
where two or three are kept.— Age 28, single; good
experience in trade and private, also decorating. Good refer-
ences.—J. DREW, The Gardens, Sudbury Hall, Derby.

"FOREMAN (General, or otherwise).— Age 28 ;

A good experience in Fruit and Plant Growing. Good re-
ferences from good establishments.— J. L., 4, Albert Terrace,
Acomb, Yorkshire.

FOREMAN, or SECOND, in a good "Private

-1- Garden. — Experience from early life in large places.
Abstainer.— HORTLTS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

FTo Nurserymerj and Market Growers.
ORKMAN. — Thoroughly experienced in
Grapes, Toiuatos, Mushroom", Palms, Ferns, Stove
Plants, and Cut Flowers. Excellent references.— L. G.,
7. Brunswick Cottages, Brunswick Place, Cambridge.

MURSERY FOREMAN (General or"

-i-~ Departmental).— Expert ingrowing Fruit Trees and
Ro es, and staging at Shows. Well up in Trees, Shrubs, and
Nursery Stock generally. Testimonials or reference.—
POMONA. Girdeners' Chronicle Olficj, 41, Wellington Street.
Strand, W.C.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 18;

tf three years' good character from last situation.— C.
NEIGHBOUR, Greenfield, near Watlington, Oxon.

rOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20.

Tj Six years' experience in all branches. Good character. —
A. PIKE, The Lodge, loglewood, Hungerford, Berks.

TMPROVER, in a Market Nursery.— Age 13.

-•- Has been working under his father. Strong, and hard-
worker. Good character. — T. H. C, Hilsea Farm, near
Coeham, Hants.

TMPROVER, by young Man.— Age 18; good

A experience in all outdoor branches.— F. J., 41, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C.

'T'O GARDENERS.— Situation wanted in the

i Houses by a young man (age 21). Six years' character.
Bothy preferred. Pay moderate premium.— H. MORGAN,
Hornnger, Bury St. Edmunds.

yO NURSERYMEN.— Advertiser seeks em-

J- ployment in a Market Nursery, any capacity. Used to
the Trade. Age 33.— W., 1, North Villas, Hereward Road,
Tooting.

rrO SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS. Wanted,

J- a situation in a retail seed business, where a cut flower
and plant trade is also carried on. Age 21. Four years' experi-
ence in the seed trade. Good houses.— W. R. A., Ga-deners'
Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

'J'O NURSERYMAN, &c— The Advertiser

J- seeks re-appointment as CASHIER, CORRESPONDING
CLERK, or to take Entire Management of Office in a good
Nursery. Over twenty years' experience. Steady and trust-
worthy. Can be highly recommended. - CLERICUS. Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

■yO FLORISTS and FRUITERERS.— Young

J- lady wants situation; fourteen years' experience- good
references.— MISS STEVENS. 87, Holt Road, Aston, Bir-
mingham.

Seed Trade.

TRAVELLER, BOOK-KEEPER, or MAN-
AGER.— Ag<i 31 ; thoroughly experienced. Good appear-
ance. First-class references. Write-* Shorthand. Eleven
years with Hurst; four years with Hunter, Chester.— W. 81,
C. Birchall, Advertisement Contractor, Liverpool.

SEED TRADE.— Advertiser is open for an
engagement in either Wholesale or Retail Trade.—
Age 35, married. First-class references.— X. Y. Z., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

QHOPMAN, or MANAGER.^ Age ~32l

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS
Hammerwood, East Grinstead. Sussex.

C HOPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER.—

O Age 28; experienced in Wreaths, Bouquets, 4c. Good
knowdedge of Plants, Seeds, Bulbs, and Book-keeping. Excel-
lent references ; moderate salary. — FLORIST, 65 Solon
Road, S.W.

C HOPMAN, or ASSISTANT.— Age 24 ; nine

O years' experience, including four in present situation ;
Wholesale House preferred. Accustomed to Books and Office-
work.— P., H. Deverill, Royal Seed Establishment, Banbury.

QHOPMAN,or ASSISTANT.— Age 26; expe-

O rienced in Seeds, Bulbs, Nurserv Stock. Book-keeping.
Wreaths, &c— T. R., •' Shaoghaie," Southcote Road, Bourne-
mouth.

(^ HOP ASSISTANT~(Seed Trade).— Age 20.

O Willing to Work in Nursery. Experienced Inside and
Out.— J. J., Gardeners' Clironicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand. W.C.

HOLLOW AY'S PILLS.— Any dyspeptic suf-
ferer aware of the purifying, regulating, and gently
aperient powers of these Pills, should permit no one to cloud
his judgment, or to warp his course. With a box of Holloway's
Pills, and attention to its accompanying " Directions," he
may feel thoroughly satisfied that he can safely and effectually
release himself from his miseries without impairing his appe-
tite or weakening his digestion. This most excellent medicine
acts as a nervine and bodily tonic by aiding nutrition, and
banishes a thousand annoying forms of nervous complaints.
An occasional resort to Holloway's remedy will prove highly
salutary to all persons, whether well or ill, whose digestion is
slow or imperfect, a condition usually evidenced by weariness,
laDguor, listlessness, and despondency.

600

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

PSTOTEMBEE 14, 1891.

LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS,

And r. place INEFFICIENT and, DEFECTIVE ONES by

WEEKS'S
PATENT DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUBULAR,

THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE.

It is unparalleled for POWER, ECONOMY,^ DURABILITY, the
WATER" BARS (tlone being equal to many Boilers.

A TEN YEARS' GUARANTEE given with all Duplex

Boi'ers [subject to printed conditions) when fixed by the Patentees.

FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO

J. WEEKS & CO.,

Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees,

KINGS ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

s— '

ODONTOGLOSSDM CR1SPDM ALEXANDRA.

BEST (PADRO) VARIETY.

vJ U I LLERMO IvALiBREYER begs to offer the above well-known and justly-prized Orchid at the

following prices, free on board of Royal Wail Company's steamers, at Savanilla :— £40 per 1000 good and healthy pieces.

G. K. also can supply:—

CATTLEYA TRIAN^ ^S per case.

SCHRCEDERII, £10 per case.

Each case contains about sixty good and strong pieces.

0D0NT0GL0SSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM,

CUSPIDATUM PLATIGLOSSUM,

£36 per 1000.

The plants are packed with the greatest care and best method, but under no circumstance will G. K. hold himself responsible for the state of plants
on their arrival in Europe. Conditions : — All Consignments are shipped entirely at Buyer's risk and expense from port of shipment. Plants ordered
must be paid for on receipt of bill of lading to Messrs. ROESING BROTHERS and CO., 10, Basinghall Street, London, E.C., who will then give
orders for forwarding the consignment to the Purchaser.

The best time for dispatching Orchids fi om here are the months— December to April, and July to October.

Address : — G. KA.LBREYER, La Flora, Bogota, Republica de Colombia.

Telegram Address :— FLORA, BOGOTA.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

No. 60.-PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER.

6 ft. by 3 ft. £20016 ft. by 4 ft. £250
12 ft. by 3 ft. 3 2 0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 15 0

No. 73-New Span-roof GARDEN FRAME.

I 'I. by 6 ft. £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £5 14 0
8 fl . by ti ft. 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 4 0
All Frames made of selected Red Deal, painted
three times, and lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet
glass.

CUCUMBER FRAME LIGHT3.
6 ft. by 4 ft., glazed and painted ... 14s. each.

Unglazed and unpointed 5s. 6rf. each.

Cash Prices.
Carriage Paid on Orders of 40s. value.

WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES, in all styles.

No.TT.-Framesj^-^TT-
similar to No. 75. 1 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 0

0 I BOILERS of all makes and szes supplied
6 at the cheapest rates. VALVES, PIPES,
0 I and FITTINGS always in stock.

No. 74. -THREE-QUARTER SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 14

5 ft. by 6 ft. 4 5

12 ft. by 6 ft. £i 17
16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 8

No. 75.

MELON and CUCUMBER
FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 0 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £4 3 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. 3 0 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 5 6 0

Wall Fruit Tree Protectors, Hand Lights,
Propagating Glasses, &c.
CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, includ-
ing Horticultural Buildings and Aj plianees. Iron
Buildings, Poultry and Kennel Requisites, &c.

ciiiLonai coiuuiuuicauuns suouic oe addressed to tne Hditor; Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher " at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, November 14, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

No. 266—Vol. X. {ST— }

SATUEDAY, NOVEMBEK 21, 1891.

Regt. as a Newspaper. /PRICE 3i*
WITH SUPPLEMENT. |_ POST-FREE, 3_ rf.

CONTENTS.

Abutilon Thompson.

Apiary, the

Apple Chelmsford Wou-
der

Begonia Weltoniensis ...

Blue Michaelma* Daisies

Bocconia cordata

Bordeaux Mixture and
the Potato Disease ...

Cattleya labia ta with
two lips

Certificates of the Royal
Horticultural Society .

Chemistry of the Apple .

Chrysanthemum sports...

Climbing Niphetos Koso

Continental noveltie-* ...

County Council and Edu-
cation Scheme

Cypripedium, a £250 ...

Dalgarnos' patent turf-
cutter

Destruction of blight on
Plum trees

Education of gardeners .

Electro-culture

Enquiries

Estate fruit-planting ...

Flavour in Pears

Flower beds in Hyde
Park ...-

Flower garden

Fruits under glass

Hardy fruit garden

Hen and Chicken Chry-
santhemums

Hippeastrum, the

International FruitShow

International FruitShow
and the Fruiterers*
Company

Jubtea spectabilis

Kitchen garden

Lilium ochroleucum

Manchester Royal Bo-
tanic Gardens, shows at

New plant

619
615

613
619
620
619

eo9

Onions, a fine crop of ...

Orchid houses

Plants and their culture

Plant diseases

Potato disease

Primula disease, a
Prizes at the Botanic ...
Sedum spectabile
Seed trade

Societies :—

Bournemouth

Devon and Exeter

Edinburgh Botanical...

Hitchin District Chry-
santhemum

Kent County Show of
Farm Fruits

Kingston and Surbiton

Linnean

Newcastlfc-on-Tyne and
District Horticul-
tural Mutual Im-
provement

North of Scotland Root

Reading Chrysanthe-
mum and Fruit

Royal Horticultural ...

Teddington

Torquay

Ulster Horticultural ...

Ware and District Hor-
ticultural Mutual
Improvement

Wimbledon and Dis-
trict

Yeovil Chrysant lie-
mum

Stock-taking, October ...
Struggle for life in the

Guianan forest
Syrian Truffle, a
Theory of heredity
Town Fogs and their

effect

Vegetable products in

New Guinea

ILLU8TRATION8.

Aldenham House, Elstree. (See Supplement.)

Apple Chelmsford Wonder

Mr. Owen Thomas

Spore-bearing tuft of the Primula disease ...
Verbena hybrida erecta corapacta a trosan guinea

618
614
614
617
609
626
620
K19
610

623
6. '5

6J3

623

622
617

618
626

623

621
625
623
624

625

622
617

612
617
613

607

611

613
€09
6. '6
621

LILIUM AURATUM.— Good, plump, sound
Bulbs, 65., 9s., 125., 18s., and 24s. per dozen.
All other good LILIES at equally low prices.
Mr. WILLIAM BULL'S Establishment for New and Rare
Plants, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W,

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, 4s. per 100. Order
earlv of —

WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

BEARING PEACH TREES.— A few very
fine bearing Dwarf-trained and Standard Trees, fibrously
rooted, well-balanced Heads. Prices on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

ORCHIDS for IMMEDIATE SALE, from
Two Private Sources, &c. Prices very moderate. LIST
to be had from WOOD'S PLANT CLUB, Kirkstall, Leeds.

DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition. 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the" trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent gratis then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3rf. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C,

SUTTON'S TULIPS.— Finest mixed Single
and Double Tulips, Is. per dozen, 7s. per 100.

SUTTON'S NARCISSI.— Finest sorts, mixed,
Is. 6d. per dozen, 10s. 6<f. per 100.

BUTTON'S CROCUSES, for BEDDING.

O LARGE BLUE, per 1C0, Is. 6tl. ; per 1000, 12s. 6d.
LARGE WHITE „ Is. 9d. ; „ 15s. Od.

LARGE YELLOW „ 2s. Od. ; „ 17s. 6d.

LARGE MIXED, all colours, Is. 6d.; „ 12s. M.

SUTTON'S BULBS GENUINE ONLY
DIRECT FROM
SUTTON AND SONS, THE Queen's Seedsmen, READING.

CHRISTMAS and LENTEN ROSES.— Mr.
Brockbank, our greatest authority, writing to the
Garden, says : — " They are the finest I ever beheld." Good
strong clumps full of llower-buds (large major var.), at 9s.,
12s., 15s., las., and 21s. per dozen. Specimen plants, 1£ to
3 feet across. Price on application. Twelve Lenten Roses, in
best named varieties, for 10s.
GEO. STAMP, Nurseryman, Bishop's Teignton, South Devon.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS. GRAPES, &c. Good references.

JW. BARNHAM Receives on Commission,
• GRAPES, TOMATOS, and other Choice FRUITS ; also
FLOWERS. His personal attention securing highest Market
Prices. Account Sales daily, and cheques at option. Baskets
and labels found.

Long Market. Covent Garden, W.O.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for LiBt, free.— P. McARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

ALICANTE VINES for Sale— 500 strong
Planting Canes, extra well-ripened.
JOHN ROCHFORD, Turkey Street, Waltham Cross.

"VTINES. — VINES. — VINES.

V We hold a tine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6rf.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

WANTED, any quantity of CHOICE CUT
FLOWERS to SELL on COMMISSION.
R. END, Court Florist, Crystal Palace; and 28, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

T^" ANTED,

CUT well -berried HOLLY.

Offers to—
WM. CLIBRAN and SON, Altrincham.

WANTED, 5000 GENERAL JACQUEMI-
NOT, and 5000 BARONESS. Lowest price for Cash.
PAGE iSD CLARK, Tangley Nursery, Hampton.

Beauty of Hebrons.

WANTED, 50 to 100 Tons of HEBRON
WARE. Good Bample and quality. State lowest
price on rail for cash, in bags supplied.

X., 38, Bow Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Black Currants.

WANTED, 3000 2-year-old BLACK
CURRANTS, Quotations Delivered at Tonbridge Station
— Apply, stating kind and price, to
THE MID-KENT FRUIT FACTORY. Limited, Tonbridge.

WANTED, a RUSTIC SUMMER-HOUSE,
Circular or Octagon, about 6 feet in diameter, or less.
Report, by letter, to —

F. B., Fern Lodge, Millfield Lane, Highgate Rise, N,

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 60s. per
1000, 6«. 6rf. per 100 ; CAMPERNELLI, 20s. per 1000,
2s. 6tf. per 100. Carriage paid to any railway station in
England upon orders for thousands only.

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

FOR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZ1A
GRACILIS, 10s. to 21s. per 100.
FLETCHER BROTHERS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

To Gentlemen, Gardeners, and Others.

TO BE SOLD (Cheap), 20 CAMELLIAS,
from 3 feet to 9 feet. All Good Sorts. Price £5.
W. RANDALL, Bounds Park, Tunbridge Wells.

CCELOGNE CRISTATA, well grown, from
9rf. each ; Chatsworth variety, Is. titf. each ; Trenthaui
variety and Maxima, cheap.

TRUSTEES, late J. STEVENSON, Timperley, Cheshire.

NEW HARDY PLANT CATALOGUE of
HERBACEOUS, ALPINE, and SELECT PERENNIAL
GARDEN PLANTS. Over 2000 Species and Varieties. Over
100 pages. Post-free for six stamps (free to purchasers of
plants), on application to —

MANAGER, Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Millmead,
Guildford.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALT Y.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate.
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

Cheap Palms I Palms ! ! Palms ! ! I ~

JW. SILVER invites inspection of his
• immense Stock of PALMS, the Cheapest in the Trade,
of KENTIAS of all kinds; CORYPHA, SEAFORTHIA.
COCOS, PHffiNLX, and many others. LIST of prices on
application.

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 21s.,
or 30s. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. AND C. ALLEN. Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

CHRISTMAS TREES and DWARF DUTCH
BOX.— 30,000 yards Dwarf Dutih Box, cheap. Liberal
terms to large buyers. 3000 Christmas Trees, well furnished
to the bottom, and well coloured, from 2 to 20 feet. What
offers ?

JAS. WILKIE, Landscape Gardener, Callander.

OR SALE or EXCHANGE^ Six "Dozen

'ASPARAGUS PLUMOSUS NANUS. Would take Layers
of CLOVES or CARNATIONS. Full particulars to—
F. ARCHER, Primrose Nursery, Birkbeck Road, Sidcup, Kent.

Sharpe's Victor Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers
• and Merchants, Boston, offer a few tons of this
excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock an.i good sample.
Price, per cwt. or ton. on application.

Prize Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

JW 1 ; E K S and O O., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings, Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney.
WM THOMSONAND SONS, Clovenfords, GalaBhiels.NB.

602

THE GA RDENER 8 ' CHE ONI GL E.

[November 21, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Tuesday Next.

4900 LILIUM AURATUM.

A splemliil consignment of 100 cases just to hand, the whole

of the bulbs beiug in magnificent condition, including

600 EXTRA LARGE SELECTED ROOTS, and

MO LILIUM SPECIOSUM ALBUM.

The Catalogue will also comprise an immense collection of

HARDY PLANTS and BULBS,

consisting of thousands of NEW TULIPS, first-class varieties,

50,000 DAFFODILS, CHIONODOXAS. and other BULBS,

HOME-GROWN LILIES of the best kinds,

CARNATIONS and PICOTEES,

20,000 Berlin Crowns LILY OF THE VALLEY,

The new SPIRiEA COMPACTA MULTIFLORA, a large

quantity of HARDY PERENNIALS, BEGONIAS, IRIS,

and ISO lots of DUTCH BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUC HON, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapside. London, E.C., on TUESDAY NEXT, November 2i,
at half-past 11 o'clock.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Havant.

EXPIRATION of LEASE. SECOND PORTION.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea View
Nurseries, Havant. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY,
December 8 and 9, at 12 o'clock, each day, the SECOND
PORTION of the particularly well - grown and healthy
NURSERY STOCK, which ,is in exceptionally fine condition
for removing, comprising about 8000 Ornamental Trees,
5000 Flowering and Ornamental Foliage Shrubs, 5000 beau-
tifully grown Conifers and Evergreens; 3000 Fruit Trees,
several thousands of Roses, for the growing of which, these
Nurseries have a wide spread reputation, and a large stock
of smaller Evergreens and Conifers suitable for the Trade
for growing on.

May be viewed. Catalogues ou the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap9ide, London, E.C.

Wednesday Next.

AZALEAS, ROSES, FERNS, aud BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, Novem-
ber^, at half-past 11 o'clock, a SPECIAL CONSIGNMENT of
PLANTS from BELGIUM, comprising 200 Azalea indica,
including a quantity of white, 200 choice Palms, Begonias,
Gloxinias, and Aspidistra variegata, 40 lots of choice English-
grown Greenhouse and Stove Ferns, Cyclamen in flower ; 2000
Lilium Harrisii, 3000 Belladonna Lilies, 9 cases of Paper White
and Poeticus Narcissus, Standard and Half-standard Roses,
Home-grown^ Lilies, in great variety, Lily of the Valley,
Spiraeas, and a consignment of named Hyacinths and Tulips,
for pots, glasses, and bedding; Crocus, Narcissus, and other
Datcli Flower Roots from Holland— in all, 900 lota.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

A Choice Collection of well-grown ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS,
the property of a private Gentleman, who is giving up
their cultivation. For Sale, without reserve.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheap-
aide, London, E.G., on FRIDAY NEXT. November 27. at half-
past 12 o'Ciock, the above Collection of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, comprising 213 lots, and including a number of
Odontuglodsum Alexandra-, Epidendrunis, Catileya gigas, and
others; Cymbidiums, Dendrobiutns, Calanthes, Saecolabiums,
Cypripediums, &c. ; together with a few special Hybrid Cypri-
pediums. amongst them C. orphanum, C. amabile, C. robust-
icum, C. grande, C. Sieberianum, C. Lindleyanum, C. ple-
neurum superbum, C. Hera ; an Importation of Phalaenopais
violacea. a Coelogjne bigger and longer than C. Dayana,
evidently most lloriferous, some of the flower-spikes being
over 4 feet long and through ; Vandas, Deudrobes, and
Marantas, and eight volumes of the Orchid Album.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Heathfield, Sussex.
About ten minutes' walk from the Heathfield Station.
TWO DAYS' SALE of a PORTION of the WELL-GROWN
NURSERY STOCK, by order of Mr. W. Bean, the ground
being required for other purposes.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at the Tower Nurseries, Heath-
field, on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, November 25 and 26.
at 12 o'clock each day, 6000 Conifers, comprising 2000 Cupres-
sus Lawsoniana and Erecta viridis, and many others, 100 Arau-
caria imbricata, 5000 Laurels of sorts, 500 Aucubas, a quantity
of Border Shrubs in great variety. Deciduous and Flowering
Shrubs, Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing Roses, Climbing
Plants, 5000 Pinus austriaca, and others, Silver and Scotch
Firs, 2000 Standard Trees, quantities of Currants and Goose-
berries, Fruit Trees, and a large quantity of Forest Trees,
Quick, Beech, Hollies, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Feltham, Middlesex.— Two Days' Sale.

A PORTION of the exceptionally well-grown" NURSERY
STOCK, by order of Messrs. C. Lee & Son, the ground
being required for other purposes. The Stock is in mag-
nificent condition for removal, having been recently
transplanted with great care.

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

JLTJ. SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Nurseries,
Feltham, Middlesex, on THURSDAY, and FRIDAY,
December 10 and 11, at 12 o'clock precisely each dav
1500 CUl'RESSUS ERECTA VIRIDIS. SJfeet; 2000 ENGLISH
SzSSir.2 JS^J&if Ul0° HOLLIES, 1000 named and

CONIFERS, of which particulars will be given in future
Advertisements.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved Sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,

and SATURDAY.

10 tons, comprising 3000 lots, are actually sold every week.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C. FIVE DAYS WEEKLY, as above, at half-past
11 o'Ciock each day, LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Richmond, Surrey.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FOUR DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE
of the FIRST PORTION of well -grown NURSER1
STOCK, by order of Messrs. G. & W. Steell, in consequence
of the death of the senior partner, and the intention of the
Vendors to relinquish the business.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The
Common and Gasfields Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey, about
ten minutes' walk from the Richmond Railway Station, on
MONDAY. November 30, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS,
at 12 o'Ciock precisely each day. the FIRST PORTION of the
extensive and well-grown NURSERY STOCK, including,
amongst other items. 10,000 Aucubas, 1 to 4 feet, a large
number being suitable for pots and for growing on ; 1000
Green and Variegated Box, 2 to 5 feet ; 1000 new Silver Dwarf
variety, 12 to 18 inches, suitable for pots ; 4000 Golden Privet.
1 to 2i feet ; 4000 oval leafed Privet, 3 to 5 feet ; 3000 English
Yews, 3 to 6 feet ; 5000 Laurels, 4 to 6 feet ; 5000 Gold and
Silver Variegated Hollies— a splendid lot, including 2100
Standard and Pyramid and single stems; 50 10 Green Hollies.
1000 Retinospora plumosa aurea, 2 to 4 feet ; 750 Thuja
Lobbii, 4 to 6 feet; 750 Cupressus Lawsonii, 3 to 5 feet ; 5000
Rhododendron ponticum, 1J to 3 feet; 5000 Rhododendron
Stocks (good), 2500 Rhododendrons, fine named hybrids, IJt)
3 feet ; 500 Standard iRhododendrons, fine named hybrids, 2j
to 4 feet stems; 1000 Azalea mollis, 12 to 18 inches; 1000
Azalea pootica, 12 to 18 inches; 1500 Spruce Firs, 3 to 5 feet;
5000 Green Hollies. 2 to 5 feet ; a large assortment of Specimen
Ferns, Standard Ornamental Trees, 80 0 Fruit Trees, 2 to
3 years, among-* them 4000 Plums, principally Victoria and
Gisborne; 500 Pyramid Morello Cherries, fruiting trees. Six
ricks of old meadow HAY, about 100 loads ; large Market
VAN, Bay CART-HORSE, rising six years, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

N.B.— The LEASE of the Nurseries and old-established
Business is for DISPOSAL. Particulars can be obtained of the
Auctioneers. _____

Dutch Bulbs. Dutch Bulbs.

SALES EVERY MONDAY. WEDNESDAY, and SATURDAY,

and frequently on THURSDAY.

In Large and Small Lots, to suit all Buyers.

Wednesday Next.

A CONSIGNMENT of LATANIA BORBONICA. KENTIAS,
DRACAENAS. ARALIAS, and other STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, in splendid condition, from Ghent.
600 choice named ROSES, a good Collection of ROBBER
PLANTS, LAURELS, EVERGREENS. &c. ; LILIUMS
in quantity. SPIR-EA. CARNATIONS and PINKS,
LILY OF THE VALLEY. AMARYLLIS. &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE, by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38. King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY
NEXT, November 25.

On view morning of Sale, aud Catalogues had.

Brox Nursery, Brox, near Chertsey, Surrey.

IMPORTANT SALE of NURSSkRY STOCK.

MESSRS. WATERER and SONS are
instructed by Messrs. Gray & Sons to SELL by AUC-
TION, on MONDAY and TUESDAY, November 23 and 24,
1891, at 11 for 12 o'Ciock each day, the exceedingly well-
gro*n NURSERY STOCK, which has all been moved within
the last two yeais. and is in perfect order for removal. It
comprises 10,000 Cupressus Lawsoniana, 1 to 5 feet; 2000
American Arbor-vitas, 1 to 3 feet; 1000 English Yews ; 15,000
Thuia Lobbii, 1 to 5 feet ; 10,000 Weymouth Pine, 1 to 5 feet ;
several thousand Green and Variegated Hollies ; 1000 Aucuba
japonica, 1 to 2 feet ; 21,000 Rhododendrons and Hybrid Seed-
lings, 1 to 3 feet; 500 Purple Lilacs, 4 to 6 feet; 11,000
Common and Portugal Laurels, 1 to 6 feet; 2000 specimen
Border Shrubs ; a large quantity of Dwarf and Standard Roses,
the choicest sorts; 1000 Standard Lime, Birch, Sycamore,
Maple, Ash, and Poplar, 8 to 14 feet ; 3000 Larch, 2 to 6 feet;
1000 cut- back Cherry, 2 to 6 feet. &c, &c.

May be viewed seven days prior io the Sale, and Catalogues
obtained upon the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, at either
of their Offices, at Chertsey; opposite Booking Oflice. Wey-
bridge Station; and opposite Station Entrance, Walton-on-
Thames.

The Tivoli Nursery, Chapel Road, West Norwood.

SALE UF SURPLUS STOCK.

MR. W. N. WILLOUGHBY will SELL by
AUCTION, on the premises, on MONDAY, November 30,
at 12 o'Ciock. a choice collection of NURSERY STOCK,
including 6000 Irish Ivies. 1000 of which are in 32-pota, and
about 5000 in the ground, from 3 to 6 feet high ; Standard and
Pyramid-bearing Pear, Apple, and Plum Trees ; Rose Trees,
Evergreens, Cupressus, Green Euonymus, about 500 Aucubas,
Weigelia rosea. Guelder Roses, Privet ovalifoliuru, and other
Deciduous Shrubs; Irish and English Yews, Golden and Green
Hollies; Limes, Sycamores, Planes, Mountain Ash, Box, aud
Copper Beech Trees; Laburnums, Clematis, Forsythias ; also
a large quantity of Border Shrubs.

May be viewed from Thursday, November 25, between the
hours of 9 and 4 ; and Catalogues may be had ou the Premises,
or of the Auctioneer, 399. Norwood Road, S.E., and facing the
Railway Station, West Norwood.

WANTED, to RENT, a SMALL NURSERY,
or a PLACE as WORKING MANAGER, where, later
on, to join in the Business. — BRUNSWICK, 58, Quentin
Road, Lee, S.E.

WANTED, to PURCHASE, or RENT on
LEASE, a SIX-ROOMED COTTAGE, with ACRE of
light LAND, suitable for Greenhouses. Near Rail and London.
— M. RUSSELL, Hentield, Sussex.

TO BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the
Bath Road, HEATHROW FARM. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, from Michaelmas next; contiins 438 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Meadow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into three or four Market Gardens. The House and Building*
are 3 miles from West Drayton and Haves Stations (G. W. R),
also Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R.). No Agents
need apply.

For particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wrotham Park Estate Office, Barnet, Herts.

To Gardeners and Florists.

MATURED GARDEN, 16 acres, excellent
laud ; twenty Green and Vine-houses (.30 to 300 feet in
length); two Cottages. Moderate rent.

ELDRIDGE, 2, Western Parade. Southfea.

To Florists and Nurserymen.

FOR DISPOSAL, an ESTABLISHED
BUSINESS, centre of popular town in Kent. Handsome
Conservatory, good Gardens and Houses. Rare opportunity
for energetic man. No Premium. In-going at Valuation. —
B. POM FRET, Valuer, Tunbridge Wells.

LONDON, West-End.— Main Thoroughfare.
Bold Corner position. FURNISHING FLORISTS' aud
CUT FLOWERS BUSINESS. Suit Lady. Lease 18 years.
Price £650, or offer.— Full particulars of PROTHEROE and
MORRIS, Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

KENT. — To Fruit Growers and Market Gar-
deners. Adjoining Station, South Eastern Railway.
Valuable FREEHOLD FRUIT GARDEN, about 20 Acres.— Im-
mediate possession can be had. Personally inspected.

Particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE ASH MORRIS. Land
Agents, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Landscape Gardening.

ARTHUR M. KETTLEWELL (Author of
the Theory and Practice of Landscape Garxlenirg),
brings experienced and careful personal attention to the
artistic arrangement of Ornamental Grounds, Parks, Gardtns,
&c. Excellent testimonials from former patrous.
Address, Titley, R.S.O., Herefordshire.

Address, SECRETARY. 43. Great Tower Street. E.C.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Horticu_>
tural Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyt on-
stone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had on application.

ORCHIDS.

CATTLEYA TRIAN___,

FROM A NEW DISTRICT.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,
Have just received a large and splendid impor-
tation of CATTLEYA TRIAN/E, from an
entirely new district. The Collector discovered
the plants during the blooming season, and he
states that there are an unusually large number
of the pure white forms amongst them. The
entire lot looks distinct. Inspection of these and
also of the Company's immense Stock of Estab-
lished, Semi-established, and Newly - Import-d
ORCHIDS is earnestly invited.

Full particulars on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

COMMON ASH and SYCAMORE, stout
transplanted stuff, 3 to 4 feet, 20s. p-r 1000. No reason-
able offer refused for a quantity. RHODODENDRON PON-
TICUM and HYBRID SEEDLINGS, in various sizes, at low
prices. Samples on application.

J. J. MARRIOTT AND CO.. Nurseries. Wallsall.

M_ AIDEN CHERRIES, probably the finest in
the country ; clean, stout, and well-rooted. Fine Stan-
dards for Orchards.

TARRAGON, for forcing, large clumps transplanted last
spring.

VICTORIA PLUMS, thousands of fine Standards and cheap
Market Trees.

WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery. Hampton, Middlesex.

SEAKALE for FORCING, superior Selected
Crowns, 75s. per 1000; under 500. 8s. per 100. Cash
with orders.— Address, ALFRED ATWOOD, Market Grower,
21, Shillington Street, Battersea. S.W.

NOYEMBEB 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

603

St. George tne Martyr, Southwark.

TENDER FOR TREES.

TENDERS are invited for SUPPLYING
FRESH TREES, and KEEPING in GOOD ORDER, &c,
the WHOLE of the TREES (420) in the public streets of the
above Pariah. A Copy of Specification can be had upon appli-
cation at the Veatry Clerk's Office any day between 10 and 4.
Tenders, accompanied by a Deposit of 40s. in money, must be
sent in endorsed, " Tender for Trees," addressed to the Vestry
Clerk, not later than 5 o'clock on Tuesday. December 8, 1891.
The Vestry do not bind themselves to accept the lowest, or
any Tender.

A. MILLAR, Vestry Clerk.
Vestry Hall, 81, Borough Road, S.E., November 18, 1891.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS. CHER-
RIES, and DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards ;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. AH the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

„ „ WIERHLACINIATUM.10tol4feet,girth3to5in«h.
„ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
„ REITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
„ SCHWEDLERII, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inchea.
„ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
OKRASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 18 feet,

girth 4 to 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS. Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
„ ,, Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
„ „ Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
,. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIMES, 12, 16, and 20 feet, girth 3 to '0 inches.

„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6

inches.
,, Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUIDAMBAR, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girtli 4 to 5 inches.

,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

,. Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink. 8 to 10 feet.
,, ,, Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
,. .. White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.
BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet.

,, Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids aud Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
,, CuMeaved Weeping, Pyramids and StandarJs, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet.
POPLAR, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

SPECIAL OFFER OF FRUIT TREES, &c.

TO GENTLEMEX PLANTING.
PYRAMID APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and

CHERRIES. Extra-size Fruiting.

DWARF and HORIZONTAL - TRAINED

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES.

STANDARD and DWARF-TRAINED

PEACHES and NECTARINES.

SEAKALE and RHUBARB for Forcing.
STRAWBERRIES in Pots, in Great Variety.
Also a large Assortment of well-grown Nursery

Stock. CATALOGUES and prices on application to —

ROBERT NEAL,

Nurseryman and Seedsman,

Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.
Trade Offer of Large Palme.

WICETOX has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dracaenas,
Bamboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICETOX, Putney. S.W.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley!

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year- old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW-
BERRIES, and all sorts of Small aud Hardy Fruits
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most complete issued, id. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN W ATKINS. Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

To those about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN and SON, Woking Nursery, Wokiog.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow Saffrons.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS, 10s. 6d„ 21s., 425., 63s., & upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS, 5s. 6d.,1s.Qd., 10s. 6d., to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Daffodils, Iris, Paeonies, Lilies, &c.
BARR and SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London.W.C.

OVERT

FOR GAME.

LAURELS, Common, 1J to 3 feet, 70s. per 1000.

„ Bushy, 2 to 3 feet, 100s. per 1000.

„ Very bushy, 3 to 4 feet, 15s. per 100.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, 35s. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIRS, fine, 2J to 3J feet, 100s. per 1000.
BEECH, extra strong, 3 to 4 feet, 40«. per 1100.
QUICKS, extra strong, 2 to 3 feet. 21s. per 1000.

„ thrice transpd., 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 1000.
LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS and other trees equally cheap.

Catalogues and Samples free on application.
R. TUCKER, Nurseries, Faringdon, Berks.

Roots, &c, for Early Forcing.-Carrlage Paid.

DICKSON and ROBINSON
Offer the undermentioned, of Finest Quality, and extra
Strong, for Early Forcing, viz. : —
LILY OF THE VALLEY. Berlin Crowns, 44s. and 48s. per

1000 ; 5s. and 5s. id. per 100.
LILY OF THE VALLEY, Dutch and German Clumps, 10».

and 12s. per dozen.
SPIR.EA JAPONICA, Imported Clumps, 30s. and 35s. per 100;

4s. and 5s. per dozen.
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS. Imported, 4j. and 5s. per dozen.
AZALEA MOLLIS, well-budded, 21s., 24s., and 30s. per dozen ;

2s. to 3s. each.
GUELDER ROSE, well-budded, 30s. per dozen ; 2s. 6a\ and

3s. each.
Lilacs, Christmas Roses, Hydrangeas. Deuizias, &c.
Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Mitigate, Manchester.

CLEARANCE SALE OF PALMS,
DRAC.ESAS, Sec.
Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS. LATANIA BORBONICA, ARECA
SAPIDA, CORYPHIA AUSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA,
K. FOSTERIANA, and DRAC.ENA IND1VISA, sample 2 of
each, 14 . lants in all, 5s. ; 1 of each, 7 in all, 3s. Package
Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order.

Price per hundred or thousand on application.
•LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging
10 fine leaves. 15s. each.

* CHAS1/EROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging

12 fine leaves, 30s. each.

* Ditto, ditto, 4 feet high, with pot averaging

12 fine leaves, 21s. each.

* DRAOENA CANIFOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high. 2U. each.

* Ditto, ditto, 4 feet high, 15s. each.

* PH02NIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, 5s. each.

* Ditto. ditto, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen.

» DRAC.ESA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 6s. each.

* Ditto, RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen.

* Ditto, CONGESTA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen.

" SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in 60s, fitfor 48's, strong, 6s. doz.

Price per hundred on application.

Those marked * are Packed Free, but not Carriagi Paid.

W. OWEN, 106, Stamford Hill, N.

WINTER fTTEATHS, EPACRIS,

■FTrvorir-nT-MYiJ *-*- LILACS. genistas, cycla-
i LiUWi!.KlrJtr ■: MENS, primulas, bouvardias,

PLANTS.

I CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, &c.
V Splendidly set for Bloom.

Prices on Application.

DicksonstsChester

(LIMITED)

THE CHEAPEST OFFER EVER MADE.

40,000 ASH, transplanted. 9 to 18 inches, 9s. per 1000.

40.000 ASH, transplanted, 12 to 18 inches, lis. per 1000.

50,000 ASH, transplanted, 1* to 2 feet, 13s. id. per 1000.
100,000 ASH, transplanted, 2 to 3 feet, 18s. per 1003.
100,000 ASH, transplanted, 3 to 4 feet, 23s. per 1000.

50.0C0 ASH, transplanted, 4 to 5 feet, 27s. per 1000.
A Sample 100 can be had at prices quoted.

ALL FINELY-ROOTED and WELL-GROWN STUFF.

EDWARD WISEMAN, Nurseryman,
Elgin, Scotland.

EXHIBITIONS.

SOUTH SHIELDS CHRYSANTHEMUM
and WINTER FLOWER SHOW.
EXHIBITION will be held on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, November 25 and 26, in the Royal Assembly Hall, South
Shields. PRIZE MONEY over £100 ; £10 for 36 blooms.

BERNARD COWAN, Hon. Secretary.
Harton, South Shields.

N.B. — The Hall illuminated by electricity.
Entries close on the 20th inst.

Bulbs direct from the Capetown Botanic Gardens.

TRADE ORDERS are now being received for
this Season's growth of CAPE BULBS, deliverable Jan. to
Feb., 1892.— HENRY J. CHALWIN, Botanic Gardens, Capetown

SEED BUYERS! IMPORTANT.— A large
quantity of TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER SEED for Sale.
No reasonable offer refused.

HENRY SMITH, Cucumber Grower, Radcliffe ou-Trent,
Notts.

FOR SALE. — SMALL-LEAF MYRTLE"
good bushy plants, in 48*8. Price on application.
C. COOK, Sydney Villa, Northcote Road, St. Margaret's
Twickenham.

OLD CRIMSON CLOVE.— Strong healthy
LAYERS, well-rooted, 14s. per 100, cash; or EXCHANGE
for VIOLETS. The Czar.

GREAVES and HAYNES, Florists, Beeston, Notts.

FOR SALE.— New hybrid CYPRIPEDIUM
ENFIELDENSE, described in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
November 7.

E. AYLING, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex

Limes !— Limes ! !— Limes ! ! !

BIRD and VALLANCE, American Nur-
series, Downham Market, can offer LEVIES in good
stuff, at the following low prices :— 4 to 6 feet, 4s. per dozen ;
6 to 8 feet. 7s. 6d. per dozen; 8 to 12 feet, 12s. per dozen.
Cheaper per 100.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, true to name. ~ThU
collection includes the very best varieties only. Several
silver cups and hundreds of 1st prizes were taken by my
customers last year. For price of cuttings and plants see
CATALOGUE of W. ETHERINGTON, Swanscombe, Kent.

l000 Just t0 hand* A sPlendid lot °f SPIRAEA

**\J\J\J JAPONICA, true imported clumps. Sample Bix
clumps. Is., or 9s. per 100, to clear.

W. KNIGHT, 7, Prince's Terrace, HoMenhurst Road,
Bournemouth.

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy," well-

Xv/^ \J\J\J grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, Qs. to 15s. per
dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, TELEGRAPH.
The Old Tri/e Stock of Rollisson
A Prodigious cropper, and unsurpassed for Market Work.
Seed, just harvested, Is. per packet; 25 Seeds, Is. Sd. ; 100
Seeds, 4s. Post free, Cash with Order. Price per ounce on
application.- C. A. Le TALL 8c. CO., Seedsmen, &c. The
Approach, Charing Cross, W.C.

FOR SALE, 10,000 of Bishop's Perfection,
Northumberland Fillbasket RASPBERRY CANES, true
to name; the best Market variety and heaviest cropper in
existence. Price. Gs. per 100 ; 50s. per 1000.— Apply,

W. BISHOP, Medical Botanist, 33, Paragon Street; also
Mount Pleasant, Skidby, Hull, Yorks.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 4 to 5 feet,
9s. per doz., 60s. per 100. THUIA LOBBII, 4 to 5 feet.
9s. per doz., 60s. per 100 : ditto, 5 to 6 feet, 15s. per doz., 100s
per 100. THUIA OCCIDENTALIS, 5 to 6 feet, 9s. per doz.,
60s. per 100; ditto, 6 to 7 feet, 15s. per doz., 100s. per 100.

The above are finely-rooted and well grown plants.
THOS.HOLDFORTH& SON, Saunders'Lane Nurseries, Woking

FOR SALE, SURPLUS NURSERY STOCK,
Cheap. To effect a Clearance.
1000 SPRUCE FIR, from 2 to 6 feet, well-furnished, being

frequently transplanted.
400 POPLAR, 6 to 10 feet.
500 AUSTRIAN PINE, 2 feet.
1000 IVY, IRISH, 3 to 4 feet, stout, 15s. per 100.
6000 ASH. COMMON. 4 feet, stout, 25s. per 10C0.
300 FILBERTS, KENT COBS, 3 feet, fruiting, 50s. per 100.
300 yards BOX-EDGING, id. per yard.
20,000 STRAWBERRY PLANTS, LAXTON'S NOBLE, new,
15j. per 1000. ■

W. DALE, Knockholt, Kent.

FERNS 1 FERNS ! ! FERNS ! ! ! — Stove
and Greenhouse. Great Annual Sale. Surplus Stock;
100,000 in 25 most saleable sorts, at 12s. per 100 in 2^-inch
pots; out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum cuneatum, 50s. per
100, value in fronds. Large Ferns, in variety, 45s. per 100.
A. cuneatum for potting on, 12s. and 16s. per 100. Palms,
15s. per dozen, in 4.S's. Packed free for cash with Order.

J. SMITH. The London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro'
Junction, S.W.

POT ROSES.— A Bargain ; room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle dea
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano. Souvenir
d'un Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection invited.
Price £5 and £6 per 100.
QUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder'a
End, Middlesex.

604

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 21, 1891.

90,000

Apply to E. Gilbert, Hign Park, Stamford, for the

FOLLOWING : —

OXONIAN STRAWBERRY, the best late
extant, good plants, warranted true (not Eleanor),
2s. 6rf. per 1U0 ; 'JOS. per 1000.
MRS. REYNOLDS HOLE CARNATION, per dozen, 5s.
TRUE CHAMPAGNE RHUB4RB, from the Raiser's Stock, at
5s. per dozen eyes. Trade price on application.

GILBERT'S ROYAL FAMILY
of the BRASSICA TRIBE.
CHOU DE BURGHLKY (Kingof Cabbages). Is. per packet.
UNIVERSAL SAVOY (Queen of Savoys), Is. per packet.
KING of the BRUSSELS SPROUTS, Is. id. per paeket.
LATE WHITE VICTORIA BROCCOLI, Is. 6rf. per packet.
EARLY WILLIAM PEA (sow now). 2s. per quart.
WILSON'S ROYAL ASHTOP POTATO, for frame and outside

work, the best. 2s. per stone.
GILBERT'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, Is. twelve seeds.
EARLIEST STRAWBERRY— JOHN RUSKIN, turned out of

pots, 20s. per 1000; good runners, 15s. per 1000.
LATEST OF ALL runners, 15s. per 1000. Warranted best

plants in the trade.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

160,000.-Special Offer of Kentlas.

WICETON has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON, Putney. S.W.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

-L have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards ; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet ; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HOESE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH TEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties, 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, also for
Forest Planting ; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURELS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

PRIVATE SALE.

FRUIT T R E E S, twice trans-
planted, choicest kinds. 30,000 Standard
Victoria Plums and Damsons, noble trees, six years old.
170,000 Black Currants, Raspberries, Gooseberries (twenty
kinds), half their value ; removing. See CATALOGUES.
Choice Rhododendrons, Specimen Shrubs, and Roses.
Head Gardener, Honourable GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield,
Cradley, near Malvern.

DANIELS BROS., NORWICH.

WE are Large Importers of DUTCH and
other FLOWER ROOTS, and offer a fine assortment
of all the choicest in HYACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSI,
LILIES, CROCUS, ANEMONES, &c, in finest quality, at
moderate prices.

LILIUM HARRISII

(THE BERMUDA EASTER LILY).

Magnificent variety. Long, pure white, trumpet flowers,

deliciousdy scented.

First-rate for Pot Culture or for Forcing.

Fine selected bulbs per 100, 40s. ; per dozen Gs. Od.

Extra flue bulbs per 100, 60s. ; per dozen 8s. Qd.

A few very large bulbs per dozen 15*. 0d.

FRUIT TREES.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, APRI-
COTS, NECTARINES. A grand assortment of all the Choicest
Varieties in fine Standard, Dwarf, and Trained Trees. Also
a fine Collection of GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS, RASP-
BERRIES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS, &c.

ROSES.

HYBRID PERPETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

NEW OSTRICH PLUME

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

The Best and Most Distinct Novelties of the Season.

i i

A. MANDA,"

The New Golden-Yellow Variety of the " Hairy Family ;
free bloomer, of good habit, and strong constitution.

Well-rooted Plants, for Spring Delivery, 6s. each.

Six ditto ditto ditto for 30s.

Special Terms for Quantities, to the Trade, on Application.

BALLANTINE,

" profuse

The New Bronze Variety of the "Hairy Family;
bloomer, fine habit, and of excellent constitution.

Well-rooted Plants, for Spring Delivery, bs. each.
Six ditto ditto ditto for 25s.

Special Terms for Quantities, to the Trade, on Application.
1^ All ORDERS for the above two proved and sterling
Novelties, now offered for the first time, will be executed In
Strict Rotation; and, for further description, write for our
NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM CATALOGUE, post-free on appli-
cation. To Secure the best Plants, Order at Once, from —

PITCHER & MANDA,

The United States Nurseries,

HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT,

Who, at present, hold the entire Stock of both Varieties.

MALMAISON CARNATIONS.

Strong Plants In 48-pots.
OLD BLUSH . . ) A. 04 dozen

CRIMSON . . . . / At -4s> P®r dozen'

ROSE .' .' ! .' ) Singly' ~s- 6lL each-

MADAME WAROCQUE, 3s. 6d. eath.

DlCKSONS'SXfCHESTER

(LIMITED)

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to writ* im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STuCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

W ^crne and <£e&.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.
SHARPE'S

VICT0R_P0TAT0.

TO OBTAIN THE

TRUE YELLOW-FLESHED
VARIETY,

Apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES

.NTS.

And Other

AMERICAN

PLANTS

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS,

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrin.ch.am;

Also. 10 and 12, Market Street. Mjnchesteh.

H. LANE & SON

Beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their extensive
Stocksof TREES and SHRUBSfor immediate effect, extending
over 150 acres, including the following, all uninjured by frost.

EVERGREENS.

AUCUBAS, BERBERIS, BOX, COTONEASTERS, HOLLIES
(Green and VarieRated), LAURELS, PORTUGAL LAURELS,
MAHONIAS, GOLDEN YEWS (fine specimens, 6 feet in
diameter), and Thousands of smaller Seedling Varieties, in
different shades of colour, variety, and form.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

DEUTZIAS. ELDER (Golden and Variegated). GUELDER

ROSES, THORNS in variety, LABURNUMS, LILACS,

FHILADELPHUS, RIBES, SPIRiEAS, WEIGELAS, &C.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

MAPLES. SYCAMORES, BEECH, Black NORWEGIAN

BIRCH, CHESTNUTS, ELMS, LIMES, PURPLE-LEAVED

PLUM, WEEPING TREES, &c.

CONIFERS.

ABIES DOUGLASII, ARAUCARIAS, CEDRUS DEODARA
(splendid Specimens), CUPRESSUS, PICEA NOBILIS and
NOKDMANNIANA, See., PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c. RETINO-
SPORAS in variety, THUIA LOBBI and others, THUJOPSIS
BOREALIS and DOLABRATA (fine Specimens).

RHODODENDRONS, fine named sorts, well set with bloom.

Ponticum and Hybrid Seedlings, Azalea Mollis, &c.

FOREST TREES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.

CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

THE NURSERIES, berkhamstead, HERTS.

Cant's Roses

HAVE WON THE

National Champion Trophy, 1891,

FIVE TIMES PREVIOUSLY;

ALSO THE

CHISWICK CHALLENGE TROPHY, 1891.

Besides 1690 other FIRST PRIZES,

AND

65 SILVER CUPS and MEDALS.

T)te Most Successful Grower and Exhibitor
for the Last 40 Years.

CATALOGUES, post-free, on application to —

BENJAMIN R. CANT,

ROSE GROWER,

COLCHESTER.

Telegrams— " CANT, Colcbkster." Established 126 Years.

NOTEMBEB 21, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CERONICLE.

605

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations, &c,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order.

s. d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS price 60 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 1000.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35 0 per 1000.

(Gardenia-like — very sweet scented).
PHEASANT'S EYE NARCISS price 13

price 15

price 12
price 10
price 21

6 per 1000.
0 per 1000.

MIXED DAFFODILS ...

(A Grind Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS

WINTER ACONITES ...
SNOWDROPS

Buyers from this List must please give the price with

their order.

All are offered so lODg as unsold, and for quantities of not

less than 600 bulbs.

6 per 1000.
6 per 1000.
0 per 1000.

Suppliers of Bulbs to the Royal London Parks,
237
238

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

CARNATIONS

and other

HARDY

BORDER PLANTS

'MRS. REYNOLDS HOLE,"

and other popular hardy Border

CARNATIONS and PICOTEES

should be planted now.

Descriptive Catahjues of Hardy
Florists' Flowers on application.

DicksonsssChester

(LIMITED)

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders :—

APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

APBICOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained.

CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.

PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids. Standards.

DAMSONS, FAKLEIGH PROLIFIC -Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained,

Quantity Large— Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20*. per 100.

,, ,, in 60's at55s.perl00.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.

„ „ ,, in60's, at 60s. per 100.

,, ,, in48's, at 24s. perdoz.

,, ,, in32's, at48s. perdoz.

SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in 60's, at32s. per iOO.

,, ,, in 48's, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in thumbs and 60's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracaenas Lindenii,
and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree

FRUIT.

to suit all Soils.

ROSES.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8S. per dozen, 60S. per 100. for Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B.— Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBSrGETanrFEAKli0WER'

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

SHARPESJUEEN PEA.

FINEST BLUR WRINKLED

MAKKOW.

BEST OF ALL FOR QUALITY

AND COLOUR.

FINEST FOR EXHIBITION.
ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL.

For Trade Price apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

FRANK CANT'S

Have been Awarded the Jubilee Champion
Cup of the National Rose Society,

AND THE

FIRST PRIZES in the great 72 CLASSES

HEREFORD, WOLVERHAMPTON, MAN-
CHESTER and TIBSHELF,
Besides upwards of 40 other FIRST PRIZES

THIS YEAR.

Full List of Prizes for Four years, published in my

ROSE CATALOGUE, post-free.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

iffiflfe

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

,1 f!HEAL*SQNS

UUP Crawley, U Sussex.

EVERGREEN HEDGES.

■ Per 100

ARBOR- vnVE. American, 3 to 4 feet 35s.

., ,, 4 to 5 feet 60s.

., ,. 6 to 7 feet 120s.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. 2 to 3 feet 30s.

„ „ 3 to 4 feet 75s.

HOLLIES. Green. 1J to 2 feet 40s.

,, „ 2 to 2} feet 60s.

.. „ 2} to 3 feet 120s.

THUIA LOBBII, 2 to 3 feet 40s.

„ „ 3 to 4 feet 70s.

,. .. 4 to 5 feet 120s.

YEWS, English, 1 to 1J foot 25s.

,, „ 1} to 2 feet 35s.

,, ,. 2 to 2£ feet 60s.

JNO. JEFFEMES AND SON. Royal Nurseries, Cirencester.

iiiiiiimiiimmimmiiiimimiiiMiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiimHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllhifiin

PLANTING SEASON,

J HARDILY-GROWN

Forest, Fruit^

A AU. OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

VERT EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited1
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

Dickson's"*

(limitbd) (Chester-

THE
IJBSEKIEs

iiiiiiuiuiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiuiiiuiMiiuiniuiuiiiiuiu

CHARLES NOBLE

HAS FINE BUDDED
RHODODENDRONS, named kinds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIKUNDA.
AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds.

Ditto, Seedlings.

Ditto, MOLLIS, 10 to 80 buds.

Ditto, OCCIDENTALIS.

■ 3 to 6 feet.

DWARF ROSES. H. P., B., and TEAS.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS )

THUIA LOBBII

Ditto. AMERICANA ,

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA J
HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet.
HARDY HEATHS.
CLEMATIS, 3 and 4 years old.
The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will 1
found superior in every way.

BAGSHOT, November, 1891.

FOREST TREES-FOREST TREES,

COVERT PLANTS, &c.

JOHN PERKINS and SON
beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their
large stock of the following, which for quantity and quality
cannot be surpassed : — ■

ASH. 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.

ALDER, 3 to 4 feet.

BEECH, 2 to 3 feet.

BIRCH. 2 to 3 feet.

JUGLANS NIGRA, 4 to 5 feet.

LARCH FrRS. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.

OAKS, English, 3 to 4 feet.

PINUS AUSTRIACA, 1J to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.

„ LAKICIO, 1$ to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
SCOTCH FIRS, H to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
SPRUCE FIRS, if to 2, 2 to 2J, and 2± to 3 feet.
SYCAMORE, 3 to 4 feet.

BERBERIS AQUIFOLIA. 1 to 1J, and 1J to 2 feet.
BLACKTHORN, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
DOGWOOD, scarlet, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HAZEL, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HORNBEAM, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
LAURELS, common, 1J to 2, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.

„ Caucasica, 1£ to 2. and 2J to 3 feet.

„ rotundifolia, 1J to 2, and 2J to 3 feet.

,, Portugal, 1^ to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
PRIVET. Evergreen, 1J to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
PRUNUS MYROBALANA. 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum), strong transplanted.
QUICK or WHITETHORN, strong and extra strong trans-
planted. Special offers on application.

52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON,

Nurseries, Billing Boad.

ROSES! ROSES! ROSES!

PLANT NOW.

100 STRONG DWARF H.P. ROSES, for 35/- 100

THE FINEST IN THE TRADE.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on Application.

C. H. OORRINGE, Roaelanda Nursery, EASTBOURNE,

606

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 21, 1891.

PAULS' NURSERIES,

WALTHAM CROSS.

South Entrance four minutes' walk from Walth&m Cross
Station (G.E.R.); West Entrance, three minutes' walk from
Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.R).

ROSES.

The Largest and Finest Stock
in the Country.

NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY.

Also Books on Koses, by
Wm. Paul, F.L.S.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS
FRUIT TREES

AND

GRAPE VINES.

An enormous Stock of
Fruiting; and Other Trees
unsurpassed in quality,
being vigorous, clean, and
true to name.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

HARDY TREES
AND SHRUBS.

EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and
ONIFERS. in endless variety,
kept constantly transplanted.
RHODODENDRONS off Loam.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS
a specialty.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

CAMELLIAS

The Largest Stock In the
Country.

Plants well set with Bloom-buds.

Also,

AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and

other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

BULBS & SEEBS

OF BEST QUALITY.

ALSO

MUSHROOM SPAWN, GARDEN
MATS, MANURES, INSECTI-
CIDES, and all other GARDEN
REQUISITES.

. ' Prices strictly moderate; reduced rates for large quan-
tities Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bv experienced
hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of character and
experience recommended.

Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address—

WM. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS,

HERTS.

NEW APPLE,

CHELMSFORD
WONDER.

SALTMARSH & SON,

The Nurseries,
CHELMSFORD,

AKE NOW SENDING OUT THIS
SPLENDID

NEW KITCHEN APPLE

which, after receiving an Award of
Merit, in March last, has had an
additional award of a First-class Cer-
tificate, at the Meeting of the Fruit
Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society, on November 10.

It is a firm, handsome Apple, of
large size, a good keeper, great bearer,
and of superior flavour when cooked.
It was favoured with a well-executed
illustration, together with a faithful
description, in the Gardeners'1 Maga-
zine, of April 11, copies of which may
be had on application.

Strong Maiden Trees
are now ready, at

5s. each,

With the usual Discount to the Trade

PAUL & SON'S

GEEAT HARDY NURSERY,
CHESHUNT, N.

Invite Planters to Inspect and Select from their Stock of

PAUL & SON'S CHESHUNT ROSES.

STANDARDS— Demand large. Early orders necessary.

DWARFS— Virtually all on the accepted stock— the Biiar.

POT ROSES— The finest lot they ever held ; therefore the
finest in the "world.

ROSE SPECIES and SINGLE ROSES— A specialty of the
Finn.

PAUL & SON'S FINISHED FRUIT TREES.

STANDARDS, more especially APPLES, the very finest in
the Trade. From £12 per 100 downwards.

PYRAMIDS, and all FORMED TBEES, vigorous, and yet of
best shapes.

All SMALL FRUITS, to ALPINE STRAWBERRIES, care-
fully tended.

Large Planters should see the Stock.

PAUL & SON'S HARDY TREES.

The variety of them is wonderful. By careful selection the
smallest garden may be made a varied picture.
From 18s. per dozen.

PAUL & SON'S HOLLIES & EVERGREENS

Of every description, are moved and do well— notably Hollies,
of which there are 8 acres at the Epping Forest Nursery, from
2 to 12 feet, Is. to 5 guineas each.

PAUL & SON'S AMERICAN PLANTS.

The free-setting RHODODENDRONS and AZALEA MOLLIS
—specialty at the High Beech Nurseries.

PAUL & SON'S CONIFER/E.

The most varied collection in England. Special selections of
ROCK GARDEN SHRUBS, and for Villa Gardens.
ARAUCARIAS in thousands, green and beautiful.

PAUL & SON'S HERBACEOUS AND
ALPINE PLANTS.

For Borders, Rockwork, Cut Flower producing.
An acre of ROCK PLANTS at the Broxbourne Nursery.

Established 1807. Eighty-four years' continuous attention
and application has made these Hardy Nurseries one of the
most complete in Europe. Planters should see for themselves.

ROSE and other CATALOGUES on application to

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT.

(One Mile from Cheshunt Station, G.E.R.)

THE
VERY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

>Tiiii(Tii*intrii'i

o
o

LARGE & VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

Ail thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition fop planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. 397.

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DicksonSgI£ Chester

S. G. RUMSEY

OFFEKS

7)
O

10 FIRST-RATE STANDARD ROSES for 10s

10 „ ,. HALF-STANDARD „ „ 7s. 6rf
10 SPLENDID DWARF or BUSH „ 5s

10 GRAND CLIMBING , 5/ __

10 LOVELY MOSS „ „ 5s. HI

All Best Sorts, Packing Free. Cash with Order,
CATALOGUE on application.

ROSE - GROWER, WROTHABI,

KENT.

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

607

THE ELEPHANT MOTH
DENDROBE,

IN FULL BLOSSOM

In great variety, from White to Dark.

SANDER & CO.

Earnestly Invite an Early Inspection of their

EXHIBITION

ST. ALBANS,

DENDROBIUM PHAL/ENOPSIS
VAR. SCHRODERIANUM.

Every Plant in floiver is FOR SALE, and we cordially invite an Inspection.

SANDER & CO., ST. ALBANS.

THE

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1891.

TOWN FOGS, AND THEIR
EFFECTS.

"VJ"OW that the fog season is approaching, we
-1-' call attention to an important lecture on
the subject by Dr. W. J. Russell, F.R.S.,
reported in full in Nature, November 5, 1891,
and from which we extract a few salient points
of interest to our readers.

The deposit analysed occurred during the last
fortnight in February of this year (1891), and
was obtained from the previously-washed glass
roofs of the plant-houses at Kew and of some
Orchid-houses at Chelsea. At Kew, 20 square
yards of roof yielded 30 grammes of deposit.
At Chelsea, the same area gave 40 grammes,
which represents 22 lb. to the acre, or 6 tons to
the square mile, and the composition of these
deposits is as follows : —

Composition.

Chelsea.
Per cent.

Kew.

Per cent.

Carbon

Hydrocarbons

Organic bases (pyridines, &c.)

Sulphuric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Ammonia

Metallic iron and magnetic oxide of
iron

Mineral matter (chiefly silica and ferric
oxide)

Water, not determined (say difference)

390
12'3
2-0
43
1-4
14
2'6

31 2

5-8

425 .

f «

4-0
0-8
1-1

I 415

100-0

These analyses give, for the first time, a
definite account of the composition of fog-
deposit. Soot and dust are by far its principal
constituents, rendered sticky and coherent by
hydrocarbons. Mr. Thiselton Dyer says of the
deposit, " It was like a brown paint, it would
not wash off with water, and could only be
scraped off with a knife. It thickly coated all
the leaves of the evergreens, and upon what
have not yet been shed it still remains.'' In
the above analysis it is curious to note the large
amount of metallic iron and magnetic oxide of
iron.

We also learn from the Manchester Committee
some interesting facts with regard to fog-
deposits which occurred last winter in their city.
This deposit, which was collected from Aucuba
leaves, contained as much as 6 to 9 per cent, of
sulphuric acid, and 5 to 7 per cent, of hydro-
chloric acid, mostly, of course, in a state of
combination, but the deposit was, they say,
" actually acid to the taste." Also that three
days' fog deposited per square mile of surface,
in by no means the worst part of Manchester,
1£ cwt. of sulphuric acid, and even as far out of
the city as the Owens College, on the same area,
over 1 owt. of acid and 18 cwt. of blacks.

608

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 21, 1891.

Amount of Coal Consumed.

A table shows an absolute increase, during the
last fifteen years, of 2,000,000 tons of coal— that
is half as much again is now burnt as was burnt
in 1875. The coal consumed in London (that by
gas oompanies deduoted) amounted in 1889 to
6,390,875 tons.

Supposing only 1 per cent, of sulphur in this
last yearly amount is converted into sulphuric
acid (H2 S04), and passes into the air ; this
would give 195,720 tons of this acid.

Frequency of Fogs.

Between 1870 and 1875, 93 fogs occurred.
„ 1875 and 1880, 119 „ „

„ 1880 and 1885, 131 „ „

„ 1885 and 1890, 156 „ „

Atmospheric Conditions.

The general atmospheric conditions which in-
duce fogs are a still and moist air and a high
barometer— a state of the air most usual under
anti-cyclonic conditions. The immediate deter-
mining cause, however, of a fog is usually a
sudden and considerable fall of temperature.
Mr. Brodie also points out that last winter was
a time of calms ; the percentage of such days on
the average for the last twenty years is 97, but
last winter the number was 22. Emphatically,
he says, it was an anti-cyclonic winter.

As to the influence of fogs on the death
rate, Dr. Russell says it is beyond doubt that
an atmosphere charged with soot, dust, and em-
pyreumatic products is an unhealthy atmosphere
to breathe ; but the principal cause of the great
increase of death when fogs occur is attributable
rather to the sudden fall of temperature which
usually accompanies fog, than to the fog itself.

Action on Plants.

The deleterious action of town fogs on plants
is more marked and more easy to investigate
than its effect on animals. Nurserymen have
long known from experience that a town fog
will penetrate even their heated greenhouses,
and with certainty will kill many of their plants,
especially their Orchids, Tomatos, and, in fact,
most tender and soft-wooded plants ; but on this
point Mr. Thiselton Dyer says in a letter to
me : " With regard to plants under glass, the
effect of fog is of two kinds : 1. By diminishing
light; this checks transpiration. The plants
are therefore in the condition of being over-
watered. A well-known consequence of this is,
to make them shed their leaves wholesale. Many
valuable plants which ought to be well furnished
with foliage become perfectly bare, and it is
impossible ever again to recover them into
sightly specimens. 2. The toxic influence of
the fog is most striking. I attribute it in the
main to sulphurous acid, though I cannot
help suspecting that some hydrocarbon may also
have something do with it. The toxic effect
varies from one plant to another, some are
scarcely injured, others practically killed. If the
visitation of last year is annually repeated, it must
in time make all refined horticulture impossible
in the vicinity of London." This fog action on
plants is so clearly marked, and so deadly, that it
has led the Horticultural Society, aided by a grant
from the Royal Society, to undertake a scientific
investigation of the matter. Plants are so
much more easily dealt with than people,
all circumstances of attack by fog, and its
immediate results so much more easily noted and
traced, that the investigation has already yielded
important results, and we shall, I hope, hear
from Professor F. Oliver— who is devoting him-
self specially to the investigation— some accounts

of his latest results. Marked difference between
a town and oountry fog, is, that while country
fog is harmless in a greenhouse, town fog pro-
duces most destructive results. The power of
abstracting light depends principally upon the
amount of coal products which the fog contains.
Red rays can struggle through a fog absolutely
impervious to the more refrangible ones. This
opacity of town fog to light is one of its most
serious and detrimental characters. Animals
can no more thrive in semi-darkness than can
plants, and, important as the red rays may be,
still it is undoubtedly the blue rays which are
most active in producing the principal chemical
changes going on around us. It is not possible, I
believe, for people to remain healthy where this
source of chemical activity is cut off, or even
seriously diminished. In addition to the loss of
physical energy, mental depression is induced by
absence of light.

Another action of light which is potent for
good, is its destruction of many forms of bac-
teria. Professor Koch pointed out how his
tubercle vacilli are killed by even a short
exposure to sunlight.

Duration of Sunlight.

Taking the totals of last year (1890), the hours
of sunshine registered at Bunhill Row were
1158, at Greenwich, 1255; at Kew, 1405; at
Apsley Guise, 1420 ; and at Eastbourne (one of
the sunniest places in England), 1724. Comparing
the amounts of sunshine at these places during
November, December, January, and February,
we find that at Bunhill Row there were 95-8,
Greenwich, 150; Kew, 1717; Apsley Guise,
205'9 ; and at Eastbourne, 2683 hours of sun-
shine ; that is, if Apsley Guise be taken as giving
the normal amount, Bunhill Row received only
half its due amount, and at Eastbourne there was
nearly three times as much sunshine as in the
City. Now on comparing the two other periods
of four months which are comparatively free
from fogs, the amount of sunshine is far more
nearly the same at all stations.

Dates.

Bunhill
Row.

Green-
wich.

Kew.

Apsley
Guise.

East-
bourne.

March till June ...
July till October...

5124
519-3

581-4
523-8

619-4 I 5811
613-5 632-5

736-8
718-5

Mr. Raffles, during the winter of 1887-8
(which was remarkably free from fogs), found
that looking south from Primrose Hill on 152
consecutive days, from November to March, only
on 78 days could he see a quarter of a mile, and
only on 83 days could he see the same distance
in a south-westerly direction ; this conveys a good
idea of our London atmosphere. W. Watsun.

(7b be continued.)

New or Noteworthy Plant.

ACAMPE MADAGASCARIENSIS, n. sp.;

affinis A. papillose, Lindl. ( = Saccolabio

papilloso, Lind.)*

This is a curious little thing, of merely botanical

interest — a Vanda-like plant, with thick leathery

leaves, and a small flower-stalk of minute whitish

* Acampe madagascariensis, n. sp. : AJJinis A. papulosa,
Lindl. (= Saccolabio papilloso, Liodl.) — Sepalis oblongis
lateralibus subfalcatis ; petalis lateralibus lineari-oblongia
angustioribus omnibus obtusissimis ; labelli lobis lateralibus
fere obsoletis mediano oblongo, margine undulato basi callo v.
linea transversa instructo disco verrucoso (nee papilloso) ;
calcari subcompresso oblongo obtuso § ovarii eequante
labello fere eequilongo intus piloso ; gynostemio brevis-
simo. anthera supra carioata, retinacwlo lineari tenuis-
simo. Folia lorata crassissima, 3—4 poll, longa, £ poll,
lata. Racemi brevissimi capitati, rhachis crassissima, bracteee
fere nulla?, flores inter minimos generis, 3—4 lin. diametro,
albidi, labellum roseolum.— Ex insula Madagascar importari
,i ussit, Fr. Sander v. cl. Verulamensis. Dr. F. KranMn.

flowers, with a labellum of a faint rose-purple ;
that is all ! notwithstanding, the plant is an inte-
resting one. It connects the Indian species of
Acampe with the newly-detected one in the south-
eastern parts of Africa ; it is the first Acampe known
from Madagascar, and it shows that Indian types of
Orchids also occur in Madagascar. There can be
no doubt that it must be placed near A. papillosa,
Lind., and cephalotis, Lind., with which it agrees in
habit, and from which it differs only by some pecu-
liarities of the very small flower. The author is
indebted for the material to Messrs. F. Sander & Co.,
St. Albans. Dr. F. Krcinzlin, Berlin.

ALDENHAM HOUSE, ELSTKEE.

[See Supplementary Illustration.]
The fine estate of Henry Hucks Gibbs, Esq., M.P.,
on which over 100 acres are devoted to gardens and
garden-kept pleasure-grounds, gives one of the best
examples of good gardening in the county of Hert-
fordshire. Kich in noble old Oaks and Elms, and
naturally beautiful, its beauties have been developed
and increased to a great extent by the landscape
work carried on of late years by Mr. Edwin Beckett,
the gardener at Aldenham House. The latest,
and by far the most marked improvement is
the winding stretch of ornamental water running
through the grounds as far as the eye can reach, its
sloping grassy banks beautified by some of Pulham's
best work in rockery, and which by its unartificial
style and arrangement, converts the whole scene into
such as one might witness in some lonely rocky
glen and far away from the haunts of busy mankind.
Over the upper part of the ornamental water a line
rustic bridge is thrown, capable of bearing heavy
traffic, its base on either side being of massive rocks,
among which are planted rare shrubs and flowering
plants, the whole presenting a fine picture against
the background of stately trees.

Further on another fine view is obtained, embracing
a rocky bridge with a waterfall above it, and below
the bridge after meandering through the tortuous
rocky banks, it forms another waterfall into the lake
below, a splendid view of two of the reaches being
obtained from the stepping-stones which cross the
water above the lake. From this point we are
attracted by a brilliant mass of bright scarlet falling
over the rocks below even to the water. It is pro-
duced by the scarlet climbing Tropa;olum which here
trails over, and forms an admirable and striking
plant for summer effect. Still further away stretches
this fine water scene among the rocky banks, until it
is lost to the eye in the plantation of graceful Birch
and other trees, and fine Conifers. Glancing along
the more salient features in the plantings which cap
and back the rocks, we observe that the masses of
scarlet Kniphofia are very telling, and in one place
the golden variegated Privet, and in another a
mass of golden Elder, are bright and conspicuous
objects ; and here and there clumps of Bamboos, of
Gunnera manicata, &c, are effectively arranged,
while the planting of the lesser alpines and her-
baceous perennials and Ferns have been well done.
Above the banks irregular groups of Thuias, Cu-
pressus, Golden Yews, and other ornamental trees
have been planted. Some of the Thuiagigantia, which
were moved from another part of the grounds, are
over 30 feet in height, and their safe removal reflects
great credit on Mr. Beckett, and speaks well of the
efficacy of the lifting truck, which he has designed
and had constructed for the purpose.

The Flower Garden.

The entrance gates and new gardens beside them,
arranged on the piece acquired by the extension on
that side, form another great improvement quite
worthy of the immense amount of labour bestowed
on the work. From here the noble mansion appears
at the end of the avenue of Oaks and Elms, and
away to the right runs the terrace, with its vases of
bright flowers at not too frequent intervals, and fine
beds of flowers and shrubs. Close beside the gates
are banks of Privet and other shrubs which it is

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

609

intended to always keep low, and along the terrace
the large masses of mixed Biinflowers edged with
Mignonette, are very effective, and the great beds of
Lilium auratum with an nndergrowth of Andro-
meda floribunda edged with Heaths, are a grand
sight. Permanent masses, too, of Cotoneaster micro-
phylla edged with Euonymns radicans, and of other
dwarf shrubs which retain their leaves in winter,
have a telling effect. Following on we come to the
drive planted with neat Conifers and shrubs, and
about a mile in length, past the greater lake, and in
its course disclosing many fine views.

At the south-east front of the mansion, which is on
that side partially covered with Crataegus pyracantha,
are the arrangements of bedding plants. The design
composed of four oblong-square carpet beds alter-
nating with three circular ones of the old white
corolla Fuchsia Madame Cornellisen, makes a very

drives planted irregularly in clumps with Hydrangea
paniculata now in full bloom ; Rosa rugosa, and its
white variety, with flowers, and their no less
handsome orange-scarlet fruits ; Rubus laciniatus
which, in addition to being of ornamental foliage,
supplies quantities of Blackberries ; Rhus cotinus, a
very effective shrub when covered with its white
beards ; clumps of golden Yews and of various Coni-
fers, and shrubs of neat growth, and Rhododen-
drons, Azaleas, Kalmias, &c.

The Walled-in Garden.

Both within and without the walls the fine crops of
fruits and vegetables are well up to the usual
standard at Aldenham. Within and without the
walls, too, on the borders running around, and
at the sides of the walks which meet at the
ornamental fountain in the centre, are planted showy

THE QOEEN S GARDENER, MR. OWEN THOMAS.

fine display. The carpet beds, which are of elabo-
rate design, are chiefly of the different coloured
Alternaniheras, and they are very bright ; and the
beds of Fuchsias are literally masses of bloom.
Another set has the beds filled in with Pelargoniums
and other flowering plants, the two most effective
being those planted with the old Calceolaiia
amplexicaulis.

Passing the long stretches of covered walks on
which the Clematis and other climbers mingle their
flowers, we come to the Rose garden, enclosed by
clipped Yew hedges, and so on to the subtropical
garden, which, although good, is, on account of the
wet season, not up to the mark of previous years.
Bearing away to the left are the winding walks
among rustic rockery, planted with Ferns, and a
most varied and complete collection of Ivies; and
running out into the pleasure grounds are long

herbaceous plants, among which the tall Phloxes
are especially bright and profusely flowered here, as
in moat other places this season, during which they
have not suffered from heat or drought at they do
some years. Two large beds of that frag'ant and
profuse flowering white Carnation Gloire de Nancy,
well display its sterling merits as a florist's flower.
Here, too, the different varieties of perennial
Hehanthus have a fine effect, aud the Asters, Stocks,
and other annuals make a great show. One large
border is planted with Dahlias, of which only the
Pompons are grown, and beside the border,
under the glass houses on one side, are the
large army of Chrysanthemums grown up to
the highest state of perfection, and with which Mr.
Beckett will doubtless wage his usual successful
warfare from the exhibition stands at the most
important Chrysanthemum shows. On one of the

walls, and forming one of the prettiest objects in the
garden, is a mass of the Scarlet Flame Nasturtium
(Tropseolumspeciosum), which (or a long time refused
to grow kindly here, but is now established, and not
likely to give trouble again.

The Glass-houses.

Commencing at one corner of the wall, and leaning
to it, is a long range in several divisions, enclosing
Peaches, Nectarines, &c, all well cropped ; then
come several large vineries, in which the bunches of
the Muscat of Alexandria are large and well finished,
while all the others are good. In one of the vineries
the basement is filled with Celosias (Prince of Wales
Feather) of a fine strain, worked up by Mr. Beckett,
and which for elegance of form and brightness of
colour are far beyond the average.

Fig-houses and Pine-pits follow, and, passing
through the stove-houses, in which are some fruiting
Bananas, some very fine Eucharis, Stephanotis,
Crotons, and other plants fit lor exhibition, we come
to two houses chiefly containing healthy specimens
of Orchids, whose blooms are arranged among plants
in flower of white and red Lilium apeciosum. Then
follows a neat span-roofed range of glass in the first
division, of which are Dracosnas and other plants
suitable for table decoration, perfectly grown ; the
next has a fine crop of Melons, with Anthuriums
beneath, and in the third beautifully coloured Crotons
and other decorative plants; and everywhere that
perfect neatnesBand good culture which characterises
the Aldenham House gardens is evident. J. O'B.

MR. OWEN THOMAS.

We are pleased to lay before our readers a por-
trait of Mr. 0*en Thomas, who has recently been
appointed Superintendent of the Royal Gardens,
Frogmore, in place of Mr. Jones, resigned. Mr.
Thomas's career at Drayton Manor, and afterwards
at Chatsworth, is too well known to need more
than reference. We wish him all success in the
very arduous and responsible position he now holdf,
and trust that his duties at Frogmore will not pre-
vent him from taking part in our metropolitan
meetings.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND THE

POTATO DISEASE.

Messrs. Browns' Experiments in Tyrone. —
Now that the results of the copper treatment of
the Potato disease are beginning to appear, we all
feel anxious to learn what has been the general out-
come of them, especially from the practical stand-
point of whether it will pay. At the early part of
the present year I was in communication with Mr.
R. Brown, of Donaghmore, Tyrone, on this subject,
and am pleased to be able to report to the readers
of the Gardeners' Chronicle the results of these
experiments.

Although the tabulated statements do not
cover so many folio sheets as do those of a recent
experiment, which has been made public, yet they
are sufficiently voluminous for our purpose. Nothing
wearies the eye of the ordinary reader so much as
page after page of statistics, so we will endeavour
not to disgust any one who has sufficient interest in
the subject to peruse the present communication.
These experiments were made upon Champion Po-
tatos grown upon two different farms. The treated
and untreated plots were close together, and iden-
tical as to seed, manure, cultivation, and so forth,
lam given to understand by a gentleman who visited
these experiments in the month of August last, that
the plots selected were near the roadside, so that
the effect might be the more easily visible to the
passers-by.

We will take them in the order of time at which
the dressing was first applied. The mixture was in
all cases the same, viz., per acre : — 32 lb. copper
sulphate, 16 lb. lime, 160 gallons water. It was
applied by an Eclair Knapsack Pump (price 35s.),

610

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 21, 1891.

and the cost was about 10s. per acre, that is, 6s.
for the Bordeaux Mixture, and is. for labour.
Although in some cases heavy rain fell immediately
after the dressing was applied, this did not appa-
rently have any effect upon the result. The leaves
of the untreated plots were destroyed by August 21,
but the foliage of the dressed plots was quite green for
nearly a month longer.

Plot No. I.— Treated July 21, 1891.

Ton. Cwt. Qr. Lb.

Large tubera 10 4 1 4

Small tubera 2 5 2 24

Untreated.

Large tubers
Small tubers

10
15

0
2

0
24

10 5 2 24

Increase by treatment, 2 tons 4 cwt. 1 qr. 4 lb.

Plot No. 2.— Treated July 21, 1891.

Ton. Cwt. Qr. Lb.

Large tubera 8 14 1 4

Small tubers 2 15 2 24

Untreated.

Large tubera ...
Small tubera ...

17
15

0
2

9 12 3 12

Increase by treatment, 1 ton 7 cwt. 0 qr. 16 lb.

Plot No. 3.— Treated July 30, 1891.

Ton. Cwt. Qr. Lb.

Large tubera 8 12 3 12

Small tubera 3 7 0 16

I' i treated.

Large tubera
Small tnle:a

14
12

Hi 7 0 2d
Increase by treatment, 1 ton 12 cwt. 3 qr. 12 lb.

Plot No. 4— Treated July 30, 1891.

Ton. Cwt. Qr. Lb.

Large tubers 8 17 o It!

Small tubers 3 5 2 24

I j treated.

Large tubers
Small tul era

13
12

3 12

10 It 1 20

Increase by treatment, 1 ton 11 cwt. lqr. 20 lb.
Plot No. 5.— Treated August II, 1891.

Ton. Cwt. Qr. Lb.

Large tubera 10 7 0 16

Small tubera 1 15 2 24

Large tubera
Small tubers

3 12

10 10 0 0

Increase by treatment, 1 ton 12 cwt. 3 qr. 12 lb.
Summary— Per Acre.
Treated with Bordeaux Mixture.

Ton. Cwt. Qr. Lb.

Large Tubers 9 5 o 16

Small Tubera 2 14 10

Untreated,

Large Tubera
Small Tubers

10 6 2 24

Increase by treatment 1 ton 13 cwt. 2 qr. 20 lb.,
of which 1 ton 8 cwt. were large tubers.

Another experiment was made on the field of a
small farmer ; the crop here had been planted late,
and but scantily manured. The result per acre was : —

Treated ...
Untreated

Ton.

. 7
. 5

Cwt. Qr. Lb.
3 0 0

3 0 0

Increase by Treatment ... 2 0 0 0

Thus the increase by treating with Bordeaux Mix-
ture was nearly 40 per cent.

The blue tint of the hydrated oxide of copper
was quite visible upon the treated plots some days
after the Bordeaux Mixture had been applied, and
the difference in the amount of foliage was very

soon observable, and, of course, became more and
more apparent as time went on. Whether at the
present price of Potatos a gain of a ton and a half
in the one case, and of two tons per acre in the
other, is worth the expenditure of 10s., I will leave
the practical men to say. Charles B. Plowright, M.D.,
King's Lynn.

THE SEED TRADE.

TnE Season's Prospects. — The prospects of the
seed trade have, in the face of a season so hostile
to the harvesting of seeds, a more than ordinary
interest for all connected with the garden. Reports
from the Pea districts in the Netherlands affirm that
the crop is very good, though the early varieties
suffered much from the rain. In our own country
the yield is short, and the samples very much injured
by continuous wet ; the wrinkled varieties, especially,
will require that nearly one-half of discoloured and
imperfect seeds be picked out, in order to make the
samples fairly good, and the choicer and more valuable
varieties appear to be the worst samples.

Broad Beans are by no means plentiful, and good
samples are scarce. On the continent, the report is
that they are backward, owing to unfavourable
weather, but otherwise good.

Dwarf French Beans are very late in being har-
vested, and the earliest varieties are expected to
show the best samples. English Scarlet Runners,
being extremely late, must show very bad samples
indeed. In the Netherlands, Cabbage, Savoy, Swedes,
and Turnips suffered severely from the effects of the
extraordinary severe winter, but the plants which
escaped produced fairly well. The yield of Englieh
Cabbage seed is very short, and the seeds much
shrivelled, and the pods did not yield nearly what
was expected. English Turnips show a fair crop;
Swedts very short, and samples indifferent.

Of Mangel Wurzel seed there is very little indeid
saved in this country, and contintntal crops are
certain to be thin.

The harvest of foreign Onion seed appears to be
better than at home, as it is believed the English
crop is small, and the quality not good ; and, there-
fore, prices are likely to rule high.

English-grown Carrot is reported to be nearly a
total failure, and prices will, no doubt, be higher
than for years past. Of Altrincham and Surrey, two
popular long varieties, it is said there is scarcely any
to be got. The continental crop, it is expected, will
be a fairly good yield.

Radish is not yet threshed, but it is fully expfcted
the yield will be a poor one, and this appears to be
true of the foreign harvests also.

Spinach is fairly good at home, and certainly no
better, even if as good abroad.

Leek seed is very scarce at home. Mustard plen-
tiful, but Cress not so good.

The foreign crop of Cauliflower will be a small
one, and there is but a poor yield in this country.
The continental Parsley crop is near a failure.

On the whole, the outlook is by no means cheering,
and there is reason to fear many small growers of
seeds will feel the effects of short and unsatisfactory
crops keenly. Pimm.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SPORTS.

[A paper read at the Conference of the National Chrysanthemum
Society, November 10.]

(Concluded from p. 576.)

Although we have no direct control over climatal

conditions, we can do what we like with the soil.

We can impoverish it or enrich it, or supply any

special ingredients we choose. Such undoubtedly

affects the colouring of flowers, and apparently the

power of sporting as well. To give one or two

examples :— Mr. Hovey said,* that striped Dahlias

will be best kept clean by planting them in a poor soil,

while a rich soil invariably runs them. I believe this

treatment is well known to florists, and generally

* Maga;ine of Horticulture (quoted in Gardeners' Chronicle,
1812, p. 8).

adopted for other plants as well. As another result
of impoverishment, Mr. Lowe describes a number
of sports of Chrysanthemum, as having been, as he
surmises, actually caused by it.* " Two years ago I
treated the plants badly ; they were never potted off,
and took care of themselves as best they could in an
orchard ; they never bloomed that year, and were all
but killed. 1 cannot help thinking that this has
been the cause of many of the sports."

A hint from Mr. Burbidge t corroborates Mr.
Hovey 's remarks on Dahlias, when writing about
the fixation of sports: — "It is advisable to grow
cuttings of sports in such a way as to ensure the
full development of all the flower-buds they form
. . . and so prove them to the core, as sports
often revert to the parent type. Now to do this, it
is advisable to grow them in a poor soil, without
stopping . . . and to take care to give them no more
pot-room than is needful for fair growth, but at the
same time taking care not to starve them out of
constitution."

I quote these few cases of the effects of a poor
soil to show that growers have found out by expe-
rience, if not by experiment, at least something
towards the production and fixation of sports. On
the other hand, nutrition enhances the intensity of
colorisation. A friend told me that he watered
white-flowered Balsams with a solution of ammonia ;
by this means the plants bore red flowers. Mr.
G. F. Wilson found that he could intensify the blue
colour of alpine Gentians, growing, I believe, in a
peaty soil at Wisley, by supplying them with lime.
Chloride of lime has been found to cause a whole-
coloured Camellia to become striped, &c. Mr. Claydon
also found that Weigela changed from white to rosy-
pink, according to the nature of the soil } These
few facts are suggestive of experimentation, as the
number of earths and salts, &c, which might be
tried are innumerable. And since ingredients of the
soil is the only one of all the circumstances which
conspire to make up the plant's environment which
is really in the power of the grower, it is clear that
it is in this direction that experiments should be
made.

Besides the colour, the form of the flower may be
more or less completely altered in the sport. For
example, Mr. Maries o( Lytham, met with a case in
which a sport appeared on Source d'Or, half the
flower-head consisting of spreading, flat, canary-
yellow coloured ray florets, while the other half of
the flower-head was composed of recurved dark
golden-bronze florets with revolute edges. § As
another illustration, Mr. Molyneux speaks of George
Glenny (itself a yellow sport from the white in-
curved Mrs. Rundle), sporting to a true reflexed
type of the same colour, in the garden of Mr. Horril
at Havant. This variety is known as Mrs. Horril.
Again, a true Anemone-sport occurred from the
reflexed variety King of Crimsons, and called Mrs.
R. A. Mudie. Mr. Gallier of Edgbaston, records
how "a completely tatselkd Japanese variety with
pale pink or flesh-coloured florets, which were long,
narrow and very full, arose as a sport from the fine
incurved show pink variety, Miss Mary Morgan."!

Lastly, Mr. Fortune remarked, "There is a curious
circumstance about these plants which I must not
omit to mention. Of course there were many
varieties that I did not succeed in introducing ; but,
strange to say, many of these varieties were raised
afterwards by Mr, Salter, of Hammersmith, from
those I had introduced. An old lady, who lived
near me in Kanaganea, used to point to a number
of varieties in her garden, and say that they all came
from one and the same plant. I had the experience
of Mr. Salter, and knew this was not unlikely. I
think she was rather surprised when I said I fully
believed her."![

Similar experiences have been recorded in France.
Thus M. Carriere mentions how a variety called

* Gardeners' Chronicle, Jan. 5, 1878, p. 18.

t The Chrysanthemum, p. 46.

I Card. Chron., Nov. 23, 1889, p. 599 ; Dec. 6, 1890, p. 068.

$ Op. cit.

|| Gardeners' Chronicle, December 25, 1880, p. 819.

"I Gardeners' Chronicle, January 1", 1880, p. 73.

Novembeb 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Gil

Sophie bore flowers which were flat, having the
petals narrow and imbricated, as well as flowers
which were rounded ; the petals being large and but
little compact. As another instance, that author re-
marks that the variety Argentine, which is a Pompon,
gave rise to a more vigorous branch, which bore
large flowers, like the ordinary large-flowered
Chrysanthemums. This may, therefore, have been
a case of dissociation, the form Argentine having
probably been a descendant from a cross between
some form of C. indicum and C. sinense.*

This property, which might be described as the
storage of forms and colours, strikes one as not only
very remarkable, but practically suggestive. It
seems as if a plant having been subjected to some
new conditions, sports. The sport is propagated,
and retains the character peculiar to the parent
" in the blood," which enables it to revert. The
sport itself sports again, and the latter now contains
two forms in its constitution. It may sport again
and so on, perhaps any number of times, and yet
probably retain all the preceding sports latent in its
constitution. Now, as Chrysanthemums imported
into this country have been grown from time
immemorial in China and Japan, every variety may
now be, for all we know, a sort of multum in parvo,
and the oftener one alters the conditions of the
environment of those which have proved themselves
to be most sportive, such as the so-called " fami-
lies " of Queen Victoria, Princess of Wales, Duchess
of Teck, &c, so much the more likely, as it seems
to me, will fresh sports be produced.

Hence, it would seem from a study of sports, that
the Chrysanthemum contains two means at its dis-
posal. One is a force which causes the sport to
reproduce an ancestral form which had existed
before; a second, when, by a new combination of
its internal forces, it produces an entirely new and
original colour or form altogether. We cannot tell to
which class a sport may be referred, unless we pos-
sessed every sport that ever existed, for comparison.
But that no new sport can arise without some
alteration in the surroundings, as ingredients in
the soil or climate, I think all evidence concerning
plant-life tends to show.

I do not mean to imply that the sport need im-
mediately follow some alteration ; for if we regard
the formation of flowers as the result of forces, we
know that forces may accumulate, lie dormant, or
remain potential till circumstances occur which, so
to say, liberate them. So that a new feature may
take generations, for all we know, before it can make
itself apparent; or an old character may lie dormant
for ages.

Hence, to produce sports, the more varied the
surroundings can be made ; so, I believe, is the
greater chance of sporting to be induced.

I have said nothing about intercrossing, this is too
obvious a means of introducing changes in the off-
spring, but it stands altogether outside the limits of
our subject, for sports are, strictly speaking, limited
to " bud-variations," which appear on an individual
during the course of its growth, and not in the
seedling.

Consequently, I need not detain you with any re-
marks upon it ; merely stating the two well-known
laws of such propagation, viz., cross for variation,
and self-fertilise for fixation.

Now let us examine the structure of the flower of
the Chrysanthemum itself, and see how variations
arise from it. Florists recognise several distinct
forms. Starting from the original " single," or wild
form, we have the ray and the disk florets, like a
Daisy. The first change is the so-called " doubling."
In this the disk florets become very similar to the
ray. Now follow various details. If we examine a
ray floret, we find it has a short tube, with a
flattened limb of three petals only. If the tube is
elongated, with little or no limb, the quilled form
results. If the limb is enlarged, widened, and the
tube is short, we get the recurved and the incurved
forms, according as the flat piece bends outwards or

* The real name appears to be C. morifoliuni.

inwards. If the limb is very narrow and long, the
Japanese actiniform varieties result.

Returning to the wild type we start afresh, and
simply enlarge the disk florets. We thus get the
Anemone form. If the ray becomes tubular like the
disk, but enlarged, the number of the lobes to the
corolla increasing, as in the Cornflower, the Dragon's-
mouth variety is secured. If, however, we ask what
causes all these differences to arise respectively, at
present there is no reply, and, therefore, we do not
know what steps to take to induce them to form
respectively, until Nature herself has supplied the
first indication of a change.

The first thing to do, if we want to discover a
cause, is to look out for coincidences. If a sport
appear, take note, and record in your note-book
anything and everything you can observe as to
the conditions surrounding that plant j find out its
ancestry. It would seem desirable to note also
the climatic conditions at the time, as sports of a
like kind in plants, as we have seen, often appear
simultaneously both in different places of the same
county or counties, and also in different seasons.

It is only by accumulating coincidences that
we can arrive at the first suspicion of a cause.
When we think we may have discovered that a
certain result seems to occur often or generally
under certain particular circumstances ; then is the
time for experiments, to try and induce the same
result to occur by artificially supplying those
circumstances.

Practical men are often inclined to look sus-
piciously on scientific men as being too theoretical;
but the reply is, that if only practical men would
observe more, and record their observations, and
then hand them over to the scientist, each party
would, without doubt, benefit very largely by the
other. The scientist has no such grand opportunities
as the practical man. Thousands of facts familiar
to the latter would be inestimable boons to the
former, if only he could get at them. The practical
man, unfortunately, does not always perceive their
significance, but if every sport that has occurred on
Chrysanthemums had been recorded, coupled with
the whole history of the plant and description of its
surroundings, the method and kind of soil used, &c ,
as Dr. Masters suggested, whose remarks I have
quoted above, I might, perhaps, at this moment have
been holding forth on " The Causes of Sports, and
how to Produce them," instead of being compelled to
expose my ignorance [ by saying neither I nor any
botanist, so far as I know, can yet tell you the why
and the wherefore of bud-variation. G. Henslow,
M.A., F.L.S., &c.

used by the natives ; the capsules are from 4 to
5 inches long, tapering towards the end, blackish
externally, and straw-coloured internally ; the seeds
are dark brown, elliptical in shape, flat, usually con-
cave, broadest in the centre, with a flat base and
with hooked point, from which springs a tuft of silky
hair, about 2 inches in length. Both capsules and
fruit closely resemble those of the Strophanthus."

VEGETABLE PEODUCTS IN NEW
GUINEA.

Amongst the natural productions of the German
possessions of New Guinea, many are valuable as
drugs, for which it is expected an outlet may soon be
found in the European markets, some having already
come into commerce. On this subject the Chemist
and Druggist makes the following remarks : —

" The long nutmegs obtained from the llyristica
argentea, Warb., and locally known as Pala Papua,
are the usual currency of certain parts of the country,
and form, along with Massoi bark, the staple goods
used by the natives in their barter with white traders.
The root of Derris elliptica, Benth., is used as
fish poison, while Euphorbia pilulifera is a
common weed, which occurs as plentifully as it
does throughout other parts of Polynesia and
Australia. Although the natives know the To-
bacco plant well, and were already cultivating it
to some small extent before the arrival of the
white man, yet singularly enough they give the
name of Tabac to the fruit of Carica Papaya. A
small-podded variety of Capsicum longum occurs
wild, while Anodendron Aambe, Warb., is likely to
become one of the most valuable products of German
Polynesia. It is a new variety of rubber-yielding
climber, which occurs largely in the new Lanenburg
Archipelago, where its hard polished fibres are much

CHEMISTRY OF THE APPLE.

Composition of Apple-tree Leaves. — Agri-
cultural chemists throughout the world are, and have
been for some years, directing their attention towards
the solution of questions concerning the growth and
bringing to perfection of plants and animals which
serve for the use of man. With regard to plants,
analyses have been made of all their parts, so that
their composition is to-day pretty well known. But,
as yet, it appears that little has been done in this
direction for the aid of fruit-growers, and the reason
is not difficult to find.

la all experiments of this nature, it is necessary to
weigh and analyse an aliquot part of the final pro-
duct of vegetable growth in order to arrive at the
amount of plant-food absorbed from the soil and
other sources ; and, in this way, to ascertain the
extent to which the soil has been exhausted, and the
special elements which enter into the composition of
plant tissues.

In the case of farm or garden crops, which are
gathered annually, this is comparatively an easy
task ; but it is obvious that in the case of fruit trees,
this, of necessity, cannot easily be done. As, how-
ever, it is as highly important to fruit-growers to
know what kind of food, and what class of soils are
best suited to yield the largest amount of fruit, as it
is to the farmer or the gardener to be in possession
of 6uch information respecting his produce, it is but
the duty of those engaged in working out these
problems to direct their study so far as in their
power lies towards the solution of such difficult
questions.

It is with this view that Professor Shutt, M.A., of
the Ottawa Experimental Agricultural Station, has
directed his attention to the chemistry of the Apple.
As time allows, he proposes to analyse the fruit, and
the old and young wood of the tree; and from the
data thus amassed, it is confidently hoped that the
fruit grower will be able to ascertain with more or
less accuracy the nature and amount of those fer-
tilising elements withdrawn from the soil by the
Apple tree in bearing. This will be the first step
towards a more rational mode of applying manurial
substances to orchards and garden fruit borders.

Professor Shutt says, it must not be thought that,
even if we knew the exact composition of all the
parts of an Apple tree (and as long as the fruit is
hanging, it remains part of the tree), and the total
weight of those component parts, and had also a
knowledge of the composition of the soil in which
the tree was growing, that the whole question would
be settled. Until a few years ago, it was thought
that such data were sufficient to guide the agricul-
turist and the horticulturist in manuring certain
soils for certain crops, but later facts, evolved by
patient experiments, conducted most carefully
over many years, have now proved this theory
fallacious.

We might illustrate this by reference to the cereal
or grain crops of a farm and the Leguminoese — ■
Clovers, Beans, Peas, Vetches, &c. The former con-
tain but one-half of the nitrogen of the latter, yet,
notwithatanding this fact, and all that it seems to
imply, it is found that the application of nitrogen as
a manure is specially beneficial to the grain crops,
but of little or no value to the Leguminosa:, espe-
cially after a certain stage of their growth. With-
out going into the theories which have been
advanced to account for these facts, we must under-
stand that we have to draw upon the soil, the air,
and the water, or rain, for the constituents of plant-
food, and the soil, generally speaking, is the only
one of the three we can modify or alter in com-

612

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NoYEMBHB 21, 1891.

position by mechanical and ehamical agents. The
climate, including degree of frost, amount of rainfall,
snow, sunshine, &c , all these are important factors
in horticulture and fruit growing.

But as we have no control over the atmospheric
elements, the line of experiments seems rather in
making choice of and multiplying from such varieties,
whose qualities, dependent upon heredity and envi-
ronment, make them especially adapted to the
climate in which we are placed, and thus finding
out by all the means at our command, and applying
those constituents of plant- food best suited to their
growth and development.

In the experiments of Professor Shntt, five well-
known and hardy varieties of Apple trees were
selt-cted, and for the purpose of investigating the
constituents which composed the leaves, these were
gathered at two stages of their growth, viz., May 2."i
and September 20 in the same year.

Upon the first date the specimens represented
leaves in a very early stage of development. On
September 20, all the leaves were Btill quite green,
and their life apparently unimpaired and vigorous.
The following list gives the names of the Apple
trees experimented with: — No. 1, Duchess of
Oldenburgh ; No. 2, Tetossky ; No. 3, Wealthy ;
No. 4, Fameuse ; 5, Northern Spy. And the ap-
pended table shows the chemical composition
of the Apple tree leaves, together with such other
data as may help to elucidate the questions under
consideration.

The first portion of the following table represents
in parts per hundred the average composition of the
Apple leaf— the water, the organic matter, the
mineral or ash constituents, and the nitrogen in the
organic matter. The second portion shows the
average percentage of the chief inorganic components
of the ash. The third portion gives the average
amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
contained in 1000 lb. of the green leaf, which seive
to illustrate the absolute and relative values of the
Apple leaves as a fertiliser, as well as to show the
quantities of these materials abstracted from the soil
by the growth of the tree foliage.

Analyses of Apple Tree Leaves.

Composition of the Leaf, and percentage Composition of

Important Crnstitntnts in the ash.

When gathered.

Differ

ence.

May 25. Sept. 20.

Moisture

Organic matter

Mineral matter (ash)
Nitrogen in organic matter

72-36 60-71 ' Loss,

2531 35-83 1 Gain,

233 3-46 ! Gain,

2-94 248 Loss,

11-65

10-52
1-13
046

Selected Constituents in the ash.— Per cent.

Phosphoric ac'd

Potash

Lime

Magnesia

Oxide of iron

Silica

10-47
10-82
17-40
977
1-49
107

5-82
11-63
27 91
4-S1
1-41
114

Los",
Gain,
Gain,
Loss,
Loss,
Gain,

4-65
0-81
10-51
496
0-08
007

Weight of Fertilising Constituents in 1000 lb. of Leaves.

Nitrogen

Phosphoric acid

Potash

Lb.
742

2 45

2-52

Lb.
8-87
1-94
3-92

Lb.
Gain, 1'45

Loss, 051

Gain, 1-40

We Bee from the foregoing data that there is
from the one period to the other a loss of moisture
and of nitrogen, with a gain of organic matter
and of ash, which is due to increased growth, to
maturation, and to increase of woody fibre in the
leaves.

In order that the tree may carry on this accumu-
lative process and produce fruit at the same time, it
is absolutely necessary that it find within the .oil a
sufficiency of available plant-food for its use. We
leave the further consideration of the subject to a
future paper. J. J. Willis, Harpenden.

THE FLOWER-BEDS IN HYDE
PARK.

Early in September last, in line weather, on
visiting Hyde Park, I made some notes on the style
of bedding practised there ; knowing that what is
there carried out has a good deal to do with the
fashion of other flower-beds and borders in many a
fair flower garden all over the country. It is not the
excellent manner in which the beds are planted and
maintained which induce favourable impressions on
visitors — it is the many charming ways in which
the plants are disposed of, fr^m the majestic Palm
down to the lowly blue Lobelia and Spergula pilifera
anrea, that specially attracts attention, and excites
a spirit of emulation in the minds of the possessors
of gardens who frequent the park during the " season,"
and who note the kinds of plants that please them
most, and the excellent manner in which the
" solitaire " and specimen plants are disposed on the
turf or in the beds. My remarks on the subject
which follow may prove of interest and usefulness
to not a few of the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle,
who may not have had the opportunity of seeing the
bedding-out in this park and others in and about
London.

Roughly speaking, the dimensions of that portion
of the Hyde Park between Stanhope and Grosvenor
Gates, in which the flower-beds herein referred to
are situated, are about 400 yaids long and 30 yards
wide ; and this space is enclosed by a low wire fence,
and bounded on one side by the carriage-drive
(which encircles the park), and a broad walk, whereon
seats are placed at short intervals, and on the other
by Park Lane. In this strip of green turf there are
three rows cf circular and oblong beds ,of uniform
size, situate opposite one another, and a short dis-
tance apart, with a broad walk dividing the second
and third (next Park Lane) rows of beds; large
Palms in variety being disposed with excellent
effect along the border of turf which extends between
the first and Eecond rows of beds for the entire
length of the strip, with a fine plant of Phormium
tenax variegatum at the Grosvenor Gate end. The
pots are in all cases plunged beneath the soil.
Foliage and flowering plants (the latter with the
Bhoota tied out to green sticks), are also employed
in the same manner, and with great advantage, as an
irregular background to the beds next Park Lane.
Among the flowering plants so used (in groups,
may be mentioned the Coral Tree (Erjthrina crista-
galli), pyramids of Cobcea scandens variegatum,
Pelargonium Madame Crousse, showing its large
trusses of magenta-coloured flowers to great advan-
tage ; Plumbago capensis, Fuchsias, Petunias (single
flowers), blue Clematis, Sweet Peas (apparently
Eckford's excellent varieties), a Begonia of the
manicata type, and large plants of scarlet and pink-
flowered Pelargoniums. The composition of the
beds, as noted in my stroll from Stanhope Gate to
Grosvenor Gate and back, is as follows : — Oblong
beds filled with pyramids of Madame Crousse Pelar-
goniums, Liliums, and Carnations, set in a ground-
work of yellow Violas, with a broad band of Coleua
Verschaffeltii and an edging of blue Lobelia. The
next set of similarly-shaped beds were filled with
pyramids of Nasturtiums, Campanulas, Daturas, Cal-
ceolaria amplexicaulis, and Lilies. Circular beds
having double-flowered Begonias planted in a ground-
work of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum,
with a band of the dark-foliaged Iresine Lindeni, and
edged with a dwarf golden Fuchsia, were very effective ■
as also were beds filled with pyramidally-trained
Fuchsias, dark and light colours, set in a carpeting of
blue Viola, and edged with blue Lobelia. Circular
beds, studded with pyramids of a very dark flowered
Heliotrope, encircled with Coleus Verschaffeltii and
fringed with Lobelia, perfumed the air with its de-
licious odour, especially during the early morning
and in the evening. Beds carpeted with blue Tansies,
and dotted with Fuchsias from 3 to 4 feet high, of the
Madame Cornellisen type (red and white), with
an inner band of Coleus Verschaffeltii, and edged
with Lysimachianummularia aurea (Golden Money-
wort), made a nice contrast to the beds previously

mentioned, as also did the beds filled with
yellow-flowered Chrysanthemums and dark-foli-
aged Coleus, and edged with blue Lobelia and
Alternanthera polygonoides major ; Cannas inter-
mixed with Lilium auratum and Campanula pyrami-
dalis, with a band of blue Lobelia, another of Iresine
Lindeni, and finished off with a good broad edging
of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum, made
very pretty beds; and the same may be said of
Abutilon Thompsoni, set in aground-work of Coleus
Verschaffeltii, and edged with the popular blue
Lobelia. Four circular beds— two being on either side
a cross-walk, about mid-way between the gates men-
tioned above— filled with well-flowered plants of
single red Begonias, encircled with a 12-inch wide
band of variegated MeBembryanthemum, and finished
off with Echtveriasecunda glanca, had a very telling
effect. I may remark that, among the beds described
were interspersed several good examples of carpet-
bedding, the designs, selection of plants, arrangement
of colours, and the keep, being everything that could be
desired— creditable alike to the park superintendent
and his staff. These remarks also apply to the sub-
tropical work so effectively carried out in the
neighbourhood of Knightsbridge Barracks and the
Serpentine. H. W. W.

THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE IN

THE GUIANAN FOREST.

(Concluded from p. 579. J
Having provided a guard against crawling vermin,
the Coryanthe s proceeds to develop a most wonderful
flower, in which every part is obviously formed to
attract a particular insect. The majority of insect-
fertilised flowers are grateful for the visits of either
bees, butterflies, or flies, but not so the Coryanthes.
It has laid itself out only to catch and utilise, with-
out hurting it, a beautiful metallic-green bee
(Euglossa aurata). From the base of one of its
pseudo-bulbs, a long flower-stem is produced, which
pushea itself straight downwards. Upon this it
hangs a number of beautiful cups, into each of which
a liquid drips from two horn-like processes in the
upper part of the flower. Take a china tea-cup, with
a spreading mouth, hang some little flags over the
handle, and stick a model of the figure head of a
Polynesian canoe opposite, and you have something
like one of them, as it opens itself in the early
morning from a bud resembling the swathing of a
Chinese lady's foot. The species vary in colour and
markings, being generally whitish, or yellow, blotched
and spotted with crimson. Their odour, as judged
by our standard, is not pleasant, but, nevertheless, it
is very attractive to the bees, which, immediately on
their opening, swarm round in great numbers. Fly-
ing towards the flower, as a moth to a candle, the
bee falls into the liquid which covers the bottom, and
wetting its wings, is unable to use them. Look into
the cup, and you will see a dozen bees swimming
round and round, or vainly trying to climb the slippery
sides, and, if it is the second day after opening, one
or two may be seen drowned. It was never the inten-
tion of the flower, however, that their lives should be
sacrificed, but on the contrary, that they should
escape, and in doing so perform the office for which
the whole contrivance has been arranged. Under
the flags, wheie the column comes near but does not
actually touch the cup, is a narrow opening, through
which the bee can push its way out. In doing this
it has to use sufficient force to widen the gap, which
opens like a spring door, when it comes in contact
with the pollen case, ruptures it. and carries off the
male organ on its back. Not being able to fly, there
is nothing to be done but to crawl over the flower
spike, where, heedless of its former trouble, it soon
finds itself inside another flower. In making its
way out, the pollen masses are rubbed on the stigma,
and the ovary fertilised, after which it may carry out
the pollen masses of this flower in turn to fertilise
another.

In observing these wonderful contrivances, of
which almost every genus of plants furnishes ex-

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

613

ample8, we are struck with the thought that there
must be something like consciousness in some at
least of the higher species of plants. What can be
more like reasoning than the fact that Orchids and
many other plants have provided against so many
contingencies, some of which may not occur during
the lifetime of the individuals ? Some of these con-
trivances do not show a very high standard of
morality. It is rather hard upon the butterflies, for
instance, that an Orchid should take care to warn
them off during the larval stage, while it cordially
invites them when they suit its purpose. It seems
to say, " I will have no ugly crawling worms depend-
ing on me, but you may come to my wedding, and
have a sip of the nectar, when you also have on your
holiday dress." In the struggle for life, there is not
the slighest gleam of anything like benevolence, but
ou the contrary, selfishness and greed are most
prominent. If a flower provides food for the perfect
insect, it is simply because in doing this, the plant
derives a certain advantage. There is a continual

selection is continually at work in the forest, the
result being the innumerable variations which attract
the amateur orchidophile.

Another side of the struggle for life is exemplified
on the sand reefs. Extending for miles, large ex-
panses of white ridges vary the monotony of dense
forest and stream. Here and there, between clumps of
low hushes the open spaces glare with reflected light
and heat, while the sand itself is so hot that the bare-
footed Indian is obliged to peel two pieces of bark to
protect the soles of his feet against it. Without such
an excessive rainfall as that of Guiana, these reefs
would be quite barren, but under the circumstances,
the hardier shrubs and a few trees manage to exist.
Orchids abound everywhere upon the low shrubs,
while several genera have succeeded in accommo-
dating themselves to the sand itself. Here is a
Cyrtopodium, with a magnificent panicle of yellow
flowers, but what a fine pseudo-bulb is this ! 3 to 4
feet long, and thick and fleshy, it contains a store of
food against all contingencies. Unlike its relations

Fig. 84.— chelmsford wonder: yellow, spotted bed.

straining of the insect to over-reach the plant, which
in its turn does its very best to prevent this. The
plant elaborates bitter, noxious and poisonous secre-
tions, but notwithstanding this, some larva or other
succeeds in almost every case in overcoming the
difficulty. There is hardy a vegetable poison that
cannot be eaten by some larva or other, and we may
reasonably presume that, as the plant concentrates
its deleterious secretions, the insect develops its
digestive powers to meet the difficulty.

The Orchids, above every other class of plants, are
examples of the highest individuality. Even the most
casual observer will notice that if he has half-a-
dozen plants of one species, they all differ from each
other in colour, markings, size, and shape. Every
plant is an individual as well as a species, this
characteristic being very prominent in nearly all
tropical plants. Entirely apart from the environ-
ment of the particular plant, which necessarily pro-
duces diversities in vigour and size, every Orchid
may be known and recognised as easily as one of his
flock by the shepherd. By artificial selection, desir-
able varieties of so many garden flowers bave been
perpetuated, but in the case of the Orchids natural

of the tree-tops, it revels in the glare, only partially
screening itself beside the bushes. James Ro&way,
F.L.S.

CHELMSFORD WONDER APPLE.

This Apple was raised from seed by the son of a
mechanic some twenty years ago, in a cottage garden
in the neighbourhood of Chelmsford, but of its
actual parentage nothing is known. In appearance,
the fruit partakes somewhat of that of King of the
Pippins, but it is larger and more solid, being adapted
on that account only for culinary purposes, whilst its
foliage and habit of growth resemble more closely
that of the Blenheim Orange, though in young trees
it is more erect, and might well be taken for a cross
between those two excellent varieties. The tree is
a free bearer, never having failed a good crop for
the past ten years, and the fruit keeps firm up to April
or May, and does not shrivel easily from exposure to
the air. When cooked it is of excellent flavour,
and may be used from the present time to the end
of the season. Our illustration (fig. 84) is taken
from a specimen which received a First-class Certi-
ficate from the Fruit Committee on November 10.

A THEORY OF HEREDITY,
BASED ON FORCES INSTEAD OF
ANY SPECIAL FORM OF MATTER.

Synopsis of a communication to the Linnean
Society, November, 1891.— Why and how forces
produce hereditary effects, are beyond discovery ;
but it is maintained that no special form of matter
(as is generally supposed) other than protoplasm is
required. The latest discoveries of the organised
structure of protoplasm militate against the idea of
any other special form of matter.

Universal vegetative multiplication shows that every
plant-cell must contain the supposed special matter
(e<7-. " germ-plasm " of Dr. Weismann) if it exist.

Illustrations. — 1. Animal. — Two varieties of
chickens are fed from the first day to full growth on
the same kind of food : why are they different? It
is more probable that the results are due to different
arrangements of the same kinds of molecules than
that they are due to different kinds of "germ-plasm."

2. Vegetable. — Ranunculus heterophyllus produces
a land- form and a water-form, according to its
environment. It therefore exhibits both " heredity "
and " acquired characters." As the materials of its
structure are the same in both cases, the different
results must be due to different arrangements of its
molecules. This must be effected by forces. In
both cases it establishes an equilibrium between
itself and its environment. The general effect of
water on plants is degeneracy. The sudden appear-
ance of stomata on the land-form, illustrates a case
of forces normally " potential " while the leaf is
submerged, becomiog "actual" when the leaf
developes in air.

Further Deduction. — Aquatic plants are degenerate
forms of land plants. This deduction is established
(1) by experimental verification ; (2), by comparative
morphology and anatomy.

The formation of submerged and floating leaves is
the result of self-adaptation to the environment.
Such are now hereditary.

Predispositions Considered: How Arisen. — Illus-
trations of predispositions : — Sir J. Paget on cancer ;
Dr. Weismann on Myopia; hereditary blindness in
a cat.

Responsiveness of Protoplasm. — Illustrations of the
action of the innumerable forces in the construction ( f
the human body and soul. The soul compared to light.

Conclusion. — Protoplasm and the forces bound up
with it are perfectly able to do all the work of trans-
mitting parental characters, as well as to acquire
new characters, which in turn may become hereditary
as well. G. Henslow, M.A., F.L S.

The Bulb Garden.

THE HIPPEASTRUM.

These plants have now quite finished their growth,
and whether their cultural requirements are better
understood, or the season has been favourable to
them, I do not know, but they certainly have
matured well, notwithstanding the unfavourable
autumn.

During the last week in October, or some time in
November, the entire collection should be taken out
of the plunging material ; and the bulbs ought to be
cleaned from the outer skins, under which may
perhaps be lurking insect pests of various kinds,
such as thrips and mealy bug. To make sure that
any examples of these troublesome parasites are
destroyed, I dust the bulbs over with tobacco-
powder. They are also kept dry at the roots, and
placed in a greenhouse temperature, with a dry
atmosphere and plenty of ventilation, until it is time
to repot them in January.

The leaves ought to be removed now from all
except the seedlings of the present year, which may
yet be kept in a growing condition. These young
seedlings do not lose their leaves in winter, and it is
necessary to give them enough water to prevent
their flagging. The best place for them at present

614

THE GABDENEBS3 CHBONIGLE.

[November 21, 1891.

is an intermediate-house, where the temperature
would not fall lower than about 50° ; and it is better
to place the plants near the glass roof on the sunny
side of the house. When potting them in January
or February, three plants may be set in a 6-inch
flowerpot, aad to promote root-action and start
them on at once, let the pots be plunged in a bed of
some fermenting material— spent tan is best, as this
does not become over-heated. This is the right time
to see that the wood and glass-work of the house
are washed ; a little soap only should be used in the
water, as too much soft-soap causes the paint to come
off, and it has also a tendency, I fancy, to dull the
glass. The bulbs must be kept out of the way of the
water.

The question was asked the other day by a grower
who does not raise seedlings, " How many good
varieties were obtained from a hundred seedlings ?''
Such a question cannot be answered right off, for a
great deal depends upon what the parents are from
which the seeds have been obtained. I have noticed,
that if seeds are obtained by cross-breeding two
distinct original specific forms, the seedlings are
nearly all alike, and intermediate between the two
parents; this method of cross-fertilisation is the first,
as it is the best, way to obtain garden varieties of
plants or trees. If a garden variety and an original
specific form is crossed, there is greater variation in
the seedlings; but if we hybridise two garden varie-
ties removed several generations from the original
hvbridisation of two species, we obtain a much
greater variation in form and colour, and the culti-
vator who thoroughly understands the work in which
he is engaged, and has a knowledge of the various
points of excellence, such as form and colour of the
flowers, the number of flowers on a scape, habit and
constitution of the plant itself, &c, will be sure to
excel.

As we go on towards perfection, we find the more
highly-developed flowers are not so prolific as seed
bearers ; but it is necessary to select them as pollen
and seed bearers. A flower with such excellent
qualities as good form and substance of petal, and
with a vigorous constitution, may be chosen as a
seed bearer, even if the colour is not satisfactory,
for this may be secured to the progeny by the selec-
tion of a well-coloured pollen-bearer. The number
of good seedlings may be determined by the wisdom
displayed in the selection, but at least 10 per cent,
of really good varieties may be expected ; whereas
in raising seedling Auriculas we should be glad to
obtain 1 per cent. The only way by which I can
account for this difference in results is, because the
Auricula has been brought to such a high state of
perfection through so many years' cultivation.
J. Douglas.

The Week's Work,

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

WINTER TOMATOS— The winter-fruiting plants
should have every attention to get a good set of
fruit before the short days of winter set in, anil to do
this with so little sun and much rain more difficulty
will be experienced. The foliage must be. kept thin,
and the plant9 near the glass. More warmth will
now be required and the hou?e kept drier, airing
freely in the dajtime, and leaving a chink on at
night. These plants will now do with much less
moisture than is usually given them, for excessive
supply U the forerunner of disease. The most suit-
able way to fruit these plants is to grow them to a
single stem, and thus get the trusses close together.
These should be gone over daily, and the blooms
fertilised with a camel's-hair brush. Feeding should
ta'te place when a good set has been secured : 1 find
Thomson's Vine Manure excellent for winter
Tomatos. The Old Hed is one of the best for winter
work ; it sets more freely than the smooth round
kinds, and when grown in pots the plants make a
sturdy growth. If white- fly is troublesome, apply
flowers-of-aulphur with a duster, and treat as ad-
vised in a previous Calendar. Plants struck
f.-om cuttings some weeks back should get a
shift and be kept near the light, giving the
roots a little assistance by plunging in a mild
bottom-heat for a short time, airing freely from

the top ventilators to keep them sturdy, and when
potting to make the compost firm and not too rich.

STRAWBERRIES — With heavy rains these plants
will now require shelter, and though I do not care
to take them into houses that are at times warm to
keep out damp, it is time they were in their winter
quarters. The best place is in csld frames, or in an
unheated fruit-house. If cold frames can be afforded
them, it is much the best, as the crowns are near
the glass, and thus get all the light possible, with
plenty of air and free exposure in mild weather. If
the pots are placed in frames, they should be plunged
to the rim in ashes or Cocoa-fibre ; if in a house, keep
the plants to the front as much as possible, and do
not let the roots suffer from dryness, but avoid
excess of moisture. Those plunged in frames will
not require water for some time ; but when in fruit-
houses, with free circulation of air, they dry more
freely. Without frame convenience, the plants may
be plunged in the open in ashes. The late forcers
should be left as long as possible. Before housing,
we stack ours, and in ordinary winters they do well ;
but with winters like the last, they require more
protection to keep the roots from injury. Therefore,
when stacking, it is best not to build too high, also
to face north and south, as the east wind after
frost, is worse than frost, and use plenty of
material between the pots. G, Wythes, Syon House,
Brentford, W.

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

FORCING-PITS. —In this department great fore-
sight and thought will now be required in bringing
forward the different kinds of plants, bulbs, &c,
so as to provide a succession of blooms to furnish
the conservatory and greenhouse, and also for pro-
viding cut flowers. Some of the early-potted Tulips
and Paper-white Narcissus should be examined, and
when well rooted bring them into this structure, in
batches, so as to form a succession, according to the
requirements. Well-ripened clumps of Lily of the
Valley should also be introduced ; plunge them in
Cocoa-nut fibre refusp. where the bottom-heat can be
kept from 75° to S0°, and the temperature of the
structure from 80° to 85°. Keep them dark until
they have commenced to throw up their flower-spikes,
when they should be kept well up to the light.
Single crowns may also be planted in boxes filled
with Cocoa-nut fibre refuse, when required for cutting
purposes, as by so doing space is greatly saved.

A few clumps of Christmas Roses, Ilelleborus
niger var. angustifolius, should be brought forward,
as they will be found very useful about the end of
the year ; also roots of Spiraea japonica, Dielytra
spectabilis, and Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum) ; the
two last-named, where cut flowers are used, should
be grown in quantity. A few plants of Deutzia
gracilis, Charles X., Lilac, and Syringa persica should
also be introduced, and kept in a temperature
fluctuating between G0° and 65°. Should the flowers
of the last-named be required whit?, the plants
should be forced in the dark.

CAMELLIAS. — The present is a most critical
period in respect to these plants dropping their buds,
and care must be taken not to allow the soil or
the atmosphere of the house to become too dry. ( In
all favourable occasions slightly dew the plants over-
head with luke-warm water. Any late plants which
have set their buds thickly, and have not been dis-
budded, should have attention, and assist any plants
which are pot and tub bound with some well-tried
fertiliser. Keep the foliage thoroughly clean by
frequent spongings, but do not use any kind of
insecticide at this season of the year, as it is liable
to injure the bud-;, and be the cause of them falling;
bot rather use clear soft water, which will be fonna
much eafer, and quite as efficient. 11. M
Penrice Castle, Swansea.

of good manure should be worked into it. If cold
and clayey, the sand must be well drained, and addi-
tions will have to be made that will render the
rooting more lasting. The best materials for im-
proving clayey soils are well-burnt garden refuse,
road grit, decayed leaf-soil, and the clearings of
ditches. The time to commence the making of extra
beds is usually when those established show signs of
degenerating, or when plantations are lifted annually
for forcing.

MUSHROOM-BEDS. — Beds in the open air
should be carefully examined, and if the covering
materials are wet, they must be carefully removed and
replaced with drier stuff, keeping the beds from ex-
posure as little as possible. See that the beds are
thoroughly covered again to a good thickness, and
made as far as possible water proof. Continue to
collect fresh materials, drying and preparing them
under cover, to make up new beds in the Mushroom-
house in place of others which have ceased to bear.

GLOBE ARTICHOKES.— For protection against
severe frosts, some dry lijht material should be
placed around the base of the leaves, having first
removed dead and decaying foliage from the plants.

THE FRAME GROUND.— Materials should be got
together in readiness for making up hotbeds ; fresh
litter from the stables and good Oak or Beech leaves
well mixed and turned before nsing are most suit-
able for the purpose. Cold frames containing
Endive, Lettuce, and Cauliflower should be made
secure from frost by lining the outsides with some
kind of litter, or by banking the soil up around
them ; extra coverings in severe frost will also be
necessary on the glass. All such frames should be
freely ventilated. The plants also must be looked
over frequently, and all decayed matter removed, and
the surface of the soil between them kept stirred.
Any appearance of mildew among Cauliflower plants
should be at once checked by light dusting of flowers-
of-sulphur.

STORE ROOTS. — Look over stores of Potatos,
Onions, and all other root crops, removing all signs
of decay, and sorting them to suit future intentions
in regard to each. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher,

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

ASPARAGUS.— Roots that are being forced should
be examined carefully daily, to see that the heat is
not excessive. Should the temperature be too great,
holes of 2 inches in diameter must be made iu
several places, to allow the excessive heat to escape.
A small amount of air may also be afforded the pit
during the night, when the crowns begin to push
above the soil. Abundance of light and air should
be given on fine days, so as to secure a green, crisp
head.

If necessary to make new beds of Asparagus, the
work should be commenced by deeply trenching the
gromd, and upon light sandy soils a large quantity

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE CATTLEYA-HOUSE.— Too much cannot be
said in drawing attention to the reintroduction of the
autumn-flowering varieties of C. labiata that are now
being sold in quantity at very moderate prices. This
brings the whole of the C. labiatas within reach of
the amateur and small growers. In large collections
the C. labiata will always remain in bloom from
year's end to year's end. That these plants are of a
good constitution, and free in flowering, a first-year's
growth will prove ; we find that they do well when
placed with C. Mossire and C. Mendelii, and potted
in a compost of three parts fibrous peat to one of
sphagnum moss, with some broken pieces of potsherds
intermixed. We have been re-arranging our plants
of Lselia anceps varieties, so that by staking and
tying the spikes of flowers gradually, we may obtain
the whole of the flowers to face a given point; this
adds materially to the beauty of the flowers, as each
bloom can be seen in its entirety.

The watering of the Cattleya should only now
be done by those who have some practical know-
ledge of the requirements of the plants, as each
plant must be considered individually. Plants that
are in small pots or baskets will require much more
attention in this respect than those that have been
repotted during the past summer. Although I do
not advise the drying tip of Cattleyas at any season
sufficiently to cause the psendobulbs to shrivel, yet
to rpst the plants efficiently they must be kept on
the dry side for some weeks ; this allows the tem-
perature to be so reduced, that the rest necessary is
compulsory. This must, of course, only apply to
those plants that have finished the season's growth,
or the plants would suffer from being thus treated.
Any late-growing kinds should be placed in a
warmer house, to swell off and perfect their growth ;
they may then be brought back, and treated as
above.

THE INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE.— Vanda suavis tri-
color, and, indeed, the whole of this section of
Vandas, should be kept on the dry side from now to
the end of February. These plants delight in a
cool-house and a long rest; at the same time the
atmosphere must be kept moist, which will keep
the leaves plump and hard. The best way in which

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

615

to test whether moisture is required at the roots is
by feeling the bottom foliage of each plant ; when
this softens, and shows signs of shrivelling, water
should be given, but then sparingly, or the roots that
are enclosed in the pot are apt to suffer. Another
plant that must be kept dry for a long season is
Odontoglossum citrosmum ; this plant can hardly be
induced to flower, no matter how large the new
pseudobulbs may be, unless a long season of rest is
given. The new growth should now be about
finished ; if this is so, on examination of the plants,
then they should be placed in a light position near
the glass, and no water given at the root until the
back bulbs are seen to be shrinking. To get these
plants to bloom freely, it is better to err on the dry
side than on the wet.

I am not at all satisfied with the colour of our
Lycastes, the new growth is as good as we ever had,
yet the flowers are neither as large or good in colour
as before. It would be interesting to know if other
growers have experienced the same during this
season. I am afraid that this dull sunless summer
and autumn has much to answer for, yet some
Orchids seem really finer in colour, notably Cat-
tleya Bowringiana. The temperature for each
division will be safe with the figures given in last
Calendar. A. G. Catt, Parkfield, Hallow, Worcester.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

FRUIT TREES ON NORTH WALLS. — Morello
Cherries and other fruit trees growing on northern
aspects may now be safely pruned, winter dressed,
and put in good order for the season. In pruning
the Morello, reserve plenty of young fruiting wood,
but avoid overcrowding of the shoots, as this not
only prevents the ripening of the wood but weakens
the trees, and the fruit, in consequence, is rarely fine.
These trees also bear well on the spur system, but,
owing to heavy cropping, soon become exhausted ;
but when trained like the Teach, they keep up a
healthy growth for many years. Spur back to a
couple of eyes all weak shoots not required
for filling-up, and lay in at intervals young
medium wood well ripened ; the distance apart
should range from 4 to 0 inches. See that
all old shreds or ties pinching the bark be
removed and replaced by fresh materials, and allow
them plenty of room to swell. Young trees should,
if not well-balanced, be taken entirely off the walls
and regulated. In commencing to naila fan-trained
tree, the young beginner will do well to regulate
and fasten all the main branches first ; when once
these are made to balance, then the young shoots may
be filled in. Do not make use of too many nails, only
sufficient to keep the branches in position. When
drawing strong wood to the right place use either
Willows or tar-twine, placing a piece of cloth to
prevent the bark being injured. Iu the case of well-
balanced trees, and where much nailing has to be
done, there is no need (or taking the whole of the
trees from the walls each year, but examine the
shreds and loosen them should there be any danger
of the bark being pinched. Take care with the
hammer, as a slight bruise not unfrequently leads to
gumming.

The trees should be thoroughly washed to destroy
insect pests, and if there is scale present brush it off
and dress the trees with a solution of soft-soap and
paraffin, keeping the two well mixed together when
Byringing. After the dressing and nailing is com-
pleted, should it be desirable to top-dress, remove
from 9 to 12 inches of the top soil and bring to the
surface some of the principal roots, first trimming
the tips, and then relaying them in sweet loam and
lime rubble, &c. A good dressing of lime carefully
pricked in will be found very beneficial to most
trees growing on northern borders, as for want of
sunshine the soil is apt to become sour. Should
the trees be infested with moss, dust thoroughly with
fresh lime, and in a few weeks the moss will
disappear.

NUTS.— Both the Filbert and Cob Nuts should be
planted if the soil is of a medium loamy nature, and
a good distance apart These, with Apples, pay
probably better than most fruits, as they may be
stored for a length of time, and kept in good market-
able condition. The Nuts should be planted at
from 12 to 15 feet apart, and trained in cup-shape,
which for the present is done by keeping the centres
open, selecting from three to five shoots at equal
distances to form the future heads ; from these, as
the bushes increase in size, more may be left so long
as there is no crowding. Suckers should always be
kept removed, and the stem clean 12 inches from

the ground-level to the bottom branches. Do not
manure to cause strong growth ; what is required is
medium growth, and plenty of fruiting-wood.

FRUIT ROOM. — In wet weather the fruits should
be gone over, and all faulty ones removed. Do not
handle the good fruit more than possible, though
a careful lift with the hand and the fruits again put
down will do no harm ; but this shifting should only
be done to keep gaps good, and to keep the fruits
together. Ventilate the room freely in mild weather,
and to prolong the season of Pears some may be
placed at the cooler end, always picking out the
ripest fruit for present use. To hurry the ripening
of Pears is somewhat difficult, aud to attempt to
retard them by placing them in a very cool spot
will not do, as in both cases the fruits are never so
good as when allowed to ripen gradually in a com-
fortable temperature.

VARIOUS. — Shred-cutting in wet weather should
be pushed on so that there is plenty in readiness for
fine days. Peg-making for Strawberries ; fruit-boxes,
&c.,to be washed and put aside; net-making, stakes-
pointing, and label-makiug are all jobs which should
be forwarded in bad weather, and never left till
the last minute. H. MarJchara, Mercworth Castle,
Maidstone.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

RECENT GALE8. — The recent gales have caused
the ground to be strewn with the branches of trees
and leaves, consequently a general cleaning - up
should be given in as speedy a manner as possible.
Recently-planted trees and shrubs which have been
loosened by the wind should, if not already done,
be 6een to forthwith, placing them upright, and
making the soil firm about them. Plants of Wall-
flowers and other spring-flowering subjects similarly
affected should also be attended to in the manner
indicated.

SELECT LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS.— In
forming new grounds and shrubbery borders, the
following trees and shrubs should be planted among
the common kinds, as well as singly on lawns and
places where their characteristics will be seen to
advantage ; they are sufficiently hardy to be planted
in all but the coldest parts of Britain : — Acer japoni-
cuin var. aureuni, a most distinct variety ; the leaves
are many-lobed, usually seven to nine, but not
infrequently eleven, which are of a soft pale yellow,
with rose-coloured foot-stalks. A. palmatum, remark-
able for the great variety in the form and colour of the
leaves. A. palmatum linearilobum produces long
narrow, slightly-toothed lobes, cut to very near the
base ; in the young state they, like the shoots, have
a reddish tinge, but become grey as they grow older,
the former retaining the reddish tinge in their foot-
stalks and margins only. A. palmatum linearilobum
atropurpureum is a very handsome and distinct sub-
variety of the preceding, in which the leaves when
first expanded are rose-purple, but which deepen
with age to a bronzy- red hue. A. palmatum sep-
temlobum elegans is remarkable for the changes of
colour which its leaves undergo from first develop-
ment to maturity, changing from a soft fulvous-
green to rose, and subsequently to a deep red.
A. palmatum septemlobum elegans purpureum is the
most highly-coloured of all the varieties of A. pal-
matum ; both young shoots and leaves when first
developed are of a deep purplish-crimson, which
ultimately become suffused with a greenish-black.
A. palmatum septemlobum laciniatum is quite dis-
tinct from the preceding, and from the typical sep-
temlobum ; the leaves are of a soft pale green, with
apex of the lobes tinted with rose when first deve-
loped— thelobes are linear, with the margins laciniate.
Csesalpinia japonica is a beautiful Japan shrub, with
leaves from 9 to 12 inches long; the inflorescence
is a thyroid or sub- corymbose raceme as long as the
leaves, and bearing from twenty to thirty bright canary-
yellow flowers an inch in diameter, with which the
red filaments and anthers form a striking contrast —
the raceme remains fresh in water several days after
being cut. Clerodendron trichotomum is a free-
growing shrub, with erect stems and branches, form-
ing in a few years a dense globose bush S to 10 feet
high, and as much through ; it is clothed with a
bold dark green foliage, its large ovate-acuminate
leaves being nearly G inches long. Its flowers appear
in September, and are produced in large terminal
cymes ; they are white, with a purplish calyx, and
deliciously fragrant. Styrax japonica is a deciduous
shrub, of rather dense habit, from 8 to 12 feet in

height, furnished with a neat, deep green foliage,
and bearing simple racemes of fragrant white
flowers. Cornus brachypoda is a handsome de-
ciduous tree, reaching to a height of 30 feet,
and quite unlike any other Cornus in cultivation ;
the flowers are produced in cymes about as large as
those of the common Elder, but of a purer white —
they appear in June, and project well beyond the
foliage of the tabulated branches. Eucryphia pinnati-
folia is another remarkably handsome tree, growing
from 8 to 10 feet high in its native country, Chili ; it
is furnished with a deep glossy green pinnate foliage,
each leaf consisting of five ovate, toothed leaflets,
about an inch long. The flowers, which are pro-
duced from the axils of the upper leaves, are from
2£ to 3 inches in diameter, each with four pure
white spreading petals and numerous stamens,
with long filaments, terminating in bright golden
yellow anthers ; they resemble in form an Hyperi-
cum, and are produced in July and August.

PLANTING BULBS IN GRASS.— During the last
few days we have been planting bulbs of various
kinds in masses in the grass in open spaces among
the trees near walks. There are already well-
established lines of Snowdrops on either side of the
walks, as well as clumps among the trees, together
with masses of Daffodils and Bluebells, so that with
the addition of Hyacinths, Tulips, Scilla sibirica, and
Polyanthus Narcissus, we expect to have a good
show in the spring. To this display masses of Wall-
flowers will add fragrance as well as variety. Bulb
planting in the manner indicated (in holes about
7 inches deep), dpserve to be more extensively prac-
tised than it is at present. The same remark applies
to the planting of Lilies in open spaces, in bog and
other beds. If planted in sunken pots filled with
suitable soil, their roots will not be interfered with by
those of trees and shrubs. //. W. Ward. Longford
Castle, Salisbury.

THE APIARY.

STORING AWAY COMBS. — This should have
early attention if not already done. Spare frames
containing comb should be looked over, and
those found to contain many drone cells are best
put on one side to he melted down for wax.
The remainder should be sorted, and those in-
tended to be used for extracting purposes tied up
in newspaper, labelled, and put in a dry place for
fear of mildew ; whilst those for use in the brood
nest are best placed by themselves and treated in a
similar fashion. If frames are too numerous to be
tied up in this way, it is best to have a rack made
in a dry room where they can be hung close together
and covered over to protect them from dust. As a
protection from the wax moth, a few pieces of
naphthaline may be placed about them.

Sections that contain worked-out comb are very
useful for the following year's work, as the bees are
attracted to the crates, and take to them at once if
a few drawn-out sections are placed in the centre.
They, therefore, should be taken every care of, and
prevented getting soiled by being packed carefully
away in the crates and covered over. Should any of
the comb in the sections be at all discoloured, the
cells must be rubbed off down to the midrib, which
can readily be done now that the wax is brittle.

SECURING HIVES AGAINST WIND, ETC. — The
recent gales will have made havoc with hives in
exposed places, where they were not made secure
beforehand. A stake driven on each side of a hive
is an easy means to prevent it being blown over ; or
if the roof only is likely to part company, this can
be tied on with a piece of stout cord or galvanised
wire. The legs of hives should stand well above
the ground, preferably on pieces of brick, so as to
keep them well out of the wet, and so prevent rotting.
Hives should also stand level, as if they do not, they
are apt to rock about, and be a constant source of
disturbance to the inmates at a season when abso-
lute quietude is essential. Hive roofs that leak and
have gone too far to be puttied up should be covered
with zinc, which will fit them for service for a long
time to come. Hives with glass sides require to be
very warmly wrapped up, as bees rarely survive the
winter in them unless so treated.

PLANTING FOR BEES. — If evergreen shrubs can
be placed to shelter the apiary from the north and
east, if required, it will be found to be a great
advantage in the spring, when so many bees come
to an untimely end through exposure to the
winds. Expert.

616

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Notembee 21, 1891.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MONDAY,

MEETIN GS.
TUESDAY, Nov. 24 j National Chrysanthemum Floral

"j Committee, at 2 p.m.
SATURDAY, Nov. 28— Royal Botanic, General meetiDg.

SHOW.
WEDNESDAY, Nov. 25— South Shields (two days).

SALE8.

i Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Nov. 23-? Moms' Rooms.

( Dutch Bulbs at Stevens* Rooms.

t Great Sale of Lilies, Daffodils, and
Nov. 24-? othpr Bulbs, at Protheroe &
| Morris' Rooms

■ Greenhouse Plants, Palms, &c, at
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.
Clearance Sale of Nur>erj Stock, at
HeflthrMd, Sussex, by Protheroe
& Morris (two days).
Dutch Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms.
Palms. Azaleas, &c, from Ghent,
a* Stevens' Rooms.
. Roses, at Stevens' Rooms,

( Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
( Morris' Rooms.

! Established and Imported Or-
chids, at Protheroe & Morris
Rooms.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 25

THURSDAY, Nov. 26
FRIDAY, N

SATURDAY, Nov. 28

( Dl

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
Hums, &c., at Stevens' Booms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.— 41°.B.

Electro-culture :

ence of electri-
city.

Centuries ago the commoner pbo
jitiva- nomena of electricity and magne-
ton of plants tism had attracted some attention,
under the influ- j,ut no one SUSpected that they
meant anything in particular, or
that they afforded indications of a
power everywhere present, and only waiting a
summons to enter into the service of man. Yet
we must not blame our ancestors for lack of
attention or intelligence. The doors of know-
ledge have had to be opened one by one, and in
early times, when so many of these doors still
remained closed, and others were at best but
slightly ajar, it is not a matter of wonder that
the elusive laws of electricity should have re-
mained unexplored. Even in our own century,
what a long gap there was between the first pro-
duction of the electrio light and its application
to practical purposes ! It all seems very plain
now, but two generations bad to elapse before
the electric light, as produced by Sir Humphrey
Davy in 1808, became available for general use.

If the progress made by electrical science was
slow in its earlier stage, amends are truly being
made now in the rapidity with which new views
and new applications of it are crowding upon us.
In electricity we have a po«er that has been in
the world from the beginning, but from which,
down to the present century, not one single
valuable result was drawn, for the simple reason
that our predecessors did not know how to make
use of it ; did not know enough even to recog-
nise it in some of its manifestations. To-day,
mankind has no more obedient, or, it may be
added, capable servant.

The early students of electricity had a task
that closely resembled putting together a com-
plicated puzzle, of which there was no plan ; but
as piece was joined to piece, the plan began to
reveal itself, and subsequent progress was rapid.
And if, in this year of grace, 1891, the puzzle is
not complete, at least we have, as far as it goes,
a fairly symmetrical and intelligible pattern
before our eyes, a circumstance whioh enables us
to develop any new suggestion much more
rapidly than before.

The title electro-oulture is one of those new
words which the progress of science is continually
adding to our language — it refers to the cultiva-
tion of plants under the influence of electricity.
To many this will appear as an entirely new idea,
but the notion of helping forward the growth of
plants by the aid of electricity is not actually
new. Experiments appear to have been made
by Mambray in this direction as early as 1746 ;
and the notion has probably been simmering in
the minds of some scientists ever since. It is only
within recent years, however, and since we have
learned more about the management of this
wonderful power, that any serious researches
have been undertaken, and the word elect ro-culure
is, as it were, but a word of yesterday's coinage.

There are two ways in which the influence of
electricity upon plant-life may be studied : —

1. The effects of the rays of electric light upon

vegetation may be investigated.

2. The influence of electrio currents upon

growing plants may be examined.

Let us first inquire into the history of electro-
culture, and notice the experiments which have
been made from Mambray's empirical researches
down to those of the present day.

Little is known of Mambray's work beyond
the fact that he carried on a number of experi-
ments ; and when we remember the loose habit
of thought which characterised the " scientists "
of the eighteenth century, we may feel certain
that there is little use in speculating upon them.

In 1806, we learn that De Caxpolle gave a
great deal of time to the examination of the
behaviour of plants under the action of elec-
tricity, but with little result for the science of
electricity was then but little advanced. Later,
Herve-Mangon and Prillieux worked upon
this curious subject of research, and with no
better results.

Some really interesting experiments were,
however, carried on some time ago by Grandeau
and Naudin. Grandeau tried to prove that
electricity was a vital necessity to the growth of
vegetation, and that this electricity naturally
existed in the soil. Now, there are some sub-
stances which, like glass, porcelain, &c, prevent
the movement of electricity; these are called
insulators, and a body is said to be insulated when
it is so mounted on or surrounded by one of
these substances that no electricity can get to
it. Again, electricity can act at a distance, but
if a body is placed in a metallic cap, and then
mounted upon an insulator, no electricity can
get to it or act upon it.

Grandeau took advantage of the.--e facts, and
one of his experiments was as follows : — Several
Tobacco and Maize plants weie placed in an
insulated position, and surrounded with a con-
tinuous metallic cap. After being carefully
grown under these conditions for several months,
it was observed that the plants had become
unhealthy, whilst similar plants grown under
normal conditions, being neither insulated nor
capped in, developed perfectly.

It must be admitted that a critical observer,
who possessed a good knowledge of the laws of
electricity, could not be expected to attach much
importance to this experiment.

Naudin performed a less negative experiment.
He planted Beans, Lettuces, Tomatos, &c, and
surrounded each plant with an iron wire cap,
and connected this cap by means of conductors
to a source from which electricity could be freely
supplied. The results obtained by this treatment
were somewhat significant, and, as similar plants
were cultivated in the ordinary way, Naudin was
able to draw comparisons.

The Lettuoes under the cap obtained an
average height of 1'20 metres (a metre is equal
to about 39 inches), and a weight of 427 grammes
(a gramme equals about 15| grains), as against
a height of l'O metre, and a weight of 337 grammes
when grown without the aid of electricity.

The Tomatos grew to an average height of
1 metre, and a weight of 3754 kilogrammes (a
kilogramme is about '2\ lb.), whereas, when grown
in the ordinary way, the height was 80 centi-
metres (a centimetre equals about ^ inch), and
the weight 3 627 kilogrammes.

No data are available with regard to the
Bean-plants, but it is stated that they grew to a
large size, and looked more healthy than those
whioh had not been treated with electricity.

In England, the late Sir W. Siemens made
some very remarkable and much more searching
experiments, especially regarding the influence
of electric light upon plant life. One of his
investigations lasted several months. The plants
were grown in two small greenhouses. Two
lamps were employed of about 5000 candle-power ;
one of these was placed inside one of the green-
houses, whilst the second was suspended at a
height of about 41 yards above the other. The
temperature of each house was maintained as
uniform as possible at about 15° Centigrade.

Several kinds of seeds were sown, and plants
set in, and the results were observed to be, on
the whole, unfavourable, especially in the case
where the greenhouse was illuminated from the
interior.

Sir W. Siemens then thought of softening
the intensity of the electric light by covering it
with variously tinted glasses. By this means he
was enabled to demonstrate that vegetation pro-
ceeded rapidly when white glass was used ; that
it was much slower under yellow glass, and that
in this case the plants were less vigorous and
paler in colour ; that red glass produced a medium
growth, whilst the foliage was meagre and
yellowish ; finally, that blue glass yielded the
worst results of all.

Where white glass was used, Baspberries
planted on December 16 bore fruit on March 1.
Strawberries planted on December 10 furnished
ripe fruit on February 14. Vines planted on
December 26 gave excellent Grapes, fully ripe,
on March 10. With cereals there was equally
rapid growth : Peas germinated in two days.
The examples exhibited before the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, at various times, by Sir W.
Siemens, were little short of marvellous, as re-
gards rapidity of growth. The general results
are given in the Gardeners' Chronicle, by Sir
William Siemens, and others, in our volume for
1880, March 20, March 27, and April 3, together
with illustrations showing the manner in which
the light was applied.

It appears, then, that the effect of the electric
light upon plants is of a very powerful order,
and such experiments open up an exceedingly
interesting line of research, which might lead to
really practical results, of which we shall have
more to say on another occasion.

Cattleya labiata with Two Lips.— Mr.

Lucien Linden has been good enough to forward us
a flower of the true autumn-flowering labiata with
two lips. These two arise apparently from the sub-
division or branching of one, and not as sometimes
happens from the unusual development of a stamen
in the form of a petal. We may add also, apropos of
recent discussions, that whilst one lip had the
character of C. labiata autumnalis, the other had
the features of C. Warocqueana

Supplement to "The Gardeners- Chronicle." November 21st. 1891.

Views in the Gardens at Aldenha

NOVEMBER 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

617

Potato Disease and the Bordeaux

Mixture. — The report made to the chief of the
division of Vegetable Pathology in the United States
Department of Agriculture, bIiows that the cost of
treatment made with a small handforce pump, and
in the most thorough manner, was more than com-
pensated for by the increased yield secured.

A Syrian Truffle.— In a recent number of
the Comptes Rendu.", M. A. Chatin describes a pecu-
liar Truffle, under the name of Terfesia. The specie!
is known to the Arabs under the name of Kamm6,
and is brought to Damascus by a tribe of Arabs who
are clothed in skins of the gazelle. Some idea of the
quantities collected may be gained by the record that
during the season ten camel-loads are daily brought
to Damascus.

Plant DISEASES. — The Journal of Mycology,
published under the auspices of the United Slates
Department of Agriculture, is devoted especially to
the study of fungi in their relation to plant diseases.
It furnishes an excellent example of the go-abeaded-
ness of our cousins on the other side of the Atlantic,
and one which we should be glad to see followed
here. Indeed, it is much to be desired that a Society
be instituted in this country for the investigation of
plant diseases, and the publication of results. The
County Councils, moreover, might very well com-
bine to secure the services of competent fungolo-
gists and entomologists, and to pay them sufficiently
well to induce them to devote their time and their
talents to research and experiment. Such a scheme,
together with the institution of a pathological Society,
would greatly advance matters.

" Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien."—

This work, several volumes of which are in process of
issue concurrently, appears with its usual regularity.
0 ving to the manner of publication, the sorting of the
sheets for the binder becomes a matter of difficulty ;
indeed, it will be found preferable, we think, in
order to avoid mistakes, to keep the several
Lieferungen, Theilen, Abtbeilungen, and Bogen
unbound till the whole is complete. What Lindley
did single-handed, or with scant assistance, in his
Vegetable Kingdom is here worked np by several
monographers, who incorporate a summary of the
most recent researches in histology with those relat-
ing to the morphology and affinities of the several
orders. In the last part we find that our humble
Adoxa is advanced to the dignity of having a
separate order all to itself, so that Adoxacese now
constitutes an order of a single genus and that of a
single species!

JUB/EA 8PECTABILIS.— " W. O.," Fota, writes in
the Garden, that this noble Palm survived the
winter at Cork, with little or no protection, even
though 14° of frost were registered. The writer
considers it as the most hardy Palm next to
Cfrmajrops excelsa.

Linnean SOCIETY.— At the meeting on No-
vember 5, Prolessor Stewart, President, in the
chair, Mr. W. L. Brown was elected, and Professor
W. F. Wkldon was admitted a Fellow of the
Society. On behalf of a number of subscribers,
Mr. Cahruthers presented to the Society a half-
length portrait in oils of Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
M.P., PC, and F.R S., a former President, painted
by Mr. Leslie Ward; and the remarks which he
made on the services rendered to biological science
by Sir John Lubbock drew from the latter a graceful
acknowledgment of the honour conferred upon him.
Amongst the exhibitions which followed, Mr. E. M.
Holmes showed some new marine Algte, from the
Ayrshire coast ; Mr. J. G. Grenfell showed some
Diatoms with pseudopodia, illustrating his remarks
with diagrams, upon which an interesting discussion
followed. The President exhibited, and made some
observations on, a tooth of the walrus, which illus-
trated in a curious manner the periods of growth.
Mr. R. V. Sherrinq called attention to a large series
of framed photographs which had been taken under
his direction in Grenada, and illustrated the general
character of the West Indian Flora, as well as the

physical features of that particular island. Mr. J. E.
Harting exhibited a specimen of Wilson's petrel,
which had been picked up in an exhausted state in
the county Down on Oct. 2 last, and had been for-
warded for inspection by M. R. Patterson, of Belfast.
Mr. Harting gave some account of the species, and
remarked upon the unusual number of petrels,
shearwaters, skuas, and other marine birds, which
had been driven inland to a considerable distance
during the recent gales. A paper was then read by
the Rev. Professor Hesslow, M.A., entitled "A
Theory of Heredity based on Forces instead of any
Special Form of Matter " (see p. 613).

Varnish Trees at Frankfurt.— When, in

1875, Professor Rein returned from his travels in
the Orient, and two years of whose time had been
utilised in journeyings in Japan, he brought home
seeds of the best of the cultivated Japanese species
of varnish - furnishing trees, which he presented to
the botanical gardenB at Frankfurt-on-the-Maine
for cultivation, says the Illitstrierte Garten Zcitung.
The seeds were sown in the open air, and
about forty plants grew. The soil in which they
were Bown and reared was rich and moist. The
plants flowered with great freedom, and set seeds,
which ripened completely. The German government
at the end of August this year deputed Professor
Rein, who was at Bonn, to go to Frankfurt to put
into practice the methods he had learnt in Japan
of extracting the juices of the plant, and manu-
facturing lacquer. These experiments brought
satisfactory results. In Japan the lacquer harvest
is begun in July, and the Professor believes that
equally good trees can be obtained here as there.
The question is, is the lacquer as good as that ob-
tained in Japan, and the point is to be settled by
scientific investigation. Experiments have proved,
that on cool days the flow of sap was very small, whilst
on warm ones the flow was abundant. The trees
which have been tapped can, after a short interval,
be again operated on.

Stock-taking : October.— Once again the

record is against us in the matter of imports, but
the "difference" shows a diminishing quantity—
£872,407. The figures for the ten months show
an increase of £4,251,836. For those who have the
time it would be an interesting exercise to see how
much of the reduction is due to lower prices. The
same remark applies to the matter of exports ; of
this, more anon. The following is our usual excerpt
from summary of Imports of Foreign and Colonial
Produce for October, 1891 : —

1890.

1891.

Difference.

Total value for month

£.

£17. 746.2315

£■

£36,873,829

£.

—872,407

J II.— (A.) Articles of
food and drink —
duty free

12,440,183

12.929,033

+488,850

(B.) — do., dutiable

3,105,302

3,3*3,152

+213,150

$VI.— Raw materials
for textile manufac-
tures (including
Flax, Hemp, and
Jute)

6,697,451

5,4. '3,3 18

—1,574,133

$ VII. —Raw materials
for sundry industries
and manufactures
(including wood and
timber, hewn, sawn,
split, dressed ; vege-
table materials, lor
paper-making, &c.)

4,105,988

4,038,042

—67,916

$IX. — Miscellaneous
articles (including
Clover, Grass, Flax,
Rape, Linseed)

1,334,166

1,301,447

—32,719

(B.)— Parcel Post ...

56,438

59,152

+ 3,014

In the exports of British and Irish manufactures,
there is recorded a decrease of £2,506 977 as com-
pared with the same period last year, and of
£12 491,168 for the ten months as compared with
1890. It must here be borne in mind that there is
not this year a M'Kinley " boom " — things are all
the other way ; and we cannot record a perfect
recovery in the money market from the effects of
the Baring scare. Affairs in Chili and Brazil

have had a damaging effect on our commerce ;
so much was expected from those localities after
the M'Kinley Tariff Act had begun its operations.
Altogether the wonder is — not, perhaps, so much
that the exports have been reduced by the figures
noted, but that the falling off has not been more.
Common sense is coming to the help of those peoples
equally interested with ourselves in the spread of
Free Trade principles, and these are not the mil-
lionaires of protected countries. The " set " to be
made in the United States against the M'Kinley
Tariff will be a very determined one in the imminent
Presidential election campaign ; and the demoralising
effect of Protection in the encouragement of smug-
gling, &c , is being felt on the enormous " border-
line " of the United States. It is worthy of note
that " indirect " smuggling is largely on the increase
in the States, for all travellers of that ilk on their
return home are simply loaded with articles of per-
sonal attire, which pay nothing to the Customs ; and
an association has been formed in New York whose
object is to watch all such " operations," and draw
the attention of the Government and its officials to
this, as it is termed, "unpatriotic" conduct. In
France, the discovery has been made that protecting
the silk industry is all against the trade, for by just
so much as that of France has decreased— and the
figure is considerable — so great has been the gain in
Italy — a double discovery, of equal value to the
parties interested. The Ministers of Commerce in
both countries have made the discovery, but not
until the artisans had had tangible experience of the
grave blunder. We must wait returning confidence
at home and peace abroad, improving the processes
of manufacture wherever possible, ready for a fresh
start at, let us hope, a not distant date. The fol-
lowing figures are extracted from the general mass
of imports for the month, and possess all the old
attractiveness : —

$ II. Fruit:—
Apples, raw

Unenumerated, raw

Onions

Potatos

Vegetables, raw, um
merated

1890. 1891.

586,832

6S6.262

514.681

55.938

£60,191

593.402
706.685
■174.881
44,135

66,805

Difference

+ 6,570
+20,423
—39,800
—11,803

+ 6,614

It may not be inopportune here to record that the
Council of the Central and Associated Chambers of
Agriculture have been taking stock of the Railway
Tariff which is to come into operation in August of
next year, and have found that the railway com-
panies will not be altogether losers by the new state
of things. The grower near London will be in no
better position than he is to-day, owing to the ter-
minal charges and the diminishing scale for those
further afield. This is certainly hard upon those
who pay such rents and rates as those within com-
paratively short distances of the metropolis. Messrs.
Hicks-Beach and Chaplin will doubtless have their
attention drawn to this at the earliest possible date,
but however willing these gentlemen may be to
help the tiller of the soil in this dilemma, we doubt
if anything can be done to mend matters until the
new Parliament meets.

Chichester Municipal Election.— It may

interest many of our readers to know that at the
recent municipal contest at Chichester, Mr. H. H.
Moore, of the Chichester nurseries, was returned
at the head of the poll by a majority of twenty.

The Chicago Exhibition.— California is the

first State to respond to Chief Buchanan's request
that each State contribute the trunks of three of its
most characteristic trees, to be used in constructing
a rustic colonnade for the Forestry building. Cali-
fornia's contribution includes a Sugar-pine, Pinus
Lambertiana, furnished by Towle Bros. ; a Red-
wood, Sequoia sempervirens, by J. F. Cunningham ;
and a Sequoia (Wellingtonia), by Smith Comstock.
One acre of ground within the horticultural building
has been reserved for an Orange grove from Florida,
and the same amount for a grove from California.

618

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 21, 1891.

These trees will be brought to Chicago next year,
and planted so that they will bear fruit while the
Exposition is open. These two acres constitute two
nterior courts of the building.

Newcastle-on-Tyne and District Horti-
cultural Mutual Improvement Society.—

The third ordinary meeting of this Society was held
at the Literary and Philosophical Institute, New-
castle, on Thursday, November 5. Mr. A. Heslop
presided. Mr. Adamson introduced the questions
which had been asked by various members of the
questions committee, and which included Eucharis
Candida, Tomato disease, herbaceous plants, &c. A
Blight discussion took place in answer to each ques-
tion. Seventeen new members were proposed and
elected. On November 19, a paper was read by Mr.
John Elliott on " Plant Construction."

A £250 CYPRIPEDIUM.— In the Orchid-houses
at Messrs. F. Sander & Co.'s may be seen a plant
in flower of the Cypripedium insigne Sandernj,
which was so much admired when it was exhibited
at the last meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society. It was introduced by Mr. Sander three
years ago as a single plant. Half the plant was
acquired by Baron Schroder at auction for
70 guineas, the other half going to Mr. R. H.
Measures, who divided his portion into four, one
being secured by Mr. R. I. Measures, one passing
into the hands of F. L. Ames, Esq. The remaining
two parts were retained by their owner, who sold one
to Mr. Sander on Saturday last for £250.

County Councils and the Education
Scheme.— In a circular addressed to teachers in
public elementary schools, the Technical Education
Committee of the Surrey County Council state that
arrangements have been made for the following
lectures and classes on Saturdays, at 11 am,
beginning on October 3 : —

Guildford.— Agricultural Chemistry, followed by

Laboratory Work. In the afternoon a class in

Qualitative Analysis.
Farnham.— Experimental Mechanics, followed by

Laboratory Work.
Redhill.— Culture of Fruit and Vegetables, followed

by a class. (Illustrations by diagrams.) Pro-
bable class in Qualitative Analysis.
Croydon (or the neighbourhood).— Experimental

Mechanics, followed by Laboratory Work.
Kingston. — Chemistry of Arts and Industries,

followed by Laboratory Work, with class in

Qualitative Analysis.
Chertsey.— Agricultural Botany, followed bv a

class ; or Animal Physiology, followed " by

Laboratory Work.

After Christmas, the subjects in the various centres
are to be changed. Iu reference to this matter, a
correspondent writes as follows:— " You will see by
the enclosed cutting that the Committee of the Surrey
County Council has arranged for six courses of
lectures in as many different towns for teachers in
public schools, five out of which six courses are
of great importance to all gardeners, but everyone
except the teachers is effectually stopped from
attending, the lectures starting at 11 o'clock on
Saturday morning. Why could they not be fixed for
some time in the evening? thus enabling persons
engaged during the day to attend, especially as the
public can do so for a fee of 2d. per lecture ; and it
would be no more trouble to address a full room than
it is to address one half-full. The hour is fixed, I
suppose, to suit the teachers (which I doubt if it
does) ; but surely they would not object to have
them on another week-day evening, and thus get
Saturday clear. This alteration would be a boon to
thousands of farmers and gardeners, instead of which
as at present arranged, it is a great means of good
only half used."

CATTLEYA LABIATA.-Now that attention is
called to the plants of autumn-flowering labiata of
the old stock, there seems to have been many more

varieties than was anticipated, and some of thsm of
but indifferent quality. The best we have seen is
represented by a superbly rich- coloured flower from
Sunny Hill, Llandudno, taken from a plant which
the owner, Josepii Broome, Esq., says has been in
his possession for more than a dozen years. The
flower is 1h inches across, with petals 2.} inches wide.
The sepals and petals are bright rosy-lilac, and the
lip has but little yellow at the base, and with a dark
velvety crimson front lobe. There is a white ray
from the column up the base of each segment, and the
flower looks particularly bright at night by artificial
light — a quality which is shared by all of the recent
importationsjwhich^have flowered, and which seems
to assist greatly in establishing their fdentity.

Manchester Royal Botanic Gardens.—

The following dates are fixed for exhibitions during
the forthcoming year : — First Spring Show in the
Town Hall, Manchester, March 15, 16; second do.,
April 26 ; Special Exhibition of Orchids, Roses and
Rhododendrons, opens at the Gardens, June 3 ;
Orchid Conference, June 4 ; Rose Show, at Gardens,
July 16.

SANDRINGHAM. — In connection with the exten-
sive alterations which have been carried on since
Mr. McKellar took charge, there has been just
completed a fine and commodious bothy for the
young men, fitted up with all the latest improve-
ments in heating and sanitation, hot and cold water,
lavatories, baths, &e. ; and to inaugurate the new
premises, the gardeners on Thursday evening last
gave an evening entertainment, which was much
appreciated.

The Destruction of Blight on Plum

TREES. — In order to destroy blight and insect pests
generally on Plum trees, the foliage may, it is said,
be advantageously sprayed with a liquid composed of
the following ingredients : black soap, 35 grammes ;
warm water, 1 litre ; amyl alcohol, 60 grammes. The
soap is dissolved in the water first, the solution
cooled, and then the amyl alcohol added. Care
should be taken to reach both surfaces of the leaves
with the spray, and the operation should be per-
formed either in the early morning or in the evening.
The treatment is only necessary about twice.

THE LIBRARY AT Kew.— The December number
of the Bookworm will contain au article on the
Library at the Royal Gardens, Kew.

Oakdene, Guildford.— This estate has been
purchased by the Marquis of Sligo. Mr. H. Aggett
remains in charge as Head Gardener.

Hen and Chickens Chrysanthemum.--

Messrs. Cannell send us specimens in which the
terminal flower-head was surrounded by a cluster of
side-buds, just as in the Hen and Chickens Daisy,
but more crowded. The bond between mother and
children, however, was not very strong, as they all
fell away one from the other.

NOVELTIES.

Dalgarno's Patent Turf Cutter (fig. 85).— This
machine has been designed in order to furnish an
implement for cutting turf, to supersede the edging-
iron and spade. Where large breadths of turf
rpquire to be cut for bowling and tennis-greens, it
has hitherto been a tedious process, and it is also
difficult to cut the turves all an equal depth, as also
to cut them perfectly square. The cutting part of
this machine is a round steel disc, with a socket for
inserting into the handle; this disc is made to shift
by a screw, to cut any depth from 1 to 3 inches.
The guiding wheels are attached to the casting at a
convenient distance on either side of the disc, and
when it is cutting, these wheels keep the disc in
proper cutting position. The main casting is so
constructed as to give the required weight needed
for making the disc cut the grass freely. In cutting
the turf, a line is laid down from end to end, the
disc inserted on the line, and the machine moves

along quite freely. The sides of the turf aie cut
perfectly square, and at an equal depth, which ensures
perfect accuracy when a tennis-green has to be
turfed. Mr. Barron, of Chiswick, and others, have
seen it at work, and speak highly of its simplicity
and efficiency. The machine can be worked easily
at an ordinary walking pace. The patentee is Mr.
Dalgarno, gardener, Gilcomston, Aberdeen.

Home Correspondence.

A FINE CROP' OF ONIONS.— This year it seems
that the spring-sown Onions in this locality have
proved almost a failure. In the first place the
maggot spoiled a quantity, and what survived the
mildew seemed to have been completely demolished.
I have seen the remains of what at one time pro-
mised to be a very fine crop ; but the maggot and
mildew has made a fearful havoc amongst them.
I have grown six of what may be called the
best sorts, viz., Bedfordshire Champion, which
is considered a heavy cropper ; James' Long-keep-
ing, an excellent keeper ; Rousham Park Hero,
Nuneham Park, Veitch's Maincrop, and Dickson's
Defiance ; the last-named is the best. From the
first it took the lead, and those who have not grown
it will do well to give it a trial. All the above
kinds were grown on the same piece of land,
and given similar treatment. The ground was
dug last autumn, and left rough ; at the end
of February it was forked over, working in lime
and soot mixed together. Dickson's Defiance
Onion is of fine shape, and available for the exhi-
bition-table. It is also one of the best for general
use, it being firm, heavy, and an excellent keeper.
C. E. Martin, The Hoo Gardens, Wclwi/n.

THE PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL FRUIT SHOW.
— There can be no doubt whatever but that the
proposed international fruit show, referred to in your
leader of November 7, has already attracted great
attention. It is a fact, good or bad, that fruit
culture, and all that relates to it, is just now a
dominating idea in the public mind ; and, so far as
I can learn, the chief object of the proposed show
is to help to turn that spntiment to practical
account. I was not present at the impromptu meet-
ing held at the Crystal Palace in the afternoon of
the day of the October fruit show held there, but
I am informed that the original suggestion, that
such an international show should be held, and at
the Palace, was a spontaneous one, and in reality
grew out of the recent International Fruit Show at
Edinburgh, which some of those present at this
informal meeting attended, and who were desirous
of seeing something of the kind promoted in London.
Amongst those interested in fruit culture with whom
I associate, I never hear, publicly or privately, one
word derogatory to the Horticultural Society on its
premier position as a horticultural societv,
but simply objections which seem to be used
as to the business capacity of the Council in relation
to the conduct of large national or international
enterprises. It cannot be too clearly shown, that the
mere fact that a gentleman is made a member of the
Council does not evidence that as a consequence he
is therefore a first-class business man, and it is
specially evident that good business qualifications,
with plenty of shrewd clear-headedness and inde-
pendence of thought, as well as decisiveness of action,
are the chief elements desired when the conduct of
a great effort such as this proposed exhibition is in
question. I venture to think that the Council could
hardly send as representative, if it purposes to do so,
on to the proposed committee better men than Mr.
W. Marshall and Mr. G. Bunyard ; but all the same
I would point out, so far as the latter gentleman is
concerned, that as I gather the wishes of the original
promoters, it is hoped that the nursery trade will be
only very sparingly represented, because it is so
earnestly desired that the exhibition should not be
concerned or conducted in the interests of any section
or class ; but be as much in the interests of con-
sumers as of growers, and of private gardeners,
amateurs, cottagers, &c, as of the fruit tree trade.
Iu the ultimate formation of the Executive, it will
be impossible to overlook these various interests,
hence there can hardly be found stronger reasons
for keeping the entire control of the exhibition
in the hands of a body which represents no
special interest, but the interests of fruit universally.
Of course, there aie many"ifs"to be encountered
before the proposal can be lealised. but I do know, that

Novembbb 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

619

whilst Providence may shape our ends, rough-hew
them how we will, yet it is the possession of plenty
of moral force, courage, and capacity to perform the
rough-hewing, which becomes the assured creator of
ultimate success. For this reason opinion is, I
believe, unanimous in favour of the leadership of
Sir James Whitehead. The proposition needs
powerful influence and a strong financial backing.
But more than that, Sir James Whitehead has
literally taken the lead in fruit culture, quite apart
from the Fruiterers' Company, because he is endowed
with strong enthusiasm in its favour. I incline to the
belief that every agricultural, as well as horticultural,
body in the kingdom ought to be anxious to give
the proposed exhibition every possible encourage-
ment and support. It is to be a great national
effort, and any bodies which hold aloof will suffer in
prestige, and lose a splendid opportunity to render
horticulture, so far as relates to fruit culture, great and
good service. Let the council of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society learn to realise that some may be of
its most earnest supporters, and yet as anxious to
help every good movement of an horticultural
nature, and then it will take no unwise course, but
will, heart and soul, associate itself with the pro-
posed exhibition. Fniclus.

its usefulness as a pot plant for room decoration, as
it will last in bloom quite six weeks in the drawing-
room. The plant is of easy culture, and may be
said to be capable of growing anywhere. In very
wet soils, a little protection should be afforded it by
covering the soil around the plant with charred
garden refuse. G. B. Claydon.

CIDER KEEPING (see also p. 620).— If your corres-
pondent, "A. W.,'' Hereford, p. 594, will get 4 or 6 lb.
of common treacle and 1 lb. of ground ginger, mix
well together, put it into a tin pan, and bake it well
until quite hard ; then break it up and put into his
cider, let it stand perfectly bunged-up for three
months, he will find on tapping that his cider will
be perfect, and fresh as champagne. I have known
cider keep beautifully for several years on this treat-
ment. I have never known Hops used. This is an
old recipe of sixty years ago. T. H. S.

ABUTILON THOMPSONI. — This is one of the
best yellow foliage plants at command for employ-
ment in the flower garden. The large blotches of
marbled yellow on the deep green leaves are very
effective when judiciously employed in beds with
suitable companions. We plant this Abutilon among

FlO. 85.— PATENT TURF CUTTER. (sEE r. (>18.)

FORCED SPINACH BEET.— Most gardeners know
the value of this kind of vegetable, and often substi-
tute it for true Spinach, especially if the summer has
been a dry one. Spinach Beet may be forced by
filling a garden-frame, standing on a mild hotbed.
This may be done in the late autumn, and there will
be no lack of young leaves to use as Spinach during
the first three months of the year, a time when but
little true Spinach can be found in the garden.
G. B. Claydon.

BOCCONIA CORDATA.— All who are in search of
stately free-growing perennial plants, and not already
in possession of Bocconia cordata, should hasten to
sfcure it. It is not only suitable for back rows in
roomy herbaceous or mixed borders, but also makes
a suitable display as a single specimen lawn plant.
Its bold and pleasing contour is made up of nume-
rous large, irregular-edged, heart-shape leaves of
glaucous hue, over which rise bold panicles of light-
brown flowers, with chaste elegance. Therefore, as a
Chinese plant, it has distinctive features, whilst its
hardiness, and the verymoderate price it is catalogued
at, leaves nothing to be desired, though it may be well
to remark it thrives best in deep sandy loam upon
warm aspects, and is not at all partial to cold un-
drained soils. William Earley.

SEDUM SPECTABILE.— This is one of the prettiest
of our autumn-flowering plants, with its glaucous
foliage ; but Us greatest merit is, in my opinion, in

tuberous-rooted Begonias, mainly red varieties, keep-
ing them about a yard apart, and restrict them to a
single stem. The deep green of the Begonia foliage,
and the bright red of the blossoms, make a capital
contrast with the yellow blotches of this Abutilon,
especially when the plants stand above the Begonias
a couple of feet. Cuttings inserted in a brisk bottom
heat in March grow into nice plants by the beginning
of June. The plants should be restricted to a single
stem, allowing that to grow uninterruptedly, in this
way the finest leaves are developed. If larger plants
are required, cuttings should be inserted, three or
four together, in 3-inch pots early in September,
plunging them in a gentle hotbed until roots are
formed, when the plants ought to be kept stocky by
placing them near to the glass in a cool-house through
the winter, potting them off separately early in
March. E. M.

LILIUM OCHROLEUCUM, Wallich. — I am much
obliged to "J. M." for the reference to Lindley's
note on L. nepalense, in Gardeners' Chronicle, 1855,
p. 561. Judging from the short description, I should
think the plant he had before him is more likely to
have been polyphyllum than nepalense. In answer
to " J. M.'s" question about Wallich's ochroleucum,
the following is how the matter stands : — The draw-
ing which we have in the Kew collection marked
Lilium ochroleucum in the handwriting of Wallich,
is manifestly the original of his plate published
in Plants Asiatic/? Bariores, under the name of

nepalense. The dissections in the original drawing
(six separate perianth-segments, a single stamen,
pistil compete and horizontal, and vertical section of
ovary), are not reproduced in the published plate.
The figure in Eluies is copied from the published
figure of Wallich, both as regards form and colouring.
The three figures are in reality one only, and that one
drawn and coloured from a dried specimen of L.
nepalense, Don. No one, who has seen the three
figures, could possibly suppose that they had any
thing to do with the Burmese L. Wallichianum
superbam. Leaving flowers out of account, in the
Nepaul plant the leaves are short and oblong-lan-
ceolate, in the Burmese plant they are long and
narrowly linear. J. G. Baker, Kew.

BOUVARDIAS. — Very few flowers are eo useful as
these at this time of the year, and onwards to next
March. One of the prettiest shows of Bouvardias
I have ever seen, came under my notice this week.
There were plants in all sizes of pots from 48's up
to 16's, and ranging from 9 inches up to 4 or 5 feet
in height. Many of them were quite covered with
flowers, particularly Mrs. Green, Vreelandii, and
Hogarthi flore-pleno. They were not grown in any
particular compost ; some had a nice mixture of
turfy loam and sand, others; leaf-soil and ordinary
garden loam, and a few were grown in garden loam
and well-decayed stable-manure from an old hot-bed.
All of them, however, were looking remarkably
healthy, and there was little to choose between
them, whether grown in one composition or the
other. I discovered that the main reason of such a
grand success lay in having the plants thoroughly
well drained, and giving them plenty of water.
Struck in the spring, and grown on rapidly in a
temperature of 65° to 70° until the middle of July,
afterwards kept in a cool-house and well syringed
upon bright days, constituted, according to my
informant, all the attention they received. By the
end of September the plants had a little fire heat,
and were very soon in active growth and flower.
By feeding the plants and giving them a temperature
of not less than 55° at night, rising to 65° and 70°
upon a bright day, these plants will continue to
supply an immense amount of flowers for another
two or three months to come. Bouvardias like
a good supply of water, but the plants must not
be allowed to get sodden at the roots or dire results
are certain to accrue. A. P.

CLIMBING NIPHETOS ROSE.— Referring to your
notice (p. 586) of the disappointment one of your
German correspondents has received regarding the
above, I must say a word in favour of this Rose.
Your correspondent, and also the nurseryman he
mentions, have evidently not got hold of the proper
variety. You mention that it may be that the climbing
habit is not assumed at first. Now quite the con-
trary is the fact, for from the very first growth this
grand variety grows very vigorously. I have young
plants that were grafted during last February and
March, and that are now carrying two to four long
shoots, some of them fully 12 to 15 feet long. This
is the first time I have heard any complaint respect-
ing this Rose. Climbing Niphetos has with me
proved itself all that Messrs. Keynes, Williams &
Co. claimed for it on introducing it to the public.
Its flowers are in all respects equal to the well-known
kind that it originated from. If your correspondent
would purchase from a sound firm, or from the raiser,
I do not for a moment think he will be disap-
pointed as regards its climbing characteristics.
A. Piper, TTckfidd.

An article or paragraph referiing to

this Rose (p. 586) would probably excite some
suspicion as to the climbing capabilities of this
Rose. I have one here that is upwards of 14
feet, and that has borne probably over 700
flowers since last Christmas. I have frequently
been asked if that is the climbing Niphetos, but I
am under the impression it is not, because it was
planted before the so-called climber came into repute.
It does climb certainly, and that very well; and may
easily be called under that head. I have not yet
seen a good plant of the climbing Niphetos, neither
do I want it, as the variety we have climbs as far
as we need it to, and is the mo§t useful Rose that
we have, for I need hardly say that we are seldom
without a bloom of it. W. A. Cook, Compton Bassett.

BEGONIA WELTONIENSIS.— This is one of the
best of the fibrous-rooted Begonias for flowering in
the greenhouse continuously for five and six months
at a stretch, provided, of course, it receives reason-
able treatment. The bright salmon-pink of the

620

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 21, 1891.

reely-produced blossoms is very pleasing on the
plant, and in a cut state it is serviceable, when in
good lengths and associated with its own foliage, set
up lightly, adding only a few fronds of Maidenhair
Fern to make the appearance lighter still. Dividing
the roots is a ready means of increasing the stock.
E. M.

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA.— If planted in masses on
a lawn, Yucca tilaruentosa is very attractive when in
flower during August, the almost white flowers con-
trast so well with the surrounding green of the
turf. Any ordinary good soil will grow this Yucca
to perfection, provided some manure is added at
planting-time, which not only increases the size of
the flowers, but gives a deeper colour to the leaves,
which enhances the appearance of the plants at all
times. iS.

ESTATE FRUIT PLANTING— At p. 557. "A. D."
appears sceptical upon some of the points raised, espe-
cially as to whether we are pursuing the best tactics
in the matter of stocks. I suspect he has formed his
opinion from the condensed reports only, and not
from the entire substance of the paper. At all
events, his theory and doubts as to " whether there
could be found outside of nurseries, just the tech-
nical knowledge, born of wide experience, which nur-
suries alone afford," is extremely fallacious, and his
fears as to the inferred supplying of " badly worked
or inferior trees " to tenants is equally absurd. The
purchasing of maiden trees from the trade would not
remedy this, and the least experience would soon
convince " A. D." how erroneous it was to remove
maiden trees that were intended to make standards
for orchards, although the plan may do for bush
work or pyramids. We do not want to dwarf the
Crab stock, nor yet to lose any of its vigour ; but we
do want to substitute for its natural and barren
tap-roots a multiplicity of fibrous and fruitful
roots, for which purpose we always select the
strongest and heathiest seedlings. Moreover, we
hold that the extra trouble taken in the preparation
of the stock, prior to working, is amply repaid in
after years, especially when the question of root-
pruning, and its doubtful consequences by inex-
perienced persons, are considered. Home planta-
tions have been made of all the best varieties,
demonstrating the best known methods of cultivation,
in order to teach an object lesson to such tenants as are
open to receive sound practical ideas on fruit growing.
There may be other advantages, on large estates,
without casting any reflection upon the trade, but
I ask, what scheme can be more likely to succeed as
a permanency, or more worthy of encouragement,
than the enterprise of supplying tenants gratis, farm
and cottage alike, with first-class trees of first-class
kinds, well proven to suit the locality? We are so
sanguine of tbe results, gained by past experience,
that we shall continue to extend it, thereby adding
to the commercial value of the property. If such
were universally carried out, we should certainly
hear less about the deferred planting, owing to the
insecurity of tenure, &c. The scheme adopted here,
first suggested itself from the fact that .both cottage
and farm tenants, during the long years of agricul-
tural depression, who were best suited with fruit
trees on their holdings, were in a better position to
meet their rent obligations, than their brethren less
fortunately placed with fruit trees. If " A. D." is
still sceptical, I hope he will arrange to pay us a
visit now at once, before the trees are sent out for
distribution, in which case I promise hospitality and
welcome, and I will further undertake to demonstrate
more fully the practice I have hitherto conscien-
tiously preached, endeavouring to convince him that
the quality of both trees and stocks are inferior to
none, although worked by a handy labourer, without
the supposed inevitable " long nursery experience."
Wm. Crump, Madresfield Court.

COPROSMA BAUERIANA VARIEGATUM.— This
makes a showy specimen for a large conservatory,
where numerous foliage plants are grown. The rich
yellow of the variegated leaves show to advantage
when the shoots are trained flat to a balloon-shaped
trellis. S. r

CHRYSANTHEMUM SPORTS— In last week's Gar-
deners Chronicle, p. 576, there is an article upon
sporting, and it is said that Etoile de Lyon bears two
kinds of flowers (which I do not dispute), the crown
or single buds being pure white, while terminal buds
are a lilac-rose. With us this season we have no
such distinction, but we have a white bloom and a
lilac bloom upon the same plant, and both were
crown-buds. We have several plants, but the sport

has only appeared upon one, and this plant has only
two flowers, both crown- buds, the one white, and
the other lilac. Stanstead Surprise is indeed a sur-
prise, for we have no less than three sports, and all
different, but none of which are better than the
original. I enclose sports from several, and also tbe
two Etoile de Lyon flowers. W. A. Coolc.

PRIZES AT THE BOTANIC. — At the Royal
Botanic Society's fete, held at Regent's Park on July
8 last, I was awarded a prize, value £5, for an exhibit.
Not having received either the prize or any reply to
two letters I have addressed to the secretary on the
subject, I shall be glad if you will be good enough to
insert this, in order that future exhibitors may know
what to expect. If the society has not funds avail-
able with which to distribute their prizes within four
months of the date on which they are awarded, it
seems scarcely right to offer prizes, which are in-
tended to induce exhibitors to furnish the tents, and
without which inducement there would probably be
do exhibits. A Prize Winner.

CIDER MAKING.— (See also p. 619). In replv to
your question from " H. W.," Hereford, p. 594,
we have pleasure (as one of tbe chief wholesale
sugar dealers in England), in enclosing a pam-
phlet on the use of sugar in cider making,
compiled by us some years ago. This question
is 'really of considerable importance if the fruit
crops of this country are to be properly developed.
Our cider, generally speaking, is made by rule
of thumb, and the farmers or manufacturers are quite
at a loss to understand its variations in quality from
year to year. In the same way they have no clue to
the varying times for which their cider will keep.
A little scientific inquiry would show them, how-
ever, that the whole of these variations are due
chiefly to the varying proportions of saccharine in
the raw Apples. In a damp sunless year like this,
the proportion of saccharine would be very small,
and the same Apples in a very sunny year might be
far sweeter. The amount of sugar to be added has
to be governed by the amount of saccharine in the
fruit, and this can only be ascertained by the use of
a cider saccharometer. One adapted to French
measures and called " pise cidre," has been invented
by Mons. Vivien, a well-known French chemist, and
we believe a cider saccharometer adapted to our
pounds and gallons can be had of Messrs. Negrettl
& Zambra, Holborn Circus. The inferiority of
British cider to that made abroad is well known
to all those who have visited Normandy. The pro-
duction of cider in France is over 226 million
gallons a year, and a great deal of sugar is used in its
preparation. Sugar is also used to a large extent
in the manufacture of American cider, which is
actually exported to this country where the best
sugar cider in the world could be made. In
the pamphlet we send you, London pearl sugar
is recommended, but the manufacture of that
quality has been discontinued, and its place could
best be taken up by German granulated, which would
be sold in 2 cwt. bags by any grocer at 17s. or 18s.
per cwt., according to the carriage and the quantity
taken. It is specially to be noted, that it is during
the process of fermentation that sugar can be pro-
perly added to cider. When so added, it is con-
verted into alcohol, and enables the liquid to be
kept for any length of time. If added after fermen-
tation, it is simply an adulteration to conceal bad
flavour, and the addition ensures the rapid deteriora-
tion and destruction of the cider. Unconverted
sugar, in the same way, is unwholesome, while the
converted sugar is not so. Travers fy Sons, Limited.

AUTUMN-FLOWERING PLANTS.— In a large her-
baceous border I saw the other day, the following
were bright and flourishing, even after the wretched
" rain of terror " we had last month. They were the
white Tradescantia, Physalis Alkekengi or the Winter
Cherry, Calceolaria hyssopophylla, which did not
seem the least affected, and whose pretty foliage was
covered with bright golden flowers ; Agathaja
ciclestis, Cuphea, Nicotiana affinis, the Heliotropes,
and CEnothera taraxifolia. To the last-named bangs
a tale: a visitor, who was very fond of giving advice
reported to the proprietor that the border was full of
Dandelions, whereat the canny Scotch gardener
scored all aloDg the line. Vagabond.

HARDY PERENNIALS.— I would mention as just
occurring to my mind, the herbaceous Poly-
gonums as answering to my classification of hardy
herbaceous shrubs. These are too hard-wooded to be
classed with ordinary herbaceous plants, and in all
respects bear more resemblance to shrubs than to
border flowers. I do not see that some Hydrangeas

differ much from these when the annual growths die
back, as is often the caae, to the lower buds of the
previous summer growth. They then become nearly
herbaceous shrubs. The point raised in this parti-
cular instance shows in one direction the extreme
difficulty there is in determining the nature of strictly
herbaceous plants on the exhibition table, whilst the
interesting case which arose at the recent Chiswick
Conference, when collections of hardy flowers were
disqualified because they included bulbous flowers,
which were not recognised by the judges as hardy
perennials, shows in another direction how great is
the need for some clear and authoritative definition
of what are hardy perennials, what are hardy
herbaceous plants, and what are not. The decision
of the judges at Chiswick gave rise to much adverse
comments, chiefly perhaps because tbe grounds of
their decision were not understood. I take it that
they regard bulbs as of annual production root and
plant, and therefore whilst still reproducing their
kind annually are yet not perennial strictly. At
many exhibitions the rule has been to allow almost
anything to be shown under the term hardy flowers,
and this laxity of interpretation leads to the making
of numerous mistakes. A. D.

BLUE MICHAELMAS DAISIES.— The Michaelmas
Daisies never in this garden approached the colour
of true blue so nearly as they have done since the
clear frosts and sunny days of last week. I send a
few gathered this morning, November 2. They
belong to the section known as Aster novi-belgii.
Asa Gray describes several of these as having rays
of " bright blue ; " and in their own country, where
they are sure of fine frosts during their flowering
season, no doubt a better colour is usual than in
England, where the first frosts are likely to find
them drenched with rain. But most gardeners must
have noticed that cold nights always improve the
colour of all Michaelmas Daisies. C. Wol/ei/ Dod,
Edge Hall.

RHUS TOXICODENDRON— Apropos of the recent
observations contained in your columns pertaining
to antidotes of the poisonous properties of this plant
it would be interesting to Warn, if the common
potash-soap alluded to by jour American corre-
spondent, has also proved an efficacious antidote
in cases of eczema caused by the handling of
Primula obconica plants and flowers. The writer
is cognisant of cases that have successfully been
treated by the application of a solution of Fir-tree
(111 and warm water to the affected parts, also by
a like application of Condy's Fluid. W. 67-.,
Harbome. [Take care that the skin is not broken
before you try such experiments. Ed.]

POTATOS. — As usual, the Magnum Bonum has
proved our sheet-anchor, inasmuch as the crop of it
has turned out far larger and sounder than that of
any other variety of Potato grown by us, most other
sorts having been badly diseased when taken up, and
the disease has spread greatly in the tubers of some
varieties since that time. The American varieties
are, aa usual, the worst t lis year, Beauty of Hebron
being very bad, and fully one-third haze rotted,
decay having set in. Imperator is generally good in
the field, but they are coarse and rough, owing to
the excessive wetness of the season. Potatos were
cheap at one time, owing to the markets being
glutted ; but I am of opinion that higher prices will
rule for sound lots long before the winter is over,
J. Sheppard, Woolverstonc Park.

THE EDUCATION OF GARDENERS.— I should like
to say a few words on this subject, which is one of
importance to us all, at the same time I fear that a
thorough practical and scientific education in horti-
culture avails little towards a man's future success
and eminence, if he do not possess influential friends
who are willing to afford him their assistance.
Remember, gardeners' situations at the present time
are not got by merit, but by favour, by having useful
friends and recommendations ; it matters little as to
capability. I can give several instances of uneducated
and ignorant men, who can scarcely read, much less
write, holding situations where three and four men
are kept. Their practical experience will not cover
more than five years, and these situations have been
obtained for them by their friends, to the exclusion
of educated and much more experienced men. It is
to be regretted that euch a state of things should
exist ; but undoubtedly it is sometimes true. I am
at present contemplating leaving the profession for
one which will pay me better, though my experience
extends over fifteen years amongst Vines, Figs,
Pines, Peaches, Orchids, stove and greenhouse
plants, kitchen, fruit, and flower gardens. Referring

Notbibhh 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

621

to the scientific portion, I have attended classes and
privately Btudied botany, agriculture, meteorology,
chemistry, geometry, mensuration, surveying, and
levelling. 1 have written and read essays upon
various branches of gardening before gardeners' and
mutual improvement associations. I have also con-
tributed articles to several gardening periodicals,
given public lectures upon horticultural subjects,
illustrated by the magic lantern, the slides of
which I carefully prepared myself. My moral cha-
racter is all that one could desire, yet, for the want
of influential friends, my labours to obtain know-
ledge and gain an honourable position in the
gaidening world are frustrated — to live in oblivion
seems my doom. When advertising for a situa-
tion, the following is a copy of a letter one often

gets. This one I have received myself ; — " Mr.

is in want of a gardener, married, but with no family.
The gardener is rt quired to clean boots and knives,
and make himself generally useful. There is a
kitchen and flower garden, but only one small green-
house. The gardener's wife is expected to clean the
church, the gardener lighting the stove. The man
must have a thorough knowledge of gardening.
WageB, £1 per week, and a house. If this suits
the advertiser, send references to last employer."
Brethren in the profession, I ask you, what encou-
ragement is there for a young man ? I encourage
education on every hand, for it will ultimately place
things on a better footing. I said, " Leave the pro-
fession for a more lucrative one." Well, one who
cannot make £1 per week is doing poorly ; in fact, I
see it made with illiterate and easy-going fellows,
who are not required to work like gardeners, much
less having the responsibilities. Let us labour and
wait till the tide turns. Hopeful.

FLAVOUR IN PEARS.— The flavour of Pears this
season is not so good as usual, even in the best
varieties. This points to a moist cool summer,
which is never favourable to developing flavour,
and in localities naturally damp, the want of
flavour will be worse than on high and dry soils. We
have some trees which stand on land 25 feet higher
than others, and from these trees our finest flavoured
Pears this season have been gathered. The gemral
lateness of ripening will be an advantage, by prolong-
ing the season of the Pear, and where the fruits have
been carefully gathered and stored, they will keep well.
One often wonders why it is that so very few of our
finest-looking Pears are met with elsewhere than on
the exhibition table ; there must be soren-thirg wrong
with the flavour of these varieties, their fertility is not
sufficient to merit their being planted extensively, for
of what nse is a fine looking fruit if it be not good
eating? I for one would not cumber the ground
with them. I inquired at a show this year what the
merits of certain fruits were, and the reply was that
the varieties were not of much good for table use but
they were fit for exhibiting, the flavour being poor.
Mere size should not count for much in a dessert
Pear, but this is lost sight of by some judges, who
do not, as a rule, ascertain the merits or otherwise
of the varieties shown. I should say, for instance,
that a dish of fine Winter Nelis Pears was
a long way ahead of one of General Todtleben,
and a dish of Comte de Lamy to be preferred
to one of Doyenne Boussoch. These are but a few
instances out of many which I might cite. I know
that soils affect the quality of Pears, but speaking
generally and from experience, if a fruit-grower be
asked to supply a dozen good Pears, he would
not include either of those I have condemned.
Willshireman.

CERTIFICATES AT THE R.H.S.— "We print this
letter as expressing the opinion of many at a distance."
These words (editorial remarks) at finale of article
headed "The Orchid Committee," at p. 557, ina recent
issue, express (as I know from practical experience)
the exact opinion of many provincial '' heads "
throughout the kingdom — who rightly or wrongly
strenuously adhere to the principle that certain of
their metropolitan brethren are unduly favoured, not
only in the granting of Orchid certificates, but for
horticultural produce generally. If this sentiment
is wrong, it will be found well worth the while of
the Royal Horticultural Society to reply to " Jus-
titia's " complaint, and explain away this impression.
For that such exists— and strongly too — one has only
to travel throughout the provinces to perceive how
fixed a hold it has in the minds of the provincial
horticultural community. Another impression is,
that certain houses or firms can positively secure a
certificate for almost " anything." Now as one who
has seen the " inner workings " of houses who are
looked upon as belonging to that " charmed circle,"

and others who are "not," the writer has to admit
(without the slightest prejudice) that the " success "
of the one, and the " non-success ' of the other in
the question of securing " certificates " has often
appeared " passing strange." Surely, for the benefit
of the horticultural world, this impression —if wrong
— can be removed. Pioneer. [It can only be removed
by the objectors coming and judging for themselves
and not trusting to luuiour. Ed.]

THE INTERNATIONAL FRUIT SHOW AND THE
FRUITERERS' COMPANY. —All that you say about
the Fruiterers' Company and the Horticultural So-
ciety is very true. What it means is this: — All
that has hitherto been done in the way of studying
fruit and fruit-culture has been done by the Horti-
cultural Society. A very grtat deal more work has
to be done yet, before we really know anything of
many kinds that are grown in various parts of Eng-
land, and of the comparative merits of these and of
well-known kinds in different parts of England, and
in different soils. The Horticultural Society is the
only body that could undertake this work, and I have
always hoped that as the Society got iuto a better
position, and with the heluof all who were interested
in fruit culture, both by finding it funds, which were
much needed for the purpose, and also by personal
co-operation, it would undertake this. No doubt, the
Fruiterers' Company was not intended to be set up
in opposition to the Horticultural Society, but the
effect of it is to withdraw from the Society the sup-
port which it needed to curry on its work, and prac-
tically to make all useful work in the matter of
fruit-growing impossible, and to fritter it all away in
show and sham and talk. The Company knows
nothing of the different qualities of fruits in different
soils and different parts of England ; they do not

add to the above-mentioned three colours a fourth —
atrosanguinea. This novelty, with its fine compact
and erect-growing habit, is with its velvet-like dark
blood-red colour certainly a fine variety. Moreover,
a fact of importance is, that this new variety is
nearly constant when grown from seed, only a few
are runuing back to scarlet. Erfurth.

Fn;. 8l).— NEW VEBBEXA : ERECT HABIT, BLOOD-BED COLOR

propose to themselves to learn this, and if they did
so, they could not do it ; and if they do talk people
into planting fruit trees without knowing this, two-
thirds of it will end in failure and disappointment,
and they will have done more harm than good. An
international fruit show can teach us nothing that
we do not know already. I consider, therefore, that
the Fruiterers' Company has made it useless to think
of doing any good in the matter of fruit-growing.
It has practically made it impossible for the Fruit
Committee of the Society to carry out any intelli-
gent scheme of fruit culture, and I have therefore
ceased to take any interest in the matter. I do not
suppose that I shall ever go again to the Fruit Com-
mittee, and, of course, I am not likely to have
anything to do with the Fruiterers' Company. C. W.
Strickland, HUdenley, Ma/ton.

Continental Novelties.

VERBENA HYBR1DA ERECTA COMPACTA
ATROSANGUINEA.
This is alleged to be the finest, most erect, and
compact-growing Verbena in cultivation [with such
an array of names it ought to be. Ed.]. It was raised
and introduced a few years since by Messrs. C. Platz
& Son, seed groweis, at Erfurt, Germany. Until the
past year, there only have been introduced three
colours of this type — carminsa. coccinea, and viola-
cea — which still retain their true character when
grown from seed. The advantages of this new type
are, that the branches and spikes are arranged round
the principal stalk in a strictly upright position, there-
fore they require no pegging down. In this year
Messrs. C. Platz & Son have been so successful as to

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

November 10.— Present: Dr. W. T, T. Dyer, in
the chair; Dr. Masters, Dr. Mxiller, Mr. McLachlan,
Mr. Morris, Dr. Russell, R=v. W. Wilks, Mr. Lynch,
Mr. Blandford, ProfeBsor Church, Dr. Bonavia,
Mr. Michael, Mr. Pascoe, and Rev. G. Henslow,
Hon. Sec.

Pear Spot. — The disease upon Pears brought
to the last meeting proved to be due to Fusicladium
dendriticum, Wallr., a common parasite.

Hunting Spider. — With reference to this insect,
referred to at the last meeting, Mr. Morris observed
that it proves to be very widely distributed. The
male appears to be most commonly seen ; he had
observed it at the gardens of Sir J. Llewellyn at
Penllergare.

Wallflowers with Clubbed Boots. — Mr. Lister, to
whom the specimens were Bent from the last meet-
ing, reports as follows: — "I have not studied the
life-history of Plasmodiophora Brassicte sufficiently
to speak with entire confidence with regard t > the
disease which has attacked the roots of the Wall-
flowers ; but I think there can be little doubt that
they are affected by the same parasite as causes the
clubbing of Cabbage roots. I enclose a drawing from
a section of one of the roots, from which it will be
seen that one half has not been attacked, while the
other half is much swollen by abnormal growth of
all the parts. The cells are larger and rounder than
in the sound portion, and among them are vast
numbers of large chambers formed by the breaking
down cf cell walls, and these are filled with the
spores of the Plasmodiophora. They are most
abundant in the cortex, though both the phloem and
the outer part of the xylem are largely allVcted.
The organism would seem to be in the condition
described by Zopf, where all the Plasmodium (if that
word can properly be used in this case) has changed
to spores, which would escape when the diseased root
rotted away. Plasmodiophora is not included by
De Bary with the eu-Mycetozoa, and Zopf places it
with the Monadinea;.

Cunonia capensis. — Dr. Masters exhibited speci-
mens showing interpetiolar stipules and glandular
processes, apparently secreting a resinous matter.
It was the only instance known in Saxifragacese,
though similar facts were well known in Cin-
chonacerc and Rubiacere.

Finns halepcnsis. — A spray was received by Dr.
Masters from Baron von Mueller, bearing both male
and female flowers on the same shoot ; the female
flowers being in clusters instead of in pairs and
arranged in the same series as the male catkins.

Sew Insect in St. Helena. — Mr. Morris read a com-
munication from Mr. W. Grey Wilson, Governor,
referring to some insects forwarded (in two stages),
which he feared might prove dangerous. They were
taken from a Rose bush, the branches of which were
densely covered with a large white insect and a
small red one. It appeared to resemble some species
of Icerya. It was sent to Mr. Douglas for examina-
tion and report.

The Injury of London Fog to Plants. — Dr. Dyer
called attention to some discrepancies between the
published analyses of the deposits collected at Chel-
sea and Kew — more particularly in the hvdro-
cailoas — gi*en in Dr. Tiusse l's paper in Nature,
November 5, 1891 (srep. 607). Thus, the hydrocailous
and organic bases are recorded as 12 3 and 2 per cent,
respectively at Chelsea, whereas at Kew they we-e
collectively only 4 8 per cent. Similarly, the
metallic and magnetic oxides of iron were m e in r.
2'6 per cent., and mineral matter (chit fly silica and
fenic oxide) was 31 2 oer cent, at C jelsea. Tin se
taken collectively at Kew were 41 5 per cent. 1) .
Miiller did not attach very much importance to ihese
differences, aud Professor Chinch thought it wiuld
be desirable to differentiate more accuiately betwx n
the silicates. The general opinion was, that it
would be desirable to collect fresh deposits in tl e
ensuing winter, and re-examine them.

622

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 21, 1891.

f Porana panwulata.—M.r. Lynch exhibited a spray
of this plant of the order Convolvulacete, received
from India through Dr. Bonavia, who described it
in 1885 (Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. xxiii., N. S.,
p. 47). It was the first occasion of its flowering in
England. The Committee complimented Mr. Lynch
on its successful cultivation.

IxodiiiB (Ticks) from Antigua,— Mr. Michael ex-
hibited specimens taken from ponies, and received
from Mr. C. A. Barber. They were two females of
a Hyalomma, probably II. dissimile, Koch ; which
Koch described some thirty years ago from specimens
taken in Mexico. The creatures are bred on plants
and trees, and attach themselves to passing animals,
being then quite small ; the male remains so, but
the female sucks the blood of the animal and
becomes enormously distended. They anchor them-
selves by their rostra, which are provided with
recurved hooks ; the Ixodes can then withdraw the
rostrum, and being full-fed, drops off, matures and
lays its eggs on the plants. The specimens sent
had sucked and were much distended, but had
evidently withdrawn their rostra, as these organs
were perfect, whereas the claws with which they
were holding on were all torn off.

Specimen of Agaricus melleus attached to its myce-
lium (Rhizomorpha). — Mr. Plowright forwarded
specimens, with the following communication : — " It
is not very long since our British mycologists ridi-
culed the idea that Agaricus melleus was a parasitic
fungus, capable of destroying living trees. For
many years the hetercecious-like history of Puccinia
graminis was similarly scouted as absurd. This,
however, is now a thing of the past. In the speci-
men of A. melleus sent herewith, a group of young
specimens are seen in situ attached to the well-
developed rhizomorphoid mycelium. The specimen
was removed from an Ash tree in the park of Ham-
mond Lodge, Terrington, St. Clements, in the month
of October last. Such specimens are not easy to
preserve ; but in the present case this has been
accomplished fairly well. The group of Agarics,
which were quite young, had just emerged through
the bark of the tree ; by carefully cutting away the
bark the mycelium was brought into view between
the bark and the wood. A piece of the mycelium,
3 or 4 inches square, was removed with the Agarics
in situ. Attached to the under side of the myce-
lium will be observed two fragments of the wood
(Ash) already decayed by the Bubtle agency of the
mycelium."

Agaricus squarrosus, a true Hoot Parasite. — " The
parasitic nature of Agaricus squarrosus is as well
marked as that of A. melleus, although this feature
in the life-history of the fungus has not hitherto, to
my knowledge, been pointed out. It attacks Beech,
Apple, and Ash trees. The specimens sent here-
with were obtained from an Ash tree near King's
Lynn. The tree is a fine well-grown specimen,
growing on the roadside. Last October I observed
clusters of A. squarrosus growing out of the ground
a couple of feet from the stem. On carefully re-
moving the turf, I was able to trace the base of the
stems of the Agaric attached to a compacted mass of
white mycelium, earth, and small stones to one of
the main roots of the tree. It will be observed that
a portion of the woody tissues of the root permeated
by white mycelial hypha; is still attached to
the basis of the stems of the cluster of
the Agarics. Having watched trees attacked by
this parasite for some years, it appears that
its destructive influence upon the tree it attacks is
not nearly so rapid as that of Agaricus melleus. This
is accounted for by the fact that the mycelium of A.
squarrosus is not nearly so well developed a struc-
ture as that of A. melleus. The hyphec are not
compacted into such thick cord-like structures ; still,
however, a tree once attacked by A. squarrosus is
practically doomed. This fungus is very destructive
to the Apple trees in the orchards of Herefordshire,
where it is a well-known pest. It very probably
attacks other deciduous trees, but the three above-
named are the only ones upon which I have observed
it growing as a parasite."

Dr. Dyer observed that A. melleus is now well
known as doing serious mischief through its parasitic
habit, and mentioned that where roots are exposed
and subject to abrasion by cartwheels or otherwise,
the Agaric is known to attack the decorticated place.

YEOVIL CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 10.— On the above date the Yeovil
Chrysanthemum Society held its annual exhibition
in the Town Hall, and it was in every respect the
best show yet held in Yeovil.

Groups were a strong feature. Mr. Grossman,
gr. to J. Brutton, Esq., Yeovil, was 1st, his plants being
clothed with rich foliage and large flowers. The
2nd and 3rd prizes went to Messrs. Gear and
C. Anthony, both of Yeovil, for good groups. Out
of three good groups of miscellaneous plants, Mr.
Biss had the best.

Messrs. Crossman, Anthony, Gear, Allen, and
Barrett were the most successful exhibitors of
trained plants.

Table plants were shown well by Mr. Gallop, gr.
to H. N. Middleton, Esq., Bradford Peverell,
Dorchester ; Rev. M. Hankey, Maiden Newton ; and
Mr. VV. E. Hall, East Coker, Yeovil.

Mr. C. Anthony had the best half dozen plants of
double white Primulas, and Mr. Gillingham was 1st
with six plants of the single- flowered variety. Mr.
Felix Drake, East Coker, secured premier award
for six well-grown Marie Louise Violets.

Cut Blooms were shown extensively and well ; the
principal class being that provided for twenty blooms.
Mr. Copp, gr. to W. E. G. Erle-Drax, Esq., Holnest,
Sherborne, secured premier position in a good com-
petition ; Mr. Lloyd, gr. to Vincent Stuckey, Esq.,
Langport, was a creditable 2nd ; and Mr. Wilkins,
gr. to Lady Theodora Guest, Inwood House,
Henridge, 3rd. Mr. Lloyd was 1st in both classes
for twelve incurved and a like number of Japanese.

Three collections of fruit were staged, Mr. Lloyd
securing 1st place. The same exhibitor was 1st for
two bunches of Black Alicante Grapes, and for two
bunches of any other black, with large, well-coloured
clusters of Gros Colmar. Mr. Gallop took 1st for
two bunches of Muscat of Alexandria, and Mr.
Wilkins took similar honours in the any other white
class, with good bunches of Trebbiano.

Apples and Tears were well shown, Mr. Gallop
being the principal prize-winner.

Several excellent collections of vegetables were
staged in the amateurs', cottagers', and open classes.
The most successful exhibitors in the open classes
were Messrs. W. E. Hall, Crossman, Allen, and
Copp. Two well-arranged collections of salading
were put up by Messrs. Allen and Crossman.

Messrs. Robert Vt-itch & Son, Exeter, contributed
sixty dishes of large, well-coloured Apples ; Messrs.
Jarman & Son, Chard, staged fifty dishes of good
fruit ; and Mr. Davis, _Yeovil, twelve dishes of Pears
and Apples.

KINGSTON AND StTRBITON.

November 10, 11. — This old and popular show
retains all its vitality and interest. The present
exhibition is a fine one, nearly all classes well filled
— some exceptionally well ; and the general quality
of the best. Not only is such the case, but there is
a marked advance in the average quality of the
exhibits, so that the judging was very arduous.

Miscellaneous Plant Groups were very pleasing,
only needing a little more colour. The best of these
came from Mr. G. J. Cook, gr. to J. G. Sassoon, Esq.,
Walton-on-Thames ; Mr. Reeves, gr. to General
Annersley, Oatlands Park, and Mr. H. Farr, gr. to
H. Speer, Esq., Thames Ditton, coming 2nd and 3rd.

Chrysanthemum Groups were a very fine feature,
six being staged. All were good, but the 1st and
2nd were exceptionally so. The best was arranged by
Mr. R. Mitchell, gr. to W. Cunard, Esq., Twicken-
ham ; Mr. Milcham, gr. to A. T. Miller, Esq.,

Trained Plants. — These were excellent ; the six
from Mr. Sallowe, gr. to Miss Vaughan, Twicken-
ham, were superbly flowered, and some 3J feet
across. The best sorts were white and pink
Christine ; Mrs. G. Rundle, and Mr. G. Glenny ; and
Catherine Wheel, Japanese. Mr. R. Cawte had the
best three in Japanese, Mr. Reeves being 2nd. The
best plants were Elaine, Val d'Andorre, Maiden's
Blush, Madame Sevin, &c. Mr. Cawte had the best
three standards, and Mr. Reeves the best specimen
Pompon in Anemone Marie Stuart. Other Pom-
pon plants were large, but not too well dene.
Chinese Primroses were numerous, Mr. J. Buss, gr.
to A. W. Aston, Esq., Epsom, having the best six
singles in capitally-flowered Princess of Wales, and
Mr. Milcham the best six Doubles, amongst which
wa9 a capitally bloomed Annie Hillier.

Table Plants were very numerous and of the usual
kinds. Mr. Wilkins, gr. to J. N. Pearson, Esq.,
Kingston, had the best nine ; and Mr. Sage, Ham
House Gardens, the 2nd best. Mr. Portbury had
the best six berried plants, in red Capsicums ; and
Mr. Sage was the only exhibitor of Bouvardias, fairly
well-flowered plants of Alfred Neutier.

The Challenge Vase. — The competition for this
handsome trophy invariably elicits great interest

and keen competition. This time there were six
lots of forty-eight blooms, twenty-four incurved, and
twenty-four Japanese, staged. The Cup, won last
year for the first time by Mr. Bryant, Juniper Hill,
Dorking, is really a handsome silver bowl, costing
some £27 — a splendid prize. On this occasion it
fell to Major Collis Browne, of Byfleet, whose
gardener, Mr. Carpenter, put up some really high-
class flowers. This competitor has ascended the
ladder from fourth only four years since to the 1st
place now. Mr. Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Leather-
head, was 2nd.

The class for twenty-four incurved blooms was a
large one, the finest lots coming from Mr. W.
Mease — capital flowers ; Mr. C. Beckett was 2nd ;

In the class for twelve blooms, Mr. Felgate, gr. to
the Duchess of Wellington, Walton, put np some
splendid flowers, really of first class quality; and Mr.

The best six incurved came Irom Mr. Hopkins, gr.
to T. Wooderspoon, Esq., Walton ; and Mr. Car-
penter had in splendid blooms of Violet Tomlin, the
best six of any one variety, the 2nd best being Lord
Alcester, and the 3rd Empress of India.

Japanese blooms were very beautiful, the best
twenty-four coming from a notable grower, Mr. Trin-
der, gr. to Mr. Henry Mildmay, Dogmersfield Park,
Winchfield ; Mr. R. Cawte and Mr. W. Mease had
the next best lots. Mr. Felgate was 1st with twelve
blooms ; Mr. Milcham was 2nd. Mr. Quarterman, gr.
to C. E. Smith, Esq., Cobham, had the best six blooms,
and of one variety the best were capitally coloured
Etoile d'Lyon, from Mr. Felgate ; E. Molyneux,
from Mr. Carpenter, being 2nd. Mr. G. Wood-
gate, the secretary, gr. to Lady Wolverton, Coombe
Warren, was a good 1st, with twelve Pompons, in
bunches of three blooms ; he was also 1st for twelve
Anemone Pompons, of reflexed flowers. Very fine
indeed were the blooms from Mr. Carpenter. Mr. R.
Cawte was 2nd. Of large Anemones, the best twelve
came from Mr. R. Cawte, Mr. Woodgate beiog 2nd.

Some special classes of a mixed character brought
strong competition. For Messrs. J. Laing & Son's
prizes for twelve Japanese and twelve incurved
blooms, a beautiful lot of flowers was staged. Mr.
R. Cawte, Mr. Woodgate, and Mr. Coombs taking
the prizes in that order.

Iu the class for six Japanese, six incurved, and
six Anemone — the prizes given by Major Collis
Browne, Mr. Cawte was again 1st.

In a further class for six Japanese, six incurved,
and six reflexed — the prizes given by Mr. Sissons
Hyde, Mr. W. Mease was 1st.

There were numerous local classes, also various
epergnes, bouquets, and similar decorations.

Fruit was excellent. Mr. C. Griffin, gr. to the
Misses Christry, Coombe Bank, had in Muscat of
Alexandria the best white Grapes, and in Alicante
the best black.

[Fruit was extensively shown, but exigencies of
space forbid our mentioning more than the names of
the successful exhibitors, viz. : — Mr. Mease, Mr. C.
J. Waite, Mr. Tubb, Mr. Miller, and Mr. Taylor.]

THE KENT COUNTY SHOW OF FARM
FRUITS.

November 10, 11. — This Society held its third
annual exhibition of hardy fruits in the Com
Exchange, Maidstone, on the above date, and the
exhibits were of a high-class nature, Apples and
Pears being specially good.

The only class open to landowners or their gar-
deners, nurserymen, &c, wa9 one for twenty dishes of
fruit, open-air grown. Roger Leigh, Esq., Barham
Court (gr., Mr. Woodward), easily secured the
premier position, eveiy fruit being without spot or
blemish ; Mr. Thomas, Sittingbourne, was placed
2nd, with a remarkably clean lot ; and Lady Fletcher,
The Kenwards, Yalding (gr., Mr. Smith), took the
3rd position, his best dishes being of Pears.

The class for twelve dishes, farm-grown, each dish
to consist of twelve fruits, distinct, brought out a
fine display. The 1st prize was easily won by
Mrs. Fremlin, Teston, with a most meritorious col-
lection ; Mr. Goodwin, Mereworth, took the 2nd
position, with highly - coloured fruits; and Mr.
Thomas was 3rd.

For dessert Apples, one sieve, Mr. Thomas waa
well to the fore, showing fine Cox's Orange; 2nd,
Mr. Manwaring, Brenchley ; 3rd and 4th, Mrs.
Fremlin and Fearon, Mereworth. For cooking
Apples, Mr. G. Chambers, 1st ; Mr. Goodwin, 2nd ;
Messrs. Warde and Fearon following respectively.

Dessert Apples, four quarters, Mr. Goodwin was
1st; 2nd, Mr. Thomas ; 3rd and 4th, Mrs. Farmer,
Leeds, and Mr. Fearon. Two ditto, Mr. Fearon

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

623

took the lead ; 2nd, Mr. Blest, Wateringbury ; 3rd,
Mr. Bryan, Mereworth.

For four quarter-sieves cooking Apples, 1st, Mr.
Levey, West Farleigh ; 2nd, Mrs. Freinlin; 3rd,
Mrs. Farmer. Two ditto, Mr. Warde, Farleigh,
secured 1st prize, with capital fruits ; 2nd and 3rd,
Messrs. Fearon and Bryan respectively.

Pears, two quarters, Mr. Blest, Wateringbury,
1st, showing very large Pitmaston Duchess and
Marie Louise; 2nd, Mr. Goodwin; 3rd, Mr. Thomas.

For a collection other than specified in the
schedule, there was only one competitor, whose
exhibit was not of sufficient merit to deserve the
1st prize, and was awarded the 2ad.

In the chiss for dried fruit, there was ample room
for improvement; and, it is to be hoped, another
year these two classes will be better represented.

TORQUAY.

November 11. — A capital show was that held by
the Torquay Horticultural Society in the Bath
Saloon, which site affords plenty of space for the
disposal of the exhibits, and plenty of room for
visitors. The groups of Chrysanthemums were
arranged in circles and squares on the floor of the
large hall, and groups of miscellaneous plants around
the sides, making a pleasing effect. The cut blooms
were placed on tables in rows in another room,
relieved with small plants between the rows of boxes.
Fruit and vegetables required still another room,
so numerously were they shown.

Cut blooms formed the most important part of the
exhibition, and were staged not only in large numbers,
but of good quality. The principal class was that
for thirty-six, distinct, for which five competed, the
1st prize being a Silver Cup, which was easily won
by Mr. G. Foster, gr. to II. Hammond Spencer, Esq.,
Glandaragh, Teignmouth. The best blooms were
Mr. S. Coleman, Jeanne dArc, Lord Alcester,
Golden Empress, Princess of Wales, and Violet
Tomlin in the incurved section ; Mr. W. Coles,
William Lane, Puritan, Stanstead White, Sun-
flower, and Louis Btehmer among the Japanese.
Mr. J. Stiles, gr. to Miss Fripp, the Grove, Teign-
mouth, was 2nd, showing good blooms.

For twelve incurved, the last-named won premier
honours, with even blooms; 2nd, Mr. A. Searle, gr.
to J. N. Whitehead, Esq., Torquay, who also secured
the leading award for twelve Japanese, with massive
examples.

The best six large Anemone blooms (Japanese
excluded) was well won by Mr. Foster ; Mr. Searle
following. For six Japanese Anemones, Mr. Searle
•won; Mr. W. II. Veale, gr. to the Rev. A. H. Sims,
Wolborough Rectory, 2ad.

Mr. J. Stiles had the best six reflexed, distinct ;
and for six of one variety, the same sectioD, Mr.
Stiles also won with wonderfully fresh blooms of
Cullingfordii. Mr. Foster, with extremely fine
blooms of Mrs. Judge Benedict, secured premier
position for six any Anemone variety ; Mr. Stiles
following.

For six incurved, one variety, Mr. Foster was 1st,
with full- developed Empress of India, Mr. Searle
2nd. The same exhibitors occupied similar positions
for six blooms of any white Japanese, with good
examples of Stanstead White; Mr. Searle, 2nd, with
Avalanche.

With good blooms of Boule d'Or, Mr. Sparle took
1st for six yellow, any variety; Mr. Foster, 2nd,
with W. II. Lincoln. With very fine Etoile de
Lyon, Mr. Foster won 1st, for any one variety ; Mr.
Searle 2nd. Mr. Stiles, with same variety, took 1st
for twelve of any Japanese variety. The premier
incurved bloom was a very shapely one of Mrs. S.
Coleman in Mr. Foster's stand. Mods. Bernard, in
Mr. J. Stile's stand, was awarded a similar position
in the Japanese class.

Groups were a capital feature of the show. For
plants arranged in a circle of 8-feet diameter, in not
less than eighteen varieties, Mr. A. Searle was a good
1st. Mr. J. Hunt, gr. to P. B. Drinkwater, Esq.,
Lyncombe, Torquay, 2nd. Mr. W. Satterly, gr. to
Mrs. Matthews, Biaddon Villa, Torquay, won lead-
ing honours with a smaller group ; 2nd, Mr. Ferris,
gr. to J. W. Kimber, Esq., Tracy, Cockrngton.

For a collection of miscellaneous plants, arranged
for effect, Mr. J. Slowman, gr. to Captain Fane
Tucker, Braddon Tor, Torquay, with a pleasing
display; Mr. W. Satterly was 2nd. Specimen plants
were rather poor.

Orchids were well shown. In the class for three,
Mr. G. Lee, gr. to W. Lavers, Esq., Upton Leigh,
Torquay, was 1st, staging Oncidium ornithorynchum,
Cypripedium Harrisianum, and Miltonia Candida;

Mr. G. Medland, gr. to M. Sparke, Esq., Rooklands,
Torquay, 2nd. The best specimen Orchid was a
well flowered one of Cymbidium giganteum super-
bum ; Mr. Medland 2nd, with a good specimen of
Cypripedium Spicerianum.

Groups of plants " not for competition " were
contributed by Messrs. Horn & Sons, St. Mary's
Church, Torquay ; Messrs. T. Allward & Son,
Braddon's Hill, Torquay ; Messrs. Curtis & Sandford,
Devon Nurseries, Torquay; and Mr. W. B. Small,
Torquay, which assisted much in adorning the sides
of the large hall.

Messrs. Veitch & Son, Exeter, staged a very fine
collection of Apples, such sorts as Lord Derby, The
Queen, Alexander, and Mere de Manage.

READING, CHRYSANTHEMUM,
FRUIT, &c.

November 11. — Groups of Chrysanthemums made
a grand display at this show, being arranged around
the smaller hall. They were, however, too much
crowded together to give the best effect, a little
more room between each one would have been a
decided improvement. Mr. Booker, gr. to B. Monck,
Esq., Coley Park, was 1st, his flowers being extra
fine blooms ; 2nd, Mr. Knowles, gr. to W. Crisp, Esq.,
Henley, who came up extremely close to his more for-
tunate competitor, having better varieties in colour ;
Mr. Turton, Maiden Erleigh, was a good 3rd, he
had Louia Bcehmer in better condition as to
colouring than it is often seen.

In the smaller group class, the best came from
Mr. Smith, gr. to Miss Russell, Lothair, who staged
well-grown plants.

Specimen plants were very well done, the most
prominent being the standards, which are always a
feature at Reading. Mr. Surnam, gr. to M. H. Best,
Esq., Donnington, was 1st, with plants in proluse
flower. Mr. Booker was 2nd, with some good plants ;
two well-bloomed Anemone-flowered varieties gave
this exhibit a novelty.

Bush-grown plants were much the best from Mr.
Frost, gr. to Walter Palmer, Esq., Westfield. These
were not of too formal a character. The best Pom-
pons came from Mr. Richards, gr. to Rev. R.
McDonald, Ascot. The plants were also freely
grown, the best style for the section.

Cut flowers were quite up to the standard of the
season. Mr. Neville, gr. to F. W. Flight, Esq.,
Twyford, was a good 1st for eighteen incurved
varieties. The blooms were even, of good colour,
line in size, and fresh. Mr. Lane, gr. to Miss Smith,
Ascot, came in an excellent 2nd. With twelve in-
curved varieties, Mr. Walker, Thame, proved vic-
torious ; Mr. Allen, gr. to Sir G. Russell, Bart.,
Swallowfield, also showing well.

The best twelve reflexed were from Mr. Popple,
gr. to Sir A. Stepney, Bart., Ascot, with very superior
blooms ; Mr. Richards being 2nd. For eighteen
Japanese, Mr. Lane was to the front in a strong
class, Mr. Neville following; in both cases the
blooms were large and fresh. With twelve reflexed
Japanese, Mr. Richards came well to the front, Mr.
Walker being 2nd, and for twelve incurved Japanese,
the 1st prize went to Mr. Ashman, gr. to C. D.
Crews, Esq., Billingbear, and the 2nd to Mr. Lane.

The class for cut blooms, with at least 8 inches of
stem above the boards, was a strong one, ten exhibits,
being better filled than most] classes. Mr. Hughes,
gr. to II. F. de Paravicini, Esq., was 1st, the blooms
standing up well, with healthy foliage below them ;
Mr. Knowles, gr. to W. F. Crisp, Esq., Henley,
had also some very fine incurved blooms in the 2nd
prize stand. The best cut Pompons were large
bunches from Mr. Surnam. For twelvs Anemone-
flowered, Mr. Richards was 1st, with two varieties
only ; the 2nd prize stand having a much better
selection — these were from Mr. Turton.

Of new varieties, Mr. Owen, of Maidenhead, showed
Lakine, pale blush incurved, with broad petals ; M.
Bredemier, rosy-purple Japanese; Mrs. Robinson
King, a sport from Golden Empress, with the colour
of Jardin des Plantes ; Excelsior, an English seed-
ling Japanese, with flowers of a purplish-rose ; W.
Tucker was again shown — it promises well ; and
G. C. Schwabe, a Japanese, with pale chestnut-
coloured flowers, is a distinct addition — the height
of the plant 3 to 4 feet.

Vase arrangements of Chrysanthemums by them-
selves, and others with mixed assortments of flowers,
were an attractive feature. Mr. Booker, Mr. Frost,
and Mr. Turton were 1st prize winners for Chry-
santhemums, whilst in the other classes Miss Phillips
and Mr. Abery, Tilehurst, were the most successful.
Several classes are provided at this show for mis-

cellaneous decorative plants in season, many well-
grown examples being shown of such as Bouvardias,
Primulas, table plants, and Orchids.

Fruit was shown well, and in abundance. For a
collection of six dishes, Mr. Maxim, gr. at Uckfield
Place, was a good 1st, with well-finished Grapes, a
Melon, Durandeau Pears, and King of the Pippin
Apples. With six dishes of dessert Apples, Mr.
Turton was 1st, with fruit of superior quality. For
six culinary Apples, Mr. Irvine, gr. to H. Akroyd,
Esq., Shiplake, was 1st, with extra fine fruit.

Pears were shown well. Mr. Turton winning with
Doyenne du Cornice, and Marie Louise, extra good ;
Mr. Maxim being 2nd. The latter exhibitor was
also one of the most successful in the Grape classes.
The finest Muscats, well coloured, and as well
kept, were shown by Mr. Pound, gr. to Alfred
Sutton, Esq., Greenlands.

SWANSEA AND DISTRICT.

November 11, 12.— The second annual exhi-
bition of the Society was held in the Albert Hall,
Swansea. The principal prize for forty-eight blooms
was awarded to Sir Charles Phillips (gr., Mr.
Dumble), for a fine collection, he being closely
followed by Sir Henry Vivian (gr., Mr. Ireland).

In the class for thirty-six blooms, Mr. Dumble
again took 1st place, being closely followed by
Colonel Wright and Mr. Muir Margam, all showiDg
remarkably well. For twenty-four blooms, Mr. Ire-
land was placed 1st, his incurved blooms being very
good ; Miss Talbot (gr., Mr. Milner) being 2nd. In
the class for twelve Japanese, Mr. Milner was placed
1st ; and for twelve incurved, distinct varieties, Mr.
Ireland was 1st, with large, solid blooms.

For the best incurved blooms in the show, Mr.
Dumble was 1st, with a magnificent bloom of Jeanne
d'Arc ; and the best Japanese blooms were found
in the 1st prize stand of Miss Talbot, in a grand
bloom of Avalanche.

Groups were well competed for, the 1st prize going
to Sir Henry Vivian. For six specimen plants,
distinct, Sir Henry Vivian was again 1st, and also in
the class for three specimens, showing in each class
well- grown plants.

Special. — The Silver Cup given by M. Evans,
Esq., for the best six specimen plants of white
Chrysanthemums was won by his own gardener, Mr.
Hammond.

For black Grapes, A. Gilbertson, Esq., was placed
1st; and Sir Henry Vivian took 1st for good bunches
of Muscat of Alexandria.

Vegetables were also well shown.

BOURNEMOUTH.

November 11, 12. — The Bournemouth and District
Chrysanthemum Society held its annual exhibition
at the Hotel Mont Doro Winter Gardens on the
above-mentioned dates.

Groups made a grand display, the 1st prize
being taken by Messrs. G. Watts & Sons, Bourne-
mouth ; Mr. T. II. Crasp, gr. to Lord Wimborne,
Canford Manor, Wimborne, and Mr. T. K. Ingram,
Parkstone and Bournemouth, were placed equal
2nd, for capitally-grown and well-arranged plants.
Other groups were good.

Cut Blooms. — These were well shown, the chief
prize going to Mr. Garner, gr. to Mrs. Braddyll,
Amberwood, Christchurch. Mr. G. W. Taylor, gr.
to T. P. Elphinstone, Esq., Christchurch, had the
best stand of twelve Japanese distinct ; and Mr.
Garner had the best stand of incurved. Messrs. D.
Stewart & Sons, Bournemouth, staged the best
twelve blooms of reflex varieties, and Mr. C. Phil-
lips, gr. to T. J. Hankinson, Esq., Bournemouth, had
the best stand of Anemones.

Fruit and vegetables were plentifully shown in
good condition.

EDINBURGH BOTANICAL.

November 12. — The first meeting of this Society
was held at 5, St. Andrew Square ; Mr. Lindsay,
the retiring President, occupied the chair. A large
spadix of Ptychosperma elegans, with ripe fruit from
a tree over 50 feet high, was exhibited from the
Royal Botanic Garden, from which were also shown
a collection of New Zealand Veronicas, a large plant
of Saxifraga longifolia vera, &c. Mr. Campbell,
Ledaig, sent flowers of Escallonia macrantha, Ve-
ronica speciosa var., and Passiflora Constance Elliott
from the open air.

Mr. Lindsay, in his presidential address, dealt
with "New Zealand Veronicas," giving a ihort

624

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOYEMBEB 21, 1891.

itescription of those gpecies at present in cultiva-
tion, and describing the various usei to which they
are best adapted for garden purposes. He divided
them into three groups, hardy, half-hardy, and
tender. All the species found in a wild state at
altitudes above 3000 feet proved to be thoroughly
hardy in culti\ation. Those species found at alti-
tudes below 2500 feet to 1000 feet were found to be
half-hardy ; the tender species came chiefly from
districts near the sea coast. There are over sixty
species natives of New Zealand, forty of which are
at present in cultivation in the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh. Mr. Lindsay pointed out how
good results might be obtained by selection, and by
hybridising the tender with the hardy species ; and
in concluding, indicated that there were several very
fine species not yet introduced that would be great
ornaments to our gardens, particularly Veronica
macrantha and V. Benthamii.

Mr. Thomas Jamieson, F.I.C , Fordjce Lecturer
on Agriculture, Aberdeen University, read a
paper on the " Structure and Function of Root-
hairs." In the course of his researches into
the question of the use and mode of absorption
by plants of phosphorus, he had been led to
examine the evidence for the generally-accepted
doctrine that the wall of root-hairs is permeated by
an acid which brings insoluble matter into solution
for absorption into the root-hairs. He maintained
that this acidity may be accounted by decompo-
sition, and the dissolving action of the root-hair
seems to be little more than an assumption rendered
necessary as an explanation of the well-known fact
that insoluble matter is assimilable by the plant.
He then advanced the view that it is possible for
solid particles to enter the root-hairs through the
membrane of the hair, and he described the occur-
rence of a minute aperture he had discovered in the
walls of root- hairs, through which particles he had
found within the hair might have entered. The
value of potash to roots would be explained by its
facilitating the entrance of such solid particles, and
similarly an explanation would be afforded of why
crystalline particles are of less service than amor-
phous ones to root, and also of the fact that the
degree of effectiveness of a phosphate corresponds
with its state of division.

In the course of the discussion which ensued, Dr.
Aitken doubted the possibility of accounting for the
well-known acidity of roots by the ioss of decompo-
sition alone ; and Professor Bayley Balfour stated
several difficulties in the way of accepting the
author's views, and pointed out the presence of the
alleged aperture in the root-hairs might be proved
or disproved by the differential staining of the
inner and outer walls of the root-hairs.

Mr. Charles Howie noted a new station for Epi-
pactis laiifolia in the East of Fife.

Mr. Lindsay's Reports on Temperature and Vege-
tation in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
dttrinj July, Auguit, September, and October,
1891. — The month of July was, for the greater
part, changeable and inclement. There was a
very marked absence of real summer warmth. The
lowest night temperature was 42°, which occurred
on the 10th of the month, and the highest, 54°, on
the 17th. The lowest day temperature was 63° on
the lGih, and the highest, 79° on the 17th. Roses
were unusually fine, although late in commencing
to flower. Herbaceous plants generally were also
good. On the rock garden 252 species and well-
marked varieties came into flower, as against 204 for
the corresponding month last year. A few of the
more interesting were : — Aquilegia pyrenaica, Ano-
matheca cruenta, Astragalus alopecuroides, Cala-
mintha patavina, Campanula Waldsteiniana, Dian-
thus neglectus.D cinnabarinus, Cyananthm lobatus,
Epilobium obcordatum, Eriogonum aureum, Gentiana
septemfida, G. tibetica, Hypericum reptans, Galium
rubrum, Linaria origanifolia, Mimulusroseus, Palava
flexuosa, Pentstemon speciosum, Potentilla lanu-
ginosa, Saxifraga diversifolia, Senecio laxiflora,
Swertia multicaulis, Veronica elliptica, V. Rakai-
ensis, &c.

August was an exceedingly cold and wet month,
no really warm days occurred, and altogether the
month was a most unfavourable one. The lowest
night temperature was 34°, which occurred on the
30th, and the highest 55°, on the 18th. The lowest
day temperature was 59° on the 23rd, and the
highest 77° on the 19th. Rain fell on twenty-three
days. On the ruck garden eighty-four specie's came
into flower, as against eighty-one during last
August. Amongst the most conspicuous were —
Cheiranthus Allioni, Carlina subcaulescens, Cycla-
men hederasfolium, Dalibarda repens, Dianthus Atkin-

soni, D. monspessulanus, Delphinium velutinum,
Epilobium Fleischerii, Gentiana arvernensis, Helle-
borus niger angustifolius, 1. ilium dalmaticum, L.
auratnm, Lobelia cardinalis, Mimulus cardinalis,
Spirsea gigantea, Stobsea purpurea, Tricyrtis aus-
tralis, &c.

The month of September was very changeable and
unsettled, with frequent storms of wind and rain,
yet in some respects it was the best month of the
season. More really fine and warm days occurred
than in any of the three months previous. The
severe storm of wind and rain which took place on
the 21st, and which caused so much destruction
throughout the country, passed over without doing
any serious damage in the garden.

No frost occurred, and there was a fair amount of
bright sunshine. Late-flowering herbaceous plants
and annuals now reached their best; those which
flowered earlier mOBtly produced good seed, a large
Bupply of which have been obtained for distribution.
The lowest night temperature was 38°, which
occurred on the 21st of the month, and the highest
54°, on the 14th. The lowest day temperature was
49°, on the 21st ; and the highest 58°, on the 12th.
Rain fell on nineteen days.

On the rock garden, forty-one species came into
flower, as against forty-seven for the corresponding
month last year, amongst which were the following :
— Coreopsis verticillata, Gentiana alba, G. ornata,
Gladiolus Saundersii, Crocus annulatus, C. Imperati,
C. pulchellus, C. speciosus, Colchicum maximum,
Knipholia uvaria, K. nobilis, Potentilla formosa,
Senecio pulcher, Veronica Lindleyana, V. longifolia
subsessilis, I, ilium auratum macranthum, &c.

The month of October was on the whole favour-
able. The first frost this season took place on the
18th of the month, when the glass registered 32°.
The thermometer was at or below the freeziog- point
on eight occasions, indicating collectively 20° of
frost for the month. The lowest readings were on
the 18th, 32° ; 23, d, 32° ; 25th, 27° ; 29th, 26° ; 30th,
29° ; and 31st, 20°.

The lowest day reading was 45° on the 29th, and
the highest 71° on the 5th. Dahlias and other
tender plants were destroyed by frost on the 23rd.
Deciduous trees and shrubs were late in shedding
their leaves ; autumn tints were most conspicuous on
Scarlet and Hungarian Oaks, Tulip-tree, Beech,
Pavia flava, Amelanchier vulgaris, Azalea pontica,
and Ampelop'sis tricuspidata. Amongst fruit-bear-
ing trees or shrubs, the best set are, Hollies, Coton-
easters, and Gaultherias. Hardy Rhododendrons and
Azaleas are fairly well set with flower-buds. On the
rock-garden thirteen species came into flower during
October as against twenty-three for October, 1890.
Amongst those which flowered were Crocus astu-
ricus, C. Salzmanni, Erica ciliaris, Gentiana Kurrooa,
Gynerium argenteum, Hellebornsaltifolius, Kuipholia
Saundersii, Oxalis lobata, Saxifraga Fortunei. The
total number which have flowered since January 1,
is 1210, during the same period last year 1154 had
flowered.

Records of Temperature, Vegetation, eye, at the
Botanic Garden, Glabgow, by Robert Bullen, Curator.
— July, 1891. — This was the driest summer month
experienced here since July, 1885, but the tempera-
ture was much higher this month. The readings on
the shaded thermometer varied during the month
from G3° to 76°, and on that in the sun from 75 J
to 101°. The lowest night temperature was 44°,
and the highest 56°. Dull mornings were frequent,
but generally followed by bright days — altogether a
bright sunny month. Trees, shrubs, and various
crops suffered much by lack of moisture, numerous
Pansies, &c, died out in the open borders, but the
various Californian annuals, and the usual assort-
ment of bedding-out plauts were very effective, the
bright weather having brought out the natural bril-
liancy of tbeir flowers. The lawns had a parched
appearance.

August, 1891. — In striking contrast to last month,
this was mostly cloudy and wet, the latter part
unusually so, and the rains were often so heavy as
to greatly discount the previous harvest prospects.
At this time the prospect was further darkened by
the rapid development of the Potato blight in many
districts of the country, the meteorological conditions
being highly favourable for its spread. Occasional
bright days were recorded, and bright sunshine, but
generally of short duration. The highest reading
of the sun-thermometer was 90° on the 18th, but
frequently the reading was below 80 ; the tempera-
ture in the shade was also low for the month.
Half-hardy plants made good growth, and bloomed
well until the stormy night of the 25th, which
gave them a very tattered appearance.

September, 1891. — This was a rainy, stormy month,
probably one of the wettest known in meteorological
history. The storms and floods were most injurious to
garden and farm crops of all descriptions, aud over a
large part of the country. In a few districts the
harvest was fairly well gathered, but mostly the
reverse was the case, and the Potato crop a com-
parative failure. Owing to the continued wet
weather and immunity from frost, many hardy
shrubs, both deciduous and evergreen, were still
growing at the end of the month. Rhododendron
ponlicum and its progeny mostly made a second
growth. All the tender, and some of the so-called
hardy annuals, died an early death from cold and
damp.

October, 1891. — A chilly, wet, and comparatively
sunless month, the fine days recorded as such from
beginning to end only count one week, the
remainder being very unsettled. Floods and storms
were frequent and severely felt ; farm and garden
land suffered much from the immense access of
waters, apart from the crops that were either in or
on the ground. It will make winter tillage on heavy
land difficult. The only vegetation which has derived
benefit by the deluge are those trees whose roots are
deep. Grass continued to grow at the end of the
month, and the fall of the leaf is this season much
later than is usual here. A storm of great severity
was experienced on the night of the 13th, leaving
behind it much disaster. The day temperature was
nearly normal, but the night temperature fell
rapidly after the 22nd. The lowest reading was 6°,
on the night of the 24th. Total frost, 17°, and
thrice at freezing point.

ULSTER HORTICULTURAL.

November 12. — The third annual show in connec-
tion with this Society took place at Belfast on the
above date in the new covertd market, May Street.
This show is devoted chiefly to Chrysanthemums,
although the exhibits in fruit and vegetables and
also flowers were very large. The entries this year
were more than double those of the first show, and
also a great improvement in quality.

The exhibition was opened by the Countess of
Shaftesbury. The Mayor of Belfast (Mr. C. C.
Connor), addressing the Countess of Shaftesbury,
said the Ulster Horticultural Society had been
established some little while ago for the purpose of
encouraging the growth of flowers, fruit, and vege-
tables in Ulster. This was the first society of the
kind established in the North of Ireland, and he was
glad to say that its success hitherto had been very
marked. They were particularly desirous of im-
proving the quality of fruit, as it was apparent that
in these days of depression in farming, fruit might
prove a valuable source of profit to the producer.

The Mayor concluded by introducing Mr. Dunn,
gr. to the Duke of Buccleuch. Mr. Dunn then
delivered a brief address on the cultivation of fruit.

WINCHESTER.

November 12, 13. — The Guildhall was the site
chosen for the annua1, autumn exhibition in this
ancient city, and it proved a great success.

In the class for the best arrangement of Chrysan-
themums in a group, Mr. F. Smith, gr. to Lady E.
Wodehouse, May field, Winchester, occupied premier
position ; Mr. J. VVareham, gr. to Mrs. Gunner, Win-
chester, 2nd. Mr. E. Astridge, gr. to W. Barrow
Simmonds, Esq., Abbots Barton, Winchester, had
the best group of miscellaneous plauts ; and Mr. F.
Munt, gr. to Mrs. C. Warren, Northlands, Win-
chester, was 2nd. Specimen Chrysanthemum plants
were best shown by Mr. Raines, Winchester.

Primulas were good at this show. Mr. G. Meldon,
gr. to Miss Turuer, Winchester, was an easy 1st.
Table plants were well shown by Mr. J. Anns. gr.
to the Hon. Mrs. Elliott York, Hauible Cliff', Nrtley.

Cut blooms were staged in fairly good number?,
and of excellent quality. For forty-eight in m t
less than thirty -six varieties, Messrs. W. &. G.
Drover, Fareham, secured 1st prize with well-finished
blooms. Mr. Neville, gr. to F. W. Flight, Esq.,
Twytord, Winchester, was a creditable 2ud.

For twenty- four Japanese, Mr. Trinder, gr. to Sir
H. Mildway, Bait., Dogmersti id Park, Wmchtield,
was 1st; Mr. Neville, who stag, d smaller examples,
being 2nd. In the class for twelve incurved distinct,
Mr. N. Molyneux. gr. to J. C. Gamier, Esq ,
Rookesbury Park, Fareham, was 1st, with very neat
blooms ; Messrs. Drover were 2nd.

Mr. N. Molyneux was also 1st for twelve Japanese

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

625

and for twenty-four blooms any section. Mr. Budd,
gr. to F. Dalgetty, E9q , Lockerby Hall, Romsev, and
Mr. C. H. Holloway, gr. to F. W. C. Head, Esq ,'l)own
Grange, Basingstoke, took 2nd honours in the order
given.

Two classes were confined to ladies only, namely,
for the best-arranged stand of Chrysanthemums and
other flowers, with foliage, grasses, &c. ; and for
another stand filled with cut hardy shrubs, Ferns,
and grasses, grown out-of-doors. In the former,
Miss I. milium won with a creditable display, Miss
Nelly Owen, Basingstoke, being 2nd. In the latter
class Miss Flight was an easy 1st, with a most
effective arrangement ; Miss Lad ham being 2nd.

Fruit, although not large in quantity, was of
excellent quality. For three distinct varieties of
Grapes, Mr. Budd was 1st with good examples.

The best two bunches of black Grapes came
from Mr. J. Gardner, gr. to Colonel Stratton Bates,
Twvford.

White Grapes were moderately well shown by
Mr. F. Farwell, gr. to F. Bowker, Esq., sen.,
Larkhills, Winchester.

Mr. Amvs had the best three dishes of dessert
Apples. Mr. Best, gr. to C. W. Chute, Esq , The
Vyne, Basingstoke, had the best kitchen varieties ;
also the best vegetables iu a strong entry.

Mr. Hillier, Winchester, staged, not for com-
petition, three dozen dishes of Apples, leading
varieties— good fruit.

TEDD1NGT0N.

NovEMBEit 12, 13.— A very neat exhibition was
that held in the Town Hall, Teddington, on the
above dates. Generally the classes were well filled,
and the average quality for the class of show excel-
lent. Only one group of a miscellaneous nature,
Mr. Gregory, gr. to F. Weymouth, Esq.. Teddington,
being the exhibitor, was arranged. It was a very
pretty one, set up with some small Orchids,
Primulas, Cyclamens, and excellentlycoloured foliage
plants.

Of Chrysanthemum plant groups, the best was
placed by Mr. Mitchell, gr. to W. Cunard, Esq.,
Twickenham ; Mr. Osborn, gr. to Mrs. Howard,
Teddington Grove, was 2nd. Mr. Sallows, gr. to
Miss Vaughan, Twickenham, had the best three
trained plants in two classes. Chinese Primulas
table plants, &c , were very good.

The Challenge Vase offered for twelve Japanese
blooms and twelve incurved flowers, was won by Mr.
Coombs, gr. to W. Furze, E=q., Teddington, who,
having won it the previous year, now becomes its
absolute owner. Mr. Higginson, gr. to General
Vialls, was 2nd. Mr. Coombs was also 1st with
twenty incurved blooms, and the same for twenty
Japanese ; Mr. Davis, gr. to J. P. Chappell, Esq.,
Teddington, was 2nd. For twelve incurved blooms
iu the open class, Mr. Slade, gr. to Lady Bowater,
Richmond Park, was 1st; Mr. Higginson being 2nd.
Mr. Slade also had the best twelve Japanese ; Mr.
Osborne 2nd,

Mr. Coombs had the best twelve reflexed, and
Mr. Clarke, gr. to A. Nagle, Esq., Surbiton, had the
best twelve bunches of Pompons, and also of Ane-
mone Pompons, all capital flowers.

In the open class, the best six incurved of one
variety were from Mr. Coombs, very good Queen
of England ; Violet Tomlin, from Mr. Slade, being
2nd.

In the duplicate Japanese class, the best was Etoile
de Lyon, very fine flowers, also from Mr. Coombs ;
Mr. Davis being 2nd with Madame C. Audiguier.

Numerous local and amateurs' classes were well
filled.

Fruit was plentiful. The best collection of three
dishes of good black Grapes, Apples, and Pears, came
from Mr. Rickwood, gr. to Lady Freake, Fulwell. The
best white Grapes, capital Muscat of Alexandria,
were from Mr. Mitchell; and Mr. W. Tubbs, had the
best black, in very good Gros Maroc.

Miss Pout, Teddington, had the best two dishes of
Pens in Beurre Diel and B. Bacfce'.ier. Mr. Smith,
gr. to H. D. Phillips, Esq., Hampton Wick, the best
couple of dishes of dessert Apples, in Ribston and
Tox's Orange Pippins, as also for the best kitchen
kinds in Blenheim Pippin, and Mere de Menage.

Mr. atroud, the Police Orphanage, Twickenham,
had the best collection of vegetables ; Mr. Garrod,
Twickenham, being a very hard 2nd.

There were numerous epergnes, &c, shown by
ladies, and Mr. Tracy, of Twickenham, had a pretty
group of Orchids. Mr. W. Tayler, Hampton, Mr.
Woodward, Teddington, and Mr. Latham, Hampton
Court, had excellent collections of fruits.

WIMBLEDON AND DISTRICT.

November 12, 13. — The usual autumn show of
this Society was held in the capacious Drill Hall at
Wimbledon on the above dates. The competitions
were in some cases few, in others very good. On
the whole, the show was smaller than should be
found in this wealthy and populous district, and
s >me effort should be made to infuse into it greater
vitality.

A fine group of plants was arranged by Messrs.
Thompson & Sons. The large-group class brought
only two exhibits, Mr. Newell, gr. to Sir E. Saunders,
Wimbledon, having a very pleasing arrangement.
Of smaller groups, Mr. G. Ilarman, gr. to J. Mac-
farlane, Esq , Wimbledon, was 1st. Mr. Newell had
the best basket of plants — one, about 4 feet across,
very well arranged, and bright in the bloom.

In the Chrysanthemum groups of the larger class,
only one, and from Mr. F. Chandler, gr. to Canon
Haygarth, Wimbledon, was staged — a very telling
collection, with very fair blooms ; this took the
Tradesman's Silver Cup. Of smaller ones, Mr. Day,
gr. to H. C. Turle, Esq , had the best. Trained
plants were few, and call for no mention.

Chinese Primulas were very good. Mr. Newell had
the best six plants, there being good variety of
colour in the flowers.

Table plants were very good. A capital half-dozen
were staged by Mr. Wilkins, gr. to J. M. Pearson,
Esq., Kingston Hill. Mr. Newell had the best six
berried plants in neat stand irds of Prince of Wales
Capsicum.

Cut flowers were generally very good. The Chal-
lenge Vase for twenty-four Japanese and twenty-
four incurved, won last year by Mr. Mease, gr. to
A. Tate, Esq , Down well, Leatherhead, brought three
competitors. Mr. Mease was again the winner, with
a really beautiful lot of blooms, beating Mr. Car-
penter, who had won the Challenge Cup at Kingston
on the 10th, and Mr. Gibson, Morden Park, who
came 2nd and 3rd.

With twelve incurved and twelve Japanese, Mr.
Mease was again a good 1st ; Mr. C. N. Knowles,
gr. to Mrs. Egerton, Roehampton, coming 2nd ; and
Mr. Alderman, gr. to Gilliat Hatfield, Esq., Morden
Hill, was 3rd. Mr. Mease was also 1st in the class
for twelve incurved and twelve Japanese blooms.

Mr. Hendon, gr. to D. B. Beresford, Esq., had the
best six incurved ; and Mr. Bradford, gr. to W. II.
Hall. Esq , Wimbledon, was 2nd. Mr. Potbury, gr.
to W. H. Froy, Esq., Putney Hill, had the best
six Japanese, and Mr. Alderman the best twelve
buDchess of Pompons.

Of fruit, Mr. Griffin, gr. to the Misses Christy,
Coombe Bank, had the best black Grapes in fine
Alicante, and the best whites in Muscat of Alex-
andria, superbly finished. Beurrej Diel, Gansell's
Bergamot, and Duchesse d'Angouleme, from Mr.
Lysell, were the best Pears.

Mr. Alderman had three dishes of Apples in Peas-
good's Nonsuch, really grand samples ; Wellington,
wonderfully fine ; and Blenheim Pippin. Mr.
Thornton was 2nd with three dishes of King of the
Pippins, all remarkably fine, handsome examples.
Mr. Alderman also showed a large collection of good
Apples, as also did Messrs. Reed & Sons, Tulse
Hill.

WARE AND DISTRICT HORTICUL-
TURAL MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT.

November 12, 13. — This young society held their
second exhibition of Chrysanthemums, fruit, and
vegetables in the Town Hall, Ware. The prize
competition is solely confined to members only
of the society. Classes are set apart for gardeners,
amateurs, and cottagers.

The principal prize-winners in the gardeners'
class for a collection of Chrysanthemums were, 1st,
Mr. G. Fulford; 2nd, Mr. G. Collins. For a group
of miscellaneous plants, Mr. Fulford secured 1st
honours. In the cut-bloom section, Mr. C. Cox, of
Brickenden Grange, was 1st with excellent blooms ;
2nd, Mr. G. Fulford ; 3rd, Mr. J. Turk. In smaller
classes honours fell to Messrs. Fulford, J. Turk,
D. Dover, G. Collins, J. Walters, and R. Smith.

Fruits and vegetables were well shown.

DEVON AND EXETER.

November 13. — This exhibition was held at
Exeter, in the Victoria Hall, on Friday. Cut
blooms were the special feature, and showed great
improvement in the incurved classes. The groups
of Chrysanthemums were pretty, but displayed not

the usual cultural skill. The groups of miscellaneous
plants brought Mr. Rwland again to the front.

Fruit was very plentiful, and of good colour and
quality, though perhaps, on the whole, not so fine
as usual, probably owing to the fact that fruit does
not keep well this season. Want of space precludes
giving a detailed account.

HITCHIN DISTRICT CHRYSANTHE-
MUM SHOW.

November 13.— This exhibition took place in the
Corn Exchange on the above date, and the exhibits
were of a high-class nature. The arrangements of
the Society were under the direction of Mr. W. C. P.
Clark, of Hitchin, a most indefatigable Secretary,
and a successful exhibitor of the Chrysanthemum.

In addition to the money prizes, a Silver Medal
was ofiVred for the best eighteen blooms, distinct,
and a Bronze Medal for the 2nd. Mr. Clark gained
the Silver Medal, with some clean and even blooms;
and Dr. 0. H. Foster, Hitchin, carried off the Bronze
Medal.

The principal prize in the show, however, was
offered for forty-eight blooms. Mr. J. Kipling, gr. to
Mrs. Osgood, Rushworth Park, won the 1st prize
with a magnificent stand ; the 2nd prize-winner, Mr.
A. Honett, gr. to G. B. Hudson, Esq., also staged
some good specimens ; Mr. John Anning, gr. to
Captain Pringle, was a good 3rd.

For trained specimens, Mr. Springham, gr. to
J. II. Tucke, was 1st ; Mr. James Upland, gr. to

F, Lucas, Esq., 2nd ; followed by Mr. W. Millard,
gr. to Wm. Rinsome, Esq.

For bush plants, Mr. G. Harwood. gr. to A. Rin-
sonie, Esq , Hitchin ; and Mr. E. Butler, gr. to F.
Seebohn, Esq., were 1st and 2nd respectively ; Mr.
Springham was 3rd.

In the class for six incurved blooms, one variety,
Mr. Honett was 1st, with Queen of England ; Mr.
Sharp, gr. to R. P. Wilson, Esq., Hitchin, 2nd ; and
Mr. J. Anning 3rd.

For six white Japanese, Mr. Honett was also 1st,
and a First-class Certificate of the National Chrys-
anthemum Society was awarded him. Mr. Sharp
was 2 id, and Mr. E. Cotton, gr. to A. W. Lines,
Esq , Hitchin, 3rd. Messrs. Honett and Sharp were
also 1st and 2nd for coloured Japanese.

The Pompons were not up to the average. Mr.

G. Moules, Hitchin, took 1st prize in this class.
The Secretary (Mr. Clark) was the most successful

exhibitor of three incurved and three Japanese, the
2nd and 3rd being taken by Mr. E. Ossman and Mr.
G. Sanders. Mr. Clark's stand was deservedly
awarded a First-class Certificate of the National
Chrysanthemum Society, and one of his incurves,
Empress of India, being the premier bloom in the
show.

The groups were above preceding years in point
of quality, the prizes falling to Mr. E. Ossman, J.
Upschurd, E. B. Lindsell, Esq., Bearton, Hitchin;
and Mr. R. Sharp.

Colonial Notes.

JAMAICA.

The last Bulletin issued by the Botanical Depart-
ment contains an article on a disease in Cocoa-
nuts, presumably caused by bacteria. Mr. Jenman
continues his synoptical list of Jamaica Ferns.

Lahore.

The garden under the charge of Mr. Hein suffered
much from the effects of the wet season, according
to the Report for the year ending March 31, 1891.
Chrysanthemums and Orchids did well, and the
seedling Dates from Tunis and the Persian Gulf are
thriving, but of very slow growth.

Oodevpore.

Mr. Storey's annual report of the garden under
his charge for 1890-91 is a satisfactory record of
progress. Eight months' dry weather are very trying
to vegetation, and in conjunction with the porous
character of the soil, necessitate much care in
watering and irrigation. Much damage was done
by frost. Cut flowers are in large demand for the
festivities given by the Maharana. A handsome
library and museum have been inaugurated, and a

626

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 21, 1891.

new [rock garden.'accommodating nearly 6000 sorts
of plants, has been constructed.

Demeraha.
Mr. Jenman reports that Gambier (Uncaria gam-
bier), which furnishes a very valuable tanning sub-
stance, has been introduced from Kew. Cuttings of
lateral shoots, remarks Mr. Watson, although they
produce roots, grow horizontally, and will not form
leaders. The plant may, however, be propagated by
cuttings. Dr. Goebel, of Marburgh, made a prolonged
stay in the gardens for the purpose of studying the
Podostemacere. The reporter is evidently enamoured
of fractions, for he records that the monthly average
of carriages entering the garden is 663^, and the
daily average 21||!f. At Berbice during the year
85 inches of rain fell, the largest quantity (16'6 inches)
in January ; the smallest (104) in October.

A PRIMULA DISEASE.

Mr. C. W. Dod exhibited at the Scientific Com-
mittee of the Royal Horticultural Society, on
October 6, specimens of Primula rosea attacked by
mildew. These were subsequently sent to Kew for
investigation.

The disease is caused by a minute fungus belong-
ing to the genus Ramularia, which appears on both
surfaces of the leaf, especially towards the base,
under the form of small ochraceous patches, which
soon spread and run into one another, forming a
more or less continuous cloud-like bloom on the
surface, that becomes more conspicuous when the
white spores or reproductive bodies are mature. As
is the case with almost every fungous disease, when
the fungus makes its appearance on the surface in
the " mildew " form, for the purpose of forming its
fruit, the work of destruction is practically done,
being caused by the mycelium, which, during its
vegetative phase, remains concealed in the tissues of
the leaf. During this first period there is often but
little evidence of its existence, the blotching or
scorched appearance resulting from the death and
collapse of the cells of the leaf, that have had their
contents exhausted by the parasite. As in the
higher forms of plant-life, these minute fungi have
their characteristic features during the vegetative
phase of development, in some kinds when a germi-
nating spore sends its germ tube into the tissue of
a leaf, the resulting mycelium remains localised or
concentrated within a small area, eventually indicated
by a small discoloured spot ; in others, the mycelium
spreads throughout the greater portion of the leaf,
often travelling between the cells, and giving off
branches that enter the cells by dissolving the wall
at the point of contact, and feeding on the contents,
after which the cells collapse, the walls generally
becoming brown or blackish. In some instances
the mycelium, when once in the tissues, travels from
one leaf to another. The Hop mildew illustrates
the habit of another group where the mycelium is
external, forming a more or less compact, felt-like,
white film on the surface of the leaf, and giving off
numerous short branches or "haustoria," that pierce
the cells, and absorb their contents as food.

In the Primula mildew, the mycelium is internal
and at maturity sends out into the air numerous
tufts of almost colourless, unbranched, upright
threads, each bearing a single narrowly spindle-
shaped spore at its tip, as shown in the accompany-
ing illustration (fig. 87).

At the moment of maturity, the spores germinate
readily within twelve hours when placed in water.
This condition of things also takes place in a state
of Nature : if we imagine a single patch of the mil-
dew on a Primrose leaf, which at maturity produces
a hundred spores— a number very much within the
mark— and each of these spores being conveyed by
rain, wind, &c, to another leaf, or another portion
of the same leaf, to produce within a few days a
similar patch, it can be readily understood how a
fungus disease spreads. And this is actually what
takes place in scores of fungoid diseases, so long as
the repuired amount of temperature and moisture

is present; when these conditions fail, the fungus-
spores remain dormant until the return of favour-
able conditions. In the case of perennial plants,
the fungus mycelium often remains dormant in the
tissues during the winter, resuming activity with
the development of new leaves.

Repeated experiments proved that the spores
would not germinate in water containing 1 per cent,
of a saturated solution of eulphate of copper. This
is also true of the spores of many other species of
fungus pests, in fact of all that I have had an oppor-
tunity of experimenting upon ; hence it would
appear that the copper salt is the most effective con-
stituent in the various fungicides, as Bordeaux
Mixture, &c. All that can be expected, or at all
events all that will ever be got from the use of the
various solutions, sulphur, and lime powdering, &o,
is the temporary check of the pest, but this is in
some instances worth the trouble. None of the above-
mentioned applications benefit any healthy plant,
and in the case of a diseased one, all that is accom-
plished is the partial retardation of spore formation,
and the consequent spread of the disease ; the myce-

Scotland.

FIG. 87. — A SPORE-BEARING TUFT OF THE PRIMROSE MILDEW,
RAMULAUIA PRIMUL.E. THtiM. MAGNIFIED -100 TIMES.

lium in the tissues is not destroyed, and as spore
formation, as already stated, is almost continuous
throughout the season, the repeated application
necessary to kill the successive crops of spores
would in most cases act injuriously on the delicate
portion of the plant.

Notwithstanding the above, the matter of fungoid
diseases is not hopeless, and the first essential towards
a successful issue is a thorough knowledge of the
life-history of the various parasites ; with this know-
ledge at hand, the weak point in the life-cycle of the
pest could be attacked.

As the species is new to the British Fungus-flora,
a description is appended. It has been met with in
Italy, Austria, and Siberia, parasitic on Primula
acaulis, P. officinalis, and P. macrocalyx.

Ramularia primula;, Thiim. — Spots ochraceous,
circular, or irregularly angular, tufts of hyphie occur-
ring on both surfaces of the leaf ; hyphaj 50 to 70 by
5 to 6 m., continuous, minutely denticulate towards
the apex, rarely branched ; conidia cylindric-fusoid,
1-septate, colourless, 20 to 30 by 5 to 6 m. On
leaves of Primula rosea. G. Massee.

NORTH OF SCOTLAND ROOT, FRUIT, AND
VEGETABLE ASSOCIATION.

The annual show of the above was held at
Inverurie, N B., on Saturday, the 7th inst., in the
Volunteer Hall, and was attended with the usual
success. The association has all along aimed at
being wide in its scope, the farmer, gardener, and
amateur in the district having to compete against
all comers ; but despite the fact that growers of
special articles might beat solitary districts in
detail, the plan has been found to work well, and
the success of the association has, no doubt, in a
large measure been owing to this departure from the
ordinary custom.

The entries this year were 608 as against 650 in
1890, therefoie a slight falling off is indicated.
Garden produce was tastefully staged, and the
plants on the tables served to enhance the appear-
ance of the exhibits. The Potatos were of fine
appearance, and of excellent quality. The finest
Potato in the hall was Sutton's Seedling, shown by
Mr. G. Macpherson, Cluny, in the class for any new
variety now in commerce. They were, however, dis-
qualified, because, as alleged, they are now out of com-
merce. Garden Turnips, although of good quality, were
not numerous. Of Leeks there was an extraordinary
display, nothing finer having ever been shown here.
Beet was also good. The best collection of vegetables
was shown by Mr. John Ogston, Bourtie. Com-
plaints of disease in Potatos are heard all over the
country, but notwithstanding this fact, the display
of Potatos was a large one, and the quality excel-
lent. Among varieties that appeared to have
suffered little from disease over the country, are the
Magnum Bonums and the Bruce, but the Cham-
pions, which were at one time considered all but
disease-proof, have in some instances suffered con-
siderably.

In the classes of seedling Potatos, Messrs. Cocker
& Son, Aberdeen, and J. Macpherson, Elgin, carried
off the leading honours.

The display of fruit, considering the rainy summer,
was well up to the average of former years, Apples
in particular. A splendid lot of well-matured
culinary Apples were shown by gardeners and
amateurs. Mr. Murray, Fauchfaulds, led with green-
top Swedes, and Sir Robert Abercromby, Bart., in a
large class of purple- top Swedes, of good size and
quality, which were awarded the Silver Cup for the
best lot of Swedes. This is the fourth time in suc-
cession that Sir R. Abercromby has taken this prize, a
sufficient testimony to the excellence of the seed,
and the mode of cultivation pursued. If the Swedes
were good, they were excelled by the green and
purple-top yellows. The field Potatos were a fine
show. There was a good show of collections of thirty-
six Potatos, Mr. George F. Barron, Meikle Endovie,
took the 1st place in this section, as he did two
years ago. The varieties were Lord Rosebery,
Grampians, Fortyfold, Sutton's Abundance, Magnum
Bonums, and Glenberries.

The Dinner.
The dinner was held in the hall of the Gordon
Arms Hotel, Mrs. Mann, as usual, providing an
excellent repast. The chair was occupied by Mr.
A. M. Gordon, of Newton, Vice-President of the
Association. The proceedings passed off success-
fully.

Enquiries.

" He that questioneth much shall learn much." — BACON.

How to Lay Out a Maze. — Will any correspondent
furnish particulars, the area required, that is, the
extreme length and breadth of space requisite for a
maze formed with Yew or evergreen hedges, Btating
the most fi;i:able evergreen, the width, number of
walks, &c. ?— C.

Glass Tubes. — Where can I obtain, by the gross,
small glass tubes, without any fittings, for button-
hole flowers ? L. [Advertisers, please Dote. Ed.]

November 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

627

Variorum.

The Production of Arrack in Siam.—

The distillation of arrack from Kice is exten-
sively carried on in the Chiengmai district, Si8m
The Acting Vice-Consul reports that in this dis-
trict, as well as in Lampun and Phre, the distillation
is a monopoly in the hands of the Chinese. In
Chiengmai this monopoly is shortly to pass to a
Chinaman under British protection, who is to pay
25,000 rupees (£1875) per annum for it. In Lakhon,
every household is allowed to make its own arrack,
but a liquor-tax of 1 rupee (Is. Gd.) per house is
levied whether the liquor is distilled or not, a mode
of collecting revenue which increases, rather than
checks, the consumption of liquor. In Nan, on
restriction is placed on the manufacture and sale of
arrack, and the people of that province consequently
enjoy an unenviable reputation for insobriety. The
•tills used are of a very primitive description.
The fermented Rice is boiled in a deep iron pan set
in brickwork, with a furnace beneath it, and over
the pan is placed a large wooden cylinder, which
receives the vapour. On the top of this cylinder is
placed an iron pan containing cold water, and the
liquor which is condensed by this runs off through a
funnel, the end of which passes through the side of
the wooden cylinder into jars. A great deal of
firewood is consumed, and much of the spirit escapes
in the process, and it would probably pay the liquor
farmers well to import stills of foreign manufacture.
In the provinces where there is a monopoly, besides
the principal distillery, there are other small ones in
the villages where liquor is distilled by Chinese
holding sub-permits from the monopolist.

The Weather.

[Br the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

a be
1 a

Accumulated.

a)
A

3 ^

T'iS

•■s

»2

lis

"> 9

S
A

O .

r-i

■4

Q .

S a
a *

41 t-3

•Sag
°"8~

-a '5 o.

^ 2 -

;»*

s s

a* ^
~" o

°d

+ s
I

P ^
d p
« a

d
55

a
a

«
o

B
"E

'a
■*->

«> °
oi.'-'

si a
S-2

4) «
B

-- -j>

5 o
&■ eg

O i

a »

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

i +

+ 211 + 8310 +

206

41.3

i +
i —

21
25

— S6 + 134

- 9^ + 101

9 +
7 +

156
152

25.8
20.9

i —

- 68+ 112

4 +

161

23.0

i —

— 104;+ 106

8 +

163

26.0

i +

— 98'+ 13614 +

157

28.8

i +

+ 8s' + 82U +

169

38.5

i —

+ 35 + 36'll +

154

30.3

) aver

— 132'+ lll'l6 +

165

37.5

2 —

+ 22 + 58 J 3 +

185

28.8

3 —

— 36 + 46 14 +

169

33.0

2 —

— 46 + 40 10 +

1 1

164

30.9

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5, Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, $e., Districts — 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland, N.:
11, Ireland, S.; 12. Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending November 14, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather during this period was very un-
settled, and rough generally. E vin was very frequent,
and the amounts were large in nearly all places.

" The temperature was a little above the mean in
' Scotland, N. and E.,' and about equal to the mean
in ' England, S.WV In all other districts it was
rather below the normal. The highest of the
maxima were recorded at most stations, either on
the 10th or 11th, and ranged from 58° in ' England,
S.\ and 57° in the ' Channel Islands ;' to between
50° and 52° over the extreme N.W. and N. parts of
the Kingdom. The lowest of the minima, generally
speaking, were registered on the first day of the
period, when they ranged from 24° in the ' Midland
Counties,' 27° or 28° in ' Ireland,' 28° in ' England,
E.,' and 29° in ' Scotland, N.,' to 33° in ' Scotland,
W.,' ' England, N.W.,' and the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall was more than the mean in all
districts, the excess in most instances being very
considerable. In 'England, S.,' the fall has been
three times the normal, and in several other districts
about twice as much.

" The bright sunshine showed a slight increase in
most districts on that reported last week, but was
still very deficient. The percentage of the possible
duration ranged from between 8 to 12 in the west
and extreme north of Great Britain, to 26 in Eng-
land, E , and 27 in the Channel Islands.

Markets.

CO VENT GARDEN, November 1(J.

[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It must be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]
Businkss quiet. English supplies of goods falling
short. Large arrivals of Canadian and Nova Scotian
Apples to hand, in good condition. The first cargo
of new season's St. Michael s Pines landed this week
in good condition. James Webber, Wholesale Apple
Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. I s.d. s.d.

Apples, J-sieve ...10-4 0 Lemons, per case ...15 0-*0 0
Grapes 0 6-26 Pine-apples, St. Mi-

Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0 I chael. each ... 2 0- 6 0

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. s. d. s.d.

Acacia or Mimosa, I Marguerite?, per dor.

French, per bunch 13-16 bunches 30-40

Azalea, p. doz. sprays 10-16!
Camellias.white.doz. 3 0-40

— red, per doz.... 10-20
Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-26
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 1 0- 3 0

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-12 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 2 0-26'

Eucharis, per dozen 3 0-60
Gardenia, per dozen 2 0-40
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09
Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 9- 1 6 i
Lilac, white (French)

per bunch 7 6-80

Lilium Harrisii, doz. 4 0-60
Liliums.various.doz. 10-30
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Mignonette.doz.bun. 16-20

1 6

Narcissus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun. 0 9-
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontoglossn m
crispum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60

— 12 spays 0 6-10

Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals), per doz. 4 0-60

— red, per dozen... 10-20

— various, doz. bun 6 0-90
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 4-06
Violets, Panne, per

bunch 3 6-40

— Czar, per bunch 2 6-30
English, 12 buns. 10-16

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

d. s. d.

0-12 0

0-63 0

0-6 0

0-9 0

0-3 6

0-6 0

0-18 0

0-10 0

0 5 0

0-18 0

Adiantums, per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Chrysanthe mums,
per dozen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyclamens, per doz. 9
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Draceenas, each ... 1
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12

Vegetables. -
s.d. s. i
Apples, Canadian and

Nova Scotian, per

barrel 10 0- 18

ArtichokeB, Globe,

each 0 4-0

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6-1
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-3
Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-0
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3- 0
Celery, per bundle... 10-1
Cucumbers, each ... 0 6-0

s. d. s. d.

Erica gracilis doz. 0 9-12 0
Ferns, various, dor. 4 0-90

— small, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficu«, each 10-50

Fuchsias, per dozen 6 0-90
Scarlet Pelargo-
niums, per doz. ... 4 0-60

Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0

-Average Prices.

:. $.d. s.d.

Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30

Herbs, per bunch {... 0 9-10

Lettuces, per doz. ... 10-16

Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...

6 Mustard and Cress,

0 punnet 0 4- ...

0 Parsley, per bunch... 0 3-06

6 Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ...

6 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ...
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9-13

9 Turnips, per bunch .04-06

SEEDS.

London, Nov. 18. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., write tha
a stronger feeling prevails for red Clover seed ; American
seed, in particular, shows substantial advance. Choice year-
ling French Clover seeds also meet with considerable favour.
Winter Tares are now neglected. For Rye, more money is
asked. Blue Peas are held for full rates. The excitement
over C'dnary seed has somewhat abated. For the new Russian
Hemp seed, which has ju*t come to hand, there is a good sale*
Mustard and Rape seed keep firm. In Linseed there is no
alteration.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : Nov. 17.— Quotations :— English Apples,
2s. Gd. to 6s. per bushel; American do., 12s. to 22s. Gd.
per barrel ; Pears, Is. Gd. to 2s. 6d per half-sieve; English
Tomatos, 5s. to 7s. tid. per peck ; foreign do.. Is. to Is. 6d. per
box; Seakales, Is. to Is. id. per punnet; Cabbages, Is. to
2s. 6^., and Savoys, Is. 6rf. to 2s. 6rf. per tally ; Greens, Is-
to Is. 6rf. ; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 3d.; Carrots, 2s. to 2s. 6d.
Parsley, Is. to Is. Gd. ; Beetroot, 2s. to 2s. Gd. per dozen
bunches; Spinach, 1». to 2s. per bushel; Parsnips, \d. to 8^.,
per score ; Cos Lettuce, 4rf. to Bd. do. ; Endive, Is. to
Is. &d. per dozen ; Cabbage Lettuce, 3d. to 6d. do. ; Leeks,
Is. 6rf. to 3s. 6d. do. ; frame Cucumbers, Is. 6d. to
2*. do. ; Mustard and Cress, Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per dozen
baskets; Belgian Onions, 3s. 6d. to 4s. ; Dutch do., 3s. 3d. to
4s. 3d. per bag of 110 lb. ; Celery, Qd. to Is. per bundle ;
Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. do.

Borough : Nov. 17.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. 6rf. to 4s.
per tally ; Savoys, 2s. 6d. to 5s. do. ; Broccoli, 4s. to 6s. do. ;
Spinach, Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per bush.; Turnips, Is. to Is. &d.
per dozen bunches ; Carrots, Is. to Is. 9d. do. ; English
Onions, 4s. 6<2. to 5s. per cwt. ; English Apples, 2s. to
9s, per bushel; Pears, 2s. 6d. to 7s. do. ; Canadian Apples,
12s.to 25s. per barrel ; and Newtown Pippins, 20s. to 50s. do.

Stratford : Nov. 18.— There was a good supply of all
kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned prices : —
Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. per tally ; Savoys, 3s. to 5s. 6rf. do. ;
Greens, i5s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. per tally ; do., Is. 3d. to Is. 9d.
per bunch ; Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; do., 3s. Gd.
to 4s, per tally; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. Gd. per dozen bunches;
do., 30s. to 40s. per ton; Carrots, household, 35s. to 45s. do. ;
do., cattle-feeding, 25s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, lOd. to Is. id.
per score ; Mangels, 15s. to 18s. per ton; Swedes, 20s. to 25s.
do. ; Onions, English, 100s. to 120s. do. ; do., Dutch, 3s. Gd. to
4s. Gd. per bag ; do., Oporto, 6s. to 8s. per case ; Apples, Eng-
lish, 2s. to 6s. per bushel; do., American, 14s. to 20s. per
barrel ; Sprouts, Is. to Is. Gd. per half-sieve ; do., 2s. 3d. to 3s.
per sieve ; Horseradish, Is. to Is. Gd. per bundle; Celery, Gd. to
Is. 2d. per roll.

POTATOS.

Spitalfields: Nov. 17.— Quotations:— Magnums, 65s. to
80s. per ton; Regents, 60s. to 70s.; Champions, 60s. to 65s.;
Imperators, 65s. to 85s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 80s. per ton.

BOROUGH : Nov. 17.— Quotations : — Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s.; Imperaiors, 60s. to 85s. ; Bruces and Magnums,
60s. to 90s. per ton.

Stratford : Nov. 18.— Quotations : — Magnums, 65s. to 85s. ;
Imperators, 65s. to 85s. ; Elephants, 65s. to 75s. ; Hebrons,
65s. to 85s. per ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Nov. 14,
and for the corresponding period in the previous year : — 1891,
Wheat, 37s. 2d. ; Barley, 30s. lid. ; Oats, 21s. id. 1890,
Wheat, 32s. 8d ; Barley, 29s. 3d. ; Oats. 17s. id. Difference :
Wheat, -fls. 6rf. ; Barley, +ls. gd; Oats, +3s. lOd.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices at
the principal metropolitan markets during the past week : —
Clover, prime, 80s. to I05s. ; do., inferior, 40s. to 75s. ; hay,
best. 60s. to 92s.; do., inferior, 26s. to 50s.; and straw, 20s.
to 40s. per load.

PotatoS.
Since last report the tendency has been an advance for best
quality. Inferior samples and qualities are lower. Arrivals,
« Blight increase. ^y. B. Thomas.

Notices to Correspondents.

— . —

Adiantum : Gilbert. Too much water, too much
heat, not sufficient air : these are the probable
causes of the mischief.

Books : B. The Epitome of Gardening (Black &
Co.), or Cassell's Dictionary of Gardening (Cassell
& Co.). Gilbert. Molyneux on the Chrysanthe-
mum (Journal of Horticulture Office, 171, Fleet
Street).*

Botanic Gabdens, Calcutta : Monnier. Apply to
the Superintendent at Calcutta.

Birmingham : A. C. M. We cannot help you ; con-
sult some local authority.

Centipedes: S. J. B. and A. L. Try a dressing of
gas-lime, one part to four of soil. Cut slices of
Carrot, and lay them about or bury them beneath

628

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 21, 1891.

the surface, and examine them every day. You
may trap numbers in this way.
Chrysanthemums : C. H. H. Good average blooms,
but there are many of the same colour equally
good, and the small hairs on the flowers are not
sufficiently striking to be of importance.
Cistern : G. S. The plants you name would not
injure the water for the purposes you mention, but
they might get in your way. Nymphtcas, Limno-
charis, Sagittaria, Eichornia, Pontedera, &c. In
your case these plants should be grown in large pots
or tubs, and sunk a little below the level of the
water.
Correction : In the class for forty-eight cut blooms
of Chrysanthemums at the Crystal Palace, Mr.
Whittle, gr. to C. H. Goschen, Esq., was placed
2nd, and Mr. Shoesmith 4th, not 2ud as printed.
Diseased Mushrooms : Correspondent. The Mush-
rooms are badly attacked by a well-known pest, a
minute fungus, Mycogone rosea of Link. The only
thing to do, is to get completely rid of the entire
material composing the Mushroom-bed, as it is un-
doubtedly saturated with spores and spawn of the
pest. G. M.
Fungus on Peach Stem : A. B. The fungus on the
stem is Stereum purpureum ; that on the root is
spawn of the same. It has not been proved that
the present fungus is the cause of disease, but it is
amongst the commonest to appear on diseased
woody plants. G. M.
Magdalen Lily : G. B. R. If you allude to this
season, it is probably the L. longiflorum ; if in
summer, L candidum.
Mildew on Roses : Rev. A. P. Yes, certainly ; but
try it on a small scale first to And out the right
strength to employ. Begin with a weak solution
and increase the strength as may be necessary. ,
Names of Fruits : C. I)., Hereford. 1 and 8, Glout
Morc^au ; 4 and 5, BeurrS Ranee ; 12, Winter
Crassane. — R. V. P. 1, quite rotten; 2, Vicar of
Winkfield.— A. B. Figue de Naples.— W. Rolfe,
1, Golden Reinette ; 2, Cox's Orange ; 3, Adam's
Pearmain ; 4. Doyenne du Cornice ; 5. Josephine
deMalines; 6, Court Pendu Plat.— N.W. 1 and 3,
Beurre Diel ; 2, Beurre Uance ; 5, Glout Mor^eau ;
6, Passe Colmar; 7, Brown Beurre. — H. T. 1,
Ecklinville Seedling ; 2, Beauty of Kent ; 4, Peas-
good's Nonsuch ; 5, Boston Russet ; 6, Seckle.
Names of Plants : Answer. Our time is too precious
to waste in the attempt to name such miserable
scraps. — J. E. McD. Linaria Cymbalaria. — J. D.
1, Juniperus chinensis ; 2, probably Rhododendron
ferrugineum. — G. J. 1, tree, one of the evergreen
links, probably a hybrid between the Cork Oak
and some other ; 2, Blue flower, Agathea ccelestis.
— R. 8. 1, Codiseum undulatum ; 3, C. pictum ;
4, C. majesticum ; 5, C. angustifolium var. aucu-
bifolium ; 6, C. angustifolium. All may be picked
from one bush.— J. R. 1, Dendrobium chrysan-
thum ; 2, Aspidium frondosutn ; 3, Aspidium
(Nephrodium) Molle. — E. C. Oncidium obrjza-
tum. — G. F. G. Senecio Ghiesbrechtiana. — A. W.
Panicum capillare.
Notice to Leave ; Perplexed. — Assuming the facts
to be as you narrate them, you have been very
harshly treated. Consult a solicitor as to the law
of the case.
Phal.enopsis : J. M. The production of leaf- buds

on the spikes is not very uncommon.
Potatos : Rev. A. P., Antrim. For many reasons
it is better to change the ground, even though
you afford manure. The ground may be swarming
with fungus-spores, for one thing.
Rating of Greenhouses : Bathonian. See Gar-
deners' Chronicle, March 9, 1889, p. 309. Green-
houses are trade fixtures. Land with greenhouses
upon it used for commercial purposes, are market
or nursery gardens within the Act. You should
put yourself in communication with the Nursery
and Seed Trade Association, 25, Old Jewry, E.C.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old. good
roots, 3s. per 100 ; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6a!. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old.
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. dd. per 100; ditto
selected. 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6<i. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :-" Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots lever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. PERKINS,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford, December 27. 1890.'
J. J. CLARK. Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

Communications Received.— J. V. Volxem, Brussels.—
Ba'honian— C. E. M.— R. W. A., Pretoria.— Messrs. Sander
& Co.— H. E..Ryde (next week).— M.D.— W. P. B.— Jorge.—
T. Taylor.— J. E. N.— Quinton Read— A. O.— Q. Ward.—
M. S. & N. Railway— H. J. Jones.-X. N. C— J. Methven.
— W. E. D.— W. A. C.-H. C.-G. W.— Dammann & Co.—
D. M.— W. E. G.— Dr. Hammer, Berlin.— Pioneer.— B. F.—
M. D.-W. & N.— C. C— J. B.— A. B.-W. W. S.-G. S.—
A. P.— C. E. M.-G. N -E. R. L., Vancouver.— Vicomte de
St. Leger, Rio Janeiro — H. M.— J. M.. Erfurt.— R. W. A.,
Pretoria. Transvaal.-C. W., Cassel.— W. B. L.— R. Pfau,
Co>ta Rica.— R. S.

Photographs, Drawings, &c , Received :— Viscount de
St. Leger.— Sander & Co. — R. C. Bear.— L'Horticulture
Internationale.— Cannell & Sons,— Royal Gardens, rfew.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

A UTUMN and WINTER PRUNING,

Xi. TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the "STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the "MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. They were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Bath
and Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled with great
saving of time and labour, and the risk to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends
severed in a vital condition.

Illustrated CATALOGUES can be had, post-free, from the
PATENTEES and MAKERS, at their works and dep6t,
ST. ALKMUND'S CHURCHYARD, DERBY; or of the prin-
cipal Ironmongers and Seedsmen, the leading stores, and
kindred trades throughout the world.

21-OZ. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY."

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smith-field, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

SEND FOR A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. G. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRURY LANE, W.C.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORE, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt, and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, io.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

BOULTON & PAUL,

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

NORWICH.
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

GARDEN FRAMES „&« VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

£2 5
3 15

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-RO0P
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft.

8 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices,
Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft
8 ft. by 6 ft

12 ft. by 6 ft.
16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft. ... J62 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 3 0

No. 77— Smaller size Frames,
similar to No. 75

6 ft. by 4 ft. £1 15 0
9 ft. by 4 ft. 2 7 6
, 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 0 0
All Frames made of Select* 1 Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

14s. each.
5s. 6(1. each.

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet
UNGLAZED LIGHTS „

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always in Stock.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including Horti-
cultural Buildings, Frames, Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling,
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free. __

PIT LIGHTST

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very Btrong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door.
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.

DUROLINE

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Cath.

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE I CLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

INVALUABLE FOR FAEM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj
Wales, The Dukes q/ Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a, Q"een Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

Novembeb 21, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

629

CREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OTJR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

light

4 ft.

6 ft.

8 ft.

6 ft.

12 ft.

6 ft.

16 ft.

6 ft.

20 ft.

6 ft.

24 ft.

6 ft.

•2

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by anyone.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS.

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent Mr H.Skklton. Seedsman, &c.,2.HollowayRd,,N,

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL
STRUCTURES

of every description.

in either Wood or Iron,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot -water Apparatus

for warming

Buildings of every

description.

Illustrated Circulart

Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3s.

See this Boiler before being induced to purchase

any other.

DEFBIES' PATENT

HOT-WATER circulvting BOILER.

Price, 38/6

With 10 ft.
of 2-ineh
Piping.

No FIXING.
No FLUES.

Price, 44 6

With loft,
of 2 inch
Piping.

For CONSERVATORIES, LEAN-TO HOUSES, &c.

The Patent Oil Stove is the cutty one that neither smells nor
smokes. It burns with a blue flame, and gives double the heat
0/ any other large Oil Stove.
Sole Manufacturers, the Metropolitan Light Co., proprietors of

THE DEFRIES SAFETY LAMP and OIL AGENCY,
43 and 44. H0LB0RN VIADUCT, E.C.

No Agents. Orders executed strictly in rotation.

CHRISTMAS ROSES,

GROWN IN THE OPEN GROUND, SHOULD BE
PROTECTED WITH

FRIGI DOMO CANVAS.

This Protection will insure perfect and beautiful
B looms.

Protect your Plants and Glass from Frost, Damp
and Cold Wind?, by using

"FRIGI DOMO"

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

CANVAS.

A perfect Non-Conductor of Heat, keeping wherever

IT IS APPLIED AN EVEN TEMPERATURE.

To be obtained of all Nurserymen and Seeds ten.

TO NURSERYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beDeficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay.
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin, with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address : —
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON, E.C,

THE "STOTT SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT-Invaluable for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Manchester

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Beat of all Insecticides.

As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and
Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green
and Black Fly, Mealy Bug, Scale and Thrip. lied Spider,
American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c.

Price in tins— J-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9rf.; 1 Quart, 3s.;
^-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-GalIon Drums, Us. per
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application.

Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD.,

IATTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.
SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

SILVER SAND

Is admitted by the
leading Nurserymen

to be the Best

Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

^ DITRPM A M raE UNIVERSAL

r lv nfJj W/\, INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, aud so far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or tpray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
lanuaryl, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Sienedt
B. S.WILLIAMS. "

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. Qd., 2s. &d., and 3s. 6d. ; in Tins'(l and 2
gallons), 10s. 6d. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., ChemistB to the Queer,

Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from

WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria
Street, London.

"Nothing Succeeds like Success.1'
(SOLUBLE)

INSECTICIDE

HUGHES'

FU TJHI OH

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, i '6, 2/6, & 4/6; ^-gallon
7/°, 1 -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Rolkek S: Sons.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Bed Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supersede it. Boies, \s., 3s., and lOs.id.

GISHTJRSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, id. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

"DROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25*.

-L-* per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 tons; Bags, 6s. each:
10 Bags, 45s.

PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant
Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £1 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Fag«, 5s.
each ; 10 Bags, 45s.

THOMAS WALKER, TekelsPark, Camberley. Surrey.

EPPS'S-TEATJ

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Bhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton
ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. '
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse, Crystal
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM, PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,

ALL FIHST-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Spt'cialite.
For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. SrEciiL Terms to the Trade.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Store and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO., Farnborough, Hants.

GLASS I

CHEAP GLASS!

In Stock Sizes.

15-oz..perl00ft.,9s. 6i.j!^10'18

2l-oz.,

lie <W 1 14X12.20X12,18X16,24X16

" " ( 16x12, 16x14,20x16, 24x18, &c.

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 5s. 6d. per square ; Matching, at 4s. ; 2x4. at^.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars. Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsrate Street Within, London, E.C.

TWOS. W. ROB /MS ON,

TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE
GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck-
loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address,

G. J. EVESON, 16, Corporation Street, Birmingnam.

630

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 21, 1891.

BLACKBURN«HOMER

43, WELLINGTON STREET,
CO VENT GARDEN, W.C.,

FOB

MATS, MATTING,

RAFFIA, Orchid PEAT,
BAMBOOS, BONES,
FIBRE DUST, CORK,

AND ALL OTHER

GARDEN REQUISITES.

WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

FLORISTS' WIRE a Specialty.

Sole London Agents for Kempton's Floral Gum.

Open at 4 a.m. on Market Mornings.

GARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is 3d., 10 for 12s.,
£0 for 20s., 3U for *8s., sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BKOWN
FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per sack, 5 for 22s. 6d ; BLACK do.,
4s. 6*. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD, LOAM anil PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE SAND, Is. id. per
bu?hel, Ms. half-ton. 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, finch, lis.
per cwt.; dust, lis. lid. per cwt. SPHAGNUM. 7s. id per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, Wd.
per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26s.
HOPE, id. per lb.. 28 lb., 10s. 6d. RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel. 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. id., lis. id.,
and 12s. id. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses. South wark Street. London. S.E.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR. INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. John* Florence, as Head Gardener to Tudor Cbawshay,

Esq., Bonvilstone, Cardiff, South Wales.
Mr. W, Hunt, formerly at the Rectory. Ardington, Wantage,

as Gardener to Sir William Pisk, Shrover Hall, Co-ham,

Hants.

Mr. James Taylor, for the last two years General Foreman
in the Gardens, Castle Howard, as Head Gardener to
H.R.H. the Duke of Connauukt, Bagshot Park, Surrey.

Mr. J. D. Bovington, who has been Gardener for the last nine
years to James Macmichael, Esq., of Spike House,
Hammersmith Road, as Head Gardener to G. H. TroL-
LOPE, Esq., Fairmile Hatch, Cobham, Surrey.

Mr. James Gibson, late Gardener to John McMaster, Esq.,
Canterbury, as Head Gardener to H. Berkeley James,
Esq., The Oaks, Surrey.

Mr. James Drypen. for some years General Foreman in the

Gardens of Howick Hall. Northumberland, as Gardener to

Major Browne. Doxfoid Hall, Chathill, Northumberland.
Mr. Frank Botterill, late Greenhouse Foreman, &c . at

Airedale Nuriery, Bingley, as Gardener to J. A. JoWETT,

Esq., Clock House, Mauningham, Bradford.
Mr. John Wakefield, late Farm Steward at Putney Park,

tins been appointed Farm Steward and Gardener to Captain

Taylor, Carshalton Park. Surrey.
Mr. F. Maltby, for some time Foreman to Mr. Collett,

Sudboum Hall, as Gardener to H. J. Butterfield, Esq.,

Cliffe Castle, Keighley, Yorkshire.
Mr. James Meredith, late of Wollaston Hall, has been

appointed Head Gardener to Job Evans, Esq., Ham-

merswick Hall, near Lichfield.
Mr. James Gregory, of the Rangemore Gaid-ns, has been

appointed Gardener to Sir Offley Wakeman, Bart.,

Pevery, near Shrewsbury.
Mr. Frank Pike. General Foreman to Mr. Nisbet. Cliveden,

Maidenhead, has been appointed Head Gardener to C. H.

Wilson, Esq., Warter Priory, Pocklington, Yorks.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

Dr. SMILES'S WORKS.

JASMIN: Barber, Poet, Philanthropist.

" II rasaitbien. il chantait niieux Si la France posse-

daitdix pontes comme Jasmin, dix pontes de cette influence,
elle n'aurait pas a craindre de revolutions." — .Sainte-Beuvc.

LIFE AND LABOUR ; or, Characteristics

OF MEN OF INDUSTBY, TALENT, AND GENIUS, is.

MEN OF INVENTION AND INDUSTRY.

THE HUGUENOTS: Their Settlements,
Churches, and Industries in England and Ire-
land. Crown 8vo. 7s. id.

SELF-HELP.
CHARACTER.

6s. each.

THRIFT.
DUTY.

SELF-HELP IN FRENCH. 5s.
INDUSTRIAL BIOGRAPHY. 6s.
LIVES OF THE ENGINEERS. Illustrated.

5 vols. 75. 6d. each.
" We cannot but refer to the captivatii g and instructive
volumes which Dr. Smiles has devoted to the " Lives of the
Engineers." a record not before attempted of the achievements
of a race of men who have conferred the highest honour and
the moat extensive benefits on their country."— Edinburgh
Review.

LIFE OF GEORGE STEPHENSON. "With

Illustrations. 21s. ; 7s. 6d. ; or 2s. H.
" We have read this book with unmingled satisfaction. We
hardly ever remember to have read a biography 30 thoroughly
uuaffected .... It is an artless attempt to Bet out the
character and career of one of the most ingenious, honest,
resolute, homely, and kind-hearted of human beings The entire
style of the work is unambitious, lucid, thoroughly manly, and
good."— Saturday Review.

JAMES NASMYTH, ENGINEER : An Auto-

biography. With portrait and 90 Illustrations. 16s.
and 6s.

LIFE OF THOMAS EDWARD, Scotch

Naturalist. Illustrated by George Reid, P.R.S.A. 6s.

LIFE OF ROBERT DICK, Geologist and

Botanist. Illustrated. 12*.
" Men of Dick's type are rare ; their example is too precious
to be lost; but they are themselves the last to recognize their
own value. His motto and his watchwords, in the energy of
his younger labour, as in his refusal to yield to the pressure of
his later troubles, were ever, Work, DevoLion. High Endeavour
— in a word, that Self-help which is the foundation of all help
to others."— Quarterly Review.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, W.
7ADKIEI/S ALMANAC, 18 9 2.

AJ The Best of any.

Contains : Voice of the Stars, Weather Forecasts,
Hieroglyphic, &C
Zadkicl foretold the Influenza.— The Russian Famine.— The
Earthquake in Verona to the very day, &c.

London: COUSINS and CO., 6, Helmet Cjurt,
and all Booksellers. Price, lid.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq.

A Practical and Scientific Treatise, that will be of great
service, both to the oldest and most successful exhibitor and
the youngest grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Shea ha?, by
the treatment explained iu his treatise, had a lorg series of
triumphs, to which this season he has added, in keen compe-
tition with our most noted growers, at the Kent County,
Watford, and Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of
1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10.

In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shoesmith is
included in my new Chrysanthemum Catalogue, which aho
contains the most complete List of New Vatieties ever brought
together, aud embraces selections from all the known Chrysan-
themum world.

Thi-t valuable work is now ready, post free, seven stamps.

H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewlsham.

Books for Sale

ANDERSON'S PRACTICAL GARDENER,
price 105.; CASSELL'S POPULAR GARDENING,
price 20*.; CASSELL'S EUROPEAN FERNS, price 20s. All
complete, with Coloured Plates. Bound in Half Morcceo.
New bargains. The lot or separate.

The OCCUPIER, The Poplars, Milton, Cambridge.

RUSSIA MATS. - RAFFIA.

ARCHANGEL MATS and all kinds of PETERSBURG MATS
imported direct, and supplied to the Wholesale Trade only, at
much lower prices than any other firm,
MARENDAZ & FISHER, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

SpLE Manufacturers,

MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our

pamphlet, " Water Supply to Mansions."

GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Rafifla, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, Ac. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON and SCULL, 90. Lower Thames Street. London . E.C.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, newly
made, the same as supplied to the Royal Horticultural
Society. Truck-load of 2 tons, £1, free, on to the following
rails— Q. W., G. N., Midland, L. and N. W., L. and S. W. ; and
other lines, £1 bs. ; in bags, 20, 16s. ; 40. 80s. N.B.— A re-
mittance to accompany all orders. — J. STEVENS AND CO.,
Cocoa-nut Fibre Merchants, 153, High Street, Battersea, S.W.

^IX^A^INETToRTRATTSTs^- tluee~for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. 6<f. : 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29, Ludgatehill, London.

WANTED, a young MAN, with £250, as
WORKING PARTNER, in a Londou Market Nursery.
Exceptional opportunity. — Apply, V. L., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office. 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

FLORID A. — A Gentleman (resident four
years), who owns a good-bearing Orange Grove and
Fruit Farm, WANTS a Gentleman to JOIN him ; also has a
Vacancy for a Boarder. — Write, M. D., Ma-y's Advertising
Offices, 162, Piccadilly, W.

WANTED, a GARDENER, married, without
family, for Ireland. Wife to act as LAUNDRESS.—
Address, stating full particulars, to X., Dicksona' Nurseries,
Chester.

WANTED, a MAN and WIFE, without
encumbrance, as GARDENER and COOK. Caretaker
for Gentleman's Cottage in Surrey. Man must have some
knowledge of Orchid-*, and both must thoroughly understand
their work. To live iu the house. Coals and lights supplied,
and board given when family in residence. — Apply, stating
ages, how long married, and wages, to SEATON, 10, Seething
Lane, London, E.C.

WANTED, young active married MAN,
a good ROSE BUDDER, and knows Tea Roses well.
To act al>o as Foieuao at a Branch Nursery. Good eottageon
the grounds.— PAUL and SON, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

WANTED, a practical MAN.— Must be a
gool BUDDER and GRAFTER and able to take
charge of Small Fruit Nursery. Wages, £ I perwe^k. — Apply
to A. W. SMITH, Feltham Hill. Middlesex.

WANTED, a general WORKING FORE-
MAN, Indoor and Out.— Married man preferred, small
family. Cottage found. State wages, experience, and full par-
ticulars.—H. ENGLISH, Clapton Nurseries, near Clevedon.

WANTED, a young MAN, to assist at a
Flower Stall. Must be a pood Salesman, and maker
of Wreaths and Bouquets. — State age, wage, &c, to A , Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Seed and Florist Trade.

WANTED, a YOUTH, as IMPROVER to
the Seed and Floris-t Trade, accustomed to Book-keeping.
—State 'age, wages, and references, to W. TKOUGHTON,
Seedsman and Nurseryman, Preston.

WANTED, a SHOPMAN, well up in Seeds,
Bulbs, and Plants; also a good Book-Keeper. Will
have to travel, therefore must have a general knowledge of
Nursery Stock. State age, experience, and salary expected.
— Z. Y. X., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a smart COUNTER-
HAND, with experience in executing Bulb and Seed
Orders. Wages, 20*. per week.— Apply by letter, to B.,
12, King Street, Covent, Gardeo, London, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
6r3t-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly
RECOMMEND several 6rst-class HEAD GARDENERS.

To Gentlemen and Head Gardeners.

JOHN PEED and SONS have several young
Men they can recommend both as FOREMEN in the
Houses, or SECOND. — Nurserymen by Appointment to the
School Board for London, Roupell P.irk Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E. ; also, at Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W.

November 21, 1891.]

THE GAR DE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

631

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S. 1 : .

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSON'S. CHESTER."

GARDENER (Head), in a Nobleman's
Place. — Age 26, single. Appointment wanted by a
superior man as above. Good Manager. Highest references. —
GARDENER. 8, Beaconstteld Terrace, Catford, S.E.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three are
kept. — Age 30. Experienced in all branches. Well
recommended.— Mr. BROWN, Wothorpe Nurseries, Stamford.

GARDENER (Head) ; age S3.— J. E.
McCLEAVE, eight years' Head Gardener to R. Hey-
wood Jones, Esq., Beasworth Hall, Pontefract, is open to a
re-engagement in giod establishment. Nineteen years' expe-
rience in all branched. Testimonials of the highest order. —
9, Montpelier Place, Brompton Road, London.

GARDENER (Head); married.— Advertiser
will be pleased to communicate with any Lady or Gentle-
man in want of a practical man in all branch e* of good Gar-
dening; thirty years' experience, fifteen years as Head in
present situatiou. Can be highly recommended by present
and previous employers. Cause of leaving, the place sold. —
J. SPOTTISWOOD, Queen's Park. Brighton.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three
are kept. — Age 25, married, without family ; ten
years* experience Inside and Out. Abstainer. — G. M., IS,
Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, Essex.

GARDENER (Head), where several are kept';
age 41. — A Gentleman wishes to recommend a man
who has been employed by him for the la*t fifteen years.
W«ll up in Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Early and
Late Forcing of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables —E. S., 2 >,
Argyll Terrace, Bognor.

ARDENER (Head), where the Produce is

Grown for Market. Eighteen years' practical experi-
ence,—W. BRYAN, The Vineyard, Potter's Bar.

G GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
■ handed), age 40, married.— A Laiiv can thoroughly
recommend her Gardener ; life experience in Gardening. Ten
years good character. Leaving through a death. — G. HENLEY,
Thatched Cottage, Hampton Wick.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
FORESTER; age 44.— George Williams, for the past
fiteen years Head Gardener and Forester to the late and pre-
sent Right Hon. Lord Carew, at Castle Boro. begs to offer his
services to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a thoroughly
practical man. — 9, Lennox Street, Dublin.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 40,
married, two children. EDWIN BECKETT, Gardener
to H. H. Gibbs, Esq., M.P., Aldenhani House Gardens, Elstree,
Herts, can with the greatest confidence recommend a most
trustworthy, practical all-round man i s above, having per-
sonally known him for many years as a rno>t deserving, pains-
taking gardener ; has had great experience in laying out new
and improving old gardens; highest reference.

GARDENER (Heat. Woninx.;).— Age B9.
Married. Abstainer. Thoroughly good, practical, com-
petent, trustworthy gardener. Twenty-three years' experience
in all branches of good gardening. Good references. W. O.,
Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
married ; thoroughly experienced in Vines, Peaches,
Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, stove and greenhouse plants,
Orchids, Flower and Kitchen Gardens, &c. ; good references.—
M. FIELD, 9, West Grove Villas, Hersham Road, Walton-on-
Thames.

GARDENER (good Single-handed), or
where assistance is given. — Age 23, married, one child ;
abstainer. Sixteen years' experience under Glass, Flower
and Kitchen Gardens. Three years' good character from
present situation. Three wears' previous.— GARDENER, The
Lodge, West Park, Mortlake.

X?*y to anyone for information leading to

oW-^ Advertiser getting a good Situation as UNDER or
SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER. Age 27, married. Good
character.— A. V., 34, Rockley Road, Shepherd's Bush, W.

GARDENER, where one or two are kept, or
good Single-handed. — Age 29 ; good reference. —
GARDENER, Mrs. Cheney, Upway, Dorchester.

GARDENER, or otherwise.— Age 30, single
at present ; well-up in all branches. Excellent testi-
monials and references. Please state particulars.— ASHWELL,
Bedford Road, Morhanger, Sandy, Bedfordshire.

GARDENER (Second), where five or more
are kept. — Age 24, single; three years' good character
from last situation. Leaving through removal. Well up in
all branches. — W. L., 2, Jubilee Cottiges, Knockholt, Seven-
oaks, Kent.

GARDENER (Second), or JOURNEYMAN.
— Age 23, single ; nine years' experience. Good refer-
ences.— H. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

Gi ARDENER (Under, or small Single-
J handed). — Age 20, single; five years' experience.
Excellent references from present and previous employers. —
W. BURDETT, Aspen Lodge, Sudbury, Harrow.

G< ARDENER (Under).— Age 21; outside;
I four years and nine months in present place ; four years
previous.— J. PAYNE, Orchardlfigh Park, Frome, Somerset.

GARDENER (Under). — Age 19; seven
years' experience Inside aud Out. Twelve mou'hs'
good character from last place. — F. MESSENliER, 2, Ivy
Cottage. Railway Road, Teddmgton.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 17 ; respectable.
Twelve months' good character. — F. SKELTON,
Burnham New Town, Eton Wick.

To Nurserymen (not Market).
TJROPAGATOR.— Age 25. Stove and Green-

A house Plants. Chrysanthemums, and Bedding and general
Nursery Stuff. Good reference.— A UGUST RE1ZER, 3, Ivy
Terrace. Floakersbrook, Chester.

Trade.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER. — Age 23;
nine years' experience in Palms, Ferns, and Soft-wooded
Stuff. Also Decorating. Excellent references.— WILD, 75,
Queen's Road, East Grinstead, Sussex.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER, or FLORIST.
— Age 25; nine years' Nursery experience. Palms,
Ferns, Stove, and Soft-wooded, Propagation, Forcing. &c.
Wreaths, Bouquets, Decorations.— A, 62, Victoria ttoid,
Burton-on-Trent.

FOREMAN, under Glass, or Kitchen Garden
and Pleasure Grounds ; married, age 30, — Advertiser
seeks situation as above. Fifteen years experience in large
places. First-class character and references.— T., Mr. William
Tadgell, Matching, Harlow, Essex.

FOREMAN, or SECOND, in a good establish-
ment. — Eleven years' practical experience. Good refer-
ences.— H. ARTHURS, 3, Colmer Road, South Streatham.

FOREMAN, or SECOND, in a good Private
Garden. — Experience from early life in large places.
Abstainer.— HORTUS, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

To Nurserymen and Florists.
FOREMAN PROPAGATOR and GROWER

JL for Market.— Age 31. Tomatos, Fern«, Chrysanthemums,
Roses, Cucumbers, Mushrooms. Vines, Peaches, and Forcing.
First-class Furnisher and Decorator. Good references. — W.,
2, Milligan Road, Aylestone Park. Leicester,

FOREMAN, or PROPAGATOR and
GROWER.— Age 26; Plants, Cut-flowers. Ferns, Grapes,
Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c. ; forcing Lily of the Valley and bulbs.
Good reference. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

FOREMAN, in good establishment.— Age 24 ;
an abstainer. Well recommended. Ireland preferred. —
E. A. G.. Mr. Cornwell, York Town, Surrey.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out (Inside pre-
f erred), in a good establishment. — Age 'k2 ; nine years*
experience in all branches; good leferences.— F. BIDE, Bear-
wood, Wokingham, Berks.

JOURNEYMAN, in a Private Garden, under
Glass — Age 20. Six years' reference from last situation.
Bothy preferred.— A. B., Freston Hill Lodge, Ipswich, Suffolk.

JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses.—
Age 22; seven years' experience. Good references.
Bothy preferred.— Apply, with particulars, to E. LACEY,
Hayes, Beckenham, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20.
Six years' experience in all branches. Good references—.
A. PIKE, The Lodge, Inglewood, Hungerford, Berks.

JOURNEYMAN (First or Second)^ in good
establishment.- Age 25; nine years' experience Inside
and Out in good places. Excellent character from present and
previous employers.— H. W., The Gardens, Mousehill Manor,
Godalmirg, Surrey.

To Nurserymen.

MANAGER or FOREMAN. — Age 32 ;
thoroughly practical in Growing Fruit, Plants, Cut
Flowers, furnishing Estimates for Laying-out Work, and the
general routine of a Nurseryman's Business. Four years
Manager in present place. Excellent character from present
and previous employers.— F. G. C, 61, Coper Cope Road,
Beckenham, Kent.

MANAGER, or SHOPMAN. — Age 35,
married ; practical experience in the Whole-al* and
Retail Trade. First-class references. — C. G., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

EDWARD BENNETT, F.R.H.S., Harefield
Gardens, Uxbridge, having let his Vineyard Nursery,
Potter's Bar, can with every confidence recommend to Market
Growers his late GROWER and MANAGER.

MANAGER, or SHOPMAN (First).— Age
24; used to tirst-class Retail Trade. Thorough know-
ledge of Agricultural, Garden, Flower Seeds, aud Bulbs. Nine
years' experience in one of the best London Houses. Can fur-
nish highly satisfactory reference. — Address, L. B. D., Messrs.
Dawson, Cannon Street, E.C.

TO GENTLEMEN, and FRUIT GROWERS
for MARKET, or Gentlemen contemplating this business.
— Advertiser, life-long experience in Culture of high-class
Fruits, choice Cut Flowers, Tomatos, &c, in quantity, is open
to engagement as MANAGER. First-class connection and
references.— HORTUS, 8, Cambourne Koad, Wandswurth.

TO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted in the
Houses by a young man (age 21). Six years' character.
Bothy preferred. Pay moderate premium.— H. MORGAN,
Horringer, Bury St. Edmund's.

TO GROWERS of FRUIT UNDER GLASS.
— Two young men (age £5 and 23). with ten and eight
years' experience in Foreign and English Nurseries, well up in
the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, offer their services as above. —
Good references.— H. Y., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

rrO NURSERYMEN, &c— Situation wanted

-A. in a Nursery, to assist Foreman, or in Seed Shop as
ASSISTANT, or could Manage Small Business.— IVY, Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

"TO NURSERYMEN, &o.— Situation wanted.

J- Age 25; eleven years' experience. Quick at Potting,
Tying, Buuching. Ferns, Palms. Roses, Bouvardias, Pelargo-
niums, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Vines, and General Nursery
Work. Total abstainer. — E., Gardeners' Chronicle Office
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

rVO SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS. Wanted,

-1- a situation in a retail seed business, where a cut flower
and plant trade is al^o carried on. Age 21. Four years' experi-
ence in the seed trade. Good houses.— W. R. A., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Seed Trade.

TRAVELLER, ROOK-KEEPER, or MAN-
A(iER. — .Age 31 ; thoroughly experienced. Good appear-
ance. First-class references. Writes shorthand. Eleven
years with Hurst; four years with Hunter, Chester.— W. 81,
C. Birehall, Advertisement Contractor, Liverpool.

SHOPMAN, or ASSISTANT.— Age 24 ; nine
years' experience, including four in present ^situation ;
Wholesale House preferred. Accustomed to Books and Office-
work.— P., H. Deverill, Royal Seed Establisment, Banbury,

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hiimmerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

Seed Trade.

SHOPMAN (Assistant).— Age 21 ; six years'
experience in Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, Cut Flowers, and
Fruit. First-class references from present employer. — W.H. T.,
Mr. Wm. Barrack, Florist, Kendal.

QHOPMAN (Assistant); Shop or Ware-

O house. — Age 25; nine years' experience in all branches.
Good references.— J. H., The Birches, Wordsley, Stourbridge.

SHOPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER^

KJ Age 28; experienced in Wreaths. Bouquets, &c. Good
knowledge of Seeds, Plants, and Book-keeping. Excellent re-
ferences. Moderate salary.— FLORIST, 65, Solon Road, S.W.

SEED T R A D E.— Advertiser requires a
situation in above. Over nine years' experience in
Wholesale and Retail Houses. Good references.- THOMAS,
34, Derby Street, Dereham Road, Norwich.

CLERK, in the Nursery and Seed Trade
Office; experienced. Good references.— H. B. F., Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

Seed Trade.

ASSISTANT (age 18), in a good house ; situa-
tion wanted, as above. — Two years' experience.— W*
WOOD, Messrs. Thomson & Co., 20, High Street, Birmingham.

TO FLORISTS. — Young Lady seeks re-
engagement in Florst's as IMPROVER. Fourteen
months' experience. Age 20 —P., 14, England Lane, Haver-
stock Hill, Hampstead, N.W.

TO FLORISTS. — A young lady requires"!
situation as IMPROVER. Would give time. Live in
preferred. — E. C, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C.

T^O FLORISTS.— A young Lady wants re-

JL engagement as FLORIST'S ASSISTANT, or ASSISTANT
FLOWER MOUNTER. Age 19. Good references. Outdoor.
—NELLIE BROWN, 11, Oxford Rosd, Finsbury Park, N.

HOLLO WAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.—
Counsel for the Delicate.— Those to whom seasons of
changeable temperatures are protracted periods of trial,
should seek the earliest opportunity of removing all obstacles
to gool health. This cooling Ointment, perseveringly rubbed
upon the skin, is the most reliable remedy for overcoming all
diseases of the throat and chest. Quinsey, relaxed tonsils, sore
throat, swollen glands, ordinary catarrh, and bronchitis,
usually prevailing at this season, may be arrested as soon as
discovered, and every symptom banished by Holloway's simple
and effective treatment. The Ointment and Pills are highly-
commended for the facility with which they successfully con-
quer influenza: they allay in an incredibly short time the
distressing fever and teasing cough.

632

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 21, 18"J1.

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Undertake the oomplete ereotion of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the

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In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes,

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
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Telegraphic Address -"HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

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THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
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Established 1818.

65,

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BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER

NEW
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of Greenhouses & Garden
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of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
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address, on referenoe to
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SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

HILL & SMITH,

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And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON. EC

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Constructed of Strong Iron Up-
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Price 10s. 6d.

TESTIMONIAL.

"The Whittern, Herefordshire,

"Dec. 28, 1887.
"Dear Sirs,— I have now had
an opportunity of trying

Jl /'(, yoi,r P°RCUP1>TE Trek
Uk«i>, Guards, and they seem
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Yours truly,
RICHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Hill & Smith.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury. Aonew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, November 21, 1891. Agent for Manchester— Johm Heywood.

No. 257.-Vol.X.{st— }

SATUEDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper. ( PR'CE 3d.

P08T-FKEE, 3Jrf.

CONTENTS.

Babraham Hall 648

Bocconia cordata ... 651
Chrysanthemum Ktoile

de L>on 650

Chrysanthemum show in

Paris 647

Classification of Rose-
growers and other ex-
hibitors 639

Climbing Niphetos Rose 651

Couroupita guianensis ... 649
Dendrobium Phaleenopsis

var. Sehroderianum ... 641
Effects of fog on plant

life 618

Estate fruit nurseries ... 650

Flower-garden 645

Foreign correspondence 6 .3

Forestry 642

Fruits under glass ... 641

Fruit trees for tenants ... 651

Gardening at Malaga ... 647

Hardy fruit gardeu ... 645

Highbury, Birmingham 644

Horticultural Education 646

*' Icones Plantarum " ... 646

Jerusalem Artichoke ... 650

Kitchen garden 644

Mr. Hibberd's books ... 647

New Ten-week Stock ... 650

Onions 651

Orchid houses 645

t, notes 640

Plant portraits

Plants and their culture

Poisoning by weed-killer

" Reichenbachia "

Rhododendrons blooming
in November

Roaery, the

Royal Botanic Society's
prizes

Shelter and sea breezes

Societies —

Bolton Chrysanthemum
Cardiff Chrysanthemum

Hull

Linnean

Liverpool

Manchester Chrysan-
themum

National Chrysantheum

Salisbury

Stuckport Chrysanthe-
mum

Twickenham Horticul-
tural

York

Three good varieties of
vegetables

Tomatos and Cucumbers
for market

Town fogs and their ef-
fects 618,

Veitch's Matchless Car-
rot

613
645
646
646

647
640

651
644

653
646
652
616
652

653
653

651

653

650
651
650

€50

647
649

till

642
6.0

ILLU8TRATION8.

Babraham Hall, Cambridgeshire

Cannon-ball Tree (Couroupita guianensis)

Dendrobium Leeanum

Dendrobium Phaltenopsis var. Sehroderianum showing
habit

Fog-resisting house, Mr. Toope's

Forms of flowers of Dendrobium Phaleenopis var.
Sehroderianum

Peliorate flower of Dendrobium Phalrenopsisvar. Sehrode-
rianum ...

Now Ready, in Cloth, lis. Qd.,il The Gardeners'
Chronicle" Vol. IX,, Third Series, January
to Jione, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

XV/^ \j\j\j grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per
dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. J" CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toeelectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4. Maida Vale. London, W.

ORCHIDS for IMMEDIATE SALE, from
Two Private Sources, &c. Prices very moderate. LIST
to be had from WOOD'S PLANT CLUB, Kirkstall, Leeds.

150,000.- Special Offer of Kentlas.

WICETON has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000 ; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

BERLIN LILY OF THE VALLEY for
Forcing, best quality only. First importation of half a
million in November. Price 35s. per 1000, is. per 100. Order
early of —

WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

FOR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA
GRACILIS, 10i. to 21s. per 100.
FLETCHER BROTHERS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

10 000 General Jacqueminot ROSES, and

lU^Uw 5000 China ROSES lobe Sold, to clear ground
for Building. Apply —
T. JIGGINS, 3, George Street, High Path, Edmonton Mdsx',

SUTTON'S CYCLAMEN.
SOW NOW.
Sutton's Prize, mixed, 5s. and 2s. id. per packet ; Sutton's
White Butterfly, 3s. id. and Is. id. per packet; Sutton's
Vulcan, 5s. and 2s. id. per packet ; Sutton's Giant, mixed, 5».
and 2s. id. per packet. Mr. John Wilson, Gardener to the
Right Hon. Lord Elphinstone, says :— '• Your Cyclamen is a
splendid strain."

SUTTON'S SEEDS GENUINE ONLY
DIRECT FROM
SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen, READING.
All Flower Seeds post-free.

OSES ! ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now.

100 strong dwarf HP. Roses for 30*.

The finest in the Trade.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on application.

C. H. GORRINGE. Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS. GRAPES, &c. Good references.

C^UT FLOWERS. — I can supply a large
J quantity of LILIUM HARRISII, LILY OF THE
VALLEY, TUBEROSE. GLADIOLUS (•■ THE BRIDE "), 4c„
from Christmas to Easter.— Apply, B. GREAVES, Worksop.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

The Beat Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6rf.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

VINES.- VINES. — VINES.

V We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

To Florists.

FRENCH FLOWERS, direct from the
Gardens. — An enormous saving. ROSES, MIMOSA,
MIGNONETTE, MARGUERITES, ORANGE BLOSSOM, &c.
Sample basket, carriage paid to London, for 10s. Postal Order.
The RIVIERA FLORAL SUPPLY, Nice.

"VTEW HARDY PLANT CATALOGUE of

JLl HERBACEOUS, ALPINE, and SELECT PERENNIAL
GARDEN PLANTS. Over 2000 Species and Varieties. Over
100 pages. Post-free for six stamps (free to purchasers of
plants), on application to —

MANAGER, Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Millmead,
Guildford.

NARCISSUS, Grande Monarque, 60s. per
1000, 6s. id. per 100 ; CAMPERNELLI, 20s. per 1000,
2s. id. per 100. Carriage paid to any railway station in
England upon orders for thousands only.

T. GELL, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

WANTED, any quantity of CHOICE CUT
FLOWERS to SELL on COMMISSION.
R. END, Court Florist, Crystal Palace ; and 28, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, well-ripened WOOD, of GOOSE-
BERRIES and CURRANTS, for CUTTINGS, of all
leading kinds. State varieties and price per 1000, to
J. CHEAL and SONS, Nurserymen, Crawley.

WANTED, a YEARLY CONTRACT PRICE
for PURCHASE and REMOVAL of MANURE from
SIXTY HORSES. Address-

COUPE COMPANY, Britannia Road, Fulham Road, S.W.

WANTED, a NICHOLSON DICTIONARY
OF GARDENING. Price and condition to—
E. COSSOM, Dashwood, Gravesend.

TO THE TRADE.

LILIUM AURATUM.
CARTERS' First Consignments have arrived from Japan, in
splendid condition. Special Low Quotations can be given for

quantities on application to

JAMES CARTER, DUNNETT, AND B E A L E,

237 and 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, TELEGRAPH.
The Old TRUE Stock of Rollisson.
A Prodigious cropper, and unsurpassed for Market Work.
Seed, just harvested, Is. per packet ; 25 Seeds, Is. id. ; 100
Seeds, 4s. Post free, Cash with Order. Price per ounce on
application.- C. A. Le TALL & CO., Seedsmen, &c, The
Approach, Charing Cross, W.C.

Bulbs direct from the Capetown Botanic Gardens.
rPRADE ORDERS are now being received for

-L this Season's growth of CAPE BULBS, deliverable Jan. to
Feb., 1892.— HENRY J. CHALWLN, Botanic Gardens, Capetown

CHRISTMAS TREES and DWARF DUTCH
BOX.— 30,000 yards Dwarf Dutch Box, cheap. Liberal
terms to large buyers. 3000 Christmas Trees, well furniBhed
to the bottom, and well coloured, from 2 to 20 feet. What
offers ?

JAS. WILKIE, Landscape Gardener, Callander.

Prize Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

ROSES 1 ROSES 1! ROSES!!! — The best
and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals for
21s. ; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 100,000 grand
plants to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Eieter.

RASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder,
also Fastolf, strong and well-rooted.
ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent.

Sbarpe's Victor Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers
• and Merchants, Boston, offer a few tons of this
excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample.
Price, per cwt. or ton, on application.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 21*.,
or 305. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. AND C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

Cheap Palms ! Palms ! 1 Palms 1 1 1

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W. ; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Rotanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from ns. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney.
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

634

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 28, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Wednesday Next.

200 choice-name 1 Pyramid and dwarf - trained APPLES,
PEvRS, PLUMS, PEACHES, NECTARINES, and other
FRUIT TRUES, CONIFERS, LAURELS, EVERGREENS,
&c. 400 STANDARD and DWARF KOsES, CARNA-
TIONS, a fine collection ol DAFFODILS, HOME-GROWN
L1LIUMS, L. CANDIDUM, L. HARRISI. 7.500
SPIR.El .TAPONICA, GLADIOLI, 9,000 BERLIN LILY
OF THE VALLEY CROWNS, Sec.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the above
in his SALE by AUCTION at his Great Rooms, 38,
King Street, Corent Garden, on WEDNESDAY NEXT,
December 2.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

SPECIAL SALE ot DUICH BULliS, LILIUM3, &c.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, athis Great Roums. 38, King Street, Covent
Garden. W.C., on THURSDAY NEXT. December 3, at half-
past 12 o'clock precisely, 000 lots of choice named DOUBLE
and SINGLE HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES. NAR-
CISSUS, SCILLAS, ANEMONES, and other BULBS, from
HOLLAND, in first-rate condition, and specially lotted for
all Buyers. Choice Home-grown LILIUMS, L1LIUM HARRISI,
L. CANDIDUM in quantity, AMARYLLIS. GLADIOLI,
DAFFODILS, &c.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Dutch Bulbs.— Great Unreserved sales.

EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,

and SATURDAY.

10 tons, comprising 3000 lots, are actually sold every week.

MESSKS. PROTHEROE and MUKUIS will
SELL by AUCTION at their Rooms, 07 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C., FIVE DAYS WEEKXY, as above, at half-past
11 o'clock each day, .LARGE CONSIGNMENTS of first-class
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other
BULBS from HOLLAND. Lotted to suit the Trade and
Private Buyers.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had,

Richmond, Surrey.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT FOUR DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE
of the FIRST PORTION of well - grown NURSERY
STOCK, by order of Messrs. G. & W. Steell, in consequence
of the death of the senior partner, and the intention of the
Vendors to relinquish the business.

TV.IESSKS. PKUTHEKOE and MORRIS

ITJL will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The
Common and Gra9nelds Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey, about
ten minutes' walk from the Richmond Railway Station, on
MONDAY NEXT. Nov. 30, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS,
at 12 o'clock precisely each day, the FIRST PORTION of the
extensive and well-grown NURSERY STOCK, including,
amongst other items, 10,000 Aucubas, 1 to 4 leet, a large
number being suitable for pots and for growing on ; 1000
Green and Variegated Box, 2 to 5 feet ; 1000 new Silver Dwarf
variety, 12 to 18 inches, suitable for pots ; 4000 Golden Privet,
1 to 2J feet ; 4000 oval leafed Privet, 3 to 5 feet ; 3000 English
Yews, 3 to 6 feet ; 5000 Laurels, 4 to 6 feet ; 5000 Gold and
Silver Variegated Hollies— a splendid lot, including 2l00
Standard and Pyramid and single stems; 5000 Green Hollies,
1000 Retinospora plumosa aurea, 2 to 4 feet ; 750 Thuja
Lobbii, 4 to6 feet; 750 Cupressus Lawsonii, 3 to 5 feet ; 5Ol0
Rhododendron punticum, 1£ to 3 feet; 5000 Rhododendron
Stocks (good), 2500 Rhododendrons, fine named hybrids, l£to
3 feet ; 500 Standard Rhododendrons, tine named hybrids. 2£
to 4 feet stems; 1000 Azalea mollis, 12 to 18 inches; 1000
Azalea pootica, 12 to 18 inches; 1500 Spruce Firs, 3 to 5 feet;
5000 Green Hollies, 2 to 5 feet; a large assortment of Specimen
Ferns, Standard Ornamental Trees, 80u0 Fruit Trees, 2 to
3 years, amongst them 4UO0 Plums, principally Victoria and
Gisborne; 600 Pyramid Morello Cherries, fiuiting trees. Six
rick? of old meadow HAY*, about 100 loads ; large Market
VAN, Bay CART-HORSE, rising six years, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers. 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, EC.

N.B.— The LEASE of the Nurseries and old-established
Business is for DISPOSAL. Particulars can be obtained of the
Auctioneers.

Tuesday Next.

13,735 ULIUM AIIRATUM,

being the whole consignment of 213 cases just to hand.

The bulbs are in magnificent condition, and include

1035 EXTRA LARGE SELECTED ROOTS,

Also

740 LILIUM SPECIOSUM ALBUM, and MELPOMONE ;

and 700 LILIUM KRAMERI.'

An immense collection of

HARDY PLANTS and BULBS,

consisting of thousands of NEW TULIPS, first-class varieties,

DAFFODILS, CHIONODOXAS, and other BULBS,

HOME-GROWN LILIES of the best kinds,

CARNATIOVS, PICOTEES, and PEONIES,

3000 Berlin Crowns LILY OF THE VALLEY,

The new SPIRAEA COMPACTA MULTIFLORA, a large

quantity of HARDY PERENNIALS, BEGONIAS. IRIS.

and 180 lots of DUTCH BULBS.

TV/TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

I'-L SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapsi le. Lond.m, B.C., on TUESDAY NEXT, December 1,
at half-past 1 1 o'clock.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

JLT.L also SELL on FRIDAY, December 4, by order of Mr. F.
Sander, some fine plants of tNe new variety of

CCELOGYNE DAYANA GRANDIS,

producing spikes of bloom 5 feet in length

THE GARLAND CCELOGYNE.

The plants are breaking freely
It is evidently a free-growing variety. Collector writes :—

beauty,o7thisOrachide."Can M"ed-the ^B^ ^^ ^

Wednesday Next.

AZALEAS, SPIRAEAS, ROSES, FERNS, and BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C., on WEDNESDAY NEXT, Decem-
ber 2, at half-past 11 o'clock, a SPLENDID CONSIGNMENT
of PLANTS from BELGIUM, comprising 200 Azalea indica,
including 50 Deutsche Perle, Azalea Mollis, 50 lots of Hardy
Ghent Azaleas (double varieties), and 3000 Spiraea japonica,
very fine clumps ; 200 choice Palms, 40 lots of choice English-
grown Greenhouse and Stove Ferns, Camellias, 2000 Lilium
Harrisii, Belladonna Lilies, Paper White and Poeticus Narcis-
sus, Standard and Half-standard Roses, Home-grown Lilies,
in great variety, Lily of the Valley, and a consignment of
named Hyacinths and Tulips, for pots, glasses, and bedding;
Crocus, Narcissus, and other Dutch Flower Roots from
Holland— in all, 900 lots.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next. December 4.

THE OLD LAB I AT A.

ANOTHER GRAND IMPORTATION OF THE OLD AUTUMN-
FLOWERING CATTLEYA LABIATA (LINDLEY).

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms. 67
and 68, Cbeapside, London. E.C., by order of Mr. F. SANDER,
on FRIDAY' NEXT. December 4, at half-past 12 o'clock, over
1200 healthy plants of the

OLD LABIATA

from the only locality for the true old plant.

Re-imported by Mr. F. Sander.

It is the Queen of Cattleyaa

It is warranted true

It is the easiest Cattleya grown

It is the freest- flowering Cattleya known

Its varieties are endless.

CATTLEYA LABIATA (Lindley).

Wad discovered by W. Swainson in 1817. and since that year
several small consignments have arrived in Europe. In
about ISO), Mr. Horsfall, of Liverpool, received some
through a captain of one of his rhipa. Agaio, iD about
1845, some plants came to Europe, anil in 1882, Mr. Bart-
lett, of the Zoological Gardens, London, received a s-nisll
consignment, aud he disposed of it to Mr. B. S. Williams,
of Upper Holloway, and two years ago a gentleman in
Paris received an importation. The full history of the
Plant will shortly appear in the Tteichenbachia.

The old Labiata is a free-doing Cattleya. aud makes rapid
growth, and is unequalled for cut flower purposes and
grandeur of variety as a selling plant.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
will SELL, on FRIDAY', December 4, by order of
Mr. F. Sander :—

CYPRIPEDIUM MONTANUM (INSIGNE).
Several widely different forms will be shown. Many grand

and remarkable varieties have flowered among them.

Also a batch of INSIGNES from the very spot whence came

the incomparable SANDER.E.

Many fine plants of

DENDROBIUM RICHARD I,

a fine introduction from New Guinea.

DENDROBIUM MACCARTHLS1 and D. AUREUM

ZEYLANICUM.

Also a small importation of the rare

EPIDENDRUM RANDII.

This is extremely rare, and the plants now offered are

GUARiNTEED TRUE.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

al^o SELL on FRIDAY, December 4, by order of Mr.

F. SANDER,

A GIANT CATTLEYA,

which is doubtless closely allied to C. Sanderiana although
coming from an entirely new and far distant locality— on the
confines of Venezuela and Columbia.

The plants are strong and every eye is sound and plump, and
are sure to break freely.

Also many other rare, valuable, and useful orchids.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogue* had.

Feltham, Middlesex.

Absolutely WITHOUT RESERVE.
A PORTION of the exceptionally well-grown NURSERY
STOCK, by order of Messrs. C. Lee & Son, the ground
being required for other purposes. The Stock is in mag-
nificent condition for removal, having been recently
transplanted with great care.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Lee's Nurseries,
Feltham, Middlesex, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY,
December 10 and 11, at 12 o'clock each day, without
reserve, thousands of exceptionally well-grown Specimen
CONIFERS, the whole of which have been transplanted
with great care, and will remove with safety. Specimen
Conifers are a special feature at this Nursery, and the
Auctioneers desire to call particular attention of Gentlemen
and others to this important item in the Saie. The Catalogue
will also include a grand lot of Specimen GOLDEN YEWS,
1500 CUPRESSUS ERECTA VIRIDIS, 2000 ENGLISH YEWS,
2 to 4 feet; 1000 HOLLIES, l£ to 4 feet; 1000 named and
HYBRID RHODODENDRONS, l£ to 3 feet; and other Stock.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues can
be obtained on the Premises, at the Royal Vineyard Nursery,
2. Hammersmith Road, W. ; and of the Auctioneers 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C.

N.B. — In the event of frosty weather setting in, arrange-
ments can be made for allowing ample time for removing
the lots.

Havant.

EXPIRATION of LEASE. SECOND PORTION.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea View
Nurseries. Havant. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY,
December 8 and 9, at 12 o'Clock, each day, the SECOND
PORTION of the particularly well - grown and healthy
NURSERY STOCK, which is in exceptionally tine condition
for removing, comprising about 8U00 Ornamental Trees,
5000 Flowering and Ornamental Foliage Shrubs, 5000 beau-
tifully grown Conifers and Evergreens; 3000 Fruit Trees,
several thousands of Roses, for the growing of which, these
Nurseries have a wide spread reputation, and a large stock
of smaller Evergreens and Conifers suitable for the Trade
for growing on.

May be viewed. Catalogues on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers. H7 and 68, Cheapside, London. E.C.

Sale ttext Monday. By Order of Mr. A. A. James.

THE T1VOLI NURSERY. Chapel hoad, West Norwood.

\|R. W. N. WILLOUOHBY will SELL by

ilJ. AUCTION, on the above Premises, NEXT MONDAY.
November 30. 1891, at 12 o'clock precisely, a choice collection
of SURPLUS NURSERY S^OCK, including 60U0 Irish Iviea
(part in pots), 3 to 6 feet high ; choice Standard and Pyramid
Apple, Pear, Plum, and other Fruit Trees, in full bearing ;
well-grown Evergreen and Border Shrubs, comprising &00
Aucuoas, Euon>mus, Weigelia rosea, Guelder Roses, Irii-h and
English Yews, Privet ovalitolium. Rhododendrons, Retinos-
poras, Golden and Green Hollies, Tnujopsis borealis, Cupressus
Lawsoniana, and oiher deciduous shrubs; Sycamores, Planes,
Mountain Ash, Copper Beech Trees, &c.

May be viewed this day, Saturday. Catalogues can be
obtained on the Premises, and at the Auctioneer's Offices,
399, Norwood Road, and opposite the Railway Station, West
Norwood.

On Wednesday Next.

To GENTLEMEN PLANTING. GARDENERS, and OTHERS,
Near the Horn Castle Inn, Bath Road, Reading. About

2\ miles from the Railway Stations, and opposite the

Kennels of the South Berks Hunt.

MR. J. J. COOPER (of the firm of J. Omer
Cooper & Son), will SELL bv AUCTION, on the Pre-
mises, as above, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, December 2, 1891,
at 12 o'Clock precisely, a large quantity of FRUIT TREES

The Sale will inclufle a large selection of choice FKUIT
TREES, CURRANTS and GOOSEBERRIES. HOSE TREES,
COB. FILBERTS, and WALNUT TREES, LILACS, and
SHRUBS.

On viev day prior to and on morning of Sale. Catalogues
may be had on the Premises ; or of the Auctioneer, Blagrave
Street, Reading.

To Nurserymen.

WANTED, to RENT, a good-sized GREEN-
HOUSE, suitable for Vines. In or near Hammersmith
preferred. Particulars to —

A. Z„ 57, Bridge Avenue. Hammersmith.

WANTED, a SMALL NURSERY. —
Midland Town; plenty of Glass; price low.— State full
particulars to R. A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

TO BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the
Bath Road, HEATHROW FARM, Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, from Michaelmas next; contains 438 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Meadow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into three or four Market Gardens. The House and Buildings
are X miles from West Drayton and Haves Stations (G. W. R.).
ah Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R.>. No Agents
nee 1 uppTy.

Foi particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wroi'iam Park Estate Office, Barnet, Herts.

Eastbourne, near to.

To FRUIT GROWERS an.i GENTLEMEN fond of HORTI-
CULTURE.

TO BE LET, on LEASE. COMPACT
PROPERTY, about an acre and a quarter. Detached
six-roomed residence, long greenhouse, 340 feet, in five com-
partments, with Vines, st bling and sheds.

PARTICULARS of PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, Estate
Agents, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

rFO BE SOLD (a sacrifice), the LEASE and

JL about 15,000 feet of Glass in good order. House* well-
heated with Hot-water; a large quantity of Mould, Manure,
Pots, Horse, Van, and Harness; some Stock, and other items ;
good Dwelling-house ; Stabling, and every convenience ; 1 acre
of Ground. Rent nominal. Near London and Rail. Apply —
W. J. PIPKIN, Land Surveyor, 19, Barbot Street, The Hyde,
Edmonton.

Priory Nursery.

TO BE SOLD, as a going concern, a FREE-
HOLD NURSERY, containing over 3 Acres, 28 well-built
Greenhouses, over 44.000 feet of Glass, 2 Coachhouses', and
Stabling for 4 horses. Part of the Purchase- money can
remain at 6 per cent, per annum. Apply to —

J. C. JENNINGS, Priory Nursery, Acton Lane, Chiswiek.

KENT.— TO BE SOLD, an excellent compact
MARKET NURSERY, with between 18.000 and 19 000
feet of modern Glass, well-heatfd, situated in one of the best
districts for growing Plants and Fruit for Market

Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside. Lomi n, E.C.

FRUITERER'S and GREENGROCER'S
(Brighton). Leading thoroughfare. Fine show. Old
established business, with good Hotel and Private connection.
Summer months £40 per week. Family reasons for disposal.
Incoming £80 only.

HARiOURT, MILLS and CO., Business Agents, 43, Ship
Street, Brighton. Estab. 18^2.

To Florists and Nurserymen.

FOR DISPOSAL, an ESTABLISHED
BUSINESS, centre of popular town in Kent. Handsome
Conservatory, good Gardens and Houses. Rare opportunity
£ >t energetic man. No Premium. In-going at Valuation —

B. POMFRBT. Valuer. Tunbridge Wells.

Novbmbeb 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

635

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY. 43. Great Tower Street. E.G.

SEAKALE, Extra Strong Forcing, 70s., very
Good, 60s., per 1000. Cash with Order. Apply—
MYATT'S HEXTABLE HORTICULTURAL CO., Swanley
Junction, Kent.

NARCISSUS, Grand Monarque.— Splendid
Bulbs, 55s. per 1000, 6s. f,d. per 100; Soleil d'Or. 35s. per
1000, 4s. per 100; Scilly White, very early, 80s. per 1000.
6s. per 100 ; Poeticus, 6s. per 1000, 9d. per 10 i ; Double Incom-
parable, 25s. per 1000,3s. per lOn; Double White, pure, 20s.
prr 1000. 3s. per 100; Single Sweet - Scented Jonquils, tine
large bulbs. 2"s. per 1000, 2s. 6rf. per 100 ; Double Daffodils, 20s.
per 1000, 2s. id. per 100 ; all true, sound stuff. Carriage paid by
rail or steamer, in England, on 20s. Orders. Cash. Packing free.
PONTEY'S Bulb and Seed Warehouse, 21, Cornwall Street,
Plymouth. (Established nearly a Century.)

TASMANIAN TREE FERNS.— A Gentle-
man has Five Beautiful Specimens of the above for Sale.
Fronds from 6" to 8 fe-t long. Have ornamented his rooms all
the summ-r. Good for all Decorative Purposes.— For par-
ticulars, apply —

L. A. CORBET, Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, South Wales.

BARR'S BULBS, WINTER and SPRING.
The following Catalogues free on application : —
Catalogue of beautiful flowering Bulbs for all seasons.
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Daffodils (Narcissi).
Catalogue of all the best and most beautiful Hardy Perennials.
List of rare and beautiful Croci and Meadow SuffroDS.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS. 10s. 6d., 21s.. 42s., «3s..& upwards.
COLLECTIONSof DAFFODILS. 6». 6rf.. 7s. 6rf., 10s. 6d.. to 105s.
Hyacinths, Tulips. Crocus, Daflodiis, Iris, Pwonies, Lilies, &c.
BARR AND SON, 12, King Street. Covent Garden, London, W.C.

pHRYSANTHEMQMS. — Proved NOVEL-

\J TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other
Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Give great satisfaction
last year.

A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorltou-cum-Hardy,
Manchester.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, true to name. This
collection includes the very best varieties only. Several
Bilver cups and hundreds of 1st prizes were taken by my
customers last year. For price of cuttings and plants see
CATALOGUE of W. ETHERINGTON, Swanscombe, Kent.

SEAKALE for FORCING, large, superior
Selected Crowns, 75s. per 1000 ; under 500, 8s. per 100.
Cashwith orders. — Address, ALFRED ATWOOD, Market
Grower, 21, Shillington Street, Battersea. S.W.

FOR SALE, Cheap, PINUS AUSTRIACA,
ABIES DOUGLASII, CUPRESSUS LAWSONII,
SCOTCH nnd SPRUCE FIRS. The above are fine specimens,
from 4 to 10 feet, feathered to the ground, and move splendid.
E. TANNER, Broadwater Nursery. Groombridge.

^RCHIDST

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have just Purchased, and will OFFER for SALE,
from TUESDAY NEXT, December 1, the

MYTON COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS,

WHICH INCLUDES

A. splendid lot of CYPRIPEDIUMS,

A splendid lot of CATTLEYAS,

A splendid lot of 0D0NT0CL0SSUMS,

A splendid lot of DENDROBIUMS,

A splendid lot of UELIAS,

A splendid lot of ONCIDIUMS,

A splendid lot of other ORCHIDS in

variety.
All in the very Finest Health awl Condition.

INSPECTION INVITED.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUE
free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GAK.STON, near LIVERPOOL.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to GrowThem, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

FOR SALE, several hundred STRAWBER-
RIES ; Best Sorts for Forcing, in 6-inch pot*. Also
PRIMULAS, in 5 and 7-inch pots. Also feveral dozen
M\LMAISON CARNATIONS, in 7-inchpots; CINERARIAS,
and GARDENIAS.— F. PITMAN, Caatle Carey, Somerset.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
• OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for foreing, and 2 and 1-year old Crown9 fur
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
aod terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk,

Fruit Trees a Specialty.
A PPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW-

XTL BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most completeissued, tirf. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN W ATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington.
Hereford.

New Apple, Chelmsford Wonder.

SALTMARSH and SON,
The Nurseries, Chelmsford, are now sending out this
splendid NEW KITCHEN APPLE, which, after receiving an
Award of Merit in March last, has had an additional award of
a First-class Certificate tit the meeting of the Fruit Committee
of the Royal Horticultural Society on November 10.

It is a firm, handsome Apple, of large size, a good keeper,
great bearer, and of superior flavour when cooked. It was
favoured with a well executed illustration, together with a
fiithful description, in the Gardeners' Magazine of April 11,
copies of which may be had on application.

Strong Maiden Trees are dow ready at 5s. each, with the
usual discount to the Trade.

GILBERT'S ROYAL FAMILY
of the BRASSICA TRIBE.
C1IOU DE BURGHLK.Y (Kingof Cabbages), Is. per packet.
UNIVERSAL SAVOY (Queen of Savoys), Is. per packet.
KING of the BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Is. 6d. per packet.
LATE WHITE VICTORIA BROCCOLI, Is. tW. per packet.
EARLY WILLIAM PEA (sow now), 2s. per quart.
WILSON'S ROYAL ASHIOP POTATO, for frame and outside

work, the best, 2s. per stone.
GILBERT'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, Is. twelve seeds.
EARLIEST STRAWBERRY— JOHN RUSKIN, turned out of

pots, 20s. per 1000; good runners, 15s. per 1000,
LATEST OF ALL runners, 15s. per 1000. Warranted best

plants in the trade.

R. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford.

FOR SALE, SURPLUS NURSERY STOCK,
Cheap. To effect a Clearance.
1000 SPRUCE FIR. from 2 to 6 feet, well-furnished, being

frequently transplanted.
400 POPLAR, 6 to 10 feet.
500 AUSTRIAN PINE, 2 feet.
1000 IVY, IRISH. 3 to 4 feet, stout, 15s. per 100.
6H00 ASH. COMMON. 4 feet, stout, 25s. per 1000.
300 FILBERTS, KENT COBS, 3 feet, fruiting, 50s. per 100.
300 yards BOX-EDGING, 6d. per yard.
20,000 STRAWBERRY PLANTS, LAXTON'S NOBLE, new
15s. per 1 000.

W. DALE, Knockholt, Kent.

DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS' GUIDE for 1802.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent gratis then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3d. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE iSD CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

Chrysanthemums.

BOYCE'S CHRYSANTHEMUM GUIDE
and CATALOGUE contains Complete Directions upon
Cultivation ; also. List of the Best Varieties. Price id.
(returned in first order). Many thousands of Rooted Cuttings
ready in Februarv, from 2s. per doz. Orders booked now.
W. E. BOYCE, F.N C.S., Archway Road, Highgate, N.

FERNS.— Trade Surplus Stock.— Greenhouse
and Stove, 25 best sorts. 12s. per 100 ; out of pots, 10s.
Large Adiantum euneatum, in 48's, bushy, 50s. per 100. Large
Ferns, 10 sorts, and Aralias, in 48's, 45s. per 100. Very bushy
Pteris tremula, and Adiantum euneatum, for potting on, 16s.
per 100. Palms, Ficus. Erica hvemalis, and Solanums, 12s. and
15s. per doz. Packed free, Cash with Order.— J. SMITH.
London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction, S.W.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

OWEN'S Descriptive and Priced CATALOGUE,

Now in the Press, giving full Descriptions and Results after
Flowering of English Seedlings, carefully selected from thou-
sands; also Sports. Americau and Continental Novelties, all
carefully Selected after Blooming, only the very best in each
section described ; all inferior varieties discarded.

The following Grand Novelties will bedistributed (March) : —
Mrs. Robinson King, new golden yellow sport from Golden
Empress; Six First-class Certificates, 1891. Noel Prngnell, or
Striped Empress of India; Prelude, or Striped Alfred Lyne;
Miss Lilian Cope, or White Etoile de Lyon.

Orders booked for above, and all other Nove'ties, and dis-
patched in strict rotation. CATALOGUE free.

B. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead.

EXHIBITIONS.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY, ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER.
THE EARLY WINTER EXHIBITION
of tlie above Society will take place on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, December 9 and 10.
Valuable Prizes are offered for Cut Chrysanthemums,
Cyclamen persicum. Primula sineus-'s, and plants arrai ged
for effect on tables. Schedule of Prizes on application to —
RICHARD DEAN, Secretary. Ranelagh Road. Ealing.

TTINGSTON and SURBITON CHRYSAN-

-*V THEMUM SOCIETY.

President, G. C. SHERRARD, Esq., J.P.
The SIXTEENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION will be held in
the Drill Hall, Kingston-on-Tham. s, ou TUESDAY' and
WEDNESDAY, November 8 and 9, 1892.

GEO. WOODGATE, Hon. Sec.

T^OREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16s.

J- per 1000; Ash, 3-yr., 2s. 6d. per 1000; 1* to 2 feet, 13s.
per I0U0 ; 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 1000 ;
Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to JJ feet,
22,*. per 1(00; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut, Hor.se,

2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C, 1J to 2j feet, 16s per 1000;
Elm Wych, 2 to 21 feet, 16s. per liOO; Larch. 12 to 18 inch,
14s. per 1000 ; 1± to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2± feet, 2 Is. per
1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1-J- to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr.,
2-yr. tr., 16s. per J000; 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3
f.'et. 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000, Oak.
English, 1} feet. 12s. per lOOu; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2J to 3
feet, 18s. per 1000; Privets, Oval, 1£ to i feet. 20s. per 1000;
Privets, Common. 1£ feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, \\ to 2
feet, 12s. per lOcO ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns, 2 feet,
10s. per 1000; 2J feet, 12s. per 1000; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000;

3 to 4 feet, 17s. per 1000.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranratr.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS. CHER-
RIES, and DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards ;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.

52, .MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

THE CHEAPEST OFFER EVER MADE.

40,000 ASH, transplanted, 9 to 18 inches, 9s. per 1000.

40,000 ASH, transplanted, 12 to 18 inches, lis. per 1000.

50.000 ASH, transplanted, 1J to 2 feet, 13s. 6d. per 1000.
100,000 ASH, transplanted, 2 to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000.
100,000 ASH, transplanted, 3 to 4 feet. 23s. per 1000.

50.0C0 ASH, transplanted, 4 to 5 feet, 27s. per 1000.
A Sample 100 cau be had at prices quoted.

ALL FINELY-ROOTED and WELL-GROWN STUFF.

EDWARD WISEMAN, Nurseryman,
Elgin, Scotland.

BEARING PEACH TREES.— A few very
fine bearing Dwarf-trained and Standard Trees, fibrously
rooted, well-balanced Heads. Prices on application.
W. ICETON. Putney, S.W.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

-t- have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap ; — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards ; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet ; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recenHy- transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties, 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Tree", also for
Forest Planting; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURELS, &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

T th03e about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN AND SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area. 150 Acres.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

63G

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novbmbeb 28, 1891.

FOREST TREES-FOREST TREES,

COVERT PLANTS, &c.

JOHN PERKINS and SON
beg to cull the attention of intending Planters to their
large stock of the following, which for quantity and quality
cannot be surpassed : —

ASH. 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.

ALDER, 3 to 4 feet.

BEECH. 2 to 3 feet.

BIRCH, 2 to 3 feet.

JUGLANS MGRA, 4 to 5 feet.

LARCH Ft US, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.

OAKS, English, 3 to 4 feet.

PINUS AUSTRIACA, 1J to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.

,, LARICIO, 1J to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
SCOTCH FIRS, H to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
SPRUCE FIRS, 1 1 to 2, 2 to 2J, and 2£ to 3 feet.
SYCAMORE, 3 to 4 feet.

BERBERIS AQUIFOLIA, 1 to 1J, and 11 to 2 feet.
BLACKTHORN. 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
DOGWOOD, scarlet, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HAZEL, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HORNBEAM, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
LAURELS, common, 1± to 2, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.

„ Caucasica, 14; to 2, and 2| to 3 feet.

,, rotundifolia, 1$ to 2, and 2i to 3 feet.

„ Portugal, 1£ to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 1* to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
PRUNUS MYROBALANA. 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum), strong transplanted.
QUICK or WHITETHORN, strong and extra strong trans-
planted. Spicial offers on application.

52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON,

Nurseries, Billing Road.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

SMALL SHRUBS and CONIFERS.— Abies
orieutalis, 4-yr., 40s. per 1000 ; Cupressus macrocarpa,
I-yr., 30s. per 1000; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000;
C. erecta viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000 ; Cotoneaster Sim-
monsii, 1 foot, 30s. per 1000 ; Escallonia macrantha, 9 inch,
8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish, 2-yr., 30s. per 1000; Lilac, purple,
2-yr., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per 100;
Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, 50s. per 1000; Pinus
cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. Nordmannia,
2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000; P. nobilis, 2-year trans-
planted, 6s. per 100 ; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per 1000 ; ditto,
10 to 12 inch. 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch,
transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100;
K. squarrosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000 ; Rhododen-
dron pontieum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per 1000; 6 to
9 inch, 55s. per 1000; Thuia Lobbii, 10 to 12 inch, 3os. per
1CO0; 15 to 18 inch, extra, 40s. per 1000; Veronica Travereii,
8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia. 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew,
English, 2-yrs., 1-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Y'ew,
8 to 9 inch. 8s. per 100.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

FRANK CANT'S
ROSES.

CHEAP and GOOD.

Standards, from 21s. per dozen.

Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100.

Send for CATALOGUE.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

ANTHONY WATERER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the following well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet.

„ DOUGBASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 5 to 8 feet.

„ HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet.

,. LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet.

„ ., LUTEA (Golden). 3 to 6 feet.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet.

„ „ AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS, 5 to 8 feet.

„ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet.

„ PUNGENS. 1 j to 4 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1* to 4 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 feet.

„ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet.

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBBII (gigantea). 5 to 9 feet.

„ OCCIDENTALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, S to 7 feet.
YEWS. Common. 3, 4, 5, and 6 feet.

„ Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

„ Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

„ Irish, 5 to 10 feet.

„ „ Golden. 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2J to 4 feet.
BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES. Common, from 3 to 10 feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE,

„ HODGINS or NOBILIS,

„ LAURIFOLIA,

„ MYRTIFOLIA,

„ SCOTICA,

„ Yellow berried, and otter sorts

,, Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet.

„ Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

„ Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

„ Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems,
with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

Knap Hill Nursery, Woking. Surrey.

3, 4. 5, up to 10 feet.

THE
YERY
BEST

BULBS

AT
LOWEST
RATES.

LARGE A. VARIED COLLECTIONS OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CROCUSES, SNOWDROPS,

NARCISSI, LILLIES, &c.

All thoroughly ripened and In excellent
condition for planting.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No- 397.

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

■% Seed & r\

DicksonSgS-j.,. Chester

*>:=

CHARLES NOBLE

HAS FINE BUDDED

RHODODENDRONS, named kinds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIHUNDA.
AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds.

Ditto, Seedlings.

Ditto, MOLLIS, 10 to 80 buds.

Ditto, OCCIDENTALIS.

I feet.

DWARF ROSES, H. P., B., an 1 TEAS.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS 1

THUIA LOBBII ( , , „

Ditto, AMERICANA > 3 to 6

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANAJ
HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet.
HARDY HEATHS.
CLEMATIS, 3 and 4 years old.
The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will be
found superior in every way.

BA6SHOI, November, 1891 .

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality — for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old. good
roots, 3s. per 100; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100; id. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. 6(f. per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6d. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :—" Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots lever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent —C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford, December 27, 1890."
J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldatone, Brighton.

DANIELS BROS., NORWICH.

LILIUM HARRISII

(THE BERMUDA EASTER LILY).

Magnificent variety. Long, pure white, trumpet flowers,

deliciously scented.

First-rate for Pot Culture or for Forcing.

Fine selected bulbs per 100,'40s. ; per dozen 6s. Otf.

Extra fine bulbs per 100, 60s. ; per dozen 8.s. 6d.

A few very large bulbs per dozen 15s. Orf.

FRUIT TREES.

ROSES.

HYBRID PERPETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY SToOK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a Bplendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Wbnigand <£ee-.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20s. per 100.

,, ,, in 60's at55s.perloo.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.
„ „ „ in60's, at60s.per!00.

„ ,, ,, in48's, at24s. perdoz.

„ ,, ,, in 32*8, at48s. perdoz.

SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in 60'a, at32s.peri00.

,, in4S's, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in thumbs and 60's ; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracaenas Lindenii,
and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney. S.W.

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW & the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES

And HEDGE PLANTS.

And Other

AMERICAN.

PLANTS

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS,

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham;
Also, 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

November 28, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

637

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Draceenas,
Bamboos.fit Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

OVERT FOE GAME.

LAURELS, Common, 1J to 2 feet, 70s. per 1000.

„ Bushy, 2 to 3 feet, 100s. per 1000.

„ Very bushy, 3 to 4 feet, Ms. per 100.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, 35s. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIRS, line, a$ to 3$ feet, 100s. per 1000.
BEECH, extra strong, 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per lc 00.
QUICKS, extra strong. 2 to 3 feet, 21s per 1000.

,, thrice transpd., 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 1000.
LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS and other trees equally cheap.

Catalogues and Samples free on application.
R. TUCKER, Nurseries, Faringdon, Berks.

P OT ROSES.— A Bargain; room wanted.—
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle dea
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Souvenir
d'un Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection invited.
Price £5 and £6 per 100.
GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Duranfs Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

Limes !-Limea ! i-Llmes ! ! 1

BIRD and VALLANCE, American Nur-
aeries, Downham Market, can offer LIMES in good
stuff, at the following low prices :— 4 to 6 feet, 4s. per dozen ;
H to 8 feet, 75. >8d. per dozen; 8 to 12 feet, 12s. per dozen.
Cheaper per 100.

ASPARAGUS for FORCING.— Fine roots,
4 years old, 5s. per 100 ; ditto, 5 and 6 years old, 7s.
and 1 0s. per 100.

COOPER AND SON, The Nurseries, Hadleigh. Suffolk.

CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
CANES. Dutch and Raby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr.old Trees. 10s. per 100 ; sample dozen, 2s. 6d.

RASPBERRY CANES, best varieties, 35s. per 1000: sample

10J, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P. O.O. with Order to Manager.

R. BATH, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

SEAKALE Crowns, for Forcing, £3 15s. per
l'.OO. Free on rail. Sample 100, 8s. 6d. P.O.O. with
order to ALBERT STEPHENSON, Grower, Southall.

BEARING PEACH TREES.— Nine halF-
standards, with good heads and well-rooted. Splendid
bOits, to be told cheap.

R. FOULGEB, Potter's Bar, N.

UHRUBS and CONIFERS. — American

O Arbor-vitee, 2£ feet, 20s. per 100; Berberis aquifolium,
2 feet, 165. per 100; Box Tree, 1 J foot, 125. per 100; Coto-
neabter microphylla, 2 feet, 125. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet,
12s. per 100 ; Escallonia macrantha, pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 .
Laurel, Common, 1£ foot, 10s. per 100; 2 to 2$ feet, 14s. per
100; 3 to 3± feet, 20s. per 100 ; rotuudifolia, 2 to 2£ feet, 16s.
per 100 ; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2J feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo-
dendron ponticum, 1£ to 2 feet, 25s. per 100; 2 to 2£ feet,
32s. per 100 ; 3 feet, 60s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Eng-
lish, 1£ to 2 feet. 24s. per 100 ; 2 to 2£ feet, 30s. per 100;
Araucaria imbricata, 3 to 3£ feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40s. per
doz., Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 -, 3 to 4 feet,
30s. per 100 ; Erecta viridis, 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to wty
feet, 40s. per 100 ; Picea Nordmanuia, 2 feet, 60s. per 100 ;
2J to 3 feet, 12s. per dozen ; Retinospora plumosa, 2| feet, 30s.
per 100; 4 to 4£ feet, 50s. per 100 ; Thuia Lobbii, 3 to 4 feet,
30s. per 100 ; 5 feet, 50s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet,
extra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopsis dolabrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100;
2} feet to 3 feet, tine specimens, 24s. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s.
each.

GARLfES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations, &c,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order.

s. d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS price 50 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 1000.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35 0 per 1000.

6 per 1000.
0 per 1000.

6 per 1000.
6 per lOoO.
0 per 1000.

(Gardenia-like — very sweet scented)
PHEASANT'S EYE NARCISS price 13
MIXED DAFFODILS price 15

(A Gr^nd Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12

WINTER ACONITES price 10

SNOWDROPS price 21

Buyers from thin List must please give the price with

their order.

All are offered so long as unsold, and for quantities of not

less than 500 bulbs.

Suppliers of Bulbs to the Royal London Parks,
237
238

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

For PLEASURE and PROFLT.

FRUIT.

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS & BULBS:

I VEGETABLE, FLOWER,
I j and FARM.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

EiiiiiililliilllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllillliirniliiiiiiiiiiiiiuillllllMiimilllllhilllii

PLANTING SEASON,

'■* IIAKDII.V-OKOWN

Forest, Fruit,

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

VERT EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited'
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

DlGKSONS «r

THE

HNrllllx

(limited) CHESTER.

inillUlIIHIlllIlIllllIIIIIUUlllllMllllltllllilllilUIHII

Cant's Roses

HAVE WON THE

National Champion Trophy, 1891,

AND

FIVE TIMES PREVIOUSLY;

ALSO THE

CHISWICK CHALLENCE TROPHY, 1891.

Besides 1690 other FIRST PRIZES,

AND

65 SILVER CUPS and MEDALS.

The Most Successful Grower and Exhibitor
for the Last 40 Years.

CATALOGUES, post-free, on application to —

BENJAMIN R. CANT,

ROSE GROWER,

COLCHESTER.

Telegrams—" CANT, Colchester." Established 126 Years.

SHARPE'S
VICT0R_P0TAT0.

TO OBTAIN THK

TRUE YELLOW-FLESHED
VARIETY,

Apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

SCARLET RUNNER BEANS.

Samples and terms on application.

Write to

W. J. MUNZEBROC K,

Garden Seed Exporter,
AMSTERDAM (HOLLAND).

SPECIAL OFFER OF FRUIT TREES, &c.

TO GENTLEMEN PLANTING.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and

CHERRIES. Extra-size Fruiting.

DWARF and HORIZONTAL - TRAINED

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES.

STANDARD and DWARF-TRAINED

PEACHES and NECTARINES.

SEAKALE and RHUBARB for Forcing.
STRAWBERRIES in Pots, in Great Variety.
Also a large Assortment of well-grown Nursery

Stock. CATALOGUES and prices on application to —

ROBERT NEAL,

Nurseryman and Seedsman,

Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W

rUITTR

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

irHEAL&SONS

UiM Crawley. W Sussex-

POMONA-POMONA POMONA.

A mechanical contrivance for distribution fluid for 1be
Destruction of Caterpillars, Blight, " Pbytophthorainfestans,"
or Potato Disease.

Visitors to the Cattle Show should not lose the opportunity
of inspecting this ingenious, though simple, apparatus, which
will be on view in the Bazaar at the Rcyal Agricultural Hall
during Cattle Show week.

For further particulars, apply to The British Munitions Co.,
Limited, Northumberland Works, Mill wall, London.

THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL.

"DURRANS' PATENT."
This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly
unclimbable. It is a complete protection
against trespassers and cats. The most perfect
fence nail invented. In use at Hurst Park and
Hull Racecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and
hundreds of other places.

A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge.
Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron :— If , 2,
3, 4, 5, and 6-in., 7-lb. Bags, 3s. 6d. ; perewt., 555.
lf-in. Steel Nails, for thin palings. Is. per gross.
Machine-cut Nails, for dowelling joinery, wood-
block flooring, Sec, J, 1, & lj-in., 9d. per gross.
Sample boxes, assorted sizes, 6d. ; by rx>st, 8d.
DURRANS' PATENT NAIL SYNDICATE, Limited,
43 & 44, Upper Baker Street, London, N.W.

See this Boiler before being Induced to purchase

any other.

DEFBIE8' PATENT

HOT-WATER circulating BOILER.

Price, 38,6

Price, 44 6

For CONSERVATORIES, LEAN-TO HOUSES, &C.

The Patent Oil Stove is the only one that neither smells nor
smokes. It burns with a blue flame, and gives double the heat
of any other large Oil Stove.

Sole Manufacturers, the Metropolitan Light Co., proprietors of

THE DEFRIES SAFETY LAMP and OIL AGENCY,

43 and 44. HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.

No Agents. Orders executed strictly io rotation.

ARDEN REQUISITE S.—

Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rostio Work, Manures, Ac. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON ahd SCULL, 90. Lower Thames Street. London. K.O.

RCHANGEL

MATS

SPECIAL CHEAP QUOTATION.

95s. per 100; 13s. per dozen.

8. LOWE, J45, Miqories, London, E,

638

THE GA RDE NEBS' CHR ONI CL E.

[November 28, 1891.

AUTUMN, WINTER FLOWERING,

AMD

FORCING PLANTS.

Prime Quality, in Splendid Condition,
Now Heady for Delivery.

ACACIA ARMATA, covered with buds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIBUNDA, extra hne.
AZALEA INDICA, finest kinds for forcing.
MOLLIS, loaded with buds.
GHENT VARIETIES, very fine.
BEGONIAS, winter-flowering.
BOUVARDIAS, crowned with flower-buds, including the

latest novelties.
CAMELLIAS, fine sorts, well set with flower.
CARNATIONS, tree varieties, loaded with buds.
CYCLAMEN, our superb Giganteum stra-n.
DAPHNB INDICA RUBRA.

DEf'TZIA GRACILIS, splendidly set with flower buds.
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS, extra strong.
EPACrllS, of sort-, very fine for winter.
ERICA HYEMALIS, GRACILIS, CAFFRA, &0.
GAR ENIAS, be-t «orts. well bud led.
HYDRANGEA FANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.
KAL <iIA LATIFOLIA. covered with flower buds.
LAURUSTINUS. dwarf stems, compact heads.
LILAC A BA VIRGINALIS, fine pot plants from Paris.

„ CHARLES X.

.. PERSICA. , „ ■ ,

LILY OF THE VALLEY, hue clumps from Holland.
LtLIUM HARRISI, extra strong, from America.
PRIMULA. SINENSIS ALBA PLENA, in fine varieties.
ROSES, finest Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals, strong plants

grown in pots for forcing.
SOLANUM HYBRIDUM, Empress, and other kinds.
SPIR-fEA ASTILBOIDES, a charming plant.

JAPONICA extra strong imported clumps.
STAPH^LEA COLCHICA, fine, from South of Franco.
VIBURNUM OPULUS (Guelder Rose), imported pot

For Complete List and Prices, see Illustrated Bulb
Catalogue, Gratis and post free on application.

B. S. WILLIAMS & SON,

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries,
UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

SHARPE'S QUEEN PEA.

FINEST BLUE WRINKLED

MARROW.

BEST OF ALL FOR QUALITY

AND COLOUR.

FINEST FOR EXHIBITION.

ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL.

For Trade Price apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders : —
APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
APRICOTS— Standard, and Standard Trained.
CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Un trimmed.

Pyramids, Standards.
PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.
PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained. 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids. Standards.
DAMSONS, FARLE1GH PROLIFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-

niids. Standards.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf

Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large— Quality Good—Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW

OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of

Fruits, post-free, dd.
The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

PAULS' NURSERIES,

WALTHAM CROSS.

South Entrance four minutes' walk from Waltham Cross
Station vG.E.R.) ; West Entrance, three minutes' walk from
Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.R).

ROSES.

The Largest and Finest Stock
in the Country.

NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY.

Also Books on Roses, by
Wm. Paul, F.L.S.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS
FRUIT TREES

AND

GRAPE VINES.

An enormous Stock of
Fruiting and Other Trees
unsurpassed in quality,
being vigorous, clean, and
true to name.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALT HAM CROSS

W. WOOD & SON'S
"SPECIALTIES."

ft* HARDY TREES
f / v AND SHRUBS.

flvl^l- <T)<iij^"-'- EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and
:>—iC\ jS CONIFERS, in endless variety.

SBj^mI kept constantly transplanted.

RHODODENDRONS off Loam.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS
a specialty.

jHrluftl Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
^T ™ Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

CAMELLIAS

The Largest Stock in the

Country.
Plants well set with Bloom-buds.

Also,

AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and

other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

BULBS & SEEDS

OF BEST QUALITY.

ALSO
MUSHROOM SPAWN, GARDEN
MATS, MANURES, INSECTI-
CIDES, and all other GARDEN
REQUISITES.

. I=§B P^icts str icily moderate ; reduced rates for large quan-
tities. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bu experienced
hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of character and
experience recommended.

^SjHjhi

.:'"\

f ■

Important: Observe the Christian Name and Address —

WM. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS,

HERTS.

The Cheapest House in the Trade for

ORCHID BASKETS

Our Own Manufacture, of all Descriptions and Sizes.
Send for New Illustrated CATALOGUE, giving prices.

PEAT, .52. ORCHID,

THE COUNTRY PRODUCES.

For HARD- WOOD and STOVE PLANTS,
Our Peat is Unequalled.

Special Prices Carriage Paid to any Station in the
United Kingdom.

RHODODENDRON PEAT,

15s. per Ton for Hants.

FRESH GREEN SPHAGNUM.

Short, thick, full-headed Moss ; just the sort for Orchids.
2s. 6d. per Bushel.

SPECIAL OFFER,

TO CLEAR GROUND,

Broken Fibrous Peat, in truck loads, 6s. Qd. per yard;

Decayed Leaf Soil, 3«. 6^- per sack. In trucks on

Rail near London.

w. w. & s.

PRIZE MANURES.

USED ALL OVER THE WORLD. NO EXHIBITOR
SHOULD BE WITHOUT.

WOOD WOOL, SupeK^'

Superior WADDING in Colours.

A Ship Just Arrived, of

SHELL SHINGLE.

LOAM,

RICH SURREY.

VERY FIBROUS.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE.

G. E. R.. 16' per Truck of 2 Tons.

G.N. R., G. W. R.. L &N. W.R.. and M. R., Is. per ton eitra.

L. B. & S. C. R., S. E. R , L. C. & D. R., 3s. per ton extra.

TOBACCO PANpJUU JUICE

Samples and Price on app ication.
W. W. & S. NEW IMPORTED

ARCHANGEL MATS,

Large Size and Full Weight.

RAFFIA, the very Best Plaited.

W. W. & S. Fertilising Moss.

CUANO.

TRY OUR IMPROVED
FISH GUANO.
Unequalled in quality and price, 16s. 6d. per cwt. All our
other PRIZE MANURES at special low trade prices.

BO N K S, and all other Manures.at Market Pricea.

W. W. & S. "COMBINATION," for

Vine Borders, £7 7s. per Ton.

TheLargest D A M D fl (1 PAWCC 200,000 in Stock, of all

Importers of

, sizes, inblack&white.

SILVER SAND,

Coarse Crystal, Medium, and Fine.
Direct from Pits.

fggp SEND FOR WOOD'S SECOND EDITION

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

W.W00D&Sl,F.R.H.S.

Established 1850. Chief Office —
WOOD GREEN, LONDON, N.

November 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

639

WITHOUT RESERVE.

1200 OLD LABIATA

From the Only Locality for the True Old Plant.
RE-IMPORTED BY

SANDER.

THIS IMPOKTATION JUST TO HAND OF THE

TRUE OLD

AUTUMN-FLOWERING CATTLEYA LABIATA.

. Protheroe & Morris

Will SELL the above, by order of Mr. P. Sander, at their Kooins,
67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.,

On FRIDAY NEXT, DECEMBER 4.

GYPRIPEDIUM LEEANUM CICANTEUM (Roife),
DENDROBIUM PHAL/ENOPSIS SCHRODERIANUM (Sander),

And other magnificent Orchids now in Flower, at the

ORCHID FARM, ST. ALBANS.

INSPECTION CORDIALLY INVITED.

THE

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1891.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROSE
GROWERS AND OTHER EXHIBITORS.

1' IKE " Wild Rose," I have rejoiced and been
-*-* exceeding glad in the peace and har-
mony, as well as the prosperity, that have so
long distinguished the National Rose Society,
though, like other judges and rosarians, I have
frequently found the beauty and sweetness of
Roses somewhat marred through the murmur-
ings and thunderings of the smaller growers
against the larger for invading their prize runs,
as the smaller classes have been called. Now,
so long as quality reigns supreme through all the
classes, the best Roses only can win first honours,
and no exhibitor is allowed to compete in the
small as well as the large classes, and thus sweep
off all or the lion's share of the prizes, exhibitors
have little to complain of, and societies must
endure the grumblings which are the safety-valves
of some exhibitors after being beaten. Even
some rosarians seem to need a long life-time to
learn to take that useful discipline with be-
coming dignity, and such seek and find a
sort of oonsolation, by attempting to drag the
element of unfairness into their loss of money
and credit. Anyhow, such grumblings seem
inevitable, and are probably as old as the art
of stimulating superior culture through the
awarding of valuable prizes for the best products
at public exhibitions.

Nothing is easier on paper than to lay down
such abstract propositions as that exhibitors
should only compete with their peers, that is,
those having an equality of power and privilege
granted. But who are our peers in such matters,
and how is the equality of advantages to be
determined, and where is the sense of squabbling
over mere area and quality of labour, when such
potent factors to successful showing as the skill
of the exhibitor, the quality of his soil, the
facilities of his position, the character of his
stock, the potency of his stimulants, &c, are
necessarily left out of the reckoning ? I agree
with " Wild Rose " on both of these points. The
best skilled labour of professional gardeners will
win few or no first prizes at the National or other
Rose shows, unless the blooms are wisely set in
the eyes of the judges on the show tables.
Humiliating as it may seem, it is nevertheless
true, that as many or more prizes are won
through the final placing and arrangement of the
blooms as through the growing. Yes, it is the
final touches that win, and unfortunately many
skilful cultivators seem incapable of giving these
finishing touches, or capitating arrangements, to
prize boxes. And then from what source has area
or size been accepted as a measure of quality ? or
in what other department of art or science, ex-
cepting in Rose growing, is the mere counting
of heads accepted as a safe or sound basis for

640

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeh 28, 1891.

any useful classification of quality ? And how
many small growers would admit that they do,
or can only grow inferior Roses to the larger
growers ? On the contrary, how often in prac-
tice is the shoe found on the other foot, and
the small grower is found among the leading
prizetakers? And how are we to determine
between large or small ? Is 500 or a 1000 to
be the limit ? and are all sorts and conditions
of Koses in the garden to count ? and who is
to count them P

The plan is impracticable, and therefore can-
not be adopted. Neither is there any necessity
for it. The grower with 500 Roses can grow
them as well or better than his neighbour with
500,000. True, he cannot fill so many large
classes, nor is he required to do so. Smaller
ones are arranged on purpose to suit his means
and his capacities. But then he complains that
the larger grower shows in these and robs him of
his just and fair ohances. But so long as these
large growers do not also show in their own
larger classes, where does the injustice to the smal
grower come in ? On the contrary, the larger
grower who thus stoops to conquer money prize
in the smaller classes suffers a grievous loss of
credit, and should he suffer defeat by the smaller
grower — a thing not unknown in the annals
of Rose showing — his humiliation is complete
and the pride and glory of the smaller grower is
beyond description.

So long as the entries are made some time
before the show, and no shifting and chopping
about of classes are allowed at the last moment,
with a view of prize-grabbing, and all classes and
sizes of exhibitors are treated alike, there is
little reason to complain.

There is, however, one great grievance all too
common at Rose shows, though probably quite
unknown at the National Rose Society, which
ought to be abolished at once, and that is,
the secretary and other officials appearing as
exhibitors also. The evils and abuses of allowing
this are so obvious, that all such dual functions
should be at once abolished. Secretaries, with
their official knowledge of the numbers of entries
in each class, can so place their own exhibits as
to be sure of winning, to the serious injury of
other exhibitors, and such pot-hunting, which the
writer has seen again and again, is as fatal to the
permanent prosperity of societies, as it is discredit-
able to rosarians. The latter should be above
suspicion, and to make and keep them so, it is
hoped that during the forced repose of the coming
winter, every secretary will resolve to show no
more Roses at his own society's show. Beyond
this common-sense reform, it may neither be
possible nor desirable to proceed much fur-
ther by way of classification or restriction.
AVho shall say how many societies have
been rent into fragments in the vain attempt to
classify exhibitors under the threefold divisions
of growers for sale, gentlemen's gardeners,
and amateurs. And every year these classes get
more mixed, and the number of gentlemen's gar-
deners and amateurs who never sell fruit, plants,
or flowers, to say nothing of vegetables, become
fewer and less. And hence largely the hopeless-
ness of establishing any other classification or
Btandard of merit than that of the highest excel-
lence. Let the best Roses win, though the
heavens fall, and all but the best blooms return
home prizeless— an almost equally appalling
catastrophe to mere prize-hunting exhibitors.
If merit cannot always meet with its due reward
on our present lines, then I should try levelling
down to equality by reducing the larger exhibits,
and throwing all classes open. Under present
mrjdes of shoeing, ons is startled at time*] with

the low quality of the 1st prize blooms in some
classes. On inquiry it will be found that these
are Dadly filled, and that the Roses have had
first prizes awarded because they are the best,
jurors disliking to disqualify a stand. It is high
time that all awards, unless for the best Roses,
should cease to be made at the National and all
other Rose shows. Rosa.

New or Noteworthy Plant.

DENDROBIUM LEEANUM, n. tp. (fig. 88).
This is a handsome new species imported with D.
Phaloenopsis var. Schroderianum by Messrs. F. Sander
& Co., of St. Albans. The plant has pseudobulbs,
about 3 feet in height, stout, and slightly com-
pressed, and somewhat resembling those of D.
taurinum. The upper portion of the pseudobulb
bears stout sprays of handsome flowers, arranged
after the manner of those of the D. superbiens, well
illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, January 12,
1878, p. 49. The habit of the present species,
however, is different from that of D. superbiens,
and the flowers are distinct in all points, and more
especially in the open form of the labellum, the side
lobes of which are not folded over the column as in D.
superbiens, and in the petals being narrower than the
sepals. The sepals are formed like those of D. Pha-
£enopsis, white at the base, and tinged and freckled
with pink on the outer halves. The petals, which are
slightly twisted, are of a bright rosy-crimson. The
labellum is green at the base, with radiating reddish
lines, and the front lobe and the margins of the side
lobes are of a rich rosy-crimson. From the base of the
lip run three ridges, which extend to the upper
part of the front lobe, where they become wavy, and
display a tendency to develop some additional
slightly-raised ridges. It is a very showy species,
and it is to be hoped that other examples of it will
appear. It is named in honour of W. R. Lee, Esq., of
Manchester, a keen collector of rare Orchids. J. O'B,

The Rosery.

ROSES IN POTS.

Thi may be said to be the very dullest season of
the year for our choice plants in pots, of which the
Tea-scented varieties may well hold the first place,
and hybrid perpetuals the second. That is the
position most tasteful persons would place them in ;
and for flowering in the autumn as well as in the
spring and summer, the Tea-scented varieties are the
most truly perpetual. They are supposed to be more
tender than the hybrid perpetuals, and some of the
Tea-scented varieties are certainly of weak consti-
tution. Such, however, ought not to be grown, as
there are so many varieties now in cultivation
vigorous enough for anything, and of the highest
quality as regards the form, colour, and substance of
the flowers.

All the plants should be now under cover. A
glass house is best for them, and they must be kept
dry at the roots. As soon as they are well on the dry
side they should be pruned. The cut portions will
not bleed if the soil be sufficiently dry ; and if no
water applied for a week or ten, days after, the
wounds heal, and water may then be safely given
to the plaDts. Some persons apply styptic to the
cut portions to prevent bleeding ; this can do
no harm, but I find that it is not really needed.
If the plants are kept merely in a green-
house temperature, the buds will soon swell up
and show Bigns of growth, and if forcing is begun
about the end of the present month (November) or
early in December, it is better that the temperature
of the forcing-pit should not be higher than that of
a warm greenhouse at first ; place the plants near
the roof, and give rather free ventilation. As growth
progresses, 55° at night may be kept up, with a little
increase by day. The plants will not start very
freely, nor will the growth be very strong, unless

the Roses are well established. I recommend repot-
ting them in August, or not later than the middle
of September.

Cuttings that were put in under glasses in
July form nice plants by the end of the season, and
may be planted singly in 4 or 5-inch pots ; or they
maybe planted in a favourable position out-of-doors,
and with a slight protection of dried fronds of
bracken they will not suffer injury from frosts.
J. Douglas,

The Winter Photection of Roses.

This is a very important item in the cultivation
of Roses, for if the plants are over-protected, the
results are often quite as disastrous as when they
have received no assistance in withstanding the
rigours of winter. Generally speaking, Roses are
either over-protected, or else they are left to take
their chance. This first is more particularly the
case among small amateurs, who are unduly careful
over their favourites. The majority of large growers
give very little protection, experience having shown
them that plants that have been sheltered from
almost all hard weather are apt to break into
growth prematurely. If these extra early growths
escape actual frost, they are seldom able to carry
good flowers, because the cold, unfavourable nights
cause the buds to bind, and when the bloom does
eventually open, there are green and hard cores in
the centre of the flowers.

Dwarf Roses, of whatever class, are far best pro-
tected by a fair mulching of light stable manure
and by having the soil drawn up around the base of
the plants, thus earthing them up some 6 to 9 inches.
This plan is all that they require, unless we get very
piercing cold winds with frost, when it is advisable
to stick a few pieces of Gorse, Birch twigs, or any
similarly light material among their tops. The two
things i have named give a great deal of protection,
are very easily stuck into the soil, and best of all are
so readily removed in a few minutes without leaving
any unsightly litter. They also have the great
advantage of not accumulating any moisture, and in
this respect are far beyond hay, straw, or even the
Bracken Fern.

Anything that retains moisture is unsuitable for
protecting Roses, as the frost has far more effect
when the material around the plants is wet.

Standard Roses can be protected by tying a little
Bracken Fern around the stems loosely ; and by a
few Birch or Gorse twigs being set in among the
tops of the plants, and then fastened securely to the
stem of the Rose. One of the chief things in pro-
tecting standard Roses is to take the precaution of
keeping very severe frost away from the Briar stems.
More mischief is in reality done to this form of Rose
from their stems being crippled by frost than any
other thing. My Roses are nicely ripened, and I do
not anticipate any harm from frost during the coming
winter, unless, as was the case last year, we have an
extra severe time for them to pass through. Unless
Roses are well ripened, their wood can stand but
very little frost. I am certain that most of my plants
will stand 10° to 12° before being injured in any
way ; and beyond the fact of earthing up a few of
the choicest, I shall not afford any protection until
we get more severe weather. When Roses, or
any plants, are quite dormant, they can withstand a
far greater amount of frost than if they were only
half-matured or ripened. The hardiest of trees and
plants are injured by both early and late frosts if
they are not at rest. I would warn my readers
against neglecting to protect their Roses against very
cold and piercing winds. Any keen wind with a few
degrees of frost in it will be much more injurious
than 15° with a comparatively still or quiet
atmosphere. A. P.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

ORCHIDS AT WILLESDEN.

The excellent group of Brazilian Oncidiums in
flower, for which Messrs. Collins and Collins, of the
Cumberland Park Nursery, Willesden Junction, were
awarded a silver Medal at the last October meeting
of the Royal Horticultural Society, was but a fair
sample of the high state of culture to which the two
young Brothers Collins bring most of the Orchids
taken in hand by tnetn. In the large span- roof

Kotbubbb 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

641

show-bouse at the present time the roof is laden with
profusely-flowered specimens of Oncidium varicosum
in many varieties ; O. prajtextum, in all shades, from
light brown to chestnut-red; 0. tigrinum, 0.
Forbesii, and others of that class, all richly laden
with bloom, the quality of which may be imagined
when it is said that one spike of a fine torm
of O. varicosum had 144 flowers, and another
specimen has two spikes of 130 blooms. Many
growers say these plants flower once, and then die,
but grown cool and airy as they are here grown,
the plants get stronger, and flower better every
year; and yet one would suppose there are many
better places in which to grow Orchids, for the
houses are close to the great Junction, and not
many yards from the railway itself. The fact is,
that good culture meets with success even in un-
favourable situations, while bad management cannot
get good results in Orchid culture under the most
favourable conditions.

At the Cumberland Park Nursery, suspending
Orchids in baskets or hanging pans is much
resorted to, and marvellously do the plants thrive
in them. The numerous specimens of Odontoglos-
sum citrosmum, Oncidium tigrinum, Odontoglossum
grande, Lxlia anceps, &c, suspended in a long

placed in several of the other houses, in order to
test in which they will thrive the best.

Orchids are to be found suspended in most of the
other houses, which are devoted to the culture of
market Ferns, Azalea indica alba for cutting, and
other plants useful (or market work ; but a neat block
of four long span-roof houses contains the chief of
the stock, and their occupants are in admirable
condition. The first house of the block has
Cattleyas, Lselias, Vandas, &c , together with
other showy species, Cattleya aurea and some
others being in bloom. The second house has one
side occupied by fine plants of Cypripedium insigne,
with broad stout leaves, and each well furnished
with bloom. This plant is marvellously well
grown here, and amongst the stock are some extra
fine varieties. Much of their satisfactory condition
is attributed to their being made to pass the
summer in cold frames, and doubtless many other
species would be benefited by similar treatment.
Suspended in this house were many fine pans of
the showy Sophronitis grandiflora, also quantities
of large masses of Cattleya Percivaliana, and a few
dozens of the beautiful C»xhrysotoxa, an introduc-
tion which has already produced some very handsome
things, and some of which are like C. aurea, but

Fig. 88. — Dendrobiom Leeanum. (see p. 640 )

house which had formerly been used for Ferns, and
most of which were in bad condition when pur-
chased, one and all exhibit in the annual increase of
the size and vigour of their bulbs, their appreciation
of the treatment given them ; indeed, it seems diffi-
cult to imagine further improvement in many of
them, while the same floriferous character extends
to all the stock in this rising establishment. In the
beds in this long house are large batches of Cypri-
pediums, Cymbidium Lowianum, freely sending out
flower-spikes ; Cietogyne cristata in all its forms,
&c. It should be noted that in all the houses large
soft-water tanks are built beneath the centre walks,
and are left partially open for the purpose of dipping
water. The plan may not be altogether convenient,
but it is certainly beneficial to the plants.

In another long house were some scores of pans
of Cypripedium bellatulum, which formerly gave
some trouble by damping off in winter. This difficulty
has been got over by Messrs. Collins by potting the
plants in lumps of chalk, and sphagnum moss, and
suspending them in this rather moist intermediate-
house, water being now very sparingly given, and
will be discontinued when dull weather and the winter
set in. So far the plants like the treatment well,
and it is anticipated that by being kept short of
water until they begin to root actively, the root-
action will be more complete and effectual than it
wonld if the plants had been kept wet previously.
Experimental batches, too, of this Cypripedium,
arranged after the manner above described, are

with white sepals and petals. The third house
has Zygopetalums, Dendrobiums, and other good
species, with the beautiful yellow Oncidium
varicosum, which is found in most of the houses,
suspended overhead, and the fourth houBe is
filled with sturdy, well-grown Odontoglossum cris-
pum, 0. Pescatorei, and other Odontoglossums and
cool-house Oncidiums, auung which some of the
O. macranthum have very large and stout bulbs.

Reasonably cool treatment for all classes of Or-
chids, and the free admission of pure air, are the
main points observed in bringing about the pleasant
state of things to be found in the Cumberland Park
Nurseries, and Messrs. Collins & Collins are to be
congratulated on their success in growing the showy
species they have hitherto attempted.

DENDROBIUM PHAL.ENOPSIS

VAR. SCHRODERIANUM.
The visitor to Messrs. Sanders' richly-stocked
establishment at St. Albans may enjoy at the pre-
sent time a sight of no common interest and beauty
in the inspection of what has been called the
Elephant Moth Dendrobe. A good many super-
latives have been made use of in alluding to this
plant. Those who will go and see for themselves will
come to the conclusion that the plant is none the
better for these high-flown epithets, which lead
rather to discrust than to confidence. But in pre-
sence of the flowers themselves the visitor is apt to

get enthusiastic, and himself indulge in the very
figures of speech which previously he had made up
his mind to consider as auctioneer's rhetoric !

The plant is stated to come from North-East New
Guinea, but is clearly very closely allied to the North
Australian D. phaltcnopsis, of which indeed it is recog-
nised as a variety. The general habit of growth is
shown in the sketch on p. 642 (fig. 89). The racemes,
which frequently branch into panicles, have slender
wiry stems straight below, but bent zig-zag fashion
near the top, the pedicels springing from the axil of
a minute bract. Of these flower-bearing pedicels we
counted in one case fifteen on one panicle, but the
dried specimens show as many as twenty- six flowers.
The flowers themselves (figs. 90, 91) are cup-shaped,
pentagonal in general outline, and varying greatly in
size and colour. A medium-size flower on our table
measures 60 mill, (say, 2| inches) across, and 45 mill.
(If inches) from the apex of the upper sepal to the
tip of the lip. In colour the range is from almost
pure white to deep violet-purple. In some flowers
the outer segments are of the same tint, or nearly
so, as the inner, whilst in others the lighter hue of
the sepals contrasts beautifully with the richer
colours of the petals and of the lip.

The outer segments are lanceolate, with a fine
point at the tip, and traversed by about twelve
closely-arranged veins. The lateral petals, spread
out flat on either side, are broadly wedge-shaped at
the base, dilating upwards into an obovate rhomboid
limb more than twice the width of the sepals,
and with about sixteen divergent veins. The
lip, as a whole, forms a broad tube, projecting
forward, enclosing the column, and prolonged
at one end into a trumpet-like spur; at the other,
into a tongue-like fore - lobe directed downwards.
The basal part of the lip forms a compressed,
funnel-shaped, blunt spur, about 15 mill, long, and
the front portion of which is jointed to the narrow
base of the disc of the lip. This disc is three-lobed,
the side-lobes rounded, erect, curved over at the
top to form the throat, the centre traversed by three
or four Blightly prominent ridges of a darker purple
than the remainder of the lip; fore-lobe oblong,
rounded, apiculate, bent downwards. The column
is short, high-shouldered, striped with purple, with
a small white anther at the top of a transverse bar-
like "roBtellum," which forms the upper boundary of
the wide stigmatic cavity.

The mechanism of the flower is easy to under-
stand. The insect alights on the flat fore- lobe of the
lip, which is displayed to attract his attention. It
traverses the tube or throat of the lip, the joint or
hinge of which acts as a spring to keep him in the
way he should go to secure the honey in the spur, a
process still further facilitated by the ridges on the
lip. Thus coaxed and forced to take the right
course, he must needs knock off the anther cap,
liberate the pollen masses, and transfer them to the
next flower he visits.

Among the flowers kindly placed at our disposal
was one shown in fig. 92, wherein the lip bad
retained the form ordinarily reserved for the side
petals only ; that is to say, the lip had not ran
away as it generally does, from its more symmetri-
cally-formed brothers. In connection with this, the
spur was much shorter than usual, and the column
had two perfect anthers instead of one. Such a
flower would afford a gleam of joy to the florist
enamoured of circles, and who squeezes all the
history and interest out of a bloom in order to make
it conform to his notion what a flower should be
like ! Such a flower affords a more legitimate delight
to the botanist, for it tells a tale, showing him
how the Orchid flower was made, how modified, and
why, what its ancestors were like, and what are
the relatives of existing Orchids. This particular
flower, moreover, is interesting, as showing that
these peloriate flowers are not always terminal, for
this one was lateral and at the base of the spike, a
fact that recalls a correspondence on this very subject
with the late Charles Darwin, who considered such
flowers to be more exclusively terminal in their
position than the present writer could or can admit.

642

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 28, 1891.

But the ordinary Orchidist cares* little for such
details as these, and the general reader still less.
To conciliate and attract the latter, we must unfold
a tale of horror in several chapters, and in Mr.
Sander's own words: —

11 About eighteen months ago our collector, to
whose indefatigable zeal and perseverance we are
indebted for the importation, arrived with nearly 400
plants at a small port in New Guinea ; the ship caught
tire, and every soul on board had to take to the
boats. All lives were saved, but everything else lost.
We received a cablegram with the words, ■ Ship
burned, everything lost, what do?' This telegram
was confirmed by the news in the morning papers.
After wiring back, ' Return, try again,' we got the
reply, ' Rainy season on,' and wired once again,
' Return, collect more.' The intrepid collector
obeyed our orders. . . ."

Quite a sensational story might be written about
the discovery of this wonderful Orchid. We give
the letter from the collector. He says : —

" With great pleasure I announce to you the fact that I
arrived here yesterday with my plants in the finest order, and
you will get striking novelties at last from this terrible
country, and you will have every reason to be satisfied. It was
the best time to collect the Dendrobe ; they had just finished
growing, and some were in full bloom, and oh, what a
glorious thing it is ! I forgot all my troubles when I saw the
first on some rocks near the huts where I was staying, where
they grew on the bare limestone between a great number of
human skulls and bones. The natives do not bury their di_*ad,
but p it them in a kind of coffin, and then place them on these
solitary rocks, which stand scattered about the shore or beach,
and which can be reached only at ebb tide. Here in
these rocks the plants grew most luxuriantly, exposed
to the full sun, and when the weather is rough, they
often get the spray of the sea water. At first the natives
did not like the idea of collecting the plants off those rocks ;
they were afraid the souls of the departed whose
bones were laying there bleaching in the sun would
resent it; but when they saw the gorgeous handkerchiefs,
beads, looking-glasses, and my brass wire, I offered them for
the plants, they did not trouble themselves any more about
the souls of their ancestors, but boldly went and rooted out
every plant to be found. . . . The majority of the plants,
however, come from places where no bones were found. The
plants grew chiefly on these solitary, much-honeycombed,
limestone rocks, always exposed to the sun, or getting only
very little shade during a part of the day. It also grows on
trees in the Ficus groves more inland, although very sparingly.
I found the big specimens on the highest trees in the dense
jungle, where it is very rare, and I only saw a few on the very
highest trees. I should think in cultivation it will require
plenty of moisture while growing, and a culture like that
suitable for D. nobile.

" In size and colouring it varies as much from the ordinary
D. Phalcenopsisas Dendrobium Wardianum from D. erassinode ;
the largest Mowers measured 4J inches across, none measuring
less than 3£ inches. I saw a few plants with branched spike*,
but this seems only excess of strength; the spikes are gene-
rally from 20 to 35 inches long, on some I counted up to
twenty-five flowers. The colour ia very variable, varying from
pure white to dark purple-red, and some are differently
coloured and variegated, but bright and clear ; the flowers last
a long time, individually eight weeks, and during my stay of
three months I saw many plants flower in April, May, and
June. I only hope and wish I may get safely back again, and
that the plants will arrive in good condition. . . .

" Going by myself there would mean endangering my head
very much, so I think it is better to wait till next year, when
I can go with a trading expedition. On my arrival here, I
had to pay 201 dollars as a shipwrecked man for my passage,
for which I told you they at first demanded 280 ; now, on my
telling them it was very mean to demand anything of a ship-
wrecked man, they gave me 30 per cent, deduction. Well,
there is no doubt these people (the European traders) are the
meanest people ou earth, and I do not like them, and shall be
glad when I can travel somewhere else. The natives are not
bad, only somewhat troublesome; they think no more of
killing anybody than your cook does killing a fowl, but they
would not easily attack a Dutch trading party, knowing how
well armed they are, especially when one takes a litte care not
to quarrel with them. They go almost entirely naked, and
are the finest race of savages I have seen up to now.

" One of their idols, the god with golden eyes, I had to
place in a case to accompany the plants, and take care of them
on the journey; the Savages wanted this, and I did it to
satisfy their superstition. They always carry tWese gods ii to
their battles. I put all the plants in baskets I had made by
the natives here, and when all were packed, they gave a war-
dance in front of them."

For sentimental reasons, we regret to say that the
golden-eyed idol above referred to was the very first
article sold by the sacrilegious auctioneers !

Can anyone fancy more violent contrasts, the
lovely Orchids, the naked cannibals dancing amid the
bones of their ancestors, the enterprising collector
not oversure that he would not himself form part of

their next meal, and that his bones might not be
added to the pile, the religious sentiment which
prompted the despatch of the idol with the Orchids,
its sale in a London auction room amid the laughter
and jeers of a concourse of unsympathetic Orchidists?
Surely here are the materials for a thrilling romance
indeed !

Forestry,

FORESTRY FOR NOVEMBER.

Now that the young growths of forest and orna-
mental trees have matured their growth, and the wood
become ripened and firm, no time should be lost in
commencing planting operations when the weather
is favourable. Heather ground in the deer forest
and elsewhere at high elevations, where the ground
is dry and hilly, should have particular attention, in
order to push forward the planting as fast as is con-

up and pulverised with a pick previous to inserting
the plants, and I am glad to say that the work proved
a complete success. When viewing these planta-
tions some few years ago, the P. s. pumilio had
formed fine, healthy, spreading bushes, which showed
the utility of planting it for covert in such situa-
tions. Of course it must be understood that this
Pine never attains to the size of a timber tree ; but
for planting on damp boggy ground, and high ex-
posed situations for covert, it has no equal among
the Pine tribe. Stiff adhesive clay soils, and
cold peat bog that retains excess of moisture, how-
ever, should not be planted at this season, as the
roots of the plants are apt to suffer damage while
lying in a dormant state in the cold soil during
winter. In planting this class of ground, I have
found the best results by using stout plants, and
by inserting them in pits.

The pits may be opened now, or any time when
convenient during frosty weather in winter, and the
stuff excavated left in a rough state on the edge of

FlO. 89. — DENDBOBIUM PHAL^NOPSIS VAE. SCHEODEKIANUM : SHOWING HABIT.

sistent with the proper execution of the work before
the short days of midwinter. This is a most im-
portant point in connection with good forestry, as
the work can be done at a cheaper rate in
autumn than in winter ; besides if the plants are
inserted with care, very few of them perish or suffer
damage, as compared with winter planting. Heather
ground can be planted in a very efficient manner by
the notch system of planting. Scotch Fir and
Larch, two-year seedlings, one-year transplanted,
are the beat size of plants to use, as they have gene-
rally better roots than seedlings ; and, besides, the
wood of the stem is of a firmer texture than seed-
lings, and is therefore not so apt to get shrivelled
up by frost during winter on exposed elevations.

Many years ago, when planting the deer forests
for H.R.H. the late Prince Consort on the Balmoral
estate, I used a number of Pinus sylvestris pumilio on
hard heath ground, resting upon an impervious pan or
till, where even the hardy Birch never attained to a
useful size. In this case, I had the hard soil broken

the pit, exposed to the influence of the weather till
spring, by which means it will become pulverised and
converted into an active and fertile condition as food
for the roots. Oa the other hand, hard hilly ground
that can be planted on the notch system had better
be broken up with a tramp-pick at the spots where
the plants are to be inserted, by which means the
plants will get a good start, and when once they
become established they will break up the ground
for themselves.

In the formation of ornamental plantations for
immediate effect, the better plan is to trench the
ground at once, as by so doing plants of larger size
can be used, and the ground will present a furnished
appearance at once. This, of course, entails extra
expense at the outset, but in many cases under such
circumstances this is but a matter of secondary im-
portance. In all cases where the ground is of a
damp or wet nature, let me impress upon the mind
of the planter the utility of draining, as in all cases
where it is necessary it should take precedence of all

November 28, 1891/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

643

other operations, and for want of this precaution,
many plantations have exhibited a stunted appearance
from the commencement.

In frosty weather, when planting is at a stand-
still, the felling and removal of heavy timber, as
well as the thinning of )oung plantations, should be
proceeded with, when hands can be spared from other
work. Drains are now being choked up with tree

the year round ; Acrostichum decoratum, which is
very rare, the petioles covered with golden steaks,
and the foliage bordered with similar blotches ;
Panax excelsa, a plant with ornamental foliage,
which is almost evergreen, and flowers which re-
semble small coral berries ; Blaberopua venenatus,
DC. ; Apocynura, from Bengal, with beautiful clusters
of pure white flowers, in shape like those of Peri-

These grow well in the pebbles and rubble, and the
plants could not be more vigorous and sturdy if they
were growing in the usual way. Ck. de Bossckere.

Chrysanthemum Culture.
I have visited the establishment of M. J. Ph.
Dewolfs, at Boitsfort-lez-Bruxelles. The reputation
attained by this grower for the culture of these

Fig. 90.

A FOItM OF FLOWER OF DENDROBIUM 1'HAL.T.NOPSIS.
(SEE P. 641.)

Fig. 91.-

A FORM OF FLOWER OF DENDROBIUM PHAL.ENOPSIS.
(BEE P. 641.)

leaves and rubbish, all of which should be removed,
as they are apt to impede the discharge of water,
which, if allowed to lie in a stagnant state, will
damage the roots of the trees, and lay the foundation
for disease. These leaves should be collected into
depots here and there, and allowed to rot, when
they will prove very valuable for manure. Make
up gaps in old dilapidated hedges, and in cases
where the soil has become exhausted, a little fresh
soil and manure added will prove beneficial. Plant
new hedges of Whitethorn, Beech. &c. ; the Beech
answers best for warm calcareous soils, and the
Whitethorn for any ordinary texture of soil, pro-
viding it has been well prepared by trenching before
inserting the plants. The seeds of forest and orna-
mental trees should be looked after at this season,
and gathered as they become ripe, choosing a fine dry
day for the purpose. When collecting the seeds of
the Oak, the largest sizes should be preferred of
Queicus Robur pedunculate. In the nursery de-
partment, vacant ground should be trenched or
deeply dug, and left in a rough, open state, so as to
admit frost during winter, and poor soil that has
become exhausted, should receive a good dressing
of thoroughly-decomposed manure to renew and
increase its vitality. J. B. Webster.

Foreign Correspondence.

BRUSSELS.
On the occasion of a visit made to the houses of
the Botanic Garden at Brussels on the 10th of
November, a white variety of Meyenia erecfa was
remarked, which was of very graceful habit; Onci-
dium varicosum Rogersi, with large blooms, the
lip much developed and deep, bright yellow ; an un-
common variety of Cattleya pumila, remarkable for
the size and regularity of the flower — the lip very
deep purple, and parted in the centre by a broad
band of pale pink ; Clerodendron squamosum Kcemp-
eri, a very old plant, which blooms nearly all

winkle— the plant is very free- flowering; Stero-
phoma aurantiaca, with remarkable and unusual
blooms, whose stamens project a considerable dis-
tance, giving flowers a very light appearance— the
calyx is orange-coloured, the corolla golden-yellow.

<' v% V' V

■ '■ " // '('•

Fig. 92. — a peliobate bloom of dendrobiem
phal3jn0psis. (see p. 641.)

In the Orchid-house were noticed a very great im-
provement. Except during the flowering-season,
Orchids are not very beautiful. M. Lubbers grows
Vandas and Sonerilas in sphagnum moss, where
they do perfectly, and were in full bloom when I saw
them. The effect is charming. Who knows whether
it would not be possible by this means to grow in hot-
houses, in sphagnum moss, those gems which are
known as Bertolonias. On the stages in the Orchid
houses, Begonias, Ferns, Marantas, and other plants
with ornamental foliage, are used for borderings.

flowers of autumn, and his successes at all the great
exhibitions, have attracted considerable attention in
the horticultural world. Five immense houses were
literally filled with thousands of specimens, covered
with large and beautiful heads of flowers, all grown
on a single stem not more than 3 feet high. On a
specimen of Etoile de Lyon, I counted twelve flowers
each measuring over 12 inches across. Among the
best varieties, thoBe which in beauty and perfection
of flower, and as plants are most suitable for cul-
tivation, I Bhould mention Etoile de Lyon, of a
beautiful rosy-pink colour ; Madame Louis Leroy,
beautiful and white ; Wastoff, pure white; H. Lincoln,
a rather deep yellow ; Phitzer, with many blooms,
&c. We admired the fine blooms of the famous Mrs-
Alpheus Hardy, but the plant leaves something to be
desired. Ch. de Bosschere.

Toads and Slugs.
It may interest yon to know that my experience
as an amateur horticulturist in this distant island
exactly corresponds with that of French gardeners,
as mentioned on p. 371 of the Gardeners' Chronicle
for September 26, 1891. Since I bought my place,
thirteen years ago, I have done all I could to preserve
the toads on it, and in consequence I have never
suffered severely from slugs, while other persons have
had their gardens all but destroyed by them. In
some gardens toads will not remain, even if intro-
duced ; these gardens suffer most from slugs. I may
add that our slugs are especially fond of all the
Orange tribe, and will ascend good-sized Orange
trees to feed upon their leaveB. J. J. Soturey,
Kingston, Jamaica, W.I.

JUB.EA SPECTABILIS.

Someone has written to you in praise of the hardi-
ness of this Palm. Let me caution your readers
on the point of its slow growth, and the want
of beauty at certain ages. I planted several Jubeas
thirteen yeais ago in a patch of Phcenix canadensis,
of P. dactylifera, of Pritchardia filamentosa (which
our gardeners here now begin to call " Washing-
tonias "), Acacia dealbata, Tangerine Oranges, and
Cocos australica. My soil is good, and climate

644

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeh 28, 1891.

magnificent ; and the Canary Palms, Date Palms,
Pritchardias, and Acacias, are now great trees, and
the Tangerines fine bushes, laden with fruit, but
the Cocos australica and the Jub»as remain small,
though the latter are extremely healthy, and still
pretty on the ground. My friend, M. Emile Ollivier,
has some Jubieas of sixteen years' growth, of which
most have remained small and pretty. One has shot
up, and is certainly no longer " sptctabilis," but a
fright, though it is healthy. I shall not plant
another.

While I am writing, may I add that the gardeners
at the Jardin d'Acclimatation at Hyures are now
selling a Cocos robusta which is more hardy than the
other Cocos, and which is the plant sold at other
florists on the coast as Cocos australica. It is not
the Cocos australica which we used to buy on this
coast up to ten years ago, and is glaucous, not
green. D.t Toidon.

HIGHBUKY, BIRMINGHAM.

In looking through the gardens attached to the
residence of the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain,
M.P., I saw in bloom a very old but seldom-seen
plant, Amasonia punicea, described in Loudon's
Hortus Britannicus as of the order Verbenaceae, a
sative of Trinidad, introduced in 1825, and shown
by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Horticultural
Society, Sept. 9, 1884, when it was certificated. It
has long pendent spikes of rich crimson bracts, from
which hang tube-shaped flowers, white, tipped with
green. Mr. Cooper has some good specimens of
Pteris serrulata Smithiana in the fernery, and there
can be no doubt as to this variety being a decided
acquisition. In the long corridor connecting the
numerous Orchid and other houses with the rock-
fernery and the conservatory, a seldom-seen green-
house shrub is now in flower, Ardisia Oliveri, with
corymbs of rosy-lilac flowers ; and in one of the
stoves the noble Anthurium leodiense is in bloom.

In the conservatory are two fine specimens, in full
bloom, of the superb Lilium Wallichianum superbum,
referred to in the Gardeners' Chronicle of Oct. 24 by
Mr. J. G. Baker, and to which I must refer your
readers for the full information he gives regarding it,
with its pale primrose flowers with rich cream throat.
It is easily propagated from the numerous bulbils
at the axils of the leaves, and it is very free flowering.
In the conservatory also are several specimens of
Lilium tigrinum splendens, rich in their scarlet colour,
and with from fourteen to sixteen blooms on a stem.
These, with a lot of lancifolium varieties, help
materially at this time of the year in giving variety,
and adding beauty to the autumn indoor flowers.
Winter-blooming Begonias are also cultivated here,
and amongst them, varieties such as Valleriana, a
lovely and free-blooming, deep rosy-scarlet flower of
compact habit; Moonlight, a small-flowered very
free-blooming white, of close habit ; semperflorens
rosea, a tall-growing kind, with shaded rosy-pink
flowers ; and Arthur Mallet, and B: incarnata var.
papillosa — the two latter with rich dark foliage and
pink flowers. These are all easily cultivated, and
most acceptable winter-blooming plants. W. V.

SHELTER AND SEA BREEZES.

In a garden by the sea at Douglas, Isle of Man, I
had an opportunity early last autumn of comparing
the hardiness of various plants and flowers, and
their power of enduring sea breezes. A sea-captain,
fond of flowers, has made his house under the cliff in
a particularly snug spot, well sheltered, except on
the south side, where the sea-wall is about 40 yards
distant, the sea itself, when rough in its humour,
sometimes coming rather nearer. It was on Aug. 28
that the garden in front of the house, nicely fenced
from the street, attracted my notice as the smartest
garden in the neighbourhood, and the cause of this
superiority was not far to seek, for the worthy captain
was at work amongst the flowers— and flowers, we all
know, prove exceedingly grateful for the personal
care of those who love them. There had been a

storm, which had guillotined all the tender plants
that happened to be looking over the wall at the
time of its occurrence. The captain was mourning
for several of his favourites, which is the way with
human nature ; but it was not, perhaps, quite reason-
able, since he still retained twenty blessings for each
one removed. Some plants can bear a blast from
the sea far easier than others. The Dahlia can bear
but little either ot rough wind or frosts. Long as it
may be since the Dahlia first appealed to my
sense of beauty, it never delighted me more than
this year. I had seen it in many noble gardens
during the late summer, but a large bed in Dulwich
Park pleased me more than any other last season.
I shall not soon forget pausing long to look at this
bed for the last time. It was the largest of several
handsome beds on the lawn of one of the entrance
lodges, and it was pleasing to think how many
people can now enjoy good gardening in our public
parks. The date was October 30, and the day was
bright and sunny. There had been already some
slight frosts, and a catastrophe was not far distant.
In the night there came a sharper frost, and next
day the beauty of the Dahlias was a dream of the
past. The bed had been blackened and smitten with
ruin.

In the captain's garden, the Dahlias above the wall,
as well as the Heliotropes, Tropajolums, and Calceo-
larias were much cut, wholly destroyed in fact by
the stormy blast that blew before August 28. Syca-
mores, in the full blast, were cut ; but a very little
shelter — a slight screen sufficient to strain the brine
and break the force of the wind, had sufficed to pre-
serve many of the flowers, as well as shrubs and
trees. All the low specimens under the walls and
hedges of the captain's garden, and those of his
neighbours, were safe. The Asters and Pelargoniums
and even such dainty flowers as the Phlox Drum-
mondi, were still brilliant. A very little shelter
had sufficed to keep in health and safety
such plants as the Roses, Virginia Creeper,
Veronica, Convolvulus, Fuchsia, Delphinium, and
others, so that enough flowers remained to
delight their owner's heart, and I hardly think he
would grieve long for the lost specimens after their
removal to the rubbish heap. The captain's garden
behind the house is terraced, and absolutely shel-
tered from the north. He was kind enough to show
me up the steep steps which lead to his kitchen
garden, which is a limited space on a ledge above
the level of his roof. Here Jargonelle Pears ripen
on the wall, and one of the trees was loaded with
ripe fruit, which the wasps seemed to appreciate.
The following plant3 were growing luxuriantly on
the face of the cliff wherever they found sufficient
soil to root in, Scotch Fir, Gorse, Tamarisk,
Privet, Daphne Mezereum, Escallonia, Aucuba, and
Ivy. Among these the three first-named and the
last are probably the most hardy, and the best
adapted for the formation of screens to break the wind
near the sea. Common Ivies are extremely hardy.

In the garden of an adjoining hotel, having a
breastwork in front, concealing and sheltering it, the
bedding plants had not suffered. An oblong bed of
rose-coloured Pentstemons, edged with dark Pansies,
was exceedingly handsome. The Ilex trees and
Rhododendrons in the same garden remained uncut
by the storm. Above the captain's house, on the
top of the cliff, is a commercial garden attached to
the Industrial Home for Destitute Children, where
the eldest boys among ninety children, mostly very
young, with the help of one man, dig and
cultivate 6 acres of ground. I shall not enlarge no
the vegetables, the most profitable of which — early
Potatos and Peas — were over on August 28 ; nor do
the Strawberries belong to my subject, but I may
notice the flower garden in front of the house. A
thick screen of several sorts of trees had served to
protect this garden, which did not therefore offer
much material for comparison ; but it may be useful
to mention that the hardiest Pelargonium on this
exposed site is the tough old Bijou, green tipped
with white, and known to the gardeners of a past
generation. The fancy sorts of modern date are
much less hardy. H, E.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

SEA KALE. — All of the plants should be cleared
of their leaves, the soil hoed and raked, and after-
wards drawn up in the form of a ridge over the
plants, as protection to the crowns from frost. Con-
tinue to place from time to time roots in heat, so
that no break in the supply shall occur.

HORSERADISH. — If this crop has been grown as
recommended by me in the spring of this year, the
roots may now be lifted. To do this expeditiously
and well, dig out a trench at one end of the bed,
and nearly as deep as the roots go, and fork them out
entire. Care is needed in doing this, as every bit
left in the earth will grow, and give much trouble
afterwards. The thin portions (" thongs ") of the
roots should be broken off, and the useable roots
laid-in in some handy place out-of-doors, or stored
away in sand under cover. Sets for future planting
may be made from the straight bits of the thongs in
the course of the winter. In preparing the sets, the
small root-fibres should be rubbed off, to prevent the
development of side-roots as far as possible, leaving
about 2 inches at the bottom untouched. The sets
may be cut 10 inches in length, and buried close
together in the earth until wanted for planting.
Ground for this crop should then be well manured
and trenched, the dung being put at the bottom of
the trenches.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES. — The stems of these
should now be cut down, and a sufficient quantity of
tubers lifted for a fortnight's supply, and stable-
litter or tree leaves strewn over those left in the
ground.

POTATOS. — Tubers of the earliest varieties for
forcing may be put into shallow boxes or pans filled
with leaf- mould or any kind of light soil, placing the
tubers 4 inches apart. Early Potatos may be forced
in large boxes, &c. ; but in any case the plants, when
growing, should be kept close to the glass of the
house or pit, and afforded air in sufficient amount
to prevent the stems becoming drawn. Sets of the
favourite early varieties may be spread out on leaf-
mould or cocoa-nut fibre refuse in gentle heat to
start them for planting out on hotbeds.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS, CABBAGES, ETC., will be
benefited by having the dead and yellow leaves
removed, which, if left on the plant, decay, and in the
case of Sprouts injure them, besides affording hiding
places for insects. Pea and Bean sticks may be
pulled up, storing those which are still of use. Seed-
pods of Beans should be gathered and dried. Collect
fallen tree leaves which may have been blown
amongst standing crops, as they occasion dampness
by preventing free circulation of air. Sweep and
roll paths weeklv when made of binding gravel.
C. J. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher,

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

VINES IN POTS. — If the canes for pot-work have
been treated as advised in former Calendars, and
the bottom-heat bed remade with fresh Oak or Beech
leaves, and turned over occasionally, so as to secure
a steady warmth of G5° to 70°, the first important
steps will have been taken. I prefer leaves to stable-
litter and leaves, as if the quantity of the latter is
large, the heat is apt to get too violent, and the
roots to be injured. If at all dry, thoroughly
moisten the mass of soil in the pots before plunging
in the hot-bed. A temperature of 50° at night will
be sufficient for the start, with 10° to 15° rise by
sun-heat, the lesser degree being sufficient on sun-
less days. Damp the canes with tepid water several
times daily, more or less, according to the state of
the weather, and take care not to saturate the roots
with water from the syringe, the watering at the com-
mencement of forcing being usually as much as the
plants need for a time, the bed itself giving off a
large amount of moisture. Ventilation will .be
scarcely required for the next six weeks ; indeed, our
pot Vines are kept closer and a few degrees warmer
than advised, this being necessary with our deficient
sunlight, if ripe Grapes are required in March.

permanent Vines. — These have been recently
started, and the canes bent downward, to secure
a regular break. If a small pit or house, with
narrow inside borders can be devoted to these early
Vines, it is of service, as then the large vineries need
not be forced to the detriment of the Vines. If bor-
ders exist, the canes may be planted out to succeed

November 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G45

those in the pots, and afford a supply of fruit in April
and May. The same kind of treatment as that
afforded the pot Vines is suitable for these. If a
layer of fresh leaves can be placed on the borders,
much good is done by the warmth this affords and
the moisture that is occasioned. I force these early
Vines for two years, and then destroy them.

SUCCESSION VINERIES.— The Vine should be
pruned at this season, and all necessary cleansing
of the bark done. Do not scrape the Vines hard ;
it is a pernicious practice, and especially when a
sharp knife is used for the purpose. Only the loose
bark should be removed, and this is readily done by
rubbing it with the hand. Wash the rods, after
cleaning them, with warm water and soft-soap ; and
for mealy-bug, dress withGishurst's Compound Soap.
I have also used soluble petroleum mixed with clay
with good results, but this must not be confounded
with the ordinary paraffin of commerce, which is
dangerous if not used with very great care. Gas-tar,
if used in small quantities, is sometimes recom-
mended as a winter dressing, but I do not advise
its employment, it often doing more harm than good
in inexperienced hands, especially to young Vines.
When the pruning is completed, if the wood is at
all soft, the wounds made with the pruning-knife
should be dressed with styptic, and it is always
advisable to do this when large branches have
been cut out, or large old spurs removed. In houses
where ripe Muscat Grapes are banging, fire-heat
must be sparingly used, and plenty of air afforded,
to mature the young wood. If a crop of Black
Hamburgh Grapes is required in the month of
May, the vinery should be now got in readiness
for starting the canes, the loose soil removed from
the border, and replaced with fibrous loam, bone
meal, or y-inch bones and Thomson's Vine Manure
mixed together. The Vines may be started in
the first week next month. Other vineries, with
ripe Grapes hanging, will need close attention,
or the decay of the berries will set in rapidly.
Keep the temperature in such vineries at 50° to 55°
in dull weather, and try to have fresh air admitted to
the house early in the forenoon, and to be enabled
to do this, sufficient heat must be maintained in the
heating apparatus to keep the temperature at night
at the desired point. The bunches should be
examined for decaying berries once weekly. Decay-
ing leaves should be cleared away as soon as they
part freely from the shoots, and the house kept as
dry as possible. In cold weather 45° is sufficiently
high. The Grape-room should be got in readiness
for Black Hamburgh Grapes, which are better if they
are cut, and placed in bottles during the course
of next month. G. Wythes, Syon Home, Brentford.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

PLUM TREES. — These trees, when on walls, may
now be pruned, and regulated if they are unequally
balanced. In pruning the Plum, it is advisable to
lay-in much young well-ripened wood, as on these the
finest fruits are produced. There is no better mode of
training Plums than the fan, as it is not only the
beBt for the production of fruits, but for the renewal
of branches where these have died or been cut out.
The spurring-in of the weaker as also the strong
shoots, especially foreright shoots, to two buds, should
be carried out over all parts of the trees, and young
wood neatly secured to the walls. Transplanting or
part root-lifting should be resorted to in the case of
strong-growing trees if unfruitful, a little fresh soil
being scattered over the roots in re-planting, or if
the staple is still in good heart the same will do
without admixture. In pruning and regulating the
roots, incisions should be made here and there to
induce the growth of new roots. A sweet and
moderately enriched soil, made firm about the roots,
suits the Plum; and if a fair proportion of burnt
earth or mortar rubble be added, so much the better
in very stiff soils. Scale is one of the worst of Plum
pests, and infested trees should be dressed occasion-
ally with petroleum, water, and soapsuds or soft-soap,
a safe proportion of petroleum being 1 gill to 4
gallons of suds ; but for winter dressings the mixture
may contain more petroleum with safety to the trees.
H. Markham, Mereworth, Maiihtone.

amateurs, they should be amongst the first plants
purchased, as being of easy growth and very free-
flowering. I have grown them upon wood-blocks,
on rafts, in baskets, pots and pans, but the last two
I find to answer the best, and the ordinary plant-pot
is as good as any ; the plants should be afforded
much light at all seasons, and during the winter they
should be placed almost close to the glass. A moist
place in the house and free root-waterings during
growth are essentials. The only insect which is
ever known to infest them is white scale, which
if once allowed to remain on them long does much
injury. These insects can be got rid of with a hard
brush and soft-soap and rain-water ; but the remedy
will injure the plants if it has often to be had recourse
to. The flower-spikes of Phalajnopsis are now getting
forward, although as yet no flowers have expanded.
These Moth Orchids should now be watered with
the greatest care, there being in the period from
November to the end of February more than
ordinary danger from affording them too much water ;
therefore keep them on the dry side. Occasionally
weak guano-water, or farmyard drainage, may be
afforded the plants. I have used more of the last-
named manurial aid during the past season than
ever before, and with good results. We should find
Phalsenopsis in better condition if fewer flowers
were allowed to remain on small plants. Growers
should, so soon as the flower-spikes begin to branch
out, pinch out some of the branches, so that the
flowers left may be large, and then there would be
sufficient energy left in the plants to enable them to
start away early in the growing season, and growth
is always satisfactory when it is made early in the
season. Where Phaloonopsis are stood on stages with
tables or stands under them, the latter should be
syringed every morning once or twice if they are
small of size, but much will depend upon the form of
house and the position of the hot water-pipes.
Plants of Vanda Sanderiana, which have finished
flowering, should be rested by keeping them dry, but
not too dry ; and should the plants lose colour, or
shrivel, water should be afforded quickly, as once a
bad state of health is set up, a long time is lost in
recovery.

Odontoglossum Roezlii is now growing fast, but
much water must not be afforded the plant at the
roots, else the small leaves on the current year's
growth will be likely to turn yellow, and drop off.
It is a plant which likes a very moist atmosphere,
and those who have stove-houses will do well to
place their plants of 0. Roezlii in them, the general
surroundings being there more in accordance with
the requirements of the plant than the Orchid-house
at this time of the year. The temperature for the
different divisions should be about 60° to 63° for
the East India-house, 58° for the Cattleyas, 55° for
the intermediate-house, and 45° to 50° for the cool-
house. A. G. Catt, Parkfield, Hallow, Worcester.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— The Butterfly Orchid,
Oncidium Krameriana and 0. papilio, are now in
flower in this house. These two plants, almost
more than any other, are remarked by visitors who
have no special knowledge of Orchids ; and for

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

TROP/EOLUM BALL OF FIRE.— This is an indis-
pensable plant where cut flowers are required in large
quantities during the winter season. It may be
trained loosely on the rafters of the warm greenhouse,
allowing it to hang about in a nigUgi fashion, which
shows off its scarlet-coloured flowers very prettily.
The plants may be grown in pots of 10 or 12-inches
in diameter, according to the size the plants are
required to make ; and the compost may consist of
fibrous loam three parts, leaf-soil one part, and
sufficient silver-sand to keep the whole mass
porous.

JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM.— This is a most
useful plant for flowering in the winter, and whoBe
blooms last a long time after being cut from the
plant. Grown in smallish pots, it is a very useful
subject for standing in apartments, but I always find
it to be the most useful when plaLted out in narrow
borders in a mixture of three parts good fibrous loam,
one of peat, with some small portion of sand, when
it will continue to bloom the whole winter.

LINUM TRIGYNUM.— This is another valuable
plant in the winter season, grown either in pots or
planted out in the conservatory border. Where the
latter plan is adopted, it affords plants of large size,
but I prefer to grow it in pots, as the plants are not
then so liable to be infested with red-spider, which
soon spoil the look of the foliage, if they are allowed
a foothold for only a short space of time. Plants
grown in pots should be assisted occasionally with
weak, clear soot water, which imparts a rich green
colour to the leaves, causing them to contrast
agreeably with the bright yellow flowers.

BIGNONIA CHIRERE — This plant, when well grown,
gives abundance of flowers from this time until the
end of January, and is one of the best plants we
have fdr training on pillars, covering walls, &c.

WINTER-FLOWERING BEGONIAS.— The different
species of the Begonia suitable for blooming during
the winter months, and which have been grown on as
advised in previous Calendars, will now furnish a
good supply of blossoms. It is good practice to
introduce half of the stock of these plants into a
house having a little higher temperature than the
one they have hitherto occupied some three weeks
before the remainder, as by so doing there will a
longer succession of blooms obtained. Let the
plants have all the light possible, and apply weak
manure water frequently, which will greatly increase
the size of the blooms and trusses. Many of the
late-sown seedlings of B. tuberosa will continue to
bloom for some time longer if they are kept in light
positions, and care taken not to afford them much
water. U. Milner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

HERBACEOUS BORDERS. — Any remaining old
flower-stems should be cut down to within a few inches
of the ground, and put a light dressing of short manure
between the plants, and point it into the ground with
a five-tined fork. Take care not to go deep enough
to injure bulbous and other plants whose stems have
died down naturally. A surface-dressing of leaf-
mould might also be applied with advantage to the
occupants of the borders.

HARDY FERNERIES. — In most gardens shady, and
perhaps objectionable nooks, may often be found,
that might be rendered interesting and beautiful
spots, by using old roots, logs, butts of trees, rugged
stones, clinkers, or burrs from the brick-yard,
and planting some Ferns. In placing the materials,
observe that each block of wood or stone recedes
instead of projecting, so that the plants in the
interstices may derive full benefit from rain.
Avoid at the same time formality of outline and
surface. When completed, the following varieties
may be planted : — Allosorus crispus (Mountain
Parsley Fern), Asplenium adiantum nigrum (Black
Maidenhair Spleenwort), A. trichomanes depaupera-
tum, Athyrium filix-fcemina (Lady Fern), A. f.-f.
crispatum, A. f.-f. dissectum, A. f.-f. Fieldias,
A. f.-f. furcillatum, A. f.-f. gracile, A. f.-f. multi-
fidum nanum, Blechnum spicant (common hard
Fern), B. imbricatum erectum, Cystopteris alpina
(Alpine Bladder Fern), Lastrea cristata (Crested
Buckler Fern), L. filix-mas (male, or common
Buckler Fern), L. f.-m. Daddsii, L. f.-m. furcans,
L. f.-m. grandiceps, L. polydactyla, Osmunda
regalis (Royal Fern), Polypodium dryopteris (Oak
Fern), P. hibericum (Irish Polypody), Polysticbum
aculeatum (common prickly Shield Fern), P. angulare
(soft prickly Shield Fern), P. angulare cristato-
gracile Jacksonii, Scolopendrium vulgare in variety.
In planting, make the soil moderately firm about
the plants, and give water to settle the soil about the
roots.

GENERAL WORK. — This consists of the cleaning
up of fallen leaves, the rolling of lawns, repairing
and re-gravelling of walks and roads, the levelling
and relaying of turf, mulching Rose-beds where not
already done, &c.

BEDDING PLANTS. — Where there is no better
accommodation than cool-pits provided for the win-
tering of Pelargoniums, great care is necessary to
save even one-third of the autumn-struck plants
from damp. Therefore, plenty of air should be given
on all favourable opportunities to dry the plants and
their surroundings ; and with this object in view, a
mixture of lime and soot might with advantage be
deposited among the plants, and between the latter
and the brickwork. A covering of Fern and mats,
or other protecting material, must be put over the
glass at night, to prevent frost from reaching the plants.
Give plenty of air during mild weather to frames in
which Calceolarias, Pansies, and Leucophytons are
growing. Should mildew make its appearance on
Verbenas or other plants, lose no time in dusting
over the affected leaves, while damp, with flowers-
of-sulphur. Bedding-plants being wintered in
Vineries, Peacheries, and other heated structures,
should also have abundance of air, and be kept on
the dry side at the roots, to prevent them from making
growth before spring. H. W. Ward, Longford Castle,
Salisbury.

646

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[November 28, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Publication.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street. Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side only of the
PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
tigned by the writer. If desired, the iiqnature mill not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.
Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

THURSDAY,
FBIDAY,

SATURDAY,

MONDAY,

TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

Dec.

Nov. 30

M EETINGS.

Deo. 3 — Linneao Society.

Dec. 4— Dundee Horticultural Association.

cj Preston and Fulwood Horticul-
} tural Society.

SALE8.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.
Important Sale of Nursery Stock,

at the Nurseries, Richmond,

Surrey, by Protheroe & Morris

(four days).
Dutch Ruins in large quantities, at

Stevens' Rooms.

. j Lilies, at Protheroe & Morris'
I Rooms.

/Azaleas, Palms, Roses, &c, at Pro-
„ ) theroe & Morris' Rooms.
J Roses, Fruit Trees, and Border
\ Plants, at Stevens' Rooms.

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &

Morris' Rooms.
Roses, Fruit Trees, and Border
Plants, at Stevens' Rooms.
t Imported Orchids from Sander &
Dec. 4-? Co., at Protheroe & Morris'
( Rooms.

/"Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe & Morris'
nr-r, <■) Rooms
dec. o< Liiium9, Gladioli, &c, at Stevens

V Rooms.

Dec. 3

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 41°.3.

Horticultural
Education.

While the subject of technioal
education in Horticulture is occu-
pying so much attention, we are
pleased to be able to lay before our readers the
views entertained on the subject by so highly
competent an authority as the Director of the
Royal Gardens, Kew : — " You ask me to commu-
nicate to the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle
something on the subject of Horticultural Edu-
cation. This is undoubtedly a compliment, see-
ing that it obviously involves the not incon-
siderable assumption that I know something
about it, or, at any rate, have something to say
on the subject which may be worth attention.

I am by no means unwilling to do what I can.

But though my own opinions on the matter are

tolerably clear, the various aspects in which the

question presents itself at the moment are, to

tell the truth, a little mixed. One has got to

fix distinctly in one's mind whom, in the first

plaoe, one proposes to educate, and with what

object. Some of my friends say gardeners ; others

"younger sons ; " and here I am reminded

that the ladies must not be forgotten. Others,

again, insist that intending colonists are the

people to be taken in hand ; some, on the other

hand, suggest that the future peasant-proprietor

is the person to be looked after with an eye to

fruit-culture and the petite culture generally.

Lastly, there are those who would be content to

disseminate a general interest in the subject

by peripatetic and popular lectures, addressed to

any local audience that may be inclined to attend

them.

It will be admitted that we have here a rather
large field for discussion, and, unless we settle

what particular item we are taking in hand, I
have found that we are apt to get rather at cross-
purposes.

I had got as far as this in the sorting out of
my ideas, when the August number of the Agri-
cultural Gazette for New South Wales came into
my hands. Here I found a letter from Professor
Huxley on a subject closely analogous, which
struck me as altogether admirable. It has made
a boomerang-like flight to the Antipodes, and back
again. But it is evidently none the worse for
the journey, and I do not see why I should not
launch it on its travels again : —

In the course of a paper on technical education,
before the Easingwold (England) Chamber of Agri-
culture, on April 10 last, Mr. J. Harrison read the
following letter from Professor Huxley, which
appears also in the Agricultural Gazette of England : —
" I am afraid that my opinion upon the subject of your
enquiry is worth very little, my ignorance of practical
agriculture being profound. However, there are some
general principles which apply to all technical train-
ing. The first of these, I think, is that practice is
to be learnt only by practice. The farmer must be
made by thorough farm work. I believe I might be
able to give you a fair account of a Bean plant,
and of the manner and condition of its growth ;
but if I were to try and raise a crop of Beans, your
club would probably laugh consumedly at the result.
Nevertheless, I believe that your practical people
would be all the better for the scientific knowledge
which does not enable me to grow Beans. It would
keep you from attempting hopeless experiments, and
would enable you to take advantage of the innu-
merable hints which Dame Nature gives to people
who live in direct contact with things. And this
leads me to the general principle which I think
applies to all technical teaching of schoolboys and
schoolgirls, and that is, that they should be led from
the observation of the commonest facts to general
scientific truths. If I were called upon to frame a
course of elementary instruction preparatory to
agriculture, I am not sure that I should attempt
chemistry, or botany, or physiology as such. It is a
method fraught with danger of spending too much
time and attention on abstraction and theories, on
words and notions, instead of things. The history
of a Bean, of a grain of Wheat, of a Turnip, of a
sheep, of a pig, or of a cow, properly treated, with
the introduction of the elements of chemistry,
physiology, and so on, as they come in, would give
all the elementary science which is needed for the
comprehension of the processes of agriculture in a
form easily assimilated by the youthful mind, which
loathes anything in the shape of long words and
abstract notions, and small blame to it. I am
afraid I shall not have helped you very much, but I
believe that my suggestions, rough as they are, are
in the right direction. — Yours, &c,

" (signed) T. H. Hdxley."

Now, with every word of this, I, for my part,
cordially agree. It is just what I meant to say,
only said a great deal better. I do not propose
to employ it as a stalking-horse, but I am glad
to use as a text for some further observations on
a future occasion a piece of sound, vigorous
common sense. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Royal
Gardens Keiv.

Linnean SOCIETY. — An evening meeting will
be held on Thursday, December 3, at 8 p.m., when
the following papers will be read: — 1, "A Contri-
bution to the Freshwater AlgiE of the West of Ire-
land," by W. West, F.L.S. ; and 2, " The Tick
Pest in Jamaica," by Dr. W. H. W. Strachan.

" ICONES PLANTARUM."— The third series of
Hooker's Icones Plantarum (vols, xi — xx of the
whole woik) is now complete, and the Bentham
trustees, who are continuing the work under the
editorship of Professor D. Oliver, are offering a
limited number of sets of this series of ten volumes

for five pounds the set. It contains figures of a
thousand new plants, including the most interesting
discoveries of the last thirty years, and the most
striking of the new genera described by Bentham
and Hooker during the progress of their Genera,
Plantarum. As the whole impression consists of
only 250 copies, the work will soon become un-
purchasable. Thanks to the provision made by the
late Mr. Bentham, the trustees are issuing a fourth
series at the rate of one volume of 100 plates
annually, at the very low price of sixteen shillings.
Persons wishing to secure a copy of the third series
should apply at once to Dulan & Co., 37, Soho
Square, W.

Alpine Plants. — M. Correvon is about to
publish, through M. Kliensieck, of Paris, an Icono-
graphie des Plantes Alpines, and Les Plantes des
Montagnes.

" REICHENBACHIA."— The last issued part sur-
passes its predecessors, even in the artistic beauty of
its plates. The figures of Lseliapurpurata, Selenipe-
dium nitidissimum, and Cattleya labiata (Mendel's
var.), are very fine illustrations alike of the talent
of the artist and the skill of the chromo-lithographer.
Mr. Rolfe is responsible for the botanical portions
of the text.

Lcelia purpurata, Beichenbachia, tab. 25.
Masdevallia Harryana splendens, Beichenbachia,
t. 26. — This magnificent species is a native of the
Eastern Andes, at heights from 7000 to 10,000 feet,
spreading in uninterrupted masses for miles, cover-
ing acres upon acres of the upland slopes, growing
in the partial shade afforded by the low shrubs that
abound in the place. When in flower, these masses
of Masdevallias are said to present one of the most
striking floral sights which it is possible to behold.
The species is extremely variable in colour. The one
now figured is remarkable for the large size and deep
purple colouring of the flowers. It is distinguished
from M. coccinea mainly in the fact that the dorsal
sepal is always reflexed in Harryana, whilst in
coccinea it is never so.

Selcnipedium hybridum nitidissimum, t. 27. — A
hybrid raised by Mr. Cookson out of the rosy variety
of S. caudatum by pollen of S. conchiferum X , the
latter a hybrid out of S. caricinum by S. Koezlii.
It is a bold, handsome, free-flowering variety.

Cattleya Mendcli var. Measuresiana, t. 28. — A truly
superb form of C. labiata, grandly represented by
Mr. Moon. The species, especially the finer varieties
of it, are getting rare in their native localities — a
fact hardly to be wondered at on looking at this
fine plate. Messrs. Sander have lately paid £200
for a single specimen growing on a tree.

A Triple Trophy Winner.— At the Barn-
staple and Noith Devon Autumn Fruit and Flower
Show, held on November 3 and 4, Mr. Wm. Harris,
the gardener to T. J. Dennis, Esq., Bradiford House,
Barnstaple, was successful in winning the Silver
Cup for the best collection of Grapes, this being the
third time in succession that he has won this
trophy.

Poisoning by Weed killer. — We have
another fatality to add to those already recorded in
consequence of the careless use of " Weed-killers."
In this case a man died from partaking of Goose-
berry wine stored in a cask which had previously
contained weed-killer. As a result of the analysis,
it was stated that the cask contained enough arsenic
to kill 3000 adult persons ! It is quite evident that
much more stringent precautions should be taken in
the sale and in the use of these preparations than is
at present done. We know that it is almost impos-
sible to gauge the extent of human folly and care-
lessness, but if the sale and purchase of these
dangerous substances were hedged in by a few
wholesome obstacles, the results would not be bo
lamentable.

Cardiff Chrysanthemum Show, Novem-
ber 18, 19. — The fifth annual exhibition took
place in the Park Hall, and notwithstanding the

Novembbb 28. 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G47

wretched weather of the first day, there was on the
whole a very fair attendance of visitors to the show.
In the open classes, Mr. S. Treseder, Cardiff, won
easily, and in addition to taking 1st prizes for a
group, and for twenty-four blooms, he secured the
Certificate of Merit, and the Silver Medal of the
National Chrysanthemum Society. Mr. F. Case,
Cardiff, was 2nd for a group in the open class; he
was also 1st with wreaths, crosses, and bouquets.
Table plants were very numerous, and those having
coloured foliage were very bright looking : 1st, Mr.
A. Curry, gr. to E. M. Hann ; and Mr. T. Clark, gr.
to Colonel Hill, was 2nd. Besides the show of
Chrysanthemum plants and blooms, there were ex-
hibited plants of the stove and greenhouse, collec-
tions of Pears, Apples, Grapes, &c. The entries in

Titan is more like a ball of ostrich feathers than a
flower, and is exceedingly lovely. In contrast to
this might have been seen some varieties hardly
larger than Immortelles.

Gardening at Malaga.— The British Consul

at Malaga, reporting on the trade of the consular
district, and referring to openings for British com-
merce, says : — " There is also room for one or two
really good English nursery gardeners, who will do
their work'systematically. There is a great demand
for flowers and plants, bnt the natives are still
content to go on as their fathers did before them.
Quantities of flowers are sent away to places inland
and to Madrid ; but the plants once in the ground,
are allowed to do much as they please, and, thanks

Mr. HlBBERD'S BOOKS.— Messrs. W. II. & L.
Collingbidge, the proprietors of the Gurdeners
Magazine (the editorship of which was under the
late Mr. Shirley Hibberd), have purchased of the
Receiver of the estate of Messrs. Groombridge &
Son, Limited, the whole of the stock, copyright, en-
gravings, and stereotype plates of the well-known
gardening books by the late Mr. Shibley Hibberd ;
and will in future supply the trade. Many of the books
are at present out of print, new editions of these are
in preparation : — Brambles and Bay Leaves ; Field
Flowers, a Handy book for the Rambling Botanist ; Pro-
fitable Gardening, a Practical Guide to the Culture of
Vegetables, Fruits, <yc. / The Amateurs' Greenhouse and
Conservatory, The Amateurs' Flower Garden, The
Amateurs' Kitchen Garden, The Amateurs' Rose Boot,

FlO. 93. — BABBAHAM HALL, CAMBBIDOESHIHE. (SEE P. 648.)

the cottagers' classes were fairly numerous, and the
•exhibits generally of good quality.

A Chrysanthemum Show in Paris.— A
Chrysanthemum show, which opened on Thursday,
November 19, on the premises of the National Horti-
cultural Society of France, says Galignani's Mes-
senger, was extremely interesting. The principal
exhibits came from the north and south of France,
and were widely dissimilar. Those of the north
were remarkable for their size", some of them
being 8 inches in diameter, or as large as an
ordinary Sunflower, whilst those from the south
were mostly small varieties, and were noticeable
for curious combinations of delicate colours and
eccentric shapes. Perhaps one of the most beau-
tiful had a golden heart fringed with gold. The

to the wonderful climate, where the Norway Fir and
the Palm tree grow side by 6ide, they do not
deteriorate for some time. A gardener coming out
here with a small capital ought to do well.

Technical Education.— The Government of

New South Wales is publishing a series of works
useful to the cultivator. Among them we find the
second edition of Mr. Maiden's Treatise on Wattles
and Wattle Barks (Acacia sp.). It contains figures
of the most uselul species, indications of their
chemical constitution, and directions for their cul-
tivation, and the conservation of the trees, which are
of great commercial importance for their bark, which
is largely used in tanning. The first edition of 2000
copies was applied for in less than six months. The
present edition is practically a new work.

The Book of the Aquarium ; The Fern Garden : how to
make, keep and enjoy it ; The Ivy : its History, Uses
and Characteristics, Rustic Adornments for Homes of
Taste ; The Sea-weed Collector : a Handy Guide to the
Marine Botanist ; The Town Garden : a Manual
for the Management of City and Toum Gardens.

Rhododendrons Blooming in November.—

As witness of the mildness of the season, says the
Scottish Leader of the 21st inst., a correspondent had
sent from Spitalhaugh, Sir James Ferguson's place
in Peeblesshire, a twig of Rhododendron bearing a
flower-bud. The florets were fully formed, with
their large stamens rolled up within. The grounds
at Spitalhaugh are thickly planted with Rhodo-
dendron shrubs, all of which are budding in the
same way.

G48

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[Notembeb 28, 1891.

National Chrysanthemum Society.— The
annual dinner of the abovs society is fixed for
Tuesday, December 1, at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet
Street, at 6.30 p.m., Mr. Robert Ballantine, the
chairman of the committee, presiding. The early
winter exhibition of Chrysanthemums, which takes
the place of the mid-winter show formerly held
in January, will be held at the Royal Aquarium on
Wednesday and Thursday, December 9 and 10 ; and
the Floral Committee will meet at 2 p.m. on the
first day.

Publications Received.— a pamphlet on

Carnations and How to Grow Them, from Mr. George
Phifpen, Reading, Berks.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

ArisjEma euneaphyllum, Garten Flora, p. 579.

Begonia Mdlle. Emile Rodigas. — A tuberous
Begonia of dwarf habit, and nearly circular flat
flowers of a crimson-scarlet colour, and nearly
7 inches in diameter. It was raised by MM. Blanc-
quaert and Vermeiren, of Ghent. Illustration
Horticole, t. 137.

Caladium sagittatum. — A variety with sagittate
leaves of a deep green colour, picked out with crim-
son along the principal nerves. Illustration Horti-
cole, t. 138.

Cycnoches peruvianum. — A Peruvian form in-
troduced by the L'Horticulture Internationale. It is
a male plant allied to C. ventricosum, but quite dis-
tinct in colour, being light green, with numerous
small brown spots, and with a white lip. Lindenia,
t. 301.

Cypripedium amabile X . — -A cross between C.
javanico-superbiens and C. Hookerte. Would it not
have been preferable to give a plant with such an
origin a garden name ? Eevm Horticole, Nov. 1.

Dais cotinifolia, Garden, October 31, 1891. — A
South African Daphne, which would form a service-
able greenhouse plant if it could be propagated
readily.

Iris Kobolkowi (regel) var. venosa. — Flowers
dull lilac, and purple veins. Garten Flora, t. 1358,
November.

L.KLIA Amanda X. — A presumed natural hybrid
between Cattleya intermedia and Loelia crispa or L.
purpurata. It was introduced by Mr. Bull in 1882,
and described in Gardeners' Chronicle, 1882, xviii.,
p. 776. Illustration Horticole, t. 135.

LjElia purpurata var. rosea. — Sepals and petals,
rosy- lilac. Lindenia, t. 302.

Liliom Henryi, Garden, Nov. 7, 1891 ; see also
Gardeners' Chronicle, vol. viii., p. 380, 1890.

Lonicera tangutica, Garten Flora, p. 581.

Miltonia Regnelli purpcrea, Revue de V Horti-
culture Beige, November.

Odontoglossum Edwardi, Orchidophile, August.

Phal.bnopsis violacea. — A Sumatran species.
The flowers vary from violet to creamy-white, with
the segments sometimes barred and spotted. Lin-
denia, t. 303.

Plum, Yellow Monsieur, Bulletin d 'Arboriculture,
p. 257.

Selenipedium calurum x.— A hybrid, raised by
Mr. Seden, out of S. longifolium by Sedeni. Mr.
Rolfe gives an interesting history of'this and allied
hybrids. Lindenia, t. 304.

Stemonitis elegans, sp. n.— A new Mexican
Fern, discovered by Pringle. The fronds are 6 to 16
inches long, glabrous; are cordate, deeply palmately
5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, central one larger than the
others. Petioles chestnut brown. Garden and Forest
Oct. 14, 1891.

Stenandrium Lindeni.— A Peruvian species of
dwarf habit, oblong-green leaves, the central and
principal side nerves marked out with yellow
blotches, flowers yellow in close erect spike. Acan-
thaced. Illustration Horticole, t. 136. '

Magog Hills, and is the residence of Charles Robert
Whorwood Adeane, Esq., J. P., who is lord of the
manor and sole landowner. The mansion is an
Elizabethan structure, built of red brick with
stone facings, and it is pleasantly situated in a fine
park of some 200 acres in extent. This mansion
was built in the year 1832, by Henry John Adeane,
Esq., grandfather to the present owner. One of the
possessors of the old mansion which was demolished,
Sir Horatio Palavicini, figures in English history as
a collector of Papal taxes during the reign of Qaeen
Mary ; and he is said to have been a purloiner of
these taxes, and who, after the death of the queen, is
said to have taken up his residence here from 1576
to 1600. There is a curious epitaph in Walpole's
Anecdotes of Paintings, which throws some light
upon this gentleman's position and character ; it
runs as follows : —

" Horatio Palavicini,
Who robb'd the Pope to lend the Queen,

He was a thief, a thief? Thou liest !

For where ? He robb'd but Antichrist,

Him Death with besom swept from Babraham,

Into the bosom of Old Abraham."

The old mansion was pulled down in the year 1765.
The gardens are not very extensive, and at
the time of my visit I found them in very good
keeping, the kitchen garden being especially well
cropped. The wall trees had been allowed to go
somewhat astray, and these Mr. Hills, the gardener,
has replaced in many instances with better varieties.
I was told that the gardens suffer much in dry
weather, owing to the soil being gravelly, and resting
on chalk. Mr. Hills' method of protecting his
Strawberry fruits from the slugs and dirt is of in-
terest, and may be worthy of consideration by others ;
the plan is simple, but effective. He places three
rough sticks in the ground around the plant, tying
a piece of matting from one to the other, and
places the bunches of fruit thereon ; and he
told me that his plan is perfectly satis-
factory, which is more than can be said of some
other methods of keeping the slugs away from the
fruits. I have seen in other establishments wires
stretched along each side of the rows of very long
plantations, and the fruit laid upon them, but this
was not so satisfactory, as some of the stalks which
grow between one plant and another in the rows
could not be placed upon these wires.

About 300 Chrysanthemums are grown of the
leading varieties. The flower-garden beds were
planted with the usual bedding-out plants, 10,000 of
which are required to fill them. Standing on the
lawn is a unique specimen of the Asplenium-leaved
Beech (Fagus sylvatica var. asplenifolia).

The conservatory is email, and at the time of my
visit was tastefully furnished. Francoa ramosa is
much grown for indoor decoration, for which purpose
it is a very suitable subject. The lawn at Babra-
ham, like those in most old gardens, was beautiful
in its soft yielding surface and perfect verdure, and
it evidently receives much care- from the present
gardener. W. Harrow.

BABRAHAM HALL.

The county of Cambridgeshire cannot be regarded
as rich in the number of its fine mansions,
or extensive private gardens, and the above demesne
ranks as one of the best in the county. It is situated
some 7 miles to the south-east of Cambridge in the
village of Babraham, at the foot of the Gog and

EFFECTS OF FOG ON PLANT-
LIFE.

The members of the Manchester Field Natura-
lists' and Archieologists' Society held their autumn
soirle on Thursday, Nov. 19, in the Memorial Hall,
Albert Square. Dr. G. H. Bailey, of the Owens
College, said he proposed to confine himself to one
very narrow corner of the subject of air-impurities,
viz , fog. In Manchester and other large towns, after
sunset was the warmest part of the day. Frequently
we had a chilly day until 4 or 5 o'clock, and about
6 o'clock it became quite warm and quiet. For some
three or four months now he had taken a record
which confirmed his impression on this point. They
had almost as many bright nights in Manchester as
they had dull days. Proceeding to deal with the
question of fogs, Dr. Bailey spoke of the great
increase that had taken place in their number, not
only in Manchester, but in London and other large

towns. He had been asked this question : Sup-
posing they got rid of the coal-dust, what would
they do with the sulphurous acid, which was prob-
ably more injurious than the coal-dust ? It was
perfectly true that the sulphurous acid was more
injurious than the coal-dust. But did the sul-
phurous acid trouble us in the summer? No. The
reason it troubled us in the winter was, because the
smoke prevented it from getting away. Clear the
atmosphere of smoke, and you cleared away the
sulphurous acid too. If there was one point more
important than another in connection with this
matter, it was the amount of organic matter present
in the air. In such a fog as we have already had this
winter, the amount of organic matter was at least
ten times that which was found in the ordinary air
of the city. The amount of sulphurous acid increased
in about the same proportion. The most recent
experiments that had been set on foot were those
which had for their object the determination of the
extent to which the light was interfered with by the
overhead accumulations. The amount of light varied
a good deal according to the season of the year, the
amount received in November being only about one-
tenth of that received in September. But still more
striking was the effect of the fog on light. The
fog shut off the light almost completely, and
the record in the country was fifteen to twenty
or thirty times over that in a large town. With-
the aid of the lantern, Dr. Bailey threw on Ep
screen curves showing the mortality in Manchester
in different parts of the year. These showed that
the mortality figures were exceptionally high during
the prevalence of fog, and especially so in respect of
diseases of the respiratory organs. At the same
time, he admitted that the increase might be to some
extent due to the cold.

It was often asked, he said, what could be done to
remedy all this. Mr. Bailey thought he might pro-
phesy that ere long we Bhould be lighting by electri-
city and heating by water-gas, and then we shall be
able to dispense with such things as fogs. There
were plenty of other remedies that would be forth-
coming when they were seriously asked for.

Professor F. W. Oliver, of University College,
London, afterwards testified to the enormous havoc-
wrought by fog in urban and suburban districts
amongst cultivated plants. The general gross-
features of the injuries were illustrated by a compre-
hensive series of coloured lantern- slides. Amongst
them were faithfully portrayed the lesions to Sowers
and foliage with which horticulturists are only too-
familiar. In alluding to the impurities which are
present in the air of large towns, sulphurous acid
was specially indicated as the source of much of the
damage; it has an immediate effect upon young
unprotected leaves, and upon the flowers and buds
of greenhouse plants. It attacks the living cells,
not only at the surface of the organs, but also from
within, obtaining access to the system of lacunas,
which everywhere penetrates them. Such is the
inference to be drawn from the observed facts. The
actual deposits which collect upon the foliage, even-
of hot-house plants, contribute also to the destruc-
tion ; though experiment showed that the carbon,
and the red and magnetic oxides of iron, were rela-
tively innocuous, the sulphuric acid and metallic-
iron had in time a corroding action. This is seen
in the gradual death and discoloration of the epi-
dermal tissues of the upper surface of the leaf which
is immediately in contact with the deposit— even in.
cases in which the direct poisonous action of the
sulphurous acid had been resisted. Whether andi
to what extent the hydrocarbons, sometimes present
to the extent of 10 or 12 per cent., contribute to the
damage was not yet determined, as the investigation
of this point was incomplete. The reduction of light
which accompanies the fogs is a contributing
factor which must not be neglected. Even if there
were no impurities in a foggy atmosphere in any way
harmful to plants, there would still be a very free
dropping of foliage in many instances, if this reduc-
tion of light were so considerable, and so long main-
tained as was the case last winter. Not only did tht

Novembeb 2?, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

649

fog screen the plants from light whilst it lasted, but
even when intervals of clear weather occurred, the
thick deposits left on the glass would interfere with
proper illumination. This was forcibly illustrated
by an actual square of glass, cut from a London
Orchid-house at the conclusion of the fogs of
February last, which was projected upon the lantern-

tion current could be demonstrated. A practical
gardener would at once grasp the fact that under
such conditions great care must be exercised against
overwatering the plant. Further, since a high
temperature promotes increased activity of absorp-
tion by the roots, and at the same time exaggerates
the poisonous effect of sulphurous acid, it is desir-

COUKOUPITA GUIANENSIS,

CANNON-BALL TREE.

A cueious-lookino tree, often met with in wocda
and pastures. The peculiarity is principally due to
the mode in which the flowers are borne on long
branches, which grow from around the trunk, coin-

FlG. 94. — CANNON-BALL TEEB I COOKOHPITA GUIANENSIS.

screen. In conclusion, the lecturer indicated the
sulphurous acid and the great reduction of light as
the two chief factors in the destruction. In addi-
tion to its action already alluded to, sulphurous
acid arrests transpiration, a condition likewise pro-
moted by want of light. Even when a plant was ex-
posed to an exceedingly dilute atmosphere of sul-
phurous acid, which might be too weak to actually
kill its cells, a marked interruption of the transpira-

able to keep the temperature of a greenhouse in foggy
weather as low as is consistent with the safety of the
collection. By paying attention to these two
common-sense principles, a gardener might hope to
mitigate, in some degree, the damage that might be
caused. This treatment would favour the plant
in its struggle against both of the adverse
conditions — want of lighf, and presence of sul-
phurous acid.

mencing at its base, and continuing many feet up-
wards. The flowers are arranged in terminal
racemes, and fall soon after expanding, the peduncle
and rachis, however, instead of falling or withering,
hardens and enlarges, producing its racemes in
succession at its extremity each season. Years
afterwards the woody pedicels may be seen still upon
the flowering branches. So r early does the arrange-
ment of these latter resemble a creeping plant growing

650

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 28, 1891.

upon a tree, that it is difficult to convince people
it is quite an illusion, and that they bear the flowers
of the tree themselves. In colour, the large cup-
shaped flowers are red inside, yellowish-white out-
side ; they measure 4 inches across. The large
brown ball - shaped fruits (see fig. 94), unlike the
fragrant flowers, emit a disgusting odour, rivalled
only by the flowers of Terminalia Belerica. This
latter tree, when in flower, fills the atmosphere through-
out the garden in a way which suggests to the un-
initiated that the sanitary arrangements of the
district are in a very bad condition, and visitors are
often deceived, and conclude such actually to be the
case.

The Couroupita forms itself into a large tree some
50 to 60 in height, and bears a dense mass of shining
green leaves, becoming decidious once, or sometimes
twice, during the year. The leaves on these occa-
sions fall very rapidly, and are replaced again in a few
days by a new set. W. E. Broadway, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Trinidad.

TOWN FOGS, AND THEIR
EFFECTS.

(Concluded from p. 608.)

Artificial Light. — As regards fog and arti-
ficial light, Mr. Livesey tells me, that if a dense fog
covered London all day, the additional gas consumed
would be 30 million cubic feet ; but so extensive a
fog probably never exists — certainly not all day, so
the amount of gas may be correctly reckoned at
25 million cubic feet ; and if the cost of this be
2s. 6d. per 1000 cubic feet, it amounts to £3125. As
a standard of comparison, I should state that the
total consumption of gas in the London district per
day of twenty-four hours in depth of winter is
140 million cubic feet.

Fogs cannot be prevented from forming over
towns ; there are inducements in the way of dust par-
ticles and products of combustion for fogs to form
there, but whether they must always be so black and
loaded with soot and tarry matter is another ques-
tion. As long as coal is burnt there will be dense
fogs.

Effects of Fog on Plants Gbown in the Houses

AT KEW.

The heavy fogs injured many plants. The leaves
fell off, the growing point withered, and in some
cases, such as Begonias and Acanthads, the
stems also were affected. Flowers fell off as
soon as opened, or in bud. Almost all expanded
blooms were less in size than when there was no
fog. Flower-buds of Phalsenopsis. Angraecum, some
Begonias, Camellias, &c, changed colour and fell off,
as if they had been dipped in hot water.

In the Palm-house, bushels of healthy-looking
leaves were gathered up almost every morning.
Plants which appeared perfectly healthy, when shaken
would drop almost every leaf. Herbaceous plants
suffered most, i.e., Begonias, Poinsettias, Bouvardias,
Acanthads, &c. Some herbaceous plants were un-
injured, c^, Cyclamen, Primula, Hyacinth, &c. Many
hard-wooded plants lost their leaves and were other-
wise damaged, vis , B ironias, some Heaths, Grevil-
leas, Acacias, &c. Protea cynaroides, a Cape plant,
with large laurel-like leaves, was much injured in
the temperate-house (min. temp., 40°), the leaves
turning black, as though scalded. The same species
in another house, with drier atmosphere and higher
temperature, was scarcely affected by fog. As a
rule, plants in active growth suffered most. Mono-
cotyledonous plants and Ferns were mostly un-
mjured, except by the low temperature of the
winter. The effect of fog on flowers is remark-
able; generally white flowers are destroyed, but
there are notable exceptions, viz., Masdevallia tova-
rens.s, Odontoglossum crispum, and Angrtecum
amongst Orchids; and Crinums. Cyclamen, Hya-
cinths, Chrysanthemums, &c. The green leaves of
Poinsettia pulcherrima all fell off. the red bracts
remained on, also the flowers. Buds of white-

flowered Angrcecum sesquipedale turned black, as if
boiled ; those of A. eburneum (also white) were
unharmed. These two were grown in Bame house,
under same conditions, and bloomed about the same
time.

The conditions most conducive to rest from
growth, viz., a low temperature and moderately dry
atmosphere, and diminished light, unavoidable during
fog, were proved at Kew to be safest for all plants
during prevalence of heavy fogs. W. Watson.

[Various methods have been proposed to miti-
gate the effects of fog. The plan adopted at the
House of Commons of filtering the air through
thick layers of cotton-wool is one. Mr. Toope,
of Stepney Green, has also put up a house which
is nearly air-tight (fig. 95), the air being compelled
to pass through inlets, where it is deprived of its
objectionable ingredients, and passes out at the top
of the house by special " exhaust caps," which
admit of no down draught. The house is heated
by a steam-pipe, and the heat can be regulated at
will, as also the quantity of air admitted through
the inlets. In this house, which is in two com-

Fig. 95.— toope's fog-resisting house.

partments, one cooler than the other, Mr. Toope has
at this time a miscellaneous collection of small
Orchids, with some Chrysanthemums and other
plants, the whole doing well, in spite of the unfa-
vourable surroundings. We hope to visit Mr. Toope's
house again after a few months, "fog permitting,"
and to report the result. Ed.J

Home Correspondence.

THREE GOOD VARIETIES OF VEGETABLES —
Being in Banbury on the 18th, and finding it was the
Chrysanthemum Show day, I thought 1 would just
have a " look-in " and see what sort of a Bhow they
manage to hold in that town. I am not going to
trouble you anent the Chrysanthemums and the
principal exhibits there, but as one knowing the
interest centred upon anything " good," there were
three vegetables exhibited there, so superior to those
generally seen, that I felt it incumbent upon me to
make a note of, as being three items that would, I
feel sure, be appreciated by all first-class cultivators.
The first ot these is the Oxonian Leek (11 inches
round), raised, I waB informed, by Mr. G. T. Miles,
of Wycombe Abbey Gardens, and evidently a grand
variety to be noted by Leek growers as being one of
the best for general purposes. The second was
Aylesbury Prize Ked Celery, which, I hear, is the
result of fifteen years' careful selection by Mr. H.
Wingrove, of Kousham Park fame ; and last, but not
least, I would mention the grand Onion which
secured the first honours, not only at Banbury,
but also at the Royal Horticultural Society's Show
at South Kensington, and which I remember came
in second (beaten by its comrade Ailsa Craig), at
the International Show, Edinburgh. As shown at
Banbury it is unquestionably a magnificent Onion —
a better one could not be wished for. I have simply
mentioned the above three for the information of
cultivators on the look-out for something "out of
the common " in vegetables, and would certainly
advise any gardener who has to produce for his em-
ployer's tables some "fine vegetables," to afford the
above a trial. Pioneer.

CHRYSANTHEMUM ETOILE DE LYON.— I cannot
see so much to take one's fancy in this now much
grown variety. If one wants an immense flower, all
well and good, but, to my mind, it is not all a good
Chrysanthemum bloom should be. Definite colour,
good form, and good substance in petals is what, I
think, are most desired, and these qualities, I main-
tain, are deficient in Etoile de Lyon. In the first

place, as to colour : I have seen it white, sometimes
of a dirty white, and at others quite a deep pink ;
and as to good form, it lacks depth and body.
G. Ward.

VEITCH'S MATCHLESS CARROT.— To those who
have not tried this variety, I would say, do so at
once. It is alike valuable for exhibition and table
use. Sown the second week in February, it attains
a good size by the beginning of July, fit for any
exhibition; and that is not all : it is well adapted for
heavy soil, as it does not split, a great point in
a Carrot. Although of the Intermediate type,
this variety does not grow to an ungainly size, but
keeps in excellent symmetry throughout, a credit to
it on heavy land. I have just taken up a splendidly
uniform crop from this sort of land. G. Ward,
Brant-Broughton, Newark.

NEW TEN-WEEK STOCK PRINCESS ALICE.—
— This white Stock is of great service just now in
48s and 60 sized pots for decorative purposes ; it
is very sweet and floriferous, and seems to do well
in pots. The seed was sown in August, and another
batch the first week in September, so we hope to
have a supply till the Lothians come in. This
variety, Princess Alice, was sent out by Messrs.
Veitch & Son last spring, and where sweet-scented
flowers are prized, it well deserves a place amongst
snch, being of easy culture, and requiring so little
heat. Of course, sufficient heat should be applied
to keep away damp. W. A. Cook.

ESTATE FRUIT NURSERIES.— I regret to find
that my good friend, Mr. Crump, should have assumed
that when commenting upon the general aspects of
the paper which he read at Manchester, I should
for one moment have deprecated what he was doing
in relation to fruit-tree raising at Madresfield. I
am quite open to correction, but I think Madresfield
estate stands almost unique in its fruit nursery
and distributive capacities. There may be others on
which this sort of work is as ably and intelligently
conducted, but, after all, on how few is it done at
all, good or bad ! It is not every gardener who
would care to burden himself with the cares of an
estate nursery, or finds the same enlightened encou-
ragement from employers, that Mr. Crump enjoys.
Had such action been general, we should have found
one of the most difficult problems of the fruit-
growing question solved long since. Under exist-
ing conditions, the free distribution of trees to all
classes of tenants by landowners, as is done at
Madresfield, is practically the only way to get over
the lack of the tenure difficulty. As to the acceptance
of Mr. Crump's invitation to go at once and see
what he is doing at Madresfield, I should be de-
lighted to do so, but, unhappily, circumstances
prevent this. Still, it is certain, that what is there
being done should, just now, be of the deepest
interest, and for that reason it merits all publicity
as well as generous criticism. A. D.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES. — Pray excuse my
troubling your columns further on this subject, in
answer to Canon Ellacombe, on p. 507. Filhpo Ke,
Chevalier of the Order of the Iron Crown, Professor
of Agriculture in the University of Bologna, &c,
Italy, from whom I quoted, p. 482, is surely suffi-
cient authority for anyone believing that Helianthus
tuberosus is called Girasole in Italy. With refer-
ence to other matters, I think I have explained in
my reply to Mr. Djd, all, excepting the Star of
Bethlehem, which also will be found explained by
Pryor, p. 223. Is it only the " vulgar error " of
drawing deductions from mistaken hypotheses, or
can Canon Ellacombe give authority for calling a
Turkey a Turk ? There is a vast difference between
the two names, and I have never previously
seen or heard it so designated, but will look
it up. The name Turkey may probably (like the
" Girasolo " with the Jerusalem Artichoke) have
come over with the bird, which deduction we may
venture to consider favourable, from the fact that
in the West Indies two plants, called there re-
spectively Turkey berry and Turkey flower, are so
called because poultry freely eat and fatten upon
them. One word respecting the plant that Canon
Ellacombe calls the " Girasole " of Italy. Is this
the Jerusalem Gourd ? The Ricinus or Palme
Christi is the Kikaion of Hebrew Scripture, of which
Jonah made his booth, to keep him from the sun,
and which translators have called " Gourd," for what
reason perhaps Canon Ellacombe, a biblical student
and scholar, will kindly explain. In conclusion,
Turkey is evidently of other derivation than Turk,
and for which I intend to search all American
authors I meet with, in order to solve ; in the mean-

Novembeb 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

651

time, I submit it as aa argument in my favour. Then
we have Dandelion from Dent de Lion, Potatos
from Batatas, why not Jerusalem Artichokes from
" Girasolo Artischoki ''? Wm. Etherington Dixon.
P.S. — Since writing the above, I have referred to a
number of ancient works on South America, and
■have noticed the singular analogy the Turkie has
with the Jerusalem Artichoke, especially in Spanish
literature, in the fact of its peculiar anomaly of
being mixed up with other birds, as the latter is
with plants and places ; also its early intro-
duction into this country from Brazil, bringing
its name with it, and having no more relations to
Turkey and Turks than the other has to Artichokes
•or Jerusalem. W. E. D.

May I ask a little room to reply to what

Mr. Dixon says on p. 588 ? This note shall close
the discussion, so far as 1 am concerned. Mr.
Dixon says (1) that I do not tell him who the
botanists are who have discovered that the Jeru-
salem Artichoke is not a native of Brazil ; or (2)
what its native country is ; (3) he asks whether
Helianthus annuus, a native of Peru, has a fruticose
habit ; (4) he says that it would be a serious libel
on Asa Gray to say that he made either H. doroni-
•coides or H. giganteus — non-tuberous plants —
synonymous with H. tuberosus ; (5) he charges me
with inaccuracy in referring to De Candolle's
Prodromus, p. 590, vol. v., for a description of
Peruvian fruticose Sunflowers— the fact being that
I took the reference from Genera Plantarum, but
on verifying it, I find that the description of
fruticose Sunflowers in De Candolle begins at
the bottom of p. 590, and Peru is mentioned as a
habitat on the top of p. 591, sol will try to be more
precise in my references now. (1) Amongst bota-
nists who know no Brazilian Sunflowers are Bentbam
and Hooker (see GeneraPlantaraum, vol. ii., p. 370).
They say (I translate the Latin literally), under
Helianthus, " species about fifty, mostly North
American, very few Peruvian or Chilian." The few
Peruvian differ in having a fruticose stem ? Asa
Gray (Flora of North America, vol. i., part 2, p. 280),
gives the habitat of H. tuberosus as " moist alluvial
ground, Upper Canada to Saskatchewan, and south
to Arkansas and middle parts of Georgia," this
answers (2). Next, in Nicholson's Dictionary of Gar-
dening, under H. tuberosus, I find as the habitat
" Upper Canada and the United States ; it is certainly
not South America, as stated in so many books."
Replying to (3), H. annuus is neither fruticose nor
Peruvian. See Asa Gray's Flora of North America.,
vol. i., part 2, p. 272, where the author says of H.
annuus : — " It came not from Peru, nor even from
Mexico." To conclude with (4) : In Asa Gray's
Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States,
fifth edition. 1876, p. 258, I find uuder II. doroni-
coides : — " This is probably the original of H.
tuberosus." Again, in Flora of North America,
vol. i., part 2, p. 270, published 1884, the author
says, under H. giganteus: — " It is the H. tuberosus
of Parry, and H. subtuberosus of Bourgeau, the so-
called edible tubers being tuber-like thickened root-
stocks." In this work, however, Asa Gray makes
H. tuberosus a distinct species. C. Wolley Dod.

ONIONS. — On p. 558 of the Gardeners' Chronicle,
" J. S." gives some practical advice under this
heading. When I, however, read it, one im-
portant point I thought was omitted, viz., the
highly essential value of sowing only the finest
■stocks. Proof of this waa confirmed when I read on
a subsequent page of the same issue an account of an
action brought by a farmer for l«ss sustained through
a worthless crop. Could cultivators generally but
see the great advancement made in the selection
of Onion stocks by our Onion specialists, we should
hear less of crop failures. Practical Onion growers
do not give £0 10s. for eleven Onion bulbs (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, January 31, 1S91) to secure an
■ordinary strain only. The stocks that have pro-
duced such remarkable results when exhibited or
grown by such Onion specialists as Messrs. Deverill,
Kneller, Wilkins, Wingrove, Finlay, and other
noted Onion pedigree producers, must not be
confounded with the stocks usually kept in the
seedsman's drawers. My contention is that for
this result the cultivator himself is principally to
blame. When he sees, for example, brown Globe
Onion at 8d. per ounce, and in another list offered
at id., he is apt to jump at the conclusion that
his seedsman is pocketing the extra id., whereas,
it may be found, that with the exception of the
numes being the same, the resemblance there ends.
To cultivators I would give this advice, do not run
your seedsman down because you find his price

higher than you see offered elsewhere. If dubious,
try the two, and if you do find that his stock is
no better than the cheaper list, then go at once to
headquarters, i.e., to those who make Onion-growing
a special feature, and you wilt then no longer
complain of " miserable crops." To the trade
generally I beg to tender this advice (knowing as the
writer does a "little" of the trade), if you are
anxious to secure for your customers high-class
Onion stocks, you must depart from the usual
routine, and search out your Oaion specialists
yourselves ; to do this means money, but you may
depend upon affording your customers a pleasant
surprise compared with what they have been accus-
tomed to in the shape of Onion crops. Pioneer.

TOMATOS AND CUCUMBERS FOR MARKET.—
In last week's issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle,
p. 614, there is an article on " Winter Tomatos, '
which says that the ( )ld Red is the best variety. I
thought so too, as I had grown them before, and
always found them very good ; but this year having
grown them, and the truit being of good size,
averaging \ lb. each, and of good colour, on sending
them to market, I cannot sell them. Then, again,
with Rollisson'a Telegraph Cucumber, which I have
always considered of first quality, I find there is no
demand for it, and yet the Iruits are of good size, firm,
and tender. Can any of your correspondents kindly
tell me which Tomato and Cucumber are the best
for market purposes ? X H. C.

CLIMBING NIPHETOS ROSE. — If the German
correspondent you refer to on p. 586, would oblige
us with his name and address, we should be happy
to furnish him with proof of the climbing habit of
this Rose. We can only conclude your corre-
spondent has got the old variety. With reference
to the paragraph of Mr. Cook on p. 019, we are well
aware that there are some ve,-y large plants of the
old variety in existence. We think though, that
they are only comparative climbers, and we have
never heaid that they maintain the habit under
propagation. Mr. Piper's opinion seems to be the
almost universal one. The first season here it
grew 22 feet between February and June; it is also
a fact, that one shoot grew 15 inches in eight
days, or 1 j inches a day. The best blooms we have
ever cut were from the climbing variety, and they
were awarded 1st prize for the best twelve Hoses
in the Bath Rose show two years ago. Keynes,
Williams, $• Co,

Seeing some suspicions thrown on the

above Rose by your German correspondent, and
also by Mr. W. A. Cook, on pp. 580 and 619,
I can assure them both that the true climbing
Niphetos is to be seen here in my nursery. I
have twelve plants of the old Niphetos in the
same house as the climbing one, and the difference
in the foliage and habit can be easily seen when
they are placed close together. My plant has made
ten shoots, 8 feet long, since April, but there are
no signs of the old variety running into long shoots,
but plenty of flowers. Amos Groomhridge, Plymouth.

BOCCONIA CORDATA.— Mr. Earley, in ycur last
issue, does good service to your readers in calling
attention to this graceful, silvery-foliaged, hardy
plant. Mr. Rashleigh has naturalised it at Mena-
billy on a sloping bank, where its changeful foliage
has a very pretty effect. It seems to succeed very
well even under the shade of other trees. In other
gardens in Cornwall I also saw it naturalised in
the same way, and it ought to do also in counties not
so well favoured in climate. It were to be wished
that this naturalising of plants which might prove
perfectly hardy is not more frequently tried. In a
dell at the Priory, Warwick, Primula japonica used
to grow and spread quite freely. Vagabond. [No
frost ever experienced in these islands will kill the
plant if the soil be not waterlogged. Ed.]

THE ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S PRIZES.—
" Prize Winner " writing under the above heading
in last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, has opened up a
subject which, perhaps, many who exhibit at the
Botanic Society's shows, will be pleased to see ven-
tilated. When I first exhibited at the Botanic,
about four years ago, I, like your correspondent,
wrote to the Secretary, and finding that availed me
nothing, waited till showing time came round again
the following year, and I then applied at the office,
and was paid at once. It does seem a pity, that a
Society like the Botanic should allow such a long
time to elapse before paying the money awards to
those who have won them. I know of no other
Society that does so. Exhibitor.

FRUIT TREES FOR TENANTS.— My friend Mr.
Crump has done good service in bringing this subject
before the public, seeing that trees planted by the
farmer or cottager are at once the landowner's pro-
perty. It, therefore, is quite clear that the trees
should be provided by him, the tenant undertaking
to see that they are protected against stock and
vermin. No one is so fit to select the kinds suitable
for the district as the gardener, as from his expe-
rience he is most likely to know what will do well
in that district. For example, many of the kinds
which do splendidly in the valley of the Thames will
not grow freely when planted at high altitudes.
Another great mistake is the planting of too manv
kinds ; if a farmer have a dozen reliable sorts it will
be ample. The site should also be chosen by the gar-
dener. The question now comes, what is the most de-
sirable form of tree ? I would say half- standards, and
I am led to say this from what I see in this district. An
orchard near the house is a pet place for the farmer
for turning out his calves or other young things. Half-
standards are not so exposed to high winds as stan-
dards, but in all cases suitable shelter must be planted
around the orchard, and nothing answers so well for
this as the Scots and Austrian Pines, the latter form-
ing the outside row, as being the dwarfer of the two.
A few years ago, there was a great scarcity of Apples
in this country, and, hearing of an orchard not far
off with plenty, I said to my foreman, as I went off
to purchase, 'There is some substantial reason why
this man is doubly blessed while so many are left out
in the cold." Sure enough, there was. The orchard
was surrounded by a belt of Scots Pine ; and fine
Northern Greenings, without spot or blemish, and
Golden Nobs, which sold for half a guinea
per bushel, were in plenty. It did not take
me long to plant Pine trees around our orchard
after that, and with the best results. It is
very grievous to see a fine old orchard, which
has borne heavy crops, fast going to decay, simply
through starvation. A good dressing of manure in
the autumn occasionally, or stock constantly fed in
the orchard, will soon cause a different state of
things ; we very often see the saw at work reducing
the branches, when it is nourishment at the roots
which is required. I know an orchard near here
where the drainings of the farmyard is regularly
diverted into it, and the result is most beneficial,
and Winter Queenings, called Duck's-bill in Sussex,
are as large as Blenheims, and excellent for dessert in
February. A very heavy crop of fruit is sometimes
borne on a tree on a farm on this estate. In one
year it produced 60 bushels ; it was known by the
name of French Pippin, and one of my men gathered
the produce. For the moment I leave the Apple,
and mention our Pear ; I allude to that chance seed-
ling growing on the gardener's cottage at Pitmaston,
and now known as the Pitmaston Duchess. It is
really a very fine kind ; and even here, at 400 feet
altitude, does splendidly as a standard. J. Rust,
Eridge Castle, Sussex.

Societies.

TWICKENHAM HORTICULTURAL

November 17. 18. — Though held so late in the
season for the London district, yet the show held
in the Town Hall was an extremely good one —
better in many respects than some others which had
preceded it. In spite of the dampness of the season,
Chrysanthemum blooms came out wonderfully well.
The groups were specially good, half-a-dozen being
arranged ; and as here an edging of Fern is allowed
to them, the effect is far more pleasing than is
usually the case.

Mr. Mitchell, gr. to W. Cunard, Esq., . Orleans
House, repeated his successes at Kingston and
Teddington, putting up a superbly-flowered lot of
plants, faced with an exceptionally good lot of
Maidenhair Fern ; Mr. Parsons, gr. to T. Twining,
Esq., was a close 2nd, having also a very fine group,
that rather lacked freshness in the flowers.

Very good trained plants were shown, not fbr com-
petition, for these have wisely been cut out of the
schedule. Very beautiful indeed were the half-dozen of
fine bush Bouvardias shown by Mr. Parsons, who
also bad the best six zonal Pelargoniums in 6-inch
pots, wonderfully bloomed ; better plants, for the
size of the pots, have rarely been seen. Cyclamen
and Chinese Primroses were capital and plentiful,
as also were table plants of the usual character. In
a competitiou for dressed baskets of plants, Mr.
Parsons was again 1st ; Plumbago rosea, and some

652

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 28, 1891.

dwarf single Chrysanthemums were very effective in
his basket.

Ot miscellaneous plants, Mr. H. E. Fordham had
a charming group of natural-flowered Chrysanthe-
mums, Heaths, and other flowering plants ; and Mr.
H. A. Tracey had a pretty but small group of
Orchids. Both these exhibitors are enterprising local
nurserymen.

Cut Flowers.— The chief class in these was one for
twelve Japanese and twelve incurved, the first place
being taken by Mr. Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq ,
Lsatherhead, who had of the former, Avalanche,
Etoile de Lyon, Madame J. Laing, and Mr. H.
Cannell, excellent ; and of the latter, Lord Alcester
(the premier incuived flowers), Robert Cannell,
Miss Haggas, John Lambert, Princess of Wales, and
others; Mr. C. J. Waite, gr. to the Hon. W. Talbot,
Esher, was a very close 2nd, his Japanese, including
agrand bloom of Sranstead White (premier Japanese),
Madame Baco, Sunflower, E. Molyneux, &c, were all
good.

Mr. Mease had the best twelve incurved flowers,
Mr. G. Woodgate, Warren House Gardens, Kingston
Hill, coming 2nd. This exhibitor had the best six
incurved, one variety, in good Empress of India;
Mr. Mease being 2nd, with Hero of Stoke Newington.

In the class for twelve Japanese, Mr. Waite was
a good 1st, with Etoile de Lyon. Mons. Bernard,
Condor, Gloriosum, &c. ; Mr. Mease being 2nd,
having very good Lilian H. Bird, Sarah Owen, Mr.
H. Cannell, &c.

The best six Japanese were Etoile de Lyon, from
Mr. Mease; Mr. Coombs, gr. to W. Furze, Esq,
being 2nd, with the same variety.

Messrs. Woodgate and Waite had the best dozen
blooms of Anemone- flowered varieties, Lady Margaret,
Fabian de MiSdiana, Jeanne Marty, Madame Cabrol
being hne.

Numerous baskets of cut blooms, glass stands,
bouquets, &c, were admirably shown.

The best bunches of black Grapes came from Mr.
Griffin, Coombe Bank, who has shown so well
generally this autumn ; and Mr. Rickwood had the
2nd best in small but otherwise capital Gros Colmar.
Mr. Mitchell had the best whites in well-finished
Muscat of Alexandria, Mr. Griffin being 2nd with
the same variety. Mr. Mitchell was also 1st with
four dishes of fruit, having both good black and
white Grapes, Pears, and Melons ; Mr. Sage, Hove
Huuse Gardens, was 2nd. This exhibitor had the
best (our dishes of Pears.

Apples were very fine generally, especially agrand
sample of Peasgood's NonBuch, from Mr. Waite.
This competitor had the best collection of six kinds
of vegetables — capital samples ; Mr. Garrod, gr. to
Miss Vaugban, being 2nd. Mr. Mitchell had the
best six Tomatos — very fine samples. Mr. W.
Poupart showed fine Celery, blanched Seakale, and
fruit; and Messrs. Howell, Peed & Sons, Will
Tayler, &c, had good collections of hardy fruit.

SALISBURY.

blooms of Japanese, being followed closely by
Messrs. Inglefield and Neville. Mr. Robinson was also
1st in each of the classes for twelve reflexed and
twelve Anemones; Mr. G. Tucker, gr. to Major
W. P. Clarke, Bellfield, Trowbridge, being a good
2nd in each case.

The ladies classes were well represented by Miss
Agnes Flight, Winchester ; Miss Ethel Mary Waters,
Stratford-sub-Castle, Salisbury ; Miss C. A. Mathews,
Highfield, Salisbury; Miss Lovibond, Salisbury;
Miss B. Flight, Winchester ; and Miss Hodge,
Dian, all displaying good taste in their various
arrangements.

Fruit was not largely shown, but it was of ex-
cellent quality. Mr. H. W. Ward, Longford Castle,
Salisbury, was 1st for a collection of six kinds.
The same exhibitor took 1st for both Lady Downes
and Trebbiano Grapes ; and Mr. Chalk, gr. to
George Read, Esq., Westwood, Salisbury, was the
only exhibitor in the classes for Black Alicante and
Muscat of Alexandria, and he was justly awarded 1st
prize in both classes for very fine produce.

Apples and Pears of extra fine quality were
shown by Mr. Thomas Hall, gr. to S. Montague,
Esq. ; Mr. South, Stoneham House, Southampton ;
and Mr. Fred. Smith, gr. to the Bishop of Salisbury,
The Palace, Salisbury, who took the prizes in the
order in which their names appear. They were the
only exhibitors of Apples and Pears ; Mr. Hall's
Beurre Diel Pears were of immense size, and of
perfect form and colour.

November 17, 18. — The Wilts Horticultural
Society held its annual show of Chrysanthemums,
cut flowers, and fruits in the County Hall on the
above-mentioned dates, and although numerically
there was a falling off in the exhibits, the quality of
those staged was up to — and in some instances better
than the usual standard.

Groups were well shown and effectively arranged.
Mr. Frank Pearce, Crane Street, Salisbury, won the
Ten-guinea Challenge Cup for the second time in
succession, with capital plants; Mr. A. Robey, gr.
to Captain Greenwood, Harnbam Cliff, Salisbury,
was a good 2nd ; and Alderman Lovibond, St. Anne
Street, Salisbury, was 3rd.

Mr. Hoskins, Poultry Cross, Salisbury, was a
capital 1st in the class confined to amateurs. Mr.
Curry, gr. to Colonel Pepper, Milford Hill, Salis-
bury was 1st for the most effectively-arranged group
of miscellaneous plants ; Mr. Robey was 2nd.

Cut blooms made a fairly good show. The
principal class for thirty-six blooms was well con-
tested. Mr. Neville, gr. to F. W. Flight, Twyford,
Winchester, was 1st ; Mr. W. Robinson, gr. to Lord
Chief Justice Lopes, Heywood, Westbury, was a
good 2nd ; and Mr. George Inglefield, gr. to Sir John
Kelk, Bart, Tedworth, Marlborough, was a very
close 3rd. In the class for eighteen blooms, con-
fined to amateurs, Mr. Follen, gr. to J. D. Willis,
Esq., Bapton Manor, Codford, near Warminster, was
1st of three exhibitors.

Mr. Neville was 1st for twelve incurved, and Mr.
W. Robinson obtained a like award for a dozen

LIVERPOOL

November 17, 18 — A splendid show was that held
in St. George's Hall, on the above dates, the com-
petition being exceedingly keen, and the exhibits
of uniform quality. Mr. Bridge, assisted by a large
and efficient committee, had all the arrangements
well in band.

Cut blooms deserve the foremost position. For
forty-eight, Mr. G. Burden, gr. to G. Cockburn,
Esq., Lingdale Lodge, Claughton, Birkenhead, won
premier honours with a very fine lot, especially in
the incurved section ; Mr. R C. Townsend, gr. to J.
R. Greatorex, Esq , Mytton Hall, Shrewsbury, was a
very close 2nd.

A Challenge Vase was offered for twelve in-
curved, twelve Japanese distinct, and twelve re-
flexed, in not less than six varieties, which produced
a splendid competition. Mr. A. R. Cox, gr. to W.
H. Watts, Esq., Elm Hall, Wavertree, succeeded in
winning somewhat easily ; Mr. D. Forbes, gr. to A.
Holt, Esq., Crofton, Aigburth, was placed 2nd.

The class for eighteen incurved, distinct, was a
strong one, the exhibits being very close in point of
merit. Mr. J. Haynes, gr. to Mrs. B. C. Nicholson,
Oswald Croft, Wavertree, was 1st ; and Mr. R. C.
Townsend, 2nd.

The leading position for twelve incurves waB
occupied by Mr. J. Edwards, gr. to H. Tate, Esq. ;
Mr. R. C. Townsend 2nd.

The most successful in the Japanese section,
eighteen varieties, was Mr. T. Healy, gr. to Colonel
Wilson, Hill Side, AllertOD, amongst fourteen
competitors ; Mr. J. Gould, gr. to R. N. Dale,
Esq., Bromborough Hall, Cheshire, was 2nd.

Reflexed and Anemone- flowered varieties were
represented by good quality, if by few exhibitors.
Pompons were poor.

Groups of Chrysanthemums were only moderate.
Mr. T. Winkworth, gr. to R. Brocklebank, Esq.,
Chilwell Hall, was 1st.

Stove and greenhouse plants were good. For six,
Mr. Jellicoe, gr. to F. Gossage, Camp Hill, Woolton,
was an easy 1st.

Orchids were a distinct feature. For three, Mr.
C. Osborne, gr. to H. J. Robinson, Esq., Amystry
Court, Woolton, was 1st, showing Odontoglossum,
grand Cypripedium Harrisianum, and Dendrobium
Wardianum ; Mr. Cox 2od. Cynripediums were
well Bhown by Mr. Harrison, gr. to G. BateBon, Esq.,
Elmhurst, Aigburth, who took the premier award.

Fruit was good, and the competition keen. For
six diBhes, Mr. T. Elsworthy, gr. to R. Gladstone,
Esq., Court Hey, Roby, was 1st ; Mr. J. Bennett, gr.
to the Hon. C. H Wynne, Corwen, North Wales, 2nd.
For two black and two white bunches of Grapes,
Mr. Elsworthy was again successful in taking pre-
mier honourB ; Mr. J. Bennett, 2nd.

For two bunches, any variety, not Alicante, Mr.
Swiss, gr. to T. Smith, Esq., M.P.. Carleton, Princes
Park, Liverpool, won with Gros Guillaume in excel-
lent condition ; Mr. Ferguson, gr. tp Mrs. Paterson,
Rock Ferry, 2nd.

In the class specially set apart for Alicante, ten
competed, Mr. Elsworthy scjring another victory
with Bhapely bunches, and good in colour and berry
alike ; Mr. J. Hollingsworth, gr. to J. S. Campbell,
Esq., Woodseat, Uttoxeter, 2ud. Mr. G. Middleton,
gr. to L. Pilkinton, Esq., Rjby, was distinctly ahead
for two bunches of Muscat of Alexandria ; Mr.
Wilson, gr. to H. Cunningham, Esq.,|Gorsey Cop,
Gateacre, 2nd.

Apples were excellent. Mr. Goodacre, gr. to the
Earl of Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby, won for
eight dishes of culinary varieties with well- coloured
fruit. The Rev. S. Garnet Christleton, Chester,
occupied a similar position for six dessert varieties.

HULL.

November 18, 19. — This exhibition has always
been regarded as one of the best in the north ; and the
Artillery Barracks affords abundant space for both
exhibits and the public alike. Messrs. Harland and
Dixon, with Mr. R.F. Jameson, as chairman, deserve
a word of praise for the efficient manner in which
all the arrangements are carried out.

Much encouragement is annually given here for
groups of Chrysanthemums, and foliage plants
arranged for effect. It would be difficult to imagine
better groups than the five competing ones on this
occasion ; all were meritorious, the 1st prize going
to J. Ricketts, Esq. (gr., G. Wilson), Swanland
Manor ; Mr. J. Cottam, jun., Cottingham, 2nd.

Specimen plants were a decided improvement on
other years. For three dwarf-trained, Mr. J. S.
Graham, gr. to G. Liwson, Esq., Newland Grove,
Hull, was ahead with good plants ; Mr. J. Hemming,
gr. to E. Leetham, Esq., Beech Holme, Newlands,
Hull, 2nd. Standards made a capital display, the
previous winners again occupying similar positions.
Pyramids were staged by Mr. Graham, in fairly good
condition. Bush plants were well done by Mr. S.
Smith, Norwood Nursery, Beverley, who received
1st prize.

Single varieties were a feature, so well were they
flowered. Mr. A. Thomson, gr. to A. Clark, Esq.,
Priory Villa, Hessle, was the 1st prize-taker.

Cut blooms were the principal feature of the show.
For twenty- four incurved, in eighteen varieties, the
1st prize was £10, which was carried off by Mr.
Shoesmith, gr. to M. Hodgson, Esq., Shirley Cottage,
Croydon, with an even stand of high-class blooms ;
Mr. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of Harrington, Elvas-
ton Castle, Derby, was 2nd, staging a good lot of
blooms. Similar prizes were offered for the same
number of blooms, Japanese distinct. Mr. G. Wilson
secured the leading prize, with an even stand of
high-class blooms; Mr. Shoesmith 2nd.

Twelve Japanese, distinct, was a strong class.
Mr. Thornton, gr. to C. E. Marfleet, Boothby Hall,
Lincoln, was 1st ; Mr. G. Wilson 2ud.

Japanese varieties, staged with 8 inches of stem
and foliage, made an interesting display, Mr. G.
Wilson leading, followed by Mr. E. Wright, gr. to
D. Wilson, Esq., Park House, Cottingham, 2nd.

Prizes were offered for twelve blooms of white
Japanese. Mr. Appleton, gr. to C. H. Johnson,
Esq , The Hall, Thorgumbald, Hull, was distinctly
ahead.

Reflexed varieties were a feature, the competition
being exceedingly keen. Mr. G. Appleton was 1st;
G. E. Smith, Esq., Floral Cottage, Paull, 2nd. The
last-named won for twelve Anemone blooms, with
flowers possessing much merit ; Mr. R. Walker, gr.
to Colonel Stracey Clitheroe, Hotham Hall,
Brough, was 2nd.

Sweet-scented Chrysanthemums receive encourage-
ment here. For twelve, Mr. Harland, The Sycamores,
Cottingham, was 1st.

Single varieties were fairly well staged by Mr.
G. E. Smith, who took premier award; as he did also
for twelve bunches of Pompons.

The premier bloom in the incurved section was
Lord Alcester, in Mr. R. Falconer Jameson's stand ;
and one of W. W. Coles, belonging to Mr. G. Wilson,
received a similar honour. The Gardeners' Magazine
Silver Medal was awarded to Mr. Graham, tor his
three specimen Chrysanthemum plants, for the high
cultural skill which they possessed ; and the National
Chrysanthemum Society's Certificate of Merit was
awarded to the 1st and 2nd prize gioupB in the open
competition.

Dinner-table decorations, bouquets, and other
Chrysanthemum arrangements, were most interesting.
For a table of wreaths, bouquets, &c, Messrs. Perkins
& Sons, Coventry, took the lead in their usual way ;
Mr. C. Colebrook, Royal Nurseries, Grimsby, 2nd.
The prizes for the best decorated table, fully set,

November 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

653

brought a strong competition. The winner of the
1st prize, Miss Wheatley, showed considerable taste
in arrangement, as also did Miss Ayre and Mrs. F.
Jameson, for the prizes of 2nd and 3rd as here noted.
David Wilson, Esq , contributed a handsome col-
lection of Orchids, for which he received a Silver
Medal.

YORK.

November 18, 19, 20.— The twelfth annual exhi-
bition was held in the Fine Art Exhibition Building
in this city on the dates named, and was iu every
way a success. A very pretty effect was made by
arranging the groups of Chrysanthemums and foliage
plants in circular form on the floor of the large
room, and, as ample space was provided between each,
a capital effect was produced. As usual, the arrange-
ments were satisfactorily carried out by Mr. Lazenby,
Secretary.

Cut blooms were staged in large numbers, and of
fair quality. The principal class was for thirty-six,
half to be incurved, and the remainder Japanese,
£10 being offered as 1st prize, bringing seven com-
petitors, the 1st prize going to Mr. P. Blair, gr. to
the Duke of Sutherland, Trentham, with a fairly
good lot ; Mr. W. H. Hotham, gr. to Mr. Robinson
King, North Ferriby, Hull, was a good 2nd. In the
class for tw«nty-four distinct, eight competed : Mr.
Blair again won ; Mr. C. Lawton, gr. to Colonel
Broadley, Welton Houae, Brough, 2nd.

Mr. Hotham won for twelve incurved in a strong
class, as also he did for the same number of Japanese,
staging well in both classes. Mr. Blair won 1st
prize for six Japanese, any one variety, with good
blooms of Avalanche ; and also for six reflexed and
twelve anemones.

Cut blooms of stove and greenhouse plants made
a distinct feature, the best twelve coming from Mr.
C. H. Letts, gr. to the Earl of Zetland, Aske Hall,
Richmond; Mr. Blair, 2nd.

Plants as specimens and in groups were note-
worthy. The best four incurved were remarkable
for their freedom in training and flowering ; Mr.
Evered, gr. to Mrs. Crutch, Holgate Lodge, York,
was 1st ; as also was he for two specimens and for
one. The best four plants in the Japanese section
came from Mr. T. Smith, Beverley, large, freely-
flowered, and devoid of formal training ; he also took
1st prize for two plants.

The best groups of Chrysanthemums interspersed
with foliage plants in circular form, were from Mr.
Dawe, gr. to Dr. Baker, The Friend's Retreat,
York ; Mr. Mcintosh, gr. to J. T. Hingston, Esq.,
Clifton, York, 2nd.

Ladies table decorations were on the whole
effective, the most successful exhibitor being Miss
Blauchet, 3, Muser Street, York.

Grapes, in three varieties, two bunches each, Mr.
C. H. Letts won easily, with perfect examples of
Alicante. Gros Guillaume, and Muscat of Alex-
andria ; Mr. D. Dickinson, gr. to W. B. Richardson,
Esq.. Elm Bank, York, was 2nd. Mr. G. Lee, gr. to
Sir J. Co well, Bart., Clifton Castle, Bedale, won with
Gros Colmar for black Grapes.

THE BOLTON CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION.

November 20, 21. — The Bolton Horticultural and
Chrysanthemum Society (which is affiliated with the
Royal Horticultural Society) held its fifth annual
exhibition of Chrysanthemums, plants, fruits, and
vegetables, at the Albert Hall. It is a gratifying
circumstance that the efforts of the Society to pro-
mote the cultivation of flowers and fruit in this
district have met with a very large measure of
success, of which perhaps no better evidence could
be afforded than the increasing interest which is
being taken in the Society's yearly displays, and the
accessions to be found in the list of exhibitors.
This year, notwithstanding the fact that the season
has been an unfavourable one for successful Chrys-
aithemum cultivation, the show was the largest the
Society has held, and many of the specimens for
competition were of the finest order.

The scope of the Society's work is far from being
limited to a yearly display, which, to the general
public, may mark the extent of its operations, and
no little practical benefit is conferred during winter
months by the lectures which are given under its
auspices to those regularly employed in gardens, as
well as to cottagers end gardeners. Financially, the

Society is in a satisfactory position, having a balance,
though small, to reserve fund. Many of the latest
novelties in Chrysanthemums were represented,
including L. Bcehmer, Viviand Morel, Caasar Costa,
and R. Cannell.

The non-competitive exhibitors were numerous,
and much more space will, in future, have to be
devoted to them. Among those who came under
this category were Messrs. Allen Bros., Heaton,
who had some fine examples of floral emblems on
their bench ; Messrs. William Clibran & Son, of
Altrincham, who had a superb collection of rare
Chrysanthemums ; Mr. William Southern, of the
Market Hall, Bolton, who had a large array of
exotics ; and Mr. W. Taylor, who had a choice
assortment of a similar character. The following
were the principal awards made : —

Open Classes. — Groups of Miscellaneous plants,
arranged for effect.— 1st, Mr. Thomas Wilkinson,
(gr., Mr. John Fountain).

Group of Chrysanthemum plants, arranged for
effect.— 1st, Mrs. Charles Taylor (gr., Mr. J. Taylor).

Cut Blooms of Chrysanthemums, twenty-four
large varieties, twelve incurved and twelve Ja-
panese.— 1st, and the Medal of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, Mr. John Stanning (gr., Mr. J.
Kirk man).

Twelve Incurved.— 1st, Mrs. Edward Cross (gr.,
Mr. J. Wainwright).

Twelve Japanese. — 1st, Mr. John Stanning.

Open to all, except nurserymen, within eight miles
of the Town Hall. — Six pots of Primulas. — 1st, Mr.
Thwaites (gr., Mr. G. H. Cross).

Six dinner-table plants.— 1st, Mr. T. H. Thwaites.

For Chrysanthemum plants, six incurved, six
Japanese, three incurved, and three Japanese, Colonel
Ormerod was placed 1st in each of the four compe-
titions.

Cut Chrysanthemum blooms (eighteen, nine in-
curved and nine Japanese). — 1st, and the Medal of
the Royal Horticultural Society, 1st, Mrs. E. Cross ;
2nd, A. Knowles.

Twelve incurved. — 1st, Mrs. Shaw.

Twelve Japanese. — 1st, Mrs. E. Cross.

STOCKPORT CHRYSANTHEMUM
SHOW.

November 20, 21. — A very fine show of Chrys-
arthemums, &c, was held in the Mechanic's
Institute on the above dates, which, as regards
number of exhibits, has not been excelled in Stock-
port. The cut blooms were exceedingly good, but
the pot plants, in some instances, were notable for
the want of proper finish and trimness.

The miscellaneous plants were, on the whole, an
attractive lot, and the exhibits of Messrs. Clibran &
Sons, Altrincham, were greatly admired by the
visitors, as also were those of Mr. Walker, the gar-
dener at Vernon Park.

The opening ceremony was performed by the ex-
Mayoress of Stockport, Mrs. W. Lee. The following
were the principal prizes and prize-winners in
the Chrysanthemum classes : —

Open division. — A group of Chrysanthemum
plants, any varieties, arranged for effect in half-
circle, 10 feet by 8 feet.— 1st, J. F. Whitehead, Esq.
(gr., T. Derbyshire); 2nd, J. C. Chorlton, Esq.,
Didsbury (gr., J. Horrocks). Six large flowering
plants, distinct. — 1st, J. C. Chorlton, Esq.; 2nd,
J. A. Beith, Esq. (gr., F. Hart). Three large
flowering plants, any variety. — 1st, J. C. Chorlton,
Esq. Singleflowering plant, Japanese. — 1st, J. C.
Jones, Esq. Single large flowering plant, incurved.
—1st, J. C. Chorlton, Esq. ; 2nd, J. C. Jones, Esq.
Three Pompons, distinct. — 1st, J. Brown, Esq.

Miscellaneous Plants. — Groups of miscellaneous
plants arranged for effect. — 1st, Mr. C. Gleave, nur-
seryman, Stockport. Six dinner-table plants in pots.
— 1st, H. Rowland, Esq., Manchester (gr., Mr. J.
Barclay) ; 2nd, C. J. Schofield, Esq., Whalley Range
(gr., Mr. J. Wilson).

Cut Blooms of Chrysanthemums. — Eighteen cut
blooms, large varieties, incurved and Japanese. — 1st,
Corporation of Stockport; 2nd, T. H. Sykes, Esq.
Twelve cut blooms, incurved.— 1st, T. H. Sykes,
Esq. ; 2nd, F. Whitehead, Esq. Twelve cut blooms,
Japanese. — 1st, T. H. Sykes, Esq. ; 2nd, A. Gal-
braith, Esq. ; 3rd, H. Marsland, Esq., Stockport (gr.,
Mr. J. Mathew). Twelve cut blooms, incurved and
Japanese. — 1st, J. Leigh, Esq., Brinnington (gr.,Mr.
J. Hadfield). Eighteen miscellaneous cut blooms. —
lBt, Corporation of Stockport.

Miscellaneous.— Six single spikee or trusses, Chrys-

anthemums excluded. — 1st, E. G. Wrigley, Esq.
Spray of miscellaneous blooms. — 1st, H. Marsland,
Esq.

MANCHESTER CHRYSANTHEMUM
SHOW.

November 24.— The annual show of Chrysanthe-
mums was held in the Town Hall. Although the
number of competitors of both plants and cut flowers
was limited, there were some excellent contribu-
tions. At all shows of this kind, cut blooms take
the lead, and here the quality was undoubtedly much
better than we have seen at any former show of the
Society. The stands of Mr. Goodacre, gr. to Lord
Harrington ; Mr. Blair, gr. to the Duke of Suther-
land^; and Mr. Horn, gr. to H. E. Robinson, Esq.,
Woolton, comprised the best grown and shown
blocms, among which we noted the pink Etoile de
Lyon, the golden-bronze Mrs. Wheeler, the golden
wire-looking Gloriosum, Louis Boehmer, fine pale
pink; the grand effective golden Beauty of Castle-
wood, and W. H. Lincoln as being the best amoDg
the Japanese division.

Iu the incurved section there was nothing fiDer
than the white Empress of India, although the old
<iaeen of England as exhibited was quite magni-
ficent, shaded blush ; Lord Alcester, Princess of Teck,
an excellent blush ; Jardin des Plantes, Violet
Tomlin, Lady Dorothy, a fine bronze ; and Princess
of Wales. Some excellent blooms were in the win-
ning stand of J. R. Greatorex, of Shrewsbury,
in both Japanese and in the incurved section ; Mr.
Goodacre was an easy 1st with his incurved blooms,
which were large, and excellently exhibited. Among
others, we might name Mr. G. Tomkinson, Tar-
porley, Mr. T. H. Sykee, Cheadle, who was 1st in the
twenty-lour Japanese, and Mr. Blair, who had excel-
lent stands generally, taking 1st position in the twelves,
and who was 1st in the thirty-six miscellaneous cut
blooms, followed by Mr. Tomkinson and Mr. J. C.
Chorlton.

Among the most successful in plant-growing were
J.C. Chorlton, Esq., Didsbury, and Mr. R. Hardwick,
Ashton-on-Mersey, who took premier position in
most of the classes. The plants were well grown,
and clothed with leaves to the rim of the pot. The
Pompons were a large exhibition, covering one side
of the spacious hall, but they lacked the appearance
of the larger sorts.

Wm. Clibran & Son, Altrincham, had a very
effective table facing the orchestra, backed with
Palms, and filled in with some of the best of Chrys-
anthemum blooms, mostly being finer than those of
the dullish pink Etoile de Lyon ; along with these was
a fine stand of cut zonal Pelargoniums. Dickson,
Brown & Tait had some very fine white and other
Cyclamens ; and Dickson & Robinson had Palms,
Heaths, and Cyclamens ; Pitcher & Manda had a
contribution ol cut Chrysanthemums.

Mr. Bruce Findlav sent some few plants from his
garden, the most effective and novel among them
was a collection of about fifty Cockscombs in
flower. These had been late sown, and were well
covered with foliage. There were also a few bright
Cattleyas in flower, among which we recognised
Cattleya labiata. Mr. Joseph Broome sent from
Llandudno a charming exhibition of flowers, as clean
and beautiful as if they had been grown under glass,
among which were some late annuals, the Migno-
nette being extra fine, and the Roses Laurestinue,
Gladioli, and Schizostylis looked well. The deep lav-
ender-coloured Primula capitata is a grand border
plant, and so is a white Antirrhinum named The
Bride. There were a few excellent Dracaenas, which
went well as a centre row down the tables upon which
the cut Chrysanthemums were staged. A very good
piece of Oncidium varicosum, called Rogersi, was
tabled from the collection of Mr. E. G. Wrigley.
It had a large and much-branched panicle of more
than ordinary symmetrical appearance.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 24. — A very interesting meeting of the
Floral Committee of the above Society took place at
the Royal Aquarium, Westminster, on the above
date, a considerable number of fine varieties being
staged for Certificates. M. Ernest Calvat, Grenoble,
a French raiser, who has produced some remarkably
fine varieties of Japanese Chrysanthemums, sent
Madame Zurick, orange-cerise, with buff reverse, in
the way of Sarah Owen ; Madame Henri Perrett, an
ivory-white incurved Japanese, with primrose centre ;
and Madame Expulson, a large incurved white
Japanese, with delicate pink basal petals. Unfortu-

654

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 28, 1891.

nately, the long distance these flowers had travelled
robbed them of a great deal of their freshness.

From Mr. C. E. Shea, Foot's Cray, Kent, came
some English Seedling Japanese, illustrating the
remarkable advance being made in the direction of
obtaining home-raised flowers. Mr. Shea had George
Picker, Lionel Humphrey, a very fine and promising
flower, which the committee wished to see again ; it
is in the way of Violet Rose, but darker in colour,
botli obtained from crosses made by Mr. Shea ; also
E. G. Hill, an American Japanese, two blooms of
which were sent, one from a crown, the other from
a terminal, to show the marked difference between
flowers taken from the early and late buds ; also
blooms of Violet Kose, Japanese, Certificated last
year.

From Mr. E. Beckett, Aldenham House, Elstree,
came Japanese George Atkinson, a large white
variety, like Avalanche, but later; Gaspard Rozain,
a large pale incurved flower ; Mrs. J. S. Fogg, deep
yellow, of the shape of Avalanche, but thought to
too closely resemble Edwin Beckett, a very fine
variety from the same exhibitor, Certificated some
time ago ; Mrs. Levi P. Morton, a large pale-lilac
Japanese with silvery reverse ; and a highly promising
seedling, unnamed.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Son, Swanley, sent Japanese
incurved Mrs. F. A. Spaulding, bright nankeen-
yellow, with long petals, very promising ; E. G. Hill,
in the way of Sarah Owen, salmon, with golden
centre ; Miss M. Wheeler, pearly-white ; Gaspard
Rozain, Emma Hilzeroth.alarge full yellow Japanese ;
and the new and much-praised American incurved
Ada Spaulding, a delicately-coloured, large, full
flower, that should be grown from a terminal bud to
have it well incurved.

Mr. Robert Owen, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead, sent
a collection of fourteen new varieties, among them
Countess of Hambledon, a magnificent variety of a
soft, blush colour, the massive broad petals finely
incurved, very distinct, and which was unanimously
awarded a First-class Certificate of Merit; Lizzie
Cartledge, alsoan incurved Japanese, lilac pink flushed
with purple and silvery white reverse — First-class
Certificate ; J. P. Kendall, bright deep rose, silvery
reverse, large incurved ; Richard Nisbett, in the
style of Sunset ; Mrs. Bruce Findlay, a soft deep
blush flower, in the way of Condor; F. W. Flight,
ruby-cerise, reflexed, very bright in colour; Harry
E. Wideuer, a large yellow Japanese; Madame
Darquier, rosy pink with pale centre ; Mrs. J. S.
Fogg ; Madame Camille Gironde, a large white
broad-petalled flower, very pure in colour, incurved ;
Matthew Russell, a sport from Princess of Wales, like
Mrs. S. Coleman, and thought to be not sufficiently
distinct from it ; Flora Macdonald, incurved, a large
white variety of the Princess of Wales type ; and
Japanese incurved William Tunnington, in the way
of La Japonnais, darker, very broad in the petals,
and full of promise (Commended).

From Mr. J. Dibbens, nurseryman, Brockley.came
a very fine English seedling Japanese named J. S.
Dibbens, a large yellow flower, the basal florets
slightly tinted with pale salmon ; large, deep, and
full (First-claes Certificate).

Mr. R. Cawte, Esher, sent incurved Brookleigh
Gem, a sport from Jeanne d'Arc, of a pretty silvery
lilac-pink colour. From Mr. E. Cox, Brickendon,
Herts, came Lizzie Cartledge, and Mrs. J. S. Fogg,
described above. Mr. Herbert Sutton, Lower Red-
lands, Reading, sent a white sport from Sunflower,
which the committee recommended should be grown
another season and seen again.

From Mr. James Weston, Ravenholme, Balham,
came Pompon Ethel Weston, a supposed sport from
Rosinante, which it greatly resembles. Mr. W.
Lane, King's Ride, Ascot, sent Japanese Lizzie
Cartledge; from Mr. E. S. Wiles, The Gardens,
Edgecote Park, Banbury, a sport from Guernsey
Nugget, in the form it usually takes ; and the same
characteristic holds good of an incurved form of
Cullingfordii sent by Mr. A. Wright, The Gardens,
Devonhurst, Chiswick. Mr. N. Davis, nurseryman,
Camberwell, sent Japanese Lilian S. Cole, a distinct
white sport from Etoile de Lyon, which the Com-
mittee wished to see again.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, Hextable. Swanley, sent
Japanese PrimroBe League, white, with slight prim-
rose centre, and E. D. Adams, a large, deep, pale-
coloured incurved Japanese, which becomes suffused
with pink reticulations. Mr. Dinsmore, Harrow
Weald, sent Kioto, a fine yellow Japanese, already
Certificated; Leon Frache, and Thomas Cartledge,
Japanese, reddish-brown, with yellowish-buff reverse.

The Weather.

[Br the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fuhr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Eainfail.

Bright
Sun.

■^ a
1 a

Accumulated.

a
3

a
S

3 ^

■^T

£ 2

H
•i.

*■ s a

• 2

> at

o .

■4

o .

8 d

q 3
S H_

•o'Sg

3 a"*"

8 d
a «j

s s
rai!

sis

° a
+ S

hi
O

rt 5-

OS
^_-

.9
cc a

a
a

«
o

a
o

o a,

be1*-

H
V

o «

a a
8.2
£2 -^

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

deg.

Inch .

Ins.

1 +

+ 205!+ 96

3 —

211

45.2

1 +

— 62 + 137

2 +

162

26.7

2 +

- 86+ 91

0 aver

158

21.6

3 +

- 56+ 97

2 —

169

23.4

3 +

- 94+ 90

0 aver

167

26.6

i +

— 9l'+ 121

3 —

162

29.2

1 +

+ 93+ 47

0 aver

174

39.9

2 +

+ 39 + 25

3 +

160

31.5

3 +

- 129(+ 102

5 —

170

38.0

0 aver

+ 21 + 56

1 —

191

29.6

1 —

— 43 + 45

4 —

174

33.5

3 +

— 33 + 39

6 —

170

31.3

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ;
5, Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, S[c,t Districts — 7, Scotland, W. ; S.
England, N.W.; 9, England, S.W. ; 10, Ireland, N.;
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending November 21, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather continued very rainy and unsettled
in all parts of the Kingdom during the earlier part
of the week, but towards its close a considerable
improvement occurred, although rain still fell
occasionally in the N. and N.W.

" The temperature was slightly below the mean in
' Ireland, S.,' but about equal to it in ' Ireland, N ,'
but in all parts of England and Scotland it was
above the normal value, the excess in ' England, S.,'
being as much as 4°. The highest of the maxima
were registered either on the 18th or 19th, and
ranged from 50° in ' Scotland, N.,' 53° in ' Scotland,
W.,' and 55° in ' England, N.E. and Scotland, E.,' to
58° in ' Ireland, N.,' and 59° in ' England, N.W.' and
the Channel Islands. The lowest of the minima,
which were recorded on somewhat irregular dates
ranged from 26° to 31° in ' Scotland,' from 26° to
29° in ' Ireland,' and from 30° to 32° over ' England.'
Iu the ' Channel Islands ' the thermometer did not
fall below 43°.

" The rainfall was a little more than the mean
in 'Scotland, E.' and 'England, N.W.,' and just
equalled it in ' England, N.E.,' the ' Midland
Counties,' and ' Scotland, W.' In all other districts
there was a deficit, and this amounted to half the
average in ' England, S.W.,' and a still larger pro-
portion in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The bright sunshine shows an increase in the
' Grazing,' and a decrease in most of the ' Wheat-
producing ' districts. It has, however, been less than
the mean in nearly all districts. The percentage of
the possible duration ranged from 33 in 'Ireland, N. '
and 24 in 'Scotland, W.' and 'Ireland, S.,' to only
7 in ' England, E. and S.' "

The "Temple Show."— We learn that by
permission of the Treasurer and Benchers of the
Inner Temple, the great summer show of the Royal
Horticultural Society will be held in the Temple
Gardens on June 1 and 2, 1892, that is immediately
in advance of the series of shows proposed to be held
at Manchester in that month.

LARGE PITMASTON DUCHESS PEARS.— Last
month I gathered twenty-six Pears (the crop) from
a tree of Pitmaston Duchess, which is planted
against a S.S.E. wall, and is about sixteen years old.
The six best fruits weighed 7 lb. 14 oz. Is this an
extraordinary weight ? [Yes, we have no record of
such heavy fruit. Ed.] Last Whit-Sunday (May 17),
the tree was in full bloom, and the blossoms were
covered with snow for some time, same as most of
the other Pears. The tree is a regular bearer.
J. Borlase Tibbits, Barton Seagrave Hall, Kettering.

Markets,

CO VENT GARDEN, November 26.

Business quiet. Prices unaltered.
Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. i s. d. s.d.

Apples, Canadianand J Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0

Nova Scotian, per < Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0

barrel 12 0- 18 0 Pine-apples, St. Mi-
Apples, £-sieve ...10-40 chael, each ... 20-60
Grapes 0 6- 2 6 I

James Webber,

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Acacia or Mimosa,

French, per bunch

Azalea, p. doz. sprays

Camellias, white.doz.

— red, per doz...
Carnations, 12 blms.
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms

— 12 bunches
Cloves, per dozen

blooms

Eucharia, per dozen
Gardenia, per dozen
Heliotrope, 12 sprays
Hyacinths, 12 sprays
Lilac, white(French)

per bunch

Lilium Harrisii, doz.
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Mignonette, doz. bun.

s.d. s.d.

10-16
10-16
3 0-40
10-20

2 0-26

10-30

3 0-12 0

2 0-26

4 0-70
2 0-40
0 6-09
0 6-10

6 0-80
4 0-60

4 0-

l 6

Marguerite?, per doz
bunches

Narcissus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun.

Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms.
Odontogl ossn m
crispuni, 12 blms.

Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun.

— 12 spays

Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz.

— red, per dozen ...
Tuberoses, 12 blms.
Violets, Parme, per

bunch

— Czar, per bunch

— English, 12 buns.

s. d. s.d.

3 0-40

4 0-8 0
6 0-12 0

3 0-60

4 0-60
0 6-10
10-30

2 0-40

4 0-60
10-20
0 4-06

3 6-40

16-26
10-16

Orchid-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantums. per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz.18
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Chrysanthe mums,
per dozen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyclamens, per doz. 9
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracffinaa, each ... 1
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12

d. s. d.
0-12 0
0-12 0
0-63 0
0-6 0

0-9 0
0-3 6
0-6 0
0-18 0
0-10 0
0 5 0

0-18 0

s.d. s. d.
Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0
Ferns, various, dor. 4 0-90

— small, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficu*. each 10-50

Geni&tas, per doz. 10 0-15 0
Scarlet Pelargo-
niums, per doz. ... 4 0-60

Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Solanums, per dozen 9 0-12 0

Vegetables.— Average Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6 10
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bum-h... 0 4-06
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3-06
Celery, per bundle... 10-18
Cucumbers, each ... 0 6-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10

s.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1
Mushrooms, punnet 2
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0

Parsley, per bunch... 0
Shallots, per lb. ... 0
Spinach, per bushel 3
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0
Turnips, per bunch , 0

d. s.d.
0-16
0- ...

3-0 6
6- ...
6- ...
9-13

4-0 6

POTATOS.

Arrivals during the week have been much heavier, and as
the demand has not increa>ed, the stocks on hand are nearly
double. Trade dull. J. B. Thomas.

SEEDS.

Loimotr, Nov. 25.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merohants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.K., report a
Ann market for American and all other descriptions oi

Novembek 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

655

Red Clover seed. White seed more particularly has this
week been in favour, at advanced values. There is do
chaDge in either Alsike, Trefoil, or grasses. Blue boiliiig
Peas hold their own ; arrivals continue meagre, and
stocks generally are remarkably light. Giant and small
Haricot Beans tend upwards. New Scarlet Ruoners are
now cheap. Canary seed show a further rise of Is. per qr.
Hempseed keep3 firm. Winter Tares are in somewhat
improved request. Buckwheat, Linseed, and Dari are steady.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : Nov. 24. — Quotations :— Cabbages, Is. 6d.
to 2s. &d. per tally; Savoys, 2s. to 2s. 6d. do.; Cauliflowers,
2s. tid. to 10s. do.; Greens, Is. to Is. <od. per dozen bunches;
Turnips, Is. 9d. to 2s. do. ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. Gd. do. ; Onions,
2s. to 2s. iid. do. ; Parsley, Is. Qd. to 2s. do. ; Beetroot, Is. to
2s. tii. do.; SpiDach, Is. to Is. 9d. per bushel; Brussels
Sprouts, 9d. to Is. 3d. per half-sieve; Parsnips, id. to 9d. per
score ; Cos Lettuc*, id. to lOd. do. ; Endive, Is. to Is. 3d. per
dozen ; Cabbage Lettuce, 3d. to 6d. do. ; Leeks, Is. 6d. to
2s. 6d. do. ; frame Cucumbers, Is. 3d. to Is. 9d. do. ; Belgian
Onions, 3s. to 4s. ; Dutch do., 3s. 3d. to 4s. 6d. per bag of
110 lb.; Spanish do., 6s. to 6s. 6d. per case ; Celery, 6d. to Is.,
and; Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle ; English Apples, 3s. to
6s. per bushel; American do., 10s. to 12s. per barrel ; Pears,
Is. $d. to 2s. 6d per half-sieve; English Tomatos, 5s. to 7s. 6d.
per peck ; foreign do., Is. to Is. 9d. per per box.

Borough : Nov. 24.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. ;
Savoys, 2s. &d. to 3s. ; Broccoli, 4s. to 5s. per tally ; Spinach,
2s. to 3s. Bd. per bushel; Turnips, Is. to Is. &d. ; Carrots,
Is. to Is. 9d. per dozen bunches; English Onions. 4s. 6rf. to 5s.
per cwt. ; Eoglish Apples, 2s. to 6s., and Pears, 2s. 6rf.
to 7s. per bushel; Canadian Apples, 12s. to 25s., and Newtown
Pippins, 18s. to 45s. per barrel.

Stratford : Nov. 24.— There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market duriDg the past week,
and a brisk trade has been done as under : — Cabbages, 2s. to
3s. per tally ; Savoys, 3s. to 5s. do. ; Greens, Collards,
Is. 9d. to 2s. 3d. per dozen; do., Is. 3d. to Is. 9d. ptr
bunch ; Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; do., 3s. 6d. to
7s. per tally ; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per dozen bunches; do.,
30s. to 42s. per ton; Carrots, household, 28s. to 40s. do.;
do., cattle-feeding, 25s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, 9d. to Is. 6d.
per score; Mangels, 14s. to 18s. per ton; Swedes, 21s. to 23s.
do. ; Onions, English, 100s. to 120s. do. ; do., Dutch, 2s. 9d. to
4s. Gd. per bag; do., Oporto, 6s. Gd. to 8s. per case ; Apples,
American, 14s. to 21s. per barrel ; Sprouts, Is. to Is. 3d. per
half-sieve; do., 2s. to 2s. 6rf. per sieve; Celery, 8rf. to Is. 6d.
per roll ; Horseradish, lOd. to Is. 6d. per bundle.

POTATOS.

Spitalfields: Nov. 24.— Quotations:— Maguums, 60s. to
75s.; Regents, 60s. to 70s. : Champions, 55s. to 65s. ; Impe-
rators, 55s. to 75s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 80s. ; Snowdrops, 60s. to
70s. per ton.

Borough : Nov. 24.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 80s. ; Bruces and Magnums,
70s. to 90s. per ton.

Stratford : Nov. 25.— Quotations :— Magnums, 60s. to 85*. ;
Hebrons, 70s. to 80s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 80s. ; Regents, 65s.
to lbs. per ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Nov. 21,
and for the corresponding period of last year : — 1891, Wheat,
38s. »d. ; Barley, 31s. 3d. ; Oats, 22s. id. 1890, Wheat,
32s. 9d. ; Barley, 2Ss. lid. ; Oats, 17s. Sri. Difference: Wheat,
+ 7s. ; Barley, +2s. Id ; Oats, +4s. 8d.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices at
the principal metropolitan markets during the past week :—
Clover, prime, 80s. to 105s. ; do., inferior, 40s. to 75s. ; hay,
best. 60s. to 92s.; do., inferior, 26s. to 69s.; and straw, 20s.
to 40s. per load.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : Constant Header. Watercress, by Shirley
Hibberd, published by Messrs. W. H. and L.
Collingridge, 148, 149, Aldersgate Street, E.C.—
Alexander Black. Henfrey's Elementary Course of
Botany, 4th edition (John Van Voorst, Pater-
noster Row, London, E.C.).

Chbtsanthemum Sport from La Triomfhante :
H. E. F. The bloom has good form, bat the colour
has nothing to recommend it.

Fkllow of the Royal Horticultural Societt :
F. W. B. Ton will be furnished with the infor-
mation you seek by applying to the Secretary,
Rev. W. Wilks, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster.

Fellowship of Linnean Society : C. J. B. Com-
municate your wish to become a Fellow to the

Assistant- Secretary, Dr. J. Murie, M.U., LL D.,
Offices, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London.

Fobcino Pit: Hortus. — Your forcing-pit is suffi-
ciently heated and ventilated for the growth of
either Tomatos or Cucumbers ; but as the former
do not require so high a temperature, so much
aerial or root moisture, or so little ventilation, as
the latter, they would be better grown apart.
Divide your pit into two parts, and arrange the
hot-water pipes so that you can regulate the heat
as may be desirable, that is, put in a T-shaped
connection in the bottom-heat and top-heat pipes,
close to the partition, and just beyond this put
throttle valves in the flow pipes. We cannot
advise you as to the more profitable subjects to
grow. The markets are flooded with home and
foreign produce, and prices seldom rule high.

Fruit Growers for Market : A. B. We are un-
able to do as you wish. Why not make enquiries
in the large markets in London and elsewhere ?

Gummed Peach Trees : J. Bowie, Transplant the
trees, drain the border if wet, keep the roots near
the surface, disbud gradually, commencing not
earlier than June 6, and keep the shoots thin by
disbudding duringgrowth, so that but little winter-
pruniDg will be needed.

Heaviest Bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes
ever Shown in the British Isles : J. M. On
August 21, 1874, Mr. Hunter showed at Belfast
one bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes weighing
21 lb. 12 oz.

Insect- eating Birds : C. T. We shall shortly be
publishing an account of insectivorous birds of
this country. There is no kind of netting that
would suit all sorts of birds.

Marguerite Maggots : T. S. We know of no
remedy beyond picking off the leaves and
burning them.

Names of Fruits : T. H. 9, Colonel Vaughan (pale) ;
10, Domino; 11, Cox's Orange Pippin; H.Bedford-
shire Foundling ; 17, King of the Pippins ; 20,
Lewis's Incomparable ; 21. Dutch Mignonne; 23,
Duke of Beaufort ; 24, Winter Peach ; 25, Old
Nonpareil; 26, Court of Wick.— C. E. W. 1, not
known — specimen much bruised ; 2, Pear, Winter
Nelis; Apple, Maltster. — Lavant. Apple: Peas-
good's Nonsuch. — Forge. 1, Catillac ; 2, Marecbal
de la Cour. — J. E. N. 1, Hawthornden (new) ; 2,
Chaumontelle ; 18, Rymer; 20, Nonsuch ; 25,
ComtedeLamy; 39, Lucombe's Pine ; 212, Golden
Harvey. — Thos. Taylor, Your Pear is Doyenne du
Cornice. — J. Methuen. Apple : Cox's Pomona.—
Correspondent. 1, Dutch Mignonne ; 2, Chau-
montelle.— C. T. Pears quite rotten ; impossible
to name.

Names of Plants : G. B., Mont St. Amand. Mor-
modes, new species. Please send particulars of
plant, and state its origin, to enable descri: tion to
be finished. Can you spare a leaf ? — C. Woodbridge.
Cypripedium insigne, variety with unusually yellow
lip and petals.

Showing Reilexed Chbysanthemums : C. H. As
the schedule contained no class for Japanese re-
flexed varieties, the exhibitor was not within his
ri^ht in showing them, the ordinary reflexed
varieties being those for which the prizes were
offered by the Society.

Skin Irritation and Primulas : I, T. H. Some
persons when handling plants of Primula obconica
suffer from a kind of rash on the hands, arms, and
sometimes the face.

Vineries : J. Bowie. 1, There being less variation in
the temperature in span houses, if large, the Grapes
keep best in these ; but, after all, the good keeping
of Grapes hanging on the Vine depends greatly on
the management of the vinery, and very little on
size, aspect, or form. 2, If the bouse is of wood, you
might have portable sashes over the greater part
of the roof, the ventilating portion excepted. 3, The
panes of glass might be 3 feet by 10 inches. 4, Fix
training wires at 1£ feet from the glass.

Communications Received.— H. Correvon, Geneva.— Ch. de
B., Lierre — W. Woodgate— K. Middleton.— F. Geeson.—
Qirnton Read.— Tull.— C. D.-C. P. Lee.— W. Parker.-
M. T. M„ telegram, &c received in time. — W. E. D. —
R. D.— J. R.— A. A.— C. de B— F. R. H. S.. please send full
name and address.— Dr. Kraenzlin. — V. Reid.— C. A. M. C.
Wild Rose.— Shopman.— E. J.— W. P. B.— F. Ross.— E. C—
D. T. F.— R. R— J. Eyerman.— H. Williams.— A. (J. D. T.—
W. W. Good.— H. a.—W D.— A. F. Gosden.— W. Cann, we
have no record of your sending. — Constant Reader. —
W. H. D.— W. W.— Seegei & Tropp.

BOULTON & PAUL,

NORWICH.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS

WINTER CARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

GARDEN FRAMES „£.. VARIETY.

BOILERS

Of all makea and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock.

Our Celebrated No. 4,

CHECK END BOILER,

To heat from 300 to 5000 feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

To heat from 100 to 300 feet of 4-inch piping.

No. 12.

AMATEUR'S

SLOW

COMBUSTION

BOjLER.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

To heat from

40 feet

to 100 feet

4-in. Piping.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDINGS and APPLUNCES, IRON BUILD-
INGS, POULTRV. and KENNEL REQUISITES, &c.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very Btrong, 45. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORE, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-PoiBonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac,
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Postrfree.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W.

16, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount far Ctuh.

656

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Novembeb 28, 1891.

BLACKBURN«HOMER

43, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, W.C.,

FOR

MATS, MATTING,

RAFFIA, Orchid PEAT,
BAMBOOS, BONES,
FIBRE DUST, CORK,

AND ALL OTHER

GARDEN REQUISITES.

WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

FLORISTS' WIRE a Specialty.

Sole London Agents for Keropton's Floral Gum.

RICHARDSON'S

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Many

Prize Medals,

Conservatories, Greenhouses.

Vineries, Peach Houses!

Stove and Orchid

ft — ^ Houses, &c. Al.«o

*S&_ W >\^ Boilers, Pipes,

WARMIfG and \<?' V ^\ ""d

VENTILATION of ^Of4*7 (/"•» Fitting*'
Churches and Public Buildings ^^^^O* Cf
(as well as Greenhouses). ^\ C,M £*

RICHARDSON & CO.
DARLINGTON.

HILL & SMITH,

BRIERLEY HILL,
ST AFFORDSH I RE,

And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C

NEW PATTERN

TREE GUARD,

"The Porcupine"

The maximum of utility and
the minimum of cost.

Constructed of Strong Iron Up-
rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel
Wire.

Price 10s. 6d.

TESTIMONIAL.
The Whittern, Herefordshire,

"Dec. 28,1887.
Dear Sirs, — I have now had
an opportunity of trying
your Porcupine Tree
Guards, and they seem
quite to answer my pur-
pose, so you may send me
50 more as before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly.
KICHD. GREEK.

Messrs. Hill $ Smith.

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses.
Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forma of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames; also of alfthe best kind of Boilers, Hot-water Pipes, and all appliances for
heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Prlc© 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country ; an inspection of
this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
as enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

London Office :— 163, Palmcrston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

CROMPTON
& FAWKES,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

CHELMSFORD.

5WMP

BOOK of Photo-Lithographed
Sketches of Winter Gardens, Ranges
of Hothouses, Vineries, Architectu-
ral Conservatories, &c, of various
Designs and Sizes, recently con-
structed, erected, fitted, and heated
complete by us in different partaof
the country ; with particulars of the
most successful Hotwater Heating
Apparatus of the century.

Post-free on application.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

From

THE PUBLISHER,

41. Wellington Street, Strand.
LONDON, W.O.

.1891.

Please send me " Thk Gabdenbbs' Cheoniclb " for
commencing ,for which 1 enclose P.O.O.

Months,

(g* Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for in advance. JB

THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15s.; 6 Months, Is. id.; 3 Months, 3s. id.; Post-free.

FOEEIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, 17s. id. for 12 Months. India and China, IBs. f d.

Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for.

No- *3,

P.O.O. to be made payable at the Post Office,
DRURY LANE, London, to A. Q. MARTIN
Cheques should be oroased " DE.UMMQFB,"

o. c,

Nov. 28, 1891.

November 28, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G57

THOMAS GREEN & SON, Limited,

SMITKFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEDS, AND SORREY WORKS, BLAGKFRiARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.,

HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS to HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, call Special Attention to their Patent Wrougnt-Iron Municipal or Angular Chambered and Tubular

HOT-WATER BOILERS,

And others with SHELVES, and Hollow or Ordinary Cast-iron GRATE BARS.

CAnni C Rflll EDO With WATERWAY BACKS and WELDED BOILERS, any of which arc specially adapted for Heating Greenhouses, Conservatories, Churches, Chapels,
uAUULL DUILLllUj Schools, Public Buillings, Entrance Halls, Warehouses, Workshops, &c. They are the neatest, cheapest, most effective, aDd durable of any extant.

The MUNICIPAL and TUBULAR ones are remarkable for their great heating power, slow combustion, and the length of time the fire will burn without requiring attention.

These Patterns secured the FIRST and HIGHEST PRIZE-a SILVER MEDAL— at the Royal Horticultural Society's Exhibition, South Kensington, London, June 1, 1881.

The Best Boiler Extant.

*r-

r*-^

. I Li l»«iim^l^»LW^«!W.W^WWWIIM5««KieiP«WWJi.i!">.,,^,»'
LONCITUDIMAL SECTION

SECTIONAL PLAN.

0 in.

deep .

, 1000 ft.

Price £15

Calculated to

1280

„ 21

" f

heat 4-in. piping

^2200

„ 32

aa follows :—

/4000

„ 60

l7000

„ 85

it Elevation —

The longitudinal section gives a view of the fire-box, water space, flues, &c. The cross section gives a view of the fire-box, water space and V-shaped back.

The front elevation shows it set in brickwork, which is necessary for this class of boiler.

SIZES AND PRICES.

M B 1 3 ft. 2 in. long by 2 ft. 0 in. wide by 2 ft. 0 in. deep > . 100(

MB 2 4 0 „ by 3 0 ,, by 2

MB 3 5 0 „ by 2 3 „ by 2

MB4 6 6 „ by 3 0 „ by 3

MB 5 8 6 „ by 4 0 „ by 3

TESTIMONIALS.

Messrs. THOS. GREEN and SON. Ltd., NORTH STREET, LEEDS. Re HEATING APPARATUS. Borough Engineer's Office. Municipal Buildings, Leeds. January 9 H86.

GENTLEMEN, —I have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficiency and satisfactory working of the Hot- water Heating Apparatus you erected in these public buildings.

The buildings are four storeys high, and we have a total length of about 28,000 feet of piping in them, varying in size from 1 J in. to 6 in. diameter, with their connections, tec. The several
offices and rooms can all be in operation at one time or separately, and the heat regulated by means of the valves to the temperature required, even in the coldest weather.

Two of your Patent Municipal Pattern Boilers, No. 4. work the whole of this piping easily, although we have three of them fixed. They are very powerful and economical in the consump-
tion of fuel, and I am pleased to be able to report of them and the apparatus so favourably. I am. Gentlemen, yours truly, THOS. HEWSON, Borough Engineer.

Morley House, Bagot, St. Saviour's, Jersey, November \()th, 1886.

Gentlemen,— The large Municipal Boiler which you sent me last year is doing its work satisfactorily; it is heating 50U0 feet of 4-inch pipe in one of my vineries, and I am quite sure that
it has power to work a much greater length, while in cost of fuel it compares favourably with my other Boilers.

I have now five of your Boilers in use, and I cannot speak too well of their heating powers, or their comparatively small consumption of fuel.
MESSRS. THOS. GREEN AND SON, Ltd., LEEDS. You„ faithfully, (Signed) G. W. BASHFORD.

AND HUNDREDS OF OTHER REFERENCES CAN BE GIVEN IF REQUIRED.

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, fee,, constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equalled. We only do one class of work,
and that the very best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our firm,
from the smallest to the largest. Hot- water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and Buccess guaranteed

tn all eases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, fee, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORE. THE BEST MATERIALS.

"DUROLINE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE i GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roojing Co., Ld." May and June iSqt.

INVALUABLE FOR FAKM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LO.

75a, Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

658

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

[November 28, 1891.

TO NTJRSEBYMEN AND AMATEUR
GARDENERS.

CRUSTACEAN FERTILISER.

Made from the Waste of the Lobster Tinning
Factories in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The most beneficial and the cheapest Fertiliser in the Market
for Nursery, Vegetable, and Flower Gardens, and for Conserva-
tories, producing the highest results with the smallest outlay
Ask your Seedsman for a shilling 1 lb. Tin. with printed
directions for use, and see that you get none other.

For Wholesale Quantities address :—
5, SALTERS' HALL COURT, CANNON ST.,

LONDON. E.C.

BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDE. ,

1 Gallon, 9s. ; 3 Gallons, 8S. per Gallon.

BENTLEY'S SOLUBLE

PARAFFIN.

1 Gallon, 5s. ; 3 Gallons. 4s. 9d. per Gallon.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HTJMBER, HULL.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT-InvaluaMe for Mildew.

Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides.

As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and
Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green
and Black Fly, Mealy Bug, Scale and Thrip, Red Spider,
American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c.

Price in tins— J-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. Qd.; 1 Quart, 3s.;
^-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-Gallon Drums, 8s. per
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application.
Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD.,

LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1850
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
■winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6rf.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Gd. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5«. id. per aaok ; 5 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PBAT, 5s. per sack, 6 saoks, 22s. : sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9rf. per bushel ; 15s. per half
ton ; 26s. per ton. in 2-bushel bags. id. each.

TELLOW FIBROUS LOAM. PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD, Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. id. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, to. Write for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard), W.C.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO., Farnborough. Hants.

peatfor orchTds",

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,

ALL FIRST-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Speciality

For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Tkape.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

CARDEN REQUISITES^

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack, Is 3d., 10 for 12s.,
20 for 20s., 30 for 28s., sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per sack, 5 for 22s. id ; BLACK do.,
4s. id. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD, LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE SAND, 1». id. per
bu-hel, lis. half-ton, 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, finch, lis.
per cwt. ; dust, lis. id. per cwt. SPHAGNUM. 7s. id. per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lOd.
per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., £8 lb. for 26s.
ROPE. 6d. per lb.. 28 lb., 10s. id. RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. id., Us. id.,
and 12s. id. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses, South wark Street. London. S.E.

GLASS I

15-or... per 100 ft., 9s.
2L-oz., ,, 13s

Heating Apparatus and Gardening Appliances at low prices.
Flooring, at 6s. id. per square; Matching, at 4s. ; 2x4.atjrf.
per foot run. Greenhouse Bars, Mouldings, Doors, Paints,
Ironmongery, &c. CATALOGUES Free.

THE CHEAP WOOD COMPANY,
72, Bishopsgate Street Within, London, E.C.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED -GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,

MERRTWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our
pamphlet. " Water Supply to Mansions."

'T< H O S . W. ROBINSON,

J- Denuis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge.

CHEAP GLASS I

In Stock Sizes.
., (12X10,18X12,18X14,24X14
JS'-J 14X12,20X12,18X16,24X16
m- I 16x12, 16 X 14, '.'OX 16. 24 X 18, &

EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,
SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

AUTUMN and WINTER PRUNING,

X~V TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including ihe " STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the "MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. Thev were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Balh
and Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled with great
saving of time and labour, and the risk to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends
Bevered in a vital condition.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq.

A Practical and Scientific Treatise, that will be of great
service, boih to the oldest anO most successful exhibitor and
the youngest grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Sbea has, by
the treatment explained in his treatise, had a long series of
triumphs, to which this season he has added, in keen compe-
tition with our most noted growers, at the Kent County,
Watford, and Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of
1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10.

In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shoesmith is
included in my new chrysanthemum Catalogue, which alto
contains the most complete List of New Varieties ever brought
together, and embraces selections from all the known Chrysan-
themum world.

Thin valuable work is now readv. post free, seven stamps.
H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewisham.

\,|ONOGRAPHIEDER ABIETINEEN DES

111- JAPANISCHEN REICHES. — A Geographical and
Systematic Description of the JAPANESE FIRS, SPRUCES.
LARCHES, HEMLOCKS, and PINES. With Seven Coloured
Plates. Edited by DR. HEINRICH MAYR, Professor to the
Imperial Japanese University of Tokio.

The Scientific Value and the Reliability of this New Work
has been acknowledged in terms of prai&e by the Editor of this
Paper.

The Illustrations, and the exact description of Young and
Full-Grown Trees, written in plain and easy German, will
enable Nurserymen and all who are Interested in the Cultiva-
tion of Japanese Conifers : 1st, to identify their specimens ; 2nd,
to order the seeds of wished-for Japanese Conifers by their true
native names ; 3rd. to control the seeds sent from Japan.

Forty-three Varieties of Japanese Pines are described in the
book. Those varieties, which comprise Forms of the very First
Ornamental Value, can be ordered from Japan as pot-plants
by their native names, given in the book.

Imperial 4to. Price 20s. Sent free, if money-order be paid
directly toG. HIMMER, Librarian to the University, 2, Odeons-
ptatz, Munich, Germany.

Belgian.

BULLETIN d' ARBORICULTURE,
de FLORICULTURE, et de CULTURE MARAI-
CHlSRE. A monthly horticultural work, with superb Coloured
Plates and Illustrations. Published since 1865, by F. Burte-
nich, F. Paynaert, E. Rodigas, and H. J. van Hulle,
Professors at the Horticultural School of the Belgian Govern-
ment at Ghent. Post-paid, 10s. per annum.

H. J. VANHULLE. Botanical Gardens. Ghent, Belgium.

RUSSIA MATS. - RAFFIA.

ARCHANGEL MATS and all kinils of PETERSBURG MATS
imported direct, and supplied to the Wholesale Trade only, at
much lower prices than any other firm.
MARENDAZ & KISHER, James Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

'TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE

i- GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck-
loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address,

G. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Street, Birmingnam.

l^IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; sir for Is. Ad,
Eight-iDch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for
Is. $d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29. Ludgatehill, London.

PARTNER WANTED, in an Old-established
FLORISTS' SHOP and Compact NURSERY. Near
Covent Garden. All Glass. This is a good chance for a
pu-hing young man with a Small Capital. — W. P., 73, Mor-
daunt Street, Stockwell Road, S.W.

WANTED, as WORKING PARTNER, a
young MAN, with £100 to £150, to develop the
Trade in Market Nursery.— Address, B, G. COPLAND, Solicitor,
Brick Cottage, Wallasey, Cheshire.

WANTED, a MAN and WIFE, without
Children, in Kent, as SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER
and good plain COOK, and to take entire care of small house
in Family's absence. Man must understand Grapes. Melons,
Stove Plants, and be a good Outside Gardener. About 2 acres.
Three Rooms on Premises. — Apply, by letter, to R. S.,
3-', Grosvenor Road, London, S.W.

WANTED, a general WORKING FORE-
MAN, Indoor and Out.— Married man preferred, small
family. Cottage found. State wages, experience, and full par-
ticulars.—H. ENGLISH. Clapton Nurseries, near Clevedon.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a practical, energetic
MAN, for Nursery Work ; able to Bud and Graft;
situation permanent. State wages and reference to HIRAM
SHAW and SON, Richmond Hill Nursery, Sheffield. Also
ONE or TWO young MEN, accustomed to Market Gardening.
Good spade hands.

WANTED, young active married MAN
a good ROSE RUDDER, and who knows Tea Roses well
To act aloo as Foreman at a Branch Nursery. Good cottage on
the grounds.— PAUL and SON, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

Novembee 28, 1891.]

THE GAB DENE BS' CHRONICLE.

659

WANTED, a young MAN, used to growing
Carnations and Greenhouse Plants for Market — State
wages, &c, to E. D. SHUT1 LEVVOKrH AND CO., Ltd.,
Albert Nurseries, 256, Peckhim Rye, S.E.

ANTED, for the Pleasure Grounds, Wight-

wick Manor, a strong, active young MAN and YOUTH.
—Apply, staling wages, &c, to G. A. BISHOP, Netherton
House, Wightwick, Wolverhampton.

ANTED, a young MAN, for out-door

Nursery, able to Bud, &c.— State wages, and experi-
ence, to E. D. SHUTTLEWORTH and CO., Ltd., Albert
Nurseries, Fleet, Hants.

WANTED, a reliable MAN, as GROOM-
GARDENER, and to take Entire Charge of a Lady's
place.— Apply by letter, stating wages required, to Mrs.
WALFOKD. Chaitlands. Seal, Sevtnoaks.

ANTED, an active intelligent YOUTH,

who has had some experience under Glass. Bothy and
Vegetables found. — Apply, stating wages, to L. A., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a smart, active ASSIST A NT, for
Counter Work ; a ^ood writer, with exceptional refer-
ences. — Apply, with full particulars, to R., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a MAN, as CARMAN, and to
make himself generally useful. — Apply to R. CHILDS,
Florist, 135, Rye Lane, Peckham.

WANTED, a CLERK^~used to double-entry^
and able to take charge of a set of books.— Apply,
stating wages required, &c, to J. R. PEARSON and SOUS,
Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

Clerk in a Nursery.

WANTED, a young MAN, about 18, as abovs,
who understands Book-keeping, and has first-clas3
testimonials.— Apply, by letter, to W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

WANTED, a CLERK to a Large Fruit
and Flower Farm, and to Assist Manager. One with
Market experience preferred. — Address H., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

ANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENEKS.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SUNS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
aud practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Siogle-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

§7 WILLIAMS and SON beg to intimate

• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon
their Register some excellent Men, competent either to fill
the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN,
or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of
the above will please send full particulars, when the best
selections for the different capacities will be made.— Victoria
and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

KICH ARD SMITH and CO.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries. Worcester.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS. CHESTER."

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
Beveral of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter.
Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Viueyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

GARDENER (Head) ; age $£.— J. K
McJLEAVE, eight years' Head Gardener to R. Hey-
wood Jones, Esq., Beas worth Hall, Pontefract, is open to a
re-engagement in good establishment. Nineteen years' expe-
rience in Jail branches. Testimonials of the highest order. —
9, Montpelier Place, Brompton Road, London.

GARDENER (Head).— A Gentleman recom-
mends an energetic, sober, industrious, reliable man.
Skilled in Stove Plants, Orchids, Decorating, Forcing Choice
Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables. Master of his work all round.
Won over 100 prizes.— NUNN, 20, Oxford Terrace, West
Norwood.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 30. Fourteen
years' experience in all branches. Well recommended.
MESSRS. BROWN, Wothorpe, Stamford.

f^ ARDENER (Head), where two or three

VX are kept. — Age 29, single ; thoroughly experienced in
all branches. Excellent references and testimonials. — GAR-
DENER, 5. Upper Pellipar Road, Woolwich.

GARDENER (Head).— Thomas Hare, for
seventeen years Head Gardener to R. H. C. Nevile, Es j.t
Wellingore Hall, would be glad to hear from any Lady, Gen-
tleman, or Gardener, particulars that may lead to appoint-
ment in a large establishment. Well qualified. Excellent
testimonials. Letting of place, cause of leaving. — Wellingore,
Lincoln.

GARDENER (Head), where the pivduce~is
grown for Market. — Eighteen years' practical expe-
rience.—W. BRYAN, The Vineyard, Potter's Bar.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three
are kept. — Age 25, married, without family ; ten years'
experience Inside and Out. Abstainer. Good references —
G. M., 13, Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, Essex.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
FORESTER ; age 44.— GEORGE Williams, for the past
fiteen years Head Gardener aud Forester to the late and pre-
sent Right Hon. Lord Carew, at Castle Boro, begs to offer his
services to any Lauy or Gentleman requiring a thoroughly
practical man. — 9, Lennox Street, Dublin.

GARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and
BAILIFF.— Age 40, married ; one son. aged Id. Twenty-
six years' practical experience in all branches, in good estab-
lishments. Wife could undertake Poultry. Excellent refer-
ences.— A. A., 12, Victoria Terrace, Graham Road, South
Wimbledon.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Married, no incumbrance. Life
experience in all branches. Ten years' character from last
situatiou. — T. H., 5i, Bramford Road, Wandsworth.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or four are kept; age 36, married. — A Lady (widow),
making change*, desires to recommend a steady, industrious
man, who has lived ten years in her employ, with four under
him. Abstainer. Trained at Chatsworth, under the late Mr.
Speed.— Mrs. MARKHAM, Tapton House, Chesterfield.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 40
(two boys, Sand 6) ; thoroughly practical in all branches.
Land and Stock, if required. Good character and reference.
— W. T„ 23, Queen Street, Mayfair, W.

GARDENER (Working).— Age 38. To grow
for Market— Grapes, Peaches, Cucumbers, Melons,
Tomatos, Mushrooms, Cut Flowers, &c. ; or would take charge
of a good Jobbing Connection. Good references. — GARDENER,
5, Selwood Cottages, East Barnet, N.

GARDENER (Single-handed), or otherwise.
— Age 32, single; eight years in Market Vegetable aud
Fruit Garden, small Stove and Greenhouse. — A. MOORE,
Ruscombe, near Reading. Berks.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or Second).
—Age 24. Experienced in Rises, Cucumbsrs, Melons.
Tomatos, &c. ; also Flower and Kit hen Gardens. Good refer-
ences.—A. BEALE, 58. Garland's Road, Red bill. Surrey.

GARDENER.— Advertiser (age 40, married ;
one boy. 12 years) is open to engage with any Lady or
Gentleman requiring the services of a gooii all-round, practical
Gardener. Excellent testimonials for fourteen years as Head
Gardener.— W. S.. 306. High Street, Acton, W.

GARDENER, where one or two are kept, or
good Single-handed. — Age 29; good reference. —
GARDENER, Mrs. Cheney, Upway, Dorchester.

ARDENER.— Age 35, married, two children.

HY. Garrett, Gardener to G. Gwynne Holford, Esq.,
would be glad to recommend bis Foreman, Hy. Powell, as
above. He has served under him fourteen years, having had
twenty years' experience in practical gardening in all its
branches. — Buckland Gardens, Bwlch, R.S.O., Brecou^hire.

ARDENER, with help.— Age 30, single at

present ; well up in alt branches. State wages. &c.
Excellent testimonials and references. — ASHWELL, Bedford
Road, Morhangfr, Sandy, Bedfordshire.

GARDENER (Under).— A Lady wishes to
recommend a young man of 19 as above ; nearly two
years in last situation. Good character. — A. DEADMAN,
Arnold's Cottage, Hayward's Heath, Sussex.

GARDENER and COWMAN.— Well up to
his work. Three years* good character. — J. L., 3, Watney's
Cottage, Jew's R?w, Wandsworth, S.W.

PROPAGATORandGROWER,or FLORIST.
— Age 25 ; nine years' Nursery experience. Palms,
Ferns, Stove, and Soft-wooded Propagation, Forcing. &c.
Wreaths, Bouquets, Decorations. — A., 62, Victoria Road,
Burtou-on-Trent.

EDWARD BENNETT, F.R.H.S., Harefield
Gardens, Uxbridge, having let his Vineyard Nursery,
Potter's Bar, can with every confidence recommend to Market
Growers his late GROWER and MANAGER.

To Fruit Growers, &c, for Market.

MANAGER, or GENERAL FOREMAN.—
Thoroughly experienced in Grapes, Tomatos, Cucum-
bers, Palms, Ferns, Cut Flowers, &c, in quantity. Twenty
years' experience. Highest refeieoces. — ALPHA, 1, Grove
Road, Mitcham.

FOREMAN, Inside or General. — Age 25;
good Plant and Fruit Grower. House and Table
Decoration. Ten years' experience. Excellent character. —
S. YOUDEN, Ranston Gardens, Blandford.

To Nurserymen.

FOREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 38, married ;
thoroughly experienced in Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos,
Mushrooms, and Cut Flowers. Good references.— C. W.,
Grange Hill, Chi g well, Essex.

FOREMAN, under Glass, or Kitchen Garden
and Pleasure Grounds; married, age 3D. — Advertiser
seeks situation as above. Fifteen years exp^rie^ce in large
places First-class character and references.— T., Mr. William
Tadgell, Matching, Harlow, Essex.

OREMAN, in good Nursery.— Well up in

Orchids. Palms. Ferns, Chrysanthemums. Carnations,
Bouvardias, and Early and Lute Forcing. Twelve years' ex; e-
rience. — A., Fern Cottage. Harpenden, Herts.

FOREMAN and SALESMAN, or PROPA-
GATOR and GROWER —Sixteen years experience in
growii g large quantitiesof Plants and Cut Flowers for Market,
such as Cyclamen. Double Primulas, Pelargoniums, Chrysan-
themums, Roses, Palms. Ferns, and different plants usually
found in a Nursery. Well up in Wreaths, Crosses, and Bou-
quets.—ALPHA, 7, Clarence Cottages, Hextable, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN (Second), Inside. -Age 20;
six years' experience Inside and Out. Good reference —
A. BARKER, Freston Hill Lodge. Ipswich, Suffolk.

IMPROVER to a Gardener.— F. Thornton,
Gardener to C E. Marfleet. E*q., Boothby Hall, Lincoln,
can reemmend a strong Youth, age 17, as above. Four years in
the above Gardens.

TO GARDENERS, &c.— A young English-
man, just returned from Germany, seeks situation in
Garden, Shop, or Office; experience in each. — G. G., 45, Lang-
borough. Wokingham, Berks.

To GENTLEMEN'S GARDENERS.— Youi g
man requires situation as SECOND, or THIRD, under
Glass.— Age 23; abstainer. Good references.— T. J., 101,
Moffat Road, Thornton Heath.

TO GARDENERS.— A young Man (age 21)
seeks re-engagement under a Foreman in a good esta-
blishment. Two years in present situation, five in la<t. Good
references.— H. M., The Gardens, Elm Grove, Kingeclere,
Hants.

TO GARDENERS.— A young man, age 20,
seeks engagement as Second or Third in a Private Gar-
den or Nursery. Five years' character. Bothy preferred--
F. BUCH, 15, Ship Street, Folkstone.

T~0 NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, and
FLORISTS.— A young man wants situation as ASSIST-
ANT (Shop, Warehouse, or Nursery). Has had good ex-
perience.—WHITE, 60, Bellevue Crescent, Clifton, Bristol.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in a
Market Nursery. Used to Ferns, Roses, Carnations,
Palms, and the general routine of the Trade.— L. H., 2, St.
Mark's Street, Kemp Town, Brighton.

Sfied Tr3fip

"TRAVELLER, BOOK-KEEPER, or MAN-

A. AGER.— Age 31 ; thoroughly experienced. Good appear-
ance. First-class references. Writes shorthand. Eleven
years with Hurst; four years with Hunter, Chester. — W. 81,
C. Birchall, Advertisement Contractor, Liverpool.

TO GROWERS of FRUIT UNDER GLASS.
—Two young men (age 25 and 23). with ten and eight
years' experience in Foreign and English Nurseries, well up in
the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, offer their services as above —
Good references. — H. Y.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street. Strand, W.C.

SHOPMAN (Assistant). — Nine years' ex-
perience in Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, &c. Good references. —
J, H., The Birches, Wordsley, Stourbridge.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;
thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

Seed Trade.

SHOPMAN (Assistant).— Age 21 ; six years'
experience in Seeds, Bulbs, Plants. Cut Flowers, and
Fruit- First-class references from present employer. — W. H. T.,
Mr. Wm. Barrack, Florist, Kendal.

SHOPMAN (Assistant), age 21. — Thos.
Kennedy & Co., Seedsmen, Dumfries, N.B , can highly
recommend a young man as above. Able to assist in Book-
keeping, and writes Shorthind.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Nervousness and
want of Energy. — When first the nerves feel unstrung,
and listlessness supplants energy, the time has come to tike
some such alterative as Holloway's Pills to restrain a disorder
from developing itself into a disease. These excellent Pills
correct all irregularities and weaknesses. They act so kindly,
yet so energetically, on the functions of digestion and assimi-
lation, that the whole body is revived, the blcod rendered
purer, while the muscles become firmer and stronger, and the
nervous and absorbent systems are invigorated. These Pills
are suitable for all classes and all ages. They have a most
marvellous effect on persons who are out of condition; they
goon rectify whatever is in fault, restore strength to the body,
aud confidence to the mind.

G60

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[November 28, 1891. ,Ij

LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS,

And replace INEFFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES by

WEEKS'S
PATENT DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUBULAR,

THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE.

It is unparalleled for POWER, ECONOMY, «>"' DURABILITY, the
WATER " BARS alone being equal to many Boilers.

A TEN YEARS' GUARANTEE given with all Duplex
Boilers [subject to printed conditions) when fixed by the Patentees.

FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO

J. WEEKS & CO.,

Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees,

KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable I For Coal 1

Pure and ample heat. 24 hours for about Id.,

without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 21 Hours for about One Penny.

Pamphlets, Drawings, an.l authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES oblbibtmab^ roses,

OTJR WELL-KNOWN MAKE. protected with

FRIGI DOMO CANVAS.

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and PaiDted. £

6 feet long, 3 feet wide\
4 feet „

6 feet
12 feet

6 feet
12 feet
12 feet

4 feet

5 feet

6 feet

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

2 15

4 15

5 12

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

m R.

HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent. Mr. H.Skelton. Seedsman. &c..2.HollowayRd..N.

BOULTON & PAUL,

Manufacturers,
NORWICH.

Prices and Particulars of

WIRE ESPALIER TRAINERS, and FITTINGS for

WIRING WALLS, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST-FREE.

This Protection will insure perfect and beautiful
Blooms.

Protect your Plants and Glass from Frost, Damp
and Cold Winds, by using

"FRIGI DOMO"

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

CANVAS.

A PERFECT NON-CONDUCTOR OF HEAT, KEEPING WHEREVER
IT IS APPLIED AN EVEN TEMPERATURE.

To be obtained of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen.

21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

und 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTT Y."

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil, and Colour Merchants,

34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please Quote Chronicle.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded, SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT,
and ALL OTHER kinds of BOILERS.

HOT- WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, AGNEW, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, «, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Satubday, November 28, 1891. Aflent for Manchester— John Heywood.

No. 258,-Vol. X. f ST— }

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1891.

[Regt. as a Newspaper.

Price 3d.

Post-free, Sid.

CONTENTS.

Apiary, the

673

Obituary : —

Appendicula Peyeriana

oti»

Mr. Franz Kramer ...

RSI

Begonias John Heal and

Mr. Robert Cowan

HHt

Winter Gem

680

Odontoglossum aspersum

Bocconia cordata

tt'/i»

and O. Youngii

670

Cabbage-caterpillars

676

Orchid houses

672

Casuarinas

676

,, notes

669

Cedrus deodara fruiting

679

Pitmaston Duchess Pear

£79

Chrysanthemum notes...

669

Plants and their culture

673

Classification of Rose

Potato-disease question .

671

growers and other ex-

Rock garden, the

677

hibitors

6H0

Rose Bark, Malvern

677

Climbing Niphetos Rose

679

Salt^blast

676

Dahuricus, the word

6SD

Societies —

Dendrobium Phalaenop-

Banbury Chrysanthe-

819

669

mum

(Wl

Epidendrum pusillum ...

669

Eynsford Cottage Gar-

Flower garden

67^

deners'

681

Fruit at winter agricul-

Harefield Horticultural

681

tural shows

675

Linnean

674

Fruit drying apparatus

6b0

National Rose

675

Fruiting of Chimonan-

Natural History of

thus fragrans

679

Aberdeen

677

Fruits under glass

673

Newcastle and District

" Garden craft"

674

Horticultural Im-

Glasgow Botanic Garden

676

provement

676

Hardiness of Phloxes ...

631)

Reading and District

Hardy fruit garden ...

673

Gardeners' Mutual

Jubffia epectabilis

680

Improvement

676

Kitchen garden

67a

Royal Hortic ltural ...

674

Mushrooms at the Chi-

Scottish Horticultural

678

cago Exhibition

676

Spye Park

667

New plants

669

Tomatos and Cucumbers

Notes from Oakwood ...
ILLU

679
STF

for market

A T 1 0 N 8.

630

Conference Pear

679

Cypripedium insigne var.

Sand

sree

669

View in Mrs. General

Wila

ot's garden, Rose Bank,

Malvern

675

View in the Topiary gard

en, L

;vens, Westmoreland

671

Now Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6<Z., " The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to Jime, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

B LAKER, J. B., Deceased. — Persons having
Claims against the ESTATE of the late JOHN BARUCH
11LAKER, of Portslade, Market Gardener, are requested to
Bend same immediately to MR. JOHN BLAKER, Stanley
House, Portslade, or to —

W. H. COCKBURN, Solicitor, 1, Duke Street. Brighton.

fFO BE SOLD, bound copies of the GAR-

JL DENERS' CHRONICLE, from 1841 to 1851 inclusive.
Apply to—

C. S-, Broom House, Fulham.

O THE DEAF.— PAIR of NICHOLSON'S

GOLD EAR DRUMS, which Cured my Deafness and
Noises in the Head. Address —

B. C. DE VANE, 35, Hayne Road, Beckenham.

RASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder,
also Fastolf. strong and well-rooted.
ALBERT BATH, Vine Court. Sevenoaks. Kent.

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• iug kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dracaenas,
Bdmboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

FOR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA
GRACILIS, lOi. to 21s. per 100.
FLETCHER BROTHKRS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

Bulbs direct from the Capetown Botanic Gardens.

TRADE ORDERS are now being received for
this Season's growth of CAPE BULBS, deliverable Jan. to
Teh., 1892.— HENRY J. CHALWIN, Botanic Gardens, Capetown

SUTTON'S CYCLAMEN.
SOW NOW.
Sutton's Priz*, mixed, 5s. and 2s. 6rf. per packet ; Sutton's
White Butterfly, 'As. 6d. and Is. 6d. per packet; Sutton's
Vulcan, 5s. and 2s. 64. per packet; Sutton's Giant, mixed, 5s.
and 2s. <6d. per packet. Mr. John Wilson, Gardener to the
Right Hon. Lord Elphinstone, says: — "Your Cyclamen is a
Bplendid strain."

SUTTON'S SEEDS GENUINE ONLY
DIRECT FROM
SUTTON and SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen, READING.
All Flower Seeds post-free.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S
• IMPROVED MUSHROOM SPAWN,

For Out-door and In-door Culture. Per bushel, 5s.; per cake,

6d. ; per cake, free by Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

well-

15s. per

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy.

J-V/^ v/V/V/ grown, 18 inches to 3U inches, 6s. to
dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, TELEGRAPH.
The Old True Stock of Rollisson.
A Prodigious cropper, and unsurpassed for Market Work.
Seed, just harvested. Is. per packet; 25 Seeds, Is. Qd. ; 100
Seeds, 4s. Post free, Castl with Order. Price per ounce on
application.- C. A. Le TALL & CO., Seedsmen, &c. The
Approach, Charing Cross, W.C.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

pUT FLOWERS. — I can supply a large

\J quantity of LILIUM HARRISII, LILY OF THE
VALLEY, TUBEROSE, GLADIOLUS (" THE B1UDE "), &c,
from Christmas to Easter.— Apply, B. GREAVES, Worksop.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Centre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

PRIMULA OBCONICA, well 'grown in 48's,
and now in bloom, 1 5s. per dozen, £5 per 100. Cash
with Order.— A. ALLAN, .?, Church Road, Bexley Heath. Kent.

9000 SEAKALE ROOTS for Forcing, a

£\J\J\J capital lot specially grown for extra fine produce,
10s. per 100 (cash with order).

G. H. COPP, Gardens, Holdnest Park, Sherborne.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. 6rf.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiawick.

\T INES. — VINES. — VINES.

V We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

WANTED, well-ripened WOOD, of GOOSE-
BERRIES and CURRANTS, for CUTTINGS, of all
leading kinds. State varieties and price per 1000, to
J. CHEAL AND SONS, Nurserymen, Crawley.

ANTED, large quantities of GOLDEN

EUONYMUS Cuttings. State lowest price per 1000.
LANE AND MARTIN. 227. Brixton Road. S.W.

ANTED, a lot of sound ROOF or PIT

LIGH IS, Second-hand; also 4-inch PIPES. Descrip-
tion and lowest price on rails.

Mr. TARl, i.-G, Fruiterer, Pittville, Cheltenham.

CARTERS' LIST of the BEST CHRYSAN-
themums for 1892,
Now ready, gratis and post-free, on application to the
Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

Limes ! -Limes 1 ! -Limes 1 1 1

BIRD and VALLANCE, American Nur-
series, Downham Market, can offer LIMES in good
stuff, at the following low prices :— 4 to 6 feet. 4s. per dozen ;
6 to 8 feet, 7s. 6d. per dozen; 8 to 12 feet, 12s. per dozen.
Cheaper per 100.

Chrysanthemums.

Sharpe's Victor Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers
• and Merchants, Boston, offer a few tons of this
excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample.
Price, per cwt. or ton, on application.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSKb!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, tjs. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varitties, vis.,
or 'SOs. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on applicatiou. Trade supplied.
A. J. and C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, .Norwich.

ASPARAGUS for FORCING.— Fine roots,
4 years old, 5s. per 100 ; ditto, 6 and 6 years old, 7s.
and 10s. per 100.

COOPER and SON, The Nurseries, Hidleigh, Suffolk.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, true to name.—
CUTTINGS from Is. 6<i. per doz., 10s. per 100. Several
Sliver Cups and hundreds of First Prizes were taken by my
customers last year. For price of grand new sorts, see Cata-
logue, two stamps, of W. ETHERINGTON, Swanscombe. Kent

Prize Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c on application.

CHRISTMAS TREES. — The finest trees
imaginable; every one a specimen ; grown wide apart,
from 6 to 20 feet. Put on rail for £5 per 100, cash,
T. JANNOCH, Lily Nursery, Dersiughsm, King's Lynn, Norfolk.

SEA.KALE for FORCING, large, superior
Selected Crowns, 75s. per 1000 ; under 500, 8*. per luo.
Cash with orders.— Address, ALFRED ATWOOD, Market
Grower, 21, Sbillington Street, Battersea. S.W.

FOR FORCING. — PARISIAN LILACS,
just imported, very tine, 30s. per dozen,
CUNINGHAM'S WHITE RHODODENDRON, well set, 15s.
18s., and 24s. per dozen. Order at once of —
WALSHAW AND SON. Scarborough.

To Florists.

FRENCH FLOWERS, direct from the
Gardens.— An enormous saving. ROSES, MIMOSA,
MIGNONETTE, MARGUERITES, ORANGE BLOSSOM, &c.
Sample basket, carriage paid to London, for 10s. Potal Order.
The RIVIERA FLORAL SUPPLY, Nine.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• ENGINEERS to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal BotanicSociety,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular BoilerB.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from ub. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr.GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putne) .
WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords. Galashiels N B.

662

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 5, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION,

Dutch BulbB.-Sales Next Week.

MESSRS. PRUTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to draw) attention to their large SALES of DUTCH
BULBS for next week, to take place as follows at half-past
11 o'Olook each (lay. Including thousands of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, &c, arranged in Lots to
suit large and small Buyers. The whole to be Sold absolutely
without reserve.

MONDAY, December 7, 800 lota.
TUESDAY, „ 8. 200 lots.

WEDNESDAY „ 9, 200 lots.

THURSDAY „ 10, 800 lota.
SATURDAY „ 12, 400 lots.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
Central Auction Rooms, 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C,

Tuesday Next.

12,000 LILIUM AURATUM,
3500 LILIUM SPECIOSUM RUBRUM,
1650 LILIUM LONGIFLORUM,
being the whole consignment of 200 cases just to hand.
20,000 DOUBLE AFRICAN TUBEROSES.
A special Consignment direct from Holland of
12,700 HYACINTHS,
in large lots of separate names and colours for Trade Buyers.
Also
An immense Collection of HARDY PLANTS and BULBS,
comprising 700 choice double Hollyhocks, Pyrethrums,
Phlox, and Delphiniums ; 500 CARNATIONS, PICOTEES,
and PEONIES; 600 English-grown LILIES, of the best
kinds; 500 BEGONIAS, 500 named IRIS and DAHLIAS,
2000 double Roman and other NARCISSUS, DAFFODILS,
GLADIOLI. ANEMONES. 50H0 Miscellaneous BULBS,
and a large quantity of hardy PEREtvNIALS.

MESSRS. PRO THEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUC [TON, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapsi.e, London, E.G., on TUESDAY NEXT, December 8,
at half-past 1 1 o'clock.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

10,000 ripe and fresh SEEDS of COCOS WEDDELIANA.

750 , MARTINESIA DISTICHA.

500 BEGONIAS CRASSIFOLIA GRANDIFLORA

ERECTA SUPERBA.
500 GLOXINIAS, splerdid spotted varieties, received
direct for unreserved Sale.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their SALE on WEDNESDAY
NEXT, Decmber9.

On view morning of Sale, and catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

AZALEAS, ROSES, FERNS, and BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London. E.C, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, Decem-
ber 9, at half-past 11 o'clock, 100 AZaLIA INDICA, AZALEA
MOLLIS, CAMELLIAS, and 1000 BEGONIA and GLOXINIA
BULBS, from Belgium ; 10 000 Seeds of COCAS of WEDDELI-
ANA; and 750 of MARTINISIA DISTICHA, from Brazil; a
consignment of PLATYCERIUMS (Stag's HORN FERN), of
sorts ; and AS HLENIUM species received direct from Brisbane ;
40 lots of choice English-grown Greenhouse and stove
FERNS; 150 PALM-!, LILIUM HARRISII. BELLADONNA
LILIES; 2000 NARCISSUS ETOILE D'OR, Standard and
Half standard ROSES, Home-grown LILIES in great variety,
LILY OF THE VALLEY, and a consignment of named
HYACINTHS, and TULIPS for Pots, Glasses, and Bedding;
CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other Dutch FLOWER ROOTS
from Holland.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.

MESSRS. LINDEN,

L' HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE, BRUSSELS,

HAVE INSTRUCTED

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
to SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT,
December 11, at half-past 12 o'Clook —

A GRAND IMPORTATION of 1000 PLANTS

of the

BEAUTIFUL NEW SCARLET

ODONTOGLOSSUM NOETZLIANUM,

Just arrived in the best possible condition, among them being
some extra tine masses.
We have succeeded, after many months' research, in securing
the quantity offered. Most magnificent varieties will be
flowered among them. For cut-flower purposes this grand
Orchid will stand uurivalled, being one of the freest-growing
species of the tjpe.

Oa view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Frio ay Next.

L/ELIA ELEGANS;
A consignment of various ORCHIDS, including 70 fine plants
of LiELIA ELEGANS, and a quantity of ONCIDIUM
CRIsPUM, from Brazil.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in their ORCHID SALE on FRIDAY
NEXT, Dec.mber 11, together with a quantity of established
undowered ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRE (best type),
a fine lot of imported CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE, CYPRI-
PEDIUM ACAULE, and established ORCHIDS, various
properties.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Fiiday Next.

CATTLEYA TRIAN^E ALBA.
A consignment of about 100 plants. Imported from Columbia
by Mr. R. THOMSON, many years Superintendent of the
Botanical Department, Jamaica. Mr. Thomson s ivs these
white varieties were collected during a long residence in
Columbia, and have been duly tested.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

1V1 include the above in their ORCHID SALE on FRIDAY
NEXT, December 11.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.
ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

include in their ORCHID SALE on FRIDAY NEXT,

December 11 :— .

A line con.ignment of RARE TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS for
cool house or frame, most of them very fragrant

DISA UNCI NAT A
offered for the first time. A pretty yellow species of the
broad-leafed section to which D. grandiflora belongs. Tufts
with healthy tubers as collected.

BARTHOLINA PECTINATA (the Spider Orchid),
flowers blue, handsomely fringed and sweet ; DISPERIS
CAPENSIS. rosy-purple; DISPERIS CAPKNSIS LUTEA,
yellow; DISPtRIS DECIMIDA, pale yellow and green;
SATYKIUM CARNEUM, the largest of the genus, and easily
grown if treated like Hyacinths. Immense tubers of
SATYRIUM CANDIDUM, the pure white frsg-ant species;
SATYRIUM ERECTUM, yellow; DISA SPATHULA l'A, a most
extraordinary species, with long spear-like lip, and other rare
kinds.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Havant.

EXPIRATION of LEASE. SECOND PORTION.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Sea View
Nurseries, Havant. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY",
December 8 and 9, at 12 o'Clock, each day, the SECOND
PORTION of the particularly well - grown and healthy
NURSERY STOCK, which is in exceptionally fine condition
for removing, comprising about 81)00 Ornamental Trees,
50u0 Flowering and Ornamental Foliage Shrubs, 5000 beau-
tifully grown Conifers and Evergreens; 3000 Fruit Trees,
several thousands of Roses, for the growing of which, these
Nurseries have a wide spread reputation, and a large stock
of smaller Evergreens and Conifers suitable for the Trade
for growing on.

May be viewed. Catalogues on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Feltham, Middlesex.

MESSRS. PRUTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Lee's Nurseries,
Feltham, Middlesex, oa THUR>DAY and FRIDAY,
December 10 and 11, at 12 o'clock each day, without
reserve, thousands of exceptionally well-grown Specimen
CONIFERS, the whole of which have been transplanted
with great care, and wilt remove with safety. Specimen
Conifers are a special feature at this Nursery, and the
Auctioneers desire to call particular aitention of Gentlemen
and others to this important item in the Sale. The Catalogue
will also include a grand lot of Specimen GOLDEN YEWS,
1500 CUPKESSUS EKEC VA VIRID1S, 2000 ENGLISH YEWS,
2 to 4 feet; 1000 HOLLIES, 1£ to 4 feet; 1000 named and
HYBRID RHODODENDRONS, 1§ to 3 feet; and other Stock.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues can
be obtained on the Premises, at the Royal Vineyard Nursery,
2, Hammersmith Road, W. ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C.

N.B. — In the eveut of frosty weather setting in, arrange-
ments can be made for allowing ample time for removing
the lots.

Cbailton Nursery, near Snepperton.

One mile from the Shepperton Station, L. & S. W. Railway.

IMPORTANT CLEARANCE SALE.

To Gentlemen, Fruit Growers, and others.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. Bristow, who is relinquishing the
Business, to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above,
on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, December 15 and 16. at
12 o'clock each day, without re^e^ve, the whole of the valuable
NURSERY' STOCK, consistingof about 15.000 choice Evergreen
and Coniferous Shrubs, 600 Privet, 5000 Standard and Dwarf
Roses, in great variety, including the finest kinds in culti-
vation ; a good assortment of Ornamental Trees, and 10,000
Fruit Trees, including quantities of the best Market kinds of
Apples, Pears, and Plums, and a large number of Gooseberries,
Currants, Peaches, and Apricots, of special attraction to Fruit
Growers.

Also, the LEASEHOLD NURSERY and FRUIT FARM,
of about 37 Acres, with Cottage, Buildings, and Greenhouse,
held fur 15 years unexpired, at a Low Rental.

May be viewed any nay prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

East Dulwicn.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Orchid Nur-
series, East Dulwich, S.E., on WEDNESDAY. Decembe' 16,
by order of Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, a fine otof ESTABLISHED
HEALTHY ORCHID.-., among which will be included many
exceedingly well-grown specimens and half-specimens, also
choice new, rare, and beautiful species and varieties, a large
number of Orchids in bud or flower, and a splendid collection
of Vandas.

Plants will be on view the morning of Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C.

The Orchid Nurseries are within five minutes' walk of East
Dulwich Railway Station, L. B, * S. C Ry.

Balaam.— Clearance Sale. Close to Station.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Bedford Hill
Nursery, Larch Ro^d, Balham, on THURSDAY, December 17,
at 1 o'clock, without reserve, 7 Span-roof GREENHOUSES,
1300 feet of 4-inch Hot-water PIPING, BOILER, BRICK-
WORK; also the stock of GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including
a fine lot of specimen White Azaleas and Camellias, Flower
Pots, &c.

On view two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the
Premises ; of Messrs. MARCH ANT and BEN WELL, Solictors,
Broaiway, Deptford, and 2, George Yard, Lombard Street,
E.C, and of the Auctioneers. 67 and 68. Cheapside. E.C.

N.B —The FREEHOLD NURSERY is to be SOLD for build-
ing purposes. Particulars of the Auctioneers.

Wednesday and Saturday Next.

1000 choice-named Stai.dard and Dwarf ROSES, including
many of the best sorts; 500 Pyramid and Dwarf-trained
FRUIT TREES, a fine collection of BORDER PLANTS,
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, AZALEA MOLLIS
from Ghent ; Ornamental CONIFERS, LAURELS,
LILACS, &c, ; also HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES,
NARCISSUS, SCILLAS, ANEMONES, and other DUTCH
BULBS, lotted for all Bu\ers; BERLIN LILY OF THE
VALLEY. SPIRAEA, GLADIOLI, LILIUMS, and many
other BULBS and ROOTS.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above
by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms. 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY' NEXT,
December 9 and 12. at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each cay.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Monday Next.

GREAT SALE OF DUTCH BULBS, LILIUMS, 4c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, on MONDAY NEXT, December 7. at half-past
12 o'clock precisely, 7< 0 lots of HYACINTHS for Glasses,
Pots, and Bedding; Choice TULIPS, NARCISSUS, CRO-
CUSES, SCILLAS, IRIS, and other BULBS, from Holland,
and specially made up in lots for all Buyers ; 25.0J0 LILY' OF
THE V4LLEY CROWNS, 12 000 SPIRiE A JAPONICA, 10.000
AMARYLLIS, 8000 LILIUM HARRISI. &c.

On view moruing of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thuri.aay Next.

SPECIAL SALE of DUlCH BULBS, LILIUMS, BORDER
PLANTS. 4c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden. W.C.. on THURSDAY NEXT. Decembi-r 10, at half-
past 12 o'Clock precisely, 600 lots of choice named HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, SCILLAS, and other
BULBS, from HOLLAND, also a fine collection of Home-grown
LILIUMS and beautiful DAFFODILS, choice sorts of GLA-
DIOLI, BEGONIAS, ANEMONES. FREESIAS, CALANTHES,
SPIR.EA, LILIUM HARRISI CANDIDUM, LILY of the
VALLEY Crowns, CARNA1IONS, PINKS, PICOTEES, and
other BORDER PLANTS.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a SMALL
NURSERY. — Six Greenhouses. Midland town pre-
ferred. Price low. — State pirticulars to R. A., Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

rPO BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the

X. Bath Road, HEATHROW FARM. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, from Michaelmas next; contiins 438 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Meadow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into three or four Market Gardens. The House and Buildings
are 3 miles from West Drayton and Hajes Stations (G. W. R.),
ah i Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R.). No Agents
nee I apply.

For particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wrotham Park Estate Office, Barnet. Herts.

rrO BE LET, a FRUIT FARM, at Orpington,

-L Keot, with IMMEDIATE POSSESSION, comprising
72£ acres, of which 18 acres are Gooseberries and Currants, in
full maturity; 8£ acres Hops, and the remainder Meadow and
Arable Land.

Full particulars of Messrs. HUMBERT, SON, and FLINT,
11, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

'TO LET, on LEASE, a first-class FRUIT

X NURSERY— Eleven Grape, Peach, and Tomito Houses;
Packing Sheds, two Dwelling Houses, ana every convenience;
standing on about 3 acres of walled-in Garden, in one of the
finest Fruit-growing districts in England. Apply to -

MR. W. UNWIN, Fruit Salesman, Covent Garden Market.

TTENT.— TO BE SOLD, an excellent compact

l\ MARKET NURSERY, with between 1S,U00 and lii.OOa
feet of modern Glass, well-heated, situated in one of the best
districts for growing Plants and Fruit for Market.

Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside, Londun, E.C.

TU BE SOLD (a sacrifice), the LEASE and

A about 15,000 feet of Glass in good order. House* well- '
heated with Hot-water; a large quantity of Mould, Munure,
Pots, Horse, Vho, and Harness; some Stock, and other items ;
gooi Dwelling-house ; Stabling, and every convenience ; 1 acre
of Ground. Rent n minal. Near London and Rail. Apply —
W. J. PIPKIN, Laud Surveyor, 19. Birbot Street, The Hyde,
Edmonton,

FLORIST and FRUIT BUSINESS
in main thoroughfare of Bournemouth.
TO BE SOLD AT GREAT SACRIFICE,

owing to unforeseen circumstances of the Proprietor.
Apply to FOX and SON, Trade Valuers, Bournemouth.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from th.
Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit withou
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.G.

December 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

663

THE GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.

THE FOURTH ELECTION of Eleven
Children to the Benefit of this Fund, consisting of an
allowance of 55. per week (subject to the Conditions stated in
Rule XIII.), will take place on FRIDAY. FEBRUARY 5 next,
at the CANNON STREET HOTEL, LONDON, E.C.

All Applications must be made on a proper Printed Form,
Copies of which may be had gratis from the Hon. Secretary,
or from any of the Local Secretaries. Such Form must be
correctly filled up, duly signed, and returned to this Office not
later than Monday, January 4, 1892.

A. F. BARRON, Hon. Sec.

Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick.

Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens, Florist and Seed

BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS'
HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti-
culars of the above, and can be obtained, gratis, at
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW-
BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New
varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most completeissued, %d. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN WATKLNS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

FERNS! FERNS !!— Trade Surplus Stock.—
Greenhouse and Stove, 25 most saleable sorts. 12s. per 100;
out of pots, 1US. Large Adiantum cuneatum, in 48's, bushy, 6s.
per doz. Large Ferns, 10 most saleable sorts, Aralia Sieboldii,
Primulas, Solanums, superior ttuff, all in 48's, 5s. Qd. per doe.
Palms, Ficus, Erica hyemahs, and Cyclamen, in 48's, 12s. per
dozen, for bloom and fine foliage cannot be better. Pteris
tremula, and Adiantum cuneatum, selected bushy, for potting
on, 16s. per 100. Packed free, Cash with Order.
J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction, S.W.

TMPORTANT LISTS ON APPLICATION.

JL Surplus Clearance DAFFODIL BULBS, in prime condition
for Pots, Beds, and to Naturalise, nt greatly reduced prices.
Conference Michaelmas Daisies and Sunflowers.
Choice Single and Double Pseonies.
Choice Iris, Tall and Dwarf.
Choice Hellebores and Lilies.
Choice Gladioli, Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks.
BARR and SON,

12, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

POT ROSES.— A Bargain ; room wanted —
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Stuvenir
d'un Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection invited.
Price £5 and £6 per 100.
GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN OOWAN), Limited,

Have just Purchased, and are now OFFERING
for SALE, the

MYTON COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS,

WHICH INCLUDES

A splendid lot of CYPRIPEDIUMS,

A splendid lot of CATTLEYAS,

A splendid lot of 0D0NT0CL0SSUMS,

A splendid lot of DENDROBIUMS,

A splendid lot of UELIAS,

A splendid lot of ONCIDIUMS,

A splendid lot of other ORCHIDS in

variety.
All in Ike very Finest Health and Condition.

INSPECTION INVITED.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUE
free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL,

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to GrowThem, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Paocras.

SPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing

and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. Zd. per 100; 3-yr. old, good
roots, 'As. per 100 ; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6d. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. 6d. per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6rf. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :— "Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I ever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford."

J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

New Apple, Cnelmaford Wonder.

SALTMARSH and SON,
The Nurseries, Chelmsford, are now sending out this
splendid NEW KITCHEN &PPLE, which, after receiving an
Award of Merit in March last, has had an additional award of
a First-class Certificate at the meeting of the Fruit Committee
of the Royal Horticultural Society on November 10.

It is a firm, handsome Apple, of large size, a good keeper,
great bearer, and of superior flavour when cooked. It was
favoured with a well-executed illustration, together with a
f.iithful description, in the Gardeners' Magazine of April 11,
copies of which may be had on application.

Strong Maiden Trees are now ready at 5s. each, with the
usual discount to the Trade.

ij\)R SALE, SURPLUS NURSERY STOCK,
Cheap. To effect a Clearance.
1000 SPRUCE FIR, from 2 to 6 feet, well-furnished, being
frequently transplanted.
400 POPLAR, 6 to 10 feet.
500 AUSTRIAN PINE, 2 feet.
1000 IVY, IRISH, 3 to 4 feet, stout, 15s. per 100.
6000 ASH, COMMON, 4 feet, stout, 25s. per 1000.
300 FILBERTS, KENT COBS, 3 feet, fruiting, 50s. per 100.
300 yards BOX-EDGING, 6<2. per yard.
20,000 STRAWBERRY PLANTS, LAXTON'S NOBLE, new,
15s. per 1000.

W. DALE, Knockholt, Kent.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
ISAAC MATTHEWS and SUN

-I- have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various siEes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000 ; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet ; BIRCH, S to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
aud specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties, 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, also for
Forest Planting; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURKLS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

COLLYER, Cart House Lane Nursery,

• Woking Station, Surrey, begs to offer the following
TREES and SHRUBS : —
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. 6 to 7 feet

,, „ ERECTA VIRID1S, 4 to 7 feet
THUIA LOBBII, 5 to 7 feet
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 5 feet
THUIA ARBOR-VIT.E, 7 to 8 feet
HOLLY, COMMON, 3 to 7 feet, stout

,, Standard aud Half-Standard, Waterer's Golden smooth-
leaf, with nice round heads (15 to 20 years' growth)
ENGLISH YEWS, 3 to 5£ feet, well-grown plants
SPRUCE FIRS. 2 to 4£ feet
POPLARS, Canadensis Nova, 14 to 18 feet
LIMES, 12 to 14 feet
SILVER BIRCH, 10 to 14 feet
THORNS, Standard and Pyramid, Paul's Double Scarlet, 7 to

9 feet
APPLES, 1 and 2 years, good sorts

May be seen any time ; or, further particulars given on
application. Satisfactory references required.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STuCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Q6?cme arid <&e&.

EXHIBITIONS.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY, ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER.
THE EARLY WINTER EXHIBITION
of the above Society will take place on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, December 9 and 10.
Valuable Prizes are offered for Cut Chrysanthemums,
Cyclamen persieum, Primula sinensis, and plants arrai ged
for effect on tables. Schedule of Prizes on application to —
RICHARD DEAN, Secretary, Ran-lagh Road. Ealing.

BIRMINGHAM & MIDLAND COUNTIES

CHRYSANTHEMUM, FRUIT,

AND

Floricultural Society.

THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXHIBITION of

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, FRUITS, VEGE-
TABLES, &c, will be held on
WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY, November 9 & 10, 1892.

J. HUGHES, Secretary.
140, High Street, Harborne, Birmingham.

To those about to Plant.

GEO. JACKMAN AND SON, Woking Nursery, Woking.
Established 1810. Area, 150 Acres.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL-
TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other
Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction
last year.

A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,
Manchester.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S
• LILITJM AURATUM, 6s. to 15s. per dozen.
LILIUM HABRISII, 6s. to 18s. per dozen.
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ALBUM, 12s. per dozen.
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ROSEUM & RUBRUM, 7s. 6rf. doz.
LILIUM LONGIFLORUM, 4s. id. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

CHRISTMAS TREES, o to 7 feet, 7s. 6d. per
dozen ; 2 to 3 feet, 2s. 6d. per dozen. THORN QUICKS,
for Gapping, 4 to 5 feet, 20s. per 1000. All extra strong, well
transplanted. Also BURPEE'S NEW EXTRA EARLY (Best
Early) POTATO, and the NEW SCOTCH CELT POTATO
(Best Maincrop), New Varieties for 1892, at 12s. per cwt. All
for cash with order. Apply —

R. CRUST and SON, Growers, Spalding.

160,000.-Speelal Offer of Kentlas.

WICE'i'ON has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000 ; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent gratis then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3d. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE and CO., Seed Growers and FlorisU,
Rothesay, Scotland.

VERT FOR GAME.

c °

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWAN LEY, KENT.

LAURELS, Common, 1J to 2 feet, 70s. per 1000.

„ Bushy, 2 to 3 feet, 100s. per 1000.

„ Very bushy, 3 to 4 feet, 16s. per 100.
PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, 35s. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIRS, fine, 2J to 3$ feet, 100s. per 1000.
BEECH, extra strong, 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per ll'OO.
QUICKS, extra strong, 2 to 3 feet, 21s per 1000.

,. thrice transpd., 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 1000.
LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS and other trees equally cheap.

Catalogues and Samples free on application.
R. TUCKER, Nurseries, Faringdon, Berks.

ARUISSUS, Grand Monarque— Splendid

Bulbs, 55s. per 1000, 6s. 6<f. per 100; Soleil d'Or, 35s. per
1000, 4s. per 100; Scilly White, very early, 60s. per 1000,
6s. per 100 ; Poeticus, 6s. per 1000, 9d. per 10>>; Double Incom-
parable, 25s. per 1000, 3s. per 100; Double White, pure, 20s.
per 1000, 3s. per 100; Single Sweet -Scented Jonquils, fine
large bulbs, 20s. per 1000, 2s. 6d. per 100 ; Double Daffodils, 20s.
per 1 000, 2s. 6d . per 100 ; all true, sound stuff. Carriage paid by
rail or steamer, in England, on20s. Orders, Cash. Packing free.
PONTEY'S Bulb and Seed Warehouse, 21, Cornwall Street,
Plymouth. (Established nearly a Century.)

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

OWEN'S Descriptive and Priced CATALOGUE,

Giving full Descriptions and Results after Flowering of Eng-
lish Seedlings, carefully selected from thouands; also Sports.
American and Continental Novelties, all carefully Selected
after Blooming, only the very be*t in each section described;
all inferior varieties discarded.

The fuhowing Grand Novelties will be distributed (March) : —
Mrs. Robinson King, new golden yellow sport from Golden
Empress, 5s. ; Six First-clas^Certi6cates, 1891. Noel Pragnell,
or Striped Empress of India, 3s. 6d. Prelude, or Striped Alfred
Lyne, 3s. 6d. Miss Lilian Cope, or White Etoile de Lyon, 5f.

Orders booked for above, and all other Novelties, and dis-
patched in strict rotation. CATALOGUE free.

R. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead.

664

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891,

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations, &c,

AT GREATLY RED CJCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order.

s, d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS pri™ 50 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 1000.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35 0 per 1000.

(Cranlenia-like — very sweet scented).

PHEASANT'S EYE NARCISS price 13 6 per 1000.
MIXED DAFFODILS price 15 0 per 1000.

(A Grind Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12 6 per 1000.

WINTER ACONITES price 10 6 per 10.10.

SNOWDROPS price 21 0 per 1000.

Buyers from this List must please give the price with

their order.

All are offered so long as unsold, and for quantities of not

less than 500 bulbs.

Suppliers of Bulbs to the Royal London Parks,
237
238

H1CH HOLBORN, LONDON

CHARLES NOBLE

HAS FINE BUDDED

RHODODENDRONS, named kinds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIBUNDA.
AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds.

Ditto, Seedlings.

Ditto, MOLLIS, 10 to 83 buds.

Ditto, OCCIDENTALS.

DWARF ROSE*. H. P.. B., and TEAS
THUIOP--SIS BOREALIS 1

THITIA LOBBIf /„. „, .

Ditto, AMERICANA > J to S feet.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA7
HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet.
HARDY HEATHS.
CLEMATIS, 3 and 4 years old.
The General Assortment of NURSERY" STOCK will be
found superior in every way.

BAG SHOT, December, 1891.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

ROSES

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

** u

,„ „„ J U S H„E S> Packing and Carriage Free

8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15*. per dozen.

N.B. -Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBS!VEGElndBLFEARFrER

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

WiW Crawley, O Sussex.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Our whole aim and exertion is to grow and supply plants
and cuttings in the highest possible condition, so that they
succeed everywhere. It would gladden the heart of every
veteran grower to see our houses filled with the finest stools,
full of vigour (these were cut down six weeks ago, when out
in the open ground), now throwing up the loveliest cuttings
ever supplied, in perfect health and full of colour. It is really
extremely important, however many cuttings exhibitors may
have on their overfed exhausted plants, to have all they want
for next season from our grandly-prepared stock, and 12.C00
plants in pots specially prepared in the same manner for
foreign transit. See following Testimonials of the great
results from our importation to the furthermost parts of the
globe, and which have made us the largest exporters of these
aud all other plants and seeds: —

It is of the highest possible importance to have
all your plants and cuttings from the sunniest and
clearest atmosphere, and where they ara grown
close to the glass. Our present Stock is the largest
and finest we have ever had.

Mr. E. ROWBOTTOM",

The Gardens, The Priory, Hornsey.
Febrmry 9, 1891.
" The Cuttings of Chrysanthemums I had from you last year
secured me several prize-* at Highgate : I came in for 6 Firsts,
1 Second, and 3 Thirds. At Hornsey, 7 Firsts and 4 Thirds ; also
First for 6 blooms of }Our Avalanche."

C. G. HOLLENBACH, Esq ,

Dehradoon. N. W. P., India,

January 2S, 1891.
" You will be much pleased to hear that all the Chrysanthe-
mums despatched on December 30 last reached me in splendid
condition."

G. VAN DEN BRINK, Esq , Curator,

Botanic Gardens, Utrecht, Holland.
February 6. 1891.
''Your Chrysanthemums have in Amsterdam received Three
Gold Medals and Four Silver Medals."

G. L. ELLIS, Esq., Wadebridge, Cornwall,
January 8, 1891.
" Send on Chrysanthemum cuttings, as I can get none so
strong and good as from you."

(gj" Send for ours, the finest and most correct ILLUSTRA TED
and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of the best kept
Collection in the World.

H. CANNELL & SONS.

S W A N L E Y, KENT.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELACINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

TERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.
SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.
The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.
THOMAS RIVERS & SON

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I

'T' JANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES

J. • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-yearold Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1 l't ,,,,
and terms on application. "

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
Lynn. No"ofkH- ^ ^"^ °f ™"eS)' Dnli^'Eg!.

JCIieap Palms I Palms II Palms!!!
W. SILVER invites inspection of his

if KFOT?ls8enf°CM °lP^LM^^SheaI>e8t in the Tra"e.
COCOS PHoVntv h""13' 0°RYFHA- SEAFORTHIA

application ' ""* maDy °th"8- LIST of Price8 °n

Streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S. W.; and Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. "

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

And HEDGE PLANTS.

And Other

AMERICAN

PLANTS

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS,

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;
Also, 10 and 12, Market Street, Manchester.

FOREST TREES-FOREST TREES,

COVERT PLANTS, &c.
JOHN PERKINS and SON

CJ beg to call the attention of intending Planters to their
large stock of the following, which for quintity and quality
cannot be surpassed : —

ASH, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.

ALDER, 3 to 4 feet.

BEECH, 2 to 3 feet.

BIRCH, 2 to 3 feet.

JUGLANS NIGRA, 4 to 5 feet.

LARCH FIRS. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.

OAKS, English, 3 to 4 feet.

PIN'US AUSTRIACA, 1} to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.

„ LARICIO, 14 to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
SCOTCH FIRS, \\ to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
SPRUCE FIRS, l| to 2, 2 to 2J. and 2i to 3 feet.
SYCAMORE, 3 to 4 feet.

BERBERIS AQUIFOLIA, 1 to H, and 11 to 2 feet.
BLACKTHORN, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
DOGWOOD, scarlet, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HAZEL, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
HORNBEAM, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
LAURELS, common, 1J to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.

„ Caucasica, 1 } to 2, and 2£ to 3 feet.

„ rotundifolia, 1} to 2, and 2} to 3 feet.

„ Portugal, 14; to 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
PRIVET, Evergreen, H to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
PRUNUS MYROBALANA, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet.
ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum), strong transplanted.
QUICK or WHITETHORN, strong and extra strong trans-
planted. Special offers on application.

52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON,

Nurseries, Billing Road.

USSfflR

itofclTE/*

oFallKi

INDS>

y^Ho Cultivate 800 K'^jrJ

{!-LlJSTfWEDLlST;j

TRUE TO

LLlSTOF (/aMES>

.Gratis.

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

SPECIAL OFFER OF FRUIT TREES, &c.

TO GENTLEMEN PLANTING.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and

CHERRIES. Extra-size Fruiting.

DWARF and HORIZONTAL - TRAINED

APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, and CHERRIES

STANDARD and DWARF-TRAINED

PEACHES and NECTARINES.

SEAKALE and RHUBARB for Forcing.
STRAWBERRIES in Pots, in Great Variety.
Also a large Assortment of well-grown Nursery

Stock. CATALOGUES and prices on application to—

ROBERT NEAL,

Nurseryman and Seedsman,

Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.

Decembeb 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

665

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS. CHER-
RIES, and DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards ;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
bl, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

THE CHEAPEST OFFER EVER MADE.

40,000 ASH, transplanted, 9 to 18 inches, 9*. per 1000.

40,000 ASH, transplanted, 12 to 18 inches, lis. per 1000.

50,000 AS if, transplanted, 1J to 2 feet, 13j. 6rf. per 1000.
100,000 ASH, transplanted, 2 to 3 feet, 18j. per 1000.
100,000 ASH, transplanted, 3 to 4 feet, 23s. per 1000.

50,0'JO ASH, transplanted, 4 to 5 feet, 27s. per 1000.
A Sample 100 can be had at prices quoted.

ALL FINELY-ROOTED and WELL-GROWN STUFF.

EDWARD WISEMAN, Nurseryman,
Elgin, Scotland.

SHARPE'S

VICT0R_P0TAT0.

TO OBTAIN THE

TRUE YELLOW-FLESHED
VARIETY,

Apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

ANTHONY WATERER invites an
inspection from intending Planters to the following
well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with
handsomely-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from
frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth
of ihe stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground.
ACACIA BESSONIANA, 10 to 11 feet, girth 3 to 4 inches.
ACER DASYCARPUM. 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.

„ „ WIERIILACINIATUM.lOtoMfeet. girth 3 too inch.
„ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
,, REITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
,, SCHWEDLERII, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.
„ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH. Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH. Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
OERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet,

girth 4 lo 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS. Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
„ ,, Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
„ „ Scarlet. 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
.. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIMES, 12, 16, and 20 feet, girth 3 to '0 inches.
„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6

inches.
„ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea). 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUIDAMBAR, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.

,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

„ Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet.
„ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
,. „ White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.

BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet.

,. VVeeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
„ Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet.
POPLAR, Weeping. Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Kuap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

GILBERT'S ROYAL FAMILY
of the BRASSICA TRIBE.
CHOU DE BURGHLKY (Kingof Cabbages). Is. per packet.
UNIVERSAL SAVOY (Queen of Snvoys), Is. per packet.
KING of the BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Is. id. per packet.
LATE WHITR VICTORIA BROCCOLI. Is. tirf. per packet.
FARLY WILLTAM PEA (sow now). 2s. per quart.
WILSON'S ROYAL ASHTOP POTATO, for frame and outside

work, the best. 2s. per stone.
GILBERT'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. Is. twelveweds.
EARLIEST STRAWBERRY— JOHN RUSKIN, turned out of

pnts. 20s. per 1000; good runners, 15s. per 1000.
LATEST OF ALL runners, 15s. per 1000. Warranted best

plants in the trade.

R. GILBERT. High Park, Stamford.

BEARING PEACH TREES.— A few very
fine bearing Dwarf-trained and Standard Trees, fibrously
rooted, well-balanced Heads. Prices on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
CANES. Dutch and Raby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr.-old Trees. 10s. per 100; sample dozen, 2s. id.

RASPBERRY' CANES, best vaiieties, 35s. per 1000 ; sample
100, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P.O.O. with Order to Manager.
R. BATH, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

GROUND REatJIRED for BUILDING.
TO BE SOLD, CHEAP.

1000 PINUS AUSTRIACA, 2 to 3 and 5 ftet.
1000 LAURELS, bushy, 4 to 7 feet.

500 MOUNTAIN ASH, 10 to 15 feet.

500 LABURNUMS. 8 to 10 feet.

200 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 8 to 10 feet.

JOHN PEED & SONS,

The Nurseries, Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W.

DANIELS BROS,, NORWICH.

WE are Large Importers of BUTCH and
other FLOWER ROOTS, and offer a fine assortment
of all the choicest in HYACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSI,
LILIES, CROCUS, ANEMONES, fee,, in finest quality, at
moderate prices.

LILIUM HARRISII

(THE BERMUDA EASTER LILY).

Mogaificent variety. Long, pure white, trumpet flowere,

delicious. y scented.

First-rate for Pot Culture or for Forcing.

Fine selected bulbs per 100/405. ; per dozen 6s. Od,

Extra fine bulbs per 10i), 60s. ; per dozen 8*. 6rf.

A few very large bulbs per dozen 15s. i)d.

FRUIT TREES.

ROSES.

HYBRID PERPETUALS and TEAS. A very fine Collection.

Before planting, send for our beautifully Illustrated CATA-
LOGUE of the above, gratis and post-free to all intending
purchasers.

DANIELS BROS.,

TOWN CLOSE NURSERIES, NORWICH.

Cant's Roses

HATE WON THE

National Champion Trophy, 1891,

FIVE TIMES PREVIOUSLY;

ALSO THE

CHISWICK CHALLENGE TROPHY, 1891.

Besides 1690 other FIRST PRIZES,

AND

65 SILVEB, CUPS and MEDALS.

The Most Successful Grower and Exhibitor
for the Last 40 Years.

CATALOGUES, post-free, on application to —

BENJAMIN R. CANT,

ROSE GROWER,

COLCHESTER.

Telegrams—" CANT, COLCHESTER." Established 126 Years.

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

8KND FOB A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. C. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRDRY LANE, W.C.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS.

For Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over 100 designs, Iree on
application.

BUY 0/X£CT FROM

STOURBRIDGE,

?R'c^

Fr^e

iis^

THE

IMPROVED

'EXPANSION JOINT
OT WATER PIPES

'TELEGRAMS :- , •

"ALPHA' ^Or ^fT, .^'
'BRETTELL-LANE 'VaTER^0

CHRISTMAS ROSES,

GROWN IN THE OPEN GROUND, SHOULD BE
PROTECTED WITH

FRIGI DOMO CANVAS.

This Protection will insure perfect and beautiful
Blooms.

Protect your Plants and Glass from Frost, Damp
and Cold Winds, by using

" FRIGI DOMO"

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

CANVAS.

A ferfect Non-Conductor of Heat, keeping wherever

IT IS APPLIED an even temperature.

To be obtained of all Nurserymen ai.d Seedsmen.

666

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decehbkb 5, 1891.

PAULS' NURSERIES,

WALTHAM CROSS.

South Entrance four minutes' walk from Waltham Cross
Station lG.E.R.); West Entrance, three minutes' walk from
Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.R).

ROSES.

The Largest and Finest Stock
in the Country.

NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY.

Also Books on Roses, by
Wm. Paul, F.L.S.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS
FRUIT TREES

AND

GRAPE VINES.

An enormous Stock of
Fruiting and Other Trees
unsurpassed in quality,
being vigorous, clean, and
true to name.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

HARDY TREES
AND SHRUBS.

life

EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and
CONIFERS, in endless variety,
kept constantly transplanted.
RHODODENDRONS off Loam.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS
a specialty.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

CAMELLIAS

The Largest Stock In the
Country.

Plants well set with Bloom-buds.

Also,

AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and

other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.

Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE
Free by Post.

PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS

titles
hands
experi

BULBS & SEEDS

OF BEST QUALITY.

MUSHROOM SPAWN, GARDEN
MATS, MANURES, INSECTI-
CIDES, and all other GARDEN
REQUISITES.

Prices strictly moderate; reduced rates for large quart-
Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bv experienced
for all parts of the world. Gardeners of charaeter and
ence recommended.

Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address—

WM. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS,

HERTS.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO,

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Ordera : —

APPLES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

APRICOTS— Standard, and Standard Trained.

CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.

PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained. 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

DAMSONS, FARLEIGH PROLIFIC -Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large— Quality Good—Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

SHARPE'SJUEEN PEA.

FINEST BLUE WRINKLED

MARROW.

BEST OF ALL FOR QUALITY

AND COLOUR.

FINEST FOR EXHIBITION.
ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL.

For Trade Price apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

PLANTING SEASON,]

■> HARDILY-GROWN

Forest, Frxjit^

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

VERY EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited-
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

UICKSONS NURSERIES

(limited) Chester.

iwiuuiiuiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiuunuiiiiiiiiuiiiiuiiiiiuiiiiiuiiiuaiuiuuuiiiuuiui

FRANK CANT'S
ROSES.

CHEAP and GOOD.

Standards, from 21s. per dozen.

Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100.

Send for CATALOGUE.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at20s.perl00.

in 60's at55s.perl00.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.

>. ., ,, in60's, at 60s. per 100.

i. ,. ., in48's, at24s. perdoz.

.. in32's, atlSs. perdoz.

SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in 60's, at32s. periOO.

., ., in 48'e, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in 48's and60's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracaenas Lindenii, and
Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

PAUL & SON'S

GREAT HARDY NURSERY,
CHESHUNT, N„

Invite Planters to Inspect and Select from their Stock of

PAUL & SON'S CHESHUNT ROSES.

STANDARDS — Demand large. Early orders necessary.

DWARFS— Virtually all on the accepted stock— the Briar.

POT ROSES— The finest lot they ever held ; therefore the
finest in the world.

ROSE SPECIES and SINGLE ROSES— A specialty of the
Firm.

PAUL & SON'S FINISHED FRUIT TREES.

STANDARDS, more especially APPLES, the very finest in
the Trade. From £12 per 100 downwards.

PYRAMIDS, and all FORMED TREES, vigorous, and yet of
best shapes.

All SMALL FRUITS, to ALPINE STRAWBERRIES, care-
fully tended.

Large Planters should see the Stock.

PAUL & SON'S HARDY TREES.

The variety of them is wonderful. By careful selection the
smallest garden may be made a varied picture.
From 18s. per dozen.

PAUL & SON'S HOLLIES &EVERCREENS

Of every description, are moved and do well— notably Hollies,
of which there are 8 acres at the Epping Forest Nursery, from
2 to 12 feet, Is. to 5 guineas each.

PAUL & SON'S AMERICAN PLANTS.

The free-setting RHODODENDRONS and AZALEA MOLLIS
—specialty at the Higli Beech Nurseries.

PAUL & SON'S CONIFER/E.

The most varied collection in England. Special selectioasof
ROCK GARDEN SHRUBS, and for Villa Gardens.
ARAUCARIAS in thousands, green and beautiful.

PAUL & SON'S HERBACEOUS AND
ALPINE PLANTS.

For Borders, Rockwork, Cut Flower producing.
An acre of ROCK PLANTS at the Broxbourne Nursery, '

Established 1807. Eighty-four years' continuous attention
and application has made these Hardy Nurseries one of the
most complete in Europe. Planters should see for themselves.

ROSE and other CATALOGUES on application to

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT.

(One Mile from Cheihunt Station,' G.E.R.)

December 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

667

PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT,

LINDEN'S

GRANDEST DISCOVERY:

CATTLEYA REX,

JAMES O'BEIEN.

%S- THE MOST FAMOUS ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED.

J. LINDEN- the discoverer and first introducer of nearly all the
finest Cattleyas in cultivation, viz.: Cattleya aurea, amethystoglossa,
gigas, Eldorado, Trianje, Warocqueana (labiata autumn alis), &c,
confidently recommends —

CATTLEYA REX AS THE FINEST OF THE GENUS.

CATTLEYA BEX flowers in December and January.

Some Amateurs have stated CATTLEYA EEX to be a grand form of
Cattleya aurea, with white sepals and petals, but it is a Quite New Type.

CATTLEYA EEX is described by JAMES O'BEIEN in
the Gardeners'' Chronicle, December 13, 1890.

Sepals and petals are creamy white. The labellum is of the richest
crimson, of various shades — from the rosy hue. to the purple tint — -veined
in a beautiful manner with golden yellow, all worked in to form a richly-
colouring marbling. " It is a Wonderful Piece of Colouring."

Mr. E. JOHNSON, Stand Hall Gardens, Whitefield, Manchester,
writes to MESSES. LINDEN :—

"The CATTLEYA EEX has flowered with us, and a grand
" thing it is. We have had some of the principal importers of Orchids
" here to see it : they think your plate in Lindenia (English edition,
" Part I., 1891) a true representation of the flower, but the lip of
" our flower is finer than your Plate."

. Protheroe h Morris

Will shortly offer, at their Central Sale Eooms,

THE WHOLE IMPORTATION, JUST TO HAND, IN CAPITAL FINE CONDITION.

The plants have been collected by Messrs. LINDENS' intrepid Col-
lector, M. C. Ellner, with the greatest difficulties, and who has searched,
with hundreds of natives for two years, after this GEANDEST CATTLEYA,
and only succeeded in discovering those offered. He states that " it is
impossible to find any more.'1'1

fiT A portrait made from a plant flowered in Monsieur Warocque's
Collection, will be on view on the day of Sale. By order of

MESSRS. LINDEN,
L' HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE, BRUSSELS.

As a Supplement

TO THE

Gardeners' Chronicle

70B

Next Week, December 12,

Will be Published an Ink-Thotograph of

VIEWS OF MINLEY MANOR,

NEAR FARNBORO'.

THE

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1891.

SPYE PARK.

rpHROUGHOUT the length and breadth of
*■ Great Britain, with all its varying sur-
faces, it has always appeared to me that the
most picturesque scenery was that of the
lower greensand, cropping out from below
the chalk, and often overtopping the adjacent
ridges of that formation, as in the case of Leith
Hill, near Dorking, which reaches a greater
altitude than the highest points of the North
Downs, higher than Box Hill, Newland's
Corner, or the Hogsback, and higher even
than Ditchling Beacon, Beachy Head, or any
other eminence of the South Downs. The
famous Surrey scenery of Dorking, Albury,
Guildford, and Godalming, where so many
persons find delight, and lodgings are so hard to
obtain, and where quite a colony of artists has
settled since the railways were built, and where
in the loveliest spot in Surrey, my natal village,
I was as free to pursue my sports with rod and
gun, when a boy, as Selkirk in his island, though
now such privilege would be worth hundreds
a year — the whole of that delightful district is
on the lower greensand.

Spye Park, which I visited last May, is situated
in that part of Wilts where this same picturesque
formation borders on the Coral Bag of the
Somersetshire Oolite. Bowood Park, 3 miles to
the north, is partly on the Rag, but it owes
its beauty mainly to the greensand, as does Long-
leat, further south, where the greensand — pro-
ductive in Conifers and all kinds of shrubs — is
as pleasingly unlevel as it is in Surrey. If I
had engaged my trap at Devizes, instead of at
Chippenham, I should have driven a distance of
5 or 6 miles to Spye Park in the greensand
country entirely. It was in this pleasant country
that Thomas Moore, pianist and poet, and
" who dearly loved a lord," sang his own songs
in the highest Whig society, which petted him
for years, and left him poor. It was here he
retired in much the same condition as the hare
with many friends, one of these, the Marquis of
Lansdowne, had asked him to Bowood to see

668

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891.

a house that would exactly suit him. It proved
far beyond his means ; but he wrote to his wife,
" I have seen a cottage that will suit us."

Sloperton Cottage is in a lane as rural and
retired as any poet could desire, three miles from
Devizes, with the pleasing landscape of the
greensand, all hill and vale, around it. The
village of Bromham and the church, where
" Tom Moore " rests from singing, are seen
across a little vale in front, and on the left is
upreared, some miles off, Roundaway Hill, which
terminates the chalk range of the White Horse
vale, and overlooks Devizes. Behind the cottage,
across some fields, are the wooded slopes of Spye
Park, whose embattled gateway, brought from
an older house in the neighbourhood, is imme-
diately opposite one of the entrances to Bowden
Hill, the residence of Mr. J. E. Gladstone.

The owner of Spye Park is Captain Spicer,
in succession to his father, who acquired the
estate by purchase, and enjoyed the satisfaction
of completing an improvement which Evelyn
himself had suggested in his Diary, when he
visited this place in 1654. At that time, Spye
Park was owned by the distinguished family of
Bayntun, whose seat had been previously Brom-
ham House ; and the importance of the new
seat, and the size of the park, extending to 500
acres, are explained when I mention that the
Bayntuns were a family of high position, of much
greater consequence than mere country squires.
Their chief seat, old Bonham House, was erected
more than a hundred years before the time of
Evelyn's visit to Spye Park, by Sir Edward
Bayntun, Henry VIII.'s Vice-Chancellor. It
was a despoiling age, when the favourites of
Henry VII I., Defender of the Faith, often rose
to sudden wealth by grants from the Crown, and
sometimes lost it again. Devizes Castle and
Corsham Manor House had been despoiled to
furnish materials for building Bonham House,
and the seat of its owners has been described
as "nearly as large as Whitehall, and fit to
entertain a king." Standing close to the great
road from London to Bath, it was a convenient
halting-place for people of fashion proceeding
westwards. James I. was several times at
Bromham, and used to hunt there in the Park.
But in 1645, the king's forces had destroyed and
burnt the great house, and this explains
Evelyn's visit to the Bayntuns at Spye Park.
The old family of the Bayntuns of Bromham,
was destined to become extinct, and it seems
that their talent and good sense were already
waning. The "new house," which Mr. Spicer
pulled down in 1868, was built of brick, and con-
tained only one good room. Evelyn described
it as " a place capable of being made a noble
seat ; but the humorous old knight has built a
long single house of two low storeys, on the pre-
cipices of an incomparable prospect."

The present house stands a little behind the
site of the older one, on rather higher ground,
and commands the same fine view, extending
due south before the best windows. Before
these fortunate windows lies a stretch of country
extending beyond Warminster and Trowbridge,
towns lying a little to the left, the latter being
a populous place, and showing its smoke by day,
its lights by night. Melksham is 6 miles distant,
due south. An interesting antiquity of the
Park is the great Roman road, which passed
from London through Oxfordshire, past Marl-
borough, and along the ridge of the Downs, over-
looking the Vale of Pewsey. It came through
fepye Park and some of the present shrubberies,
but, I believe, no part of it is visible here now,
though its course can be traced by the scorching

of the. grass in summer on its site. The Park
is exceedingly varied in contour. In driving
through it on May 22, the lateness of the
season was manifest in the foliage and the
deficiency of flowers of the early-blossoming
shrubs. The Hawthorn was not in blossom.
My driver and I were deceived by a tree in the
distance completely oovered with white blossom.
If the Whitethorn at Glastonbury could blossom
at Christmas, as we read in the monkish stories,
why not in Spye Park on May 22? But the
gorgeous robe of white blossoms was merely the
array of a Crab tree. The opening bud of the
Crab blossom is generally, with some variation,
richly tipped with scarlet, while the open
blossom is as white as that of the whitethorn
itself. There are some fine English Elms, and
some extraordinary Oaks in the Park. There
are deer, as befits an ancient enclosure of the
kind, as well as a kennel of foxhounds, Captain
Spicer being M.F.II. I believe there are fifty or
sixty horses in the stable in the season — the more
the merrier, most people would say ; and each
pair of horses requires, probably, one man to
attend to their luxuries and comforts. A sensible
country labourer finds in this arrangement grist
for his mill, but I heard an orator on Peckham
Rye object to the luxuries of the rich. In
the good time coming there will be no pheasants
to be fed, no hunters to be groomed. Society,
the orator declared, required reorganising in
every detail. It happens that in some parts of
AVilts the landowners have lost their rents, and
the labourers have wanted work ; and when some
wealthy trader has bought a property to reside
on, and has set the people to work, and promoted
industry, gardening, and sport, the people have
welcomed him as a reorganiser, just such as they
required. So long as thrift sets its shillings
aside, capital must grow, and capital — which
is but stored-up labour — is as necessary as
industry.

Close to the stables is a newly-formed shrub-
bery, immediately below the site of the old house,
and partly on the " precipice " mentioned by
Evelyn. The shrubs will soon secure for this
spot a pleasant seclusion, such as most persons
find sometimes agreeable. In passing from the
house to the stables, the path takes its winding
way through the new shrubbery. The head
gardener, Mr. Perry, took me to this scene
of his recent labours by a short cut, and after
admiring his excellent arrangements for clothing
the precipice, we returned to the house by the
new way. This brought us to the principal
lawns, on the south-west side, which I had not
before seen, and which were laid out very taste-
fully on the building of the mansion twenty-
three years ago. The site is new, but the park
is old, and there are trees standing on the lawn
many hundred years old, and Portugal Laurels
whose size and vigorous growth show how well
the soil suits them. On the south side, a terrace
with wall and balustrade is interposed between
the house and park, the terrace being covered
with lawn and flower borders, and its wall with
various shrubs and creepers. A house is almost
as much improved as the human figure by the
addition of appropriate drapery, and as creepers
on the walls of a big mansion are scarcely suffi-
cient, a terraced garden, with draped walls and
balustrade, is desirable, provided the house stands
high, as it does here, so that the landscape may
not be shut out. It is a handsome three-storied
red -bricked house, with turrets and gables,
and several large bay windows breaking the
otherwise straight lines. The effect of the archi-
tecture is very pleasing, and the creepers, which
cover a large portion of the walls, have greatly

assisted that wondrous painter, Father Time, in
sobering their red tints.

The present owner is effecting a curious
reform in replacing the plate-glass windows of
his house with old-fashioned casements, glazed
with small panes of glass in lead. I think most
impartial people will admit that nothing can be
uglier in the walls of a big house than a series
of square holes, equidistant, for the most part,
and each filled with one or two great panes of
glass, without much relief or variety in the mould-
ings of the windows. Casements in the old style
are much handsomer. It has always seemed to
me an absurd objection to casements, that they
shut out the view, as if people went into a house
to stare out of the windows. It is true that
persons are sometimes prevented from going out-
of-doors by ill-health, broken legs, or other
causes, and a few big panes might be very pro-
perly reserved for their use. But that is quite
a different matter to the uncomfortable extreme
of modern times, which in some cases — in some
modern villas, with huge bay windows, all pane
and no mullion — is carried to such excess that one
might almost as well occupy a glasshouse which all
the coals at Newcastle would hardly keep warm.

The kitchen gardens were formed fifteen years
ago, just outside the Park, and Mr. Perry had
reason to be proud of a good crop of wall fruit,
including Plums, well set and safe, in spite of the
frosts. The Potatos were cut to the ground a
few days before my visit. The Melons were
ripening in their house, and the plants looked so
well that I inquired as to their culture. They
were growing on a dung-bed having below them
a good stiff fibrous loam, taken from the Park
and stacked till the grass and roots were partly
rotted, and then well trodden together in the
frame. In an adjoining stove, Tomatos had
been cut all the winter, the two favourite sorU
for winter forcing being Horsford's Prelude and
Ham Green Favourite.

It is worth remark, that in one of the stoves
two Tree Ferns had the whole of their other-
wise naked and rather unsightly stems beautifully
covered with Selaginella. Mr. Perry recom-
mends Acalypha macrophylla for its decorative
foliage — superior to Coleus, which, although a
stove plant in winter and spring, does well
when established in the greenhouse during the
summer, when the fine colours of the leaves
become well developed. I must pass by the
Orchids and Ferns, and the Cockscombs and
Celosias in full blossom, and the large pots of
Pelargoniums waiting for their allotted places
outdoors. I paused among the pits, but must
not add the lesson of their management to this
long article. There were 500 Chrysanthemums
in pots. The Violets and early Lettuces were
over, and the lights removed. Potatos and
Carrots were coming on, and a large stock of
bedding plants was here under protection. The
work of this large establishment is exceedingly
well done, and only ten gardeners are employed.
They could not do the work if the lawns and
flower gardens were not comparatively limited in
extent.

Instead of returning to Chippenham, I was
driven to Melksham station, which is more con-
venient for Warminster, where I stopped a night;
in order to visit Longleat the next day. On de-
scending Bowden Hill, the young leaves of Oak
and Ash on the lower level had been blackened
and destroyed by the recent frosts, while the
same kind of foliage in the drier atmosphere of
Spye Park retained all the freshness and beauty
of the young leaves, Potatos only having
suffered. H. E.

Decbmbeb 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

669

New or Noteworthy Plants.

EPIDENDRUM PUSILLUM, Bolfe, n. sjd.

This is a small and interesting species of Epiden-
drutn, which has been sent to the Editor of the
Gardeners' Chronicle on two occasions for determina-
tion, but which I have failed to identify with any
existing description. It is said to have been
received from Brazil. The pseudobulbs are ovoid-
globose, about 5 or 6 lines in diameter, each bearing
a single thick, fleshy, and very narrow leaf, about
5 inches long The raceme seems to be reduced to
a single flower, borne from the apex of the pseudo-
bulb on a slender peduncle; but from the presence
of a small barren extension of the latter and
an empty bract, I infer that a stronger plant
would develop a raceme of at least two or three
flowers. The bract is lanceolate-ovate, acute, and
2 lines long. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 9 lines long by
2 — 2J lines broad, light yellowish-green, irregularly
freckled with light brown. Petals oblanceolate,
apiculate, otherwise like the sepals. The lip is free
from the column, three-lobed, and 7 lines long; the
side-lobes, oblong, are acute, a line long, very pale
green ; the front lobe uDguiculate, the blade broadlv
suborbicular, minutely apiculate, 3 lines broad, pink
with some pale lines radiating from the disc ; the
ba9e of the narrow claw is (urnished with a pair of
white, fleshy longitudinal keels. Column clavate, 3i
lines long. It belongs to the section Encyclium, and
may be pla:ed near to E tampense, Lindl., with which
it has some affinities. B. A. Bolfc, Herbarium, Kew.

Appendicola Pevekiana, n. sp*

The genus Appendicnlais not very frequent in our
collections. We receivtd fresh materials from Mr.
Ortgies, of the Botanical Garden at Zurich, Switzer-
land, to whom it was given by Mr. Peyer. We are
indebted to this gentleman for many very interesting
introductions from Sumatra of old, half- forgotten
species, and we are very glad to have the opportunity
to dedicate to him this new one. Imagine a small
D-ndrobe, with long, tender, drooping branches, with
nearly opposite leaves, and two or three little white
flowers, enclosed in somewhat showy white leaves or
bracts on the top of the branches, you will then have a
true idea of this plant. Dr. F. Krdnzlin.

CHRYSANTHEMUM NOTES.

In visitiDg a few of the leading Chrysanthemum
exhibitions during the season, I generally look out
for any novel methods of exhibiting the plants, or
signs of improved cultivation ; but very seldom is any
advance of this kind noticeable. There are the usual
cut blooms, Japanese and incurved predominating ;
generally the Japanese are exhibited just as they
are cut from the plants, but the incurved blooms are
dressed. This is a well-known and legitimate prac-
tice ; bad and deformed pelals are removed, and those
petals with a tendency to reflex are made to incurve.
Sometimes the work is very tedious. I know one ex-
hihitor who spent an afternoon in manipulating one
bloom before he could get the petals to assume the
incurved form. There is no use to conceal this
practice o( the florist ; some condemn it as being
absurd, but it is done by all Chrysanthemum exhibi-

* Appendicula Peyeriana, n. sp.- AfGnis A. callosffi, Bl.
Sepalo dorsali triangulo acumi' ato tricarinato, carina me-
. liana ui apicem prod ucta. lateral ibus longioribu-inpseudoc ilcar
ipso et ovario a'quilongum elongatis dorso niaoifestius cari-
natis ; pftalis lateralibus subjimilibus paulo minoribus,
medium u-qne tantum leviter carinatis; labello paulum
longiore late lineari antice subspatulato convoluto calli 2, pone
marginem antice in disco confluentibus ibique evanescentibus
instructo; gynostemio e basi latissima ai gustato apice bi-
dentato; amhera 2-loculari acuminata purpurea; polliniis
6 roseis ; rostello bidentato.— Caulis tenuis subcr mpre^sus
vaginis foliorum non dentatis vestitus. Folia oblongp-linearia
antice auaobliiue bilobi medio apiculata, 1 cm. longa, 2mm.
lati. Iufloresceutia te.minalit. paucifiora (biflora.au semper?);
bracteis pa'eaceia oblongo-ovatis obtu^is aristulali>que albis
pallide ro-aceis vesliia. Flores albi subcompre«i sepala
petala labellum ad 3 mm. longa, sepala in pseudocalcar 3 mm.
longum elongata. Ex insula Sumatra importari jussit
Dominus Peyer, v. cl. Turicensis.

tors. The legitimate part of it consists in removing
any malformed petals, and incurving those that
remain; it is illegitimate to add anything to the
flowers. In the early days of exhibiting, two flowers
have been used in the formation of one; and one
case has occurred this year where gum was used to
close the centre petals together — that, I should say,
is an illegitimate practice.

There does not seem much probability at present
of any improvement being effected in the mode of
exhibiting cut blooms, except that the stands for
Japanese should perhaps be made a little larger.
The dist*nce at present is 6 inches from centre to
centre of each bloom; this should be increased by
an inch, which would make the stands of twelve
blooms 4 inches longer and 4 inches wider. This is
a very important matter for exhibitors, because they
will be put to the expense of providing new stands,
and travelling boxes of larner dimensions. Most
Chrysanthemum Societies confine exhibitors' stands
to 24 by 18 inches. The National Chrysanthemum
Suciety wisely places no limit to the size of the

FIG. '96 — CTPBIPEDIITM ENSIGNS VAK. SANDER/E

Japanese stands, but limits the others.^T think,
however, the stands for Japanese ought also to be
defined, and I believe 28 by 22 inches would be a good
standard for them. J. Douglas.

CYPKIPEDIUM INSIGNE
SANDEK^E.

Our illustration (fig. 96) gives a representation
of this most beautiful variety, whose clear shining
yellow and snow-white wax-like unspotted flowers
cause such admiration wherever they are seen.
In our issue of November 21, p. 618, we give
the commercial side of the question, by which
it appears that the lucky importers, Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., sold the plant in two
portions at 70 guineas each. As the two
plants gained in strength, their flowers increased in
beauty, and their fame spread abroad until at last
Mr. Sander, who has always been striving to get a
portion of the plant back again, was glad^to have
his wish gratifi-d by paying £250 for what was prac-
tically an eighth part of that which he •riginally sold

or £147. But the question ot the introduction of this
superb variety is of great interest, as it foreshadows
a marvellously beautiful series of new varieties
totally distinct from any of the old forms of
C. insigne, and a great variety of which are already
to be seen in flower at St. Albans. It appears that,
a few years ago, Mr. Sander sent a collector to search
the hills of Northern India, especially the highir
altitudes, for a special purpose. While doing so in
several districts, very high up, he found Cypri-
pedium insigne, which, owing to their being advised
as distinct, and to their being collected at high eleva-
tions, Mr. Sander included under the denominate n
C. insigne montanum, and under that name he sold
a quantity which, in different places, have pro-
duced novelties which he has been only too glad
to buy back. At St. Albans, however, appeared
the most delicately beautiful specimen, and it web
dedicated to Mrs. Sander. Lately appeared the
beautiful C. i. Bohnhofianum, which Is in the way
of C. i. SandertB, but with purplish-brown base to
the dorsal sepal, and a similar hue over the petal?.
Some of the forms which have flowered out of C. i.
montanum have the whole flower suffused with a
chocolate tinge and veining, except the white tip of
the dorsal sepal ; others have but six or seven large
and nearly black blotches on the upper sepal, while
many have but few dark spots oh it, but the showiness
is made up by from nine to fifteen carmine-crimson
blotches beneath the pure white margin of the sepal.
Indeed, it is difficult to find two alike, and it seems
curious that the same importation should include
the unspotted and untinged C. i. Sandeia; ; the un-
spotted, but still tinged with purplish-brown, C. i.
Bjhnhofianuuj ; and those numerous heavily-spotted
varieties which are much darker and more richly
coloured than any of the old C. insigne. Practically,
there seems to be no limit to the variations and
beauty of these forms of C. i. montanum.

OncHiD Notes and Gleanings.

DENDR0B1UM FHAL^ENOPSIS.

This remarkable Orchid, figured in a recent num-
ber, is the subject of comment by Mr. Watson, in
Garden and Forest, for November 4, p. 521, and
he speaks of it as the most beautiful of all
the Dendrobiums hitherto introduced from Northern
Queensland and the adjacent islands. It was dis-
covered at Cape York, on the extreme north of
Queensland, by a Captain Broomfield, who intro-
duced living plants of it into his garden in Balmain,
Queensland. Here it flowered, and was figured by
Fitzgerald in his folio work on Australian Orchids.
He also sent a description of it to the Gardeners'
Chronicle for July 10, 1880. His figure represents a
plant with pseudobulbs 18 inches long, terminal,
erect racemes, produced from the matured pseudo-
bulb, the longest raceme being Ik feet long, and
bearing ten flowers and buds. The flowers measure
2j inches across, and they are described as being
lilac in colour, with a few small dark calli on the
disc of the labellum, and two white glands at the
base of the column. There is a family likeness
between D. Phalasnopsis and D. bigibbum, 1). supei-
biens and D. Goldici; but, as Fitzgerald points out,
the first-named is easily distinguished from these
three in the form of its flowers and the shape of the
labellum. The name D. Phateoopsis was given by
Fitzgerald from the likeness ot its flowers to moths
as well as to those of the genus Phaloenopsia. The
plant in Captain Broomfield's collection flowered
the following April, and produced 300 blooms.

In 1882, Mr. Forbes visited some of the islands
north ot Queensland, on behalf of the Geographical
Society of London. He brought back with him several
living plants, and among them was a plant of this
Dendrobium, which he obtained in Timor Liut.
This plant came to Kew, where it flowered in
September, 18S4, and a figure of it was pub-
lished in the Botanical Magazine, t. 6317. There
is a decided difference between the plant flowered

670

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembek 5, 1891.

at Kew and that figured and described by Fitzgerald,
the scape of the latter being erect, while that borne
by the Kew plant was pendent ; the lip of the latter
was maroon-crimson, whereas Fitzgerald figures and
describes his plant with uniformly lilac-purple
flowers. However, Sir Joseph Hooker considered
and described them as identical. Several plants of
D. Phalsenopsis had been distributed from Kew, and
these are now known as the Kew variety, to distin-
guish them from an exceedingly beautiful form of
the same species. This was named D. Phalajnopsis
var. Schroderianum, by Reichenbach, in compliment
to Baron Schroder, in whose collection it first
flowered at Egham, near Windsor. He procured it
from Messrs. Veitch & Sons, who had imported
several plants of it through the Rev. Mr. Macfarlane,
a missionary in North Australia. Mr. Lee, of
Leatherhead, also obtained a plant from Veitch, who
bought it back again for 50 guineas when Mr. Lee's
plants were disposed of by auction. This plant also
went into the collection of Baron Schroder, who was
till lately the sole possessor of the variety. This is
certainly a very beautiful Dendrobe. There is a figure
of it in Williams' Orchid Album, iv., t. 187. It has
flowers half as large again as those of the Kew variety,
and the colour is much deeper and richer. Until
this week, U. Phalsenopsis was coveted by all who had
seen it as exhibited in flower last spring, but Mr.
Sander has lately imported a large quantity of what
he declares to be the same as Baron Schroder's
variety, and has disposed of nearly a thousand plants
by auction.

The plants were in very good condition, many of
them having young growing shoots. Some of them
had pseudobulbs over 3 feet long, one I measured
being 43 inches, and as thick as a man's thumb.
Others had thinner and shorter pseudobulbs, and
were more like what we had hitherto known as D.
Phalsenopsis. Altogether, there was very consider-
able variation in the length, thickness, shape, and
colour of the pseudobulbs on the plants sold. I
noticed, too, that the old flower-scapes were nearly
all erect ; certainly not one was what might be called
pendent. If these plants are really D. Phalsenopsis,
then it is a very variable species. Some of the dried
scapes exhibited were nearly 3 feet long, and bore
scars of twenty flowers. Dried flowers were also on
view, and they were nearly 4 inches across. Mr.
Sander says that there are varieties with white,
rose, and crimson, as well as purple flowers, among
those sold. [See our notes on the plants in flower at
Messrs. Sander & Co.'s, Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 577,
November 14 last],

D. Phalsenopsis requires plenty of heat, sunshine,
and moisture — far more than suffices for D. nobile ;
in this respect it does not differ from its near
relatives, D. superbiens and D. bigibbum. At
present I am inclined to believe that D. Phalsenopsis
as figured and described by Fitzgerald is not the
same species as that figured in the Botanical Magazine
under the same name, and also that Mr. Sander's
plants are likely to include both these, besides,
probably, other forms.

Odontoglossum aspersum and 0. Youngii.
Odoutoglossum Youngii is a somewhat curious
Mexican Odontoglossum, which was described and
figured a short time ago in the Orchid Album. The
following interesting note from Reginald Young,
Esq., Fringilla, 3, Linnet Lane, Allet Road, Liver-
pool, Bhows it is an abnormal state of O. aspersum.
" In November, 1889," he writes, " a plant purchased
as OlontoglosBum aspersum, and undowered in this
country, produced a spike bearing two blooms,
different in many ways from anything I had hitherto
seen, and which Mr. Williams considered good
enough to figure in his Orchid Album under the
name of 0. Youngii (vol. ix., t. 406). This picture I
consider faithlul as to siz<>, colouring, and formation
of lip. The 1890 pseudobulb was quite equal to its
predecessor, but threw up no spike ; and now, in
October, 1891, with a stronger pseudobulb, and a spike
bearing four flowers, the blooms open as a really fine
form of 0. aspersum, and they are very distinct from
the blooms of 1889. I send you one of the flowers
now open (there is no possible chance of a mistake

as to the plant)." The flower sent is a large, well-
developed 0. aspersum, and thus proves that O.
Youngii is not a variety of that species of Odonto-
glossum, but simply an undeveloped and abnormal
state of it. It is very interesting to be able to clear
up this point, -R. A. Rolfe, Herbarium, Kew.

Orchids at Messrs. James Veitch & Sons.

At the Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road,
Chelsea, a more than usually fine display of new and
rare Orchids are now in flower. Among the most
beautiful of these should be noted Cattleya HarrisiiX,
a showy thing, and one of the handsomest of its
class. It was obtained by intercrossing Cattleya
guttata Leopoldii and C. labiata Mendelii. The
flower is 6 inches across, the sepals and petals light
purplish-rose with a few purple dots ; the showy
labellum has the broad flat front-lobe and the tips
of the side-lobes of a bright amethyst-crimson, the
remainder of the lip being white. Its habit is compact,
and it may be said to be better than even the best
form of Lselia elegana Turnerii, which in some respects
it calls to mind. Next comes that marvellous hybrid
Cypripedium raised by Messrs. Veitch, viz., C. macro-
chilum (longifolium § Lindeniio'). illustrated in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, September 19, p. 343. The
variety now in flower differs slightly from that which
received a First-class Certificate at the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society, being lighter in colour, but the
same elongated and curved form is to be seen in the
extraordinarily large and beautiful labellum. Among
Dendrobiums, the beauty rests with the exquisitely
lovely forms of Dendrobium Phalsenopsis var.Schrode-
rianum,who8e delicately-tinted and variously-coloured
flowers, borne on gracefully arching sprays, leave
nothing to be desired. Among the forms in bloom
are two whose flowers are white, delicately tinted
in the one case with lilac, and in the other with
rose, and with some very pretty markings on
the lip. Another variety has a rich purplish-
crimson base to the labellum, and in each form
there is some specially attractive feature. The
old Ccelogyne Gardneriana, too, here appears in fine
condition, one plant having several long drooping
racemes of pure white flowers, with light yellow in
the centre. Lissochilus Krebsii also appears finely
bloomed ; the elegant little Dendrobium Foe'schii, a
neat and pretty object ; and the number of plants of
the white Lselia autumnalis alba, either in flower or
bud, demonstrates the fact that, although rare, it is
still obtainable.

Among the Cypripediums, over twenty-five rare
species and varieties are in bloom, Bome of them in
large specimens. Among them the handsome C.
Niobe X , a neat and attractive form, as are all
the progeny of C. Fairrieanum, is one of the best,
although C. T. B. Haywood x and C. orphanum X
are bold and striking flowers, and Selenipedium
Cleola X one of the whitest of these, and one which
will make a great name when it acquires age. Other
noteworthy varieties are C. obscuruio x and the
many forms of C. LeeanumX, one of which was the
first plant to flower out of Messrs. Veitch's batch
of seedlings of it, and it is yet distinct from
any other which has appeared, especially in the form
of the dorsal sepal, which is much longer than usual,
the basal portion, which is coloured green, being
narrowed, the expansion of the blade taking place
only as the white appears, the labellum thus having
an elongated base.

The warm houses have a very fine show of
numerous specimens of Phalsenopsis amabilis and
others of the smaller species ; many Vanda ccerulea,
a quantity of the useful Calanthes, of which the
best forms of C. Veitchii are the chief; various
species of Vandas, and especially a noble lot of
V. Amesiana, literally bristling with flower-spikes,
which promise a fine show of flowers till we are well
through the winter.

In the pretty rockery-house, the forms of Vanda
tricolor and V. suavis are found to thrive marvel-
lously around the sides, by reason of the uniformly
cool temperature they enjoy in that situation, and the
whole of the sides of the house are being furnished
with them, some of the specimens being 4 or 5

feet in height, with leaves down to the pots.
In this house, which is always prettily arranged
with Orchids in flower, is a form of the
old Cymbidium giganteum of a marvellously rich
colour, the markings on the lip being as near to
scarlet as the texture of the flower will allow ; also
some pans of the beat forms of Sophronitis grandi-
flora, the elegant Epidendrum dichromum, the fine
orange-scarlet Cochlioda Noezliana, some good Ly-
caste Skinneri alba, Lselia autumnalis, in several
varieties, including the white one ; some good masses
of Masdevallia tovarensis, the curious Polystachya
laxiflora, Odontoglossum Bictoniense album, some
effective pans of Pleione maculata, Cymbidium
Mastersii, the fragrant old Maxillaria picta, covered
with flowers ; Maxillaria grandiflora, and many of the
Brazilian Oncidiums.

In the Odontoglossum houses the bloom is mostly
found on the noble old specimens of O. Pescatorei,
although there are many others in flower in lesser
quantity ; and the new Dendrobium houses have an-
swered excellently well, the plants having put on very
fine growths, and ar* making up well for bloom.

Orchids at Messrs. Pitcher & Manda's
Nurseries.

The British branch of the enterprising firm of
Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, of New York, viz., the
United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent,
is devoted mainly to Orchids, and rare and valuable
species are more prominent there than large batches
of the ordinary kinds. In Cypripediums, more es-
pecially, the establishment shines, and many of
the varieties now in flower are of great merit.
Foremost among these must be mentioned the hand-
Bome C. Masereelianum X, which, although many
regard it as only a form of C. Leeanum superbum X ,
is certainly the very best of its section. The large
flat white dorsal sepal of this handsome plant has
rich purplish crimson blotchings on the lower
half, and from all points it is good, and superior
to any of its class. Near the plants of Masereel's
variety in flower stand a plant of the handsome C.
Leeanum X Burford variety, and beside it the ordi-
nary C. Leeanum superbum, but none so handsome
as the first-named. Another special form peculiar
to the United States Nurseries, is a form of C.
Arthurianum X, with crimson spotting on the white
in the upper part of the dorsal sepal. This distinct
form, too, seems of very sturdy and floriferous habit.
In the same house is the plant of C. Arnoldianum x
(concolor X superbiens), which was illustrated in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, November, 1890, p. 633 ; and
among other fine varieties in bloom in more or less
quantity, we noted C. Ashburtonianura expansum X ,
Cookson's var„ the best of its class; C. A. calospilum x ,
C. Sallierii Hyeanum X, C. tonsum X,C. superbiens,
C. calurum Rougrerii X, and others of the C.
Sedenii X section; C. marmorophyllum X, and C.
m. superbum X, several fine forms of C. Harrisia-
numx, C. eenanthum superbum, and a very com-
plete and varied series of varieties of C. insigne,
including C. i. punctatum violaceam, and the no less
beautiful C. i. Philbrickianum.

The first of the block of six neat houses contains
good healthy Lselias and Cattleyas, among which in
bloom were several very richly-coloured autumn-
flowering Cattleya labiata, one of them having va-
riegated petals ; also a large number of Lselia albida,
one grand form having large white flowers, with only
a line of yellow in the lip, and without the rose
tinge usually found in some part of the flower of
this species. In this house also a good Lae'ia pur-
purata and a chastely lovely Phalsenopsis leucorrhoda
were in bloom.

The next two houses chiefly contain healthy plants
in large quantities of all the leading species .of
Sarracenia, and the fourth range is filled with good,
freshly-imported Cattleyas, of the forms of labiata,
principally ; Epidendrum vitellinum majus, Odon-
toglossum crispura, and 0. vexillarium ; and the
fifth also has many batches of freshly-imported
Orchids, together with a quantity of sturdy Odonto-
glossum citrosmum, making up well for flower;
Sophronitis grandiflora, with many of their bright

Dbcembeb 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

671

scarlet flowers ; and a good selection of Masdevallias
and other cool-house Orchids.

The sixth range, in two divisions, is loftier than
the others of the block, and is used for displaying
the plants in flower, which do not suffer by removal
from the houses in which they have been grown.
In the present instance, the regular occupants of
the house furnish the necessary display most
liberally. Nearly the whole of the first division is
filled with the flowering plants of that variety of
the L;«!ia au turn aalis section, imported by Messis.

beautiful introduction of this firm, with white
flowers, with just a faint pearly blush over them.
The variety is good, but not to be compared with the
pure white form, of which there are also some plants.
The fine new Chrysanthemum-house, 100 feet
in length, was a gorgeous show, with the favourite
flower of the season, among which H. Ballantine,
W. A. Manda, and Geo. W. Childs, were con-
spicuous ; and some of the yet unnamed kinds
possess great merit, and are destined doubt-
less to make their way with eclat. Among other

weekly from many parts of the Continent of
Europe, as well as from districts of Great
Britain and Ireland, that the Bordeaux Mixture
is perfectly trustworthy for these purposes, when
it is applied at the right time and in the right
way.

A Belgian experimentalist — M. Edmond Laplace,
an official in the State Agricultural Service — said
in a letter last week, when describing the result of
the dressings he had carried out, " They are un-
doubtedly the most precious application of science

Fig. 97. — view in the topiabi gardens, levens, Westmoreland, (see p. 674 )

Pitcher & Manda, and named L. Arnoldiana. Its
spikes are more slender than those of the typical L.
autumnalis, and bear from three to seven flowers each.
The flowers are rather smaller than those of the L.
aulumnalis generally seen in cultivation, and vary
from white tinted with rose colour to bright rosy-
lilac. It is evidently a most profuse bloomer, and
the countless spikes of it arranged with other Orchids,
as htre seen, make a very fioe displav. With them
are some good forms of Lvcaste Skinneri, maDy
of Lajlia anceps in bud, L. autumnalis, and a
plant of Lffilia autumnalis Fcerstermauni, another

plants, the pure white compact-growing perpetual
Carnation L'zzie McGowan is a grand thing, and
seems to possess all the qualities which the most
exacting florist could demand.

THE

POTATO - DISEASE

QUESTION.

It is now fairly established, I think — at least, it

is in my mind — that a remedy has been found

fir this pest, which has been so destructive since

1845. There is conclusive evidence arriving

to agricultural urposes that has been discovered
for many iear»."

As to the value of the Bordeaux Mixture, that
may, I think, as I have said, be taken for granted.
But from the evidence of some of the experimentalists
in our own country, certain practical suggestions have
occurred which are worthy of attention at once, that
we may be duly prepared for applying the dressings
with effect, during the Potato-growing season of next
year. One of these is, to my mind, of immediate
consequence.

I refer to the selection or resei ration of suitable

672

THE GAL'DENEES' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 5, 1891,

Potatos for planting next spring. If this is not done, a
grower of several kinds may sell the stock he ought
to plant, and keep the kind that will produce a crop
which will be unsuitable for dressing with Bordeaux
Mixture. The quantity, according to soil and other
conditions, will henceforth depend on the efficient
manner in which the crop will admit of the Mixture
being applied to its leaves and stems. There bave
been many crops this year where it was impossible to
satisfactorily dress the whole ol the fields. It will
be the same in years to come where Potatos are
required to yield a heavy weight, and thereby leave
a profit over labour and fixed expenses ; 4 or
5 tons to the acre will not do this, therefore it is
necessary to highly manure the land that double
that q mntity, or more, to the acre may be produced.

This is where the danger comes in with some
sorts, either because they will not suit some districts,
or because they will grow long stems and heavy
foliage almost anywhere when highly manured.
The aim, henceforth, must be to plant kinds, the
habit of which is to produce stout stems with the
length of them as short as possible. These points
were not of much importance in the past if the crop
remained healthy. But when the disease appeared
it almost invariably occurred that the crops which
promised just previously to be most prolific were the
ones that were nearly or totally destroyed.

The object in future, therelore, must not be to
grow excessively heavy crops and thereby court or
invite the disease, but to grow a fairly heavy crop
in which the disease may be prevented or speedily
cured on making its appearance. Look at some
of the facts we have already before us. The
losses from diseased tubers on undressed plants have
varied according to their kind, and the conditions of
the soil on which they grew, from 30 or 40 to 80
per cent. The heavier losses, I am informed, were
in fields, or on patches where the stems were exces-
sive in length, and lay across the furrows. In these
cases, too, where much trouble was taken to dress
them as well as possible by the operator with a
hand-machine, picking his way along, there were
mostly many diseased tubers. But this should not
be, if every plant gets a thorough dressing. If, say,
the disease can be prevented in fifteen plants out of
twenty, it is quite clear that the other five might
have been saved, had they received the same efficient
dressing as did their fifteen neighbours.

Quality, of course, should be the chief considera-
tion in Potato growing ; but equally important now
is the habit of growth of their stems. The future
object must be to grow sorts which will admit of
machines passing through them that will cover four
or five rows at a time as long, or as late, as there
is any danger of an attack or renewal of disease. In
Great Britain and Ireland last year, there were
upwards of 1,000,000 acres of Potatos. To dress
this vast area over twice or thrice in the limited time
when it would be successful, would require all the
soldiers in the kingdom, in addition to a large
number of the farm labourers, who at the time will
be urgently required ior other work.

This choice or reserve of suitable stocks for
soils and districts can only be made by Potato
growers who have had experience in each district.
For example, Scotch-grown sets may be planted for
a main crop the first year on the Wolds of Lincoln-
shire and Yorkshire, and other high ground, without
fear of their growing stems so long and leaves so
heavy as to smother themselves. But in Kent,
Surrey, and other southern couuties, the same sets
would produce excessive tops and no marketable
tubers, technically called "ware." As I have
intimated, the quality and weight of crops,
where Potatos may be grown in wide areas or
large fields, will depend on the facility and com-
pleteness with which they can be dressed by some
form of machinery that will go over 1£ or 2 acres
an hour. But excessively long stems cannot
possibly be divided and raised so that they will not
be greatly injured in the attempt, and in the way
they will be crushed by the wheels of the machine,
by the feet of the animal drawing it, and of the man
and boy in attendance. From this it would seem that

instead of planting sets of any stocks that were grown
in a more northern or colder climate, it may be advis-
able to take sets from southern to northern districts.
Anyway, the greatest possible care must be exercised
for the purpose of producing such stems and foliage
as will admit of the disease being completely pre-
vented or cured by a uniform application of the
Bordeaux Mixture at the right times. Thus, it will
be better to aim at growing eight tons an acre, with
the certainty of being able to keep them free from
disease, than to attempt to grow ten or twelve tons
an acre, with the risk of a large proportion of them
being diseased, from it being impossible to thoroughly
apply the great modern discovery in question.

Taking these views, I think Potato growers in a
large way will see it is advisable for them to fall
back on their experience of different kinds, and re-
serve for planting next vear such varieties as pro-
duce stout short stems. W. W. G.

Continental Novelty.

«.

CALAMPELIS SOABRA var. ROSEUS
(ECCREMOCARPUS).
The orange-red flowered variety of this pretty
climber is very suitable for covering low fences and
small arbours, as well as for forming living garlands.
During the past year I have seen in Messrs. C. Platz
& Son's nurseries at Erfurt, a plant whose flowers
had changed from the usual colour to a beautiful
salmon-pink. This variety has proved to be
thoroughly constant in colour, and the above-named
firm intend to offer it to the trade next season.
The culture of Calampelis is easy ; the plant
growing almost in any soil if the position be a
sunny one, flowering abundantly the whole summer
and late into the autumn. Johs. Mahling, Erfurt,
Germany.

The Week's Work.

• — .

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

BEAUTIFYING CARRIAGE DRIVES. — There are
many nooks and open spaces in close proximity to
carriage-drives which, by planting thereon alternate
clumps of good varieties of Rhododendrons, ever-
green and flowering trees and shrubs, would be con-
siderably improved. Where there is a good expanse
of turf on either side, such beds or belts should be
made of a good size, irregular, and at fairly wide dis-
tances apart. Among the flowering shrubs, the
Weigelas should be included, also plant due quan-
tities of Scarlet Oak, Japanese Maples (see p. 615),
and other subjects, which are noted for the beauty
of their autumnal tints. The ground should be pre-
pared in the manner indicated in the Calendar lor
November 14, p. 582, and the trees and shrubs put
pretty closely together for immediate effect, subse-
quently thinning out and transplanting them else-
where before they get much crowded.

BRIARS FOR BUDDING ROSES.— The present is
a good time to collect Britrs as stocks on which to
bud Roses next July. Those with clean stems, about
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and from 3 to
4 feet high, should be selected. Having trimmed
the roots of each Briar, plant them in rows 4 teet
apart, and at 0 inches apart in the row; tread the
soil firmly about the roots in planting, and then lay
on a surface-dressing of short-dung or leaf-mould as
a protection from frost. Cuttings of the Manetti and
Bourault stocks should also be prepared, and planted
in rows from 2 to 3 feet apart, and at 6 inches in
the row, for working up a stock of dwarf Roses.

ROSE CUTTINGS.— Cuttings taken ofl1 with a
heel may now, if not already done, be put in, in rows
about 9 inches apart, and at 2 inches in the row on
a north or east border, where the soil is light and
sandy. The cuttings, about 9 inches long, may be
inserted 5 or 6 inches deep, pressing the soil firmly.
Cuttings may also be inserted in pots or boxes filled
with sandy soil, watered, and placed in a cold pit
or frame, putting them in heat in the spring, and
potting-off singly into 3-inch pots as soon as they
are well-rooted.

PRUNING DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS.—
Any deciduous trees and shrubs that require their
shoots thinned out and shortened back, should be
seen to forthwith.

CLOTHING TRUNKS OF OLD TREES —There are
to be found in most places, half-dead, gnarled trees,
whose trunks and branches might be rendered

attractive by planting the undermentioned climbers>
at their base, and training their rambling shoots
loosely over them, namely: — Clematis Jackmanni,
C. flammula, C. vitalba, Ampelopsis hederacea (Vir-
ginian Creeper), A. Veitchii, Lonicera brachypoda,
and L. sempervirens (Evergreen Honevsuckles)-,
Wistaria sinensis, PassiHora coerulea (in southern
counties), Jasminum nudiflorum (yellow), J. offici-
nale (white), J. revolutum (yellow), Vitis hetero-
phylla, and such Rises as Banksiajnora, Adelaide
d'OfleUns, Donna Maria, Felicite-Perpetue, Jules-
Maigottin, General Jacqueminot, Achille Gounod,
and Celine Forestier. H. W. Ward,, Longford Castle,.
Salisbury.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE CATTLE YA- HOUSE. —The earliest flowering-
plants of C. Triaua? are pushing up their flowers in the
sheaths, and care must be taken not to water over the
plants, or the flowers will be spoiled by rotting inside
the sheaths, or they will open imperfectly. Too-
much water at the root, or sharp variations of tem-
perature, bring about the same evil result. It may
happen that the sudden changes of the weather may
deceive the man on duty, and the bouse get too warm
or too cold ; in these cases the man is little to blame.

What a change has come over Cattleya-houses-
at this season by the advent of the autumn-
flowering species ! A year or two ago, C. labiata.
was rarely seen in flower, and when it was,
it was something to be noted ; but now they
seem to be coming into cultivation plentifully,
and are more to be valued than C. Mossias, seeing
that they bloom at a time when other Orchids are
scarce. Oncidium sarcodes is a beautiful plant when
in flower, and a comparatively good grower. Our
plants are sending up their flower-spikes, and I
would warn amateurs against leaving the spikes in
their entirety O. sarcodes usually has under culti-
vation a spike too large for the strength of the
plant; if the whole of it remain, it will quickly debili-
tate the plant. The same thing occurs with some
other Oncids, especially O. crispum, Marshallianum„
curtum, and varicosum, almost the pick of the
genus, and far better is it to have smaller flower-
spikes and keep the plants strong and healthy, than
allow them to get weak and dwindle away.

Oncidium cheirophorum, plants of which are now
in flower, always are an attraction for those who like
fragrant flowers. It was a favourite with the late
Mr. Spyers when he wasatBurford ; and I remember
with what pride he showed me the first really well-
grown plant. It does best during the winter in the
Oattleya- house, as the bulbs are liable to decay in a
cool-house ; but during the season of growth the
plant is at home in the Odontoglossum-house, if stood
close to the glass where the ventilation is good.
Oncidium macranthum is on the whole the best
Oncidium grown, succeeding in the coolest part of
the cool Orchid- house, and possessing charming
flowers. I have seen this plant growing grandly
quite close to the door of an Orchid-house which was-
thrown wide open when the temperature outside was
at freezing-point. All the Oncids grow well in a.
compost consisting of fibrous peat and sphagnum
moss. The list of tempeiatures given in my last
Calendar will still hold good. A. G. Catt, Par/cfield,
Hallow.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CAULIFLOWERS IN FRAMES AND HANDLIGHTS-
should be exposed to the weather day and night, so-
long as there is no actual frost, the aim of the gar-
dener being the securing sturdy plants fit to stand
winter hardships. Sometimes itis advisable to pot-up
plants from the beds of the latest-sown Cauliflowers,
using 3- inch pots, and putting these into a cold
frame without much ventilation till rooted, but after-
wards treating them like the others. In early spring,
before they become pot-bound, these potted plants
may be repotted in a mixture of stiff loam and well-
rotted manure in equal proportions, the potting being
done firmly. Treated in this way, strong subjects
for early planting may be obtained that may be
trusted to bring good heads. Where only a few are
required, this is a very good method of securing
them for spring planting.

CABBAGES have made rapid growth, and any
that may still remain in the seed-beds should be
pricked out, the removal giving them a beneficial
check, which tends to stnrdiness. All land under
Cabbage should be hoed in dry weather, and the
plants gradually earthed - up, all withered leaves
being removed, and powdered quick-lime and soot
strewed over them if slugs are troublesome.

Decmshb 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

673

SALADS. — Lettuces and Endives in frames, in a
fit state for use, will require much attention, and
air should be afforded them on all mild da) 8 and
nights, but exclude the rain, and keep the soil
moderately dry. Cos Lettuce should be tied up
one week or more before it is required for use ; and
EDdive, to be thoroughly blanched, tender, and free
from bitterness, should be tied up for a fortnight,
but before it is covered or tied, the leaves should
have got as dry as possible. Any frames which
have been cleared may be refilled with plants from
out-of-doors, or the thinnings from store-frames.

MUSTARD AND CRESS is best sown at this
season in shallow boxes of light soil. Make the
surface of the soil firm before sowing the seed, and
keep it moist and shaded till germination takes place.

RADISHES. — Late-sown Radishes outside, and in
cold frames, should still be available for salads ; and
for succession sow seed in a gentle hot-bed, covered
with 6 to 8 inches in depth of light soil, and afford
but little light and air till the first leaf appears.

CARROTS. — A hot-bed should be made up for an
early supply of these, and it may consist of stable
litter and tree leaves, which should have been pre-
pared. [These hot-beds are best made in holes dug
out in the ground, and not stood on the level of the
ground to lose half their heat from thus exposing
them. The hole should be large enough to admit
of a lining being given when the heat declines.
Meanwhile, any kind of litter may be packed round
the bed to conserve its warmth. Ed] When the
■S-inch layer of sandy soil placed on the bed has
become warm, the seeds may be sown in shallow
drills 6 to 8 inches apart, and 2 or 3 inches apart in
patches of 8 or 4 seeds, or broad-cast sowing may be
adopted. Radish seeds being thinly sown after the
Carrot drills, &c, are covered. The soil being
moderately moist, little or no water will be re-
quired at the time of sowing. Cover the glass at
night, and maintain a temperature at the top of G0°,
and in the bed itself of 75° to 80°. C. J. Waite,
Glcnhurst, Esher.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

EARLY PEACH-HOUSES.— In a previous Calendar
I advised the preparation of this house, but its
starting will depend on the time when ripe fruit is
required. If that be early in May, the trees in this
house should now be moving gently with swelling
buds, and a slight increase in warmth may safely be
afforded on dull days, keeping it at 55°, and 10° more
by sunheat ; but at night it should not exceed 45° to
50°, and this is easily maintained by allowing a
little extra warmth in the pipes during the day, with
a small air inlet at the top of the house, and closing
early and checking the heat by shutting the valves
in the pipes; the warmth of the water will keep the
bouse, by these means, sufficiently warm in mild
weather. A dry heat in the Peach-houses is un-
desirable, and I, therefore, cannot advise the opening
the ventilators for the sake of lowering the tempe-
rature of the house, but would rather keep them
•closed, and use less artificial heat. Employ the
syringe freely, and do not omit to damp the floors
and the stems in bright weather, even when the
trees are in bloom. Always let the wood get dry by
nightfall, and do not damp-down in the evening
when the trees are in bloom ; but during the day,
when plenty of air can be given, there is no need to
fear a too- humid atmosphere. The roots should be
in a growing condition, indeed it is the best plan,
when starting a Peach-house, to give the borders a
thorough watering with tepid water, and once again
before the flawers are fully expanded over all parts of
the trees; this is the more necessary if doubt exists
as to their state, or they are shallow. Shallow
borders, or those made with very porcus loams,
should be well supplied with water at about 85°, as
often as they appear to need it. If the interior
border is covered with a layer of leaves, or leaves
and stable dung, their warmth will excite growth, and
at the same time avert the quick drying of the soil.
When the flowers have opened, assist their fertilisa-
tion by brushing the pollen about with a feather
brush, camel-hair pencil, or hare's tail— a very
essential operation at this season.

A succession Peach-house should be started
•during the month at a temperature of 50° by day and
43° to 45° by night ; it will depend on the kind of
weather experienced whether fire heat be necessary or
not at the start. The various directions given for the
earliest house are equally proper for the next one
started. Late Peaches will now be in good condition
for pruning and cleaning, and to do this properly, the

trees should be unfastened from the trellis. If they
are infested with scale in any degree, the old wood
must be washed with warm water and soft soap, to
be followed with a dressing of Gishurst's Compound
Soap. Every part of the interior of the house should
also be thoroughly cleaned, the Peach trees being
bundled up, and fastened to stakes driven into the
borders meanwhile. Limewash the walls before the
trees are replaced en the trellis. Lay in the shoots
thinly, or small fruit will result. Afford the trees
all the light and air possible during mild weather,
do not let the roots lack moisture, and generally
proceed according to previous instructions. G.
Wythes, Syon House, Brentford.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

HORIZONTALLY - TRAINED AND CORDON
PEARS. — These trees should be relieved each year of
some of their long fruit-spurs, cutting these back to
within half an inch of the base, from which point
other fruit-buds will eventually develop. Prune to
two buds all foreright shoots, and shorten back the
leaders to within 15 inches of the previous year's
wood. Trees which are intended for training as
espaliers or wall trees should have their leading stem
shortened back to a point where the next pair of
branches should spring, and by following this method
of pruning the stem-leader each year the tree
will be well furnished with fruitful branches.
Where the saw is used in heavy pruning, the wounds
made with it should have their edges pared smooth
to facilitate the healing process. Of varieties to
plant, Marie Louise, Doyenn<5 du Cornice, Pitmaston
Duchess, B«urre Superfin, Conseiller de la Cour,
William's Bon Chretien. Madame Treyve, Louise
Bonne of Jersey, Fondante d'Automne, Winter
Nelis. Josephine de Malines, Triomphe de Vienne,
and Glou Morceau are all of first-rate quality, while
Catillac is still hard to beat as a stewing Pear.
When pruning, save good shoots for grafting pur-
poses, but leaving them on the trees for the present.
Take them in January and lay them in under a
north wall till grafting time arrives.

THE WORK IN THE ORCHARD.— Now that the
leaves are down, and the weather mild, the neces-
sary pruning of the trees should be performed,
and the soil over the roots top-dressed with manure
and soil. Never let the orchard trees become thickets
of barren shoots and branches, but strive to keep the
crowns thin, and the interior accessible to direct sun-
light, for with sunli ght and the play of the air through
the branches, the better will be the fruits. Do not,
however, be too severe with the pruning if the trees
have been previously much neglected, but afford
them at first only a moderate amount of thinning ;
and when the trees, in a season or two, have been put
in good order, a little timely pruning done yearly will
keep them right.

Top- dressing should never be neglected if the trees
have become barren, and in the case of large or-
chards under turf, there is no better way of doing
this than by pasturing sheep or horned stock in them.
Sewage and farmyard liquid, if applied in winter,
will be found beneficial to orchard trees, on turf or
under crop. Cow-manure and loam form a good
top-dressing. Trees on Paradise stock should have
a layer of loam and manure put over the roots. Do
not use a spade in digging amongst these trees.

Por the destruction of lichens and moss, thoroughly
dust the trees with quicklime and soot, the main
branches being first scraped with a bit of hoop-iron,
and afterwards limewashed. Petroleum and soapy-
water, kept well-stirred while using, will be found
an excellent remedy for American blight, &c, and
should be thrown on the trees with the syringe in
mild weather. The proper proportion is 1 gill of
petroleum to 1 gallon of water. Protect the stems of
young trees against the ravages of rabbits by means
of wire-netting, or a dressing of petroleum, soot, and
clay, with enough water added to make it workable ;
two dressings during the winter, in most cases, will
be sufficient. See that all the stakes are made good,
and old pads and ties renewed. The current season's
shoots on young trees may be pruned to 12 or 18
inches in length, always reserving the best placed
of these to form the base of the future crown.
H. Marl-ham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone,

water, which is much the better for this class of
plants. Give air on all favourable occasions, and
let the night temperature be kept from 45° to 50°.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Chrysanthemums will now
be past their best, and steps should be taken to
remove all unsightly plants. Plants which have
been grown for specimen blooms are sending out a
quantity of side-shoots, and these will be found most
useful at a later date for furnishing cut flowers, if
the plants are placed in a vinery or late Peach-house.

BOUVARDIAS. — Introduce the earliest plants of
Bouvardia. These are invaluable at this season
both for cutting and decorative purposes, and if
grown in batches, they will afford a succession of
blooms all through the winter.

PRIMULAS. — The double and single varieties of
Primulas will also be doing good service now, and
manure-water should be given the earliest-sown
plants, which will strengthen the bloom.

HYBRID RHODODENDRONS.— These will now be
found very useful, in providing a quantity of their
bloom. Keep the plants in a warm greenhouse tem-
perature, and any pruning or cutting-back which is
required should be left over till the plants have done
blooming.

SOLANUM CAPSICASTRUM.— Plants of these
which have been grown on in pots during the summer
will now be found very useful. Before bringing
the plants in, see that they are thoroughly clear of
green- fly, &c.

DAPHNE INDICA ALBA. — This is a very useful
subject at this season of the year, and is a plant
easily grown, if care is taken in not over-potting or
giving it too much water at the roots. When making
its growth give it a genial temperature, and any un-
duly strong growths should be pinched back, so as to
form dwarf bushy plants. R. Milner, Penrice Castle,
Swansea.

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

HARD-WOODED PLANTS. — Boronias, Erioste-
mons, Epacns, Cnrreas, &c, will now require careful
watering at the roots ; and rather err on the dry side
than afford them too much water, but avoid allowing
them to become too dry. Always use soft or rain-

THE APIARY.

PACKING SECTIONS, ETC.— Unglazed sections
that are intended to be despatched in quantity by
rail, will require careful management in the matter
of packing, or they are sure to get much damaged on
transit, and cauae dissatisfaction to the purchaser.
It is important not to pack too many in one box, as
a package containing a gross of sections is more
likely to be subjected to rougher usage than one con-
taining, say, half that number, or less, which can be
more easily lifted. Hay is about the best and
cleanest material to use for the packing, but the
sections should first of all be tied up in brown paper
in half-dozens, and they will then be in good order
when taken out through not having been in contact
with the hay. A handle on each side of the box
should be provided to lift it by, and the nature of the
contents plainly marked on the address label, or on
the outside of the package, such as the words,
" Honey in the comb. This side up, with care."
Sections in half-dozens or dozens travel very well in
boxes lined thoughout with corrugated paper, only
they must be packed so that they cannot move about.
Messrs. Neighbour sell a wooden case which may be
had in the flat, and folds up to take a single section.
This answers well for sending through the post, and
is inexpensive. Nothing is better for sending ex-
tracted honey away in bulk than the tins sold for the
purpose by appliance dealers. They can be procured
to hold almost any required weight, and are cheap.
If bottles are required, they should be wrapped singly
in paper, and then packed in hay or straw, taking
care to have a thick layer at top and bottom; or they
will travel well in the corrugated paper before
mentioned.

MOVING HIVES. — Any changes that are desired
to be made in the arrangement of the apiary may
soon be taken in hand. Bees that have been con-
fined to the hives by cold weather for two or three
weeks can be moved safely, without any loss, but
they should not be jarred or shaken in any way to
cause disturbance. If they are to be moved any con-
siderable distance, a sort of hand-barrow should be
improvised so that two persons can carry them com-
fortably. In choosing a new location for an apiary,
select a spot that is sheltered from north and
easterly winds, if possible, and on low ground.
Colonies placed under trees are warmer in winter
than if out in the open, and an advantage is gained
in summer from the shade, which counteracts swarm-
ing. A clear flight, however, must be provided for
the bees in front of the hives, and plenty of head-
room is required for the bee-keeper. Expert.

674

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Illustrations.— Photographs or drawings, su table for repro-
duction in thest pages, of gardens, or of lemarkMe plants,
flowers, trees. Sic , are solicited.

Newspapers — Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY,

MEETINGS

Dec.

Dec. 9

i Royal Horticultural Society : Lec-
< ture on Hellebores ; and all Com-
' mittees meet.

Nat onal Rose Society : Annual

WEDNESDAY, Dec.

MONDAY, Dec.

TUESDAY, Dec.

WEDNESDAY, Dec

THURSDAY, Dec.

FRIDAY, DEC.

SATURDAY, Dec

{

S H OW.

Qj National Chrysanthemum Society
v\ (two days).

S A LE8.

t DuUh Bulbs at Protheroe & Morris"
7-J Rioms
I Dut< h Bulbs at Stevens' Rooms.

12,0"0 Lilium auratum and other
limbs, at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms.

[Sale of Plants and Bulbs. &.C., at
. 9-! PrutheToe & Morris' Rooms.

JL.

( Fruit trees at Stevens' Roums.
("Imp

['Important sale of Nursery Stock at
Le~'s Nursery, Feltham, by Pro-
theroe & M'>rns (two dav*).
I Sale of Dutch Bmbs at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms,
Ro es at Stevens' Room9.

Established and Imported Or-
chids, at Protheroe & Morris'
Rooms.

l Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
12V Morris R< oms,

( Liliums. &c , at Stevens' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATITKE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WERK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FOBTY-THREK YEARS. AT OHISWICK.— 41°.

The antagonism between the
Garden Craft, architect and the landscape gar-
dener seems as if it would never
cease. The designer of the mansion wants his
way, the landscape gardener is no less tenacious
in the advocacy of his rights. There result end-
less discussions as to the functions of art in the
garden— whether there should be any art at all
in the garden, or, seeing that in some shape
or another it is inevitable, it should not
be that art whose primary function it is
to conceal itself. These and other cognate
questions are raised in a recently-published
volume,* the work of a distinguished architect
who has lately passed away. Indeed the book is
a posthumous publication, and in places shows
the want of that revision to which it would
probably have been subjected had the author
lived. Thus within twenty piges he repeats the
following passage from Addison : — I think there
are as many kinds of gaidening as of p etry.
Your makers of parterres and flower-gardens are
epigrammatists and sonneteers in this art ; con-
trivers of bowers and grottoes, treillages and
cascades, are romance writers." Thus in the
following passage, wherein the author is alluding
to terrace gardens he inveighs against a dogma-
tism from which he is himself not altogether
free: — "If," says Mr. Sedding, "one is to promul-
gate opinions that shall run counter to the wisdom
of the whole civilised world, it is, of course, well
that they should lie pronounced with the air
of a Moses freshly come down from the
Mount, with the tables of the law in his

hands There is no code of taste resting

on any solid foundation which proves that garden

* Gar en Craft, Old and New. by the lnte John D.
Sepdivg Sixteen illustrations. Kkoan Paul, Tkexch,
TrUbmeh & Co.

or park should have any extensive stonework or
geometrical arrangement .... Let us use as
few oilcloth or carpet patterns and as little stone-
work as possible in our gardens." Mr. Sedding
does not approve of that passage, and many
people will be of the same opinion; but while he
thus quizzes the dogmatic assertions of other
people, he is by no means free from arrogant
self-assertiveness himself. Thus he speaks of
the present race of landscape gardeners, in-
cluding, be it remembered, such an artist as
Marnock : " Their intentions are admirable
beyond telling, but their work exhibits in the
grossest forms the very vices they condemn in the
contrary school, for the expression of their ideas
is self-conscious, strained and pointless." And,
again : "it is indeed wonderful to what heights
the British fancy can rise when put to the push,
if only it have a congenial field. So here we
have flower-beds shaped as crescents and kidneys,
beds like flying bats or bubbling tadpoles, com-
mingled butterflies and leeches, stars and sau-
sages, hearts and commas, monograms and
maggots, a motley assortment to be sure — but
the modern mind is motley, and the pretty
flower-beds smile a sickly smile out of their
comic beds as though Paradise itself could pro-
vide them with no fairer lodgings ; and yet, if I
dare speak my mind, ' sike fancies weren
foolerie,' and it were hard to find a good
word to say for them from any point of
view whatever. Their wobbly shapes are not
elegant ; they have not the sanction of
precedent, even of epochs the most barbarous ;
and, though they make pretence of being a
species of Art, their mock formality has not that
geometric precision which shall bind them to the
formal lines of the house, or to the general
bearings of the site. Not only do they contri-
bute nothing to the artistic effect of the general
design, but they even mar the appearance of the
grass that accommodates them. Design they
have, but not design of that quality which alone
justifies its intrusion. No wonder ' Nature
abhors lines,' if this base, a spurious imitation
of the old furmaliiy that Charles Lamb gloats
over, is all that the landscape-garden can offer
in the way of idealisation."

We have cited this passage, not only on
account of its manifest truth from the author's
standpoint, but also to show that he is every bit
as dogmatic as the landscape gardener at whom
he girds.

Beauty of fitness is, after all, the highest form
of beauty, so that whilst the architect is fully
justified in creating terraces, and the gardener
in decorating them in a style that harmonises
with and is the due complement with the style
of the adjacent mansion, either of them would
be deplorably in error if they designed a s milar
garden in the midst of the park. Something,
too, must be allowed for individual taste. Mr.
Sedding's taste was clearly in the direction of
artificiality in gardening. He expresses his
admiration for that curious survival of Levens,
"Westmoreland, of which we give an illustration,
fig. 07, p. 671.

It would be vandalism, indeed, to destroy so
fine an example of a style no longer fashion-
able ; but it would be grotesque folly to copy it
in any modern garden. On one point we cannot
agree in any degree with Mr. Sehding, and that
is in his appreciation of shrubs clipped and tor-
tured into the semblance of birds or beasts, or
any of the quaint conceits of the old practi-
tioners of the topiary art; we cannot conceive
that this practice is defensible on any score what-
ever— as well make a cannon of glass or a statue
in soap as carve out of foliage forms utterly un-

suitable for the purpose. Contrast is allowable,
and often agreeable in a garden, but deliberate
incongruity is mere childishness.

Another point in which Mr. Sedding, like
most of his fellow architects, is deficient, is in
his knowledge of and sympathy for plants.
Architects too often look on plants as so many
bricks, or, at best, as so many pieces of decora-
tion, to be considered only from an ornamental
point of view. Landscape gardeners themselves
are too often imperfectly acquainted with the
resources at their command, but, at least, they
have far more sympathy with plants, creations
instinct with life, responsive to every varying
phase of soil or climate, of sun or shadow,
possessed of a history full of interest for those
who have eyes to see, full of promise for those
whose imagination enables them to picture forth
the future. But is there no common ground
where the garden architects and the landscape
gardeners may meet in unison ? There is truth
in the contentions of both parties. Is it not
possible to let each have his way under appro-
priate circumstances, and where it is possible to
secure a compromise in which the best features
of either shall be combined for the common
good P Undoubtedly it is ; and the author
whose book has suggested these remarks re-
cognised this, and in his last chapter drops his
invective against the modern landscape gardener,
and allows us to put down his book with a genial
glow of satisfaction, instead of a feeling of
antagonism such as some other chapters are
calculated to induce. " Here one may well
leave the matter without further labouring,
content to have proved by the example of a
four square sane genius [Wordsworth], that
those instincts of ours which seem to pull
contrary ways — Art-wards or Nature-wards —
and to drive our lop-sided selves to the false-
hood of extremes are, after all, not incom-
patible. The field, the waste, the moor, the
mountain, the trim garden with its parterres
and terraces, are one Nature. These things
breathe one breath, they sing one music, they
share one heart letween them ; the differ-
ence between the dressed and the undressed
is only superficial. The art of gardening is not
intended to supersede Nature, but only to assist
Nature in moving these affections of those who
have the deepest perceptions of the beauties of
Nature, who have the most valuable feelings
.... the most ennobling with Nature and
human life." And so we take leave of a book,
the literary style of which renders it as pleasant
as a flower garden of an amateur, whilst the
substance is, in its way, as full of interest as the
garden of the connoisseur. We need say nothing
further to recommend it to the notice of our
readers, who will find much amply worth their
attention, but to which the limits of our space
preclude more than the bare mention.

OUR ALMANAC— Secretaries of Societies and
others are earnestly re quested to forward shortly,
the dates of show fixtures, and meetings of horti-
cultural societies of any kind for 1892, tor insertion
in the Almanac to be published in our issue lor
January 2.

Royal Horticultural Society.— On Tues-
day, December 8, the above Society will hold, in the
Drill Hall. James Street. Westminster, a show of
Christmas It >ses and other flowers, also fruits and
vegetables. A lecture on Hellebores will be given
at 3 P m , by the Rev. Canon Ellacombe.

LlNNEAN SOCIETY. — At a meeting held on
November 19, Professor Stewakt, President, in the
chair, Mr. W. L. Brown was admitted a fellow of the
societv. Mr. S. Jennings exhibited a collection of

December 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G75

wild flowers made by him during a recent tour
through the Rocky Mountains, California, and
Mexico. Mr. E. F. Cooi'K t exhibited specimens of
a new variety of Potamogeton from Loughborough,
lately described and figured by Mr. Alfred Fryer
(Jmirn. Bot , Oct., 1-91). Mr. A. W. Bennett tx-
hibited and made remarks upon some specimens of
Hydrodictyon utriculatum, Rith. (H. reticulatum,
De Toni), and some d-awings of anomalous Cypri-
pedium and Disa. Mr. W. Carrcthers, F R S., gave
a graphic account of a recent visit to Sweden in
search of original portraits of Linn;eus, and detailed
the result of his enquiries. His remarks were illus-

pass the accounts ; to elect the committee and
officers for the ensuing year; and for the transaction
of other general business. The fourteenth annual
dinner of the Society will likewise take place at the
same hotel and day at 6 p.m., the Very Rev. the Dean
of Rochester, D.D., presiding. Those who intend to
be present at the dinner should send in a notice to
that effect before December 7, after which no places
can be reserved.

Gardeners' Orphan Fund— The committee

met at the Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor, on
the 27th ult., William Marshall, Esq , in the chair.

of the Fund, the committee came to the conclusion
that they would be justified in placing at the next elec-
tion an eleven additional children upon the Fund,
bringing the number np to fifty, and the Secretary
was instructed to issue the necessary notices to that
effect. Already twelve applications on behalf of
orphan children have been sent in to the committee.
It was resolved that applications be sent in by
December 15. and that the next annual meeting ami
election should take place on Tuesday, February 5,
at the Cannon Street Hotel. The date of the annual
dinner, at which Alderman Sir James Whitehead,
Bart., is to preside, will be fixed later on.

Fig. 98. — view in mrs. general wilmot's qarden, rose bank, malvern. (see p. 677.)

t rated by an exhibition of engravings and photo-
graphs. A paper was then read by Mr. Thomas
Hick "On a new Fossil plant from the lower Coal
Measures." An interesting discussion followed, in
which Mr. Carruthehs, Mr. G. Murray, Professor
F. 0. Bower, Professor Marshall Warb, and others
took part.

NATIONAL ROSE Society. - The annual general
meeting ol the National R ise Society will be held,
by kind permission of the Horticultural Club, at
their Rooms, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, West-
minster, on Wednesday, December 9, at 3 p m., to
receive the report of the general committee ; to

The Secretary, Mr. A. F. Barron, read a list of
special awards, as follows : — Mr. Matthew Todd,
sale of fruit from his decorated dessert-table st the
recent Edinburgh Chrysanthemum show, £2 7*. ;
Mr. W. Bates, Twickenham, collecting- box at
Twickenham Chrysanthemum Show, £1 5s.; Mr.
William Hryant, Rugby, sale of flowers at Rugby
Chrysanthemum Show. £G 4s. ; Mr. W. H. Divers,
the gardens, Ketton Hall, box at Chrysanthemum
Show in thegardens, £1 F-'s. id.; Mr. F. Miller, North-
down, Margate, collecting-box, 5s. 10d.; and Woolton
Gardeners' Society, £10 2s, per Mr. J. Rnthwell,
secretary, arising from the sale of flowers at the
show, &c. On consideration of the financial position

Fruit at Winter Agricultural Shows.—
The Monmouthsnire County Council, with the view
of promoting the better cultivation of hardy fruits,
especially Apples, in the county of Monmouth,
obtained permission from Lord Tredegar to arrange
for an exhibit of Apples and Pears at his lord-
ship's very popular and important agricultural show
held at Newport last week, when Messrs. Bunyard
& Co., of Maidstone put up a very fine and inte-
resting collection of Apples, and Mr. John Watkins,
Pomona Farm, Withington, Hereford, staged a largo
and vaiied collection of both Apples and Pears ;
this latter collection contained a lot of really
magnificent fruit, and attracted a good deal of

676

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891.

attention. Mr. W. J.Gbant, Principal of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Horticulture, and Organising
Secretary for the County Council, prepared a
pamphlet containing, "Notes on Fruits for Mon-
mouthshire," on the same lines as a pamphlet
recently issued by the Koyal Horticultural Society
for the occasion, and which was distributed amongst
agriculturists and others who visited the show, and
proved to be an excellent means of diffusing infor-
mation in a reliable and convenient form. We
consider that much good might be accomplished
by the addition of classes for English-grown
Apples at such important agricultural gather-
ings as Lord Tredegar's. At Birmingham, and the
Smithfield Club at Birmingham, certainly, there were
classes for Apples for the first time ; but the terms
of competition are prohibitive, and the provisions
generally inadequate for such an important exhibi-
tion, which is visited by thousands of agriculturists,
who hail from the length and breadth of the king-
dom"; while the fruit exhibition compares most un-
favourably with that shown, not for competition, by
Mr. John Watkins and the English Fruit and Rose
Company, both of whom had stands of Apples, which
were examined with much interest and advantage by
many owners and occupiers of land, who never think
of visiting a horticultural show, and who conse-
quently have, comparatively speaking, little oppor-
tunity of seeing what can be done in the way of
producing Apples, of the highest possible excellence,
in our own country.

American Flora at the World's Fair.—

The native flora of each state and territory of
America will be shown at the Exposition, Chicago,
under the direction of Mr. J. Thorpe, who has en-
listed the lady managers to undertake the collection
of specimens.

Newcastle and District Horticultural
Mutual Improvement Society.— a meeting
of this society, as we learn from the Newcastle Daily
Chronicle, Saturdav, November 21, was held at the
Literary and Philosophical Institute, Newcastle,
last evening, Mr. B. Cowan in the chair. In the
absence of Mr. Elliott, who was to have read a
paper on "Plant Construction," Mr. J. Hood, jun.,
read a paper on " Chrysanthemums.'' A discussion
followed, in which Messrs. W. R. Armstrong,
Larke, Murray, the chairman, and others took
part.

WILD PLANTS.— The native flora of Belgium, as
of Britain, is almost or quite worked out, so far as
the identification of species is concerned. The
botanists propose to devote themselves next to the
habits of plants, that is to say, with the life- history
of each species, the relation between it and its sur-
roundings, its struggles with competing rivals and
with animal foes, and their relationship to other
plants. This line of study has been proposed by the
President of the Socie e Royale de Botanique de
Belgique, Professor A. Gravis.

Reading and District Gardeners' Mutual
Improvement Association -On the 23rd ult.,

Mr. R. Dean, Ealing, read at the usual fortnightly
meeting of the above, a paper on " Aromatic Garden
Herbs : their History, Uses, and Culture." The
subject was treated in a popular manner, and it was
generally felt that the herb garden is a department
of the kitchen garden not now so much appreciated
by gardeners generally as was formerly the case.

Mushrooms at the Chicago Exhibition.
—The Agricultural Department of the Government
will make an exhibit of facsimile casts of all of the
200 varieties of edible Mushrooms which grow in
the U.S.A., at the Chicago Exhibition. It is
believed that the exhibit will be productive of great
benefit in educating the people respecting this
valuable article of food, which is abundant, but now
little utilised.

Popular Names. -M. L. Errera, Professor of

Botany at the Brussels University, in a letter

inserted in the Bulletin de la Societi Royale de
Botanique de Belgium, strongly recommeuds botanists
to call plants by their Latin names, which are
understood by the savants of the whole world. This
plan should be adopted by both horticultural and
botanical writers, who would thereby render their
contributions intelligible to almost all readers, and
immediately available for scientific purposes.

" The Fruit-Grower's Guide."— Under this
title a work is projected to be written by Mr. John
Wright, F.R.H.S., and illustrated with coloured
illustrations, by Miss May Rivers. The Fruit-
Grower's Guide will be serviceable to all persons
who have an interest in the production of fruit, and
to all growers of fruit either for home use or
commercial purposes. The work will be embellished
with forty-three coloured plates and three vignettes,
in which upwards of one hundred of the choicest and
most useful varieties of fruit of various kinds will
be faithfully and artistically portrayed by Miss
May Rivers. The work will further contain about
two hundred diagram illustrations by Mr. Worth-
ingtox G. Smith and Mr. George Shayler, re-
presenting : (a) The structure of roots, leaves,
flowers, and fruit ; (h) The draining of land and
formation of borders ; (c) Plans of fruit gardens and
orchards ; (d) methods of raising trees by cuttings,
layers, budding, and grafting; (c) planting, pro-
tecting, and supporting trees; (/) pruning, summer
and winter, root and branch ; (g) training and
shaping trees ; (h) plans of various glass structures,
showing approved methods of heating and ventila-
tion ; (;') fruit rooms and stores ; (j) thinning,
preserving, and packing fruit; (k) the insect and
fungoid enemies of trees and fruit; and all other
essential details for enabling the important subject
of fruit culture and distribution to be understood
even by the inexperienced. Particulars will be
given on the soil — its preparation and improvement ;
manures — their uses and application, including
surface dressings, liquid manure, and mulching;
climatic conditions in respect to frost, dew, light,
temperatures, ventilating, syringing, &c. ; sites and
shelter for gardens and otchards, with instructions
for their formation ; also the renovation of old
gardens and orchards ; descriptive particulars of
planting, shaping, and training from the maiden to
the fruiting tree ; protecting buds, blossom, and
fruit, also its thinning, gathering, and storing ;
selections of fruits for various soils and districts,
with the forcing of all kinds of fruit, so as to
maintain an unbroken succession for home use, or
for meeting the ever-growing demands of the great
centres of population. The work will be completed
in twen'y-two and a half parts, 4to, at 2s. each, or
in six divisions, cloth, gilt edges, at 10s. dd. each, or
in three volumes, at 21s. each. Each part will
contain forty-eight pages of letterpress and two
coloured illustrations. Each 10s. Od. division, one
hundred and seventy-six pages and eight coloured
illustrations. Each volume, three hundred and sixty
pages and fifteen coloured illustrations. The issue
is confined to subscribers, and supplied by J. S.
Virtue & Co., Limited, Publishers, 294, City Road!
London.

Cork Pine at Chicago. -Hugh Price, one
of the Wisconsin C 'mmissioners, has made arrange-
ments for securing for the World's Fair, at Chicago, a
mammoth Cork Pme (Ssquoia?),a tree which is grow-
ing rare in his State. It is 24 feet in length, and will
scale 2500 feet. One plank is 16 feet long, 3 inches
thick, and 44 inches wide, without a knot or blemish.

SALT Blast. — The gale which brought about
the stranding of the Benvenue at Sandgate, and the
ultimate rescue of the crew, after many hours of sus-
pense, must be still familiar to the reader. It is
curious to observe the different effectsof the gale on the
various shrubs exposed to its influence. At Folke-
stone, for instance, the Japanese Euonymus, as a
rule, subject to some exceptions, is unhurt ; but
Laurestine, standing in immediate proximity, has
been well nigh killed. Aucubas look as if they had

been boiled, Hydrangeas are in not much better
plight, Evergreen Oaks and Tamarisks look miserable
on the exposed side, Privets are stripped of their
leaves, Clematis and Brambles are in the same case,
and even the tips of the leaves of Iris fcetidissima
look as if burnt. Austrian Pines have withstood the
blast with a little browning of the foliage, or with
no injury at all; the Pinaster, on the other hand,
has suffered considerably. Pittosporum Tobira and
Eucalyptus globulus, which survived for several
years in the locality, succumbed to the frost of last
winter.

" The Agricultural Revolution." —

Under this title, M. E.mile Gautier, of the Figaro,
has published for popular use a history of M.
Georges Ville's experiments on the manuring of
plants, accompanied by illustrations which are much
more telling than columns of figures. M. Villb, as
is well known, is the earnest advocate for the use, in
proper proportion, of chemical manures, appropriate
to the particular crop. In principle, M. Ville has
proved his point ; it is only on matters of detail that
any difference of opinion is likely to occur — such,
for instance, as the cost of the manures, and the use
of farmyard manure, either alone, or with some
fertiliser mixed with it.

CASUARINAS.— A few of these elegant Anstralian
shrubs are grown in our conservatories, and some
even form part of the repertory of the table-
decorator. Their chief interest, however, is bota-
nical. M. Treub, the eminent director of the Botanic
Garden at Buitenzorg, shows that the pollen-tube,
instead of entering the nucellus through the micro-
pyle, as is customary, makes its way through the
chataza. On this account Dr. Treub has divided
flowering plants into two divisions, viz., Porogams,
including the Monocots and Dicots, and Chalazo-
gams, comprising the Casuarinas only. The pollen-
tube in some cases branches at the end, and the
whole course of development of the female flower is
different from that of ordinary flowering plants.

" Monatschrift fur Kakteenkunde."— Dr.
Paul Abendt is publishing in Berlin a monthly
journal relating to Cacti, which may be had from
Bodo Grundmann, Berlin, W. 57, or from Williams
& Norgate, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. It
is illustrated with reproductions by photography.
Not only the botany of the order is attended to,
but also the cultivation. We hardly think a
monthly journal devoted to Cacti would pay on
this side of the German Ocean ; but it is worth
consideration whether we may not look on recent
publications in Germany and the United States as
pioneers of a turn in the w heel of fashion.

Glasgow Botanic Garden.— We are glad

to learn that this fine establishment is now under
the control of the Corporation of Glasgow, and that
the Curator, Mr. Bullen, is commencing with
vigour the work of renovation which the long-con-
tinued period of difficulties has rendered necessary.
We congratulate the residents of Glasgow on the
termination of the misfortunes of their garden, and
on the prospects of its success in the future under
the guidance of so capable an administrator as Mr.
Bullen.

Cabbage-Caterpillars.— In the treatment of
Cabbage-caterpillars, says Mr. Fletcher, in his
address to the Association of Economic Entomolo-
gists, Pyrethrum (flea-powder), mixed with four
times its weight of common flour, and then kept
tightly closed for twenty-four hours, leaves nothing
to be desired, and thousands of dollars are yearly
saved to small growers, who most need the assistance.

German Customs Duties.— A collection of
butterflies, destined for a German entomologist, was
charged with duty on the ground that, as the insects
had wings, they must be classed as poultry, and pay
the same duty.

CHISWICK. — The new span-roofed plant house in
the lv>yal Horticultural Society's gardens atChiswick
is now finished, and is worth inspecting. It was

December 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

67'

built by Messrs. J. Weeks & Co., of Chelsea, to
whom the Council of the Society have accorded a
special vote of thanks for " economy and excellence."

M CrepiN— The celebrations in honour of M.
Crispin, the Director of the Brussels Botanic
Garden, to which we have already referred, will
culminate on the G'.h inst. with a banquet, at which
the Minister of Agriculture and Public Works will
be present.

M. Auguste Francois Hardy.— We greatly

regret to hear of th" decease of this gentleman on
the -M',h ult. M. Hardy was not only an active
member of the governing body of the National
Horticultural Society of France, but he was director of
the National School of Horticulture of Versailles,
an institution which he raised to a high state of
e fficiency. A portrait of M. Hardy was given
recently in our columns.

Natural History Society of Aberdeen.

— The first meeting, for the winter session, of the
above society took place at the Marischal College,
Aderdeen, on Wednesday, November 25. The
principal feature of the evening was the reading of a
paper on " The Influence of Horticulture on the
Taste* and Manners of the People," by Mr. Harper,
head gardener, Duthie Public Park, Aberdeen. The
e9say was of an instructive and interesting character,
and, during the course of his remarks, Mr. Harper
maintained that gardens and gardening were de-
cidedly conducive to the welfare of the public
generally.

Publications Received.— Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences. Part II. Philadelphia.
— Agricultural Science. Indiana, U.S.A. — Garden
Scholarships. Missouri Botanical Garden. — The
Amateur's Guide to Vegetable Growing, by A. Watkins,
London. — La Rose, by J. Bel, France. — La Teratologic
Vegetale, by M. D. Clos. — Frukthuset mfd Dertill
Horande Kulturer, by M. P. Andersen, Jonkoping. —
The Botanical Gazette, Indiana, U S. A. — Bulletin II.,
Department of Agriculture, Brisbane. — Report on the
Progress and Condition of the Government Botanical
Gardens, Saharanpur and Mussooree — Murray's
Magazine. John Murray, Albemarle Street. —
Curtis's Botanical Magazine. L. R-eve & Co.,
Henrietta Street, W.C. — The Book Worm. Elliot
Stock, Paternoster Row, EC. — Dr. L. Rabenhorst's
Kryptogamen — Die H at iir lichen Pflanzenfamilirn. —
Die Hypogaecn Deutschlands. — Dictionnaire dc Botan-
ique. Williams & Norgate, Henrietta Street, W.C.
— Jasmin, by S. Smiles. John Murray, Albemarle
Street. — Report of the Knowledge of the Zoology and
Botany of the West India Islands.

and of regular and dwarf habit, well adapted for
bidding purposes.

The flower gardens are laid out in a series of long
and broad terraces of turf, with appropriately designed
beds, arranged with skill. Each terrace is con-
nected by means of sloping walks of easy gradients,
well-concealed and arranged.

At the end of the principal terrace (see fig. 93,
p. 675). flanked by tall evergreens, is situated a gallery,
consisting of several tiers, each about 40 feet in
breadth, which in the season is fi led with several
hundred plants of Pelargonium Bonfire, that flowered
splendidly. Such a large mass of scarlet colour, with
its setting of greenery, in the form of shrubs and
trees and turf, is dazzling in the extreme, and in such
a situation the brilliancy is not inharmonious.

To describe these terrace-gardens in detail would
occupy much space. There are some beds of Be-
gonias, self-coloured, canary - yellow, bronze, and
orange- scarlet, which never fail to arrest the eye of
the beholder on glancing over these pleasing combi-
nations of colour. Some borders, designed to look
like a chain, and the design filled in with Begonias,
edged with Golden Feather, were very effective on
a sloping parterre, as seen from the windows of the
house.

Magnolia, Ceanothus, Fuchsia, and other half-
hardy subjects flourish at this altitude, and their
presence add greatly to the interest of the garden,
the general keeping of which reflects great credit on
Mrs. Wilmot's head gardener.

The saving ot seeds from Begonia flowers, which
have been selected for some especial feature, and
artificially fertilised, is carried on year by year, and
thus Mr. Mason is enabled to weed out the inferior
varieties. In confirmation of this fact, I was shown
a batch of seedlings possessing great vigour, and
which were of exceptional merit, affording a great
contrast to some other Begonia seedlings alongside,
which were the produce of seeds obtained from
abroad. W. C.

ROSE BANK, MALVERN.

At a considerable elevation, and on the south-
east of the Malvern Hills, stands this charming
residence of Mrs. General Wilmot, well-Bheltered
by belts of evergreens and trees, planted so as to
allow of views being obtained at various points of
the lovely country around, and the more distant
landscape. It is, however, the gorgeous summer
bedding of the place which claims attention on this
occasion, for nowhere else have I ever seen the
tuberous-rooted Begonias employed in such profu-
sion, or more floriferous or luxuriant as at Rose Bank.
Begonias of every shade and colour abound every-
where— the perfection of all summer bedding plants.
Whether it be the character of the soil in which
they grow, which is the detritus of mountain lime-
stone, or whether the salubrity of the surroundings
cause them to flourish, I do not opine ; and un-
doubtedly the gardener, Mr. Mason, gives them his
especial attention. At this elevation the plants
last in good flowering condition much longer
than in gardens at a lower level. Mr. Mason was
one of the first to take the tuberous Begonia in
hand for massing, and he also has been very suc-
cessful in raising a very distinct strain of erect-
flowering varieties, pure selfs, of various colours,

The Rock Garden.

I must beg to be permitted to say a few words in
answer to the remarks of " W. A. C." in your impression
of November 14. I notice at once that there is strong
internal evidence to show reason why he is so partial
to rockeries, and that he looks at them through
coloured spectacles of his own ; but let that pass — I
will meet what he says word by word, and I traverse
the whole of it. I suppose that the deepest sin
which I commit in his eyes is that, as he thinks, I
coddle my plants, and this is the worst he can say
of me. But is it quite so certain, as " W. A. C."
takes it to be ? Has he ever given himself the
trouble to consider for Ave minutes what coddling
really is ? The word can be used in a good sense,
and it can be used in a bad one. According to one
usage, it stands for little more than an affectionate
regard, and then I plead guilty to the charge of
coddling at once. " W. A. C." goes in for being
natural beyond everything else; but does Nature
never coddle her favourites ? Ask the little Gentia-
nella, which sleeps so tranquilly beneath the super-
incumbent snow, if it is not so? Little heeds it of
the elemental strife which rages over its head, or of
the devastating bise which could very soon have
destroyed all the vitality it possesses. Enquire what
the Violet says, as it lies buried in the forest under ten
thousand leaves, and remains warm and snugly
covered up when all around is icebound and stiffened
with the cold. Look at that little point we
call a bud, as it is wrapped around with fold upon
fold by the deftest tenderest fingers, and is then, as
in the case of the Horse Chestnut, varnished over so
as to be impervious to wet. Admire the chrysalis
as it lies in its silken shroud, and then let " W. A. C."
6av — jf he can — that Nature avoids coddling, and is
not greatly inclined to it. Why his very eyelash
coddles his eye, and is a protector which softens and
mitigates the too great glare of light— his moustache

and his beard, in all probability, coddle his mouth
and throat, and keep in order those delicately-woven
tubes, which are so sensitive to cold. The truth is,
there is coddling in this sense everywhere all around,
and safeguards, and protections, and mitigations are
supplied by a loving hand in the most prodigal
manner.

But I know quite well, " W. A. C." will say that
all this is sheer nonsense, and not at all what
he meant. He referred— of course he did— only to
practices which have a very effeminate look about,
them (that is the word he would use), they are the
outcome of folly — the evidences of a third-rate mind
which has been at work — they are unnecessary and
irritating to any person with common sense. Now
let me ask " W. A. C." to look at this matter rather
closely with me — it affects every gardener and garden
in the kingdom — let us grapple with it if we can.
I will give him three notes or marks of what coddling
in a bad sense really is ; if he can prove them against
me he upsets everything I have done — if he fails in
this, then his strictures on my alpinery come to
nothing. The first note or mark which I offer is,
that the efforts which are put forth should be largely
in excess of what the requirements call for ; the
next is, that there should be a mis-direction in the
aim ; and the last is, that failure should ensne.

You would hardly blame a man who is engaged in
a difficult enterprise if he takes rather too much
care about it, provided only that he comes out suc-
cessfully at the end. At any rate, it would not be
called coddling in a bad sense, the result would
plead in extenuation of his zeal ; neither, on
the other hand, could you label anything in a failure
as coddliDg if you see no signs about it of over-much
trouble. There would be misadventure or disappoint-
ment there. But given only fussy, irritating care,
ill-judged effort, and disaster coming with a cer-
tainty on its heels, and I should contend with no one
who says away with coddling when it only comes to
this — let us all breathe freely again.

Now, I will give " W. A. C." an instance of what
I believe coddling in a wrong sense really to be, and
I will also give him an instance of what I am sure it
is not, if only a right view be taken of the affair.
The other day, one of my little girls dug up a Rose-
bush from her garden, put it into a pot, located it in
the hottest part of my greenhouse, hugged it (I saw
it in her arms), very likely kissed it — though I am
not so sure about that — watered it over-much, and
nearly did it to death by her unremitting care.
The Rose-bush was as nearly as possible sacrificed
to her love. Now, I call that a typical instance of
real genuine coddling in a bad sense, about which
there can be no doubt at all. The zeal was exces-
sive, the measures taken were wrong, and the result
was deplorable. But I defy " W. A. C." or anyone
else to say that there was coddling in a bad sense in
what follows, and this will have the strongest bearing
on the treatment of my alpine plants.

At the beginning of the year our well-known
Snowdrop specialist, Mr. Allen, was in great diffi-
culty about his splendid collection of Snowdrops —
some Somersetshire trouble was afflicting them in
a very sad manner. Snowdrop fungus had appeared
to a great extent, and he did me the honour of ask-
ing me if I would take them under my wing, and do
the best I could with tnem. At any rate, I had a
large part of these Snowdrops to look after, and Mr.
Boyd, of Melrose, had the remainder.

Very little time was given me to think about it,
and, though I always should be glad to do anything
in the world for Mr. Allen, I inwardly quaked very
much at the thought of having such a very precious
possession under my charge, and in such a shaky
condition. So strongly had the Snowdrop fungus
got hold of them, that Mr. Allen advised me not to
take the bulbs into my garden near the house, lest
others should be infected by them, but to grow them
in a kitchen garden, which he knew I had a short
way off. This, however, I would not think of for
a moment. I determined to treat them under my
own eyes, and to do what I could for them. No one
can do any more than his best ; and now what is the

678

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891.

result of all this on November 16, 1891 ? At least
two thirds of these Snowdrops are above ground
already. They are as strong and healthy as could
be, and, as it is so very early in the season for
Snowdrops to appear, I believe all the rest will
follow suit, and this fine collection will be saved. I
have not told Mr. Allen yet anything about it, and if
he reads these lines when he is cracking his egg at
breakfast— and the Gardeners' Chronicle comes into
bis hands on Saturday morning— he may take my
word for it that his favourites are all right, and he
may have a happy surprise.

But how were they saved ? The answer is by
what " W. A. C." calls coddling, and I should not
call coddling at all ; at anyrate. not in a bad sense,
or one to be deprecated in the least. I am certain
that if " VV. A. C." had walked round my garden
any time during the summer months, and had come
to that Snowdrop bed, he would have said to himself,
or perhaps openly, " Coddling, coddling, it is all
coddling in this garden, from the beginning to the
end." Let it bs so if he thinks it is, but if the means
taken were in the right direction, as they manifestly
Were — if they were not overdone — and if the result is
right it matters not to me what names are used — I
shall coddle as long as I live. And this relates in
the most direct manner to my rockery, or alpinery
as perhaps it ought to be called. What are my
bits of glass and precautions against the sun, and
woven or wooden screens, &c, but expedients
which do their work, as the eyelash does for the
eye? How are the means unfitted to the end? It
is about as wise to leave some plants undefended to
stand the rigours ot an English winter, or, still
wors-, sometimes in the Isle of Wight the seventy
of an English summer, as it would be for one's self
to go with linen breeches to the North Pole, or to
stand on the Equator under a midday sun without
any thatch on your head. Common prudence dictates
some ordinary precaution, and in many cases they
are as useful for plants as for men.

I entirely deny that " W. A. C." has given such a
wonderful list of survivals as to prove that a
happy-go-lucky way is the best. Lithospermum
prostiatum and L. Gastoni are both very hardy
indeed, and there is no need to do anything for
them ; I never put them in the alpinery at all
Hypericum reptans gives no trouble, and though I
cannot say I possess the three or four things which
" W. A. C." has lately purchased, from Mi-ssrs.
Backhouse, I have their congeners, and I get on
very easily with them. Saponaria ocymoides is also
not difficult at all. Let " W. A. C." try Pulmonaria
dahurica, Lewi&ia rediviva, Frimula suffrutescens,
or Edraianthus serpyllifolius ; or let him put in an
Opuntia or two — or M\osotidium nobile, and many
other things that might be named, and I will give up
it his free-and-easy method carries with it any success
in a marked and definite degree.

There are just two or three other points in his
letter which I should like to notice, if you will give
me leave to do so. When he writes, ' If ' H. E.' goes
in tor quantity, he had better grow his plants in pots,
and elevate them in accordance with his views," I
can only say I do not know what he means, it is an
unintelligible sentence to me. But when he goes on
to say, that my " pockets are not large enough to
admit soil to keep the plants alive," I join issue with
him at once, and I declare it is not so ; and besides
this, I suspect there is more reason for what I do on
this head than perhaps he has dreamt of. Of
course, we all know that many alpines have very
long roots, and they run back a great distance into
the earth, but all this is fully provided for, and there
is not, I am sure, a single instance of a plant
suffering on my alpinery in the way that " W. A. C."
has supposed. I wish, however to catechise my
questioner about the point he has raised.

Does he know that too much soil is absolutely
prejudicial to a great many alpine plants? I admit
that it is a very difficult thing indeed to apportion
the right amount, but a caveat should frequently be
entered agaiust supplying them with too much quite
as caiefully as it should be entered against

supplying them with too little. This applies in a
very marked degree to the genus Pritnulacea:.
Herr Max Kolb gives as one of the reasons why
they often blossom so scantily in our hands, that
they have been fed too much His words are these
on p. 230 of his work on alpine plants, after loud
lamentations over the disappointments he has met
with : " But one has to blame oneself, they have
been put into too big beds, or they have had too
much nourishment," and be insists on this over
and over again. On p. 231 he writes about
Primula calycina: "It likes very little nourish-
ment." On p 237 he says that " P. commutata is
apt to die off if it has too great nourishment."
Little nourishment he prescribes on p. 240 for P.
Facchini. " P. hirsuta is to be put into small clefts
or holes," and so on in many other instances. He
seems to think that there is quite as much danger
of overdoing as there is of underdoing this business,
and he warns his readers with emphasis against a
common mistake which he frequently meets with.
The truth is, according to him, that you might as well
give a man a tremendous dinner and then ask him
to sing a song, as supply some Primulas with too
much nourishment and then expect them to blossom.
I very much fear that if he saw some of the Monte
Rosas and Matterhorns of modern days, and the
Primulas that often look so unhappily upon them,
he would use the words of commiseration which
he has given us in his book, and his verdict about
the disappointment of their constructor would run
in precisely the same groove as that with which we
are already familiar— " It is his own fault— there
is too much earth." He might add to it this:
"He has coddled in a bid way after all."
Also, he is quite wrong in asserting that a plant
cannot develop in a pocket, be it large or small.
It does develop, and runs over the sides with
the greatest possible ease. Also, it is a mere tra-
vesty to assert that ladies must ascend a ladder to
look at the plants. It is no such thing at all. The
alpinery is commanded by the eye in every part with
the greatest facility. A small ladder, as I have said,
is of use for the gardener to work on when he looks
after the two highest tiers ; but this would have
been saved if I could have found space to make my
construction wider.

A much wiser man than " W. A. C." appears to
me to be, was visiting my garden the other day— he
is an F.K.S., a professor of botany, &c; and when
he saw how well the things were doing, and took
occasion especially to note the " hideous slabs," he
gave it as a possible explanation of the general well-
being he beheld, that heat is given off in the
night from these limestone slabs, and that thus
the temperature of day and night is equalised
in a very marked degree, which alpines love so much.
If opinion is to be set against opinion, I think at
present, that those who know the most about plants
have the most declared themselves in favour of my
plan ; and here, therefore, so far as I go, the matter
may rest. I am accustomed to the tombstone jokes,
and the allusion to a cemetery ; they are stale and
worn out, but if it pleases any one to renew them,
let him renew them. For me, it is enough to know
that life, not death, presides over my little spot.
Bic floret instead of hie jacet runs on the tombstones
as a rule, and strange to say, as surely as the spring
comes round, there is a grand annual resurrection,
and thousands of little lives are renewed. On terms
of this sort, I am willing to be called the keeper of
a cemetery, if " W. A. C." desires to have it so— it
matters little to me. Henri/ Ewbank.

Scotland.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIA-
TION'S CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
This show was opened in the Waverley Market,
Edinburgh, on Thursday, Novemher 19. List year
the number of competitors was 151 ; this year there
were 157. Last year there were 792 entries ; this year

they number 871. The advance which is apparent
from those figures was also maintained in the lead-
ing exhibits, which were, in quality, in advance of
any that have yet been shown.

The great feature of the show was, of course, the
exhibition of Chrysanthemums. It is probable that
there were on view not far short of 200 varieties
of Chrysanthemum, every one of which presented
some special feature of form or colour, and
ranged through all the -hades of yellow and bronze,
and brown and pink, and purple to purest white, and
blooms of hardiest form to those of filmiest petal.
The great prize of the show, for which there were
about a dozen competitors, is the City of Edinburgh
Cup, valued at £20, offered for the best forty-eight
blooms, Japanese Chrysanthemums, of not less than
thirty-six varieties. This was secured by Mr. J. W.
M'Hattie, of Newbattle Abbey Gardens. His blooms
were all well grown, and shown in perfect condition,
some of them measuring as much as 6 inches across ;
they included most of the well-known varieties.
The 2nd prize lot, which was exhibited by Mr.
Parker, Imprey, Droitwich, also oontained some very
choice blooms, but they lacked the evenness of
quality of Mr. M'Hattie's.

The next most coveted honour at the show was
the Scottish Challenge Cup, prtsnted by the
Association for the best twenty- four blooms of
incurved Chrysanthemums, and open to Scottish
gardeners and amateurs only. It was won by Mr.
Alexander Watt, Biackhouse, Skelmorlie, with an
exhibit of very even merit.

In the competition for the best twenty-four Chrys-
anthemums, Japanese and incurved, Mr. Richard
Parker showed some blooms which were hardly sur-
passed in the show for delicacy of colour and
exc-llent condition.

The smaller competitions all brought out their
quota of splendid spfC^mens, and the exhibition o
single varieties constituted a feature in their corner
of the market.

Tne Government of 'Nova' Scotia, through Dr.
George Lawson, Secretary for Agriculture to the
colony, sent a collection of about eighty varieties of
Apples, all fine samples of their kind ; large, full,
and richly coloured. It comprised most of the fine
varieties for the production of which the colony is
famed, notable amongst them being splendid samples
of Blenheim Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Gravenstein,
King of the Pippins, G >lden Pippin, Ohio Nonpareil,
Seek-no- Further, Grime's Golden, Cabashea, King of
Tompins County, B.-n Davis, Fallwater, Bildwir,
Vandevere, and many others which have appeared
in former collections exh'bited from Nova Scotia.
Among those not previously seen at Edinburgh,
Red Jewel bears a considerable resemblanc* to a
large and well-grown Cox's Orange Pippin; Eiton
Spy, an improved Northern Spy ; Haas, a very
handsome, roundish, bright red Apple; and Nod-
head, a large, round, green, red-cheeked, useful-
looking fruit. Wellington was also in the collec-
tion for the first time, but although full-sized
and clean grown, it was less-briskly flavoured than
home-grown samples, a drawback peculiar to most,
if not, all culinary Apples grown in America. Dr.
Lawson also sent a whole barrel of splendid Graven-
stein Apples, to show the method of packing for
exportation, which was a point of much interest
to the growers of fruit ; but with the general crowd
the beautiful, rich, juicy Apples proved more attrac-
tive than the method of packing, and it was im-
possible to keep the barrel intact to the end of the
show. The collection received a well-merited award
of a Special Gold Medal.

The tame award, a Special Gold Medal, was made
to Messrs. Dicksons & Co., nurserymen, Edinburgh,
for a grand collection of upwards of 150 varieties of
Apples and Pears, the enumeration of which would
include all the popular varieties of the day. Among
them Mere de Menage and Peasgood's Nonsuch
A • pies were conspicuous from their great size and
fine colour ; and among Pears Calabasse Grosse was
the weightiest, although many other better varieties
followed closely. Fine samples were exhibited of

December 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G79

the two new Apples, James Grieve and Bailie Neilson,
for the latter of which they received a First-class
Certificate, the former being previously certificated.
Both are handsome fruit, and useful types of
Aoples, of which more will be heard in future, when
they become better known.

Mr. William Ingram sent a very interesting col-
lection of thirteen varieties of Pears from the gardens
at Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, which were very
highly commended by the judges for their fine size
and excellent qualities. Besides grand samples of
such well-known varieties as Doyenne du Cornice,
Beurr6 Superfin, Easter BeurriS, Winter Nelis, Jose-
phine de Malines, Glou Morr;<>au, and Beurre Ranee,
the collection included Louise Cappe, Beurre du
Bouisson, Conseiller de la Cour, Huyshe's Bergamot,

THE CONFERENCE PEAR
(RIVERS).

This variety of Pear is a seedling raised by Mr.
Rivers, of Sawbridgewortb, and submitted to the
committee of the National Pear Conference in 1885,
the name of Conference being given to it as a memo-
rial of the gathering, it being the only English seed-
ling Pear certificated there. Fruit, large and pyriform ;
skin, bright yellow, for about one inch below the
stalk, beyond which it is yellow covered with bright
russet ; stalk, 1 inch long, inserted without depres-
sion ; eye, open ; sepals, erect, placed in a shallow
basin ; flesh, salmon-coloured, by which the Pear
may be readily distinguished ; rich, melting, very
juicy, and buttery.

FlG. 09. — THE CONFERENCE PEAR.

extra fine ; Marie Louise d'Uccle, and Prince Consort,
the last a very fine sample.

For a table of home and foreign fruit, Mr. More,
fruiterer, Queen Street, Edinburgh, was the only
competitor, and deservedly secured the Association's
Gold Medal for an excellent display of a great variety
of fruits.

Great regret was felt that the exhibit of fruit from
the United States Government did not reach Edin-
burgh before the show was closed, owing to stress of
weather in the Atlantic ; but the Association was to
exhibit it at the first monthly meeting on Tuesday,
December 1.

The display of vegetables was, as is usual at Edin-
burgh winter shows, large in numbers, and of high
excellence all round.

This is a dessert Pear of first-rate quality, equally
vigorous on the Pear and Quince stocks ; on the
Pear stock it begins to bear fruit three years from
the graft, and is therefore well adapted for orchard
and garden culture. It is a vigorous grower, and an
abundant and regular bearer, and likely to take rank
as a standard Pear in England. It is rather singular
that a Pear of this quality should have been raised
from a baking Pear. The drawing from which our
figure was taken was by Miss Rivers.

Home Correspondence.

CLIMBING NIPHETOS ROSE —I have read with
some intereet the several notes that have appeared
in recent numbers of the Gardeners' Chronicle anent

the above Rose. Without wishing to enter into a,
discussion, or to differ from any views already
expressed, I beg to state that the plant as seen at
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co.'s nurseries, is both
climbiDg and free- flowering. On passing through the
houses of the above firm some two or three years ago,
I noticed that one of the Roses had made within
four months 22 feet of growth. Although this shoot
was the longest, there were many otliers nearly as
long. With regard to the flowering propensity
of this Rose, some difference of opinion at one
time existed, but as seen in the above nurseries, it is
positively free-flowering. I happened to call at the
nurseries in the spring of the following year, in
which reference is made to the 22 feet growth, and
on that very plant I counted nearly one hundred
flowers then in a bud state fit to cut, without noticing
any that were small, or referring to those that had
been cut. More recently, I have seen instances of
this Rose rambling in the freest manner over the
roofs of houses, and also observed the same plants
blooming equally free. C. Warden, Clarendon Park,
Wilts.

CEDRUS DEODARA FRUITING.— There seems to
be much interest manifested this year with regard
to the fruiting of the Cedrus Deodara, strengthened,
no doubt, by the very excellent figure given of it in
your issue of October 10, p. 423, and referred to
again by a correspondent the next week. One is
almost tempted to ask if it is a very unusual thing
for the Deodar to fruit in this country, if so,
it may be of interest to mention the following.
I have in the gardens here, amongst others, a yourg
tree of Cedrus Deodara, 20 feel in height, which has
borne female cones every year for five years in suc-
cession, and has at the present time about forty very
fine cones upon it. I have raised some young plants
from it twice, thus proving that some, at least, of
the seed was capable of vegetating. The tree is in
good health, and grows in a very light soil, consisting
chiefly of leaf-mould, with a great number of stones
in it. T. Sharman, Rozel Bay, Jersey.

From amongst a collection of some

forty trees of Cedrus Deodara, planted about
twenty-eight years ago at ihis place, we have one
tree which has seven cones, quite as good as the
Dropmore tree, figured in the Gardeners Chronicle on
October 10. In the last week in the month of
October the scales of these cones began to open from
the base upwards to about three-fourths of their
height, and remained open for about ten days, when
they closed up tightly as before, and have so remained
ever since. Is this a usual thing for them to do ?
J. Willis, Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.

BOCCONIA CORDATA.— Having observed some
remarks in the last issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle
respecting Bocconia cordata, I should like to say
that there are two plants in the gardens at Shopwyke
House, and one of them in an exposed bed of herba-
ceous plants ; the other in the foreground of a belt
of shrubs, and neither have had any protection in
winter. Both made stems this last season between
3 and 4 feet high. This is the first place in which I
have met with the plant, but I fully agree with Mr.
Earley's remarks, that it is a grand solitary plant on
the lawn, where we intend to have one next year.
A. Godden, Shvpwyke House, Chichester.

PITMASTON DUCHESS PEAR. — Tour corre-
spondent asks if his Prars (Pitnjaston Duchess) are
not unusually large. I exhibited eight fruits of
this variety at the Bath Chrysanthemum Show on
November 11, which weighed 10/ lb., the largest
weighing 26 oz. The tree, which is'ten years grafted,
brought to maturity four dozen fruits, and hut half-
a-dozen of them were less than 1 lb. apiece.
J. Gibson, Braycot Gardens, Chippenham.

FRUITING OF CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS— On
visiting Normauton Pa k garden lately, 1 observed
a tree of Cbimonanthus fragrans bearing seed ves-
sel of which I gathered a few to send for your
inspection. The fruit is much smaller now that it
is ripe, than it was early in the summer, when it was
almost twice its present siz-. The tree is trained to
a south wall, and is aged. I hive never before seen
this species in fruit. W. H. Vivers. [The fruiting of
this plant is not uncommon. Ed ]

NOTES FROM oakwood— On October 20 we
finished putting the greas-il bands on our fruit trees
to protect them against the female of the winter
moth. This made its first appearanc^on November4;
on the 12th, moths came in quantity — we found ei^tit
on one tree, there seems to be something in the

080

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891.

garden at Oakwood attractive to moths, perhaps our
wuod or water. In the gardens here and at our
■cottage near, so few were caught last year (while we
had many at Uakwood), that we have not banded the
trees. 1 should doubt if the quantity of grease which
finds its way through the VVuiesden brown canvas of
which the bands are made, being enough to injure
the bark ; but to make sure, we have this year put a
band of Willesden thick brown paper under the
greased band. I shall be obliged if any of your
readers who grow hardy Cyclamens successfully,
would state whether they find sun or shade b-st lor
th>-iii. I know a splendid bed in Cheshire in com-
plete shade where they bloom well and have beau-
tilul leaves, but I still think that full sun is best for
them. \ In our experience the corms grow larger in
sun than in shade, and there are more flowers ; but
we find that, unlike many other alpines, the roots
keep so near the surface that occasional watering is
needful. There seem to be curious changes in the
horticultural world, while members of the trade go
on the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society,
which used to consist of amateurs only, amateurs
have begun to sell plants. I have to-day received
some good plants sold by a clergyman in the country.
George F. Wilson.

FRUIT-DRYING APPARATUS. — After seeing the
recommendation in the Gardeners' Chronicle last July
respecting fruit evaporators, I advised my employer,
F. Ricardo, Esq., of Bromsberrow Place, to try one
of the American Evaporators (Dr. Ryder's patent). I
think it would be of inteiest to many of your readers
if I were to give a little of my experience with this
apparatus. In the first place, I can thoroughly con-
firm what the makers and introducers say respecting
it. It is simple in construction, not liable to get
out of order, and it may be worked with the greatest
exactness as to temperature, and, with ordinary care
and intelligence, anyone may use it; and aitbouuh the
machine works at a great heat, i.e., 167° F. up to 300° F.,
there is no danger from it catching fire, though the
principal part is of wood, unless through careless-
ness or excessive firing. In drying any article, a
rapid circulation of air is as necessary as heat, the
degree ot which must vary with the article to be
dried and its condition. I have used the evaporator
constantly this season, and have no hesitation in
6aying that it can be used for almost any kind of
fruit or vegetable — in fact, for anything that requires
to be dried to preserve it. It is the right tbiug in
the right place; the consumption of fuel is very
small— about 40 lb. a day for a No. 2 machine, and
the price is very moderate, considering its great
powers. At the Gloucester show this year, I ex-
hibited sixteen samples of dried fruits, which were
highly spoken of, both as to their appearance and
quality. It is a thing which I venture to think
ought to be more introduced into this country, where
it would be the means of saving quantities of whole-
some fruit in a season like the last. W. A. Trotter.

We append the following remarks on the

exhibition of dried fruits at Gloucester on November 9
and 10 which appeared in the Worcestershire Echo : —
"I think one of the most interesting exhibits in
connection with fruit culture was seen at the ab ive
show on Monday and Tuesday last, an exhibit which
reflects great credit upon the enterprise of Mr. F.
Ricaido, ot Bromsberrow Place, Ledbury. The
exhibit consisted ot a variety of fruits. Plums. Pears,
and Apples, grown at Bromsberrow, and dried at
Bromsberrow by the process known in America as
fruit evaporating. The samples shown were in point of
appearance quite on a par with any samples imported
from foreign countries, and in flavour evidently sur
perior. Thesurjectof profitable fruit-culture is at the
present time a matter of great interest, and it has been
proved conclusively that the best varieties ot B ltish-
growu Apples will fetch considerably more money
than the best varieties of American Apples; one
grower in Herefordshire this year having realised
30s per cwt. for his Peasgood Nonsuch. wh»n the
best American Bilston Pippins were realising 19s. 3d.
per cwt. Yet we are paying over eight millions
of money yearly in the impottation of foreign fruit.
But still, though the best varieties will command
good prices, there remains the question, what is to
be done with the quantity of inferior fruiis? The
mode practised by our cousins across the Atlamic
has been to select the best-grown fruits lor the
fresh fruit markets, and utilising the other by the
evaporation process, and thus supplying us with the
Apple ringlets and other fruits which we see exposed
for sale in our grocers' and fruiterers' shops. Mr.
F R»cardo has been the first to illustrate to the
landowners, farmers, and fruit-growers of this

neighbourhood the utility of this process in a
practical manner; and the thanks, not only of
the fruit-growing community, but of the general
public, are certainly due to him for his enter-
prise, for he has proved that when a glut occurs
in one kind of fruit, like there has been this year in
egg Plums, instead of the grower having to part with
them at an unremunerative price, he can preserve
them and get a good price for them in the winter,
when fruit is fetching prices almost prohibitive, or,
at least, quite so to the working classes. Not only
will this process save the destruction of enormous
quantities of health-giving fruit in times of super-
abundance, or when the markets are overcrowded,
but should other landowners, farmers, and fruit
growers adopt the method, it must of a necessity
be the means of improving our rural districts, as
it would add a new industry to our almost de-
populated villag-s. J. G. Wilson."

HARDINESS OF PHLOXES.— Quite recently a lady
related to me the following incident, anent some
Phloxes of the decussata section. She had promised
some roots to another lady friend, and told her gar-
dener, who only tended her garden occasionally, to
take effsome pieces as he was digging the borders.
This the gardener did, and he laid them for the
moment in the path to add others of different kinds
as he came to them. This was done, and the bolder
duly finished, but it happened to be done just as the
severe winter of twelve months ago set in. the result
being, that the bits remained exposed to frnst during
the greater part of that memorable winter. But,
singularly enough, the Phloxes appeared none the
worse for the exposure ; and what has been puzzling
the giver is, that those pieces, after all the exposure,
produced far finer heads than the original plants
from which they were taken. Most probably, how-
ever, these latter were getting old, and the pieces
taken from them would, by their being outside, be
the youngest and most vigorous, which, coupled with
a change of soil, wou'd bring about the superior
heads of bloom, in which item there is an obvious
lesson. J.

FROST IN SOUTH WALES.— We had our first
frost of the season on November 23, when the
thermometer registered 5°, cutting down all the
Dahlias, Beans, and other tender plants, which up to
that time were looking fresh and green. R. Milner,
Penrice Castle, Swansea.

BEGONIAS JOHN HEAL AND WINTER GEM —Few
more grateful or easier- managed subjects than these
are grown to brighten the plant-houses during the
dull winter months, as witness their cheerful effect
in one of the structures at Messrs. Jas. Veitcn &
Sons, Chelsea, where thev were both raised. Without
considering the wonderful succession of flower which
these neat growing plants give, the duration of
each sprav of their carmine-crimson blooms is very
remaikable. Mr. Heal is still working on them, and
further novelties equally desirable may be expected.
Already, too, some fine double-flowered forms of
this winter-flowering strain of Begonias are begin-
ning to appear among the new batches flowered at
Chelsea. They are useful for cutting, good for indoor
decoration, and for any other purpose for which an
easily-grown plant may be used. J. OB.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF ROSE GROWERS AND
OTHER EXHIBITORS. —1 should like to make a tew
remarks in reference to your leading article signed
" Rosa," pp. 639, 640. Not knowing who " Rosa " may
be. I am unable to form any idea as to his practical
knowledge. He, evidently, is retained on the side of
the big growers, and he apparently thinks that a
small grower can compete with advantage, rather
than otherwise, against men who grow sav, to quote
his figures, 500 000! The absurdity of this must
be obvious to any practical rosanan ; a man who
grows even 10,000 must have a large space to grow
his Roses in, and he will also, in all probability,
grow his 100 or so of varieties in 50's or more of each
kind, whereas a small grower could, at the outside
grow them in lots of five. This at once would put the
small grower out of court in competing with his big
neighbours. As everv practical rosarian knows, that,
given equal soils and ordinary conditions, a man
who has a large number of plants, will on most
occasions in the Rise-showing season, have several
good exhibition Rises of each variety; a small man,
on the other hand may possibiy have one or two of
them — in one case it is almost an absolute certainty,
in the other a mere chance — his quality, of course,
may be equally good. " Rosa " then harks back to the

same cry which bas bjen repeated by others on this
subject — "And who is to count them ?" To judge
from the way that Mr. Pemberton, Mr. D'Ombrain,
and other leading rosarians write on this one point,
readers of the gardening papers who are not
rosarians, must consider us a very mean, and
in tact, dishonest set of men as exhibitors —
may no trust be placed in our statements ?
"Rosa" accentuates his poor opinion of us by
broadly hinting that many of us who are local
secretaries take advantage of our special knowledge
to arrange our exhibits according to the entries of
others. Now I am only personally acquainted with
the shows at Croydon, Reigate, Sutton, and the
Crystal Palace, and I will answer for the fact, that
at none of these places is such advantage taker.
At Sutton, I consider the local secretary shows in
too many classes ; but he can only take three prizes,
and what be does is for the advantage of his local
society, as he frequently clears off all the first prizes !
and although it may annoy exhibitors who come
from afar, he does nothing unfair in thus exhibiting.
The only point on which I thoroughly agree witn
" Rosa " is, in his criticism on the division of classes
into gentlemen's, gardeners', amateurs, and so on.
Mr. Pemberton suggested some such division for the
National Rise Society's shows; but whatever de-
cision may be arrived at by the General Committee,
or by those who may be present at the next annual
meeting, I am certain that there would be endless
unpleasantness if such an arraugement be adopted.
I am sorry that your powerful journal should be
throwing its weight on the side of the big growers,
as I think any sympathy in the question should be
on the side ot the small rosarian, of whom I acknow-
ledge I am one. Charles T. Grahamc, Croydon
[We can scarcely be accused of taking sides with the
big growers, seeing that our columns are open to
both big and little alike, so long as they do not
transgress the limits of fair criticism ; and it is only
by allowing each party to state his case, that there
is any chance of our readers arriving ata fair estimate
of any matter as a whole. Ed ]

TOMAT03 AND CUCUMBERS FOR MARKET.— I

should otrougly recommend " N. H C," who enquired
about the above in the Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 631.
to grow Haul Green Favourite Tomato. I have
grown it for three years, and found it to be a first-
class fruit and an abundant cropper and free setter.
The fruits are large, handsome, and fine-flavoured ;
and I can also rec> minend Ilackwood Park Prolific,
which is an excellent variety of Tomato when true.
The best Cucumber, in my opinion, is Lockie'a
Perfection, a very prolific and handsome black
spine, of a bright green colour, and of superior
flavour, keeping without loss of flavour after being
cut; and I should think it is one that would find
ready sale. W. Smythe, Basing Par/..

THE WORD "DAHURICUS."— I suppose Mr. C.
Wolley Docl is correct in his explanation in the
applied form of the word. Its meaning has per-
plexed me. Supposing it to be geographical, I
8eaiched indices, maps, and atlases, and tried the
schoolmaster, but without avail — all resulted in
failure. I sent to the Geographical Society, and
they informed me, as Mr. C. W. Dod points out,
" Eist of Lake Baikal,'" Siberia. I had seen a
Pnmula catalogued as P. dahuria. The word is
given in vaiious forms to species of plants, such as
dahurian, dahuricus, dauria, and davurica. I have
been informed that Dahuria is interesting in its
flora, and thut Fischer's Primrose, P. nivalis, grows
there — I do not mean the nivalis of the viscosa
species ; there is one given in the Kew Synopsis as
P. nivalis. Pallas, which, I think, may be the same.
Mr. VV. Dod is an authority on Primu'acea;, and I
wonder if he would kindly inform me whether it is in
any Entrish collection, or correct me if I am in
error. W. Withers, Brasted.

JUB/EA SPECTABILIS ETC.— The two fine Jubsea
8pectdO'lis (Gucus chilensis) belonging to the firm
Louis van Houtte, of Ghent, measure nearly 10 feet
high by over 11 feet across. The trunk, covered
with large shining scales, and in one case, it branches
in an unusual »ai at a height of l.f feet, and
circumference of 6} feet; and one of the branches
bears twenty-eight large leaves, the other thirty.
Two other specimens of lesser dimensions are
nevertheless very interesting. This cool-house
Palm is most effective when seen in summer
in the middle of a large grass-plot. In the same
establishment, the nev Bertolonias of 1890 are
in full leaf :— Baronne Adolphe de Rothschild,

December 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

681

with large leaves, and red veins ; Madame Alfred
Bleu, marbled and spotted with white ; Madame
Leon Say, more white than the last-named ; and
Baron A. de Rothschild, very handsome. Alsophila
australis robusta is a very promising novelty. A. B.

A New ANG.ULOA.--We have received, through
the kindness of M. L. Linden. L'Horticulture Inter-
nationale, Brussels, a flower of an Anguloa, said to
be new, but which bears a very stroDg resemblance
to Anguloa uniflora, an old inhabitant of onr orchid-
houses. A full inspection of pseudobulb and leaf is
necessary before arriving at any decision as to the
absolute identity of the new comer with A, uniflora.

Societies.

EYNSFORD COTTAGE GARDENERS.

November 16. — The members of the Eynsford
Cottage Gardeners' Mutual Improvement Society,
and several friends, were entertained at supper
at the " Five Bells " Ion, by the generosity of
Messrs. Cannell & Son, of the Swanley and Eynsford
Nurseries. An invitation had been circulated to
the members of the society to bring with them a
dish of cooked Potatos, and the first business of the
meeting consisted of " sampling " some twenty-five
dishes of Potatos, and deciding on their various
merits. After a careful test the palm was awarded
to a new variety, raised by Mr. Robert Cannell, and
known as Our Seedling; the next in merit being
Cannell's Victory, followed by White Beauty,
Snowdrop, and American Rose, in the order named.

After the supper was finished, Mr. Cannell, sen.,
took the chair, and Mr. J. D. Abbott, gr. to Sir W.
Hart- Dyke, the vice-chair.

In the course of the evening the chairman said
that he had decided to offer £6 in the form of
prizes at the society's show next year, and it was for
those present to decide the terms of the competi-
tion ; it was eventually decided that the competition
should take the form of a collection of eight varieties
of vegetables, selected from exhibits of the Eynsford
Society on the day of the show, matched against a
similar collection of eight varieties, exhibited by
any other similar society in Kent. The prizes to be
divided as follows:— 1st prize, £3; 2nd prize, £2;
and 3rd prize, £1, with the proviso that no one
society should take more than one prize.

BANBURY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 18. — This took place in the Exchange
Hall, and was in most respects an improvement upon
that held last year. Groups of Chrysanthemums
arranged for effect were a fine feature, and for the
fourth time Mr. Baskett, gr. to W. Mewburn, Esq.,
Banbury, was awarded the 1st prize, with admirably-
grown and bloomed plants, the flowers fresh, and of
fine quality ; Mr. Cummings, gr. to Jonathan Gillett,
Esq., was a close 2nd.

Tables of foliage and flowering plants are always
a good feature here ; they are raised about 2 feet from
the ground, and, facing each way, were very effective.
The best came from Mr. Duherty, gr. to Loid North,
Wroxton Abbey— a light and graceful arrangement;
Mr. P. J. Perry, nurseryman, Banbury, was 2nd,
with a nicely- arranged lot of plants, with the excep-
tion that they were too much packed.

Specimen plants of Chrysanthemums were shown
in several classes, the Japanese varieties being pre-
ferred by growers. Hiver Fleuri Mdlle. Lacroix,
and Peter the Great, made the best specimens ; in
not a few cases the foliage was poor. Mr. Win-
grove, gr. to G. H. Nelson, Esq., Rousham Park,
and Mr. J. Green, Old Headington, Oxford, were
the principal prize-winners.

In the cnt flower classes, Mr. John Walker, nur-
seryman, Thame, was one of the principal prize
winners. He was placed 1st with twenty-four
varieties, twelve incurved and twelve Japanese. Mr.
Neal, gr. to P. Southby, Esq., Bampton, was 2nd.
With eighteen incurved varieties, Mr. Wingrove was
1st. These were set up with 8 inches or so of stem
and foliage, and gained thereby in effectiveness.
Mr. Neal was placed 2nd. Mr. Walker had the best
twelve incurved, Mr. J. Green was 2nd.

The best eighteen Japanese came from Mr. P. J.
Myers, who had a fine lot of blooms, fresh, and bright
in colour. Mr. Wingrove was a good 2nd, also with
fine blooms.

Mr. C. Green had the best twelve varieties ; 2nd,
Mr. Mclntyre, gr. to Viscount Valentia, Bletching-
ton Park, his stand containing a very fine deep-
coloured incurved bloom of Mrs. W. E. Clarke.

Reflexed blooms were well shown by Mr. Baskett.
Mr. Wingrove was a close 2nd. Anemone-flowered
varieties were also good, Mr. Wingrove having the
best twelve ; Mr. Mclntyre being 2nd.

Pompons and Pompon-Anemones made very pretty
stands. Mr. A. E. Kirtland had the best stand of
twelve bunches of the latter, Mr. Cummings was
2nd ; with the former Mr. Wingrove was 1st, and
Mr. Mclntyre 2nd.

There was a class for twelve blooms of large-
flowered Chrysanthemums, some with 9 inches of
stem above the board ; and here Mr. Baskett was 1st
with a mixture of Japanese and incurved varieties
in fine character, Mr. F. J. Myers being 2nd.

Chinese Primulas, double and single, were numerous
and good.

Epergnes, bouquets, and baskets of Chrysanthe-
mums, arranged by ladies, were a pretty feature, and
attracted much attention. A tendency to over-
crowd was traceable in most of them.

Fruit. — The best eight dishes of Apples came
from Mr. Wingrove, who had fine fruits of Cox's
Pomona, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Blenheim Oramje,
Cox's OraDge Pippin, Court Pendu Plat, &c. ; Mr.
Doherty was 2nd. Mr. Doherty had the best six
dishes of Pears. Grapes were represented by finely
finished Ailcante from Mr. W. C. Cartwright; and by
Gros Coimar from Mr. Doherty ; and White Muscats
from Major Norman and Mr. A. V. Cross.

Potatos were shown in collections of nine dishes
and six dishes ; in the one case, Mr. E. S. Wills, The
Gardens, Edgecote Park, was 1st. and in the other Mojor
Norman. Onions were not so fine as usual, but Mr.
Pope, gr. to the Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere, was
1st, with Deverill's Anglo-Spanish, fully finished;
Major Norman was 2nd, with Deverill's Ailsa Craig.

Mr. Perry, Banbury, and Mr. J. Clow, seedsman,
Banbury, had some pretty floral decorations, not for
competition, both of which were highly commended.

HAREFIELD HORTICULTURAL.

The Chrysanthemum show which was held re-
cently at the Memorial Hall, under the auspices of
the above society, was quite a success, there being
a good display of cut- blooms and pot plants.

The cut flowers exhibited by Mr. J. C. Mundell,
gr. to Lord Ebury, Moor Park, were very fine,
as also were those staged by A. H. Tarleton, Esq.,
Breakspears (gr., Mr. H. J. Bull), and Mr. Hearn,
gr. to Mrs. Goodlake, Denham Fishery.

The group of pot plants exhibited by Mr. W.
Batchelor, gr. to Colonel Vernon, Harefield Park,
attracted much attention, and the groups staged by
Messrs. Bennett, Bull, and Milton were highly
meritorious.

Mr. Bennett.'manager to Mr. G. Webster, Hare-
field Grove, staged a capital lot of Apples, Grapes,
Tomatos, Cucumbers, and Mushrooms ; and Mr.
Mundell showed Apples, Pears, and Grapes in good
condition.

©iJttuatfi.

Mr. Franz Kramer.— We regret to inform
our readers of the deatb, on November 22, of Mr.
Franz Kramer, head gardener to Herr Legationsrath
Rucker- Jenisch, of Flottbeck, Hamburg. Mr. Kramer
had, for about thirty years, charge of one of the
most renowned continental Orchid collections, that
of the late Senator Jenisch. He was well known in
English horticultural circles, and generally esteemed
both for his character and his abilities as a
gardener. The situation having been held by his
family for several generations, it is likely that it will
be filled by his eldest son.

ROBERT COWAN. —The numerous friends of
Mr. Robert Cowan, formerly partner in the firm of
Messrs. Kennedy & Co., nurserymen and seedsmen,
Dumfries, will regret to learn of his death, which
took place suddenly, from heart disease, on the
23rd ult., at his residence, Birkhill, Dumfries. In
partnership with the late Mr. Newbigging, Mr.
Cowan conducted the important business of the firm
named since 1856, till, on the death of his partner,
about six years ago, he retired from business. In
his earlier years, Mr. Cowan served in the establish-

ment of Messrs. Peter Drummond & Sons, Stirling,
and also in that of the firm of Drummonds, of
Dublin. Mr. Cowan was a keen horticulturist, and
a warm supporter of every progressive movement ia
horticultural matters.

Enquiries.

— • —

" Be that puestioneth much shall learn much."— BACON.
Report of the Apple Congress, 1883. — Will any
reader of the Gardeners' Chronicle possessing clean
copies of the above, kindly communicate with the
Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, 117, Victoria
Street, Westminster, S.W.

Planting an Avenue with Elms. — " J. M." in-
tends to plant one side of an avenue with Elm trees,
and desires to introduce as many varieties as possible
at the same time wishing the trees to harmonise one
with another when they are old. He would be
obliged if any of our leaders would, through the
medium of our columns, give him a list of varieties
that would be suitable for this purpose. The sub-
soil is clay and gravel.

The " Concord Tree." — Can any of our readers
furnish " R. P." with the botanical name of the
plant which is known in New Zealand as the " Con-
cord Tree," the seeds of which are very large, and
the foliage pinnatifid ?

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperat

URE.

Rainfall.

Bright

Sun.

-^ a

Accumulated.

a ■
•■8

3 ^

A r.

- i

1 a

O
X
H

sji

ill

s .

a-
o
£t

o .

-J!

°"8
i

Above 42°, ditferenc
from Mean -nut- Jan

4, 1891.
Below 42°, differenc
from Mean since Jau

4, 1891.

*^ a)

° a

+ s

*»-

a "*
a c
K o

o
S5

53
t-s
V

>S
le
o
H

<s a
3.8

- **

— 1
o a

Day-

Day.

Day-

10th3

cleg.

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

4 —

+ 192 + 121

5 —

215

46.0

5 —

— 78 + 169

5 —

165

27.0

4 —

— 108+ 116

3 —

162

22.0

4 —

— 81) + 125

2 —

174

23.8

4 —

— 116 + 117

1 —

171

27.1

4 —

— 118 + 150

2 —

166

29.7

;

5 —

+ 75 + 76

2 —

179

40.9

4 —

+ 15+ 50

1 +

163

32 L

4 —

— 152 + 130

3 — 175

38.7

4 —

+ 3+74

1 — 198

30.2

5 —

— 64 + 74

0 aver 179

31.::

2 —

- 56 + 44

2 — 175

32.1

The districts indicated by number in the first column are
the following : —

Principal Wheat- producing Districts — 1, Scotland, N. ;
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. j 4, England, E.;
5. Midland Counties ; 6, Eogland, S.
Frincipal Grazing, tifc. Districts — 7. Scotland, W.
England, N.W. ; 9. England, S.W.; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands.

; S.
N.;

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending November 28, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office:—

" The weather during this period varied consider-
ably in different parts of the Kingdom, but was as a
whole rather fairer than that experienced previously,
especially over England and the east of Scotland.

"The temperature was below the mean in all dis-
tricts, the deficit varying from 2° in the ' Channel
Islands,' to 4° in most other districts, and to 5° in

682

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 5, 1891.

< Scotland, E. and W.' and ' Ireland, S.' The highest
of the maxima, which were registered in most
instances on the 28th, ranged from 53° in the
' Channel Islands,' ' England, S.W.,' and ' Ireland,
S.,' to 46° in ' England, N.E.,' and the ' Midland
Counties.' The lowest of the minima were recorded
during the middle part of the period, when the
■haded thermometer fell to 16° in ' Scotland, E.' (at
Braemar), to between 20° and 25° in most other
districts, but to only 35° in the ' Channel.'

" The rainfall slightly exceeded the mean value
in ' England, N.W.,' and equalled it in ' Ireland, S.'
In all other districts there was a deficit, and in
'Scotland, N. and E.," this deficit amounted to
5-10ths of an inch.

" The bright sunshine shows a considerable in-
crease on that recorded last week, and has exceeded
the mean for the time of year in nearly all districts.
The percentage of the possible duration ranged from
14 in ' Scotland, N.,' and 18 over ' England, N. and E.,'
to 36 in 'England, S.,' 43 'England, S.W.,' and 44
in the ' Channel Islands " and ' Ireland, S.' "

MARKETS.

CO VENT GARDEN, December 3.
Business quiet. Prices unaltered. James Webber,
Wholesale Apple Market.

Fkuit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. i s.d. s.d.

Apples, Canadian and I Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0

Nova Scotian, per j Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0

barrel 12 0- 18 0 j Pine-apples, St. Mi-

. _ ■ 18 0

Apples, J-sieve ... 10-40
Grapes 0 6-26

Cut Flowers

chael, each

,20-60

s.d. s.d
Acacia or Mimosa,

French, per bunch 13-16
Azalea, p. doz. sprays 10-16
Camellias, white.doz. 3 0-40

— red, per doz.... 10-16
Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-26
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ...10-50

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-12 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 2 0-26

Eucharis, per dozen 5 0-70
Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-60
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09
Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 6-10
Lilac, white(French)

per bunch 6 0-80

Lilium Harrisii, doz. 4 0-60
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-20

Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s. d.
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches 3 0-40

Narcissus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun. 4 0-8 0
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontogl ossu m
cri9pum,12blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60

— 12 spays 0 6-10

Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare*

chals),perdoz. 4 0-60

— red, per dozen... 16-20
Tuberoses. 12 blms. 0 4-09
Violets, Parme, per

bunch 3 6-40

— Czar, per bunch 2 0-26

— English. 12 buns. 10-16

Orchid- bloom: in variety.
Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Adiantums. per doz. 4 0-12 0
Aralias, per doz. ... 6 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz.18 0-63 0
Bfgonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Bouvardia, per doz.

pots 9 0

Chrysanthe mums,

per dozen ... 6 0-90

— large, each ... 2 0-36
Coleus, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0
Dracaenas, each ... 1 0 5 0
Epiphyllums, p. doz.

pots 9 0

Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0

Vegetables. -
s.c
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0

Beans, French, lb. ... 0
Beet, red, per dozen 2

s. d. s. d.
Erica hyemalis, per

dozen 12 0-18 0

Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

— small, per 100 8 0-15 0

Ficu*, each 16-76

Scarlet Pelargo-
niums, per doz. ... 4 0-60

Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Marguerites, per doz. 4 0-12 0
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0

— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Roman Hyacinth, p.

doz. pots 12 0

Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0
Tulips, per doz. pots ... 9 0

Carrots, per bunch..
Cauliflowers, each .,
Celery, per bundle .
Cucumbers, each .
Endive, per dozen .
Herbs, per bunch ,

-Average Retail Prices.

5. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 0
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 3
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6
Spinach, per bushel 3 6
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9
Turnips, per bunch . 0 4

s.d.

0 S

1 0

3 0

0 B

0 fi

3 0

0 9

3 0

1 0

s.d.
1 6

- 0 6

1 3

0 6

POTATOS.
Heavy arrivals and mild weather have had the effect of
1 owering prices for all kinds. There ia an indication to put
prices Btill lower for next week. Stocks increasing. J. B.
Thomas.

SEEDS.

London, Dec. 2.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report a
American Bed Clover seed dearer. Rather more doing in
Trefoil. Alsike still scarce ; white held for full prices. Rye-
grasses , owing to continued heavy export demand, exceedingly
Blue Peas strong, but with somewhat less excitement ;

firm.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields: Dee. 1. — Quotations : — English Apples,
2s. to 5s. per bushel; American do., 10s. to 16s. per barrel ;
Pears, Is. 6d. to 3s. per half-sieve; English Tomatos, Is. 6d.
to 6s. 6d . per peck ; foreign do., Is. to Is. 6d. per box; Sea-
kale, Is. to Is. 6rf. per punnet ; Cabbages, Is. to Is. 9d. per
tally; Savoys, 2s. to 2s. 6d. do.; Cauliflowers, 5s. 6d. to 8s.
do. ; Greens, Is. to Is. 6d. per dozen bunches; Turnips, Is. 6d.
to 2s. do.; Carrots, Is. to 2s. 3d. do.; Parsley, Is. Gd. to 2s.
do. ; Spinach, 1*. Qd. to Is. 9d. per bushel ; Brussels Sprouts,
Is. Qd. to Is. 9d. per half-sieve; Parsnips, 4<f. to9<*. per score;
Endive, 6rf. to Is. per dozen ; Leeks, Is. Gd. to 2s. do. ;
Cabbage Lettuce, id. to 8d. do. ; Mustard and Cres3. Is. 6d.
to 2s. per dozen baskets ; English Onions, 5s. to 5s. 6d. per
cwt. ; Bordeaux do., 4s. to 4s. 9d. percase; Belgian do., 3s. to
4s. 6(2. per bag of 110 lb. ; Dutch do., 3s. 3d. to 4s. 6d.
do.; Celery, 6d. to Is. per bundle; Horse-radish, Is. to
Is. Id. do.

Borough: Dec. 1. — Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 3s.;
Savoys, 2s. 6^. to 3s. ; Broccoli, 5s. to 8s. per tally ; Spinach,
2s. to 3s. per bushel; Turnips, Is. to Is. 6<2 . ; Carrots, Is.
to Is. 9d. per dozen bunches; English Ouions, 4s. Qd. to 5s. per
cwt. ; do. Apples, 2s. to 6s. ; Pears, 2s. Qd. to 7s. per bushel ;
Canadian Apples, 12s. to 25s. ; Newtown Pippins, 18s. to 45s.
per barrel.

Stratford: Dec. 1. —There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade has been done as under :— Cabbages, 2s. to
3s. per tally ; Savoys, 3s. to 5s. do. ; Greens, Is. 3d. to
Is. 6d. per dozen bunches; Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is. Qd. per
dozen ; do., 4s. to 7s. per tally ; Turnips, Is. 9d. to 2s. 3d. per
dozen bunches; do., 30s. to 40s. per ton; Carrots, household,
36s. to 45s. do. ; do., cattle-feeding, 25s. to 32s. do. ; Pars-
nips, 60s. to 70s. per ton ; Mangels, 14s. to 18s. do ; Swedes,
18s. to 25s. do. ; Onions, English, 90s. to 125s. do. ; do., Dutch,
4s. to 4s. 9d. per bag ; do., Bordeaux, 5s. 3d. to 6s. per case ;
do., Oporto, 7s. 6d. to 8s. do. ; Apples, English, 2s. to 6s. per
bushel; American, 12s. to 20s. per barrel; Celery, 8d. to
Is. per roll ; Brussels Sprouts, Is. 3d. to Is. Qd. per half-sieve ;
do., 2s, to 2s. 6d. per sieve.

POTATOS.

Spitalfields: Dec. 1.— Quotations:— Maguums, 55s. to
70s. ; Regents, 55s. to 65s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 75s. ; Hebrons,
60s. to 70s. ; Snowdrops, 55s. to 78s. per ton.

Borough: Dec. 1.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 85s. ; Bruces and Magnums,
70s. to 90s. per ton.

Stratford: Dec. 2.— Quotations.— Magnums, 60s. to 85s.;
Elephants, 65s. to 85s. ; Hebrons, 65s. to 80s. ; Imperators,
65s. to 90s. per ton.

higher quotations are confidently anticipated later on. Hari-
cots etill hardening. Canary and Hempseed both extremely
steady. Millet unchanged. Linseed dull.

Notices to Correspondents.

Artificial Manure, Nitrate of Soda, &c. A. P.
Apply these when the crops are growing, or just
before growth begins. Two or three applications
may be made during the season of growth at
intervals of a month or six weeks, and in showery
weather. If there is much Clover in the grass,
the use of nitrate will cause very rapid growth,
and much of the grass would be smothered out of
existence, probably. Which is the most valuable
to you ? Potash would be a better manure.

Books: J. H. B., Havre de pas. Get Select Ferns and
Lycopods, by the late B. S. Williams, Paradise &
Victoria Nurseries, Holloway, London, N., where
also it may be purchased, price about 5s. —
— Bdtteb Making : X. Y. Z. Dairy Farming, and
Management of Cows. By A. Roland. Chapman
& Hall (Limited), London.

Carrots : B. G. Some of the stumpy thick Carrots,
of recent introduction, are, as you say, deficient in
thickness of outer layer of flesh, whilst the core is
very large in proportion. We do not regard this
as any improvement, but the reverse. If your soil
is deep and good, grow Altrincham, which is almost
coreless ; Long Surrey, and Coreless Long Red,
which resembles the early Nantes variety, but is
longer, and therefore more productive.

Chrysanthemums : Constant Reader. The stems
being of annual growth and duration, cannot be
preserved to serve as a base for a future plant.
— W. L. Send it to a nurseryman who makes the
cultivation of these flowers a specialty.

Corrections : Yeovil Chrysanthemum Show. Mr. B.
R. Davis, Nurseryman, of Yeovil, was credited
with showing " 12 dishes of fruits," whereas he
showed 76, of which number 72 were Applps and
Pears. — Librarian and Assistant Secretary, Linnean
Society. We gave in Answers to Correspondents
in our issue for November 28, the name of Dr.
Murie, when it should have been J. E. Harting, Esq.

Cucumbers : T. H. The roots are infested by eel-
worms, which are the cause of the death of the
plants. There is no known cure. Clear out all

plants and soil, and make a fresh start with other
kinds of soil and plants from a distance.

Cyclamen: Constant Reader. One of the garden
forms of C. persicum.

Double-blossomino Cherby : A. P. Either by
budding or grafting ; preferably the former in late
summer.

Eucharis amazonica : W. A. S. The Eucharis Mite
has attacked the bulbs. We know of no means
of ridding the bulbs of these insects. Isolate the
bulbs that are doing badly from the rest of the
stock, or burn them.

Forestry Journal in Londok : A. Mitchell. There
is no weekly journal on forestry published in
London ; but a periodical appearing monthly, and
called Forestry, is published by Anderson, 145,
Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. Price Is.
Forestry subjects are also pretty fully discussed in
these columns. We do not know the address of
the Secretary of the Society.

Hollies and Pampas-grass : G. A. S. An excellent
mode of planting the former is on raised beds or
mounds. If the first-named plan be adopted, the
bed should not be less than 20 to 25 feet in
diameter, and it may be constructed in two
terraces or levels, the larger plants, golden or
green, being planted wide apart on the top one,
and golden Euonymus, or small golden variegated
Conifers, mixed Gold and Silver Hollies, Privet,
&c, on the lower one. The retaining sides of
the terraces should be formed of stout turves,
and should be given a " batter " sufficient to
prevent their slipping down. This mode of
making a Holly-bed is fit only for geometri-
cally-formed parterres, the central object in a
carriage-sweep, or a position but slightly removed
from some architectural object. A more natural
way is to plant on a gentle eminence (artificial or
otherwise), planting the Hollies 8 to 10 feet
asunder, and turfing the ground to within 3 feet
of the stems. The Pampas-grass looks best in a
group consisting of 5 to 9 plants, with sufficient
space between them to prevent crowding for many
years to come. The spot should be a sunny one,
and the land in good heart, and very efficiently
drained, as to have large plants in a short time
liquid-manure in large quantities should be afforded
them in the summer.

Lime and Farm-yard Dung : A. P. Mix lime with
the dung, if you want rapid decomposition. But
this is best done in the compost-heap. Do not
apply fresh lime to your lawn or grass-land.

Muscat Vine : Hortus. If the proposed stock for
the Muscat is vigorous, inarch one or two Muscat
Vines on it in the summer, using half-ripened
shoots on stock and graft. The edges of the two
surfaces must coincide exactly. The older wood
may also be inarched when the Vine has made a
few leaves in the spring.

Names of Fruits : Full. 1, Brownlees Russet ; 2,

2, Golden Russet ; 3, Schoolmaster ; 4, French
Crab ; 5, Claygate Pearmain ; 6, Alexandre
Lambre ; 7, not recognised ; 8, Washington. —
W. Parker. 1, decayed ; 2, Josephine de Malines;

3, Winter Crassane ; 4, not recognised ; 5. Bishop's
Thumb; 6, Lord Grosvenor; 7, Tom Putt; 8,
New Rock Pippin.— A. F. 3, Jolly Beggar; 4,
Tower of Glamis ; 6, Waltham Abbey Seedling ;
7, not known. — C. P. Lee. 1, Mere de Menage;
2, Kentish Codlin ; 3, Braddicks Nonpareil; Pear
Uvedale's St. Germain. — James Young. 1, Kirke's
Lord Nelson; 2, Tom Putt.— W. Austin. 1,
Beurre' dAremberg; 2, Winter Nelis ; 3, Winter
Crassane. — D. C, Hereford. 1, Rymer ; 2, Golden
Reinette ; 3, not recognised ; 4, Minchall Crab ;
5, Gravenstein ; 6 Grange's Pearmain. — B. Middle-
ton. 1, Beurre Bosc ; 2, Vicar of Winkfield ; 3,
Bergamotte d'Esperen; 4, Eyewood; 5, Tri-
omphe de Jodoigne; 6, Duchesse d'Angouleme. —
— A. Woodgate. 1, Beachamwell ; 2, Pigemette ;
3 Franklin's Golden Pippin ; 4, Fearn's Pippin. —
W. Guy. 1, Besspool ; 2, Pine Golden Pippin ; 3,
Dutch Mignonne; 4, London Pippin. — Quintin
Read. The number you have sent far exceeds our
utmost limits : 1, 2. Cox's Pomona; 3 Frogmore
Prolific ; 4, 9, 15, 23 Dumelow's Seedling ; 5, 6,
Hawthornden ; 7, 10, 12. 16, Claygate Pearmain ;
11, 12. Cox's Orange Pippin ; 8, Sturmer Pippin;
17, 20, Court Pendu Plat; 14, Minchall Crab;
24, Red Quarrenden.

Names of Plants : J. Robinson. Adiantum cuneatum
mundulum, Nephrodium molle (not British). —
L. C, Rugby. 1, Cattleya superba ; 2, Cattleya
luteola ; 3, Oncidium Phalasnopsis. — A, A. Eplden-

PUCMIBKB 5, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' GERONICLE.

<58S

drum pnsillum, new species. See p. 669. — Oxon.
Epidendrum ciliare, Dendrobium palpebral —
U. J. E. 1, Loelia pumila ; 2, Laalia pumila Day-
ana ; 3, Cattleya Walkeriana, if not of dwarf
growth ; if dwarf, send specimen of growth ; 4,
Miltonia Rnsselliana ; 5, Oncidium aurosum (ex-
cayatum) ; 6, Cjpripedium longifolium.

Palm Leaves Diseased : H. D. H. The leaves are
attacked by a destructive fungus, Pestalozzia
pboenicea; see Gardeners' Chronicle, October 4,
1884, p. 429. Cut off and burn all affected parts.

Pancratium illybicum Not Growing : Hortus. No
effort should be made by using heat to force out
roots ; better results would follow keeping the
bulbs cool and moderately moist ; and if it keep
sound, roots will form. Slightly scoop out the
base of the bulb, or make two transverse slits
in it.

Primulas : W. Sean. The varieties sent are very
robust in growth, flowers large, and colours
pleasing.

Quinces in the Pleasure- grounds : P. A. They
are beautiful bushes when in bloom, and the fruit is
always in demand. We wonder why people seldom
think of planting them in their pleasure-grounds
and gardens. The Quince likes a warm, open spot,
in well-drained land. Do not be satisfied with
one specimen only.

Hating Market Gardens : T. C. See Gardeners
Chronicle, vol. i., 1877, pp. 422 and 650 (Purser
v. Worthing Local Government Board); and
Purser's Appeal, p. 676, same vol.

Rhododendron Maddeni Grafting : A. P. The
stocks — common R. ponticum or R. catawbiense —
should have been at least one year in pots. The
mode of grafting : side, crown, or tongue. Time r
the spring, in a cool-house, with scions of the
previous year's growth; or late in the summer.
Leave most of the leaves on the scion, and a leaf
or two at the top of the stock ; cover the point
of union with giafting-wax, and keep the worked
stocks in a close handlight or frame. Dew them
over occasionally ; see that the stocks do not want
for water at the root, and shade from bright
sunshine.

Tenant Leaving Nursery : Seedsman. Saleable
nursery stock may be removed ; and usually a
year or more time is allowed for its removal. Old
fruiting, and generally permanent trees and shrubs,
must be left in the ground. The landlord is not
obliged to pay you for them. You muBt also leave
the greenhouse, if it be fixed with bolts or screws
to the brickwork ; but the heating apparatus is a
trade fixture, and removable by the tenant.

To Make a Tub of Urine Odourless : Dido. We
do not think that you can do anything to remove the
smell, unless you mix the urine with a large quan-
tity of dry clayey loam, which will make in the dry
state a good top-dressing for plants or turf. The
kind of soil mentioned will absorb urine rive or six
times, if it be dried after each addition of the
same. It is then a strong manure, and needs
caution in its nse.

Weevils and Marguerites : Brutus. Both the
grubs and the perfect insect are destructive to
plants, the former living in the soil and gnawing
the roots and underground parts of the stem, and
the latter feeding at night on the leaves, tender
shoots, and buds. The grubs are most difficult to
rid soil of when it is planted ; but gas-lime, soot,
and salt dug into it after the crop is off, well
exposing it to the air by after-forking over, so that
the birds can destroy the grubs, is as good a
remedy as any. In the case of the beetles, ycu
must search for them at night with a light ; a dark
lantern is best. Spread a white cloth or piece of
paper under the plants, and then turn on the light.
The weevils will drop suddenly on to the cloth,
and try to escape. You must be quick, and catch
as many as you can. Repeat this nightly, and you
will considerably thin their numbers. Scalding
water thrown into chinks, crannies, and under
stones and clods, where the weevils hide, will kill
many more.

Communications Received. — W. Treseder. — Messrs. Webb &
Sons.-Messrs. Proctor & Ryland.-T. W. H.— E. J.— E. S.
Gunn. — Cassells & Co. — The Qiteen. — Constant Reader. —
H. Damman, Jr. — Americanus.— W. J. G. — C. R. — J. J. W.
—J. F. H.— T. L.— W. P. B.— J. Howard.— G. M.— L. C—
J. G.— A. P.— R. A. R— W. E. D.— A. D.—Vf. P. Andersen,
Jonkoping.— J. H.— J. W.— G. Paul.— W. Sutherland.—
C. Wissenbach, Cassel.— G. W. D'Arcy.— Bernard Cowan (too
late for this issue).— I. Mahling.— E. C— T. N.— J. Brown.
—William Heme.— E. Oilman.— A. G. G.— Bourne & Son.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OTJB WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put

together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.

Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted.

4 ft. by 6 ft... \

l-light,

8 ft. by 6 ft.
12 ft. by 6 ft..
16 ft. by 6 ft..
20 ft. by 6ft..
24 ft. by 6 ft. .

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

£on<(on>4yra«,Mr.H.SKF.LTON, Seedsman. &c. 2, HollowayRd.,N.

21-OZ. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY."

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS,

Lead. Glass. Oil. and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smithfleld, London, B.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle

See this Boiler before being Induced to purchase

any other.

DEFBIES' PATENT

HOT-WATER circulating BOILER.

Price, 38,6

With 10 ft.
of 2-inch
Piping. II

For CONSERVATORIES, LEAN-TO HOUSES, &C.

The Patent Oil Stove is the only one that neither smells nor
smokes. It burns with a blue flame, and gives double the heat
o/ any other large Oil Stove.
Sole Manufacturers, the Metropolitan Light Co., proprietors of

THE DEFRIES SAFETY LAMP and OIL AGENCY,
43 and 44. HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C.

No Agents. Orders executed strictly in rotation.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable 1 For Coal I

Pure and ample heat, 24 hours for about lu..,
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny.
Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, VictoriaSt.,Westmlnster,S.W.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac.
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Postrfree.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ;

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER. S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Discount for Caih.

w. h. LASCELLES & go.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

121, BUNHILL ROW,

LONDON, E.C.

CONSERVATORIES,

GREENHOUSES,
ORCHID HOUSES,

VINERIES,
PEACH HOUSES, &c.

Plans and Estimates Free.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50; 30ft. by 15 ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for
immediate use, well made, painted four coate. glazed with
21-oz. glass, carriage paid :— l-light frame, 4 X 6. 36s. 6d . ;
2-light frame, 6x8, 58s. ; 3-light frame. 12 X 6. 85». tid.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £4 7s. 6<z\ ; 9 x 5, £3 15s. ;

16 X 6. £6 10s.

HARDY BRUIN*C0.

ST LEICESTER

JAS. BOYD & SONS,

Horticultural Builders
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or lion,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges, Cottages,

Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &e.

Hot-water Apparatus

for warming Churches,

Schools, Public Buildings,

Mansions, Harness Rooms,

Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and

Buildings of every Description.

Illustrated Circulars
Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3s.

684

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decimbeb 5, 1891.

"DUROLINE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE i GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wire
Wave Rooting Co., Ld." May and June 1891.

INVALUABLE FOR FAKM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

HILL & SMITH,

BEIEELEY HILL,
STAFFORDSHIRE,

And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C

NEW PATTERN

TREE GUARD,

"The Porcupine"

The maximum of utility and
the minimum of cost.

Constructed of Strong Iron Up-
rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel
Wire.

Price 10s. 6d.

LUutiU.

TESTIMONIAL.

The Whit tern, Herefordshire.

"Dec. 28, 1887.
Dear Sir?,— I have now had
an opportunity of trying
your Forcupixe Tree
Guards, and they seem
quite to answer my pur-
pose, so you may send me
50 more as before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly,
RTCHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Uill & Smith.

HORTICULTURAL

A Large Stock n T A Q Q
always on Hand. \J[ J_l J\. OO,

Special quotations for quantities.

WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS

At lotoest possible prices.

NICH0LLS& CLARKE,

6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH,

LONDON, E.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality aDd workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door.
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

" D1PDUM11 » THE UNIVERSAL
IT L\J L\ La k\ f\y INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

15, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
1^0°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ;
while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet obeerved, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing
or tpray. — I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
lanuary 7, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Hold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is, tyd., 2s. 6d., and 35. 6d. ; in Tins (1 and 2
gallons), 10s. 6d, and 20s. each; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,
Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London; and from
WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria

Street, London.

"Nothing Succeeds like Success.''
U SOLUBLE)
INSECTICIDE

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, I 6, 2/6, & 4/6; J^-gallon
7/6, 1 -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st, Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Roi.ker & Sons.

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides.

As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and
Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green
and Black Fly, Mealy Bug, S^ale and Thrip, Red Spider,
American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c.

Price in tins— i-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3s.;
J-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-Gallon Drum?, 8s. per
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application.

Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD,

LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

Is admitted by the
leading Nurserymen

to be the Best

Quality obtainable in the Trade

SILVER SAND

the Trade.
Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus S2ve half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to
GEO. GARSIDE. Jun.,P.R.H.S.. Lelgliton Buzzard. Beds.

ARCHANGEL MATS.
SPECIAL CHEAP QUOTATION.
95s. per 100; 13s. per dozen.
S. LOWE, 145, Minories, London, E.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT,

2-oz. Sample posted free on application.
Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Manchester

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Gd. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited). London.

EPPS'S-**PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse, Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM, PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allotherGarden Requisites. Peat Moss Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST

ALL FI HUT-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Spfeialitfj.
For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Trade.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER and CO.. Farnborough, Hants.

BROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s.
per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 tons ; Bags, 5s. each ;
10 Bags, 45s.

PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant
Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Pags, 5s.
each ; 10 Bags, 45s.

THOMAS WALKER. TekelsPark.Camberley. Surc-ey.

C GARDEN REQUISITE S.—
X Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, Ac. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AMD SCULL. 90, Lower Thames Street. London. B.C.

GARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is 3d., 10 for 12s.,
20 for 20s., 30 for 28s., sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per sack, 5 for 22s. Sd. ; BLACK do.,
4s. 6d. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD, LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE SAND, Is. 6d. per
buJhel, 14s. half-ton, 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, finch, lis.
per cwt. ; dust, lis. 6d. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7s. ad. per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. i.er sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lorf.
per lb., 2S lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 2t>».
ROPE, 6d. per lb.. 28 lb., 10s. 6d. RUSSIA MATS, New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. id., lis. «d.,
and 12s. tid. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street. London, S.E.

AUTUMN and WINTER PRUNING,
TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the " STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the " MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. They were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Baih
and Doncaster; thousands ot visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled wiih great
saving of time and labour, and the risk to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends
severed in a vital condition.

Illustrated CATALOGUES can be had, post-free, from the
PATENTEES and MAKERS, at their works and depot,
ST. ALKMUND'S CHURCHYARD, DERBY; or of the prin-
cipal Ironmongers and Seedsmen, the leading stores, and
kindred trades throughout the world.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED- GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Manufacturers,
MERRYWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our
pamphlet, " Water Supply to Mansions/'

December 5, 1891.]

THE GAB BE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

685

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

No. 60.-PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER.

6 ft. by 3 ft. £:

6 ft. by 4 ft. £2 5

12 ft. by 3 ft. 3 2 0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 15
NO. 73. -New Span-roof GARDEN FRAME,

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 14 0 112 ft. by 6 ft. £5 14 0

8 ft. by 6 ft. 4 4 0 I IB ft. by 6 ft. 7 4 0

Alt Frames made of selected Red Deal, painted

three times, and lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet

8 aM' CUCUMBER FRAME LIGHTS.

6 ft. by 4 ft., glazed and painted ... 14s. each.

Uuglazed and unpainted 55. <6d, each.

Cash Prices.
Carriage Paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS

ALL MAKES

and sizes
SUPPLIED

AT THE

CHEAPEST (I
RATES.

PIPES,
FITTINGS,

AND

VALVES,

No. 74.-THREE-QUARTER SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £i 17 0

5 ft. by 6 ft. 4 5 6 [ 16 ft. by 6 ft. 7 S 6

No. 75. -MELON and CUCUMBER
FRAME.

ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION.

4 ft. by 6 ft. £2 0 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. £4 3 0
8 ft. by 6 ft. 3 0 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. 5 6 0

Wall Fruit Tree Protectors, Hand Lights,
Propagating Glasses, &c.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, includ-
ing Horticultural Buildings and Appliances. Iron
Buildings, Poultry and KeDnel Requisites. &e.

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

Undertake the oomplete ereotion of HEATING- APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, Ac. Have the
largest stook of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspeotion of same.

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; GAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY-
END, Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requl/ing to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting. '

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STRE ET, B LAC K F R I A R S , LONDON, S . E .

Telegraphic Address— "HOT- WATER, London."

Telephone. No. 4763.

Established 18I8.

55,

LIONEL STREET,

BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

BLACKBMMMER

43, WELLINGTON STREET,
COVENT GARDEN, W.C.,

FOR

MATS, MATTING,

RAFFIA, Orchid PEAT,
BAMBOOS, BONES,
FIBRE DUST, CORK,

AND ALL OTHER

BARR'SS«CLEARANCE SALE°FDAFFODILS CARDEN requisites.

Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation
Detailed Priced LIST on application.
Per 1000, 15s., 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS - NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDMPS,

ANEMONES, RANUNCULUS, CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SNOWFLAKES, &c,
ALL IN PRIME CONDITION.
The Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application : -
CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS
GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES.
SINGLE PEONIES, DOUBLE PEONIES, HELLEBORES, IRIS, and LILIES.

BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London.

WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

FLORISTS' WIRE a Specialty.

Sole London Agents for Kempton's Floral Gum.

Open at 4 a.m. on Market Mornings.

SPECIAL RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS.

Wrought, Welded. SADDLE, TUBULAR, INDEPENDENT
and ALL OTHER kiudaof BOILERS.

HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS,

with PIPES, VALVES, and FITTINGS, erected complete,
and guaranteed.

FRED SILVESTER & CO.,
CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE

686

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 5, 1891.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq.

A Practical aud Scientific Treatise, that will be of great
service, both to the oldest and most successful exhibitor and
the youngest grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Shea has, by
the treatment explained in his treatise, had a long series of
triumphs, to which this season he has added, in keen compe-
tition with our most noted growers, at the Kent County,
Watford, and Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of
1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10.

In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shot-smith is
included in my new chrysanthemum Catalogue, which also
contains the most complete List of New Vatieties ever brought
together, and embraces selections from all the known Chrysan-
themum world.

This valuable work is now readv. post free, seven stamDS.

H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewishara.

Dr. SMILES'S WORKS.

JASMIN : Barber. Pokt, Philanthropist.

"II rasaitbien. ilchantait mieux Si la France posse-

daitdix pnetes comme Jasmin, dix poetes de cette influence,
elle n'aurait pas a craindre de revolutions." — Sainte-Beuve.

LIFE AND LABOUR ; or, Characteristics

or mem of Industry, Talent, and Genius. 6s.
MEN OF INVENTION AND INDUSTRY.

THE HUGUENOTS: Their Settlements,
Churches, and Industries in England and Ire-
land. Crown 8vo. 7s. Qd.

SELF-HELP.
CHARACTER.

6s, each.

THRIFT.
DUTY.

SELF-HELP IN FRENCH. 5s.
INDUSTRIAL BIOGRAPHY. 6s.
LIVES OF THE ENGINEERS. Illustrated.

5 vols. 7s. 6d, each.
"We cannot but refer to the captivatirg and instructive
volumes which Dr. Smiles has devoted to the *' Live* of the
Engineers," a record not before attempted of the achievements
of a race of men who have conferred the highest honour and
the most extensive benefits on their country."— Edinburgh.
Review.

LIFE OF GEORGE STEPHENSON. With

Illustrations. 21s. ; 7s. 6d. ; or 2s. 6d.
" We have read this book with unmingled satisfaction. We
hardly ever remember to have re id a biography so thoroughly
unaffected .... It is an artless attempt to set out the
character and career of one of the most ingenious honest,
resolute, homely, and kind-hearted of human b.-ings. The entire
style of the work is unambitious, lucid, thoroughly manly, and
good."— Saturday Revitw.

JAMES NASMYTH, ENGINEER : An Auto-

biography. With portrait and 90 Illustrations. 16s.
and 6s.

LIFE OF THOMAS EDWARD, Scotch

Naturalist. Illustrated by George Reid, P.R.S.A. 6s.

LIFE OF ROBERT DICK, Geologist and

Botanist. Illustrated. 12s.
" Men of Dick's type are rare ; their example is too precious
to be lost ; but they are themselves the last to recognize their
own value. His motto and his watchwords, in the energy of
his younger labour, as in his refusal to yield to the pressure of
his later troubles, were ever, Work, Devotion, High Endeavour
— in a word, that Self-help which is the foundation of all help
to others." — Quarterly Review.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, W.
L. Reeve & Co.'s New Works.

New Vol. XLVII. for 1891, 42s. clolh.

THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. Figures
and Descriptions of New and Rare Plants. By Sir J. D.
Hooker, F.R.S., &c. Third Series. Vols. I. to XLVI., each
42s. Published monthly, with six plates, 3s. §d. coloured.
Annual subscription, 42s.

BRITISH FUNGI, Phycomycetes and Ustila-
gineae. By George Masses (Lecturer on Botany to
the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching).
Crown 8vo, with 8 Plates, 7s. 6d.

BRITISH FUNGOLOGY. By the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. Re-iwue. With a Supple-
ment of nearly 40U pages by WORTHINGTON G. SiMITH, F.L.S.
2 vols. 24 coloured plates, 36s.

A few copies of the Supplement may be had separately,
post-free, by remitting 12s. to the Publishers.

THE NARCISSUS: its History and Culture.
By F. W. BURBIDGE, F.L.S. ; with a Scientific Review
of the entire Genus, by J. G. Baker F.RS., F.L.S. With
48 beautifully coloured plates. Super-royal 8vo, 32s.

" Mr. Burbidge has culled from various sources a large
amount of valuable or interesting information. . . . It is no
slight boon to have in so accessible a form so large a series of
illustrations."— Gardeners' Chronicle.

FLORAL PLATES from the FLORAL
MAGAZINE. Beautifully coloured, for Screens. Scrap-
books, Studies in Flowering-painting, &c. 6d. and Is. each.
Lists of over 1000 varieties, One Stamp.

BOTANICAL PLATES from the BOTAN-
ICAL MAGAZINE. Beautifully-colourerl Figures of
new and rare Plants. Gd. and Is. each. Lists of nearly 3000,
Three Stamps.

L. REEVE AND CO., 5, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residenoe, or Purchasing an

Estate, oan have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

ESTATE SALES.

The Best County Medium for Advertising Sales of Estates is

THE "WORCESTER HERALD,"

ESTABLISHED 1794.

The Leading County Paper. Extensive circulation among the
upper and middle classes in Worcestershire and adjoining
counties. Advertisers would do well to forward for reference
and distribution plans and particulars of Estates, Catalogues
of Machinery, Furniture, Books, and other Property advertised
in the Columns of the " HERALD."

Sales of Stock and Agricultural Effects.

The ''WORCESTER HERALD " is the most effective organ
for giving publicity to announcements of this class. It is the
leading Agricultural Paper in the County, and Circulates
most extensively among Agriculturists in and around
Worcestershire.

Farms to Let.

Land Agents, Estate Managers, and all having Farms to Let
would do well to advertise in the ** WORCESTER HERALD,"
the Leading County Paper. Specially adapted for bringing
such notices before Tenant Farmers. Large circulation.
Moderate charge.

Situations Vacant and Wanted.

For producing results the "WORCESTER HERALD" is
recognised as a specially good medium. Cheap Rates.
Applv for terms.
SPECIMEN FREE. Price 2d.
Published Friday for Saturday.

Offices :

72, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURALINTERESTS

ARE BEST REPRESENTED IN

THE AMERICAN CARDEN,

United

In
ONE.

WHICH INCLUDES : —

THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... 18th Year.'

THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 32nd Year.

and HORTICULTURIST 44th Year.

THE FLORAL CABINET ... 19th Year. J

Making the Largest, Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest

Gardening Magazine in America.

THE LEADING AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR

HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS.

Subscription Price for England

and Countries in the Universal Postal Union, 10s.

E. H. LIB BY, Publisher, Times Building,

New York, U.S.A.

Agents for Great Britain and Ireland :—

STEEL and JONES, 4, Spring Gardens, Charing Cross,
London, S.W., to whom Ordersfor Advertisements and Subscrip-
tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for lOd. (stamps).

ricuttunit » llcrnimmnf.

An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, of 52 pages
and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate
of co-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites,
and the sale of produce; organ of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of
pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple-
ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription,
per annum, 5s., inclusive of postage. Single copies Gd. each,
through all Newsagents,

3, Agar Street. Strand, London, W.C.

TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE
GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck-
loads to any Station in England and Wales.— Address,

G. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Street, Birmingnam.

SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for
2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 25. 2d. ; six for Is. 4d.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3rf. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mb. Andrew Rae, as Head Gardener to Col. Wilson, Bannook-

burn House, Bannockburn.
Mr. G. Yoell. late of Colley Lodge. Reigate, as Head Gardener

to W. W atkins, Esq., Fairfield, Lee, S.E.
Mr. Beckett, as Head Gardener to F. Behhens, Esq., Wor-

leaton Grange, Nantwich.

Mr. C. Stocking, as Head Gardener to the Earl of Ayles-
TORD, Packiugton Hall, Coventry.

Mr. H. Windebank, for some time Head Gardener to Colonel
North, Eltbam, as Head Gardener and Manager to
F. Friend, Esq., Woollet Hall, North Cray, Kent.

Mr. Walter Wait, as Head Gardener to the Right Hon.
Fitzwilliam Hume Dick, Thames Ditton House, Thames
Ditton.

Mr. H. Buckland, until recently Gardener at Champneys,

Tring, as Head Gardener to George Meyrick, Esq., Beech

House, Ring wood, Hants.
Mr. W. Stewart, for the last four years at B ooklands,

Bletchley. as Head Gardener to Lady Chichester,

Arlington Court, Barnstaple.

Mr. G. Gurney, as Head Gardener to Mrs. Powexl, Mae--
gwynne, Whitland, South Wales.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

E. P. Dixon &. Sons, Hull, Burton Constable, and Coniston—
Orchids, &c.

Thomas Laxton, Bedford— Novelties in Sweet Peas, Sun-
flowers, Gaillardias, and Strawberries.

Harlan P. EelSEY, Highlands Nursery. Linville. North
Carolina, United States, America — Native Trees and
Shrubs, Herbaceous Perennial Plants (Wholesale).

Howden & Co., Inverness Nurseries— General Nursery Stock.

Du km >xs (Limited), Chester— Forest and Ornamental Trees,
Evergreens, &c.

Maurice Young & Sons, Milford Nurseries, Godalming—
Coniferze and Hardy Ornamental Trees.

Wood it Ingram, The Nurseries. Huntingdon— Fruit, Forest
Trees, &c.

T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, Herts— Fruit Tree3.

Herd Bros , Penrith— Forest and Fruit Trees, Roses, &c.

Frank Cant, Braiswick Nursery, Colchester.

W. E. Boyces, Archway Road, Highgate, N.— Chrysanthe-
mums, with Directions for iheir Cultivation.

Hogg & Wood. Coldstream and Dun?, Scotland — Forest and
Ornamental Trees, Fruit Trees, Roses, &c.

James Carter, Dunnett, & Beale, High Holborn, W.C.
—Novelties for 1892.

Ernest Benary, Erfurt, Germany— Vegetable, Agricultural,
Flower, Tree, and other Seeds.

Putz Sl Roes, Erfurt, Prussia— Flower, Tree, and Shrub
Seeds, &c.

Eugenie Guequier, Rue de Belle, Val.'Ledeberg-lez-Gand,
Belgium — Aquatic Plants, Perennials, &c.

WANTED, a good HEAD WORKING
GARDENER.— Must have thorough practical know-
ledge of Vines, Tomatos, Chrysanthemums, Stove and Gieen-
house plants ; also be a good vegetable grower. Considerable
help given. No one inexperienced at the above work need
apply.— Address, letter only, with full particulars of experi-
ence, age, wages expected, &c— J. R. GREATOREX, Esq.,
Mytton Hall. Shrewsbury.

WANTED, an industrious and energetic
MAN, as Chrysanthemum Grower for Exhibition.
State wages and experience. Also, a young Man as General
Outdoor FOREMAN, in a small Nursery.— R. OWEN, Floral
Nursery, Maidenhead.

GREGORY and EVANS, Sidcup, have an
OPENING for a Sott-wooded PROPAGATOR and FERN
GROWER.

WANTED, a Married MAN, of experience,
to undertake Nursery Work on a Farm. Apple trees
only. Must thoroughly uoderstind Grafting, Pruning. &c.
—J. T. HEBDITCH, New Cross, West Lumbrook, Ilminster,
Somerset.

WANTED, a young MAN, who has had a
thorough experenr.e amongst Orchids, to take
Second Place in an establishment where there 15 a large
collection. Bothy. — Apply by letter, stating experience, to
W. HOLMES, Pickering Lodge, Timperley, Cheshire.

WANTED, a FOREMAN, for Market
Garden. — Must understand Fruit Trees, as well as
Vegetable Growing.— Apply, N. & F. SALMON, Heston, near
Hounslow, Middlesex.

WANTED, TWO young MEN, one as second
and one as third. — Age from 18 to 21 ; must be strong,
active, and abstainers.- Apply, between 1 and 2 o'clock, at
32, New Created Road, WesfcJ)ulwich.

Deckmbeb 5, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

687

WANTED, a young MAN, in a Market
Nursery. — Apply, T. C, Woodside Nursery, New
Eltham, Kent.

WANTED, AT ONCE, an energetic young
MAN (aboutl8). Goodatmakingup Flowers ; uDder-
stauds Plants and Seeds. Good salesman. Also a MARKET
GRUWER and SALESMAN wanted for a small Nursery at the
Seaside. Must be a thoroughly efficient energetic man, who
would take an interest in his work. Abstainer. Single pre-
ferrrd. Apply, stating wages, &c, toCYOLAMEN, Gardeners'
Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, ASSISTANTS in the Houses.—
Young Men, of character and ability. Wages, 15s. to
20s., according to experience — Apply, STORRIE AND
STORRIE, Florists, Dundee, N.B.

rpWO YOUNG MEN REQUIRED.— Quick

JL at Potting, Watering, Gathering Flowers and fct-rns.
To be able to facie and Stoke Fires. State age and expe-
rience, with reference and wagr-s expected, with bothy. —
A. M., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

Botanic Garden, Cambridge.

WANTED, an IMPROVER, for the
Houses. Must have had not less than three years'
experience in a first-class garden. Should be well educated,
and not under eighteen years of age. Wages, 17s. per week.
Apply by own letter, enclosing recommendation, to THE
CURATOR.

WANTED, in a Hardy Plant Nursery, a
CLERK, to undertake Correspondence, Bookkeeping,
and Office Work generally. A fair knowledge of this branch
of the business will be a good recommendation. Wages to
commence at 25s. — Apply, B. P., Girdeners' Chronicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a CLERK and BOOKKEEPER.
— One with a knowledge of the Nursery and Seed
Trade, and able to write Shorthand, preferred. — Apply, giving
pirticulars and salary expected, to THOMAS KENNEDY
AND CO., 108. High Street, Dumfries, N.B.

A^/'AWTED, a practical MAN, as SALES-

T T MaN fur Market, and Round with Van, Preference
given to one used to Coveut Garden Flower Market, Position
of trust. Character must bear strictest investigation. Also
MAN used to POTTING and TYING for Nursery.— Apply to
S. DIXuN and CO., 31, Moorgate Street, City.

General Nursery and Seed.

REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY, in a very
old-establi»hed Business, twenty-five miles from London,
a thorough competent SHOPMAN, well up in all branches.
Must furnish first-class references as to ability, honesty, and
sobriety. Age about 30, preferred. — Application, by letter in
first instance, to B. Q., 4l, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, AT ONCE, a young MAN, as
ASSISTANT, in a good Retail Seed, Nursery, and
Floral Business. — State wages, references, and full particulars,
to LAXTON BctOTHERS, Nurserymen. Bedford.

To Seedsmen and Florists

WANTED, by an experienced Man with a
thorough knowledge of the business, a situation as
SHOPMAN or MANAGER. Good Salesman and Accountant,
also knowledge of Nursery Stock. Good references.— E.S.,
4, Sussex Avenue, Ashford. Kent.

WANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN, in
Wholesale Seed Warehouse. Apply by letter, stating
age, experience, &c, to SHOPMAN, Nutting Sons, lu6, South-
wark Street, S.E.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladies and Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

RICHARD SMITH and CO~.
beg to announce that they are constantly receiving
applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries. Worcester.

Gardeners, farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DI^KSONS. CHESTER."

*yHE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
JL CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

ANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly

RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

SCOTCH GARDENERS.— I have at present
several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha-
racter and ability will bear the strictest investigation. —
JOHN DOWNIE, Seedsman, 144, Princes Street, Edinburgh.

GARDENER (Head) ; age S3.— J. E.
MoOLEAVE, eight years' Head Gardener to R. Hey-
wood Jones, Esq., Beasworth Hali, Pontefract, is open to a
re-engagement in good establishment. Nineteen years' expe-
rience in all branches. Testimonials of the highest order. —
9, Montpelier Place, Brompton Road, London.

GARDENER (Head), where another is kept.
Age 2h, single. Ten years' experience in all branches.
Excellent references. — C. GILES, Isiugton, near Alton, Hants.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 38, married;
twenty-three years' good practical experience in large
establishments. Thoroughly understands the Management of
a frivate Garden. Nine years Head in present place.
Leaving through a death, and letting of place. Excellent
character and reference. — H. AUBERTIN, Bulwick Park,
Wansford, North Hants.

GARDENER (Head), where two or three
are kept. — Age 25, married, without family ; ten years'
experience Inside and Out. Good references. Abstainer. —
G. M., 13, Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, Essex.

GARDENER (Head).— A thoroughly com-
peteut and well-qualifieii Gardener, married, middle-
aged, small family, seeks appointment; well-up in all
branches; successful as a Fruit Cultivator, and thoroughly
qualified to meet the demands of a large household. — L. R. H.,
Dickson's Nurseries, Chester.

GARDENER (Head Working), where one
or two are kept.— Age 31, married, one child ; sixteen
years' experience in all branches. Good references. — J. P.,
Sharlock, Newsagent, Handcross. Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Second) — Age KS, married, no incumbrance. Twelve
years' experience in all branches. Can be well recommrnded.
— A. H., 21t Hooper Road, Custom House, London, E.

GARDENER (Head Working), age 31.—
Mr. Stott, The Cedars, Upper Tooting, Surrey, can
thoroughly recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman
requiring the services of a good practical man in all branches,
including Orchids.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
Single-HAXued).— Age 2$; thoroughly practical in all
branches. Excellent testimonial from last employer, as
Head. — J. BROOKES, Scarthoe, Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

GARDENER (Head Working), where three
or four are kept; age 36, married.— A Lai>v (widow),
making changes, desires to recommend a steady, industrious
man, who has lived ten years in her employ, with four under
him. Abstainer. Traiued at Chatsworth, under the late Mr.
Speed.— Mrs. MARKHAM, Tapton House. Chesterfield.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Has had excellent experience in
gojd establishments. Good character. — J. H., Beaumanor
Park, Loughborough, Leicestershire,

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept, or would take good SINGLE HANLED
place. — Sixteen years' good reference from last place, and
experienced in Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Vines, Peaches,
&c, and the ruutine of Gardening. — J. S.( Post Office,
Horsmonden, Kent.

GARDENER. — Age 38; experienced in
Growing for Market, Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Tomatos,
Mushrooms, Cut Flowers, &c, also attending Jobbing Con-
tracts. Good references.— GARDENER, 5, Selwood Cottages,
East Barnet.

GARDENER, where two are kept.— Age 25 ;
four years and four months' character, three years'
previous. — G. NEW, Hatchet Lane, Winkfield, near Windsor.

GARDENER, where one or two are kept, or
good Single-handed. — Age 29; good reference. —
GARDENER, Mrs. Cheney, Upway, Dorchester.

GARDENER (married; no family).— A Gen-
tllman wishes to recommend a Gardener who lived
with him many years; or any position of trust. Excellent
character.— NEWMAN, Upper Street, Shere, Guildford.

GROOM and GARDENER (Single-handed).
— Age 19. Height, o feet 10 inches. Of good address. —
J. BATES, The Firs, Lambley, Notts.

VIANAGER (Seed and Nursery Trade).—

atA Thirty years' experience, fourteen in present situation.

Highest references. — K. S.,
Chape. Bar, Nottingham.

Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons,

To Fruit Growers, &c, for Market.

MANAGER, or GENERAL FOREMAN.—
Thoroughly experienced in Grapes, Tomatos, Cucum-
bers, Palms, Ferns, Cut Flowers, &c, in quantity. Twenty
years' experience. Highest ref-rences. — ALPHA, 1, Grove
Road, Mitcham.

OREMAN, Inside or General. — Age 25;

good Plant and Fruit Grower. House and Table
Decoration. Ten years' experience. Excellent character. —
S. YOUDEN, Ranston Gardens, Blandford.

FOREMAN, in good Nursery. — Well up in
Orchids, Palms, Ferns, Chrysanthemums, Carnations,
Bouvardias, and Early and Late Forcing. Twelve years' expe-
rience.—A., Fern Cottage, Harpenden, Herts.

FOREMAN. — Age 25; eleven years' expe-
rience, Inside and Out ; also House Decorations. Well
recommended for sobriety. — FOREMAN, 48, Lot's Road,
Chelsea, S.W.

'OREMAN and SALESMAN, or PROPA-

J- GATOR and GROWER.— Sixteen years experience in
growing large quantities of Plants and Cut Flowers for Market,
such as Cyclamen, Double Primulas, Pelargoniums Chrysan-
themums, Roses, Palms. Ferns, and different plants usually
fouud in a Nursery. Well up in Wreaths, Crosses, and Bou-
quets.—ALPHA, 7, Clarence Cottages, Hextable, Kent.

NURSERY FOREMAN (Ground or
General).— Over twenty years' experience. In and Out
departments. Ten years in last situation. Good references.
Stat* terms.— C. DOSWELL, 12, Hemdean Road, Caversham,
Reading,

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, in a good establish-
ment. — Age 22; seven years' experience Can be highly
recommeuded by present and previous employers. — W. PA1CE,
The riolt Gardens, Farnham, Sussex.

JOURNEYMAN, (Sfxond), Inside, in a good
Establishment, under Foreman. — Age 20; six years
good reference.— A. BARKER, Freston Hill Lodge, Ipswich,
Suffolk.

TMPROVER, under Glass, or as GARDENER

A (Under), where t' ree or more are kept.— WILLIAM
PHILLIPS, Gardener, Kelsale Rectory, Saxmundham, Miffolk.

IMPROVER, Inside and Out.— Age 17; one
year and seven months' good character from last place.
— E. COCKS, 3. Banks' Cottages, Camberley, Surrey.

TO HEAD GARDENERS.— A young man,
student at Swanley College, and six months since in
large nursery, would like a year in a good private garden
where things are well done. Small premium would be given.
Life abstainer.— R., " SELWOOD," Hornst-y Lane, N.

TO GARDENERS, &c— A Youth (age 18),
seeks employment in the Garden. Four years' good
character.— C. W., Ivy Cottage, Great Hadham, Herts.

TO GARDENERS.— A young man (age 21)
seeks re-engagement under a Foreman, in a good estab-
lishment. Five vears in last situation. Good references. Bothy
preferred.— H. KI-iLINGBURY. Elstead, Godalmiug

TO GROWERS of FRUIT UNDER GLASS.
— Two young men (age 2b and 23). with ten and eight
years' experience in Foreign and English Nurseries, well up in
the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, offer their services as above —
Good references.— H. Y., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Strand, W.C.

7^0 NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, and

±- FLORISTS.— Advertiser wants situation as ASSISTANT
(Shop, Warehouse, or Nursery). Has had good experience. —
F. WHITE, 60, Bellevue Crescent, Clifton, Bristol.

^0 NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS. — A

-I- young Man seeks situation ; four and a half years in
small outside Nursery. A little knowledge of Bookkeeping —
W. O'Niell, Cotton Street, Castle Douglas.

TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation Tequired in
the Houses; well up in Plants and Cut Flowers. Twenty-
five years' trade experience. — GROWER, 9, Wood Street,
Penarth, South Wales.

TO FLORISTS.— A young Lady seeks a
situation as FIRST HAND; also one as SECOND. Very
good references.— E. T., 623, Harrow Road, London, W.

SALESMAN, CLERK, or TRAVELLER.—
A young Man, thoroughly competent in all branches of
the Trade, requires a situation as above. Moderate salary —
ALPHA, 35, Cornwall Street, Fulham. S.W.

^OPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;

O thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

CHOPMAN. — Age 36; first-class Counter-

O Hand. Twenty years' experience ia large Provincial
Houses. Excellent references. — A. 'J., Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41. Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

QHOPMAN, or ASSISTANT.— Age 20 ; five

O years* experience in Garden and Agricultural Seed Trade,
Type-writing, and Correspondence. Good reference. State
terms.— F. SHARE, Sandy Hill, Cork.

SHOPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER.—
Age 28 ; first-class at Wreaths. &c. Good knowledge of
Plants, Seeds, Book-keeping, &c. Good Salesman. Excellent
references. Moderate salary. — FLORIST, 65, Solon Road, S.W.

TO FLORISTS. — A young Lady requires situa-
tion.— First-class hand in all branches of the Trade. A
good Saleswoman. References from present employer. —
RIiiBY, 31, Finkle Street, Kendal.

HOLLOW AY'S PILLS AND OINTMENT.
—Bilious affections with all their concomitant annoy-
ances induced by atmospheric changes, or too liberal diet,
should be checked at once, or serious consequences may ensue.
When any one finds his ideas less clear than usual, hiseyesight
dimmed, and his head dizzy, accompanied by a disinclination
for all exertion, physical or mental, he may be quite sure that
he is in immediate need of some alterative medicine. Let him
at once send for a box of Holloway's Pills, a mild course of
which will remove the symptoms, and speedily renew his usual
healthful feeling. If the bowels be irritable, Holloway's Oint>-
ment should be diligently rubbed over the stomach and liver
every night and morning.

688

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[DECEiiBBa 5, 1891.

FOREST

TREES.

IRELAND & THOMSON

HAVE TO OFFEK A LAKGE AND FINE STOCK OF

SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES,

in good condition for removal, consisting of Ash (Common and Mountain, Beech. Birch, Horse and Spanish Chestnuts, Elm, Hazel, Holly, Limes,

Maple, Oak (Common and Scarlet), Poplars of sorts, Privet, Sycamore, Thorn, Willows, Scotch Fir and Larch Fir (true Native), Spruce, Silver Fir

Douglas Fir, Austrian and Laricio Pine, Mountain Pine, &c, in all sizes, and at moderate prices.

PLANTS for GAME COVER,

Consisting of Arbor-vite, Aucuba, Berberis, Box, Bramble, Briar, Broom,
Cotoneaster, Cupressus, Dogwood, Holly, Laurels in variety ; Mahonia,
Privet, of sorts ; Rosa rugosa, Rhododendrons (Ponticum, Hybrid, and
Named sorts, extra fine). Sloe, Thorn, Whin, and Yews.

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS.

A large and fine stock of these at our Craigleith Nursery, that have
been regularly transplanted, are well-grown and well-rooted, and in fine
condition for removal. Are offered at very moderate prices.

FRUIT TREES.

We hold a fine stock of Pyramidal and Dwarf-trained Trees of all
sorts, consisting of Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Gooseberries, and
Currants, in all the leading sorts, and healthy, well-grown trees.

SPECIMEN TREES for PARK and AVENUE PLANTINC,

Consisting of Acers, in variety ; Alders, Ash (Common and Mountain),
Beech, Birch, Horse Chestnut, Elder (Scarlet and Yellow-berried), Scotch
Elm and Purple-leaved, Geans, Laburnums, Limes, Poplars, of sorts ;
Pyrus, of sorts ; Sycamore (Common and Purple), Paul's Thorns (Standard
and Pyramid), Willows (American, Weeping, Kilmarnock, & Huntingdon).
The above have all been grown in single lines, and planted a yard apart ;
have been regularly transplanted and staked ; have straight stems and fine
heads, and are a grand lot of trees. Can be offered by the thousand.

RHODODENDRONS.

An extra fine stock of Ponticum, Seedling Hybrids, and best named
sorts, the latter covered with buds.

HARDY CREEPERS, ROSES, CLEMATIS, VINES, IVIES, &c

All in fine health and good condition.

We invite inspection of our Stock, and shall forward CATALOGUES fi\e on application. All Goods CARRIAGE PAID to England.
NURSERIES :— Craigleith, Comely Bank ; Golden Acre and Windlestrawlee, Granton Road ; and Royal Exotic, Lynedoch Place.

SEED WAREHOUSE :— 81, PRINCES STREET. EDINBURGH.

LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS, "

And replace INEFFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES by

WEEKS'S

PATENT DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUBULAR,

THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE.

It is unparalleled for POWER, ECONOMY, and DURABILITY, the

WATER'BARS alone being equal to many Boilers.

A TEN YEARS' GUARANTEE given with all Duplex

Boi'ers [subject to printed conditions) when fixed by the Patentees.

FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO

J. WEEKS & CO.,

Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees,

KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

v''i*

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHQNSTADT, 59, FABRINGDON ROAD, LONDON. E.G.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury. Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by
Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, December 6, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Heywood.

Established

No. 259.— Vol,

-y- f Third "1
( Series. J

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1891.

Regt. as a Newspaper, f PRICE 3d*

WITH SUPPLEMENT.! PoST-FREE, 3£i/.

CONTENTS.

Books :—

Obituary :—

A Handbook of British

M. Alphand

705

Commerce, &c

706

Mr. G. T. Pettany ...

70S

Birds of our Rambles...

706

Mr. Lister Kershaw ...

713

Burnt earth in the pro-

Sir William Macleay .

713

pagation of plants

708

Peaches on open walls ...

698

Broad Horn Ferns, or

Plant portraits ..

706

Platyceriums

6M7

Plants and their culture

703

Chicago Exhibition

706

Plea for unlucky gar-

Chrysanthemum Etoile

deners, a

709

de Lyon

708

Primula nivalis

70a

,, noUs

700

Rockeries

696

Classification of Rose

" Kosarian's Year-Book

amateurs

707

for 1892"

70S

Climbing Niphetos Rose.

708

Rosery, the

710

Crfipin Celebration

706

Sacred plant of the

Electro-culture

704

Druids

705

Eucharis mite, remedy

Societies: —

for

708

Linnean...

705

Flower garden

703

National Chrysanthe-

Foreign correspondence .

701

mum

712

Forestry

700

National Rose

70S

Fruit notes

702

Royal Caledonian

710

Hardy Cyclamen

708

Royal Horticultural ...

711

Hardy fruit garden

703

Scottish Horticultural

709

Heavy Pitmaston Duchess

SmithfieldCIub

705

Pears

708

Stands for Japanese

Japan sedge-mats for

Chrysanthemums

708

plant protection

705

Tomatos and Cucumbers

Jerusalem Artichoke ...

707

for market

708

Kitchen garden

702

Trees and shrubs

7*12

Mammoth Chrysanthe-

Variegated Palms

708

mum

708

Violas v. Tufted Pansies

709

Minley Manor

69o

Walnuts

713

New plant*

696

Weather, the ...

713

Nursery notes

699

Week a work

702

Orchid houses

Westrop House, High-

Orchid notes

701

worth, Wilts

697

ILLUSTF

ATION8.

Minley Manor. (See Supplem*

nt.)

Plan of Wiuter Garden a

, Mm

707

Platycerium alcicorne ..

697

,, graude

698

„ Wallichii

699

„ Willinckii

701

160,000,-Special Offer of Kentias.

WICETUN has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60's, well-
established, at £3l I per 100".

W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

'2000 SBAKALE ROOTS for Forcing, a

£*\J\J\J capital lot specially grown for extra fine produce,
105. per 100 (cash with order).

G. H. COPP, Gardens, Holdnest Park, Sherborne.

RASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich" Wonder,
Carter's Prolific, also Fastolf, strong and well-rooted.
ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
to select from. Write for List, free.— P. MoARTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

FOR SALE, several thousands of FALSTOF
RASPBERKY CANES. Any reasonable offer accepted.
Apply, WILLIAM WOODWARD, Gardener, Stinchcombe,
Gloucestershire.

DOUBLE WHITE LILY, Nymphia alba.—
About 100 plants of the above. Warranted three years'
old. Address —

HENRY WARD, Bulegh Villas, Maldon. Essex.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Our new Illustrated
LIST, now ready, includes every novelty really worth
having.

J. K. PEARSON asd SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

SEAKALE, Extra Strong Forcing, 70s., very-
Good, 60s., per 1000. Cash with Order. Apply—
MYATT'S HEXTABLE HORTICULTURAL CO., Swanley
Junction, Kent.

CARTERS' LIST of the BEST CHRYSAN-
THEMUMS for 1892,
Now ready, gratis and post-free, on application to the
Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

S~TANDISH'S RHODODENDRONS. -
Choicest varieties, well-budded plants, 21s., 305., and 42s,
per dozen, package free for cash with order.
Royal Nurseries, Ascot.

Fruiting Vines in Pots.

HLANE and SON have, as usual, a splendid
• lot of extra fine, well-ripened Canes, suitable for
Forcing, to carry heavy crops next season.

The Nurseries. Berkh;im*ted, Herts.

10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

lv^ \J \J \/ grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per
dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. J'. CLARK, Goldstone. West Brighton.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS. GRAPES. &c. Good references.

pUT FLOWERS. — I can supply a large

KJ quantity of LILIUM HARRISU, LILY OF THE
VALLEY, TUUEKOSE. GLADIOLUS (•• THE BKIDE "), <fcc,
from Christmas to Easter. — Apply, B. GREAVES, Worksop.

OR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA

GRACILIS, 10i. to 21*. per 10 I,
FLETCHER BROTHt-KS. Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

VINES. — VINES. — VINES.
We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED ASli SON'S, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5s., post-free, 5s. Bd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

F~~dR FORCING. — PARISIAN LILACS,
just imported, very fine, 30s. per dozen,
CUNINGHAM'J WHITE RHODODENDRON, well set. Ids.
18s., and 24s. per dozen. Order at once of —
WALSHAW ANt> SON. Scarborough.

SEAKALE for FORCING, large, superior
Selected Crowns, "ids. per 1000; under 600, 8«. per 100.
Cash with orders.— Address, ALFRED ATWOOD, Market
Grower, 21, Shillington Street, Battersea, S.W.

QTEPHANOTIS FLORABUiNDA, five large

O specimen plants in tubs and pots. Clean and healthy.
Price 7 Guineas, or offer. Apply,

P. KOSE, Parkview Nursery, New Eltham. Kent.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed . Prompt cash .
Address— HENRI" RIDES, Ceutre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

INES .— W ANTED, about 50 good

PLANTING CANES. Quote prices.
G. W. EDEN, benham Gardens, Wangford.

WANTED, CHRYSANTHEMUM CUT-
TINGS, Lacroix or late whites. FOR SALE or EX-
CHANGE. Source d'Or and other cuttings, Id. per dozen, post
free.— W. CUMPTON, Lambley, Notts.

WANTED, RHODODENDRON GRAFTS
(Greenhouse varieties). Price, Varieties, and quantity to
W. HURST, Carlton House, Clevedon.

WANTED, CUTTING WOOD, or MADE
CUTTINGS of Ampelopsis Veitchii, Vari*>gated
Euonymus, Ivies, Privets, and Laurels of sorts, and many
other ki i. d-", useful in a newly-started Nursery; ul?o Cuttings
of Chrysanthemum Mine, Desgr^inges, Wermig, Princess Teck,
Lady Selbjrue, Kir Maid of Guernsey, and others.— K.,
5:5, tiui: ..iuii m Road, Brighton.

UTTON'S "AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN

HORTICULTURE FOR 1892,"
will be ready December 15.

SUTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN
HORTICULTURE FOR 1892,"
will be ready December 15.

UTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN

HORTICULTURE FOR 1892,"
will be ready December 15.

Price Is., Post-free; gratis to Customers, from

SUTTON and SONS,
The Queen's Seedsmen, Reading.

CHRISTMAS TREES. — The finest trees
imaginable; every one a specimen; grown wide apart,
from 6 to 20 feet. Put on rail for £5 per 100, cash.
T. JaNNOCH, Lily Nursery, Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk.

Sharpe's Victor Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers
• and Merchants, Boston, offer a few tons of this
excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample.
Price, per cwt. or ton. on application.

OSES ! ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now.

100 strong dwarf, H.P. Roses for 305.

The finest in the Trade.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on application.

C. H. GOKRINGE, Roselauds Nursery, Eastbourne.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s. in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well- rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 2ls.,
or 30s. per 100. ourselection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. and C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, r>iorwich.

TMPORTANT LISTS ON APPLICATION.

JL Surplus Clearance DAFFODIL BULBS, in prime condition
for Pots, Beds, and to Naturalise, nt greatly reduced prices.
Conference Michaelmas Daisies and Sunrluwers.
Choice Single and Double Pseonies.
Choice Iris, Tall and Dwarf.
Choice Hellebores and Lilies.

Choice Gladioli, Carnations, Picotees. and Pinks.
BARK and SON.

12, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

PALMS — For CHRISTMAS — PALMS.—
Silver's Special Offer for Christma*. Church, and Room
Decorations: 12 Latania borbonica (the Pan Palm), beautiful
plants, J£ to 2 feet- high, for 10s.; 2 t . 2$ feet high, 15s.
Package and packing free for Cash with Order.

J. W. SILVER. &treatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.

PUT ROSES. — A Bargain ; room wanted. — -
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Scuvenir
il'un Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and 11-inch pot-*. Inspection invited.
Price £5 and £<o per 100.
GUIVER BROS, and LAWSON. Durant's Nursery, Ponder's
End, Middlesex.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal BotanicSociety,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road. Putney .
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.

690

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 12, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Wednesday and Saturday Next.

100} choice-named Stuudard unci Dwarf ROSES, 500 FRUIT
TREES, 500 AZALEA MOLLIS from Ghent; a tine col-
lection of BORDER PLANTS, collections of STOVE and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, LILIUM AURATUM from
Japan, L. CANDIDUM. L. HARRISI, LILY OF THE
VALLEY Crowns, SPIRiEA, GLADIOLI, AMARYLLIS,
TUBEROSES, Ornamental LAURELS, CONIFERS,
KVEKGREENS, and a large quantity of DUTCH BULBS.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by
AUCTION, at hi9 Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Girden, on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY NEXT, Decem-
ber 16 acid 19, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each day.
On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Thursday Next.

SPECIAL SALE of DUTCH BULBS, LILIUMS, TUBE-
ROSES, aud VARIOUS ROOTS and BULBS.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden. W.C., on THURSDAY' NEXT. December 17. at half-
p-ist 12 o'clock pie:isely, 600 lots of HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, and other DUTCH BULBS ; 20,000 TUBEROSES
from America, 25,000 TUBEROSES and AMARYLLIS from
South Africa, 10.000 SPIRiEA JAPONICA, 5,000 LILIUM
HARRISI, 5.000 LILIUM CANDIDUM, LILIUM AURATUM
from Japan. IRIS K/EMPFERI, choice NARCISSUS, DAFFO-
DILS, home-grown LILIUMS, GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, FREE-
SIAS, 4 cases ARAUCARIA EXCELSA, BORDER PLANTS, &c.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tuesday Next.

14,850 LILIUM AURATUM,

beinj the whole consignment of 200 cases, just to hand, and
including 450 unusually large roots ;

3,000 LILIUM HARRISII, fine bulbs; 2,500 double African
TUBEROSES, together with a splendid collection of hardy
LILIES embracing all the principal and most popular
varieties in cultivation ; a large number of Cactus, Single
and Pompon DAHLIAS, of the best-named kinds ; CARNA-
TIONS, PICOTEES, P.EONIES, PYRETHRUMS, IRH,
double HOLLYHUCKS, Berlin Crowns LILY' OF THE
VALLEY. PFRENNIALS, in great variety, HELLE-
BORUS, thousands of HARDY BULBS, DAFFODILS,
ANEHONES, BEGONIAS, GLOXINIAS, and 100 lots of
HYACINTHS. TULIPS, and other DUTCH BULBS.

rl/TESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

ITj. SELL the above by AUCTION at their Central Sale
Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C., on TUESDAY'
NEXT, December 15, at half-past 11 o'clock.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Charlton Nursery, near Shepperton.

One mile from the Shepperton Station, L. & S. W. Railway.

IMPORTANT CLEARANCE SALE.

To Gentlemen, Fruit Growers, aud others.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. Bristow, who is relinquishing the
Business, to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, as above,
on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT, Dec. 15 and 16, at
i _ o'clock each day, without reserve, the whole of the valuable
NURSERY STOCK, consisting of about 15,000 choice Evergreen
and ConiferouH Shrubs, 600 Privet, 5000 Standard and Dwarf
Roses, in gre_.it variety, including the finest kinds in culti-
vation ; a gojd assortment of Ornamental Trees, and 10,000
Fruit Trees, including quantities of the best Market kinds of
Apples, Pears, and Plums, and a large number of Gooseberries,
Currants, Peiches, and Apricots, of special attraction to Fruit
Growers.

Also, the LEASEHOLD NURSERY and FRUIT FARM,
of about 37 Acres, with Cottage, Buildings, and Greenhouse,
held for 15 years unexpired, at a Low Rental.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had
ou the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C.

Dutch Bulbs.— Sales Next Week.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg
to dra n attention to their large SALES of DUTCH
BULBS for next week, to take place as follows, at half-past
11 o'clock each day, including thousands of HY'ACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUS. NARCISSUS, &c, arranged in Lots to
suit large and small Buyers. The whole to be Sold absolutely
without reserve.

MONDAY, December 14, 800 lots.
TUESDAY, ,, 15, 100 lots.

WEDNESDAY ,, 16, 300 lots.
SATURDAY ,, 19, 400 lots.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.
Central Auction Rooms, 67 aud 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

Wednesday Next.

100 CAMELLIAS, 200 AZALEA INDICA, and 100 A. MOLLIS
from Belgium, 40 lots of choice .greenhouse and stove
FERNS ; PALMS in variety ; fine plants of HPAGER1A
RUBRA and MACULATA ; a splendid collection of double
and single BEGONIAS, English-grown roots ; 300 standard
and dwarf ROSES, LILIUM HARRISII, English-grown
LILIES in variety, LILY OF THE VALLEY; 300 lots of
HYACINTHS. TULIPS, CROCUS. NARCISSUS, and other
DUTCH BULBS ; 100,000 KENTIA SEEDS, and 67 000
COCOS SEEDS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUCTION at their rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on WEDNESDAY NEXT
December 16, at half-past 11 o'clock.

On view morning of Saie, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

IMPORTANT CONSIGNMENT of PALM SEEDS.
50,000 KENTIA FORSTERIANA.
50,000 „ BELMOREANA.

67,000 COCOS WEDDELLIANA

1M-ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

NEXT, DecenLtr116.ab°Ve " ""^ SALE °a WEDNESDAY
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

East Dulwich, S.E.4Wednesday Next, December 16.

(Close to Ea& Dulwich Railway Station.)

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, The Orchid Nur-
series, East Dulwich, London, S.E., on WEDNESDAY,
December 16, at half-past 12 o'Clock, by order of Messrs.
Seeger & Tropp, a fine lot of ESTABLISHED HEALTHY
ORCHIDS, among which will be included many exceedingly
well-grown specimens and half-specimens, also choice new,
and rare species and varieties ; a specially large number of
Orchids in bud or Mower; a great quantity of semi-established
Orchids most useful for cut flower purposes, and a collection
of VANDAS, numbering about 65 plants, embraced in which
are unique specimens and special varieties, such as TRICOLOR
ROLLESSONI, T. DALKEITH VARIETY. T. PANDURATA,
T. PATERSONI, T. CINNAMOMEA, T.NIVEA.T. TIGRLNA,
SU AVIS VEITCHI, BATEMANNI, STORIEI, KIMBALLI ANA
AMESIANA, CATHCARTI, GIGANTEA, COCCINEA, TERES,
PARISHI. CXERULESCENS, STANGEANA, and many plants
of TRICOLOR and SUAVIS that have not yet flowered in
Europe, as to' which it may be relied on that no two will be
alike. Those already flowered have proved to be each different,
and one of them entirely yellow. Any Gentleman about
forming a collection of Vandas will find this an exceptional
opportunity to acquire a great variety of really excellent
plants for immediate effect, and a special visit to the Nur-
series (which are distant only 12 minutes by train from
London Bridge Station L. B. & S. C. Ry.), is invited, to
inspect this marvellous group, if for that purpose only. It can
be asserted with confidence that never before has such a per-
fectly grown and healthy lot of Vandas been submitted for
public competition. In the event of the lot as catalogued fail-
ing to find a purchaser, the plants will be sold individually.

Plants will be on view the morning of sale. Catalogues
had on the premises and of the auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, E.C,

The Orchid Nurseries are within five minutes walk of East
Dulwich railway station, L. B. and S. C. Railway.

Should frost prevail on the day of sale, the plants purchased
may remain in the care of Messrs. Seeger and Tropp until the
weather is favourable for their despatch.

Balnam.-CIearance Sale. Close to Station.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Bedford Hill
Nursery. Larch Ro^d, Balham, ou THURSDAY NEXT, Dec. 17,
at 1 o'clock, without reserve, 7 Span-roof GREENHOUSES,
1300 feet of 4-inch Hot-water PIPING, BOILER, BRICK-
WORK ; also the stock of GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including
a fine lot of specimen White Azaleas and Camellias, Flower
Pots, &c.

On view two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the
Premises; of Messrs. MARCHANT ani> BEN WELL, Solicitors,
Broadway, Deplford, and 2, George Yard, Lombard Street,
E.C, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. E.C.

N.B.— The FREEHOLD NURSERY is to be SOLD for build-
ing purposes. Particulars of the Auctioneers.

Friday Next.

GREAT SALE OF ORCHIDS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
instructed by Mr. F. Sander to SELL by AUCTION, at
their Ceutral Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside. Loudon, E.C,
on FRIDAY NEXT.December 18, at half-past 12 o'Clock,
Another Importation of Liodley's OLD LABIATA,
from far beyond Swainson's hunting-grounds, and from a
much higher elevation. Also
The OLD LABrATA. established and semi-established.
The OLD LABIATA, in sheath.

GARDNERS LABIATA,

Semi - established, unflowered, grand plants.
Every plant will tie offered, collected by the late W. Dijance
fifteen days before his death from yellow fever. This is an
early autumn-flowering labiata, very free, very beautiful, and
not surpassed by any member of the family.

It must not be confounded with any other labiata.
Also a grand lot of CYPRIPEDIUMS, many being fine Speci-
men Plants, and many new hybrids.

New and rare MASDEVALLIAS,

New and rare DENDROBIUMS,

New and rare EPIPENDRUMS,

new CATTLEYAS, new PHAJUS, new SPATHOGLOTTIS.

New and rare CYMBIDIUMS, from the Himalayus.

Cool ORCHIDS, in bud and bloom.

Warm ORCHIDS, in bud and bloom.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

IV/IESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

ITJ. include in their ORCHID SALE on FRIDAY

NEXT, December 18,

A magnificent lot of splendidly-grown CYPRIPEDIUMS, the
property of a gentleman giving up the cultivation of these
plants.

Amongst them are grand specimens of the following : —

Cypripedium Boxallii

caricinum

card in ale

concolor

Dauthierii

Doris

Elliotianum

Harrisianum

hir^utissimum

Haynaldianum

Cypripedium Morganire

,, ritidissimum

,, Rothschildianuni

,, Schlimii

,, Schomburgkianum

,, Sedeni porphyreum

,, Spicerianum

,, superbiens

,, villosum

,, Wefdlichianum

And many fine plants of other choice and rare varieties.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next.-Orchid Sale.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
also include in above SALE, a fine lot of GLORIOSA
SUPERBA and IPSEA SPECIOSA, which will be Sold, without

Friday, January 8, 1892.

PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT.

LINDEN'S

GRANDEST DISCOVERY:

CATTLEYA REX,

JAMES O'BRIEN.
IiT THE MOST FAMOUS ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED.
J. LINDEN, the discoverer and first introducer of
nearly all the finest Cattleyas in cultivation, viz., Cattleva

A l UFA, •AMETHl'STOGLOSSA, (iltiAS, ELDORADO, TRIAN.t,

Waroci/ieaxa (laiuata autumnalis), &c, confidently

recommends—

CATTLEYA REX

as the

FINEST OF THE GENUS.

CATTLEYA REX FLOWERS in DECEMBERand JANUARY.

Some amateurs have stated CATTLEYA REX to be a grand

form of Cattleya aurea, with white sepals and petals, but it is

a <vu ite New Type.

CATTLEYA REX is described by JAMES O'BRIEN in the

Gardeners' Chronicle, December 13, 1890.
Sepals aud petals are creamy-white. The labellum is of the
richest crimson, of various shades— from the rosy hue to the
purple tint — veined in a beautiful manner with gDlden-yellow,
all worked in to form a richly-colouring marbling. " It is a
Wondvrful Piece of Colouring."

Mr. R. JOHNSON, Stand Hall Gardens, Whitefield,
Manchester, writes to Messrs. LINDEN : —
" The CATTLEYA REX has flowered with us, and a grand
thing it is. We have had some of the principal importers of
Orchids here to see it : they think your plate in Lindenia
(English edition. Part I., 1891) a true representation of the
flower, but the lip of our flower is finer than your Plate."

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are favoured with instructions from Messrs. LINDEN,
L'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, to SELL by AUC-
TION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C, on FRIDAY January 8, 1892, at half-past 12
o'Clock, thewrole of the above importation, just to hand in
capital condition.

The plants have been collected by Messrs. Linden's intrepid
collector, M. C EUner, with the greatest difficulties, who
has searched with h .ndreds of natives for two years after this
grandest Cattleya, and only succeeded is discovering those
offered.

He states that '' it is impossible to find any more."
A portrait made from a plant flowered in Monsieur
Warocque's collection will be on view on the day of Sale.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Orchids in Flower for Christmas Decoration.

THOMAS 11 JAMES (many years with
Protheroe &. Morris) will SELL by AUCTION at his
Commodious Sale Rooms, Bull Ring, Birmingham, on
TUESDAY, December 22, at half-pnst 12 o'Clock, 300 lots of
ORCHIDS (every plant being in flower or bud) for Christmas
decoration. Growers desirous of ino udiog are requested to
send list per return.

T. B. JAMES holds SALES every WEDNESDAY and
FRIDAY, at half-past -1 o'Clock p.m., of CHOICE CUT
FLOWERS. Further consignments of good bloom solicited.
Good market empties and labels found. HOLLY, MISTLETO,
and CHRISTMAS TREES wanted in the course of a few day*.

T. B. JAMES holds SALES at his ROOMS every TUESDAY
and THURSDAY, at half-past 11 o'Clock, a.m., of BULBS,
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, PLANTS from BEL-
GIUM, GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, &c.

Bankers, London and Midland, Birmingham.

To Market Gardeners.

TO BE LET, SO Acres or" good LAND, Small
House, and suitable Buildings. — Apply by letter, to
D. C THOMPSON, Esq., Squirrel Heath. n>ar Romford, Essex.

TO BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the
Bath Road, HEATHROW FARM. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, from Michaelmas next; contains 438 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Meadow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into three or four Market Gardens. The House and Buildings
are 3 miles from West Drayton and Hayes Stations (G. W. R.),
als » Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R,). No Agents
nee 1 apply.

For particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wrotham Park Estate Office. Barnet, Herts.

rrO BE LET, a FRUIT FARM, at Orpington,

J. Kent, with IMMEDIATE POSSESSION, comprising
72^ acres, of which 18 acres are Gooseberries and Currants, in
full maturity ; 8£ acres Hops, and the remainder Meadow and
Arable Land.

Full particulars of Messrs. HUMBERT, SON, and FLINT,
11, Serle Street. Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

jr ENT.— TO BE SOLD, an excellent compact

XV MARKET NURSERY, with between 18,000 and 19.000
feet of modern Glass, well-heated, situated in one of the best
districts for growing Plants and Fruit for Market.

Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, 67
and 68, Cheapside. London. E.C

TO BE DISPOSED OF, the long LEASE of
a HOUSE and SHOP, in a leading thoroughfare, in one'
of the principal South Coa;t Watering-places. Capital
opening for a Florist.

For information as to Rent, Premium. &c, address, ALPHA,
Gardners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

T3ICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form-

-L ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries. Winter
Gardens, Alpineries, &c , as in hundreds of places about the
kingdom, including at Aldenham House. Elstree, so faithfully
illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by

PULHAM and SON, 50, Finsbury Square, London, E.C, and
Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection
oa receipt of twelve stamps.

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHR O NT C L E.

691

THE CARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.

THE FOURTH ELECTION of Eleven
Children to the Benefit of this Fund, consisting of an
allowance of 5s. per week (subject to the Conditions stated in
Rule Xltr.), will take place on FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 5 next,
at the CANNON STREET HOTEL, LONDON, E.C.

All Applications must be rna^e on a proper Printed Form,
Copies of which may be had gratis from the Hon. Secretary,
or from any of the Local Secretaries. Such Form must be
correctly tilled up, duly signed, and returned to this Olfice not
later than Monday, January 4, 1892.

A. F. BARRON, Hon. Sec.

Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick.

THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY
(Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address. SECRETARY. 43, Great Tower Street, E.C.

Myatt's Prolific Kidney Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON and SON, Seed
• Growers and Merchants, Boston, offer the above
in quantity. Price on application.

0~R C HIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO.. F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

RAUCARIA IMBRICATA SEED.-

Splendid Sample from the fine Specimens of Piltdown,
about 50 lb., averaging about 150 to the pound. Price, 3s. per
pound for cash.

P. BOOTH, Piltdown. Uckfield.

Prize Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.6., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1. and will be sent gratis then to
all who apply for it before Christmas, and enclose 3d. to cover
postage. — DOBBIE AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists,
Rothesay, Scotland.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen Planting.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, large
LAURELS, of sorts, bushy, from 4 ft. high and upwards ;
SCOTCH FIR. from 2 feet 6 inches to 8 feet; SPRUCE,
PINUS AUSTRIACA, PINUS LARICIO, Red-twigged LIMES,
CHESTNUTS, OAK, ASH. SYCAMORE. WALNUT, YEWS.
&c, fine stuff for instant effect. As the ground must be cleared
this Autumn, no reasonable offer refused. All goods free on rail.
C. F. MILLAR. The Nurseries, London Road, Chippenham.

ORCHIDS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO,

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

Have just Purchased, and are now OFFERING
for SALE, the

MYTON COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS,

WHICH INCLUDES

A splendid lot of CYPRIPEDIUMS,

A splendid lot of CATTLEYAS,

A splendid lot of 0D0NT0CL0SSUMS,

A splendid lot of DENDROBIUMS,

A splendid lot of L/ELIAS,

A splendid lot of ONCIDIUMS,

A splendid lot of other ORCHIDS in

variety.
All in the very Finest Health and Condition.
INSPECTION INVITED.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED CATALOGUE
free, on application to the Company,

THE VINEYARD & NURSERIES,

GABSTON, near LIVERPOOL.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Paocras.

Chrysanthemums.

BOYCE'S CHRYSANTHEMUM GUIDE
and CATALOGUE contains Complete Directions upon
Cultivation ; also, List of the Best Varieties. Price id.
(returned in first order). Many thousands of Rooted Cutting*
ready in February, from 2s. per doz. Orders booked now.
W. E. BOYCE, F.N.C.S.. Archway Road, Highgate, N.

CURRANT TREES and RASPBERRY
CANES. Dutch and Raby Castle Red CURRANT, strong
2-yr. -old Trees. 10s. per 100 ; sample dozen, 2s. 6rf.

RASPBERRY CANES, best varieties, 35s. per 1000 : sample
10J, 5s., free on Rail. Wisbech P. O.O. with Order to Manager.
It. BATH, Fruit Farms, Wisbech.

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Draeteuas,
Bamboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

NARCISSUS, Grand Monarque.— Splendid
Bulbs, 55s. per 1000, 6s. 6o\ per 100; Soleil d'Or, 35s, per
1000, 4s. per 100; Scilly White, very early, 50s. per 1000,
0s. per 100 ; Poeticus, 6s. per 1000, 9d. per 10u ; Double Incom-
parable, 25s. per 1000, 3s. per 100; Double White, pure, 20s.
per 1000, 3s. per 100; Single Sweet - Scented Jonquils, fine
large bulbs, 20s. per 1000, 2s. 6d. per 100 ; Double Daffodils, 20s.
per 1000, 2s. %d. per 100 ; all true, sound stuff. Carriage paid by
rail or steamer, in Eoglaud, on 20s. Orders, Cash. Packing free.
PONTEY'S Bulb and Seed Warehouse, 21, Cornwall Street,
Plymouth. (Established nearly a Century.)

T/"ENTIA SEEDS.— The following, in splendid

-I.V. condition, just arrived from our Collector : —
KENTIA FORSTERIANA, 16s. per 1000.
„ BELMOREANA, 16s. per 1000.

CANTERBURYANA, 9s. per 100.
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, 10s. per 1000.
ARECA BAUERI, 10s. per 1000.
HOOPER AND CO., Ltd.. Covent Garden, Loudon, W.C.

New Apple, Chelmsford Wonder.

SALT MARS II and SON,
The Nurseries, Chelmsford, are now sending out this
splendid NEW KITCHEN APPLE, which, after receiving an
Award of Merit in March last, has had an additional award of
a First-class Certificate at the meeting of the Fruit Committee
of the Royal Horticultural Society on November 10.

It is a firm, handsome Apple, of large td/.e. a good keeper,
great bearer, and of superior flavour when cooked. It was
favoured with a well executed illustration, together with a
fiithful description, in the Gardeners* Magazine of April 11,
copies of which may be had on application.

Strong Maiden Trees are now ready at 5s. each, with the
usual discount to the Trade.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
ISAAC MATTHEWS and SON

A have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White.
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500,000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000 ; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year obi. extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet ; also a large quantity of Horse Cheatuuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS. 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently-transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties, 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees al>o for
Forest Planting; AUCUBAS. HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSDS,
IVIES, LAURELS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries Milton, Stokeou-Treiit.

RCOLLYER, Cart House Lane Nursery,
• Woking Station. Surrey, begs to offer the following
TREES and SHRUBS :—
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA.6 to 7 feet.

,. ,, ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 7 feet.
THUIA LOBBII, 5 to 7 feet.
T1IUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 5 feet.
THUIA ARBOR-VIM:, 7 to 8 feet.
HOLLY, COMMON, 3 to 7 feet, stout.

,, Standard and Half-Standard, Waterer's Golden smooth-
leaf, with nice round heads (15 to 20 years' growth).
ENGLISH YEWS, 3 to b\ feet, well-grown plants.
SPRUCE FIRS. 2 to 1J feet.
POPLARS, Canadensis Nova, 14 to 18 feet.
LIMES, 12 to 14 feet.
SILVER BIRCH, 10 to 14 feet.
THORNS, Standard and Pyramid. Paul's Double Scarlet, 7 to

9 feet.
APPLES, 1 and 2 years, good sorts.

May be seen any time; or, further paiticulars given on
application. Satisfactory references required.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

OWEN'S Descriptive and Priced CATALOGUE,

Giving full Descriptions and Results after Flowering of Eng-
lish Seedlings, carefully selected from thou ands; also Sports.
American and Continental Novelties, all carefully Selected
after Blooming, only the very best in each section described;
all inferior varieties discarded.

The following Grand Novelties will be distributed (March) : —
Mrs. Robinson King, new golden yellow sport from Golden
Empress, 5s. ; Six First-class Certificates, 1891. Noel Pragnell,
or Striped Empress of India, 3s. <6d. Prelude, or Striped Alfred
Lyne, '.is. lad. Miss Lilian Cope, or White Etoile de Lyon, 5*.

Orders booked for above, and all other Novelties, and dis-
patched in strict rotation. CATALOGUE free.

R. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead.

Tj^ERNS! FERNS! !— Trade Surplus Stock.—

A- Greenhouse and Stove, 25 most saleable sorts, 12s. per 100 ;
out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum cuueatum, in 43's, bushy, 6s.
per doz. Large Ferns, 10 most saleable sorts, Aralia Sieboldii,
Primulas, Solanums, superior stuff, all in 48's, 5s. 6<£. per doz.
Palms, Ficus, Erica hyemalis, and Cyclamen, in 48's, 12s. per
dozen, for bloom and fine foliage canuot be better. Pteris
tremula, and Adiantum cuneatum, selected bushy, for potting
on, 12s. per 100. Packed free. Cash with Order.
J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro" Junction, S.W.

To Florists.

FRENCH FLOWERS, direct from the
Gardens.— An enormous saving. ROSES, MIMOSA,
MIGNONETTE, MARGUERITES, ORANGE BLOSSOM, &c.

Sample basket, carriage paid to London, for 10s. Postal Order.
The RIVIERA FLOR4L SUPPLY, Nice.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality — for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old, good
roots, 3s. per 100; ditto" selected, 4s. per 100 ; &d. per 100 lesB
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. Gd. per 100; ditte
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6<i. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial; — "Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I ever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford."

.T. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

plIRYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL-

V^ TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other
Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction
last year.

A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum- Hardy,
Manchester.

tfOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16*.

JL per 1000 ; Ash, 3-yr., 2s. ed. per 1000; 1J to 2 feet, 13s.
per limn j 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 1000 ;
Ash, Mountain, 3 to 1 feet, 21s. per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 2J feet,
23s, per 1(00; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut, Horse,

2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C„ 1 J to 2± feet, 16s. per 1000 ;
Elm Wych, 2 to 2£ feet, 16s. per li 00 ; Larch. 12 to 18 inch,
14s. per 1000; 1J to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2J feet, 24s. per
1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1± to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr.,
2-yr. tr., 16s. per J000; 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3
feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000; Oak,
English, 1J feet, 12s. per 1000; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2J to 3
feet, ISs. per 1000 ; Privets, Oral, 1± to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ;
Privets, Common, 1^ feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, 1£ to 2
feet, 12s. per lOl'O ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns, 2 feet,
10s. per 1000 ; 2J feet, 12s. per 1000 ; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000 ;

3 to 4 feet. 17s. per 1000.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

ANTHONY WATERER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the following well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet.

„ DOUGLASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ „ GLAlfCA, ft to 8 feet.

„ HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet.
CEURUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet.

., LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet.

„ ,, LUTEA (Golden). 3 to 6 feet.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet.

,, ,, AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR. 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS, 5 to 8 feet.

,, LASIOCARPA, 4 to.8feet.

„ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet.

„ PUNGENS, 1J to 4 feet.

„ ,, GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1J to 4 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 feet.

,. LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS. 4 to 7 feet

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBBII (gigantea). 5 to 9 feet.

., OCCIDENTALS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONS GIGANTEA, 3 to 7 feet.
YEWS, Common, 3. 4, ft, and 6 feet.

,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in vasious forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

,, Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

,, Irish, 5 to 10 feet.

,, „ Golden, 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2J to 4 feet.
BAMBUSA METAKE, fine clumps. 4 to 7 feet.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE.

„ HODGINS or NOBILIS,

,, LAURIFOLIA,

„ MYRTIFOLIA,

„ SCOTICA,

,, Yellow berried, and otter sorts

., Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet.

,, Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

., Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to lOfeet.

,, Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems,
with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES
« OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old
flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 aud 1-year old Crowns for
planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi-
monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices
and terms on application.

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R. H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

•3, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

692

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

TWO NEW LATE GRACES OF EXCEPTIONAL MERIT.
WM. CUTBUSH & SON

Have Dleaaure in offerin" the two following NEW LATE GRAPES raised by Mr. Myles, gardener to Lady Hutt, Appley Towers, Ryde, Isle of Wight, the whole Stock of which they have
" scquired. Both varieties have been Certificated by the Royal Horticultural Society.

A 'DT3X T^T" T' /"\TX7T7*T? (2 a black Grape, also raided from seed paved

JXIrlr J-lXLl X 1U VV JCjXVO, from Black Alicante and Gros Colmar.

The bunch is very much like that of Alicante. The colour is ri^ep black, and when grown it is a

point of some importance that there is no difficulty as to its colouring. It is far superior to Gros

Colmar in flavour— in this respect there is a wide difference between them.

Strong Planting CaneB, 2ls. each.

For further particulars, see the Gardeners' Chronicle, February 7. 1891. p. 173 ; the Gardeners* Magazine, January 24, 1801, p. 52 : February 21, 1891, p. 105 ; The Garden, January 25, 189u
ti 87 ■ December 13 1890, p. .^til ; The Journal of Horticulture, October 24, 1889, p. 361, Also Special Circular, with leading Grape-grower's opinions, may be had, post-free, on application

HIGHGATE NURSERIES, LONDON, N. ; & BARNET NURSERIES, HERTS.

-|- • T\^7" TTTTtn rTl a white Grape, raised frora seed saved from

\j&.\J JL XX U X X . Black Alicante and Gros Colmar. Bunches of

medium-si^e rather long and tapering. The berries are of medium-size, round, and of a

pleasing amher colour. The flavour is exceedingly rich and sprightly, and is excellent for a

late winter Grape.

Strong Planting Canes, 21s. each.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON. E.C.

"f.flTlf <l RnSPs!BARR'S«sCLEARANCE SALE" DAFFODILS

^J vl AA 1/ kJ AA \J K) \J KJ Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation.

HAVE WON THE

National Champion Trophy, 1891,

FIVE TIMES PREVIOUSLY;

ALSO THE

GHISW1CK CHALLENGE TROPHY, 1891.

Besides 1690 other FIRST PRIZES,

AND

65 SILVER CUPS and MEDALS.

Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation.
Detailed Priced LIST on application.
Per 1000, 15s , 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s.

B A R R' S

HYACINTHS, TULIPS,

CLEARANCE SALE OF

POLYANTHUS -NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS,

The Most Successful Grower and Exhibitor
for the Last 40 Years.

CATALOGUES, post-free, on application to —

BENJAMIN R. CANT,

ROSE GROWER,

COLCHESTER.

Telegrams— " CANT, Colchester." Established 126 Years.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SNOWFLAKE?, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs,
ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES ORE A TL Y RED UCED. LIST en A PPLICA TION.
The important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :—
CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS.
GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES.
SINGLE P.EONIES, DOUBLE PEONIES, HELLEBORES, IRIS, and LILIES.

BARR & SON, 12. King St., Covent Garden, London.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE NURSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

Crawley,

RONS

U Sussex.

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, fee, constructed on our improved plan, are the
perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equalled. We only do one class of work,
and that the vert best.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORE. THE BEST MATERIALS.

THE COTTACER'S CALENDAR OF CARDEN OPERATIONS.

Post-free 3id. ; 25 Copies, 5?. ; 50,10s.; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

693

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES,

And HEDGE PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS, «■££»

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham;
Also. 10 and 12. Market Street. Winchester.

SMALL SHRUBS and CONIFEILE.— Abies
orientals, 4-yr., 40s. per 1000; Cupressus macrocarpa.
1-yr., 305. per I0CO; C. Lawwniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000;
C.erecta viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000 ; Cutoneaster Sim-
monoii, 1 foot. 30«. per 1000; Escallonia macrantha.it inch,
8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish. 2-yr., 80s. per 1000; Lilac, purple,
2-\t., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinua, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per 1C0;
Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch. 505. per 1X00; Pious
ceaibra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. Nordmannia,
'J-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000; P. nobilia, 2-year trans-
planted. 6s. per 100 ; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 85. per 1000 ; ditto,
10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch,
transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100;
R. aquarrosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; Rhododen-
dron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per 100°; 6 to
9 inch, 55s. per 10U0; Thuia Lobbii, 10 to 12 inch. 3os. per
1000; 15 to 18 inch, extra, 40s. per 1000; Veronica Traversii,
8 inch. 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia. 6 inch. 8*. per 100; Yew,
English. 2-yrs., 1-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew,
8 to 9 inch. 8s. per 100.

GARLIE3 MITCHELL. Nurseryman, Stranraer.

CHARLES NOBLE

Buyers should come and View the Stock.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders : —
APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
APRICOTS-Staudard, and Standard Trained.
CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.
PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids. Standards.
DAMSONS, FARLEIGH PROLIFIC -Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-

mids. Standards
PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf

Trained, Standards. Standard Trained.

Quantity La- ge- Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddeliana. in thumbs at 20s. per 100.

,. ,, in 60's, at55s.per 100.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana.in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.

,, ,, ,, in60'e, at60s.perl00.

,, ,, ,, in48'a, at24s. perdoz.

,, ., in32's, at tSs. perdoz.

SEAFOETHIA Elegans. in 60's, at32s. perlOO.

in 48's, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stork of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in 48's andbO's; Pandanus Veitchii. Dracaenas Lindenii. aDd
Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

HAS FINE BUDDED

RHODODENDRONS, named kinda.
ANDROMEDA FLORtBUNDA.
AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds.

Ditto, Seedlings.

Ditto, MOLLIS. 10 to XJ buds.

Ditto, OCCIDENTALS.

and TEAS.

J. 3 to 6 feel.
IN a)

DWARF ROSE-. H. P., B.,
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS
THUIA LOBBII

Ditto, AMERICANA
CUPRESSUS lAWSONIANi
HYPERICUM CALYCINI'M.
PORTUGAL LAURELS. 2 to 3 feet.
HARDY HEATHS.
CLEMATIS. 3 and 4 years old.
The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will be
found superior in every way.

BAGSHOT, December, 1891.

A RARE OPPORTUNITY

To obtain a Collection of Choice

FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS

at exceedingly low prices.
SPECIAL AUTUMN LIST ON APPLICATION.

W. & J. BIRKENHEAD,

FERN NURSERY, SALE, MANCHESTER.

GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON,

WOKING NURSERY, SURREY,
iwifi. Inspection of the Following Well-growh

Stuff : —
FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears,

Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf-
trained trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and
Nectarines.

ROSES.— A large Collection of Dwarf and

Standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Ro-ies. in all the lead-
ing varieties ; also Tea Roses, in pot*, for forcing.

RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties

set with ilower-buds; also Hybrid Seedlings and Ponticums.

CONIFERS. — Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for

Lawn ar:d Shrubbery planting.

SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted

for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c.

CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle-
matis, suilab'e fur Walls, Trellis-work, Rock work, &c.

ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks,

Avenues, Street-, :ind Private Gardens.

FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for
Coverts, Woods, &c.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading

Feature. Plans designed, and Advice given as to I aying-
out. Planting, or Renovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea-
tion Grounds, and Private Gardens.

LILIUM AURATUM,

JUST ARRIVED FROM JAPAN.

Fine sound Bulbs, measuring 8 to 9 in. round,

5s. doz., 15s. for 50, 27s. 6d. per 100.

PACKED AXD CARRIAGE PAH).

SPIRAEA JAPONICA,

THE VERY FIXEST CLUMPS IMPORTED.
3s. per dozen, 18s. per 100.

Packed jree. Carriage extra.

W. H. HUDSON, f.r.hs

Bulb Merchant,
199, HIGH ROAD, K1LBURN, LONDON, N.W.

Address for Telegrams—" AuRiTUMS, London."

TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, TELEGRAPH.
The Old TRUE Stock of Rollisson.
A Prodigious cropper, and unsurpassed for Market Work.
Seed, just harvested, Is. per packet; 25 Seeds, Is. id. : 100
Seeds. 4s. Post free. Cash with Order. Price per ounce on
application.- C. A. Le TALL & CO . Seedsmen. 4c, The
Approach. Charing Cross. W.C.

SHARPE'S

VICT0R_P0TAT0.

TO OBTAIN THE

TRUE YELLOW-FLESHED
VARIETY,

CHARLES SHARPE & CoC SLEAFORP.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

TfOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,

-1- mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STuCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with cjrrectness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now pending post free; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the mauy families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we a^k
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Wtrniga'rid WM

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.
For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree

to suit all Soils.

ROSES.

BUSHES,

Hundreds of

Thousands.

Packhig and Carnage Free

8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N\B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

\ VEGETABLE, FLOWER,
and FARM.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

FRANK CANT'S

SEEDS & bulbs:

CHEAPjnd i GOOD.

Standards, from 21s. per dozen.

Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100.

Send for CATALOGUE.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

694

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

DEVERILL'S

GOLD MEDAL

PEDIGREE ONIONS.

UNRIVALLED SUCCESS.

AT the Great INTERNATIONAL SHOW,
EDINBURGH, SEPTEMBER, 1891, DEFERILL'S
" AILSA CRAIG " was awarded the-

GOLD MEDAL and the FIRST PRIZE,

Offered for the Best Twelve Onions (of any variety), in a
Competition of 42 Entries. The —

SECOND and THIRD PRIZES

Also going to DEVERILL'S ANGLO-SPANISH and AILSA
CRAIG respectively.

AILSA CRAIG

Has no equal for Exhibition Purposes,
either ehown as a Single Dish, or in a
Collection of Vegetables. It is the—

Largest, Heaviest, Handsomest,

and most Perfect Onion in Commerce.

It produced the Heaviest and Finest-
Finished Three Dozen Specimens ever
recorded, viz. : —

34-lb.. 28^-lb.. and 25 -lb. respectively.

IN consequence of the late
disastrous Season for the Ripening
and Developing of Onion Seed, my
Crops of Pedigree Stocks proved almost
an entire failure; especially does this
apply to AILSA CRAIG, THE LORD
KEEPER, ROYAL JUBILEE, COCOA-
NUT, and ADVANCER, of which I
have only a Few Hundred Packets to
Offer, saved from the finest possible
Prize Bulbs, which may be obtained
Genuine in my Sealed Packets, from
most of the leading Houses. Those
who desire to obtain these Celebrated
Stocks, should apply at once to their
Seedsman, or direct to my Establish-
ment at Banbury, as last year, when
the Seed was more plentiful, I had
Sold Out almost before the Season began.

AWARDED

FIRST PRIZES

ABERDEEN,

GLASGOW,

EDINBURGH,

DUNDEE,

STIRLING,

PAISLEY,

MANCHESTER,

LIVERPOOL,

SHREWSBURY,

SALISBURY,

CHESTER,

RUGBY,

BASINGSTOKE,

READING,

NEWBURY,

SOUTHAMPTON,

WINCHESTER,

BIRMINGHAM,

LONDON,

WARWICK,

COVENTRY,

LEAMINGTON,

BANBURY,

BICESTER,

AYLESBURY,

BRACKLEY,

CRYSTAL PALACE,

WITNEY,

OXFORD,

BUCKINGHAM,

PORTSMOUTH,

PLYMOUTH,

ST. NEOTS,

SANDY,

CAMBRIDGE,

NORWICH.

CARMARTHEN,

EXETER,

TAUNTON,

BRISTOL,

HARPENDEN,

And nraoy other
places.

A description of the above varieties, as also
particulars of the Gold Medal and other valuable
Prizes to be awarded at Banbury, in Sept., 1892,
will be found in my New SEED CATALOGUE,
which will be ready in a few days, and forwarded
to all applicants post-free.

PEDIGREE ONIONS

Per Packet. — s. d.
DEVERILL'S-

AILSA CRAIG 2 6

DEVERILL'S-

COCOA-NUT 2 6

DEVERILL'S -

THE LORD KEEPER ... 2 6
DEVERILL'S-

ROYAL JUBILEE 2 6

DEVERILL'S-

ADVANCER 2 6

DEVERILL'S-

ANGLO-SPANISH ls.6d.8t. 2 6
DEVERILL'S -

ROUSHAM PARK HERO—

Is. Oi. &1 6
DEVERILL'S-

IMPROVED WROXTON—

Is. <K & 1 6

H. DEVERILL,

SEED GROWER,

ROYAL SEED STORES,

BANBURY.

GANNELL'S

Kentish Perfect Golden Seeds

ARE CERTAINLY THE BEST SAVED AND SOLD IN ENGLAND.

Why ? All our own growing, therefore true ! On the best spot in Europe, and by the
most expert hands, and who have an interest in the business. They are consequently
cheaper ; and many of our strains not touched by any other firm. As an instance —

THE COUNTY GENTLEMAN, February 14, 1891, says of our PRIMULAS shown at a meeting

of the Royal Horticultural Society : —

"They were so luxurious in their growth and blooming that it was difficult to believe they have
relationship with those we are so accustomed to see. They received the highest award."

OUR INVALUABLE GRAND NEW PEA.

CANNELL'S ENGLISH WONDER PEA.

Which certainly does away with all other first and second early kinds now in use, and
should be sown at once. So sutprised and satisfied was one of our most noted growers,
that he sowed it early in the autumn, and is now in full growth under glass, and is
counting on picking at Christmas or soon after. Many gardeners who have frequently
seen this variety growing with us, are of a strong opinion that it will drive nearly if not
all other Peas out of the garden. Testimonials from the following surely must go far
to convince all of the wonderful prospect of this Pea.

The above now ready for delivery. Per Quart, 3s.

THE GARDEN, September 19, 1891.

CANNELL'S "ENGLISH WONDER " PEA.— This is a valuable early dwarf Pea, some 16 inches in height, which has
received the above name. The pods are freely borne, are long and narrow, and contain from nine to eleven Peas very closely set,
of a dark green colour and of captal quality. I saw it growing at the Eynsford Seed Farm the other day, being tested for lute
work also, and it answered admirably. Th^se very dwarf Peas are out of character when staked ; they should be sown in rows
21) inches apart, when, as in this case, they crop profusely. Frequent gatherings of such Peas as these in September would
prove invaluable to gardeners whose vegetable requirements are heavy.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE, July 30, 1891.

Mr. E. MOLYNEUX.— For some years I have depended upon AMERICAN WONDER for supplying us with the first Green
Peas, because of its good quality, though some other varieties are a few days earlier, and earliness is the first consideration with
some people. This year I have given CANNELL'S ENGLISH WONDER a trial alongside the old favourite. The result is, I
find the new variety superior to the old one in every respect. The growth is similar, but the pods are larger, and the Peas
superior in quality. The two sorts were sown February 13, and gathered June 23. They suffered much by a frost on Whit-
Monday, or would have been ready a week sooner.

Mr. W, RAINES, South Clifton, Newark.

ENGLISH WONDER PEAS are in every way a success, abundance of crop, well filled, delicious in flavour. The
AMERICAN WONDER cannot put a patch upon them ; in a word, they are unrivalled, taking them all round as an early Pea.
I have tried them in three different kinds of soil, and they seem at home anywhere— strong clay, strong soil, light sand.

Ma. W. E. CORDEN, W. R. Depot, Wakefield.

The ENGLISH WONDER PEA I got from you this last spring, I consider it far in advance of AMERICAN WONDER—
larger pods, and better filled, and a splendid cropper.

Mr. W. A. COOK, The Gardens, Compton Bassett.

ENGLISH WONDER PEA is an excellent cropper, very dwarf and early, large pods, and of excellent flavour ; it is a long
way ahead of AMERICAN WONDER, WILLIAM THE FIRST, &c. It will become a most valuable variety for early work,
either in pots or open border. I had a few pots, and was more than satisfied with result.

Me. JAS. DOUGLAS, Great Gearies Gardens, Ilford.

Your dwarf Pea ENGLISH WONDER is much superior to its American namesake, and a great rival to CHELSEA GEM. It
is quite distinct from either. I gave it a fair trial between the two.

Mb. T. PARKER, Town Bank Road, Ulverstone.

ENGLISH WONDER PEA I had from you is really a grand Pea — nice short growth, with well-filled pods ; a delicious Pea.

Mb. G. WYTHES, Syon Gardens, Brentford.

ENGLISH WONDER PEA is excellent in every way, and 9hould be grown by all requiring an early Pea and a large
cropper. Sown a fortnight later than AMERICAN WONDER, it came in first, and, what is better, it produced double the
quantity, bearing longer, with large pods. It is a distinct advance, and should find great favour as a first early, and for gardens
where room is valuable it should be largely grown.

OUR NEW CATALOGUE OF SEEDS will be posted free to all customers and applicants ne.rt
week. It will be found the most practical, consequently, the most invaluable, to all connected with the
Garden. As bad as the harvesting has been, and as bad as the Seeds must be this season, ours will be
found in lovely condition, and quite justify our Trade Mark—" PERFECT GOLDEN SEEDS."

H. CANNELL & SONS, SWANLEY, KENT.

December 12, 1891.]

THE GABDENEBS* CHRONICLE.

695

SANDERS

GREAT SALE OF ORCHIDS.

THE LAST AUCTION SALE OF THE YEAR.

On FRIDAY, DECEMBER 18, at

PROTHEROE & MORRIS',

67 & 68, CBZEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.C.

Another importation of Lindley's Old Labiata, from far beyond Swainson's
hunting-grounds, and from a much higher elevation. Also,

The Old Labiata, established and semi-established,

The Old Labiata in sheath.

NEW CATTLEYAS, NEW PHAJUS, NEW SPATHOGLOTTIS.

GARDNERS' LABIATA,

Semi- established, undowered, grand plants. Every plant will be offered.
Collected by the late Mr. W. Dijance, fifteen days before his death from
yellow fever. This is an early Autumn-flowering Labiata, very free, and
second to none in beauty.

NOT TO BE CONFOUNDED WITH ANY OTHER LABIATA.

NEW and RARE MASDEYALLIAS,
NEW and RARE DENDROBIUMS,
NEW and RARE EPIDENDRUMS,
NEW and RARE CYMBIDIUMS.

SPLENDID SPECIMEN" CYPRIPEDIUMS,

SPLENDID NEW HYBRID CYPRIPEDIUMS,

SPLENDID and CHOICE CYPRIPEDIUMS,
In Great Yariety.

COOL ORCHIDS, in bud and bloom,
WARM ORCHIDS, in bud and bloom.

MR. F. SANDER will also include in this Sale a magnificent
lot of splendidly-grown CYPRIPEDIUMS, the property of a gentleman
giving up the cultivation of these plants.

Grand Specimens of the following will be included : —

OYPRIPEDIUM MORGANLE,
SEDENI PORPHYREUM,
BOXALLII,
DAUTHIERII,
NITIDISSIMUM,
CARICINUM,
ELLIOTIANUM.
HARRISIANUM,
SPICERIANUM,
WEIDLICHIANUM,

CYPRIPEDIOI CARDINALE,
SCHLIMII,
DORIS,

SCHOMBURGKIANUM,
ROTHSCHILDIANUM,
SUPERBIENS,
VILLOSUM,
HIRSUriSSIMUM,
HAYNALDTANUM,
CONCOLOR,

And a great many fine Plants of other varieties.

SANDER k CO., ST, ALBANS.

THE

(Santera d{hnmklt

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1891.

MINLEY MANOR.

[Skk Supplementary Illustration and Plan.]

"j^"EAR to Farnborough and Aldershot, the
-^ one famous for its camp, the other as the
residence of the Empress Eugenie, lies the
estate of B. W. Currie, Esq. The place-names
above-mentioned convey but little information
to the gardener or landscape architect, but the
mention of Bagshot sand at once conveys to
him an idea of the configuration of the land,
the nature of the soil, and the characteristics of
its natural vegetation. It conjures up a vision
of wide-stretching heaths, undulating ground,
low rounded hills, plantations of Scotch Pines,
which have so thriven that seedlings come up in
all directions under the shelter of the heather
and the gorse. The botanist knows exactly
what plants he is likely to find — the gardener
makes significant inquiry as to the depth from
the surface of the iron " pan," and as to the
difficulty of breaking it up. The only thing
that strikes the visitor as peculiar are the fine
Beeches, trees which one does not, as a rule,
associate with such conditions as those men-
tioned ; but here they are, and their bronzed
leaves in early winter cjntrast finely with the
blue-green of the Pines, and assort well with the
rich gold of the Birches.

Minley Manor is a modern red-brick man-
sion with stone dressings, in the French re-
naissance style, with quaint " tourelles " and
steeply-pitched pyramidal roofs, a sort of hybrid
between Gothic proper and Jacobean. The
main entrance is through a courtyard adorned
with a central ornamental tower, which serves to
diffuse the beams of the electric light. Ranged
around this courtyard, are a number of fine
standard Bays in tubs- specimens worthy of
Belgium or Italy, but which are rarely seen so
fine in this country. In winter they are housed
ia a fine orangery adjacent. Looking from the
courtyard into the grounds, the view includes a
long grass avenue, with two stately Douglas Firs
as avint-courriers, and thereafter Wellingtonias
and Limes in alternate sequence all down the
line. The Wellingtonias have thriven, and the
effect is imposing.

Passing through an archway in the courtyard,
the visitor enters a cloister, recalling those
attached to so many Italian monasteries, and
from here the visitor gets his first glimpse of the
sunk winter garden, constructed by Messrs.
Veitch, and of which we give a plan (fig. 104).
The form is a parallelogram, the dimensions —
see scale to plan. The groundwork is formed
of dark Yews, edged with •white Euonymus

696

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

radicans. No fewer than eighty thousand seedling
Yews were employed, and their dark foliage
serves to set off to advantage the scrolls and
devices, which are worked out in gold and silver
Ketinosporas (R. plumosa aurea and It. squar-
rosa). The symmetry of these little shrubs is
admirable, so much so, that we were surprised
that it is only found necessary to go over the
beds once or twice in the year to secure the
desired evenness of surface and clearness of
outline.

Other portions of the design represent the family
coats-of-arms and the monograms of Mr. and Mrs.
Currie. Mound-like beds, arranged in panels of
Golden Queen Holly, alternating with Hodgen's
Holly, lend brightness, without glare, to the scene,
even in the dullest winter day, whilst at night they
are made to gleam in the rays of the electric light.
These beds are constructed entirely of evergreen
shrubs, so as to secure a pleasant outlook even in
winter. They might be supplemented by similar
beds on the terrace of Heaths, Pernettyas, Daphnes,
interspersed with bulbs, or alternating with masses
of bedding Pansies, Silene pendula, Myosotis, Wall-
flower, and other spring-flowering plants.

Some of our readers may throw up their hands at
this reversion to a style of gardening which has not
only gone out of fashion, but entails vigorously-
expressed disapproval on the part of some critics.
De gustibus non est diaputandum. In this case, most
visitors would, we think, agree that the work is in
thorough harmony with the surroundings, and that
the design, usually the feeble part in such under-
takings, has been well carried out by Messrs. Veitch.
It is not an excrescence from, or even an adjunct to,
the house, but it is so contrived as to form, with the
terrace garden, an integral part of the general scheme
of architectural decoration. As such, it would, we
expect, meet the approval of such a critic as the
late J. D. Sedding, whose work on garden craft we
had lately occasion to notice.

Beyond this scroll-garden, linking it to the wild
woodland in the distance, Messrs. Veitch are con-
triving a garden which will be full of interest at all
seasons. It consists of a series of bold beds, sepa-
rated by grass, and devoted each to one description of
herbaceous plant, or of flowering shrub. Clumps of
herbaceous plants, interspersed with Daffodils and
other bulbs, beds of Roses and double-flowering
Brambles, of coral-barked Cornus, of golden-rinded
Willow, of Berberis stenophylla and B. Darwinii,
of white Broom and yellow Broom and orange
Broom, of purple-leaved Rhus and golden-leaved
Weigela, of Clematis, and further off of Rhododen-
drons and Azaleas, of — well of any and everything
that is choice, beautiful, and fitting. No fear of
monotony in such a garden, no meaningless wiggle-
waggles atd purposeless meanderings, but a system of
arrangement similar to that which at one time con-
ferred such a charm on the Oxford Botanic Garden
without impairing its efficiency for educational pur-
poses, but which is a thing of the past. Beyond
this space, called the Plain, we come to the woods
with glorious vistas of the distant country seen
through the Pines. Massive Douglas Firs, Btately
Low's Firs, columnar Libocedrus, glaucous Nobilis,
and many other of the finer Conifers add
majesty and variety to the scenery. The skil-
fully constructed roads and banks are lined with
Heaths and Gaultherias, Berberis, and Periwinkles
whilst on to the grass verges have been successfully
transported large specimen plants of various of the
more effective of the Conifers.

The kitchen garden bears marks of skilled manage-
ment, but, at this season, does not offer much for
the chronicler to narrate. Two features, however
are unusual, viz., the growth of pyramidal Apples and
Pears on broad grass verges, and the separation of
the quarters by low hedges of Ilex crenata, Oaman-
thus, Retinosporas, and other shrubs rarely used for
Buch purposes. The order and keeping of the whole
establishment reflects credit on Mr. Profit and Mr
Tubb.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

ODONTOGLOSSUM x COOKIANUM, hyb. not*

This is the supposed hybrid Odontogloesura which
was exhibited at the meeting of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society on November 14 last, by M. C. Cook,
Esq., of Kingston Hill, and which received an Award
of Merit, subject to its being named or verified {vide
Report, on p. 591 of these columns). It appears
quite distinct from anything hitherto described, and
therefore the above name is proposed for it. Mr. D.
Culliniore, the gardener, states that it was received
as O. blandum, which, however, is very different. I be-
lieve it to be a natural hybrid, but feel a little doubtful
about its parentage, though its characters suggest O.
triumphans and 0. Sanderianum. The influence of
the former seems evident in the deep yellow sepals
and petals with numerous chestnut blotches, while
the lip is very similar to that of 0. Sanderianum in
every respect. It is just possible, however, that 0.
blandum, instead of the latter, may have been one
of the parents. It is a very handsome form, the
contrast between the colour of the lip and the other
segments being very striking. R. A. Rolfe.

MoRMODES PUNCTATUM, Rolfe, 11. Sp.'\

This is a new Mormodes, which has recently
flowered in the collection of M. Gustave Bral, of
Mont St. Amand, Gand, Belgium. Its origin is not
certainly known, but it is believed to have been
bought at one of the London sale-rooms some seven
or eight years ago. The materials to hand are a
pseudobulb, leaf, and part of the raceme, with three
flowers. The pseudobulb is 3k inches long, but it is
said to be the smallest on the plant, and the leaf is
9.} inches long by 1£ inches wide. The species is
allied to M. Wendlandi, Rchb. f, but differs espe-
cially in its broader densely-spotted segments, and
the shorter and less-acuminate lip. It is certainly
attractive, and is the third novelty in Mormodes
which has appeared during the last few months.
R. A. Rolfe, Herbarium, Kew.

ROCKERIES.

I was much interested in the article signed
"W. A. C.," York, published in a recent number
of the Gardeners' Chronicle, and in which it is sug-
gested that alpines may be well grown, and yet so
planted as to have an artistic and tasteful effect. I
have also perused the series of articles on this sub-
ject, written by my friend, Mr. Evvbank, and I am
bound to acknowledge that, in several cases which
have failed with me at Geneva, he has proved that
his method of cultivation is more successful.

I cannot say that the " Alpinum " figured by him,
and representing a part of his plantation at Ryde, is
the ne plus ultra of beauty ; for, from an aesthetic point
of view, I much prefer the "Mont Blanc" form of
rockery condemned by him, and recommended by
" W. A. C." I believe that either system is bad if
carried to excess. Here, at Geneva, where the dry
and hot summer climate kills many of our most

* Odantoglosmm X Cooldanum, hyb. nat.— Flowers stellate.
Sepils lanceolate, acuminate, IJinch long by 5 lines broad;
deep yellow, with numerous smallish blotches of deep chest-
nut, which pass into lines at the extreme base. Petals similar
but a little shorter. Lip much like O. Sanderianum in shape,'
stalk 4 lines long, yellow, with a few light chestnut spots,
blade subpandurate, abruptly and shortly acuminate, 1 inch
long by 6 to 7 lines broad, white, with large bright chestnut
blotch in front of the crest, and a few small spots near the
margin ; crest consisting of a pair of diverging acute teeth, each
with a second obscure tooth near the base. Column 7 lines long,
with a promi nent rounded tO'jth on either margin near the base,
wings oblong. 1J line loog, apex tridentate or tricuspidate.

t Mormodes punctatum, n. sp.— Pseudobulbs elongate, sub-
fusiform. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Raceme erect, with several
flowers. Bracts ovate-obloDg, eubobtuse. 4 lines long. Sepals
suberect, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, light yellowish-brown
densely speckled with very dark brown, 1$ irch long by 4 lines
broad. Petals 6 lines broad, otherwise like eepals. Lip
stalked, blade triangular, shortly and abruptly acuminate.
sides refiexed or neirly revolute, lateral angles rounded ;
colour yellow, with numerous small chestnut spots. Column
pale yellowish-white, densely and minutely spotted with light
purple. Habitat unknown.

beautiful alpine treasures, the point now under dis-
cussion is perhaps of even greater importance that it
is in England, where the damp atmosphere is so
favourable to this flora.

The great rockeries styled "a la Mont Blanc"
were recommended by me in my book on alpine
plants, and before me by such authorities as Kerner,
Boissier, &c. I have male such a construction in
the alpine garden here, and I must say the results
have not justified my expectations. So large a
rockery required more plants to fill it than any
other form, and I ended by naming it the cemetery.
With the exception of purely saxatile species, which
I planted in the cracks of the stones (Saxifraga
longifolia, Cotyledon, Iberis saxatilis, Helianthe-
mums, Linaria pallida and L hepxticsefolia, Ompha-
lodes, Lucilice, Campanula Elatine, &c), I cannot
be congratulated on my Mont Blanc. From an
artistic point of view — and this is the opinion of
M. Ed. Andre of Paris, whose judgement and advice
I value much — this mass of stones is too rocky, not
sufficiently covered with verdure, there are too many
stones, and the effect is hard. The same remark
applies to the rockeries in the Jardin Boissier at
Valleyres, at least to the new ones which are not yet
well clothed with vegetation. So that this system
is eood for purely saxatile plants, but bad for others.
Mr. Ewbank's plan, however, answers capitally for
most plants from mountain pastures (not alpine)
and mountainous regions, and especially for all bulbs.
I have never been able to grow bulbs on my large
rockery, while it is not suited to plants from h'gh
elevations, or to those which are essentially saxatile.
" W. A. C." of York is well qualified to jud?e of
such matters, because in that city Messrs. Back-
house have an alpine garden, which seems to be (un-
fortunately, I have never seen it) managed in the
right way, and where it is said that those gentle-
men succeed in raising the most delicate alpines. I
do not think that " H. E." wished, while condemning
the Mont Blanc form of rockeries, to include in that
sentence the system pursued in the Backhouse
garden, which seems excellent, and exactly what I
have been trying to introduce here. I have now
some photographs of one of the most beautiful of
alpine gardens, that belonging to Mr. Kitson, of
Leeds. This garden consists of a series of very
natural-looking little irregular terraces, while here
and there a trickle of water runs over the turf
in and out between the stones, and forms tiny lakes,
where semi-aquatic and bog plants succeed admir-
ably. This is the best system, that which imitates
Nature, and is one which will, I am certain, be largely
adopted in the future. For my part, I have great
confidence in the plan of planting on walls, and, as
I have already said. I consider this the only means
of acclimatising in England the more tender alpines,
such as Androsace pubescens, Helvetica, Charpentieri
imbricate., Campanula Raineri, Elatine, Allionii,
Cenisia. &e. For these species I do not consider
the " H. E." system good, and I prefer little separate
rock-pockets, and above all the wall plan. A certain
number of other plants, such as Dianthus glacialis and
neglectus, certain species of Artemisia, Achillea,
Campanula, Phyteumas, &c, require to be raised
above the surface of the ground by sma'l pebbles,
which help to maintain moisture around the roots, and
keep the delicate foliage from rotting in consequence
of contact with the earth. A rockery is necessary
for these. There are others which are tufted and
sarmentose, Androsace lanuginosa and A. sar-
mentosa for instance, or Gypsophila repens which
require a rockwork in order to display their full
beauty. Finally, there is the series of drought-,
loving or xerophile plants, which must be kept dry,
and do not succeed under the conditions of " H. E.'s "
system. And, again, from an artistic and natural-
istic standpoint the " H. E." system cannot be
recommended. Still, the method has something in
its favour : it is well adapted for the garden
of the collector or connoisseur who especially
prides himself on his success with some par-
ticular Bpecies ; and, again, it is specially suitable
for the flora of sub-alpine pastures, and those which

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

697

are more numerous and even more brilliant, and
come from the mountainous regions, such as Siberia,
N*w Z-aland, Canada, and the Straits of Magellan.
Many of the plants will do well at Ryde — and here I
put on one side the species which find in a warmer
and more temperate climate than ours the necessary
materials for their life and development. These
plants should also succeed with us, but hitherto
they have not. Clearly, the plan of forming great
rockeries in one corner, and pyramids of stones, is
defective, while the method which Mr. Ewbank
recommends is excellent for the great number of
perennial species which cannot, stiictly speaking,
be called alpines, but which are some of the
most beautiful of the plants of the higher elevations.
H. Correvon, Geneva.

WESTROP HOUSE, HIGH-
WORTH, WILTS.

This is the property of Gerard Orby Sloper, Esq.,
and is situated on high ground in the historically-
interesting and important town of Highworth, about
seven miles from Swindon. Husbandry occupies the
attention of the chief part of the population of the
district, as it has done for ages, although the marks
of the culverin-shot in the masonry of the fine old
church, and other indications of strife, show that the
work must have been carried on under difficulties at
times.

Westrop House is an old-fashioned comfortable
building, where the art of gardening has been cared for
a great length of time, as the great age of the climbers,
with which it is clad, shows, Bignonia radicans
having stems as thick as a man's arm ; the Honey-
suckles, yellow Banksian Rose, and Jasmines being
proportionately stout. So well do these climbers
flower, that the owner is enablf d to boast that there
is not one day in the year when he cannot find
a flower on one or other of them. The gardens,
too, are old, and as is usual in old gardens, they
have some very uncommon and effective arrange-
ments and combinations which the hand of Time
has beautijed.

Beside the house is a commodious and ornamental
conservatory furnished with Palms, Dracrenas, Ferns,
rhormiums, &c, and passing out, a broad expanse
of smooth lawn unbroken by flower-beds (bedding-
out for summer effect is not attempted here) meets
the eye, and here there are four Cedars of Lebanon
of noble proportions and great age.

In different parts, we find a Rose garden, the
children's garden, always a feature that is full of
interest in an old place; and several plantations of
herbaceous plants, flowering shrubs, and bulbs, some
of which Mr. Sloper brought from the R icky Moun-
tains ; and some Algerian Irises, which are of special
interest. Passing through a curious set of subter-
ranean passages, we come to one of the prettiest
features in the garden, called The Grove. This is a
shady serpentine walk, artistically arranged and
planted many years ago, as may be judged Irom one
of the Laburnums, which has a 7-feet girth of trunk,
renc"e ing it a very pleasant and secluded spot, in
which along the whole distance but a very short view
can be had at any point. After passing the grotto
and rockeries, however, the brow of the hill at the
end is reached, and here a grand view across
the valley, along which the silvery Thames winds,
with the whole range of the Cotswold Hills
beyond, and the beautiful and varied intervening
scenery, comes into view. Here, on the brow
of the hill close to the end of The Grove,
Mr. Sloper says that whenever earth is removed
to any depth, the skeletons of men of unusual
stature, all laid one way, aEd each" with a
large stone on the breast, are found. It is con-
jectured that they are those of Danes who fell in
some of the earlier wars which, owing to the
strategical advantages offered by the ground, have
raged so frequently around.

For the rest of the gardens, it may be said that
there are two small gardens facing the house in
which, under Mrs. Sloper's management, Roses, Iris

Kmmpferi, perennial Asters, Sunflowers. Pajonies,
and other showy hardy plants are admirably culti-
vated, the lesser portion being arranged as a wild
garden. There is also a very fine walled-in kitchen
garden, in which fruits and vegetables are remarkably
well grown.

The Orchid Houses.

These are of special interest, for although old-
fashioned structures, a great number of Orchids,
and especially cool Orchids, thrive in them with the
greatest luxuriance. Foremost among these may be
mentioned the Cattleya Dowiana, C. D. aurea, and
the varieties of the C. Warscewiczii (gigas) generally,
which form the leading feature in the plant-houses at
Westrop House, and all of which plants grow rapidly
and flower profusely. There are about sixty spt ci-
mens of Cattleya aurea, many of which are still in
flower, filling the house with their beauty and fra-
grance. Among them is a plant of a natural hybrid
of the C. Hardyana section, but with the sepals
and petals beautifully marbled and veined with rose-
colour, while the lip is even more exquisitely veined

FlO. 100. — PLATYCERIUM ALCICORNE.

with gold than is the typical C. Hardyana. These
plants are grown on a stone shelf, in a lofty, warm,
lean-to house, Dear to the highest point of the roof.
Possibly they thrive in such a remarkable degree
because they are not meddled with too much.
Some of the plants of C. gigas have borne from
twelve to eighteen flowers each, and must have
been grand objects. In the same house on the bed
beneath, a lot of Ccelogyne cristata is in grand
order, and will in due time be covered with flowers,
although the temperature is higher than most Orchid
growers would like to afford these plants. The
Cypripediums also do well here.

In the adjoining lobby are some fine masses cf
Lailia auf.umnalis covered with buds, and a lot of
well-grown Lrslia cinnabarina and L. harpophylla,
with some Vandas, &c, and in a cooler house beyond,
in flower, were some pretty scarlet Snphronit'S
grandiflora, Cymbidium giganteum, a lot of La^lia
anceps, in bud ; fine Odontoglossum grande, Epiden-
druin paniculatum, various Oncidiums, among which
is the best form of O. ornithorhynchum superbum
that we have seen.

Fruit and Plant-houses.
Most of these have either undergone or are under-
going renovation, and they comprised a long range
divided into many compartments. The first is a
Peach-house, with Chrysanthemums in it, the second
Vines, Azaleas, Eupatoriums, &c. ; the third, Vines
and Camellias; the fourth, a vinery, in which cool
Orchids are not doing remarkably well ; and the
fifth, various greenhouse plants, and beyond that a
large old Rose-house. Throughout the old garden
there is ample evidence that those who manage it
must have plenty to do, and that the owner gets
much pleasure out of it. J, O'B.

BROAD HORN FERNS, OR
PLATYCERIUMS.

Of striking appearance, sturdy in growth, and per-
manently effective, these ought to be represented in
one or more forms in all warm greenhouses and stoves.
The Elk's-horn species (fig. 100, Platyceri.m alci-
corne), introduced from New South Wales about
the beginning of the nineteenth century, thrives
well in the former structure. It is the com-
monest form and the cheapest, and has all the meri-
torious characteiistics of the genus except size; but
the variety named Platycerium alcicorne majus is so
great an improvement on it, as to almost bridge over
the great difference existing between P. alcicorne and
the nobler P. grande (fig. 101). All the species have
a peculiar way of attaching themselves to trees or
blocks, protecting their root-stocks by broad sterile
fronds, which cling close to the bark on all sides but
the upper one, where the somewhat reflexed, imbri-
cated crowns, spread somewhat, so as to prevent
water from above finding its way to the roots beneath.

Even the cooler-growing forms are easily grown
artificially upon pieces of hanging wood, though they
require special treatment and attention to cause
them to commence growing, and assume fine
masses permanently. A thick, solid piece of wood
such as is likely to last for some years, should be
chosen for the purpose, as this is far preferable to
virgin cork, &c, which so soon falls to decay.

The best way to fix young plants to the block,
is as follows : — Prepare a solid piece of wood, in
size about 10 inches long by 0 inches wide, and
2 inches thick, placing copper wire, firmly attached
to one end, whereby it is ultimately to be hung.
The young plant to be grown thereon should be
fixed at the centre of the slab, but one inch below
the middle. To fix it firmly in place and secure it
there indefinitely, a small bolt of wood, an inch
square, and 5 inches long, should be nailed across
the width of the lace to be furnished, 8 inches from
the top, against which the base of the peat used can
be fixed. Choose, next, two pieces of fibrous pent
5 inches long by 4 in width, and lay one firmly
against the wood ; place a little leaf-mould and a
few nibs of charcoal thereon, and over it fix the
other piece ; then cut a slit centrally from the tip
of the latter piece of peat down to its centre only.
Insert such roots as the plant lias into the leaf-
mould through the central slit. Fix the crown of
the plant just within the slit, with the sterile
fronds lying close against it; press the edges of the
slit tightly together, holding the plant firmly in
place, and beat the peat firmly together with a flat
beater, until it forms a compact unity. Then bii d
it down as firmly as possible, with three or four
crosa-overs of copper wire springing from nails
driven into the wood at the edges ol the peat. When
finished, lay the slab on its back in a convenieit
place, thoroughly soak the compost with water,
then syringe it to wash off loose particles ; let it
lie for a day or two, then hang it up, and do
not water it again until the whole ha< be erne
somewhat dry, by which means all will bind
more freely together, and the only future at-
ti ntion required for some years, will be proper
watering with occasional syringing. Occasionally
also, when such plants are thoroughly established,
and during hot, dry summer weather periods, it
will be necessary to plunge the who'.e M« ck and roots

G98

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

into a tub of water to afford the proper amount of
moisture to the roots. All the species may, moreover,
be made to grow permanently on artificial rockwork,
and in pots, if properly elevated above the soil, and
upon blocks or rough stones, &c. As regards the
latter, when the plants become established they
prosper, owing to the uniform amount of moisture.
Though they all require a high, moist temperature
when growing, to insure the formation of both
sterile and fertile fronds of large, noble dimension,
it is necessary to keep them somewhat dry during
the midwinter season.

amongst hardy fruit, given, of course, reasonable
accommodation, such as a fairly high wall and
suitable soil. If the necessary means art at hand
to protect the blossom until the fruit is safely set
and commencing to swell, then, I think, the
cultivator has but himself to blame for a deficiency
in the fruit crop. Where failure occurs, neglect
may be traced as the primary cause, either by allow-
ing the trees to be overrun with insects, mildew, and
such pests to which Peaches are subject, or to neglect
in so crowding the shoots, that they are deprived
of sunlight and air. Here, in Hampshire, Peaches are

that the tame tree has not once missed giving us a
full crop of fruit for the last eight years. I would
no* advocate the planting of early varieties, such as
Waterloo, Alexander, or Hale's Early to grow
against an east wall, but Grosse Mignonne, Dymotid,
Violette Hative, or Royal George may with safety be
planted. Peach trees exposed to strong easterly
winds are sure to be attacked in the spring with
blister of the leaves, but of this I take little
notice. It is surprising how quickly Peach trees
grow out of an attack of blister when the sun gains
power in the spring, and warmer nights are ex-

FlO. 101. — PLATYCEEIUM OBANDE. (SEE P. 697.)

Platycerium grande, the Moreton Bay species, is
by far the most noble plant; the recently-introduced
P. Willmckii (fig. 103, p. 701) is a noble form,
hiving broad, roundish, deeply imbricated, sterile
fronds, some 5 or 6 inches across, and unusually
erect, whilst the fertile ones are 2 to 3 feet in length.
P. biforme. P. Wallichi (fig. 102, p. 699) and P. Hilli
are also showy species deserving of being cultivated.
William Earley.

PEACHES ON OPEN WALLS.

In the soulh of England the out-door Peach crop
may safely be regarded as one of the most certain

regarded as the most certain crop of out-door fruit
we have, and although our convenience for culti-
vating them extensively does not admit of this, we
manage to get a good lot of fruit. During the past
season we had two trees of Walburton Admirable
heavily laden with fruit, the flavour of which was
but poor, however, owing to the wet, sunless weather.
Still, these fruits were useful for cooking purposes,
and for bottling they were appreciated.

It may surprise some persons to know that
Peaches can be grown successfully on an east wall.
One of the trees mentioned above has an eastern
aspect ; another, Grosse Mignonne, occupies part of
an outside east wall, and considerably exposed to
strong winds from that direction. I can say safely

perienced, and especially when some attention is
paid to them in the way of gradually picking off
defective leaves, syringing with tepid water, and
removing heavy winter surface mulchings of manure .
to admit of the sun warming the soil, which does
far more service than keeping them constantly
covered. Mulchings of manure are very well in
their proper place, but injudiciously applied they
are calculated to do much more harm than good
to fruit trees of all kinds, especially Peaches.

It is not necessary, either, to have high walls with
expensive glass copings to ensure good crops of fruit
although where these luxuries can be had, so much
the better. Our wall is but 9 feet high, in some
places leas. It is furnished with but a 3-inch brick

Decemeeb 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

699

coping, which is almost useless, because it is not
wide enough to carry the drip clear of the leaves
and fruit ; in fact, it just provides the means of con-
stantly keeping some parts of the trees wet. If the
walls are low, the trees can be trained in a more
horizontal fashion — increased size is then obtained
for any particular tree which requires extension
One of our trees of Grosse Mignonne reaches 10 yards
on a south wall, and carries annually over one
hundred fruits, which never fail to colour splendidly,
The soil here is a heavy one ; and, with the addition
of old lime-rubble, wood-ashes, and by deep moving,
will grow Peaches well. Soil of this kind does not
need nearly the amount of attention in watering
as does a light staple. Where many err in
Peach culture is, in neglecting the roots of their
trees after the fruit is gathered ; if the weather be
dry during September and October, the borders

it may naturally be assumed it is now solid.
Judging by the appearance of the Peach trees, it
will not be necessary to interfere with it yet for
some time to come.

An important point to study in preparing the trees
for next year's crop is the thinning out of the shoots
directly the fruit is gathered, so that those re-
maining will have a better chance to ripen by re-
ceiving a greater share of sunlight. What is the use
of deferring the pruning or thinning-out of useless
wood until the spring, when the trees are rearranged
on the wall, and too many branches are there for
the space ?

Trees managed in the way indicated, need little
or no pruning in March. It is a good plan to take
the trees from the wall every season, not only
for retarding the blossom-buds, but also for
the purpose of cleaning them where required-

FlO. 102.— PLATYCEBICM WALLICHII. (sEE P. 698.)

near the wall should receive a thorough soaking.
It is surprising what a quantity of moisture a brick
wall will absorb from the soil, and this must be at
the expense of the Peach tree roots.

Another mistake is that of digging the surface
of the border in which the trees grow. Peaches
like a firm soil, and as long as the trees flourish
in it, the roots should not be disturbed. It is
necessary, perhaps, to lift a youDg tree, and replant
it in the same place, or to cut a trench around it at
a distance from its stem base, with a view to check
luxuriant growth, and induce fruitfulness ; but
beyond that do not interfere with the roots at all.
Tne border iu front of our Peach trees is occupied
with herbaceous plants. A path, 4 feet wide, di-
rectly in front of the trees, is left for the convenience
of attending to the plants in the border and the Peach
trees, as well as allowing light to reach the trees ;
consequently, this space receives ample treading, and
as the soil here has not been disturbed for ten years,

Insects, such as green and black-fly, are too often
neglected during their earlier stages — it is useless to
wait to see two aphides of either kind— adopt a remedy
upon seeing the first. Vigorous syringings with clear
water will dislodge the former, and tobacco-powder
dusted over the other at night. In the morning,
give the branches affected a thorough washing with
the garden-engine or syringe, to clear off both fly and
powder alike. When the nights are warmer, say,
during May, the trees will be all the better if
syringed with tepid water every other day, and
through the hottest parts of the summer a thorough
drenching of the trees every evening will be of much
service in keeping down red-spider. The water, too,
will cool the wall for the night, giving a more
healthy tone to the trees.

In heavy soil Peaches require but a small amount
of stimulus, or they will have a tendency to grow
too luxuriantly, which often results in gummed
branches, when a severe winter follows a wet, sna-

less summer. Until the fruit has passed the stoning
period, I do not find it is necessary to assist the
trees at all with stimulating food. Should tl o
weather be dry previous to that stage, copious
supplies of clear water may be afforded ; after-
wards spread a thin mulching of horse-manure
over the roots to retain moisture in the soil. Trees
which are carrying a full crop of fruit may have
assistance once or twice after ths stoning period is
past. I know nothing better than Wood's Le
Fruitier, which not only induces the tree to grew
vigorously, putting a healthy colour in the leaves it
they have previously appeared sickly. It should
be sprinkled on the soil thinly, lightening up the
soil with a fork afterwards, but not turning it over.
A good soaking of clear water should then be applied
to the surface to wash in the manure about the root'.
Although this stimulant quickly changes the "tone"
of the trees, it does not induce a strong sappy growth1.
Where the drainage is perfect, Peaches cannot have
too much water during hot and dry weather, either
at the root or overhead.

In addition to the sorts named, Bellegarde and
Barrington are reliable croppers and the fruit of good
quality. Some of the early varieties are valuable
only in that respect, they being far too " woolly" to
be appreciated. It is much better to grow two trees
of an approved kind than to plant others merely for
the sake of variety. By arranging the same kinds
against walls of various aspects, a succession may
be kept up with one kind, as well as by many, and
with much more satisfaction when the fruit finds its
way to the dessert table. I omitted to say that walls
with a western aspect will also grow good Peaches.

Disbudding I have not referred to. It is im-
portant, but it is not attended to in the early
stages of growth, as it should be. Directly the
shoots are large enough to handle, a few ought to be
removed at a time— a plan that does not check the
growth at all, those growths which spring from
the direct front of the branches, as well as those
which grow from the underneath side. Shoots
which promise to be misplaced ought to be rubbed
off early to give space to the remaining growths,
that the latter may grow strong from the commence-
ment. E. M.

Nursery Notes.

ORCHIDS AT MR. WM. BULL'S.

It is with justifiable pride that Mr. Bull points to
his fine collection of old-established plants of Odon-
toglossum crispum and O. Pescatorei, and his
superbly healthy stock of Miltonia vexillaria, as
examples of good culture in the smoky metropolis,
which growers in the most salubrious country-dis-
tricts cannot excel. The beauties of these flowers
naturally appear to the greatest advantage at this
almost flowerless season of the year, and a receit
visit revealed a fine display in the cool Odonto-
glossum-houses, where along the whole length of the
house the fine spikes of Odontoglossum crispum
border the middle walk on either side. Many
there are of the unspotted forms which
are of perfect shape, and some are pure white,
and some tinged with blush or rose. Among
the spotted forms are several varieties of O.
c. guttatum, one of them with large brownish
blotches of the 0. c. Stevensii class, while one has
unspotted petals, but with six or seven dark blotchi a
on each of the sepals. The whole of the plants iu
flower speak highly of the strain, and of the care
displayed in selecting to grow on to such large plautf ,
Also in flower are a few hybrid Odontoglossums,
the 0. bellinum, a heavily-spotted yellow variety,
being an exquisite thing.

In the house devoted to O. Pescatorei there is an
equally good show, the best form of that species now
in bloom being 0. P. splendens, in which the labellum
is large, and showily decorated with purple blotches.
Here the Oncidium macranthum are in fine condition,

700

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 12, 1891.

and well- furnished with spikes, and 0. Phalrsnnpsis,
OdontoglosBum croeidipterum, and small batches of
0. Rossi majus, O. CErstedii, some Promenseas, and
others of the neat-growing Orchids are in bloom.
The Cattleyas and Loelias in the large intermediate-
houBe are in splendid condition, the Lielia purpurata
and all the other showy species being densely set
with flower-sheaths. At present there are only the
varieties of autumn- flowering C. labiata, and a plant
or so of C. maxima in bloom ; but in the lesser house,
filled with Lailia anceps, L. autumnalis, &c, there is
a good show of their blight flowers from end to end
Lffilia anceps rubra is a fine thing of the L. a.
grandiflura section, and others of the named varieties
display qualities which excuse their being distin-
guished. Arranged iu this cool-house with the Lrelias
are a great prolusion of Oncidium varicosum, 0. tigri-
num, 0. unguiculatum, and 0. prtetextum, Odonto-
glossum grande, O. Insleayi leopard inum, and the sweet
odour of the Tricbosma suavis betrays the presence of
a batch of that pretty plant in bloom even although
they are arranged at the extreme end of the house.
Another house has a very pretty group of the best
varieties of Lycaste Skinnerii alba, arranged with
the blue Tillandsia Lindenii, and a few Orchids;
and in the adjoining warm-house is a bright display
of Calanthes, the colour being supplied by many
spikes of C. Veitchii ; but of this species also, there
were plants of the pure white, one in bloom, and
also the white form of Dendrobium purpureum. In
another cool-house, a pretty group of the scarlet
Sophronites was arranged, some of the plants having
a dozen or so blooms of good size and very bright
colour. With these, are plants of the finely fra-
grant Pilumna nobilis, a plant or two in
flower of Odontoglossum aspersum, and of the
handsome Epidendrum Wallisii. In one of the
other structures was a group of Dendrobium for-
mosum giganteum, Odontoglossum Rofzlii, and the
pretty Oncidium cheirophorum. The L) caste- bouse
had a few bright coloured L. Skinnerii, and the
pretty light-coloured L. S. bella, and with them a
lot of Odontoglossum maculatum, of which 0. m
erosum is a very dark richly-coloured form. Here
also were plants in flower of Ccelogjne barbata, Ada
aurantiaca, &c.

The large Cypripe dium-house has been thoroughly
renewed and rearranged, and well do the plants
seem to appreciate the change. The rare and
handsome C. Saundersianum X has juat finished
its handsome white and purplish-crimson flowers
for this year, but still there remains the
pretty C. SallieriiX, C. Seegerianum X, C. con-
chifirum X, C. Schlimii, C. selligerum mejus X
C. Dauthierii X , C. Ainsworthii X , C. Ashburtonite X ,
C. Letanum superbum, C. Dayanum, and batches in
flower of C. Lawrenceanum, C. callosum, C. barba-
tum Warnerii, and the varieties of C. insigne, most
ot which were collected by Mr. Freeman for Mr.
Bull. That Darned C. i. Freernanii is a very distinct
pale form, in which the spotting is of a soft tint o
brown, and over the whole flower there is a yellow
g ow. C. i. pictum is a dark, heavily-spotted form ;
aid C. i. maculatum, one in the dorsal sepal of
which there are only a few large brown blotches
and above them two or three purple ones. In other
h <uses were tome Phalzenopsis in bloom, also Dendro-
liuiu McCarthia;, Cjmbidium eltgans, C. Mastersii,
Catasetum pictum, C. Sbccatum, Bulbophyllum um-
bellatine &c. ; and a noble bank of Vandas, and
another of Coelegyne criatata and C. c. alba, aud in
one of the greenhouses a fiae show of winter-
flowering Carnations.

Forestry.

FORESTRY IN FRANCE.

A recent issue of Le Temps contains an interesting
article on forestry and the timber industry in
France, of which we give the following rtsumi: —
M. Boucart, the prominent protector of our forests,
to whom Sologne owes the restitution of her forest

riches destroyed daring the winter 1870 80, has
published a very interesting brochure upon the falling-
off in value of our forests. We shall not follow the
author in his economical conclusions, but merely
point out that M. Boucart considers the chief causes
of the decadence in value of the foreBts to be the
steadily growing use of coals for burning, and of
iron lor buildings as well as ships. The area of French
forests is 9 1S5 000 hectares, or one-seventh of the
whole country ; and whereas, M. Boucart informs us,
the timber production prior to 1881 was valued at
32 million francs, it fell in 1881-85 to 24 millions,
and last year did not exceed 21 millions. In the
eastern parts the falling- off in the value of the out-
put has been between 30 and 40 per cent., and in the
western even 50 per cent. In wood for the making
of charcoal — once so largely used in France for
smelting and domestic purposes — the decline is no
less than 64 per cent. In the Nievre the price of
wood fuel has fallen from 85 francs to 60 francs per
10 cubic metres, and bark in bundles of 104 has
declined from 180 to 140 francs, whilst staves for
barrels have gone dowa from 500 to 350 francs per
thousand. In central France, too, with its rich and
old forests, their value has declined. Timber for the
manufacture of wooden goods has also fallen in
value, through competition from Scandinavia.
Finally, in the Pyrenees, the value of the Pine forests
is less by 40 per cent, than ten years ag>. As regards
the ownership of the French forests, we learn that
967,118 hectares belong to the state, 2 090 788 to
communes and public bodies, and 6 127,398 to
private persons. To the state alone there is at
present a falling off in revenue of about 11 millions
francs annually, and M. Boucart estimates the total
falling-off at 81 million francs, as the imports of
foreign wooden goods have risen from lomillion francs
in 1850 to 100 millions at present, one year showing
even 278 millions. In order to arrest this decline,
M. Boucart suggests, firstly, increase of duties on
wooden goods, and secondly, as there is but little
demand lor charcoal, the introduction of trees pio-
duciog essences, acids, alcoholic substances, tar,
wood pulp, &c. In conclusion, the writer advocates
the mechanical method for sawing the timber, and
the formation of syndicates of forest owners, with a
view to a more economical way of production and
limit of out-turn.

Covert Plants.

In the formation of plantations for ornament and
utility, a proper selection of covert plants that will
grow UDder the shade of trees, and afford shelter and
food for game is a branch of forestry that requires
the close attention of the planter. No doubt there
are some of our best covert plants that do not, as a
general rule, produce food for game ; but there are
some few species that do so, and are also highly
ornamental, and we think, on that account, that their
culture should be extended.

The Wood Laurel (Gaultheria Shallon) [This is
the common name for Daphne laureola, as Aromatic
Winter Green is of Gaultheria Shallon. Ed] com-
bines all these qualities ; therefore, we can com-
mend it to the notice of the planter with confidence.
It is a pretty evergreen shrub, a native of North
America, where it forms dense thickets beneath
trees ; and as it grows on a great variety ot soils, in-
cluding damp boggy ones, its extension on that
account will be the easier. Its habit of growth is
rather procumbent, but, in Ireland, it occasionally
forms a dense bush some 5 feet high, well furnished
with side branches in a unilorm manner from the
ground upwards, and as these are well clothed with
its pretty dark-green glossy leaves, it is a conspicuous
and an attractive plant at all seasons. la early
summer it produces its pretty white flowers in ter-
minal racemes, the reddish-coloured berries appearing
in autumn, are olten produced in great abundance,
and become black when ripe. It is seldom, however,
where birds and game are plentiful, that the berries
are allowed to remain for any great length of time
on the bushes, as they are highly relished by the
feathered tribes.

When planting these shrubs in old plantations, the
ground should be well broken up with a pick at the
spots where the plants are to stand. If the soil has
become exhausted by the roots of old trees, it will
be found a good plan to add a little fresh soil or leaf-
mould, mixing it well with the staple. These
remarks apply to the culture of other kinds of coveit
plants as well. Amateurs living in the vicinity of
large towns may plant this species, as I find it growl
very well in smoky districts, and appears to be in
good condition in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow, under
the skilful culture of Mr. McLelland.

The prostrate Gaultheria (G. procumbens), as its
name denotes, is a dwarf- creeping species from Vir-
ginia, and other parts of U.S.A., where it grows
on dry sandy ground, as well as in the wooded parts
ot the country on the mountain ranges. In this
country its habit is that of a flat-creeping shrub,
clothed with obovate leaves of a dark: green colour.
It generally produces its white flowers about mid-
summer, and its bright scarlet berries in autumn and
early winter; and as these are highly relished by
game, the planter should use it for covering banks
ol gravelly soil both in open places as well as beneath
trees, where it appears to be quite at home. It is
also well adapted for planting on bare rocky bluffs
in the vicinity of water, and when once established
in the crevices of the rocks, these soon present a fur-
nished appearance.

This kind ot planting, however, entails con-
siderable care and painstaking on the part of the
planter, and I have often found it necessary to in-
troduce a small quantity of soil into the crevices,
to encourage the plants at starting. Peat bog, or
soft soil of a peaty texture, answers well for this
purpose, as it attracts and retains moisture — a matter
of vital importance on dry rocky places, and as it
likewise promotes the formation of roots, the utility
ot ining the stuff can ba seen at a glauce. When
p-aty soil cannot be had conveniently, a mixture i f
ordiuary soil aud leat- mould may be substituttd
for it. In open places, G. Shallon may be planted
on the shelves of the rocks in a similar manner, to
show contrast and variety. J. B . Webster.

CHRYSANTHEMUM NOTES.

Groups of Plants. — I have had to judge
groups mai.y times during the past season, and
generally I have had to consider two things,
viz., quality of the individual blooms, and taste
in arrangement. I had to judge at one exhi-
bition this year where about an equal number of
groups were formed of naturally-grown plants and of
cut-back examples, the plants being each furnished
with three flowers. The exhibitor who has to depend
upon plants with only three flowers on each is at a
considerable disadvantage when competing against
one who has equally good plants, but well furnished
with fully-developed flowers, and buds in various
stages of development. I had to solve this problem
at an exhibition where the entire responsibility
rested upon my shoulders, and as the two items had
to be taken into consideration, I gave six points
to each.

At the exhibition of the Cheshunt Society, prizes
were offered for groups of Pompons, the plants to be
cultivated and flowered in 6- inch pots. This brouglt
two collections of exceedingly well-grown plants.
Nothing was said about single stems, and the ex-
hibitors had placed trom two to five plants in each
6-inch pot. The plants bad been raised from cuttings
planted in June, and had been pinched back once,
and some of them twice. Scarcely anything could be
better than these well-grown healthy plants for
furnishing a small greenhouse.

There ought to be a general departure from the
formal groups sloping from back to front. At the
Brighton exhibition they manage their groups very
differently, the whole face of the groups being
irregularly broken up. If a photograph of one of the
best of theBe Brighton groups could be obtained and
published, it might be the means of letting in some
light upon the subject. J. Douglas.

DucmiBBB 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

701

Foreign Correspondence.

BEKLIN LETTER.

The great attraction lately has been the Cbiysan-
themum exhibition in the Kaiserhof. Chrysauthe-
mums have been cultivated in Berlin for many
years, but there were only the little and medium-
sized Bowering varieties in cultivation, and of these
only white ones. Chrysanthemums had and have

few years German Chrvsanthemum culture will rival
that of the English. M treover. German nurservmen
will try to raise new varieties. Now, English Chrys-
anthemum growers, especially Messrs. Reid &
Bornemann. of Sydenham, and Messrs. Pitcher &
Manda, of Hextable. Swanley, Kent, are the chief
importers of Chrysanthemums into Germany. They
had very fine collections here of cut flowers, whose
names are, I think, well known to your English
readers, so that I need not mention them.

It may be of more interest for you to learn in

FlQ. 103. — PLATI'CEBIUM WILLINCKII. (SEE P. G'Jrf.)

A, Sporangia ; B, Stellate hairs and spores from back of leaf ; C, Stellate hair from surface of leaf.

here a special use on the last Sunday in November
(All Souls' Day) ; they are the flowers of the dead.
It is not longer ago than three or four years since
the large- flowered varieties began to be cultivated,
and hardly anywhere has any plant gaine"d in so
short a time Buch a large number of amateurs.
Indeed, Chrysanthemums are now the fashionable
flowers here. German gardeners are still only cul-
tivators of this plant, for they are still importing
cuttings and growing them on. This exhibition
showed that they are well able to grow them excel-
lently, and that if good cultivation continues, in a

what manner the plants are cultivated. There is
in the first place, the true English manner : i.e., by
using large pots, and plants with one or a few stems,
each ending in a single flower-head. This manner is
not admired, the German public wishing to see in such
large pots more than three or four or even fewer
flowers. Another mode of culture is to raise large
bushes of some 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with a large
mass of flowers. There were in this exhibition several
collections of plants of this form, which were in the
best condition, the plants being in full flower, and
the leaves reached down to the pots. A third mode

of cultivation is to make a frame of wire, and to bind
np the twigs upon 'his framework so that the plants
have a head of aboat 2 or 3 feet in diameter, and
onlv of 1 foot in height. These plants are so regularly
covered with flowers that nothing can be Been cf the
foliage, and the whole almost resembles a dwarf but
large-headed Azalea indica, with the difference that
each flower is seen and has its full effect. There
were about a dozen of such plantB, which were much
admired by the puhlic. A fourth method, and, as
it leems to me, the only one which has a future
here in Germany, is to raise cuttings when the
flower-heads are already formed but not vet pro-
minent, and put them in pots of about 3 inches
in diameter to root and flower. These plants are of
about 1 foot high, and each is furnished with one well-
formed large flower-head. Certainly such plants will
be purchased here in large quantities if the price
be moderate. The German puhlic does not spend
much money on a plant — one or two shillings,
that is more than enough. Lastly, there is the
method adopted when medium -sized flowers are
required, to form a stem of about 2 fept high, with
a crown of some 3 or 4 fpet in diameter surmounting
it. These plants have a good effect by reason of the
large ma°s of flowers. As to the prizes, Messrs.
R»id & Birnemann gained a Gold Medal ; Messrs.
Pitcher & Manda. a large Silver one.

Allow me to make some remarks concerning cut
flowers at exhibitions. Of course cut flowers were
shown in large collections, and during the first two
davs they were in general in good condition, though
already on the first day some of them began to
droop. Now, there is such a simple mode of keeping
flowers fresh for a week at least, that I wonder that
it is not UBed. This mode is to place the flower-
stalk in water, so that no air comes to the cut part.
Or. even when out in air, it generallv suffices to cut
the stalk about 1 or 2 inches above the first cut.
When this operation ia reppated, a flower remains
strong for more than a week.

Perhaps it may also bo interesting for yon to learn
that at Berlin, on November 3, a school for
gardeners was established by the magistrates of the
citv and the two horticultural societies. There are
two classes. In the lower one, all those who have
had only the education afforded bv an elementary
school, are taught German, science of plant life, and
drawing; whilst in the upper one, gardeners with a
higher education learn general plant culture, the
science of soil and manures, bookkeeping, and draw-
ing. The course is from the heginning of November
to the end of February. Lectures are given twice
a week — in the evening from seven till nine, and on
Sundav from nine till twelve. The fee is for each
pupil for the whole winter, 3s. At first, there were
about thirty-five in each class, but the number is
fast increasing. I mav mention that each pupil got
an entrance-card for the Chrysanthemum exhibition.
Dr. Uro Dammer, Friedenau, Berlin.

CoNONIA CAPENSIS.

As showing the free-flowering tendency of 0,
capensis. I mav mention that our plant, which is a
tall-headed standard on a 6 feet stem in a tub, and
which is placed out of doors throughout the summer,
has at the present moment upwards of 300 pairs of
flowers on it. I had no idea till this season thct
it was such a free-growing and free-flowerh g
plant. Why plants of this description are allowed
to remain in obscurity is not very well explained,
nnless it be that it has never been put in a
commercial catalogue. H. K . Laeien.

Orchid Notes ano Gleanings.

FERTILISATION OF CYPRIPEDIUMS.

A striking illustration as to the way in which
Cipripedium flowers are fertilised by insects came
under my observation not long ago, which b^ars
upon, and somewhat strengthens the opinions of the
late Mr. Charles Dirwin and Professor A«a Gray, as
to the manner in which cross-fertilisation is accoui-

702

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

plished in this genus. The former gentleman at one
time supposed that insects removed the pollen by
way of inserting their probosces through either of
the orifices close to the anther, which he artificially
accomplished by means of a bristle inserted in a
manner, a» he conjectured, similar to the way an
insect would perform the task, though he acknow-
ledged that the important and essential feat of
leaving the pollen on the stigma was not so well
effected.

In the case noted above, a fly rather larger than
an ordinary house-fly had doubtless entered the
labellum, by way of the larger opening, for some
reason or other, and in making its exit was passing
up one of the orifices, but being of too bulky dimen-
sions, it had become wedged so tightly as to be
unable to proceed either backwards or forwards ; this
caused its death, but not without removing the
pollen which was adhering to its back.

Mr. Darwin, in his book on Fertilisation of
Orchids, writes:— "After the publication of my
book, Professor Asa Gray wrote to me that he was
convinced from an examination of several American
species, that the flowers were fertilised by small in-
sects entering the labellum through the large opening
on the upper surface, and crawling out by one of the
two orifices close to the anthers and stigma. Accord-
ingly, I first introduced some flies into the labellum
of C. pubescens through the large upper opening, but
they were either too large or too stupid, and did not
crawl out properly. I then caught and placed within
the labellum a very small bee, which seemed of about
the right size, namely, Andrena parvnla, and this by
strange chance proved, as we shall presently see,
to belong to the genus on which in a state of Nature
the fertilisation of C. calceolus depends. The bee
vainly endeavoured to crawl out again the same
way by which it had entered, but always fell back-
wards, owing to the margins being inflected." After
several attempts it " ultimately forced its way out
through one of the small orifices close to one of the
anthers, and was found when caught to be smeared
with glutinous pollen. I then put the same bee back
into the labellum ; and again it crawled out through
one of the small orifices, always covered with pollen.
I repeated the operation five times, always with the
same result. I afterwards cut away the labellum,
so as to examine the stigma, and found its whole
surface covered with pollen. It should be noticed
that an insect in making its escape must first brush
past the stigma and afterwards one of the anthers —
so that there will be a very good chance of cross-
fertilisation between two distinct plants." The
plant in the case mentioned by me was C. bar-
batum. W, Harrow, Botanic Garden, Cambridge.

Cypbifedium Lawbenceanum,
A flower of this species from the gardens of
Major-General Hutchinson, Outhorpe, Bournemouth,
exhibits the fine character a very good form of it
possesses. The dorsal sepal, which has more breadth
than length, measures 3 inches across the upper
part, while the surface is closely lined over with dark
crimson, the lines at the base being of a bright green
colour. The petals are 5 inches across.

Oncidium Kramebi.
Two noble flowers of this species also came from
Outhope, and, as Mr. W. H. Jones, the gardener,
suggests, they are fine varieties. Both are of bright
yellow, richly mottled with brownish-red, darker in
one than the other. The erect sepals are 2J inches
long, and the plants, in addition to being good
varieties, have been well grown, and Kramer's
Butterfly Orchid is not one of the easiest to cultivate.

Trees and Shrubs.

FKUIT NOTE.

Plums. — Coe's Late Red is not without its merits.
A pyramidal tree here had a crop of fruit, which,
although the excessive wet caused many to crack,
was of fairly good quality. They were gathered on
November 1, and the last eaten on November 14.
It reminds one of a late kind of (Reine Claude
Violette) Purple Gage. Will Tayler,

HYDEANGEA PANICULATA.
To increase this plant, take half-ripened cuttings,
make them 3 to 4 inches long, and place them
round the side of a 5-inch pot in sandy soil, and
plunge the pot in a close case in a temperature of
60° to 65°. When rooted, take them out of the
case, and stand them in a more airy position. It is
a very important point not to allow the cuttings to
flag before they are struck, or it will be a difficult
job to get them round again ; a slight watering
afforded overhead occasionally, will revive them, but
care must be taken not to do this too much, or damp
will carry them off. The cases should have the moisture
which has settled on the panes wiped off every day.
Rooted cuttings may be potted into 60's, and kept in
a cold frame, and by the time they are required for
planting out, they will have made nice stuff. H.

The Califobnian Allspice (Calycanthus
occidentalis).
Apart from the pleasant perfume which is possessed
by the blossoms, the colour of the flower — bright
brick-red — is uncommon amongst shrubs, especially
at the time of year when this shrub flowers. The
foliage, deep green in colour, forms an agreeable
contrast to the bright-coloured flowers. Apropos of
transplanting this shrub, some care is needed when
the plants are large, and especially if the soil be
heavy and retentive ; a peaty noil suits it best, and in
this it is readily transplanted; but in the former,
fibrous roots are sparingly made, hence the greater
necessity of careful procedure, and good balls of earth
removed with the whole of the roots. E. M.

COTONEASTEB HORIZONTALS.

Although this pretty and distinct species was in-
troduced from China so recently as 1885, it seems as
though it is destined to become one of the most
popular of the Cotoneasters. In habit it is very
distinct and neat, sending out flat branches almost
horizontally, hence the appropriate name hori-
zontalis, and in spring and summer these are clothed
with small leaves of a rich green colour, which in
the autumn turns to a bronzy-red ; and it might be
almost termed deciduous, for it loses the greater part
of its foliage every winter, the only leaves remaining
being those towards the end of the shoots. Its
bright showy rosy-pink flowers are borne profusely ;
and if the flowering shoots are cut off and stood in
water, the flowers will keep fresh for several days.
Its berries, coloured vermilion, add greatly to the
value of the shrub. The species is just now being
propagated extensively in several nurseries. It is
not fastidious in regard to soil, and seems to flourish
even in those soils that are poor and sandy, and,
being quite hardy, it was in no way injured by the
severity of the past winter. It is a capital subject
for the rockery, which is perhaps its proper place,
although it may be used as an edging to beds of
other shrubs, as is C. microphylla, or stood as a
specimen on the lawn.

This species of Cotoneaster may be increased
from seed, but the quickest way is to take slips in
the first week in August, a time when the wood is
getting firm, making these about 4 inches long, and
dibbling them in light sandy soil round the sides of
a 5-inch pot, and plunging them in a close frame
with a temperature of 60°. When rooted, which
will be in a few weeks, they must be stood in a cool,
well-ventilated frame, and by the following spring
they will have become nice little plants, fit for
planting in the nursery. When planting, mix some
leaf- mould with the soil about the roots, and afford
a good watering to finish the operation. H.

Weeping Douglas Fibs.
At Albury, Surrey, are several varieties of this
coble Fir, with drooping branches. To give variety
one may be desirable here and there, but the pen-
dulous form is by no means so noble in appearance
as the ordinary Douglas, of which there are several
fine specimens in the grounds above-mentioned,

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

FRUITING PINES. — At this season of short days
and little sunheat, it is important to have the roof-
glass kept very clean in localities near smoky towns,
or drawing of the leaves will occur. Where tree
leaves are employed for bottom-heat, heaps should
be thrown together to set up fermentation, and
these should be turned over once or twice, so as to
get them generally heated before adding them to the
older materials in the beds. If the houses and the
bottom-heat beds were rearranged about six weeks
ago, the temperature will be easily managed, and the
plants with advanced fruits can be accommodated
with the needful warmth to finish their swelling. In
the case of fruiters, it is essential that an even
temperature be maintained in the bed, a fluctuating
one being productive of small or deformed fruits.
The supply of moisture at the root, and in the air of
the house, should be carefully afforded. A night
temperature of 65°, with a rise of 10° during the day,
is suitable at this season. If a coveiing be put over
the glass at night, the evils of a parched air will be
greatly lessened, and the growth favoured by the
more genial conditions maintained. A few degrees
higher temperature at night in mild weather will do
no harm, but high temperatures during frosty nights
result in mischief. These fruiters ought to be kept
well up to the glaes, or the leaves will sensibly
lengthen, and the crowns become large. Succes-
sions will require a temperature lower than that
afforded the fruiters, 60° by night, and 65° to 70"
by day, the latter in mild weather, will be suitable
ones. Remove any plants showing fruit to a warmer
house, or the warmer end of the succession house.
Tines in a cooler house at rest, previous to showing
fruit, should not want for moisture. Aerial moisture
is of great importance to these and the fruiters, and
the walls, floors, and beds should be damped daily,
the plants being thereby kept steadily growing.
Overhead syringing should be dispensed with at this
period of the year, and humidity obtained by other
means.

Suckers which were potted in the early autumn
may be encouraged in growth, but the temperature
should be kept a few degrees less warm than advised
for larger successions, for if afforded low temperatures
now, they will make a strong growth when repotted
and started early in the new year. I would also
advise the shifting of very strong suckers with plenty
of roots, and placing them in the second house ;
these will give a quick return, although shifting in
general is not advisable. G. Wythes, Syon House,
Brentford.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

FORCING PITS. — The stalks of Rhubarb will now
be making rapid progress, and when they have
reached a length of 4 to 5 inches, water should be
liberally afforded the soil. The produce will be im-
proved in flavour if the structure can be ventilated
several days previous to gathering. More roots
should be put into heat at fortnightly intervals, or
pots or boxes put over those in the open, and sur-
rounded with warm dung and leaves.

FRENCH BEANS. — Supply plants in bearing with
weak liquid manure once or twice a week. Young
plants, when about 2 inches higher than the rim of
the pots, may be moulded up with warm soil, and the
points of the stems pinched out. Syringe the plants
with tepid water on fine days, and sow seed at short
intervals in quantity according to the accommodation
at hand, so as to maintain a regular supply.

ASPARAGUS.— A bottom-heat of 70° and top-
heat of 60° should be maintained in the Asparagus-
pits or frames, maintaining a falling heat by means
of dung linings, as any stagnation of growth now
would impair the quality of the shoots. Ventilate
the pits and frames in mild weather, and in accord-
ance with the condition of the plants, those in which
the shoots have not appeared above-ground wanting,
in a general way, no air, unless it be to allow of the
escape of an excessive amount of steam or warmth.

MUSHROOM-HOUSE. — Maintain a uniform moist
condition of the air, and a temperature of 55° to 60°.
If there are several beds in course of preparation,
but little fire- heat will as yet be required. If the
beds should get dry on the surface, as they will do if
uncovered and fire-heat be employed, moisten the
soil with tepid water applied with a fine rose pot or
the syringe, and do not afford any more than is
needed, especially in tho earlier stages of growth,

December 12, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

703

Beds in full bearing in the event of their getting dry
should be watered with tepid water 10° higher than
that of the house, common salt being put into the
water at the rate of 1 oz. to the gallon. Wood-
lice in the Mushroom-houses may be destroyed by
pouring boiling water out of a long-spouted
wa'.ering-pot along the sides and ends of the
beds, alter giving light to the house. Beetles
may be caught in special kinds of traps, the
Birkenhead beetle-trap being one of the best ;
and the best thing I find to bait them with is a piece
of bread soaked in beer, and when baited they should
be pluced near the walls.

M SCELLANECU8. — On any indication of hard
weather setting in, get up a plentiful supply of Celery,
Brussels Sprouts, Savoys, Horseradish, &c, packing
these into sheds ready for use ; and any Parsnips or
Jerusalem Artichokes still remaining in the ground
may be protected with a covering of litter or bracken.
Parsley may be protected with garden-frames or
Btraw-hurdles ; and Chicory roots in the soil should
be dug up and stored in sand or leaf-soil ready for
foicing when the Endive and Lettuces have become
scarce. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst Gardens, Esher.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.
MAKING GRAVEL-WALKS. — Where new walks are
to be made, it is important that they should be made
with due regard to their surroundings. If they are
intended for vehicles as well as walking on, as is gene-
rally the case in the main walks in large gardens and
pleasaunces, a greater depth of soil than would be
necessary in the case of walks for pedestrians, should
be dug out, to admit of a greater thickness of hard
material being laid in the bottom for drainage, and
to sustain the harder traffic. The first point to
determine when making a walk after the line of
direction has been decided upon, is the width that it
shall be made. Main walks should be from 10 to 18
feet iu width, according to the extent of the grounds,
the others being from 5 to 7 feet wide. This done,
due regard should be paid to the level of the ground
on either side of the walk, as well as the direction in
which it is proposed to take the surface-water. A
depth of from 9 to 18 inches will, in a general way,
be ample for walks of the dimensions mentioned
above, but in cases where the top-soil is shallow, and
resting on a substratum of chalk, gravel, or stone, all
that is necessary is to remove the top-soil, and with
which the ground on either side the walk can be
made level, together with the filling up of any
depressions that may happen to be close by. What-
ever edging be used, turf, Box, flints, Heather, &c,
it should be laid before the bottoming of the walk is
proceeded with. The bottom of the walks should be
deeper at the sides than in the middle, that
is, it should be slightly arched or convex,
so as to convey the surface-water to the sides.
If the substratum be chalk, it should be well
pounded all over, allowing sufficient fall (longitu-
dinally) to the points towards which it is decided
to drain the walks, providing means at each outlet
to convey thither any water that might lodge on the
opposite side of the walk — that is, when it is not
convenient to have outlets connected with drains or
"catch-pits" on both sides of the walk. In the
case of walks being made on soils resting on a bed
of chalk, gravel, or stone, as mentioned above, a
smaller quantity of hard materials becomes neces-
sary. A broad walk, having an excavated depth of 18
inches, should have at least 1 foot of coarse materials
in the bottom, over this 3 inches of coarse gravel, fol-
lowed by a like depth of fine red gravel, if obtain-
able. This should be raked level and smooth, and
rolled as soon as dry enough — first with a light
roller, and then with a heavy one, repeating the
operation four or five days in succession or until a
level firm surface is produced. Walks of from 9 to
12 inches deep should be given a layer of propor-
tionate thickness of the several materials recom-
mended for the walk described above. Bold yet
graceful curves should be observed in making winding
walks. Where Box is used as an edging, taste and
judgment, only to be acquired by practice, are neces-
sary to do the work with precision and neatness.
H, W. Ward, Longford Castle, Salisbury.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

PLANTING.— This work should be speedily pushed
forward in favourable weather, so that it may be
brought to a close by the end of the present month.
In cold wet soils, planting often is deferred during
the months of January and February, and brought to
a close in the month of March. But where there is
a great deal to do, planting may be doss at any time,

except in very frosty weather in heavy land, scatter-
ing a few sbovelfulls of fine and moderately dry soil
over and amongst the roots. Standards, &c, should
be afforded supports against wind, but in such
manner as to allow the trees to sink as the soil
settles. Much treading of the soil in a wet state
should be avoided, but so soon as the surface i3
moderately dry, a good trampling over the roots does
good.

All trees arriving from nurseries should at once
be heeltd-in till required for planting, the damaged
roots being trimmed, so that nothing further will be
required. If dry, immerse them completely in water.
DAMSONS stand the wind without much injury to
crop or crown, and are therefore suited for the out-
side lines of orchards of other fruit trees, and they
should stand thickly enough together that the future
heads may afford shelter for the other trees. Far-
leigh Prolific, Blue Prolific, and Shropshire or Prune
are good varieties of Damsons, all being serviceable
in the household, and good market fruit. Plums,
Victoria, Belgian Purple, Early Prolific, the Czar,
Jeffersons, and, as a late one, Monarch, succeed well
as standards, and are excellent as wall trees.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.— The lifting and
planting of these should be completed without delay,
and, if good results are to be expected, plant on
good, very firm soil that has not grown fruit trees
previously, adding to the staple some fresh loam, old
mortar rubbish, and burnt earth. If the soil be
poor, a little manure should also be afforded, so as to
furnish food for the roots at the start ; keep most
of the roots near the surface. If the holes have been
properly prepared and drainage well done, with some
turves, grassy side downwards, laid over it, fill up
the holes and trample all firmly, but pricking the
top soil before resting the roots thereon ; keep the
tree upright, and its stem 6 inches away from the wall
at the bottom, shake a little fine soil amongst
the roots, raise the tree a short space, drop it
into its place, and cover to the depth of 6 inches,
afterwards slightly mulching with long manure.

PEARS should also be planted similarly to Peaches.
Cordons if planted in new soil in the place of old
worn-out trees soon begin to bear fruit, and repay
their cost and that of planting. These vigorous
young trees are worth many of the old useless trees
one sees in some old 'gardens, which are retained
for what they have been but will never be again.
H. Markham, Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

they are arranged together with Masdevallia tovar-
ense look charming by the contrast ; the plant is
easily grown, and should therefore be in every
amateur's collection. It is usually called a cool-
house plant, but I never was successful with it until
I gave it a few more degrees of warmth ; grown in
baskets or pans and hung up near the light, the
plants grow and flower admirably. We always
pick all the peat and sphagnum moss from
the roots annually, and wash the latter in
soft water, also the basket. They rt quire to
be kept moist at the root even during the winter,
and during growth too much water cannot be
afforded, unless there is too much potting material
about them, than which nothing is worse. The
atmosphere in the different divisions should be kept
rather dry, and the temperature about 62° for the
East-Indian Orchids, 58° for Cattleyas, 55° inter-
mediate-house, and 45° the Odontoglossums and
cool Orchids, always remembering to ventilate every
department more or less. A. G. Catt, Parkfield.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.
THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— At this season it is
usual for the Orchid-grower to make as bright a
show of flowers as he can ; this may be done very
successfully, if Phalaenopsis amabilis, Calanthes in
variety, and Cypripediums are grown in quantity,
notably C. Spicerianum, Leeanum, and insigne, these
plants adapting themselves to easy and pleasing
arrangements— a matter which should be studied by
the grower of Orchids. The season just past, that
has been so unsatisfactory for fruits and flowers, has
been very suitable for Phalaenopsis, and our plants
have done better than for some years past, which I
attribute in great measure to the small amount of
sunshine that we have received, which goes to prove
that the shading usually afforded these plants is not
enough whilst growth is taking place. I paint the
roof-panes, and make use of a thick roller-blind.

The newly-imported Dendrobium Phalienopsis are
throwing up flower-spikes, so that it will probably
prove to be an autumn-flowerer, thus adding to its
value. The beautiful D. Statterianum and D.
bigibbum last each for about two months in flower,
as do D. superbiens and D. Gouldii. These are
all winter- flowering Dendrobiums, each being suffi-
ciently distinct that no collection seems quite com-
plete without at least one plant of each. D. hetero-
carpum is a very useful Dendrobe for winter, as is
D. Findleyanum. The old D. nobile is too well known
to call for any remark ; but I would just say this,
that any amateur who is thinking of buying some of
these for next year's flowering at Christmas- time,
should buy those which are sold in flower at this
season. It is a very easy matter for anyone
to keep plants back when coming into flower,
but it requires a skilled grower to bring
a plant into flower successfully, without injury to
the plant, in much less than twelve months. I am
of course alluding now to those plants which have
been growing in this country at least two years ;
imported plants will flower at all times.

THE; INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE.— Sophronites gran-
uiSytfr is au attractive plant, and its flowers when

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

STREPTOCARPUS. — Considering the ease with
which this species of plant may be grown, it is
remarkable that they are not more frequently m*t
with in gardens than is the case. Seeds of the
plant may be sown in a pan of loam and leaf-
soil in equal parts sifted through a fine sieve, suffi-
cient sand being added to keep the whole porous.
Give the pan of soil a slight watering, and when
it is dry on the surface, sow the seeds thinly and
evenly, and place a sheet of glass over the pan. If
it be stood on some moisture-holding material, no
more water will be required till the seeds have
germinated. At this season of the year the seed-
pans may be placed in the propagating-house,
where the temperature is kept at from 55° to 60°.
When the seedlings are large enough, prick them
off into pans or shallow boxes, still keeping them in
a structure where the temperature does not fall below
the point indicated. In the course of six weeks
from the time they are transplanted they will be
ready for a shift into small pots, when a compost,
consisting of two parts loam, one each of leaf-soil
and decayed manure, and sand in proportion, may be
used. During the summer months, the plants may
be grown in the greenhouse or cold frame, always
taking precaution to shade them from bright sun-
shine. The varieties S. Rexii, S. parviflorus, and
S. polyanthus, will be found most suitable where
only an ordinary greenhouse is at command, but
where a little heat is at hand, the list may be
extended by such varieties as Watsonii, Dunnii, and
Kewensis. The present is a most suitable time to
sow seed of Streptocarpus.

POTTING MATERIALS. — When the weather is
favourable, lose no time in laying-in a supply of
soils, getting the loam from an old pasture which
has plenty of plant-roots in it, as this will be found
more lasting, and afford better food for plants than
any other. In cases where it is impossible to pro-
cure turf from an old pasture, and where it is found
that the quality is not good, it will be advisable,
when stacking that which is obtainable, to place
between every second layer of turf a layer of sheep
or deer's droppings, or failing these, half-decayed
stable manure, which will greatly enrich the loam
by the time it is required for use. In cutting the
turves, it is a mistake to cut them too large ; a
most suitable size is 14 inches by 8 inches, and
\h inches in thickness, and to have the whole neatly
stacked, if possible, when the weather is dry.

LEAF SOIL. — A quantity of this should likewise
be prepared, and some of it taken under cover, in
case of a long spell of severe weather. The best
leaf-mould is generally found in an old rookery,
where the tree leaves have been allowed to remain and
decay for a number of years, and with the manure
from the birds this makes a very rich potting
material.

PEAT. — The stock of peat should be examined,
and note taken of the quantity which will be
required for the coming season. The above remarks
will also apply to the store of Bilver sand, cocoa-nut
fibre, pots, stakes, &c, which should be got in
readiness for the busy season. All surplus pots should
be washed, sorted and stacked away. It is a good
time to put the potting shed in good order, and for
limewashing the walls, soil bins, &c. All this
kind of labour may be done when the weather is
unfavourable for out-door work. B. Milncr, Patrice
Castle, Swansea,

704

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembee 12, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Newspapers — Correspondpnts sniping newspapers should be
earful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

M E ET I N GS.
MONDAY, DEC. 14— Eastbourne Horticultural Society.

TUESDAY, Dec. 15— Sittinfibourne.

THURSDAY, Dec. 17— Linnean.

MONDAY.

TUESDAY,

SALES

Prctheroe &

WEDNESDAY, Dec. 16

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,
SATURDAY,

Dutch Bulbs. at

Morris' Rooms.
14,8*0 Lilium aurat^m, also other
Lilies and Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.
Dec. 15 { Fruit Trees. Roses, &c, at
Charlton Nurst-ry, near Shep-
pertxin. by Protheroe & Morris
(two days).
Plants from Belgium, Begonias,
Ko.-ea, &c, at Protheroe & Morris'
Ro. ms.
Bolder Plants, at Stevens' Rooms.
/Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris'
I Rooms,
rin-^ 17, Gla*s Erections, ftc.at Balham, bv
JJU-. ii r pmtheroe & Morris.

I Rose *nd Fruit Trees, at Stevens'
' Rooms.

n,-^. i&l Orchids, at Protheroe & Morris'
Dec. 18 ^ Room3

Dutch Bulbs at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms
Liliunis, Dutrh Bulbs, &c, at

Stevens' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEF.K, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THKEE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-40°.3.

„, . ,. Eeverting to this subject, see

Electro-cuUure : . „., „ , ,. , ,

or the cultira- ante, p. bib, we believe that the
tion of plants first to apply the electrio

under the influ- ,j h(. to cultivation upon the

en.-e of e.ectn- . " , r.

city. larger scale were made in this

country by Sheppard ; others

have also endeavoured to make use of it, but

with indifferent success. More recently the

distinguished Russian agriculturist, Specunew,

has been carrying on experiments on the larger

scale for several years continuously. Spech-

new commenced by watching the application of

electricity to the germination of Wheat, and he

observed that the growth was much more rapid

when thi3 application was made than under

ordinary circumstances.

The next experiments were made with dy-
namic electricity. Large plates of zino and
copper were connected with wires, and buried
in the soil ; between these plates Beans, Carrots
&c, were cultivated, and in every case a finer
crop was obtained.

Static electricity was next experimented with,
the plants being arranged within the influence of
collectors of atmospheric electricity. For five
years experiments were systematically conducted,
and the results appear sufficiently indicative of
the powerful action exerted by electricity on
the growth of plants. Here are some figures
for comparison, in each case the same quantity
of seed being grown : —

Descri pi i in.

Rye

I Grain

7 Straw

Corn ...4°rain
} Straw

rotates i™7"

$ Haulm

Electro-culture.

Kilojr immes per

hectare.

1,«40

4.480

2,000
2.5 0

19,500

2,400

Ordiniry Culture.

Kilogramnits per

hectare.

1.282

2,800

1,'iSO
2 690

17.500
1.8' 0

A hectare is abiut 2 English aires.

We may now notice a successful experiment
recently carried out by Mr. Bawton, of Arling-
ton, Massachusetts, U.S.A. He has begun
examining the action of electric rays upon plant-

life, and has succeeded in proving that it would
be of considerable advantage to gardeners in
foroing vegetables, &c, under glass for the early
markets.

Mr. Rawton has confined his experiments to
the growth of Lettuces in a greenhouse about
70 yards long by 8 wide. Every day the green-
house was illuminated by means of an arc lamp,
and throughout the night as well. Y\re do not
know whether the light was softened at all by
means of glass shade or otherwise; but, bearing
in mind the researches of Sir W. Siemens, we
suspect that some such device was resorted to.

The results obtained by Mr. Rawton were of
a highly encouraging nature, and showed an
improved rate of growth, equal to about 20 per
oent. ; so that at this rate the gardener who uses
the electric light gains one week in every five on
his competitors who trust to unassisted Nature —
a fact which is well worth pondering over.

There is a market for everything that is "out
of season " and the gardener who first expl its
the market can command almost any price, and,
according to Mr. Rawton, will make profits which
will recoup the installation and maintenance of
the electrio light. This gentleman ought to
know what he is about, and we may note that
he has been so encouraged by the financial
success of his experiments that he is laying out
greenhouses fitted with the electric light on a
large scale.

A small fact brought out by these American
researches is worth noting— viz., that whilst the
electric light hastens the growth of plants, it
does not encourage insect pests.

Meanwhile, researches have been going on
nearer home. Our French contemporaries are
always well to the front in exploiting new ideas,
and the alleged affirmative results which have
lately been obtained in the application of electric
light and electric currents to the growth of
certain plants, have set a good many others at
work upon this ourious development of electrical
science.

Fresh evidence in favour of the advantage of
employing electricity in plant culture has been
recently adduced by M. Barat, of Aiguillon,
Lot et Garunne, who is an enthusiastic believer
in employing this agent, and has been at work
with it since 1880.

In spite of the suspicion with which one is
generally inclined to regard the experimental
results obtained by admitted enthusiasts, we must
say that M. Barat's investigation bears every
appearance of being genuine, and the account
which he gives of it by no means highly coloured.

Electricity was applied to the cultivation of
Potatos, Tomatos, and Hemp— typical plants
which indicate no bias in their selection. A row
of Hemp was subjected intermittently during its
growth to the actiun of an electric current, which
was passed through the soil in which it was
planted. When the stalks were mature, they
measured on an average 18 inches longer than
those in a row of Hemp which had been grown
under otherwise similar conditions for the same
space of time.

Patches of Fotatos were similarly treated
some being grown in the path of an electric
current, whilst others were cultivated normally.
Equally remarkable results were obtained in this
case also ; for whilst 1 kilogramme of seed Po-
tatos produce'1 2L kilogrammes of large and well-
conditioned tubers, the same quantity of seed
grown in a similar but not electrified patch only
yielded a crop of 12'400 kilogrammes, and the
tubers were by no means so large nor so healthy
as in the former- instance.

The influence of electricity appears to be
exerted chieflv in promoting early maturity ; at
least, this was notably the case when the To-
matos were experimented upon, for the fruit
ripened eight days earlier. Now, the late
Sir W. Siemens showed that under the in-
fluence of the electric light, fruits like Straw-
berries, &c, ripened much faster, and Wheat
and other plants grew much faster; and hence,
if M. Barat had also kept the electric light
shining on his Tomatos at the same time as he
was passing the electric current through the soil,
it is possible that still more remarkable results
might have been obtained.

The experiments which we have just quoted
have been carried out during the past season ;
during their progress, M. Barat observed an
important fact, which is worth recording. When
two metal plates were sunk in the soil, and con-
nected by means of wires with the poles of a
battery, and when manure was placed in the
neighbourhood of one of these plates, on the
current being passed, the constituents of the
manure were transported through the soil in the
direction of the other p ate. Thus the fertilising
effects of a small quantity of manurial substance
was spread to a considerable distance, and in
much less time than it could be effected by
ordinary liquid diffusion.

This is new evidence also in favour of the
theory adopted by Spechnew, the Russian agri-
culturist, whose researches into the cause why
an electric current appears to produce great
fertility in the soil through which it is passed,
led him to ascribe it to a kind of electrolytic
action, whereby the active principles existing in
the soil, or in the manure with which it is treated,
are scattered in such a way that they are brought
into a more available position as regards the roots
of the plants, and thus the latter get a better food
supply.

A theory which has been promoted for ex-
plaining the favourable action of electric light
upon plant-life, is based upon the richness in
actinic rays which it possesses. It has been
proved that the luminous rays of sunlight are
accompanied by others which possets heating
power, and by others also which are chemically
active ; these last are called the actinic rays, and
the chemical action of sunlight is called
actinism. This explanation is open, perhaps, to
some objection, but it is simple, and easily under-
stood, and practically correct. It is believed that
the assimilation of material adapted to vegetable
growth from the inorganic binary compounds in
the soil, and the carbonic acid and water depends
upon the action of these actinic rays upon the
cell contents of plants. Now the electric light
is exceptionally rich in actinic rays — i.e., rays
which are chemically active — and hence upon
this fact its favourable influence on vegetation
depends.

l'rofessor Bailey, of Cornell University, has
recently published, in the Bulletin of the Agri-
cultural Department of that College, an inte-
resting account of some experiments made by
him, and which he compares with the experiem es
of Deherain and of Siemens. Professor
Bailey's conclusions are as follow : —

"It is impossible to draw many definite cm-
elusions from the above researches. The many
conflicting and indefinite results indicate that the
problems vary widely under different conditions ar.d
with different plants. Yet there are a few points
which are clear: the electric light promotes assimila-
tion, it often hastens growth and maturity, it is
capable of producing natural flavours and colours in
fruits, it often intensifies colours of flowers, and
sometimes increases the production of flowers. The

Supplement to "The Gardeners' Chronicle.'' December 12th 1891.

Mini.ey Manor, near Farnbori

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

705

experiments show that periods of darkness are
not necessary to the growth and development of
p'ants. There is every reason, therefore, to suppose
that the electric light can be profitably used in the
growing of p'ants. It is only necessary to overcome
the difficulties, the chief of which are the injurious
influences upon plants near the light, the too-rapid
hastening of maturity in some species, and, in
short, the whole Beries of practical adjustments of
conditions to individual circumstances. Thus far,
to be 6ure, we have learned more of the injurious
efft-cts than of the beneficial ones, but this only
means that we are acquiring definite facts con-
cerning the whole influence of electric light upon
vegetation ; and in some cases, notably in our
Lettuce tests, the light has already been found to be
a very useful adjunct to forcing establishments.

" The experiments suggest many physiological
speculations, upon which it is not the province of this
bulletin to enter. Yet two or three of them may be
mentioned. It is a common notion that plants need
rest at night, but this is not true in the sense in
which animals need rest. Plants have simply
adapted themselves to the conditions of alternating
daylight and darkness, and during the day they
assimilate or make their food, and during the night,
when, perforce, assimilation must cease, they use the
food in growth. They simply practice an individual
division of labour. There is no inherent reason why
plants cannot grow in full light, and, in fact, it is well
known that they do grow then, although the greater
part of growth is usually performed at night. If
light is continuous, they simply grow more or less
continuously, as conditions require, as they do in the
long days of the arctic regions, or as our plants did
under continuous light. There is no such thing as a
plant becoming worn out or tired because of the
stimulating influence of continuous light.

" It would seem, therefore, that if the electric light
enables plants to assimilate during the night, and
d les not interfere with growth, it must produce
plants of great siz» and marked precocity. But there
are other conditions, not yet understood, which must
be studied. Our Radish plants, and many others,
were earlier but smaller under the influence of the
light. Observation and chemical examination showed
that a greater degree of maturity had been attained.

" Perhaps they assimilated too rapidly, perhaps the
functions of the plant had been completed before it
had had time to make its accustomed growth.
Perhaps the highly refrangible and invisible rays
from the electric lamp have something to do with
it. In fact, this latter presumption probably accounts
for much if not all ot the injury resulting from the
use of the naked light, for the effect of the inter-
position of a clear pane of glass is probably to
absorb or obstruct these rays of high refrangibility.
Good results which follow the use of a globe or a
pane of glass show, on the other hand, that the
injury to plants cannot result from any gases arising
from the lamp itself, as has been supposed by some
observers. In our o»n experiments, particularly
with the Brush lamp, there was no perceptible odour
from the gases of combustion ; and it may also be
said that commercial forcing-houses, like our own,
are not tight enough to hold sufficient quantities of
these gases to ii jure plants.

"It is highly probable that there are certain times
in the Hie of the plant when the electric light will
prove to be particularly helpful. Many experiments
show that irjury follows its use at that critical time
when the plantlet is losing its support from the seed,
and is beginning to shift for itself, and other experi-
ments show that good results follow its later use.
This latter point appears to be contradicted by
Dehekain's results, but his experiments were not con-
ducted under the best normal conditions.

" On the whole, I am inclined towards Siemens'
view, that there is a future for electro-horticulture.''

" L. H. Bailey."

At present, then, there is naturally some differ-
ence of opinion concerning the use of electricity in
agricultural and horticultural operations, and, as
usual, -there are s'ome who entirely scout- the

idea that any good can result, or, at least, that
there is " any money in it."' On the other hand,
there are others who as strenuously aflirm that
we are on the eve of very important discoveries,
which shall lead to unexpected developments in
the practical application of electricity. Perhaps
the real truth lies somewhere between these two
extremes.

OUR ALMANAC. — Secretaries of Societies and
others are earnestly requested to forward shortly,
the dates of show fixtures, and meetings of horti-
cultural societies of any kind for 1892, for insertion
in the Almanac to be published in our issue for
January 2.

The ex-Emperor of Brazil.— Dom Pedro,
the former sovereign of Brazil, who died in Paris on
the 4th inst., was remarkable not only as a model
sovereign, but for superior intelligence generally,
and for his sympathy with literature, science, and art.
In these particulars he was considerably in advance
of his subjects. He afforded great encouragement
in the publication of the magnificent Flora Bra-
si/iensis. in the preparation of which Beveral of our
English botanists have taken part, while his actual
scientific attainments were such that even the
Academy of Sciences of France elected him among
its corresponding members.

M. Alphand.— This gentleman, who died in Paris
early this month, was seventy-four years of age,
having been born at Grenoble in 1817. By pro-
fession an engineer, he was also City Surveyor of
Paris, and to him are due many of the architectural
effects of that city, as well as the extensive planting
of streets, squares, and boulevards. M. Alphand
was the author of a magnificent work, pub-
lished by Rothschild, on the Parks, Gardens, ami
Promenades of Paris. M. Alphand had much to do
with organising the successful exhibition of 1889.

Linnean Society.— On the occasion of the
meeting on Tnursday, December 3, Professor
Stewart, President in the chair, the following
gentlemen were elected Fellows:— Sir Walter
Sendall, Messrs. T. M. MacKnight, W. A. Blabkr,
C. Frost, II. Sutherland, J. Kevs, W.S. Campbell,
A. Molineux, and W. H Strachan. The President
announced the recent bequest by th»late Sir George
MacLkay, 1C C M.G., of a marble bust of his father,
the late Dr. William Suakp MacLeay, foimerly a
Fellow and Vice-President of the Society. The
botanical secretary read a paper by Mr. W. West,
on '• Fresh-water Alga of the West of Ireland," and
exhibited, by way of illustration, a number of prepa-
rations under the microscope, and a series of beau-
tiful drawings by the author. The paper was
criticised by Messrs. A. W. Bennett aud E. M.
Holmes, both of whom testified to the excellence
of the work done, and the value of the drawings.
At an evening meeting, proposed to be held on
Thursday, December 17, at 8 p m., the following
papers will be read : — 1. " Development of the Head
of the Imago of Chironomons," by Professor L. C.
Miall and Mr. A. R. Hammond. 2. " On Two
Species of Cumacea in New Zealand," by Mr. G. M.
Thomson.

SM1THFIELD CLUB. — Roots, including Mangel
Wnrzel, Swedes, Turnips, &c, were somewhat ex-
tensively shown at the Suiithfield Club Cattle Show,
which opened on Monday last at the Agricultural
Hall, Islington. Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Carter
& Co , Jarman & Co., Dicksons (Chester), and
Harbison & Sons, had their usual displays of agricul-
tural seeds as well, while Potatos were not forgotten.
A large collection of tubers was exhibited by Mr.
Whitehead Cousins, Covent Garden, including the
best market-growing varieties. Among other things
Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, showed a fine
collection of well-coloured Apples, the most con-
spicuous of which were Blenheim Orange, The
Queen, Warner's King, Cellini, and a new variety
named Atalanta.

The Sacred Plant of the Druids.— Mr.

Steele, of the Edinburgh Natuialists' Society, is

trying to prove that the Beef-steak Fungus, and not
the Mistleto, is the sacred p'ant of the Druids. He
infers this, because the Fungus is parasitic on Oaks,
while the Mistl>-to is not, saying further that the red
juice of the Fungus was shed by the Druids, when
sacrifices having been abolished, human blood could
not be obtained for their ceremonials.

MR. G. T. BETTANY, who died from heart
disease on December 2, is known in the literary
world as the author of several books of biography
and science, including a life of Charles Darwin,
and as English editor of Lippinoott'a Magazine.
Among other appointments, he held for eight years
that of lecturer on Botany at Guy's Hospital.

Japan Sedge Mats for Plant Protec-
tion. — At McArihur's Nursery, Maida Vale,
London, W., specially-made sedge mats, 6 by 5 feet,
manufactured in Japan, are employed to replace the
unt'dy Archangel mats, which have a habit of fray-
ing out and littering the gardens where they are
used. These Japan mats are neater, warmer, and
it is said more durable, while their cleverly-finishid
edges rend r it impossible for them to get ragged.
In some good gat dens where they have been tried,
they have given great satis'action.

"The Rosarian's Year Book for 1892," as

edited by the R-v. H. Honywood DOmurain,
A.B., Hon. Sec. of the National Rose Society, is
announced for publication on January 1, 1892. Its
contents comprise articles on " Mr. T. W. Girdlestone
(with photograph)," by the Editor ; " The Ethics of
Rose-showing," by Mr. E. B. Lindsell; "Experi-
ments iu Rose-hybridising," by the Right Hon. Lord
Penzance; "Rose Jottings in 1891," by Mr. Alex.
Hill- Gray ; " Roses near big cities," by Mr. J. Bate-
man ; " The Rose, and the National Rose Suciety in
1891," by the Editor; " The RoseasaGarden Flower,"
by Mr. W. J. Grant; "Stocks," by Mr. F. Cant;
" The Comparative Hardiness of Tea Roses, and their
Winter Protection," by Mr. Geo. Paul; and "The
Rose Weather of 1891," by Mr. E. Mawley, F.M.S.,
Hon. Sec. National Rose Society. The publishers are
Bemrose & Sons, 23, Old Bailey, London ; and
Derby.

The Crepin Celebration.— On the 6th inst.

an imposing demonstration was held in honour of
Professor Crepin, the Director of the Brussels
Botanic Garden, and Secretary of the Botanical
Society of Belgium. The meeting was presided over
by Professor Gravis, and was attended by the
Minister of Agriculture, the Burgomaster of Brussels,
and most of the colleagues and associates of M.
Crepin. A prize, to be called the " Crepin Prize," was
established, and the honoured Professor was advanced
to the grade of Officer of the Order of Leopold. A
banquet followed the official business. We have
received from our correspondent a long account of
the proceedings as we are about to go to press, on
which account we must postpone further details till
our next issue.

National Rose Society. — The annual

meeting and dinner of this flourishing Society were
held on Wednesday last at the Horticultural Club,
Hotel Windsor. The following arrangements fur
1892 were decided upon: — The Tea and Noisette
Exhibition will be held under the auspices of the
Royal Horticultural Society, at the Drill Hall
at Westminster, on Tuesday, June 21 ; while the
Metropolitan Exhibition will take place at the
Crystal Palace on the first Saturday in July.
At the request of the Mayor and Corporation of
Chester, the Society's Provincial Exhibition will
be held in that city on Thursday, July 14.
A proposed new regulation, that " At the two prin-
cipal exhibitions of the Society, amateur exhibitors
shall be required to show according to the number
of plants of ' exhibition ' varieties grown by them,"
was proposed by Mr. C. J. Grahame, seconded by the
Rev. F. R. Burnside, and ultimately referred to
the Committee to see in what manner the regulation
can be carried out. The financial statement was
satisfactory.

706

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

BRITISH FLIES.— Mr. F. V. Theobald is pub-
lishing in monthly parts, through Mr. Elliot Stock,
an account of British flies, illustrated with woodcuts.
When one considers the enormous losses inflicted on
farmers and gardeners by one class of flies only, the
CecidomyidiE— a loss that has to be reckoned by
hundreds of thousands of pounds every year, it
becomes evident that a good account of their struc-
ture and mode of life are all important in seeking
means to prevent or palliate their attacks. The
book promises to be well done, but we may call the
author's attention to the circumstance that the
Barberry is not the same as Barbarea vulgaris. Oh !
those dreadful popular names !

The Chicago Exhibition.— On the roof of the

horticultural building, around the central dome at
the Chicago Exhibition, an elaborate display of roof-
gardening will be made. It is expected that this
will not only be pleasurable to visitors, but will
afford valuable suggestions that will be utilised by
persons who live in large cities, and are deprived of
gardens and lawns. In the centre of the horticultural
building will be a miniature mountain, 70 feet high,
upon which will grow tree Ferns and Palms, and
other vegetation, finding there a congenial home.
A stream will dash from one declivity to another.
Beneath this rock-mountain will be a cave, 80 feet in
diameter and 60 feet high, brilliantly lighted by
electricity, where, during the whole six months of
the Exposition, the experiment will be tried whether
plants will grow under electric light as well asunder
sunlight. Mr. J. Thorpe originated the plan.

Publications Received.— The Journal of
Botany, West, Newman & Co., 54, Hatton Garden,
E.C. — The Horticultural Directory and Year Book for
1892, published at the Journal of Horticulture Office,
171, Fleet Street. — Cassell's Christmas Annual
Yuletile. — The Queen. — The Princess.

PLANT PORTKAITS.

Allamanda Williamsii, Garden, November 21.

N0THOL.SNA rigida, n. sp. — A new species from
Monterey, Mexico. Collected by Pringle, and de-
cribed and figured in Garden and Forest, Novem-
ber 4, by Mr. G. E. Davenport. It has lanceolate
bipinnate fronds, 8 to 12 inches long. The edges of
the pinnules revolute. The stalks are a dark
chestnut brown.

Pear Beorre de Mobtillet. — Fruit large, or even
very large, skin yellow flushed with red. Flesh
fine, melting, white, juicy, sugary, and perfumed.
A good market Pear, in season at beginning of
October.

Rondeletia speciosa, Revue Horticole, Novem-
ber 16.

Vitis Romaneti vars., Revue Horticole, 1891,
p. 520.

Notices of Books.

- — *

My Gardener. A Practical Handbook for
the Million. By M. W. Ward. (Eyre &
Spottiswoode.)
The most effective way of reviewing such a useful
and practical book as this, is to allow the author to
speak for himself. Here, for example, is the writer's
account of Cabbages, p. 29 : — " (Brassica oleracea
capitata). This is a hardy biennial, derived from
B. oleracea, which is found wild in Cornwall,
Wales. Yorkshire, and near Dover, in Kent. It is
also found wild on the coasts of France, and of
many European countries. It was known to the
ancient Gauls by the name of Chou Capa. Of the
Cabbage, like many other garden vegetables nowa-
days, there are too many varieties enumerated in
trade lists. They want weeding out considerably,
as it is rather bewildering to those not practically
acquainted with the leading sorts and varieties of
vegetables to make a good selection from a trade
list. The wisest plan in this case would be to leave
the selection to the seedsman. However, following
the plan which we adopted when beginning this
work, we shall make the matter of selection eaBy for
those who consult these pages ; therefore, out of a

hundred or more varieties of the Cabbage which
are to be found in catalogues, we shall mention only
a few of the very best, which will serve the purpose
of any cultivator as well, and indeed better, than
if he grew all the varieties named in the cata-
logue. They are Carter's Early Heartwell Marrow,
Sutton's All Heart, Veitch's Matchless, Wheeler's
Imperial, Welch's Emperor, Daniel's Defiance, Non-
pareil, Enfield Market, Red Dutch for pickling, and
Rosette Colewort for sowiDg in June for early winter
use." Of each of these a short description is given,
and then follows on p. 30 a paragraph relating to
the soil and its preparation.

Dipping into fruit culture, the author remarks : —
"No cottage garden can be considered complete
without it has a due complement of Apple,
Pear, Cherry, and Plum trees, Gooseberry and
Currant bushes, Raspberry and Strawberry planta-
tions. The varieties of the several kinds that
are known to succeed best in each district
should be borne in mind by the purchaser in
sending his fruit-tree order to some nurseryman
having a reputation for the growth and for sending
out healthy trees, true to name. To such a man
the intending purchaser, who is not quite sure aB to
the most suitable of the several kinds and varieties
to grow, may safely leave the selection, (1) simply
giving the names of the sorts he may already have,
and (2) stating how many trees each of Apples (for
cooking and dessert), Pears, Plums, &c, he requires,
together with the character and depth of the soil in
his garden or orchard. Those having gardens
enclosed by a wall, or boarded by a fence, should
grow one or more trees of Peaches or Nectarines and
May Duke Cherries on the south and west sides ;
Victoria, Golden Drop, and Old Greengage Plums,
Marie Louise and Chaumontel Pears on the
east side, and Moiello Cherries on the north side.
Fruit trees of every description, including bush fruit
and Strawberries, do best in a deep yellow loam,
resting on limestone or a gravelly subsoil, and
inclining to be heavy rather than light."

A short list of Apples, with two striking illus-
trations of Beauty of Bath, is prefaced by this brief
note on the Apple (Pyrus malus). " The Apple,
termed in its wild state the Crab, is indigenous to
Britain, as to most warm and temperate parts of
Europe. It will succeed in climates too cold for the
Pear, Plum, and Cherry, and blossoming later than
any of these (May) ; it therefore generally escapes
the frost, which frequently destroys the crops of the
fruit trees indicated."

Dessert Varietits. — Beauty of Bath, Irish Peach,
Cox's Orange Pippin, Red Astrachan, King of the
Pippins, Cockle Pippin, Nonpareil.

Culinary Varieties. — Keswick Codlin, Lord Suf-
field, Hawthornden, Warner's King, Bramley's
Seedling, and Blenheim Orange.

A baker's dozen that it would be difficult to beat,
though among the suitable varieties we hold that one
Codlin, Lord Suffield, is sufficient, and would substi-
tute Cellini for Keswick Codlins, and also make sure
of growing the New Hawthornden not the old one.
Of flowers it is to be regretted that space cannot
be found for an account of the Violet. Passing on
to p. 217, the author thus writes of the Anemone
coronaria (Wind flowers) : "The Anemone is asso-
ciated with our earliest recollections of garden
flowers, the erect spikes terminating with large
flowers of bright and soft shades of colour, showing
off to great advantage above the dark and pale green,
finely divided, and handsome leaves, and create a
favourable impression in the minds of all who see
them in early spring. The garden varieties have
mostly been obtained from A. coronaria." After
describing the soil, taking-up, and storing, we have a
list of half a dozen double French varieties. Among
the flowers may also be found a description of about
100 varieties of Roses. The proofs have not been so
carefully read as they might have been, especially as
regards the names of plants. The illustrations are
mostly from catalogues, and are misleading as to
the relative size and proportion of the objects
depicted, as no scale is given to aid the reader.

Nevertheless, the book is replete with valuable
cultural notes indispensable to the millions who are
now turniDg to gardening as a source of pleasure
and of profit.

The Birds of our Rambles.

This is the work of the well-known bird-book
writer, Mr. Charles Dixon. It is an interesting
volume, not too scientific to suit the general reader,
for whose instruction, indeed, it is principally
intended. The chapters treat respectively of many
of the birds seen around our homesteads, gardens,
fields, woods, mountains, and sea-shores, and in-
clude short descriptions intended to aid the casual
observer to identify the various species by
the peculiarities of their flight, note, or general
appearance.

Thus, when speaking of swallows and martins, the
author reminds us of the differences between them,
although " to the unorthodox both birds are known
indiscriminately as 'swallows,' and are generally
alluded to as such." Another popular error is that
which " associates the swift with the swallow, and
certainly, so far as habits and outward appearance
go, there seems much in favour of the supposition.
But the swift is not a Passerine bird at all, and
belongs to the great order Picarioe, a group which
contains, among others, the goatsuckers, the king-
fishers, the woodpeckers, and the hummingbirds."
Mr. Dixon does not profess to mention all of the
birds to be seen in country rambles, and, owing to
the classification of the chapters into localities, some
common species are mentioned more than once.

The book is illustrated by Mr. A. T. Elwen, ia
well got up, and published by Messrs. Chapman &
Hall, in a style uniform with other books by the
same author.

In conclusion, we repeat that Birds of our Rambles
will prove especially useful to inquiring amateurs as
a book of reference — a general index would make it
still more suitable for this purpose— while those who
read only for pleasure will like the descriptions of
old favourites and familiar friends, as well as those
of rarer and less-known species.

A Handbook of British Commerce, etc.

By P. L. Simmonds, F.L.S. (London : Moffatt

& Page.)
It is obvious that some 200 pages of even mode-
rately small type must be quite inadequate to do
justice to a handbook of British commerce. They
may, however, serve to indicate, to some extent,
the variety and volume of British imports and
exports, and this function is fulfilled by the pages
of the little volume before us. When we say that
it is the work of a skilled compiler, Mr. P. L.
Simmonds, who long ago won his spurs, we have
said enough to recommend it to the notice of those
by whom indications rather than exhaustive treat-
ment are desired. It consists, in fact, of an alpha-
betical index of commercial substances and manu-
factured products in a very condensed form, how
much so may be illustrated by the circumstance that
four lines are all that are devoted to acetic acid,
and so on in proportion. Of " Burgundy " all that
we are told is that it is " a light French red wine ; "
while "cannon" are described as "large military
engines, pieces of ordnance for discharging balls."
" Cedar " is badly treated, it being difficult to discern
wbat is meant; but it seems certain that neither of
the plants mentioned is (except in a commercial
sense) a Cedar, whilst the true Cedar is not named.
Now that an outcry is made about the use of feathers
for the decoration of ladies' garments, it is as well
to note that monkeys, our near relatives, are almost
as much persecuted by the fashionable world as are
birds. Mr. Simmonds tells us that in 1887 more
than 118,000 monkey-skins were shipped from the
Gold Coast alone.

A very useful addendum to Mr. Simmonds' little
book consists in the list of imports in 1890, together
with their quantities and value. In this list Apples
figure to the amount of two and a half million
bushels, of Jh_« Tftlgf q[ £7§0,073. Onions wejv

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

707

imported to the amount of nearly four millions of
bushels, their value being £724,020. Surely, a
large proportion might have been grown at home. Our
total imports are given as amounting in value to
£420,691,997, while we export no more than a
quantity the value of which is given at £328,252,118.

Home Correspondence.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF ROSE AMATEURS —
Though heartily agreeins with a great deal of what
" Rosa " writes on p. 639, respecting the above, I
must say I cannot follow him when he says the plan
of counting the number of ilants as a guide to the

bulk. More depends upon the staging than many
think, and it is not always the best Roses which win.
Such benefits as naturally- good Rose soil and shel-
tered or favourable positions can, I admit, not be
taken into due consideration when classifying exhi-
bitors. But we can do something towards making
things more fair for the smaller growers by limiting
the quantity of exhibition Roses to be grown by
any competitors in certain divisions. " Rosa "
rightly remarks that many small growers are found
among the leading prize-takers. Notably, Mr. A.
Slaughter, of Steyning. who has often taken very
high honours in the higher classes for amateurs.
Mr. Slaughter's ground is very small, and he has
room for but few plants, as I know. When a small
grower like this wins against heavy men, that is so
much more to his credit, I name Mr, Slaughter

To my mind this is plain enough. If he
cannot win against men of his own calibre,
why should he compete against little men ?
I quite agree with " Rosa " when he says, " Let the
best Roses win ; " and there are some small classes
set apart for all and any competitors at the National
Rose Society's shows ; but I do not think it fair to
compel small growers to compete against all who
choose to drop into their class. Perhaps if there were a
few more larger " open " classes, as well as some such
scheme as Mr. Grahame's, it would meet the difficulty
to a great extent. Many amateurs of my acquaint-
ance are very strongly in favour of Mr. Grahame's
idea. A. Piper.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.— I must really apologise
for again venturing to ask for space for a few lines.

FlO. 104. — PLAN OF WINTEB GABDEN AT MINLEV. (SEE P. 695.)

division one should compete in, is "impracticable.''
Why could not some local member of the National
Rose Society assist by checking the number of plants
of the varieties catalogued as exhibition Roses ?
This would very seldom be necessary, because almost
all exhibitors are already aware of the quantity of
plants each grows, more or less. Where it was doubted
if an exhibitor was competing in his right class, the
matter might easily be settled by a member of the
National Rose Society's committee visiting the
place. But I do not imagine we should often
be put to aoy such trouble, nor" do I for one
moment think rosarians are likely to give false
figures. "Rosa" is undoubtedly correct when he
mentions that one person will stage his blooms to
far more effect than another. I have seen exhi-
bitors fussing and troubling over their flowers for a
long time, and after all, one could sometimes choose
and stage a dozen from their spare blooms that would
win the prize against those first chosen ffoui tho

because his case shows very plainly what cultiva-
tion will do. The garden at Jarvis Villa is far from
an ideal Rose locality, either as regards its natural
soil or situation. Nothing but skill and a genuine
love for the Rose have gained Mr. Slaughter so
many prizes among growers of thousands compared
to his hundreds. This is also a case where taste-
ful and careful staging have assisted the exhibitor.
Every visitor to the National Rose Society's exhi-
biton for some years, must have noticed how every
little point was made to tell in Mr. Slaughter's
staging. What I consider unfair is, for a man with,
say, 2000 plants (of exhibition varieties), to compete
against the small grower, who has only 500, or some-
times less. Mr. Grahame's scheme avoids this un-
fairness as far as possible, and the objections to it,
on the ground of impracticability, do not seem to
me to be based on sound arguments. " Rosa " asks
where the injustice comes in, " so long as these large
growers do not show in their own larger classes."

which shall certainly be the last so far as I am
concerned in this discussion, to reply to Mr. Dod,
p. 651, where he makes the apology for a former
mistake by blaming Genera Plantarum as the culprit,
saying he got his reference to fruticose Sunflowers
from p. 376 of vol. ii. of that standard work.
Unfortunately for Mr. Djd's arguments, the re-
ference there is p. 585 of the Prodromus and not p. 590,
and is made to the whole genus of Helianthus con-
tained in De Candolle's Prodromus, commencing at
p. 585 of vol. v. Singularly enough, the No. 1 species
on that page is Helianthus annuus, there stated as a
native of Peru and not fruticose ; from this work we
also find reference to No. 26, H. procumbens and
H. verbesinoides, both from Peru, the latter the
fruticose one which Mr. Dod wishes to refer to at p.
591. We have also references in the Genera Planta-
rum to H. rugosus, another Peruvian species, and also
to Jacquin, Hort. Vindob., 1. 160, 161, who is the re-
cognised authority for H. tuberosus, being of South

708

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 12, 1891.

American origin. Steudel, on the authority of
Auton d« Arrabida, mentions H. brasiliensis and H.
herbaceus, both from Brazil. I read the Latin de-
scription of the Genera Ptantarum, referring to the
Helianthus as meaning the majority, North American,
and the minority Peru and Chili I have only A«a
Grav's Bot. N. U. S., tor 1878. to refer to at the
moment, and I fiad p. 228. sp. No. 15 is H. doroni-
coides, Lam., with no mention of tubers, and No. 16,
H. tuberosus, L., described as tuber-bearing and
there said to be naturalised in fence rows and around
gardens. I have also referred to Mr. Dod's writings
on II. doronicoides, vide Garden, September 20,
1881, where that gentleman states he is distributing
largely a plant which he thinks is H. trachelifolius
of Asa Gray, under the erroneous name of H. doroni-
coides, by which he received it. That he had long
since discarded H. doronicoides of Asa Gray, a
plant worse than worthless for ornamental purposes,
said to be a variety of H. tuberosus, but the roots are
not tuberous. The year following in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, September 12, 1885, p. 330, Mr. Dud
recommends H. doronicoides as a very ornamental
species, and he also mentions having received from
Ipswich another species which answers in all respects
to Asa Gray's H. latiflorus, under the name of H.
dorouicoides. The most curious deduction from all
this is, that neither of the four seems at all to agree
with Lamarck's H. doronicoides, mentioned by one
American botanist as having a branched stem, and
by Asa Gray as having showy heads. Whatever
result we may arrive at as to the native country, it
will not alter the fact that the Jerusalem Artichokes
arrived into Europe hpf'ore 1616 ad., and were first
conveyed there bv way of Brazil, and probably
Portugal. Wm, Etherington Dixon.

TOMATOS AND CUCUMBERS FOR MARKET,
ETC — In reply to jour correspondent, "N. II. C.,"
p. 651, I have tested for more than forty years
nearly all the new varieties of Tomatos and
Cucumbers as soon as sent out, and consider the
best Tomato for market purposes to be Ham Green
Favourite. It is a fine grower, heavy cropper, with
smooth, round, heavy fruit, solid, and of good flavour.
As regards Cucumbers, I may say, without fear of
contradiction, that Lockie's Perfection is the most
useful variety in cultivation, and, although rather
small, it is handsome, a wonderful cropper, and
of good eating. T. L.

CHRYSANTHEMUM ETOILE DE LYON —I Can-
not agree with what Mr. Ward says of this tine
variety. I have grown about thirty blooms of it this
season, most of the blooms 10 inches across, and
some more, and all were well up in the centre, the
petals well reflexed on the outsides of the bloom,
forming almost a globular outline, the colour of the
deepest pink in most of the late blooms. Now, what
more could be desired in a Japanese Chrysanthe-
mum, as the variety is a very vigorous grower, and
it forms a fine decorative plant tor the conservatory,
for which purpose it should be grown in quantity
C. IloffiU, The Gardens, SummerhiU, Kingswmford.

VARIEGATED PALM. — I took, some seven years
ago, at tne Chateau Talabot, at Marseilles, some seed
of Chamserops excelsa, from which I raised a great
number of plants, of which one is variegated. It is
perfectly healthy, but slow of growth, and it will be
some years before it produces sted of its own. J).,
Toulon.

PRIMULA NIVALIS.— On p. 680 of the Gardeners'
Chronicle lor Deceruner 5, Mr. Withers asks whether
Primula nivalis ot Pallas is found in Dahuria, and
whether it is known in Eoglisb gardens, and invites
me to answer the question. He rightly supposes
that the European alpine Primrose, with white
flowers, often sold in nurseries as P. nivalis, has no
right to that botanical name. Primula nivalis of
Pallas, discovered by that botanist in Siberia at the
end of the last century, has been and I believe still
is in cultivation at Kew, and I have had both seed
and plants irom that source. It has, however, dis-
appoints me, not having proved ornamental, or in
any respect superior to the far more common P.
d»nticulata, some forms of which it resembles. But
P nivalis is a very variable plant, having a wide
geographical range, which extends from the high
mountains in the North of Asia Minor, acoss
the Caucasus, and along the mountains which
separate the Russian Empire from the Chinese,
reaching nearly to the Pacific coast, and oc-
curring both north and south ot the Amoor.
About a year ago, I looked through a large series of
P. nivalis in the Kew herbarium, and the flowers

seem to get finer as the species extends eastward.
A very beautiful form, with large flowers of imperial
purple, is figured in Re-gel's Gartcnjlora, by the name
of var. Turkestanica ; but though seed of this
variety has been offered in Eogland, I never heard
that it has been successfully raised here. I believe
the Kew stock was from the Caucasus, where
E. Boissier {Flora Onentalis, vol. iv.1, describes
it as growing amongst masses of ice (moles gla-
ciates) at an elevation of from 6000 to 10 000 feet. It
probably owes its name to the snowy height at which
it flourishes rather than to the colour of the
flowers, which is usually purple, though rose-
coloured and white varieties occur, Its nearest
European relations are P. longifolia and P. farinosa.
Mr. Withers calls P. nivalis. " Fischer's Primrose."
The only Primrose of that district which I find in
the Kew Catalogue connected with Fischer's name is
a variety of P. longiscapa, a species having partly the
same range as P. nivalis, though distinct from it,
and said to extend into Dahuria. C. Wolley Bod,
Edge Hall.

HEAVY PITMASTON DUCHESS PEARS.— Observ-
ing in recent numbers ot the Gardeners' Chronicle
paragraphs concerning the weight of the above Pear,
I wish to add my note of information to the others.
We have here a tree which bore last year twenty-two
fruits, of which the six largest had the following
weights: — Two fruits, lib. 10 oz. each; two ditto,
rather over 1 lb. 9 oz each ; one ditto, 1 lb. 8i nz.,
and the other, 1 lb. 8 oz. ; total, 9 lb 6.J oz. The
rest were very fine fruits, the smallest weighing
1 lb. This present year, the same tree bore fifty-
four fruits, which averaged 1 lb. each. My employer,
who is a good judge ot fruit, pronounces them to be
in flavour and appearance, first-class. G. Afobbs,
Gardener, Becklands, Great Griiinby.

STANDS FOR THE EXHIBITION OF JAPANESE
CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— I agree with Mr. J. Duusilas
in his reraatks in the last week's issue of the Gar~
deners' Chronicle, respecting the size of stands for
the showing of Japanese Chrysanthemum blooms.
Now that these Chrysanthemums have grown to
an enormous size, the various Chrysanthemum
societies will do a good service to exhibitors if,
before they frame their schedules for next season,
thev will extend the size of stands for twelve blooms
to 28 by 22 inches, as recommended by Mr. Douglas.
At almost all exhibitions of Chrysanthemums com-
plaints are heard respecting this matter, and in my
humble opinion, these are not without foundation.
Doubtless judges of blooms at shows will appreciate
Buch an alteration of the size of stands as much as
the exhibitors themselves, as it must cause them
more trouble to examine the blooms when these are
crowded together than would be the case if they
were allowed more space, if. Milner.

A REMEDY FOR THE EUCHARIS MITE. — If
" W. A. S.," who enquired for a means of ridding
his bulbs of the mite, will procure some of Clibran'a
Eucharis Mite Killer and use it as directed, I
think be wi'l soon be rid of these troublesome
pests. I have used it for some time and with the
beet results, as our stock, which was at one time
badlv infested, is now quite clean and healthy.
T. Spencer, Goodrich Court Gardens, Boss.

HARDY CYCLAMENS— In reply to Mr. G. F.
Wilson's inquiry respecting the growing of hardy
Cyclamens, I may say that we have them growing
here in three d fferent situations, namely, at the foot
of Oak trees in turf, also amongst limestone rocks
shaded by overhanging trees, and in the open ; and
I find that those growing in the open beds are more
compact, and less drawn, and the blooms a little
finer than those growing under the shade of trees,
but with these exceptions, I find that those growing
under shade, flower quite as freely as those growing
in the open. The soil in which they are grow-
ing is a light sandy loam, overlving limestone
rock, and we are situated within 1 mile of the sea,
and at an elevation of from 70 to 80 feet above sea
level. B. Milner, Penrice Castle, Swansea.

THE CLIMBING VARIETY OF NIPHETOS ROSE.
— Y"iir correspondents in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
p. 651, evidently do not seem to have under-
stood my letter of the previous week, or, per-
haps, I was not sufficiently explicit. I intended to
convey the fact, that there need be no doubts what-
ever as to there being a climbing Niphetos Rose, as
even the old variety will climb far enough to suit
some requirements. I further remarked that I had
not observed a good plant of the climbing variety.

I did not convey the idea (at least 1 did not
think so) that there, were no good plants. I
merely stated the fa it that I had not seen one.
I have heard of gooa p ants, and some day I may be
able to see one. I have propagated plants from the
old stock, as Messrs. Keynes teims it, and have
found that when the plants are well established they
assume a sort of climbing habit, but not to such an
extent as to merit the term " climbing Rose." I
speak of propagation from cuttings. I have bad
very good plants in six months from cuttings taken
off in the spring. W. A. Cook, Compton Bassett.

CHRYSANTHEMUM MRS. ALPHEUS HARDY. —
Whilst looking through the plant-houses at Hill
Carr, Bowdon. a few days since, I was much struck
with a beautiful example of Chrysanthemum Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy. I was informed by Mr. Tibbies,
the gardener, that the plant in question was propa-
gated late in the spring of last year ; it was grown
on in an 8-inch pot, and in due time produced fine
Bmall flowers. Last spring this plant was placed in
a cool Azalea-house, where it has remained ever
since. It was kept in an 8-inch pot till the begin-
ning of August; the plant was then shifted to a
12-inch pot, and liberally treated, and it produced a
number of branches which were carefully trained to
wires on the roof of the house, and in close proximity
to the glass. It has produced forty-five beautiful
flowers, measuring from 5i to 81 inches in diameter,
and of a good depth, very pure in colour ; the hairs
on the petals, too, were well developed. This was
the most striking specimen of a Chrysanthemum
that I have seen this season. I enclose two flowers.
H. Ellis, Bowdon.

MAMMOTH CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— It is hardly
possible to hud for some ol tDe Japanese Chrysan-
themums of somewhat recent introduction a moie
appropriate appellation than that of mammoth. It
is sincerely to be hoped that in Etoile de Lyon,
probably the largest of all the section, we have
reached the maximum of size, although some few
others run it very close. With, perhaps, one special
exception — that of Viviand Morel, which is. pro-
bably, the best of all recently-introduced Japanese
varieties, the more newly introduced large- flowered
sorts are of no very special value, except so far as
size may be an element of admiration, when Etoile
de Lvon. Mrs. E. W. Clarke. Stanstead White, Mrs.
C. H. Wheeler, or Mrs. Falconer Jameson come
into the stands. Of other ordinary and probably
even-sized flowers, they not only spoil uniformity, but
add nothing to average excellence ; rather, perhaps,
the addition of these large flowers tends to dwarf
otheis, and so make the stands to appear less
meritorious than they really are. Judges should cer-
tainly lay some stress upon evenness [ They gene-
rally do bo. Ed ] which the introduction of one or
two big blooms into a stand of twelve flowers helis
materially to destroy. Mere size is not quali y —
indeed, many ot the large blooms are coarse. Then
their inclusion in Btands, because these stands are
made expressly for flowers of average dimensions,
helps also to cover or injure the other flowers. Jt
is very evident that only the use of large stant s
will enable these big flowers to be adequately dis-
played. It may be worthy the attention of Chrys-
anthemum show committees to consider whether it
is not well to establish a class for these largest blooms,
and thus attract these giants from their ordinary
classes. The result would materially be helped if
judges were specially invited to make average even-
ness of sizf in the flowers au important element in
making the awards. A. D.

BURNT EARTH IN THE PROPAGATION OF
PLANTS. — Sometime since your columns contained
remarks from various correspondents concerning the
uses of burnt earth in plant-culture, so that the fol-
lowing, which I came across recently in the Flori-
cultiiral Cabinit for the year 18-1-1 p. 43, will most
likely prove of interest. It is headed, " On Striking
Cuttings in Burnt Clay'': — "Having been very
successful in striking cuttings of m arly every kind
of stove and greenhouse plants, I have in my collec-
tion (which consists of most of the usual handsome-
flowering, shrubby kinds) in burnt clay. I am induced
to recommend the plan to others. Burnt clay has
the propeity of absorbing ammonia fum the atmo-
sphere, which affords a constant and regular stiinu us
to the cuttings, and enables them to send out the
radical fibres very quickly. G. B." Whether the
more rapid emission of roots by the use of burnt
earth iB an established fact, I cannot say [Yes, in our
expeiience. Ed.], but I can testify to its value among
alpinee, ttu4 ftlso JB the kitchen garden, and by its

Decembeb 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

709

iparae use in gardens generally, I am fully con-
vinced that, we are constantly setting aside a very
useful and valuable agent in all that pertains to the
garden and farm. J,

A PLEA FOR THE UNLUCKY GARDENERS.—
There cau be uo two opinions as to the craftsman
with theoretical and practical knowledge having an
infinite advantage over the craltsman with practice
only, and so I cordially agree with all that has been
written from time to time concerning the careful
study of good books, of evening classes, and social
gatherings, with a view to the encouragement of
recording experiences, and exchanging ideas. It is,
however, rather hard on the poor gardener who is
out of place, and often through no fault of his own,
to brand him as an ignoramus, and to say that bis
present unhappy position is due to his past neglect
to read, mark, and learn. As an old traveller, I
have again and again come in contact with those
persons who perpetually complain ol the lack of goud
gardeners and all that soit of thing, and secretly
know them to be exacting aud merciless creatures,
whom no man could satisly and please. I know
some of them, too, as individuals who have risen in
the world by leaps and bounds, and they, having
escaped the wuods, of course, can whistle. We are
all of us, I tear, apt to lorget in prosperity the days
of our adversity ; and here I cau lay it down as a
fundamental fact, that it does not always follow that
learned gardeners command all the best places. I
can, and do, speak with some authority on this point,
because, for many years, I had charge of the
gardeners register at the great Exeter Nur-
sery, from whence eminent gardeners have been
scattered far and wide, and I have often
proved that an ordinary gardener, possessing tact
aud influence, generally did well. It is, of
course, equally true that a gardener having tact and
intiiiHcce, together with theoretical and practical
knowledge, would stand a chance of doing still
better, apart from the old saw, that once a man
having gained the reputation for early rising, may
lie in bed all day ; and so I quite expect that the
'■ men ol mark" mentioned by Mr. Buvbidge. owe
their distinction in a targe measure to tact and
patronage. For instance, there would have been no
Sir Joseph Paxtoii had there not aiso have been a
Duke of Devonshire; and my late lamented friend,
John Dominy, would probablv have gone down to
his grave a poor obscure Devonshire gardener,
instead of an Orchid specialist and hybricliser,
but for the great house of Veitch. If space per-
mitted, I could cite plenty of similar parallels; 8nd
also of the clever gardeners who, through the tangled
skein of causes, have been driven out of the pro-
fession altogether, to seek refuge in petty husbandry;
O'.hers fis greengrocers or publicans, and not a few,
a as ! into the poor- houses. I am often grieved to
see the intellectual men who haunt the London
nurseries for berths, or even temporary employment
as garden labourers. W. Sapper, Che/sea.

VIOLAS v. TUFTED PANSIES —Should Violas be
called l'uited Pansies ? Tuis is a question regarding
which 1 thought it would be well, some time ago, to
endeavour to elicit an opinion which would be
authoritative for everyday use, and, therefore, I
wrote to a number of the most noted trade and
private growers, asking an expression of opinion on
this point. In every case, with one exception (Mr.
T. S. Ware), the term was disapproved of, and the
great majority expressed themselves in favour of
re'ainingand usingonly theold nameof "Viola." The
letters speak for themselves, and yourreadeis will,
n> doubt, have pleasure in perusing them, seeing
th>-y are all from well-known growers. Wm. Cuth-
bcrtson, of Dobbie if Co., Rothesay.

'We are strongly of opinion that Violas should
still be called Violas. Any attempt to alter the
name to Tufted Pansies — a most misleading name — ■
will never meet with our support. R. B. Laird ,j- Sons,
Edinburgh.''

" I cannot see why the name should be changed
from Viola to Tutted Pansv. I think the words
" Tufted Pansy " are quite misleading, and cannot
understand how they have ever been used. Viola, I
consider, is the proper name, and anyone with a
knowledge of Pansies knows very well that a Viola
is quite distinct from either a show or fancy Pansy.
John Downie, 144, Princes Street, Edinburgh."

"In answer to your enquiry, we are of opinion
that the name 'Tinted Pansies' is misleading.
There is no such nine. It originated, we think, in
the mind of the eu tor of the Garden. Bedding
Pansies and Violas :u. n>w so much crossed and

mixed up with each other, that the only proper name
is Bedding Pansies aud Violas, or, it preferred,
Bedding Violas. We shall never call them Tutted
Pansies in our lists. James Cocker <$" Sons, Aberdeen."
" We think Violas the simplest name, and the
one they are best known by. Paul if Son, The Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt."

" May I suggest the term ' Bedding Pansies ' be
adopted in prelerence to either of the above (Violas
or Tulted Pansies). I do not like the word ' Tutted,'
and am of opinion that by distinguishing them as
bedding Pansies, it would tend more than ever to
popularise them for that purpose, to which they are
so eminently suitable, George Phippcn, E.R.H.S.,
Reading."

" I have always condemned the use of the words
' Tufted Pansies ' to our Violas, as misleading and
incorrect, and my strong condemnation in my various
communications to the gardening press is proof of
my disapproval. The botanical aspect should be
left out of the question. William l)tan, Sparkhill,
Birmingham."

" I think you are doing a good work in trying to
settle the question you have in hand. I should
certainly say Tulted Pansies is at once a far more
descriptive and common-sense term than Violas,
and much more likely to be properly understood by
the general public. Thos. S. Ware, Tottenham."

"I have always considered Tufted Pansies a nonsen-
sical name, as many of them are not tufted in growth at
all. W. E. Gumbteton, Belyrove, Queenstown, Ireland."
" ' O save thee ancient mariner

From the friends that plague thee thus.'
I am always delighted to applaud anything praise-
worthy in our young florists, but in this case we are
reminded of the dictum of Solomon, ' He thai spareth
the rod,' &c. In ehort, the term ' Tulted Pansies '
would not accurately describe the habit of some of
the best Violas, as some of the varieties are some-
what straggling, ' not tufttd'in growth. As Viola
has a sweeter sound, is distinct from Pansy — as the
flower also is ; and looking at the matter broadly, I
see little to warrant the change of name. John Baxter,
Daldowie, Broom/toute, Glasgow."

" I am iu receipt of your favour re ' Tufted Pansies
V, Violas.' I object to the former name as being in-
accurate in two particulars. Violasare not Pansies, and
are not, with the exception of half-a-dozen varieties
— tufted. While all Pansies are Violas, no Viola
except tricolor, and such as have been derived from
it, is entitled to the name of Pansy. The question
as to whether Violas not ' tufted ' — or stoloniferous
— in habit are descended from V. tricolor is quite
another matter. J. D. Stuart, Scwforge House, Ma/one,
Belfast. T S. — Besides the reason assigned, my old-
fashioned conservatism clings affectionately to the
old and simple name of Viola. Ii a new name is to
make headway aud become popular, it must have
something either in sense or sound to give it a
' boom.' Now 1 think the new name does not fill
the bill in either of these particulars. J. J). S."

"I prefer the original designation, namely, Viola.
' Tufted Pansy ' is both misleading and inaccurate.
Captain J. A, King, Glazcrt Bank Mouse, Lennox-
town."

" If it is purely a question of giving the flower its
right name, I do not see why the word 'tufted'
should be introduced at all. Henry Hamilton, Loch-
toinnoch."

"I am strongly in favour of the use of the term
'Viola,' and think that the term 'tulted Pansy' is
n-itber attractive, descriptive, nor harmonious, and
should be discarded. All our Pansies are Violas,
according to the genus, and the nearest relation, and
least removed from the wild types, is the Violaot com-
merce ; next in relationship comes the faucy Pansy,
and after that the show Pansy. If we stick to the
hard and last rule of their natural order, we would
leave out the term Pansy altogether, and name the
three types in the following order, Viola, fancy
Viola, and show Viola. The terms show Pansy,
fancy Pansy, and Viola, have been used without
comment, until the recent term, ' Tufted Pansy,'
crept in. It Violas were all tufted in habit, we
might retain the term, but in named varieties not
oue in t. elve is tutted. Like most young growers
and writers on the subject of Pansies and Violas, I
have been using the term tulted Pansy recently, aud
from older and more experienced growers 1 have had
threatening letters, two being particularly notice-
able— one from Birmingham, and the other from
the land of the ' Immortal Dan.' George McLeod,
F.R.H.S., Chinyford, Essex."

Scotland.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The monthly meeting of this Association was
held in the Rooms, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edin-
burgh, on Tuesday evening, December 1, 1891, the
President, Mr. W. M. Welsh, in the chair. After
the usual preliminaries, a number of new members
(including five life members) were proposed and
elected, a fact which testifies that the interest in the
Association is in no way diminishing. A paper,
the subject of which was " Gardeners and Garden-
ing : North !'. South,'' by Mr. J. Muir, Margam
Park, Wales, was, in the absence of the writer, read
by Mr. Robert Laird, Secretary of the Association.
He paid a high compliment to the Scottish Horti-
cultural Association, assuiing its members that there
was no other similar, of equal merit, in the many
institutions he knew in the South. He regretted
being unable to be present to read his paper, and
asserted that no country in the universe produced
such qualified gardeners; this was admitted by
impartial judges, and it was equally admitted that
Scotsmen must "come over the border " to become
fully qualified ; that the leading gardeners in
Scotland are indebted to their sojourn in the
south for a great amount of their eminence.

The home-made Scots gardener is, as a rule,
too sell-opinionated to be an agreeable success, and
requires experience and a " widening of asso-
ciations " to qualify him as a perfect gardener. He
advised young gardeners in Scotland not to lose sight
of gaining experience in the Sjuth, they acquire in
addition to an insight into their profession, culture
of manner, and language. He had a difficulty in
deciding which was the least worth, an English or
Scots apprentice, when just out of their time. The
S;ots journeyman was an adept at digging and
outdoor-work, the English mainly indoor, aud in
choosing a beginner he had a decided preference for
the spade hand, as he asserted that the knowledge
of handling a spade and power of performing hard
work had secured for Scots gardeners the eminence
they have attained elsewhere. In Scotland and the
North, where one instance of the means exists for
gardeners to perfect themselves in all kinds of under-
glasswork, in the South there are twenty, and it is only
in the combination of the two experiences that the
young Scotsman can hope for success in life, and it
is only when his ambition is fired by what he sees in
the South that he can hope to shine as a gardener,
and then he rarely makes the mistakes common to
Englishmen, of indulgence in frivoiom compauy and
amusements. Scotsm n are not often found in single-
handed situations in England ; he is more ambitious,
and in this respect many young Euglish gardeners
are left behind. Head gardeners are well aware of
the advantage of having a trustworthy and industrious
man, which he fiuds in the young Scotsman, who
thereby secures a leading position amongst young
gardenem, who often secure good places in England,
and only return to the old country when they are
assured by their experience in the South of a position
both as gardeners and as members of the community,

The southern gardeners are better decorators than
the northern, and many admirable cultivators in the
latter are not able to display their produce to equal
advantage with the former. Dinner-talle and other
decorations are greatly neglected in Scotland, and
northern gardeners, with other excellent abilities
have failed to give satisfaction to southern employers.

England far excels Scotland in its exhibitions,
from a southern point of view. The Royal Cale-
donian Horticultural Society is not credited with
perfect management — quite the reverse, although
regarded as the leading Society iu Scotland, there
are many admirable men oa the c iiiim ttee who tail
to assert their rights, and allow their duties to be
monopolised to a great extent by one or two mem-
bers, and the result is, the show is regarded as a
partisan one. They would not tolerate anything of
this kind in the South; the Sotch shows are not
regarded in the Sjuth as patterns, and th'y had

710

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891,

nothing to learn from them, although the facilities
in the North are second to none.

Much superb produce seen in England is never
seen in the North, and vice vend ; England excels
in specimen-plants, Scotland in Grapes and vege-
tables. In plant culture England has no equal,
and they have a more ardent love for flowers than
the Scotsfolk, which it was to be hoped the Asso-
ciations in Scotland would use efforts to alter, and
foster a desire for flowers and gardening.

The economy of the South in their gardens was
greater than in the North, the huge kitchen gardens
from which only one crop a year was obtained in Scot-
land, are almost uuheard of in England, where suc-
cessional crops are the rule, and this all-the-year-
round supply system interests the cultivators and
gives general satisfaction. The walls in the North
are generally so well managed, that the Scots
gardener misses them in the South, as in the training
of fruit trees Scotland sets an example to the world,
and it is a telling qualification.

The Royal Horticultural Society of London has
no parallel in Scotland, to its deliberations and
management all who patronise horticulture are
greatly indebted. By its rules, new or old pro-
ductions claiming distinction must be tested under
the most practical supervision before being recom-
mended to the public, and the " weeding out " in this
way is a benefit of the greatest magnitude to growers.
It is remarkable how few new and meritorious plants,
fruits, flowers, and vegetables appear there and win
distinction from Scotland. This is to be attributable
to the disinclination of the northerns to improve
the different forms of vegetation, as it cannot bear
the construction of inability. The deficiency of
Scotland in horticultural literature was dealt with at
some length, and was pointed out as a weak part of
the system of horticulture that could be remedied.
Scots gardeners in England were always anxious to
be informed of the progress of Horticulture in Scot-
land, which he thought, would never be thoroughly
done from London. After remarks upon the nursery and
seed trade in Scotland, and their travellers, the paper
concluded that much of interest had been left unsaid,
but while Scots gardeners can very well hold their
own against all comers in Scotland, their profes-
sional countrymen in the South were a highly
respected class of men ; their positions are partly
accountable for this form, but the proverbial honesty
of character and their persevering disposition are
the qualities which secure for them the greatest
distinction.

The paper caused considerable discussion, and
was on the whole well appreciated, although some
members were inclined to resent what they thought
a too great freedom of the privileges of a paper not
read by the author. The Chairman, proposed a
hearty vote of thanks to the writer, whom he
described as an excellent Scotch gardener of a modest
and even retiring demeanour, and if he had found
fault, he had also patted them on the back, which the
large assembly quite willingly accorded.

A fine collection of American Apples, consisting
of forty-four dishes, were exhibited, sent by the
Director of the Government Pomological Depart-
ment, United States of America, as a fair sample of
the Apple produce in several of the States, of which
Peck's Pleasant, Ben Davis, a highly-coloured and
excellent fruit, varying very much in the size of its
fruit in the different examples shown from three
States; Baldwin, Roxburgh Russet, Northern Spy,
Pomone Gris, and others were fairly good examples,
and were commented upon as not equal to the pick
of the Canadian examples of the same sorts sent here
for sale in the markets.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman closed the
meeting, which was largely attended.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural.
The annual meeting of the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society was held in Do well's Rnoms,
Edinburgh, recently, Mr. D. P. Laird presiding.
The accounts for the year ending November 30 were
submitted by the treasurer, Mr. P. Neill Eraser, and

showed the receipts to have been £2 281 Sfl.,
and the expenditure £2 337 10s. 4t?., the latter
including £906 as expenses for the spring and
international shows, and £1,324 11*. 6<7. in premiums
at those shows. In addition to the money prizes,
plate to the value of £57 13s. was presented to suc-
cessful competitors by nurserymen and others. The
capital value of the funds at date was £1,174 Is. 4d.,
being a decrease of £63 5s. 2d. on the previous
year. Mr. Welsh, in moving the adoption of the
report and a vote of thanks to the treasurer, said the
statement just submitted was a very gratifying one.
The decrease in the funds was very small, consider-
ing the great show that had been held in September,
and which had given a stimulus to horticulture which
more than compensated for the slight diminution of
the funds. Mr. William Young stated that there
was not another horticultural society in Britain that
paid so much in prize money as the Royal Caledo-
nian. The report was adopted. Colonel Wauchope,
of Niddrie, was elected a vice-president of the
society, in room of Lord Melville, who retired by
rotation, and two members of council were ap-
pointed. The chairman mentioned that the society
had arranged to hold three shows next year — in the
spring, summer, and autumn ; and they had every
reason to hope that the year would be as successful
as in the past, and that the society would continue
to maintain the premier position. Mr. Macmillan
and Mr. D. Thomson were elected members of the
council.

Glamis Castle Gardens.

These gardens have many features, the splendid
collection of Conifers being particularly noteworthy.
Probably, however, Glamis Castle Gardens are most
famed for the production of fruits under glass. On
visiting them this autumn we were agreeably sur-
prised to find some old Vines carrying capital
bunches of Grapes, the Muscat Hamburgh being in
very fine condition. Lady Downe's, Muscat of Alex-
andria, and Madresfield Court, were equally good.
Some recently-planted Gros Colmar and Muscat of
Alexandria Vines had made vigorous, short-jointed
growth, which cannot fail to give grand results. At
each end of these vineries are two Peach-houses,
filled with well-trained trees. Mr. Whitton, the
gardener, spoke very highly of Red Magdalen,
Sulhamstead, Hale's Early, Dymond, and Walburton
Admirable, also Pitmaston Orange and Elruge
Nectarines.

A collection of Figs is being made, and many sorts
are now under trial, both in pots and planted out.
Several houses are also devoted to Melons ; these
structures are wide, three-quarter spans, and give
very satisfactory results. The only variety grown is
a sort raised at Glamis Castle, and named Lord
Strathmore ; it is a fine-sized fruit, rather flattened,
and somewhat ribbed, of the scarlet-flesh section.

Many houses are devoted to the culture of deco-
rative plants, Orchids, &c. Carnation \ Souvenir de
la Malmaison was in grand form, and amongst other
subjects were huge batches of Dracsenas, Kentias,
Asparagus tenuissimus, Begonias, Crotons, &c.
Some well-grown zonal Pelargoniums were carrying
a fine crop of flowers, the double kinds being most
liked for cutting. Two very striking double sorts
were Florence, 'a pure white, with a fine compact
habit ; and Jules Simon, pink. Clerodendron fallax
was exceptionally well done. The plants had been
raised from seeds sown in spring, and were growing
in 5-inch pots; each plant had a finely-developed
panicle of flowers, about a foot through, and rather
more in height. This subject is treated strictly as
an annual, and this appears to be the proper mode
of cultivation of it. Among other things, we noted
fine examples of Alocasia Sanderiana, A. Lowii,
Andromeda metallica, Anthurium crystal. ir.um and
A. Veitchii, Tillandsia Lindeni, and of the variegated
Ficus elastica. Pitcher Plants are also well-grown,
especially Nepenthes edinensisX, N. Findleyana,
N. Lawrenceana, N. MastersiiX, N. Rafflesiana,
N. Harkeriana, and most of the leading sorts. In
the conservatory the old Fuchsia fulgens bore many
drooping corymbs of its bright red flowers ; Cassia

corymbosa was almost smothered with its yellow
flowers.

Cool Orchids were also very well grown, espe-
cially Masdevallias. Odontoglossums were also
well represented, especially the crispum section, ef
which there were many fine varieties. Masses of
0. grande, Miltonia vexillaria, Oncidium tigri-
num, Sophronites grandiflora, Ccelogyne cristata,
and Cypripedium in variety, were likewise notice-
able. In another house, Dendrobiums, Cattleyas,
Lrelias, Vandas, and the warmer Oncidiums, were
skilfully arranged to suit their requirements.

Considerable attention has been given to Apples
and other hardy fruits, but comparatively few
varieties seem to be really worth growing here ; as
cordons, however, several varieties do exceedingly
well — notably, Warner's King, Djchess of Olden-
burg, Stirling Castle, Northern Dumpling, Cellini,
Lord Grosvenor, and Lane's Prince Albert. As
orchard trees, Aitken's No. 2, Beauty of Moray,
Keswick Codlin, and Tower of Glamis, are by far
the most satisfactory. With the exception of some
of the earlier and older sorts, Pears are not often a
satisfactory crop. F. E.

ANGR.ECUM EBUBNEUM.

In nearly every collection of Orchids the above
plant is to be found, and it is therefore not with any
intention of introducing a novelty that I make a
note of it. It is not everywhere, however, that one
sees a plant similar to that owned by Bailie
McDonald, Ardrossan.N.B. The planttowhich Irefer
is a splendidly-cultivated specimen, which reflects
credit on Mr. Murray, the grower. The plant stands
about 4 feet out of its pot, and is composed of eight-
teen pairs of fine strong leathery leaves, which are
so closely and evenly grown, that not the slightest
particle of light is discernible between the foliage ;
just now the plant has four stout flower-spikes,
heavily laden with rich ivory-white blossoms. Other
kinds of Orchids are equally well grown, and one of
the finest forms of Odontoglossum grande is enliven-
ing the conservatory. Dendrobium Phalsenopsis is
well represented by three well-flowered spikes, and a
huge mass of Laelia albida, with nineteen flower-
spikes, is noteworthy ; the latter is growing in stove
temperature. Of Cattleyas, many fine forms of
Trianae, Mendelii, Mossire, and others, are now
making good sheaths. Odontoglossums are grown
well in a lean-to Peach-house, which, though rather
lofty for its present use, suits the requirements of the
plants perfectly, and many fine strong bulbs are
being made. Scottie,

The Rosery.

WORK IN THE ROSE GARDEN.

Although the operations to be performed in the
cultivation of out-of-door flowers are very much the
same from year to year, yet the character of the
seasons makes a considerable difference sometimes
in the period, and at other times in the manner, in
which they are done. For instance, I hardly recollect,
except perhaps in that woeful year, 1879, a season
when the necessary operations in the Rose garden
have been so long delayed. The excessive wet of the
month of October had a two-fold effect — it prevented
the nurserymen from lifting their plants, and when
their orders were executed, it prevented those who
ordered them from planting. For weeks the ground
was in such a state, owiDg to the excessive rains,
that it was impossible to get npon it, and it has
been, in consequence, one of the most trying seasons
for nurserymen that they have experienced of late
j ears. Writing at the end of October, one wrote to
me, saying, "I had just begun lifting my Roses, and
when they were raised, the same cause militated
against putting the plants into their position in the
Rose garden, for it is much b< tter to delay this for
weeks even, rather than to plm.t when the ground is
in an unfit condition ; consequently they have been
just ' laid in ' until a suitable time comes."

Decembee 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

711

I have every reason to be satisfied with the results
of the plan I have adopted of late years, viz., that of
cutting out the old flowering wood, and leaving only
those strong shoots which form the hope of the next
season. Two objects are secured by this— the opera-
tion of pruning in the spring, when there is so much
work to be done in the Rose garden, is considerably
lessened, and the wood gets more thoroughly
ripened, which is a most important factor in suc-
cesslul Rose-growing. Of course, this does not
apply to Tea Roses, which had better be left alone.
It is still a moot point whether these require much
pruning ; there are many very successful growers of
Tea Roses who say, do not prune them at all, but
merely shorten the shoots. Tea Roses keep going
on much later in the autumn than the H.P.'s,
and consequently there is a considerable quantity of
solt unripened wood, which in severe winters is sure
to be cut up by the frost, but in mild winters will
remain fresh and green. I do not think we should
be deceived by this, but cut it away, leaving the
heads to start afresh for the year's growth.

In planting, I am more and more persuaded it is
well to avoid mixing up manure with the soil, and
that the best way is to take out (where the beds are
to be replenished) the old soil, loosing that in the
bottom of the hole, then placing some rotted turf
(the top spit of a pasture where the soil is good is
the most suitable) ; this should be well chopped up
with a spade, and the roots evenly distributed when
planted, and then pressed firmly down. I have said
the turf should be taken from a pasture where the
soil is good, for some people seem to have a notion
that, provided they get the top spit, this is of no
consequence. This is a great mistake ; the rotted
turf is a good thing, but it is of importance that the
soil be such as the Rose delights in.

In ordering Ro3es to replace those which it is
decided to weed out, the question will come before
the amateur, " On what stock shall I have my plants ? "
The answer to this question must be regulated by
the situation of the garden, and the character of the
soil. There has been of late quite an onslaught on
the Manetti as a stock. Everything that was bad
was Baid of it ; its days were numbered, it would
soon be a thing of the past, and such like
Cassandra-like prophecies were Ireely indulged in.
For all soils and situations, the seedling Briar or the
Briar cutting was recommended. Now we are as a
nation fond of running into extremes, and from being
extolled to the skies, it has now become the fashion to
denounce the seedling Briar ; but there are some things
in its favour. In the first place, it is an early stock ;
the sap begins to rise early, and this causes the Rose
budded on it to start early. Now where a grower
who desires to exhibit lives in the colder or less
favoured parts of our islands, this is a great boon.
We have seen how the Messrs. Harkness, of Bedale
in Yorkshire, have more than once carried off the
Challenge Trophy at the National, and their plants
were on the Manetti ; so that for all districts north
of the Trent and in the Midlands, I believe it to be
a most valuable stock, while it would be simply im-
possible to propagate new varieties without it. Then
it is, I think, better suited for light soils than the
Briar. We all know that the wild Rose revels in
the clayey loam of our woodlands and hedgerows,
that it pushes its way with fleetness through great
depths of soil, and then flings its branches overhead
laden with its chaste lovely flowers ; but it does not
flourish so in our lighter soils — its roots are few, while
the Manetti is furnished with an abundance of them,
and so in a light soil these roots are able to draw a
larger amount of nourishment from the soil around.
I do notmpan to say that the stock will not thrive in
stiff soil ; some of the finest plants I have ever seen at
Mr. T. B. Hall's, at Larchwocd, RockfeWy, were on
this stock. When we praise the Manetti, we are
told, " Oh ! but the Roses have got on their own
roots." Perhaps so ; but is not this an advantage ?
when budded low, the point of junction is buried, the
Rose will soon emit roots, and thus the plant has a
doublechance. There is one thingabout which caution
is needed. There are some varieties of H.P.'s which
have a good deal of Tea blood in tbem , Captain Christy,

La France, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, &c. ; these ought
never to be budded on the Manetti, but, like the
pure Teas, be given to the fostering care of the Briar.
I have been told that the Manetti is short-lived, yet
I have a couple of plants of oouvsnir de la Malmaison
budded on this stock which are now forty years old.
They are pruned hard every year, and every year, espe-
cially in autumn, they give me an abundance of very
lovely flowers. Its great defect is its habit of throw-
ing up suckers from below the junction, and this
has to be carefully watched against, for unlike the
Briar, the foliage is very similar to that of the Rose,
and hence one often hears from inexperienced hands,
" I cannot understand whv this Rose will not flower.
It grows most vigorously, but I cannot get it to
bloom." On examination it has been found that
instead of a Rose, he has got a most sturdy bush of
Manetti.

In planting Tea Roses where the situation is low
and the soil heavy, the best plan is to raise the beds
over the ground-level some few inches or so, just as
is done in Potato culture on what are called " lazy
beds " in Ireland ; but it is questionable whether, in
such situations, Tea Roses will thrive, for although
I do not agree with the assertion of many successful
growers of this class of Roses, that it is useless to
try and grow them unless the garden is some
400 feet above sea-level. This observation, I think,
arises from experience in the wet and damp
West of England, and not in the dry climate of the
Eastern Counties ; yet there can be little doubt that
they do prefer a diy situation, and one where the
roots are not water-logged.

Although I have deprecated the mixing of manure
with the soil when planting Roses, I am a strong advo-
cate of the liberal use of manure in mulching, and
this is better done at this time of the year, i e., when
it is more the desire of the grower to have his garden
neat in appearance than to obtain large exhibition
blooms. I find it best to throw a little earth around
the neck of each plant before laying on the manure,
which should be done very liberally, say, to the depth
of 6 inches, and letting it remain on the beds all the
winter, preventing the frost from reaching the roots.
All ihe fertilising salts are washed down by the winter
rains, and then in the spring all the long strawy part
is raked off, and the short portion gently forked in.
This long stuff I found very good for laying-up in a
heap and planting Vegetable Marrows upon ; there
remains a certain amount of heat in it, and the
plants start off rapidly.

I And it to be a good plan to somewhat shorten
the long shoots before the winter, cutting off a foot
or so, so that they are not so easily caught by the
wind ; and, as they are also somewhat steadied by the
mulching, it obviates the necessity of staking them.
With these precautions, our Roses are, I think, well
equipped for enduring the winter storms. Wild Rose.

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Decemher 8. — For the last meeting of the year,
there was an unusually fine display of bloom at the
Drill Hall, Westminster, but the attendance was
rather thin. Orchids formed the principal feature,
the collections shown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, M.P.,
Messrs. Sander & Co., Collins & Collins, and Pitcher
& Manda, being very fine. These are referred to at
length elsewhere. Late-flowering Chrysanthemums
were also well represented ; but those who visited
the exhibition for the purpose of seeing Hellebores
must have been disappointed. A few clumps in
pans were staged by various firms, but they were not
so numerous as was generally expected. Owing to
the unavoidable absence of Canon Ellacombe, too,
the lecture on " Hellebores " was postponed.

Floral Committee.
Present: W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. J. Liing, H. Herbst, B. Wynne, R. Dean,
T. Baines, H. B. May, F. Ross, W. C. Leach, C.
Jefferies.G. Phippen, H. H. D'Ombrain, C. E Pearson,
J. Walton, J. B. Poe, H. Turner, C. Noble, W. H.
Williams, H. Cannell, G. Paul, and W. Furze,

Chrysanthemums were the principal ftature in
this section, and the collection exhibited by Mr.
Owen, Maidenhead, attracted much attention. Most
of them were new English-raised seedlings and
American varieties, and many of the blooms were
noteworthy for their size and fresh nes9. The most
conspicuous was a massive bloom of a Japanese
incurved seedling named Robert Owen, said to be a
cross between Sarah Owen and an American
variety. The flower was of gigantic proportions, and
a pleasing golden bronze colour. Among other
varieties in this collection, the most noticeable were
Lizzie Cartledge (Japanese), pale pink centre, deep
rose edges, and silvery reverse ; Peter Blair (Japan-
ese), yellow, striped reddish crimson ; Mrs. Glad-
stone (Japanese), creamy-white, sulphury centre ;
Mr. John Frith, Japanese incurved, of a pale pink
colour, and hirsute petals in a slight degree ;
Rivelyn, a capital incurved of a golden bronze
colour; and Thomas Selwood (Japanese), yellow.

Mr. Wells, Earlswood Nurseries, Redhill, also
showed an interesting collection of Chrysanthemums,
many of them being single varieties. The flowers of
the latter were fresh, and of a useful decorative size,
affording a fine contrast to the double blooms.
These single Chrysanthemums might with advantage
be more generally grown.

Chrysanthemum blooms were also exhibited by
Mr. W. Whiteley, the Nurseries, Hillingdon, this col-
lection comprising good examples of Princess of
Teck and Mrs. Norman Davis. Mr. E. S. Wills, The
Gardens, Edgcote Park, Banbury, also sent flowers of
a white Chrysanthemum sport from Etoile de Lyon,
but it did not appear to possess any noteworthy
merit. Mr. G. Wythes, Syon House Gardens, showed
bloom9 of an apparently useful white Chrysanthemum,
named Duchess of Northumberland. Mr. C. Ross,
Welford Park, Newbury, sent a Chrysanthemum Mrs.
Pethers, with a sport in bloom growing from it ;
and Mr. Simpkins, gr. to R. Measures, Esq., Cam-
berwell, staged a flowering branch of an rmported
Chrysanthemum named Mrs. H. Simpkins. The
flowers of the latter were yellow, and of a feathery
character. From Messrs. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell
Nurseries, Nottingham, came blooms of Chrysan-
themum, E. G. Hill, a fine golden yellow.

Hellebores were shown by Mr. T. S. Ware, Tot-
tenham, who also sent several pans of Narcissus
monophyllus, a useful subject for forcing. Iris
Histrio, a charming little thing for winter flower-
ing was also exhibited by the same firm. Messrs.
R. Veitch & Co., Exeter, sent a fine clump of Helle-
borus niger major in bloom ; also one or two other
varieties. The dowers of the former were large, and
of a pure white colour.

A small collection of Begonia Winter Gem came
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nur-
series, Chelsea. The plants were small, but well-
flowered, and afforded ample proof as to the useful-
ness of this variety for blooming during the winter.
The same firm also sent cut blooms of hybrids
of Rhododendron javanico-jasminiflorum, amongst
which Duchess of Connaught, Princess Royal, Scarlet
Crown, and Princess Alexandra were the most
conspicuous.

Mr. W. Iggulden, Marston Gardens, Frome, sent
bracts of a seedling Poinsettia, and Mr. C. Turner,
Slough, Poinsettia major, but in neither case could
any distinct improvement on the type be seen.
Adiantum Rochfordi came from Mr. T. Rochford,
Turnford, Brockham ; Mr. L. Duval, Rue de Ermi-
tage, Versailles, sent plants of Vriesia cardinalisx ;
and Messrs. Prtchtr & Manda, Hextable, sent Zamia
integrifolia.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, had Primulas
in pots, and flowers of Leonotis leonorus ; and from
Mr. A. Waterer, Woking, came sprays of the Knap-
hill Oak, a scarlet-foliaged kind of remarkably rich
colouring. Messrs. Paul & Sons, Cheshunt, sent
specimens of a winter-flowering Canna named Presi-
dent Hardy ; and Mr. G. Fry, Lewisham, showed
a seedling Carnation with two distinct developments
on one head.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair ; and
Messrs. J. O'Brien, S. Conrtauld, T. B. Havwood,
J. Douglas, H. Ballantine, E. Hill, and H. M.
Pollett.

This meeting brought forth a fine display of
Orchids, several good groups being staged, the
brightest of which was that sent by Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., MP., the President of the Society,
and tastelully arranged by Mr. W. White, his O.cnid
cultivator. The group was in two divisions, the
larger one being made up of the beautiful Burford

712

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1S91.

Lodge hybrid Calanthes.and the smaller of fine plants
of many distinct lorms ol Cypripedium Leeanum, the
largest and most distinct of which was '.he fine C.
Leeanum giganteum described by Mr. Rolfe. The
Calauthes were a very bright group, consisting of
ab ut a score of plants of the richly -coloured C.
Veitchii splendens X.and as many of the delicate
blush-white C. rosea X, some well-bloomed plants
of C. Burtordiensis X, one of the brightest ol the
daik-crimson hybrids; a good lot of C. bellaX.a
dark form with white base to the lip, and dark-
crimson eye; the richly-coloured C. porphyrea X,
C. versicolor x , a new hybrid of the C. vestita
section, with flowers as large as C. v. gigantea, and
white with the exception of the centre, which has
blended tints of yellow and crimson — a curious
commingling of the two chief colours in C. vestita.
There were also some interesting new hybrids
springing from C. labrosa, one of the parents.

M>-ssrs. F. Sander & Co.. St. Albans, staged a
handsome group ol Orchids, consisting chiefly of rare
species and varieties, and among them a new
species of Cymbidium from Northern India,
and named 0. pulcherrimum, was a prominent
subject ; its graceful, arching, narrow foliage was
of the texture of that of C. eburneum, but the
stout scape which was curved downward, bore about
a dozen wax-like white flowers, each ol the segments
ot which had a dark crimson stripe, the petals also
having a flush of the same port-wine colour
in addition to the stripe. The richly-coloured
labellum was yellow at the base, with tine lines of a
crimson colour on the side-lobes, the middle-lobe
being rich yellow in the centre, and dark crimson on
each side of the blade ; column dark crimson with
yellow cap. The plant is good, and said to be
unique. Messrs. Sander also exhibited another very
rare Cymbidium, in C. cyperifolium, which has
flowers like those of C. giganteum, but with pure
white lip spotted with dark red. Among the Cypri-
pediums staged in this group were the noble
C. Leeanum giganteum X, C. L. excellensX,
C. L. superbum X, C. Niobe X, C. Pollettianum X,
C. radiosum x, and nine plants of the variable and
beautilul C. insigne montanum. Other good plants
in this group were two large ones of the
fragrant Tiichosma suavis, two Oattleya Hoifordii
(luteola), the delicately-tinted C O'Brieniana, Lrclia
autumnalis virginalis, Oacidium Rogersii, O cht- iro-
phorum, several Odontoglossum crispum, O. ramo-
sissimum, 0. rosaceum, Cattleya dolosa, Odonto-
glossum Roezlii album, Lycaste Skinneri alba, with
ten flowers and buds, Mormodes buccinator aurea, a
fine Vanda crxrulea. &c.

Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, The United States
Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent, had a fine group,
consisting mainly of rare Cypnpediurus, and among
which the variation among the forms of C. insigne
was remarkable, C. i. Amesianum, C. i. Eyermanuii,
and two or three other named kinds exhibiting very
curious and distinct features. Th^ir group also con-
tained several specimens of the rare C. Sallierii
Ilyeauum, oue of the large C. tonsutu superbum, C.
Arthunauum, and many others, one of the hand-
somest ot which was C. Leeauum Masereelianum.
Mt-ssrs. Pitcher & Manda also effectively worked
into their group the varieties of Ltelia autumnalis,
OJontoglossum Humeanum, and O Iusleayii.

Messrs. Collins & Collins, Cumberland Park Nur-
series, Willesden Junction, staged a fine group of
Cypripedium insigne, chiefly of the old type, and one
or two distinct and showy new varieties. The group
was set up with Ferns, &c, and had some good
Oncidium tigriuum and 0. pnetextum at the back,
and a few good pans of the scarlet Sophronitis
in front.

C. Ingram, Esq , Elstead House, Godalming (gr.,
Mr. Bond), sent a plant in flower of the beautilul
Dt-ndrobium Macfarlanei, whose flowers greatly
resemble those of a white Ltelia anceps ; also two
hybrid Cypripediums, the one between Chantinii and
Harnsianum nigrum X, and the other between C.
tonsum and C. Spicenanum, also C. radiosum X .

Baron Schroder, The Dell, E^ham (gr., Mr. II.
Ballantine), exhibited a fine spike of the new bright
rosy-crimson Schomburgkia Sandenana.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co. sent a good plant of
Cypripedium Leeanum Claptonense X , a flower of
good substance, and with a little purple colour in
the dorsal sepal.

Mr. Prewett. Swiss Nursery, Hammersmith, staged
a plant ot Dendrobium superbiens. Malcolm S.
Cook, Esq., Kingston Hill, exhibited a fine specimen
of Lielia albida with fourteen spikes, also cut
flowers of Ltelia elegans, Ctelogyne barbata, Cypri-
pediums, &c.

Messrs. Lewis & Co., Southgate, bad a small
group, with a fine large form of Cypripediutn
Curtisii, two plants of Zygopetalum Mackayii
ccerulescen8, Epidendrnm ciliare, and four good
forms of Odontoglo88um crispum; and C W. Lt-a,
Esq., Parkfield, Hallow, Worcester, gr., Mr. A. G.
Catt, exhibited a fine spike of O. coronarium, to
which a Cultural Commendation was given.

E. H. Woodall, Esq., St. Nicholas House, Scar-
boro', sent a fine spike of Lailia anceps grandiflora.

Fruit Committee.

Present : Philip Crowley, Esq., in the chair ; Dr.
Hogg, Rev. W. Wilks, and Messrs. J. Lee, R. D.
Blackmore, Harrison Weir, G. W. Cummins, C.
Ross. A. H. Pearson, W. Warren, T. J. Saltmarsh,
A. D-an, W. Bates, W. Denning, G. Wythes,
J. Hudson, H. Balderson, F. Lane, J. Smith,
J. Cheal, and P. C. M. Veitch.

A capital lot of Apples, comprising fifty-two
dishes, was exhibited by Mr. H. Alderman, gr. to
G. Hatfield, Esq., Morden Hall, Morden ; the
majority of the fruit in this collection was of a high-
class quality, the best varieties, however, being
Blenheim Orange. Peasgood's Nonsuch, Warner's
King, Alexander, Alfriston, and Wellington.

Mr. A. Verdon, Greyhound Hotel, Carshalton,
sent a dish of Apples of a large size, said to have
been gathered from a tree over a hundred years old,
which, moreover, seldom fails to bear fruit freely.
The name given it was Withington Fillbasket, and,
notwithstanding its age, the tree, in some seasons,
it was reportid, yields 20 bushels of fruit.

Miss M. MacKnight, Maldon Lodge, Wellington,
showed a dish of Croft Angry Apple ; and Mr.
J. Vass, Finches, Lindfield, sent a few dishes of
Apples and Pears of good quality. Mr. C. Turner,
Slough, staged a dish of Apples named A. F.
Banon, the fruit being of excellent shape, as also
were those of the new seedling Apple, Captain
Sanders, Bamples of which were shown by Messrs.
G. Paul & Sons, Cheshunt. From Messrs. W.
Paul & Sons, Waltham Cross, came a email collec-
tion of Pears, and Mr. A Colbourne, Woolhampton,
B^rks, sent a dish of German Apples.

Pines were grandlv shown bv Mr. T. Cnomber,
gr. to J. A. Rolls, E-q., The Hendre, Monmouth,
who sent three magnificent specimens of Charlotte
Rothschild and Smooth Conference. One fruit
of the first-named weighed 9 lb. 14 oz., and those
of the latter 8 lb. 4 oz. and 9 lb. 14 oz. respectively.
They were remarkably well grown.

Mr. E. Gilman, gr. to the Earl of Shrewsbury,
Ingestre Hall, Stafford, showed fruits of Ineestre
Hn brid Mr-Ion, a white-flesh variety ; and Mr. Walter
King, gr. to Philip Crowley, Esq., Waddon House,
Croydon, two fruits of the Citron, and a pot of the
same preserved. The latter waa of a brisk pleasant
flavour, similar to marmalade.

A dish of fruit of B^nthamia fragifera came from
R J. Wakes, Esq., Trevarrick, St. Austell, Corn-
wall. Three dishr-s of Tomatos, Improved Hack-
wood Park, were shown by Mr. H Wniteley. A few
Ouions came from Mr. E. J. Wills, Baubury.

List of Awards.
Orchid Committee.
Medals.
Silver Floral.
To Sir Trevor Liwrence, M.P., for group of Orchids.
To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, fur group of
Orchids.

Silver Banksian.
To Me=srs. Pitcher & Mauda, Hextable, Swanley, for group
Of Orchids.

Bronze Ban'xsian.
To Messrs. Collins & Collins, Cumberland Park Nursery,
Willesden, for group of Orchids.

Award of Merit.

To Messrs. F. San er & Co.. for Cypripedium Leeanum
gipanleum and Cvmbidium palcherrimum.

To Baron Schroder, for Schomburgkia Sanderiana.

To Sir Trevor Lawreuce, for Calanthe versicolor and Lee-
anum gigaiiteum.

To Messrs. pitcher & Manda, for Cypripedium Leeanum
Masereelianum.

Floral Committee.
Medals.
Bronze Banksinn.
To Mr. W. Wells. Earlswood Nurseries, Redhill, for a collec-
tion of Chrysanthemum blooms.
To Mr. Whiteley, Hillingdorj. for Chrysanthemum blooms.
To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for groupsof Hellebores, &c.

First-class Certificates.
To Messrs. Pitcher & Mauda, for Zamia integrifolia.
To Mons. L. Duval, Versailles, for Vnesia X cardinalis.

Award of Merit.
To Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead, for Chrysanthemums Henry
Perkiu-, Rivelyn, J. S. Fogg, Thus. Selwood, Lizzie Cartledge,
aud E G. Hill

To Messrs. Pearson & Sons, Nottingham, for Chrysanthemum
E. G. Hill.

Fruit Committee.

Medals.
Small Silver.
To J. A. Rolls, Esq., The Hendre, Monmouth (gr., Mr. T.
Coomber). for Piue-apples.

To li. Hatneld, Esq., Morden Hall (gr., H. Alderman), for
collection of Apples.

Cultural Commendations .

To Mr. J. Voss, Finches, Lindfield, for Pears Doyenne du
Cornice and Beurre Diel.

To Mr. H. Wniteley, Hillingdon, for Tomato Improved
Hackwood Park.

To Philip Cowley, Esq., Croydon (gr., Mr. W. King), for
fruits of Citron.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

December 7. — A meeting of the committee took
place at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet Street, Mr. R.
Ballantine in the chair, aud there was a large
attendance of members. Among the correspondenca
read was a letter from the Rev. W. Wilks, secretary
of the Royal Horticultural Society, announcing that
in reply to a representation from the committee of
the National Gbryi-antneuium Society, the November
meeting of the R.iyal Horticultural Society in 1892
would be held one week later than usual, so as not
to clash with the exhibition at the Royal Aquarium.
The secretary was instructed to convey the tbanks
of the committee to the Rev. W. Wilks for his
courtesy. A letter from Mr. J. H. Goodacre, of
Eivaston Castle Gardens, suggesting the adoption
of some means by which greater uniformity
in exhibiting blooms of incurved Chrysanthemums
could be secured, was referred to the Schedule revision
committee. Some awards recommended by the
Floral Committee at their meeting on October 28,
and by the judges at the November exhibition, were
approved. The Secretary reported the dispatch of
the Challenge Trophy to the Havant Chrysanthe-
mum Society, the holders of the same until November
next, and its safe arrival. Also that the special
prize fund, opened at the annual dinner, amounted
to £25, including a sum of £9 from Messrs. Reid
& Bornemann, nurserymen, Sydenham. A recom-
mendation from the Floral Cumuutte', in reference
to a suggested improvement in exhibiting blooms of
Japanese Chrysanthemums, was referrtd to the
Schedule revision sub-committee. Itwasresolved that
three exhibitions be held in 1892, viz , the usual early
show in September with Dahlias, oi e in October,
and one in November ; each exhibitu n to extend
over two days — these to take place, as usual, at the
Royal Aquarium, Westminster. The November
show to be held on Tuesday and Wdie.day,
November 8 aud 9; the dates ot the other- two
exhibitions to be suggested by the Schedule sub-
committee. The Chairman and Secretary were
requested to wait upon the Director of the Royal
Aquarium, to arrange. The following members were
appointed a Schedule subcommittee: — Messrs.
Addison, Bevan, Boyce, Crane, Gibson, Gordon,
Stevens, and Wynne, with the officers ex officio.
Twenty- four new members were elected, including
one Fellow; and the Havant aud Tenby (South
Wales) Chrysanthemum Societies were admitted to
affiliation. A hearty vote of thanks was passed to
Mr. Thomas Bevan, for providing the dessert and
arranging the floral decorations at the recent annual
dinner. A vote of thanks to the Cnairman brought
the proceedings to a close.

December 9, 10. — The early-winter exhibition of
the National Chrysanthemum Society was held at
the Royal Aquarium, Westminster, on the above-
mentioned dates, and, although small, was attrac-
tive. Chiysauthemums were not so numerous as
might have been expected, but those staged were
of fair quality. Neither were Cyclamens very
plentiful, whiie of Primulas only two or three lots
were shown, but in each case the plants were well-
flowered.

The principal features were the collections of cut
Chrysai th-raun s shown in bunches, the 1st prize
for which went to Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft nursery,
Lewishaui, for a meritorious lot. Tms exhibit con-
tained some capital blooms, remarkable tor their
freshness and the manner in which they were staged.
The fl »wers were bunched loosely, and shown with
Maidenhair F--rns. The 2nd prize in this class was
awarded to Mr. W. Wells, Earlswood nurseries,
Redhill, for a good collection of fresh blooms.

For twenty-four blooms, any varieties, Mr. T.
Taylor, gr. to Sir John Lubbock, Bart., High Elms,

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

713

Famborough, was 1st, with good flowers, conspicuous
amongst which were Lady Lawrence, Mabel Ward,
and Grandiflora ; and Mr. J. Brown, gr. to Mrs.
Waterlow, Great Doods, took 2nd honours.

Mr. C. F. Salter, gr. to Mr. T. B Haywood,
Reigate, was 1st fur twelve blooms, which included
good examples of Moonlight, Lady Lawrence, Carew
Underwood. Mr. G. Drover, and Sunflower ; Mr. C.
Cox. The Grange, Birchenden, was 2nd; and Mr.
H. Shoesmith, gr. to M. Hodgson, Esq., Shirley,
Croydon, a close 3rd. In both the latter stands the
blooms were fine, and very fresh.

Mr. Shoesmith took 1st prizp for twelve blooms of
Princess of Teck or any of its sports, with remark-
ably fine flowers for the time of year. The varie-
ties Bhown in this stand were Lady Dorothy, Hero
of Stoke Newington, C. Gibson, and the type. Mr.
Peter B'air. Trentharu, was 2nd, and Mr. W. W.
Gilbert, Norfolk, 3rd.

For twelve bunches of Japanese blooms, Mr.
Wells, Redhill, was 1st; Mr. J. Bridle, gr. to
R. Falconer James, Esq., Hessle, Hull, 2nd ; and
Mr. J. Browne, Great Doods, Reigate, 3rd. Mr.
Newell, gr. to Sir E. Saunders, Fairlawn, Wimble-
don Common, was 1st fur six bunches of Japanese ;
and W. A. Searing, The Gardens, Oakshott, Seven-
oaks, 2nd.

For twelve bunches of Japanese blooms. Mr. Lang,
gr. to Miss Smith, King's Hide, was 1st ; Mr. Taylor,
2nd ; and Mr. W. W. Gilbert, 3rd.

The best epergne was shown by Mr. C. Ings, gr. to
Sir Spencer Wells, Bart., Golder's Hill, Hampstead,
that of Mr. Newell being placed 2nd ; Mr. W. A.
Searing was 3rd.

In the miscellaneous classes, Messrs. Cannell &
Sons showed a nice collection of Chrysanthemum
blooms and plants of Primulas, for which a Silver
Medal was awarded. Similar honours went to
Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, Hextable, for a group of
Cypripediums ; to Messrs. Clibran & Sons, Al-
trincham, for a collection of Chrysanthemums; and
to Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead, for Chrysanthemums.

Messrs. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, staged a group
of miscellaneous plants, and Mr. J. Bateman, gr. to
Mrs. King, Southwood, Sydenham, a collection of
Primulas. Cylamens were best shown by Mr. David
White.gr. to Mrs. Farrell Watson, Isleworth ; and
Mr. May, St. Margarets, staged plants of Cyclamen
Queen of the Whites, for which a First-class Certi-
ficate was awarded.

Mr. W. Webster, The Gardens, Streatham, was
1st for three specimen Chrysanthemums.

Vegetables.

GOOD WINTER BROCCOLIS.

If mild weather continues there will be no lack of
green vegetables, as in some gardens the late Autumn
Giant Cauliflowers are not over. But it usually
happens that after a mild autumn we get a severe
winter, so precaution should be taken to house the
early kinds of Broccoli when at their best. Snow's
Winter White, a grand Broccoli for early winter use,
will need looking over frequently, and those with
small heads removed to a safe place. This variety
is often difficult to obtain true to name, but if it can
be got, it is valuable on account of its beautiful
white heads and superior mild flavour. I usually
make two sowings of this kind, the first to succeed
the Cauliflowers, and the next for December use.
Usually it is about the size of a cricket-ball at the
latter date, and invaluable for table use.

There are now so many kinds of Broccoli, that it
may be of interest to the young beginner to name a
few of the best, and to point out the importance of
planting this crop on firm land. When planted on
newly dug and freshly-manured land, the growth is
so soft, that in severe weather the plants invariably
succumb. It is also advisable to plant on different
quarters of the gardens, as often one- lot is saved
while others are lost.

A very good variety for spriDg use is Veitch's
Spring White. It is not large, but of excellent
quality, and the head is well protected. The well-
known Walcheren is also most valuable for the same
purpose, and Penzance Early White is deserving of
notice. To follow these I grow Cattell's Eclipse, an
old variety, and not liked by everyone on account of

its sulphur colour, but it is one of the hardiest kinds
grown. Gilbert's Late White is a good variety, and
should be in all collections of late kinds. For late use
I give Model, a very hardy kind, the first place. It is
the only one that survived the severe weather last
winter with me, and I advise its being planted
largely in all gardens. For winter work, too, it is
invaluable on account of its hardy free-growing
qualities. It has a very sturdy habit, short leg,
with a very hard stem, and the foliage is close to the
ground ; the flower is beautifully white, and very close.
I also advise heeling over at this date ; as though it
diminishes the size of the heads, it often saves the
crop. G. Wythes.

Variorum.

South Shields Chrysanthemum Society.

NOVEMBER 25.— This town has held previously three
successful shows, but recently these have been discon-
tinued. This year the new Assembly Hall, standing
on about one acre of ground, afforded a splendid
site for a Chrysanthemum exhibition, and by dint of
hard work on the part of the committee and the
honorary secretaries, Mr. Bernard Cowan and Mr.
H. Hinde, good results were obtained. Mr. B.
Cowan has been associated with the society for a
long time, and his services were of great value in
making the affair a success. The blooms and plants
reflected great credit on the cultivators, mostly
local or, at least, north country residents. Although
good work was done, great improvements may con-
fidently be looked for next autumn.

WALNUTS. — It may not be generally known that
the English market is largely supplied with Walnuts
from Grenoble. The crop is often imperilled by the
spring frosts, to which that part of France is subject.

The Manufacture of Jam.— Apropos of the
article which appeared in our issue of November 14,
it may interest our readers to know that Mr. W. P.
Hartlky. Aintree, Liverpool, turns out at his jam
factory 100 tons of jim per day, which is equal to
112 000 21b. jars daily, and the number of persons
employed by him in the busy part of the summer
months is between 1400 and 1500.

Flowering of the American Aloe.— It is
not remarkable that in the reports of the Chrys-
anthemum show held at York the other day, special
notice has been taken of the American Aloe
exhibited in flower by Lord Deramore. May I put
before your readers the following extracts from that
classical work on horticulture. Miller's Gardeners'
Dictionary, 1731, folio ed. ? "I can't here forbear
taking notice of a vulgar error or two relating to
the large American Aloe, which is, that it never
flowers until it is au hundred years old, which is a
mistake, since we have had several of them flower in
England, some of which were known not to exceed
fifty years old, &c." . . . . " Another common error
is that when the flower opens it makes a report
like that of firing a gun ; this is sufficiently confuted
by all those who have been where these plants have
flowered ; but I suppose the rise of the story might
proceed from some persons saying when one of these
plants flowered it made a great noise, meaning, there-
by, that whenever one of them flowered in England
it was spread abroad as an uncommon thing, and
occasioned a great noise amongst the neighbouring
inhabitants, most of whom usual repair to see it as a
thing that rarely happens and as a great curiosity."
I fear that when " vulgar errors " had not met with
their antidote in the newspaper press, they were long
in dying. Sichd. Reynolds, in the " Yorkshire Post."

#feituaig.

Sir William Macleay.— A Dalziel telegram
from Sydney, dated yesterday, announces the death
of Sir W. Macleay, brother of Sir G. Macleay, Pendell
Court. Sir W. Macleay, who was born in 1820, was
the Bon of Mr. K. Maoleay, of Newmore, Kobs-

shlre, by Isabella, daughter of Mr. J. Home,
of Stirkoke, Caithness-shire. He emigrated to
New South Wales in 1839, and was for fifteen
years engaged in shepp farming. He was a
member of the Legislative Assembly of New
South Wales from 1854 to 1874, during which
period he did much to improve the rail-
way communication in the colony. Sir William
Macleay devoted much attention to scientific pur-
suits, especially to entomology, and in 1874 con-
ducted, at his own expense, a successful mission to
New Guinea. He was the first President of the Aus-
tralian Linnean Society, was President of the Ento-
mological Society, and has been member of the
Legislative Council since 1874. Times.

Mr LISTER KERSHAW, nurseryman, florist, and
landscape gardener, died at his residence, Brighouse,
on November 21, at the age of 67 years. Twenty-
six years ago Mr. Kershaw established the well-
known Elm Wood nurseries in Bradford Road,
Brighouse, and some few years later a florist's
business in the town. He was well-known as a
successful landscape gardener, and was the recipient
of many awards for designs for parks and gardens,
notably Bowling Park, Bradford, West Hartlepool,
and the Devonshire Park, Keighley. Amongst the
places that he designed and carried out, mention
may be made of Bradford Moor Park, Chipping
Norton Park, public parks at Stratford-on-Avon and
in Jersey. He was an enterprising and successful
man of business, and took a prominent part in local
matters.

The Weather.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
Darned ; and this combiued result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a " Day-degree " signifying 1° continued fur
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
au inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Rainfall.

Bkiuht
Sun.

Accumulated.

a
s

3 ^

a
'3

-> •

« •

jj2

I*"

— w is

u
O .

o" *

o
<

h
O .

*- M

a
*3

t CO

Ho -J

■° * 00

o • = -_

j3 o

S a

a a

TD '5 <T.

c a

o
o

a, a.

a ^"
'5 d
A a

6
2

V
CJ

*3
o
B

£ Z.
V —

"1 **

o ■

«s

Si .9
P —

Day-

Day. j Day-

IOths

deg.

deg. deg. ' Iuch.

Ins.

5 +

+ 209 + 108

7 +

221

47.9

5 +

— 59 + 157

1 +

170

27.8

4 +

- 92 + 106

2 —

166

22.4

4 +

- 61,+ 112

2 +

181

24.6

i +

_ 97,+ 104 0 aver

176

27.7

6 +

— 104 + 130

5 +

173

30.8

5 +

+ 89 + 67

8 +

186

43.0

4 +

+ 32 + 41

5 +

168

33."

4 +

— 139 + 118

3 +

181

40.0

3 +

+ 12 + 67

5 +

205

31.5

3 +

— 51 + 66

7 +

185

35.8

4 +

- 32 + 41

2 +

182

33.2

The districts indicated by number in the first column
tbe following : —

Principal Wheat-producing Districts — I, Scotland,
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England,
5. Midland Counties ; 6. England, S.
Principal Grazing, eye. Districts — 7. Scotland, W.
England, N.W. ; 9, England, S.W.; 10, Ireland,
11. Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

N. ;
E.;

S.
N.j

THE PAST WEEK.

The following summary record of the weather
for the week ending December 5, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

"The weather during thiB period was again very
unsettled, mild, and humid, with rain at frequent
intervals.

"The temperature was above the mean in all
districts, the excess ranging from 3° in Ireland,

714

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembek 12, 1891.

to 4° or 5° in most parts of Great Britain, and to
6° in ' England, S.' The highest of the maxima,
were generally recorded between the 3rd and 5th,
and varied from 56° in * Ireland, N.,' to 59° in
' England, N.W. and N.E.,' and to 62° in 'Scotland,
W.' The lowest of the minima were recorded during
the earlier part of the week, and ranged from 25° in
' England, E.' and ' Midland Counties,' to 30° in
' Scotland, N.' and ' Ireland, N.' In the ' Channel
Islands,' however, the thermometer did not fall
below 44°.

" The rainfall was rather less than the mean in
' England, N.E.,' and equal to it over the ' Midland
Counties.' In all other districts it was more than the
normal, the excess in most cases being considerable.

" The bright sunshine shows a decrease on that
recorded during the preceding week, but in all the
western and north-western districts it again exceeded
the mean for the time of year. The percentage of
the possible duration ranged from S in ' England, S.,'
and 9 in ' Scotland, N.,' to 26 in 'England, S.VV.,'
and to 30 in ' Ireland, S.' "

ARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, December 10.
[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It must be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the prices on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]
Labge arrivals of Canada and Nova Scotia Apples
to hand, prices ruling lower, making the trade for
English goods dull. Grape trade firmer at last
week's quotations. James Webber, Wholesale Apple
Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s, d. s. d.
Apples, Canadian and

.Nova Scotian, per

barrel 10 0- 18 0

Apples, §-sieve ... 10-40
Grapes 0 6-26

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s.d.
Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0
Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0
Pine-apples, St. Mi-
chael, each ... 2 0-60

s.d. s.d.
Acacia or Mimosa,

French, per bunch 10-16
Azalea, p. doz. sprays 10-16
Camellias, white.doz. 3 0-40

— red, per doz.... 10-16
Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-26
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ...10-5 0

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-12 0
Cloves, per dozen

blooms 2 0-26

Eucharis, per dozen 5 0-70
Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-60
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09
Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 6-10
Lilac, white (French)

per bunch 6 0-80

Lilinm Harrisii, doz. 4 0-60
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Mignonette.doz.bun. 16-20

s. d. s.d.
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches 3 0-40

Narcissus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun. 4 0-8 0
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-12 0
Odontog 1 ossu m
crispum, 12 blms. 3 0-60
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60

— 12 sprays ... 10-16
Roses, Tea, per dozen 10-30

— coloured, dozen 2 0-40

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz. 4 0-60

— red, per dozen ... 16-20
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 4-09
Violets, Parme, per

bunch 3 6-40

— Czar, per bunch 2 0-26

— English, 12 buns. 10-16

Orchld-bloom in variety.
Plants in Pots,— Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantums, per doz. 4
Aralias, per doz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
Chrysanthe mums,

per dozen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyclamens, per doz. 9
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracaenas, each ... 1
Epiphyllums, p. doz.

pots 9

Erica gracilis doz. 8
Ferns, rarious, doz. 4

i. s. d. '■ s.d. s. d.

0-12 0 Erica hyemalis, per

0-12 0 j dozen 12 0-18 0

0-63 0 — small, per 100 8 0-15 0

0- 6 0 | Ficus each 16-76

Scarlet Pelargo-
0-9 0 niums, per doz. ... 4 0-60
0-3 6 Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
0-6 0 Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0
0-18 0 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0
0-10 0 —specimens, each 10 6-84 0
0 5 0 Roman Hyacinth, p.

doz. pots 9 0-12 0

0-18 0 Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0
0-12 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 9 0-12 0
0-9 0

Vegetables.—
s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-
Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3-
Celery, per bundle... 1 0
Cucumbers, each ... 0 6
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 ft

Average Retail Prices.

s. d.
Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 6-
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0-
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4-

Parsley, per bunch... 0 3-
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9-
Turnips, per bunch . 0 4-

s. d.

- 0 6

- 1 0

-30

-0B

-06

-30

-09

- 3 0

1-10

s.d.
2 0

1 3

0 6

SEEDS.

London, Dec. 9.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report the
eeed markets wall attended this week, as a result of the Cattle

Show. Alsike continues exceedingly scarce, and is much
inquired for. White Clover seed keeps dear. American cables
come strong. For Trefoil and Rye-grasses there is an im-
proved tone. Peas arrive slowly. Some very choice Cana-
dian Blue boilers now offer at exceedingly tempting rates.
Haricot and Runner Beans continue steady. Canary,
Millet, and Hemp seed are firm. There is no change
in Mustard or Rape-seed. The Board of Trade returns
give the seed imports into the United Kingdom for the first
eleven months of this year as cwts. 209,583 value £448,528 as
against cwts. 356,941 value £7u9,658 for the corresponding
period of 1890.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

SP1TALFIELDS : Dec. 8. — Quotations : — English Apples,
3s. to 5s. per bushel; American do., 10s. to 17s. per barrel ;
English Tomatos, 4s. to 6s. Qd. per peck ; foreign do., Is. to
Is. Qd. per box; Seakale, Is. to Is. 6d. per punnet; Cab-
bages, Is. to 2s.; Savoys, Is. Qd. to 2s. 6d. ; Cauliflowers, 8s.
to 14s. per tally ; Greens, Is. 3d. to Is. 9d. ; Turnips, Is. Qd.
to 2s. Qd. ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. Qd. ; Parsley, Is. Qd, to 2s. Qd.
per dozen bunches; Brussels Sprouts, Is, Qd. to 2s. per
half-sieve; Parsnips, Ad. to 8d. per score; Endive, Is. to
Is. Qd. ; Cabbage Lettuce, Ad. to 9d. ; Leeks, Is. Qd. to 2s. 6d. ;
Beetroot, 4rf. to Is. per dozen ; Mustard and Cress, Is. Qd. to
2s. per dozen baskets ; Bordeaux Onions, 4s. 3d. to 4s. 9d. ;
Spanish do., 5s. Qd. to Qs. Qd. per case; Belgian do., 3s. 9d. to
4s. Qd. ; Dutch do., 3s. Qd. to 4s. 6d. per bag of 110 lb.;
Celery, Qd. to Is. ; Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle.

Borough: Dec. 8.— Quotations :— Cabbages, 2s. to 3s.;
Savoys, 2s. Qd. to 3s. ; Broccoli, 5s. to 9s. per tally ; Spinach,
2s. to 3s. per bushel ; Turnips, Is. to Is. Qd. ; Carrots, Is.
to Is. 9d. per dozen bunches ; English Onions. 4s. Qd. to 5s. per
cwt. ; English Apples, 2s. to Qs. ; Pears, 2s. Qd. to 7s. per
bushel; Canadian Apples, 12s. to 25s. ; Newtown Pippins, 18s.
to 45s. per barrel.

Stratford : Dec. 9. —There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade has been done as under:— Savoys, 3s. to
5s. per tally ; Greens, Is. 3d. to Is. Qd. per dozen bunches ;
Cauliflowers, 9d. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; do., 3s. to 6s. per tally ;
Turnips, Is. Qd. to 2s. 3d. per dozen bunches; do., 30s. to 40s.
per ton; Carrots, household, 34s. to 45s. do.; do., cattle-
feeding, 2Qs. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, 60s. to 70s. do. ; Mangels,
14s. to 18s. do; Swedes, 18s. to 25s. do.; Onions, English,
100s. to 120s. do.; do., Dutch, 3s. to 4s. per bag; Apples,
English, 2s. to Qs. per bushel; American, 14s. to 20s. per
barrel; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. Qd. per half-sieve; do.,
Is. 9d. to 25. Qd. per sieve.

potatos.

Spitalfields : flee. 8.— Quotations.— Magnums, 57s. Sd.
to 75s. ; Regents, 60s. to 70s. ; Champions, 60s. to 65s. ; Impe-
rators, 60s. to 65s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 70s. ; Bruce Magnums,
60s. to 75s. ; Main Crop, 70s. to 90s. ; Abundance, 60s. to 80s.
per ton.

Borough : Dec. 8.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 85s. ; Bruce Magnums, 60s!
to 90s. per ton.

Stratford : Dec. 9.— Quotations :— Magnums, 60s. to 85s. ;
White Elephant*, 65s. to 75s. ; Hebrons, 65s. to 75s. ; Scotch
Main Crop, 90s. to 100s. per ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
Britiah corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Dec. 5,
and for the corresponding period last year :— 1891, Wheat,
38s. lid. ; Barley, 30s. Sd. ; Oats, 22s. 2d. 1890, Wheat,
32s. Sd. ; Barley, 28s. 9d. ; Oats. 17s. lod. Difference : Wheat.
+6s. 6<2. ; Barley, +2s. ; Oats, +4s. id.

HAY.

Averages.— The following are the averages of the prices at
the various metropolitan markets during the past week :—
Clover, prime, 80s. to 105s. ; do., inferior, 40s. to 75s. ; hay,
best, 60s. to 92s.; do., inferior, 26s. to 50s.; and straw, 20s.
to 40s. per load.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : J. K. Thompson's Gardeners' Assistant, new
edition. Blackie & Son, London and Edinburgh.
—Market Fruit Growing: G. E. Fruit Growing
for Profit, by Mr. G. Banyard, The Old Nurseries,
Maidstone.

Cattleya Grub : N. C. C. In all probability this is
the grub of the Isosoma, figured in our columns
November 1, 18SX). The grub develops into a
winged insect.

Clematises, Early and Late, fob Trunks of Trees :
A. B. Early, one of the lanuginosa type, as Alba
Magna or Duke of Norfolk ; late, Rubella or Mag-
nifies. If a sweet-BCented species is required, pjant
C. flammula. In your garden yoa must dig large

holes, afford good drainage, and not plant them
deep, rather plant on a slight mound.

Coloured Spar : G. E. C. Try Mr. Kosher, Arti-
ficial Stone Manufacturer, &c, Church Street,
Chelsea.

Correction — Conference Pear: In our account o
this fruit in our last issue, we inadvertently
stated that Miss Rivers drew the figure from
which the engraving was executed, which was not
the case.

Dicksonia Antarctica : Constant Header. Lift it, if
you can, without disturbing the roots, and put the
drainage in good order, but deferring the retubbing
until March,

Elms for an Avenue: J.M. Ulmus americana,
U. campestris, U. glabra, V. campestris cornubi-
ensis, U. montana, Huntingdon Elm. The above
make big trees, and would harmonise if planted in
pairs in an avenue. There are man}' more Elms,
but none that would harmonize with these in size,
habit, &c.

Gardening Situation in U.S.A. : Fred. G. One of
the best mediums for advertisements of the kind
you wish to insert is Garden and Forest, published
by the Garden and Forest Publishing Co., Tribune
Buildings, New York. The American Florist has
a big circulation : 54, La Salle Street, Chicago.

Greatest Weight per Acre of Stbawberries :
G. E. Between 1£ and 2 tons, but the weight
varies according to variety, soil, and method of
cultivation.

Insects : G. P. ]\ . The grubs of some kind of
weevil, very destructive to the roots of plants.
Catch the full-grown weevils, and hand-pick all
potting-soil before using it.

Malformed Apple : W. Brown. These freaks of
Nature are not uncommon. In this case there
had been a union of two blossoms, and later of
the fruits — one well-developed in all its parts, the
other not much developed. The former attained
its normal size, whilst the latter remained small.

Names of Fruits : J. H. B. Striped Beefling. —
W. H. H. 1, Blenheim Orange ; 2, Fearn's
Pippin. — T. N. Not recognised. — A. G. G. 1,
Yorkshire Beauty ; 2, Gravenstein ; 3, 4, 5, not
recognised ; apparently worthless varieties.. —
J. H. W. 1, Grenadier ; 2, Blenheim Orange ; 3,
Golden Noble ; 4, Nelson Codlin ; 5, Boston
Russet; 6, Winter Strawberry. — W. F, Beune
Ranee.

Names of Plants : C JV. Griselinia littoralis. —
W. W. 1, Nephrolepis exaltata ; 2, Adiantum
cuneatum ; 3, Cypripedium insigne. — H. G.
Ccelogyne fuscescens (two varieties) — J. T. L.
Blechnum occidentale (barren); 2, Davallia pyxi-
data ; 3, Blechnum occidentale (fertile) ; 4, send
a fertile frond ; 5, Abutilon marmoratum. — P. A.
Retinospora plumosa aurea ; 2, Tbuia, we
cannot tell which from the scrap sent ; 3, Reti-
nospora leptoclada ; 4, Thuiopsis dolabrata. —
Myxogaster: Major- General Berkley. It is Dia-
chcEa leucophoda. The name that you employ is
given to the British Museum collection. W. G. S,

Seedling Briar : H. P. It is a good stock for most
kinds of Roses, and is excellent for grafting or
crown-budding, so that the scion may in time
come beneath the soil ; and because the roots when
young are small and pliable, it is a good stock lor
potting. See " Rosery " in this issue.

The Best Stewing Pear : J. B. S. The Verulam
is, perhaps, one of the best, of a crimson colour,
and of good flavour when stewed. Season, January
to March.

Tomatos : A. B. Ham Green Favourite, the old
red, or Hathaway 's Excelsior, if you prefer good
flavour to mere size.

Communications Received.— C. D.— C. N.— T. F. R.— C. S.
W. M.— H. R. M— J. M.— U. H.— Canon E.— Professor
McO., Cape Town.— A. Watt.— W. F.— Old Subscriber.— G.
Rideourt — L. S.— E. L. Hillier.— W. E. 1).— J. D.— W. J. G.
—J. W. (2).— E. J.— .T. G.— W. A. C— R. A. R.-D.— G. M.
— W. A. C, York.— F. L. S.— W. K. W.— T. B — E. C —
T. Smith, Timaru, N.Z.— E. Oilman.— J. W.— Robert
McKee (the report could not be used m time). — Forester. —
J. B— F. R.— J. C. G.— A. Piper.

DIED.— On the 6thinst.,at St. Albans, Kennoull,
Perth, John Anderson Anderson, in his 80th year.

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

715

SHRUBS and CONIFERS. — American
Arbor-vitee, 2^ feet, 20s. per 100 ; Berberis aquifolium,
2 feet, 16s. per 100; Box Tree, 1J foot, 12s. per 100; Coto-
neaster micropuylla, 2 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonaii, 3 feet,
12s. per 100 ; Eacallonia macrantha, pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 ;
Laurel, Common, 1£ foot, 10s. per 100; 2 to 2$ feet, Us. per
100 ; 3 to SJ feet, 20s. per 100 ; rotundifolia, 2 to 2J feet, 16s.
per 100 ; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2£ feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo-
dendron ponticum. 1£ to 2 feet, 25s. per 100 ; 2 to 2£ feet,
32s. per 100 ; 3 feet, 50s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Eng-
lish, 1£ to 2 feet, 24s. per 100; 2 to 2£ feet, 30s. per 100;
Araucaria imbricata, 3 to 3£ feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40s. per
doz., Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet,
30s. per 100 ; Erecta viridis, 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to 3J
feet, 40s. per 100 ; Pieea Nordmannia, 2 feet, 60s. per 100 ;
2J to 3 feet. 12s. per dozen ; Retinospora plumosa, 2^ feet, 30s.
per 100 ; 4 to 4J feet, 50s. per 100 ; Thuia Lobbii, 3 to 4 feet,
30s. per 100 ; 5 feet, 50s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet,
extra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopsis dolabrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 10O;
2£ feet to 3 feet, fine specimens, 24s. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s.
each.

GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parka, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations, &c,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS price 50

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35

(liar.lenia-hke — very sweet scented).
PHEASANT'S EVE NARCISS price 13
MIXED DAFFODILS price 15

(A Grind Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12

WINTER ACONITES price 10

SNOWDROPS price 21

Buyers from this List must please give the price with

their order.

All are offered so long as unsold, and for quantities of not

less than 500 bulbs.

0 per 1000.
6 per 1000.
0 per 1000.

6 per 1000.
0 per 1000.

6 per 1000.
6 per 10U0.
0 per 1000.

Suppliers of Bulbs to the Royal London Parks,
237
238

HIGH HOLBQRN, LONDON

SHARPE'SJUEEH PEA.

FINEST BLUE WRINKLED

MARROW.

BEST OF ALL FOR QUALITY

AND COLOUR.

FINEST FOR EXHIBITION.

A I. \VA YS SUCCESSFUL.

For Trade Price apply to

CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD.

uiimiiimiiuii i mi iiiiiinmiiimiiiiiiitMiiiiiiMiiiiiiiimiiiniiin:

PLANTING SEASON,

■> HARDILY-GROWN

Forest, Fruit,,

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

VEBY EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited-
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

JL/ICKSONS NURSERIES

(limited) Chester

■UBllEUIIIIItllUIHIItMIIUMIIIIIIIIIIIIItlllllllllllllllllllllltllWIIIinuiHIIIIUlUI

GROUND REQUIRED for BUILDING.
TO BE SOLD, CHEAP.

1000 PINUS AUSTRIACA, 2 to 3 and 5 feet.
1000 LAURELS, bushy, i to 7 feet.

500 MOUNTAIN ASH, 10 to 15 feet.

500 LABURNUMS. 8 to 10 feet.

200 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 8 to 10 feet.

JOHN PEED & SONS,

The Nurseries, Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W.

STANDISH'S GARDENIAS. — Well-grown
plants, clean, and showing flower-bud, 21s,, 30s., and 42s.
per dozen, package free for cash with order.
Royal Nurseries, Ascot.

ROSES! ROSES!! ROSES!!! — The best
and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals for
21s.; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 100,000 grand
plants to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter.

NEW HARDY PLANT CATALOGUE of
HERBACEOUS, ALPINE, and SELECT PEKENNIAL
GARDEN PLANTS. Over 20U0 Species and Varieties. Over
100 pages. Post-free for six stamps (free to Purchasers of
plants), on application to—

MANAGER, Guildford Hardy Plant Nurserv, Millmead,
Guildford.

TRONG QUICK, 2 to 3 feet, 10s. per 1000.

OAKS, 2 to 3 feet, 12s. Gd. per 1000.

BEECH, li to 2 feet, 15s. per 1000.

LARCH, 2 to 3 feet, 21s. per 1000.

„ 1£ to 2£ feet, 17s. tirf. per 1000.

THOS. HUNTER, Barnard Castle, Durham.

CARTER'S "VADE MECUM FOR 1892"
will be ready on December 15 for posting direct to
Messrs. Carters' Customers. It contains seven elegant
coloured Illustrations, and will be found a most thoruiigh
book of reference by all who desire to cultivate success-
fully tbe choicest vegetables and the prettiest flowers.
Price Is., Po^t-free, to uuknown correspondents.
CARTERS', SEED3MEK, by Royal Warrants, to H.M. The
Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 23$, High Holborn. London. W.C.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW-
BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most completeissued, £d. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withiogton,
Hereford.

Christmas Floral Decorations.

JW. SILVER and C O.'S Special
• CHRISTMAS HAMPERS of CUT FLOWERS for
Presents, and Room and Church Decorations, at 5s , 7s. 6d.,
10s , 15s., and 20s. each. Made up of all the choicest and
most useful Flowers in season.

Mt-morial Wreath*, Crosses, Chaplets, and Anchors from 5s.
to 21s. each, of Choice White Flowers. Wreaths and Crosses
of Holly and pretty Ivy, 3s. Bd. to 5s. each.

Bouquets and Posies, for Wedding and Ball-room, in best and
latest West-End Style, of Choicest blowers, from 7s. tirf. to 21s.
each. Boxes, for Wreaths, &c, Is. to Is. 6d. each; for
Bouquets, &c , 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. each. Choice Ladies' Sprays,
and Gent's Button-hole Bouquets. 6d., 9d., and Is., to 3s. f</.
each. The highest value and style, and prompt despatch, for
Cash with Order.

J. W. SILVER AND CO., Court Florists. Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster. (Nurseries, Norbury
and Streatham, S.W.)

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHER-
RIES, and DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
52. MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

GOOD LUCK LILY.

" Chinese Flower of the Gods."

A few strong Flowering Bulbs, per dozen, 7s. Gd. ^ pn=t_frpp

A few Extra Selected Bulbs ,. „ 10s. id. | rosMree-

DECORATED VASES, as used in China and Japan for

growing Lilies in. Is. to 7s. id. each.

Cultural Directions to each Purchaser.'

THYNES, 83, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.

MERRYWEATHER'S

NON-KINKABLE

RED-GREY GARDEN HOSE.

Sole Mamtfac tubers,
MERRTWEATHER and SONS, 63, Long Acre, London.

Stewards, Bailiffs, and Head Gardeners should apply for our
pamphlet. " Water Supply to Mansions."

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20.000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORE, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.

1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ao.

Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

BOULTQN & PAUL,

NORWICH.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS,

WINTER CARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

CARDEN FRAMES «&* VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

W Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

6 ft. by 3 ft.
12 ft. by 3 ft.

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

0 I 6 ft. by 4 ft.
0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft.

. £2 5
. 3 15

THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices,
Carriage Paid.

No. 75.

MELON AND

CUCUMBER FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft. ... Bi
8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 3

No. 77.-Sraaller size Frames,) % f"' \l \ 2' £l J5 °
similar to No. 75. hi ft! by 1ft 3 o o

All Frames made of Selecte 1 Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 143. each.

UNGLAZED LIGHTS 5s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at tbe cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always in Stock.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including Horti-
cultural Buildings, Frames, Boilers, Iron Buildings, Stabling
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ;

15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.— DiSdount far Cath.

"DUROLINE

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE i GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report "London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roojing Co., Ld." May and June 1801.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes of Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., L0.

75a, Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.C.

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta 1 Portable I. For Coal I

Pure and ample heat. 24 hours for about lClM
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny.
Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, VictorlaSt., Westminster^. W

716

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembee 12, 1891.

CHEERFUL WINTER EVENINGS.

CAMPBELL'S BROAD REEDMELODEONS

(Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS.

MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEON rj
MELODEONS

MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEON J
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS

NO HOME SHOULD BE WITHOUT ONE.
CAMPBELL'S world-famed MELODEONS have Organ and
Celestial lone andCharmiug Bell Accompaniments Th'eSolenin
Psalm, the Soul-stirring Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the
Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments.
No knowledge of Music is required by the player.

CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON.

AN UNPARALLELED OFFER.

To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
0 CJR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL " GEM " MELODEON.

With Two Sets of Broad Reeds. Organ and Celestial
Tone, sent carefully packed and carnage paid to nn>
tdlress i , Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0.0
for tjs. Hd Selling in thousands.

CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON.

AN UNPARALLELED OFrER.

To read-rs or th« Gardeners' Chronicle.

OUR GRAND PRIZE IVUDAL •'MINIATURE"

MELODEON.
10«- WORTH DOUBLE. 10s

With Two Sets of Broad Seeds, Organ and Celestial
Tone, and the Charming Bell Accompaniments, sent
care ully packed and carriage paid to any address in
rjreit Britain ami Ireland on receipt of P O 0. for 10*.

13* NO DECEPTION HERE. 100,000 TESTIMONIALS. J£
Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Chimpiun
Meloileon Player of Great Britain. Ireland, and Wales —
•' Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that
have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to
advertise t emselves." Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the
only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless
imitations.

T,,N'B — A 1 lovers of music should at once send for our New
Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready.
jOO.OOU of those valuable lists seutout yearly. Send Id. stamp to

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
MAKERS,

CAMPBELL & CO.

116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW.

Established 50 Years.

2 1-02. and 16-oz. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and MO feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

rtee ami sound in the country, in quantity.

"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY."
GEORGE PABMILOE & SONS

*4 « Ern.: °oif'S' i'1^""11 CoL™R Merchants,

34 St. John Street, West Smlthfield, London, E C

stock Lists and Prices on application. Please Quote Chronicle.

The Original and On/i/ Makers of the

GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS

WITH SOLID ENDS. Also-
SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENT8AM,
With Special ProsisionforCleaningthe Inside
thoroughly (a Most Important Point).
These Boilers, after long experience, have
proved themselves the Most Efficient, Lcono-
mical, and Lasting Boilers extant.
Every otherkind of Boilers, Sockets Flanges
»j and Fxpansion-Jont Pipes and Fittings, for
all kinds of High and Low- Pressure Heating.

FRED SJLVESTER & CO.,

General Engineers. Founders, and Boiler Makers
CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

f^A RDEN REQUISITES.-

n^L SRtlCl9' ^a^i,JfiT^n Cork' Raffla' Mats. Bamboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON akd SCULL, 90, Lower Thames 'street, Lrandon E 0

B 0 ULT 0 N & PAU L, MaNnoulaw!crHers'

SaUt tS^LMr^giii ■ 'Mr-ire

Prices and Particulars of

WIRE ESPALIER TRAINERS, and FITTINGS for

WIRING WALLS, free on application.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST-FREE.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq.

A Practical aud Scientific Treatise, that will be of great
service, bolh to the oldest and most successful exhibitor and
the youngettt grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Shea hap, by
the treatment expained in his treatise, had a loi'g series of
triumphs, to which this season he has added, in keen compe-
tition with our most noted growers, at the Kent County,
Watford, and Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of
1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10.

In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shoesmith is
included in ray new Chrysanthemum Catalogue, which ah-0
contains the most complete List of New Varieties ever brought
together, and embraces selections from all the known Chrysan-
themum world.

Thi- valuable work is now readv, prwt free, seven stamps.
H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewleham.

HILL & SMITH,

BRIEELEY HILL,
STAFFORDSHIRE,

And US, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C
NEW PATTERN

TREE GUARD,

"The Porcupine."

The maximum of utility and
the minimum of cost.

Constructed of Strong Iron Up-
rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel
Wire.

Price 10s. 6d.

TESTIMONIAL.

'The Whittern. He refordshire,

"Dec. 28. 1887.
Dear Sirs— I have now had
an opportunity of trying
your Porcupine Tree
Guards, and they seem
quite to answer my pur-
pose, so you may send me
50 more a-* before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly,
RICHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Hill &. Smith.

LmfiWnwi*

r/zos. w. RosmsoN:

SWVRPR/DGB

LRCHANGEL MATS.
SPECIAL CHEAP QUOTATION.
95s. per 100; 13s. per dozeo.
S. LOWK, 145, Miuories, Locdon,

^0 HORTICULTURISTS,— GREENHOUSE

OAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck-

loads to any Station in England and Wa)es.— Address.

• EVESON, 26, Corporation Street, Birmingnam.

G. J.

FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION

HEATINC APPARATUS.

Most Efficient and Cheapest in Existence
Requires no sunk stokehole and no brick
setting. Willlastall night without atten-
tion. Will burn house cinders, therefore
costs next to nothing for fuel. Any one
cau fix it. A domestic servant can stoke it.

Complete Apparatus from £4 12a.
SUCCESS GUARANTEED.

Enormous num-
bers in use all
over the country.

Only Slow Com-
bustion Appara-
tus of the kind.
CAUTION.

Beware of in-
efficient incom-
plete Apparatus,
which will not
last all night.

Full particulars
and Prices of
every sized Ap-
paratus, and see
numerous Testi-
monials for the
last five seasons,
showing enorm-
ous success, post-
free on applica-
tion.

BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST

Greenhouses, Forcing- houses. Pits, Frames, Plant

Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c.

Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-free from

CROMPTON & FAWKES,

CHELM S F O R D.

RICHARDSON'S

PATENT

HOODED TUBULAR BOILERS

Have combined in one the advantage of the two best forms of
Boilers hitherto made— the plain S >ddle aud Tubular Saddle.

TUey Heat more than Twice the Quantity of
Piping

that can be heated bv an ordinary Saddle with an equal amount
of fuel. They are durable, quick-heating, easily set. and easy
to manage. Send for PRICE LIST to the patentees and sole
makers—

W. RICHARDSON & GO.,

Horticultural Builders and Hot-water Ergineers,
DARLINGTON.

THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL.

"DUKRANS' PATENT."
This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly
unclimbable. It is a complete protection
against trespassers and cats. The most, perfect
feDce nail invented. In u-e at Hurst Park aiid
Hull Racecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and
hundreds of o'ber places.

A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge.
Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron : — If . 2, q\
J, 4, 5, and6-'n.,7-lb. Bags, Ss.Qd. ; perewt, 55s.
ll-in. Steel Nails, for thin paling-*. Is. per gross.
Machine-cut Nails, for dowelling joinery, wood-
block flooring, &<\, J, 1, & lj-in , Qd. per gro=s.
Sample boxes, assorted sizes, 6d. ; bv post. 3*.
DURRANS' PATENT NAIL SYNDICATE, Limited,
43 fy 41* Vf¥£$ lit¥rS.H &TPEET. Loniun, N.VT.

December 12, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

717

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

„ 4 feet

6 feet

„ 6 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

Toe*e Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £
6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent. Mr. H.Skelton. Seedsman. &c, 2, HollowayRd.,N.

CHRISTMAS ROSES,

GROWN IK THE OPEN GROUND, SHOULD BE
PROTECTED WITH

FRIGI DOMO CANVAS.

This Protection will insure perfect and beautiful
Blooms.

Protect your Plants and Glass from Frost, Damp,
and Cold Winds, by using

"FRIGI DOMO"

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

CANVAS.

A PERFECT NON-CONDUCT'lR OF HEAT, KEEPING WHEREVER
IT 13 APPLIED AN EVEN TEMPERATURE.

To be obtained of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen,
<J IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3*. ; three for

O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. 4d.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
1*. fid. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, LudgatehiU, London.

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides.

As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and
Parasites, which infest the foliags and roots, such as Green
and Black Fly, Mealy bug. Scale and Thrip, Red Spider,
American Blight, Woolly Aphis. Caterpillar, Wood Lice, Sec.

Price in tins— £-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3s.;
J-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-Gallon Drums, 8s. per
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application.
Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD.,

LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.

For all INSECT PESTS
in Greenhouses and
Frames, nothing has
proved equal to the

LETHORION (VAPOUR CONE),

(PATENT).

SSESra^1. They are now uni-
versally admitted to be
thoroughly uniform in
strength, and safe for
any Plant or Fiower,
^ even if four times the
' quantity are used.

Scale and Mealy Bug
may be completely
eradicated by usiDg the
Cones double strength.

PRICES— For Frames. &c, of 50 cubic feet, 6d. ; 100 ft., 9d. ;

600 feet, Is. ; 10O0 feet, Is. Ud. ; 4000 feet. 5s. each.

THE HOUSES SHOULD BE WELL SECURED.

CORRY & CO., Ltd., 16, Finsbury Street,

LONDON, E.C.

BENTLEY'S-BEWTLEY'S

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDE. „

V) 1 Gallon, 9s

3 Gallons, 8s. per Gallon.

:bentlevs soluble

PARAFFIN.

1 Gallon, 53. ; 3 Gallors, 43. 9d. per Gallon.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT,

2-oz. Sample posted free on application.
Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Manchester

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to lb' ounces as a
winter dressing for Viues and Orchard-house trees, iu lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and lbs. t$d.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, &d. and Is., from the Trade,
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.
LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST

ALL FIHST-CLA8S.
PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Sp&sialit«.

For Price LIST, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special 'ikkms xo the Trade.

EPPS'S-**PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Fern*., and Rhododendrons, hv sack, yard, ton

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, mi sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAK-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM. PatentMANUKES. FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allotherGurdeu Requisites Peat M08S Litter.
The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5». id. per saok ; 6 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, id. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, f 1. per sack, 6 sacks, 22l. ; sacks,
id. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel j 15f . per half
ton ; 26s. per ton, in 2-buahel baps. id. each.

FELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is. per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. «d. per sack.

MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYfH, F.R.H.S., 21. Goldsmith's Street. Drury
Lane (lately called 17a, Coal Yard). W.O.

GARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is. 3d., 10 for 12s.,
20 for 20s, 30 for *8s., sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. per tack, 5 for 22s. Hd ; BLACK do.,
4s. 6*. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD, LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE SAND, Is. «d. per
bushel, 14s. half-ton. 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, finch, lis.
per cwt. ; dust, lis. 6d. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7s. M per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lod.
per lb., 2S lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 2«s.
ROPE, 6d. per lb.. 28 lb., 10s. 6d. RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. rid., lis. od.,
and 12s. od. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Southwark Street, London. S.E.

WINTER and SPRING PRUNING,
TRIMMING, and THINNING OCT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the " STANDARD " and
••GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the "MYTICCTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. Thev were
sho*n in actual use at the recent Horticultural Fxhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Bath
ami Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled wilh great
saving of time and labour, and the ri^k to life and limb
reduce!. After Stormy Weather, these Toots will be found
invaluable for cuttiDg off fractured branches, leaving the ends
severed in u vital condition.

Sold by the principal Ironmongersand Seedsmen, the leading
Stores, and kindred Trades throughout the world, of whom
Illustrated CATALOGUES nny be had ; or of the PATENTEES
and MAKERS, at their works and depdt, ST. ALKMUND'S
CHURCHYARD, DEKBY.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W.DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.

CONSERVATORIES, OKCH1D- HOUSES,
VINERIES, GREENHOUSES, PLANT and FORCING-
HOUSES. Best Materials and Workmanship guaranteed, at
Moderate Price*. luteiding Purchasers waited upon by ap-
po ntment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPA-
RATUS, for large or small Greeuhouses. Great variety of
Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of
Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-
houses, Tool-bouses, Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit
Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for

Bix stamps.

PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH

718

THE GAS DENE US' CHS ONI CLE.

[Decembeb 12, 1891.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

. — •

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams.

The

Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Oardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

Lines

Lines .

. £0

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£0 8

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AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERT ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20*.

If set across three Columns the lowest charge will be '60s.

Page. £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column. £3.

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Street, E.C.
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Fleet Street, E.C.
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BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

BIMBURMMER

43, WELLINGTON STREET,
COVENT GARDEN, W.C,

FOR

MATS, MATTING,

RAFFIA, Orchid PEAT,
BAMBOOS, BONES,
FIBRE DUST, CORK,

AND ALL OTHER

GARDEN REQUISITES.

WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

FLORISTS' WIRE a Specialty.

Sole London Agents for Kempton's Floral Gum.

Open at 4 a.m. on Market Mornings.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough, Hants.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. T. J. HaRTLESS, for the last ten and a half years Gardener

to the late Mrs. Wilson, Newlands, Hitchin, Herts, as

Head Gardener to T. Fen wick Harrison, Esq., Kings-

walden Bury, Hitohin, Herts.
Mr. R. C. TOWNS END, as Head Gardener to Colonel Lloyd,

Aston Hall, Oswestry.
Mr. G. W. D'Arcy, formerly of Revesby Abbey Gardens,

Boston, Lincolnshire, as Head Gardener to tne Earl of.

Kingston, Kilronan Castle, Keddue, Currkk-on-Shannon,
Mr. L. Cole, formerly Gardener to H. M. Mackusick, Esq., •

of Lyttel Hall Gardens, Nutfield, as Gardener to Mrs.

Rushto.v, The Cedars, Milvertoo, Leamington.
Mr. William Hicks, Foreman to Mr. Gilman, Iogestre,

as Gardener to the Earl of Aylf.sford, Packington Hall

Coventry, and not Mr. C. Stocking, as stated in our last

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Thomas Methven & Sons, Edinburgh— Forest Trees, Shrub*

Fruit Trees, &c.
A. Findlay, Seed Grower, Morkinch, N.B.— Disease-Resisting

Potatos.
Dicksons & Co.. Edinburgh— Forest Trees, Coniferte, &c.
William Fell Sc Co., Hexham— Forest Trees, Shrubs, Fruit

Trees, Roses, &c.
Frederick Roemer, Quedlinburg, Germany— Choice Flower

Seeds, Novelties, &c.
G. C. Heinemann, Erfurt, Germany— Gloxinias, Begonias, &c.
Martin Graskoff, Quedlinburg, Germany— Vegetable and

Flower Seeds.

BOROUGH OF WARRINGTON.
APPOINTMENT OF HEAD GARDENER.
The Corporation of Warrington require the services of an,
experienced gardener at the Bank P«rk and Gardens. Appli-
cations, stating age and salary required, and accompanied by
not more than two recent testimonials, to be sent to me on or
before Monday, the 14th inst.

Dated this 4th day of December, 1891.

J. LYON WHITTLE, Town Clerk.
Town Hall, Warrington.

WANTED, by the Corporation of Stockton-
on-Tees, a thoroughly PRACTICAL GARDENER, to
Superintend the Laying-Out of the New Park, 40 acre-< in
extent. He must have a good knowledge of Trees and Shrubs,
and experience in their Planting; and possess an efficient
method in the Management of Men. The person appointed
would also be required to act as Curator and principal Care-
taker of the Park. Salary £100, with House, Gas, Rates, and
Water Free. Applications, with three recent testimonials, to
be sent to me by the 21st inst.

MAT. B. DODDS. Town Clerk, Stockton-on-Tees.
l

Decembee 12, 1891.]

THE GAR DENE US1 CHRONICLE.

719

WANTED, WORKING PARTNER, with
small capital, iu a Market Nursery. Good opening
for energetic man. — Apply, W. R., Vine Cottage, Ealing
Common, Middlesex.

WANTED, a WORKING PARTNER, to join
a practical Mushroom Grower, near London. Good
income guaranteed. Age about 25. Abstainer preferred. —
CALADHJM. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, I M M E D I A T E L Y, for a
Reformatory Farm School, near Warrington, a married
man without family, to act as WORKING GARDENER ;
Wife to ait as Lauuaress. Wages, 30s. per week, with House
itnd other allowances. A total abstainer, with good references,
essential. Address— GARDENER, Messrs. Lee & Nightingale,
Advertising Agents, Liverpool.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER. — Abstainer. Church of England. Must
thoroughly understand Vines, Plants, Kitchen Garden, and
Grass-land. Wages, 25s. a week, no cottage.— Mr. WILSON,
27, Caledonian Road, N.

WANTED, a young MAN, as GROWER in
Small Nursery, used to Ferns, Palms, and Forcing
Bulbs. Must be willing aud industrious. One who under-
stands Jobbing-work preferred. State wages expected, age,
&c— HUDSON'S FLORAL DEPOT, 199, High Road, Kilburn,
N.W. A permanency to a suifable man.

WANTED, a painstaking and persevering
FOREMAN for the Houses. Wages 16s. per week.
Bothy. Milk and Vegetables, &n. State particulars. — Mr.
FLEMING, The Gardens, Alice Holt, Farnham, Surrey.

WANTED, an energetic young man of good
practical ability as INSIDE FOREMAN.— State age,
experience, and wages required. Bothy. — W. HARROW,
Botanical Gardens, Sheffield.

WANTED, an UNDER FOREMAN, in the
Fruit and Rose Department. Must be well up in
Budding, Grafting, and Layering, and know Fruit Trees and
Roses well.— Apply, stating wages required, to WILLIAM
BARRON and SON, Elva&ton Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby.

WANTED, a young MAN.— Age 18 to 20.
Quick at potting, watering, tying, &c. — Apply,
W. A. TONGUE, Nurseries, Shooter's Hill.

WANTED, a young MAN, to assist in the
Houses, principally Orchids. Wages 155. per week.
No bothy,— E. AYLING, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

ANTED, a young MAN, about 19 or 20,

to Help with Shop-work and Furnishing. One who
has been in a Nursery preferred. — Apply to Sir. SEARCY,
Floral Department, 41, Connaught Street, W.

General Nursery and Seed.

REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY, in a very
old-established Business, twenty-five miles from London,
a thorough competent SHOPMAN, well up in all branches.
Must furnish first-class references as to ability, honesty, and
sobriety. Age about 30, preferred. — Application, by letter in
tirst instance, to B. Q., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a SHOPMAN, well up in Seeds,
Bulbs, and Plants; also a good Book-keeper. Will
have to travel, therefore must have a general knowledge of
Nursery Stock. State age, experience, and salary expected.
— Z. Y. X., Gardeners' Chronicle Ollice, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand. W.C.

W "ANTED, a young LADY, of good
appearance, as APPRENTICE to the Cut Flower
Trade ; to live out. --Apply to J. W. SILVER and CO., Marl-
borough Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability aud first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD HARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

RICHARD SMITH and COl
beg to annoince that they are constantly receiving
applications frcm Gardeners seeking situations, and that
they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with
particulars, &c.— St. John's Nurseries, Worcester.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) . are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal \ddreas— '" DICKSONS, CHESTER."

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
CO. (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nur-
series, Garston, Liverpool, are in a position to recommend a
first-rate man as HEAD GARDENER, or GARDENER and
BAILIFF; also a thoroughly competent man as HEAD GAR-
DENER, who has a good knowledge of Orchids; unexceptional
references in each case.

SANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all
times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN,
several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter.
Enquiries should be made to 2'A1 and 238, High Holbom. W.C.

GARDENER (Head) ; age S3.— J. K
McCLEAVE, eight years' Head Gardener to R. Hey-
wood Jones, Esq., Beasworth Hall, Pontefract, is open to a
re-engagement iu good establishment. Nineteen years' expe-
rience in all branches. Testimonials of the highest order. —
9, Montpelier Place, Brompton Road, London.

GARDENER (Head), where several under
are employed. — Age 4', married, one boy 12 years;
open to engage with any Lady or Gentleman requiring the
services of a good all-round practical gardener. Excellent
testimonials for fourteen years as Head Gardener. — W. S.,
306, High Street, Acton, W.

GARDENER (Head), where another is kept.
Age 25, single. Ten years' experience in all branches.
Excellent references.— C. GILES, Isington, near Alton, Hants.

GARDENER (Head) ; age 41.— A Gentle-
man* wishes to recommend a man, where several more
are kept. Well up in Forcing Flowers, Fruits and Vege-
tables, and the general Management of a good Establishment.
— E. S., 20, Argyll Terrace, Bognor.

ARDENER (Head).— A Gentleman recom-

mends a sober, industrious, reliable man Skilled in
Stove Plants, Orchids, Decorating, Forcing Choice Fruits,
Flowers and Vegetables. Master of his work all round. Won
over 100 prizes.— NUNN, 20. Oxford Terrace, West Norwood.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Single.
Trustworthy, intelligent, and thoroughly practical in
all departments. Abstainer, High testimonials. Home
counties preferred.— J. H., 60, Gordon Place, Kensington, W.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Single.
Long experience in all branches at large places. Good
testimonials, and at liberty any time. Abstainer. — T.
COLLINS, 20, Leamington Street, Tong Road, Leeds.

C GARDENER (Head Working, or good
X Sin'GLF-hanoed).— Age 28 ; thoroughly practical in all
branches. Excellent testimonial from last employer, ia
Head.— J. BROOKES, Scarthoe, Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32,
married ; abstainer. Experienced in Early and Late
Forcing. Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Mushrooms.
Orchida, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower, Fruit, and
Kitchen Gardening. Carpet Bedding, and improving Old
Gardens, &c. Good characters.— C. A. T., 2a, Brynmaer Road,
Battersea Park, S.W.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Has had excellent experience in
goid establishments. Good character.— J. H., Beaumanor
Park, Loughborough, Leicestershire,

C^l ARDENER (Head Working), where three
X or four are kept. — Age 32, married, small family ;
thoroughly practical all round. Has served in some of the
leading places in England. Good references. — G, B., 2, Rice
Terrace, Cavendish Road, Anfet Road, Upper Edmonton, near
London.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32;
experienced in Early and Late Forcing of Fruits and
Flowers, alsi Flower and Kitchen Gardening, and Grass Land.
Highly recommended from present and previous situations. —
J. BROWN, The Gardens, West End House, Pinner, Middlesex.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
handed). — Age 40. Married. Mrs. Kennabd can
thoroughly recommend her gardener. Life experience in
gardening. Ten years' good character. Leaving through
a death. G. HENLEY, Thatched Cottage, Hampton Wick.

GARDENER (Head, or good Single-
ham'T.d) — Age 30, married; steady and industrious.
Abstainer. Good character.— X. Y. Z., 77, Danbrook Road,
South Streatham.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 29,
single ; two years in present situation. Good character
from present and past employers. — G. E. DUNFORD,
Botanical Gardens. Sheffield.

GARDENER (good Single-handed), or
where assistance is given.— Age 23. single ; nine years'
experience. Good references. — F. RULE, The Gardens, Babra-
ham Hall. Cambridge.

GARDENER, age 31.— A Gentleman is
anxious to recommend his Gardener, where two or more
are kept. Married. Five years* excellent character. Family
going abroad.— H. MIDDLEDITCH, E><\ ., Lea Green, Cromford,
Derby.

GARDENER (Under), or as IMPROVER,
among Fruit Trees. — Age 2), abstainer; accustomed to
Gentleman's Garden and to Nursery Work. Good character.
—FRANK TOWNSEND, Bishopswood, Ross. Herefordshire.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER, or otherwise,
in Nursery or Market.— Age 26. Twelve years' good
reference in the Trade.— B. D., Gardeners' Chro?iicle Office,
41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

MANAGER (Seed and Nursery Trade).—
Thirty years' experience, fourteen in present situation.
Highest references.— E. S., Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons,
Chapel Bar, Nottingham.

FOREMAN (Inside or General).— Age 27 ;
experienced Plant and Frutt Grower, Early and Late
Forcing. Ten years' First-class testimonials. — R. SMITH, 8,
Wignall Street, Keighley, Yorks. ^_

170REMAN, in the Houses (or Head), where

X? one or two are kept.— Age 26, single; good character. —
W. H., 36, Croham Road, South Croydon.

To Nurserymen, Florists, &c.

FOREMAN or MANAGER of Branch Nur-
6ery.— Age 31, married ; sixteen years' experience in
all branches of the Trade. Good references. Disengaged.—
WATSON, 5, Waterloo Terrace, Willesden Lane, Kilburn, N.W.

LTOREMAN or PROPAGATOR and

JO GROWER.— Age 26. Well up in all market plants,
cut flowers, Ferns, Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, and forcing Lily
of the Valley and bulb*. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand.

OURNEYMAN, Inside, in a good establish-

ment. — Age 22; seven years' experience. Can be highly
recommended by present and previous employers. — W. PAiCE,
Alice Holt Gardens, Farnham, Surrey.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20.
Five years' experience. Two years in present situation
at Battle Abbey.— A. BUNN, New Cottage, Railway Hotel,
Battle, Sussex.

TMPROVER, under Glass, or as GARDENER

JL (Under), where three or more are kept. — WILLIAM
PHILLIPS, Gardener, Kelsale Rectory, Saxmundham, Suffolk.

TO COLONIAL GOVERNORS, NOBLE-

X MEN, GENTLEMEN, and PUBLIC COMPANIES de-
veloping Estates in England or Abroad, Landscape Gardening,
Fruit Farming. &c. — Advertiser, who has carried out with
every satisfaction Public and Private Grounds, Parks, Ceme-
teries, &c. completes a three years' contract with the Canary
Islands Company in April next, desires re-engagement ; mar-
ried, no family. Twenty-five years' practical experience ; good
knowledge of Spanish. Budding and Grafting ; Propagator and
Florist. Accustomed to -control-English and Foreign Labour
in large numbers; entire charge. Understands Irrigation,
Roid- making, &c. Well educated. Irreproachable testi-
monials.—R. T. BIGGS, The Gardens, Sta Cutalina, Las
Palmas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands.

rpO "GARDENERS.— A young man (age 21)

1- seeks re-engagement under a Foreman, in a good estab-
lishment. Five years in last situation. Good references. Buthy
preferred.— H. KISLINGBURY, Elstead, Godalming.

rrO GARDENERS.— Handy-man wants work.

JL Good Glazier, Painter, Repairs, Grape-tying and Thin-
ning. Good character. Any district.— GLAZIER, 10, Secretan
Road, Albany Road, Camberwell, S.E.

rTO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted by a

J- Youth, age 18. Four years' good character from present
employer. Wages, 15s. per ween.— S. SADLER, Woodgate
Nursery, Barkby, Leicester.

TO NURSERYMEN, &c— A young man,
having a practical knowledge of the Nursery Business,
desires a place of trust, with a view of ultimately becoming
Partner, or succeeding to the Business. — H. T., 6, Wood
Street, Swindon.

rPO SEEDSMEN and FLORISTS.— A young

■ Gentleman, age 23, total abstainer, lequires situation
a9 MANAGER of a small or branch business. Experienced in
Bouquets, Wreaths, Seeds, Bulbs, and the general manage-
ment and Growing of Plants and Bulbs.— Address, C. L ,
Lawrence Cottage, Hadley Highstone, Barns-t.

rPO SEEDSMEN and FLORISTS.— Wanted,

X. by an experienced Man with a thorough knowledge of
the business, a situation as SHOPMAN or MANAGER. Good
Salesman and Accountant, also knowledge of Nursery Stock.
Good references.— E. S., 4, Sussex Avenue, Ashford, Kent.

To Florists and Nurserymen.

SALESMAN. — Can be well recommended.
Used to Covent Garden for many years.— J. R.. 41.
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

<JHOPMA?Tor SALESMANT^Age 28. Tem-

O porary or permanent. Experienced in wreath-making,
seeds, plants, and Book-keeping. Excelleot references. Good
salesman.— FLORIST, 4, Ellerslie Road, Clapham.

S~~ HOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;
thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Su9sex.

SHOPMAN.— Seventeen yeara' experience in
Seeds and Bulbs. Excellent references. — T. S.. Gar-
deners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

TO FLORISTS. — A young Lady requires situa-
tion.—First class hand in all branches of the Trade. A
good Saleswoman. References from present employer. —
KIliBY, 31, Finkle Street, Kendal.

HOLLO WAY'S PILLS. — Enfeebled Exist-
ence.—This medicine embraces every attribute required
in a general and domestic remedy. It overturns the founda-
tions of disease laid by defective food and impure air. In
obstructions or congestions of the liver, lungs, bjwels, or any
other organs, these Pills are especially serviceab'e and emi-
nently successful. They should be kept in readiness in every
family, being a medicine of incomparable utility for young
persons, especially those of feeble constitutions. They never
cause pain or irritate the most sensitive nerves or most tender
bowels. Holloway's Pills are the best-known purifiers of the
blood, the most active promoters of absorption aud secretion,
■whereby all poisonous and obnoxious particles are .removed
rom both solids and fluids.

720

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 12, 1891.

Now Ready, Price 12s. 6d.

Travels and Adventures of an Orchid

By ALBERT MILLICAN.

Being a Description of the Country, the Manners and Customs of the Natives, and the many startling events of Four

Years of Camp and Canoe Life in the Odontoglossum and Cattleya districts of Colombia.

A complete Volume of 300 pages, Illustrated by about 100 Woodcuts and Engravings made from

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Also a Magnificent Coloured Chromo Frontispiece of Cattleya Mendelii.

CASSELL and COMPANY (Limited), LUDGATE HILL, LONDON.

A/fc^lP

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THOMAS GREEN & SON, Limited,

SMITHFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEDS, AND SURREY WORKS, 6LACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.,

HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS to HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, call Special Attention to their Patent Wrought-Iron Municipal or Angular Chambered and Tubular

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And others with SHELVES, and Hollow or Ordinary Cast-iron GRATE BARS.

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SECTIONAL PLAN.

— Longitudinal Section

The longitudinal section gives a view of the fire-box. water space, flues, &c. The cross section gives a view of the fire-box water sDace and V-shaned hank

The front elevation shows it set ,n brickwork, which is necessary for this class of boiler P V P

MSI

mb a

M B 1
MB 5

SIZES AND PRICES.

3 ft. 2 in. long by 2 ft. O in. wide by 2 ft. O in. deep

4 0 „ by 2 0 „ by 2 0

5 0 „ by 2 3 ,, by 2 6

6 6 „ by 3 0 „ by 3 0
8 6 „ by 4 0 „ by 3 9

, 1000 ft.

Calculated to 1 1280

heat4-in. piping -< 2200

as follows :— / 4000

(7000

Price £15
„ 21
„ 32
„ 60
,. 85

TESTIMONIALS.

MESSRS. THOS. GREEN AND SON, Ltd., NORTH STREET, LEEDS. Re HEATING APPARATUS

Gentlemen,— I have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficiency and satiafs

Borough Engineer's Office, Municipal Buildings, Leeds. January 9. 1SS6.

afar- II:. « . * A_-- --A_ J *_ j.*. . . 1 i« l ■* *■ ^ ■

The buildings are four storeyVhigh, and we" have'a to7a7length'of7bou7S,^ S"*1?* Apparatus you erected in these public buildings

offices and rooms can all be in operation at one time or separately*,,.! the heat regulated byS of K^tae m perjure eT,u7red '"^In^ideS wither6"'0"3' ^ ^ "^
SS^SSLSSA1!*: 4l7°Ik thJL^l° °A ^is Pipiug easily, although we have three o. them Hxe'd" They are very 'powerfuland ^economical in the consump-

Two of your Patent _.
tioo of fuel, and I am pleased to be able to report of them and the apparatus so favourably

1, eveu in the coldest weather.
They are v
I am. Gentlemen, yours truly, " THOS. HEWSON, Borough Engineer.

ts work satisfactorily; it is heating BcSTfe^'ISnch^pela otTmv' ^^ "**r 1W*" 1S86'

ay vineries, and I am quite sure that

it has power to work a much greater length, while in cost of fuel it compares favourably with my other Boilers

Messrs ^ TOOsTor^T^ON Ltd"' LE'EDrnn0t ^ ** W"U °f their ^^ ^^ <"" lheir *^P^«^ ««all consumption of fuel.

,, ' *U_-_.,L.™... _„ Yours faithfully, (Signed) G. W. BASHFORD

AND HUNDREDS OF OTHER REFERENCES CAN BE GIVEN IF REatJIRED.

f r"™ Prop"^ Me*,^ Brad'bUb? "EK? VoTSKES "£ 5£f5 ^2 l° "™S »£•" Bt th< °ffl™. «• ™"*<» *"«*. ^ent Garden, London, W.C.
ARTHUB GEOROE MARTIN, at the Office, 41 WemuXn Street Plri^ of Whitefriars. City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

i», ii, Wellington street, ransn ot S>t. Paul s, Covent Garden, in the said County.-SATURDAY, December 12, 1891. Agent for Maucbester-JoHN HEYWOOD.

no. 260,-vol.x. {sTrE:.}

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1891.

[Regt. aa a Newspaper.

Price 3d.

Post-free, 3Jd.

CONTENTS.

Alaskan forests

Apiary, the

Apples. Tasmanian
Aristolochia Duchartrei
Birds of commoDS and

woodlands

Boccotiia cordata
Books: —
British edible fungi ...

,, fungi

Evolution of plant life,

lower forms

Forstliche Botanik ...
Manipulations de Bo-
tanique Medicale et
Pharmaeeutique ...
Select Extra-Tropical
Plants readily eli-
gible for Industrial
Culture or Naturali-
sation

Botanical Magazine

Broken trio, a

Bouquet-holder, new ...
Chemistry of the Apple .
Chicago Exhibition, the
Chrysanthemum Etoile

de Lyon.

Clubbing in Wallflowers
Dendrobium Phaleenop-

sis, Lee's variety
Devahna House, Aber-
deen

Dipterous larva destruc-
tive to Carnations
Eucalyptus globulus in
the Scilly Isles

i-ts' Mowers

Flower garden

Foreign correspondence .
Flints under glass

740
739
743

7;i9
733
73tJ

742
731

728

743

742

737

734
734
741
735

Fossil resins for varnish-
making

Gladiolus, the

Habenaria carnea

Hardy fruit garden

Humming-bird hawk-
moth

Kitchen garden

Large Pitmaston Duchess
Pears

Modern remedies for the
Potato disease

New plants

New Roses

Notes from Hatfield

Orchid houses

Orchid notes

Out in the fruit nurseries

peach Dr. Hogg

Plant Portraits

Potting contest at Madi-
son Square Garden ...

Pyramid Apple and Pear-
growing

Renovating large fruit
trees

Rockeries

Societies —

Chambre Syndicale des

Horticulteurs Beiges

Edinburgh Botanical...

Northern Botanical and

Horticultural
Royal Horticultural ...
,, ,, m^etines of,
in 1892

Stands for Japanese
Chrysanthemums

Unlucky gardeners

West Indian flora and
fauna

ILLUSTRATIONS

Cento urea roargaritce

Clubbing in Wallflowers

Eucalyptus globulus in the Scilly Isles
Habenaria carnea

729
728

729
734

742
735

742

742
72S
727
730
735
730
744
742
739

737

731

74:S
712

737
745

744

739

742
743

741
731
737

7^9

NOTICE to ADVERTISERS.—

It is particularly requested
that all advertisements intended
for Next Week's issue, should
reach this Office not later than

Wednesday morning next.

" Pa.rtoris Calendar." New Edition, " The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations"
Price 3d., post-free, 3id. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London" W. C.

DICTIONARY of GARDENING (Niohol-
son's), for SALE. First two vols, bound, half-morocco,
gilt: the rest in parts. What offers? to —

BOOK. Girdeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

To Persons Deaf, or with Head Noises.

PAIR of NICHOLSON'S EAR-L>RUMS,
good as new, cheap. — A. L., 12, Salisbury Villas, Seaford
Road. N., London.

Myatt's Prolific Kidney Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON and SON, Seed
• Growers and Merchants, Boston, offer the above
in quantity. Price on application.

~ ASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder,

Carter's Prolific, also Fastolf. strong and well-rooted.
ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent.

CARTERS' "VADE MECUM FOR 1892"
baa now been posted to Messrs. Carters' Customers. It
contains seven elegant coloured Illustrations, and will
be found a most thorough book of reference by all who
desire to cultivate successfully the choicest vegetables
and the prettiest flowers.

Price Is., Post-free, to unknown correspondents.
CARTERS', Seedsmen, by Royal Warrants, to H.M. The
Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C,

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S
• LILIUM AURATUM, 6s. to 15s. per dozen.
LILIUM HARRISII, 6s. to 18s. per dozen.
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ALBUM. 12s. per dozen.
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ROSEUM & RUBRUM, 7s. 6ti. doz.
LILIUM LONGIFLORUM, 4s. 6d. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

AG. W A T S O

• Fruit and Flower Salesman, Aberdeen,
CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED of POT PLANTS and
CUT FLOWERS.

Fruiting Vines in Pots.

HLANE and SON have, as usual, a splendid
• lot of extra fine, well-ripened Canes, suitable for
Forcing, to carry heavy crops nest season.

The Nurseries, Berkhamsted, Herts.

(^UPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands

O to select from. Writefor List, free.— P. MoABTHUR,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London. W.

Prize" Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

SEAKALE, Extra Strong Forcing, 70s. ; very
Good, 60s., per 1000. Cash with Order. Apply—
MYATT'S HEXTABLE HORTICULTURAL CO., Swanley
Junction, Kent.

pHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL-

\J TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other
Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction
last year.

A. .7. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,
Manchester.

150,000.- Special Offer of Kentlas.

WICETON has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000 ; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

')AA() SEAKALE ROOTS for Forcing, a

^ Vr \J\S capital lot specially grown for extra fine produce,
10s. per 100 (cash with order).

Q. H. COPP, Gardens, Holdnest Park, Sherborne.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 55., post-free, 5s. 6<f.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

VINES. — VINES. — VINES.
We hold a tine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,
• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references.

ANTED, RHODODENDRON GRAFTS

(Greenhouse varieties). Price, Varieties, and quantity to
W. HURST, Carlton House, Clevedon.

WANTED, 6 True HUNGARIAN OAKS.
B. COCHRANE, Slade, Bideford, Devon.

TJTTON'S "AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN

HORTICULTURE FOR 1892,"
NOW READY.

SUTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN
HORTICULTURE FOR 1892,"
NOW READY.

Price Is., Post-free ; Gratia to Customers ordering Goods
value 20*. and upwards, from

SUTTON and SONS,
The Queen's Seedsmen, Reading.

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, lit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dractenas,
Bamboos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on applicatiou.
W. ICETON, Putney. S.W.

PALMS — For CHRISTMAS — PALMS.—
Silver's Special Offer for Christmas, Church, and Room
Decorations: 12 Latania borbonica (the Fan Palm), beautiful
plants, 1£ to 2 feet high, for 10s.; 2 to 2J feet high, 16s.
Package and packing free for Cash with Order.

J. W. SILVER, streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.

OR SALE.— Large quantity of DEUTZIA

GRACILIS, 10j. to 21s. per 100.
FLETCHER BROTHERS, Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey.

TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, TELEGRAPH.
The Old True Stock of Rollisson.
A Prodigious cropper, and unsurpassed for Market Work.
Seed, just harvested. Is. per packet ; 25 Seeds, Is. 6d. ; 100
Seeds, 4s. Post free, Cash with Order. Price per ounce on
application.- C. A. Le TALL & CO., Seedsmen, &c, The
Approach, Charing Cross, W.C.

DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPET1-
TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England aa "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent gratis to all who
apply for it and enclose 3a!. to cover postage.— DOBBIE AND
CO.. Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

POT ROSES. — A Bargain ; room wanted. —
Several thousand Niphetos, Catherine Mermet, Perle des
Jardins, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Falcot, Safrano, Scuvenir
d'un Ami, and Marie Van Houtte. Splendid stuff. Estab-
lished in 9 and 11-inch pots. Inspection in\ ited.
Price £5 and £6 per 100.
GUIVER BROS. AND LAWSON, Durant's Nursery, Ponder'a
End. Middlesex.

ROSES ! ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now
100 strong dwarf, H.P. Roses for 30s.
The finest in the Trade.
Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order.
CATALOGUES, free on application.
C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Our new Illustrated
LIST, now ready, includes every novelty really worth
having.

J. R. PEARSON and SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

Jreen), bushy, well-
inches, 6s. to 15s. per
Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.
J. j! CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton.

10 OHO EUONYMUS (Gree

J.V^V'V/V/ grown, 18 inches to 30 in

dozen.

J WEEKS AND CO., HORTICULTURAL
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society ,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, aad direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid. London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Roadt Putney .
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, GaJaehieU.N.B.

722

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembes 19, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Chines a and Japanese Curios.

IMPORTANT SALK of a large and valuable consignment,
including a line Japanese iron and inlaid JEWEL BOX,
CABINETS, two pairs of Chinese BRONZE CASTINGS of
ELEPHANTS with PAGODAS, BRONZES; Bplendid
folding embroidered and other Screens. Cloisonne enamel-
on-copper VASES, several choice PANELS, EMBROI-
DERY, SPILLS, TRAYS, PLATES, and VASES in
Satsuma ; Kish, Kagas, and other Wares, especially
adapted for Christmas and other presents.

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Room", 67
and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.. on TUESDAY NEXT,
December 22, at half-past 12 o'clock, by order of the
Consignees.

May be viewed between 10 and 4 o'clock the day preceding
and on morning of Sale. Catalogues of the Auctioneers, 67
and 63, Cheapside, E.C.

Tottenham.

Opposite the White Hart Lane Railway Station.
CLEARANCE SALE. TUESDAY" NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL by Auction, on the Premises, the Clock House,
White Hart Lane, Tottenham, on TUESDAY NEXT, Decem-
ber 22, at 1 o'clock precisely, the land having been let for Build-
ing Purposes, the erections of 8 GREENHOUSES, 850 feet of
HoT-WATER PIPING, 3 BOILERS, SLATE SLABS, TILES,
SLATES, GLAZED LIGHTS. PAVING. GARDEN EDGING
TILES, the CLOCK TURRET and BELL, 2 FOUNTAINS,
IRON FENCING, STABLE FITTINGS, GATES, FLOORING,
SUMMERHOUSE, large CEDAR TREE, and a number of
EVERGREENS, suitable for Christmas decorations.

May be viewed day prior to and morning of Sale. Cata-
logues had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheap9ide, E.C.

Wednesday Next.

12,436 LILIES.
Immense importation of 167 Cases of LILIES and IRIS,
received direct from Japan, consisting of —
4900 LILIUM AURATUM
2156 ,, SPECIOSUM RUBRUM
300 „ „ ALBUM
2400 „ KRAMERE
2100 „ LONGIFLORUM
200 „ AURATUM VIRGINALE
100 „ „ RUBRO VITTATUM
180 „ ,, MACRANTHUM
100 „ RUBRUM CRUENTUM
and
16 Cases of JAPANESE IRIS.
The whole for Sale absolutely without reserve.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above important consignment of LILIES
by AUCTION, at their Rooms, on WEDNESDAY NEXT,
December 23, at half-past 11 o'clock precisely.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday, January 8, 1892.

PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT.

LINDEN'S

GRANDEST DISCOVERY:

C A T T L EY A REX,

JAMES O'BRIEN.
fit THE MOST FAMOUS ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED.
J. LINDICN, the discoverer and first introducer of
nearly all the finest Cattleyas in cultivation, viz., Cattleva

AURRa, -AMETHVSTOGLOSSA, GIG A3, ELDORADO, TjUAN.E,

Warocqueawa (labiata autumn alls), &c, confidently
reommends—

CATTLEYA REX

as the

FINEST OF THE GENUS.

CATTLEYA REX FLOWERS in DECEMBER and JANUARY.

Some amateurs have stated CATTLEYA REX to be a grand

form of Cattleya aurea, with white sepals and petals, but it is

a Quite New Type.

CATTLEYA REX is described by JAMES O'BRIEN in the

Gardeners' Chronicle, December 13, 1890.
Sepals and petals are creamy-white. The labellum is of the
richest crimson, of various shades— from the rosy hue to the
purple tint — veined in a beautiful manner with golden-yellow,
all worked in to form a richly-colouring marbling. " It is a
Wonderful Piece of Colouring ,"

Mr. R. JOHNSON, Stand Hall Gardens, Whitefield,
Manchester, writes to Messrs. LINDEN : —
" The CATTLEYA REX has flowered with us, and a grand
thing it is. We have had some of the principal importers of
Orchids here to see it: they think your plate in Lindenia
(English edition, Part I., 1891) a true representation of the
flower, but the lip of our flower is finer than your Plate."

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
are favoured with instructions from Messrs. LINDEN,
L'Hortieulture Internationale, Brussels, to SELL by AUC-
TION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C, on FRIDAY January 8, 1892, at half-past 12
o'clock, the whole of the above importation, just to hand in
capital condition.

The plants have been collected by Messrs. Linden's intrepid
collector, M. C. Ellner. with the greatest difficulties, who
has searched with hundreds of natives for two years after this
grandest Cattleya, and only succeeded in discovering those
offered.
He states that " it is impossible to find any more."
A portrait made from a plant flowered in Monsieur
Warocque's collection will be on view on the day of Sale.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next,

AZALEA MOLLIS and CAMELLIAS from Belgium, 200
PALMS in variety, and 40 lots of FERNS for Christmas
decoration, Standard and Dwarf ROSES, 200 lots of
English-grown LILIES, HARDY PLANTS and BULBS
from well-known Growers, Standard and Dwarf ROSES,
LILY OF THE VALLEY, 200 lots of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, and other DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS, and 300
fine imported Bulbs of LILIUM SCOVIKIANUM, just
arrived from the Caucasian Alps.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
SELL the above by AUCTION at their Central Sale
Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on WEDNESDAY
NEXT, D.cember 23, at half past 11 o'clock.

- On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

DOUBLE and SINGLE BEGONIAS.
A splendid strain, embracing the -best=named varieties, the
whole forming a grand collection, being sold by a suc-
cessful and ardent Seed Raiser, who is now giving up their
cultivation. All are English grown, strong healthy Bulbs.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will
include the above in ther SALE on WEDNESDAY
NEXT December 23, at half-past 11 o'clock.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday, January 1, 1892. Preliminary Notice.

IMPORTANT SALE of ESTABLISHED and IMPORTED
ORCHIDS, from a well-known Private Collection.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION at
their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London.
E.C, on FRIDAY", January 1, 1892, at half-past 12 o'clock,
about 60 or 70 lots of fine ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, from a
private collection, including some grand Cypripediums,
amongst them Niobe, Graode, Leanum superbum. (I'.nambum
Biiperbum, Sobralia xantholeuci, 35 bulbs; Sobralia virginalis,
and several large plants of Ca'logvne cristatj.

81 lols of DENDROBIUMS. CATTLEYAS. ODONTOGLOS-
SUMS, aud CYPRIPEDIUMS. from another private collection.

100 lots of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, another Property,
including Cypripedium Morganise, Harrisianum supetbum,
Ccelogyne cristata alba, Lielia elegans Bluntii, Odontoglossum
elegans, Lielia albida, and other valuable species ; an impor-
tation of 500 Deodrobium McCarthia1, 500 Vanda 9pathulata,
500 Vanilla Phalcenopsis. received direct for unreserved Sale.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Monday Next.

100,000 FRESH SEEDS of KENTIA BELMORIANA and

FOSTERIANA.

25,000 COCOS WEDDELIANA, and 25,000 ARECA LU-

TESCENS Seeds just received.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will include the
above in his SALE by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
Si, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on MONDAY NEXT,
December 21.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Monday Next.
Five cases of ARAUCARIA EXCELSA, as received ; LILIUM
AURATUM, from Japan; fine Bulbs of LILIUM LANCI-
FOLIUM RUBRUM, from Holland; South African
TUBEROSES and AMARYLLIS; 50,000 SPIR.EA JA-
PONICA; 100,00) LILY OF THE VALLEY CROWNS
and CLUMPS ; LILIUM HARRISI and CANDIDUM ;
AZALEA MOLLIS. BORDER PLANTS, Fine Collections
ot Home-grown LILIUMS, DAFFODILS and NARCIS-
SUS.I GLOXINIAS, and a large quantity of DUTCH
BULBS, Sec.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the
above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, on MONDAY NEXT, December 21. at half-
past 12 o'clock precisely.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Wednesday Next.

1000 choice named Standard and Dwarf ROSES, 300 Pyramid
and Dwarf-trained FRUIT TREES, BORDER PLANTS,
HARDY SHRUBS, LILIUM AURATUM from Japan,
AZALEA MOLLIS, Collection of STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES,
and other Dutch Bulbs, LILY' OF THE VALLEY Crowns
and Clumps, SPIR.H1S. LILIUMS, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38. King Street. Covent
Garden, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, December 23, at half-past
12 o'clock precisely.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

rFHOMAS B. JAMES will SELL by

A AUCTION, at his Rooms, Bull Ring, Birmingham, on
TUESDAY NEXT, December 22, at half-past 12 o'Clock. a
grand selection of ORCHIDS in FLOWER for Christmas
decoration, also a large and varied consignment of PALMS
and other PLANTS from BELGIUM.

Catalogues post-free.
N.B.— Choice CUT BLOOM WANTED, CHRISTMAS
WEEK. Good market empties and labels found.

WANTED, a FLORIST BUSINESS, in a
thriving provincial town. Terms moderate.
R. W. J., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

WANTED, a NURSERY, for Fruit Growing
under Glass. No Stock. Good Dwelling-house, &c.
State Rent, &c, to—

ALPHA, Mr. E. Bennett, Harefield Gardens, Uibridge.

WANTED to RENT, within easy distance
of London, a few GLASSHOUSES for Growing
Market Produce. With Cottage preferred.

State lowest terms to H. J. P., Mr. Shaw, 5, Featherstone
Buildings, High Holborn, W.C.

ADVERTISER REQUIRES a SMALL
NURSERY, immediately, 6 Greenhouses, and 1 Acre of
land. Price Low. Must be genuine. — State particulars to
R. A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.

"O LET, a NURSERY of 2 Acres, and seven

Greenhouses, 600 feet run. Apply,
F. H., 5, Gladstone Villas, Fairfield Road, Edmouton.

TO BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the
Bath Road, HEATHROW FARM. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, from Michaelmas next; contains 4:38 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Meadow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into three or four Market Gardens. The House and BuildiDgs
are 3 miles from West Drayton and Hayes Stations (G. W. R.),
alsj Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R.). No Agents
nee 1 apply.

Far particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wrot'iam Park Estate Office. Barnet, Herts.

Tottenham.— To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.
r"X) BE LET, close to White Hart Lane Sta-

tion, about 1 a. 2r. 20 p. of LAND, suitable for Glasshouses.

For further particulars apply to Mr. ALFRED RICHARDS,

Estate Agent, High Road, Tottenham; or, Messrs. DANIEL

SMITH, SON AND (HKLEY, Land Agents, Surveyors and

Auctioners, 10, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. (328.3).

To Florists, Rose Growers, and Others.

TO BE SOLO, as a Going Concern, proprietor
retiring from business, about 5 Acres of well-stocked
ROSARY GROUND, with two excellent DWELLING-HOUSES
thereon : all freehold. Ten miles only from Covent Garden
Price, £3200.

Address, by letter, ROSARY, Messrs. Crossley Moir & Co.,
Advertising Agents, 57a, Coleman Street, E.C.

Address. SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form-
ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winter
Gardens, Alpineries, &c, as in hundreds of places about the
kingdom, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully
illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by

PULHAM and fc»ON, 50, Finsbury Square, Loudon, E.C, and
Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection
on receipt of twelve stamps.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Horticul-
tural Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyton-
stone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had on application.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S
• IMPROVED MUSHROOM SPAWN,

For Out-door and In-door Culture. Per bushel, 5s. ; per cake,
6d. ; per cake, free by Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Hollo way, London, N.

FOR SALE, several dozen CYCLAMEN and
GLOXINIAS, good strains; also AZALEAS and
CAMELLIAS (well budded), and STRAWBERRIES, in 6-inch
pots, for Forcing.

F. PITMAN, Castle Cary.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

THE VINEYARD AND NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL,

Have just received large and fine importations of
the following

ORCHIDS,

CATTLEYA AUREA,
CATTLEYA CICAS SANDERIANA

(including C. aurea and O. Hardyana),

CATTLEYA TRIAN/E of the finest type

(including some of the pure white forms),

ODONTOGLOSSUM VEXILLARIUM,
ODONTOGLOSSUM MIRANDUM,
ODONTOGLOSSUM WALLISII,
ODONTOCLOSSUM LUTEO-PURPUREUM.

The Company have also secured a fine lot of
the New and Bf.autiful

COCHLIODA NOEZLIANA,

And a few plants of the New and Beautiful

CATTLEYA REX.

Full Particulars on Application to the Company,

December 1U, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

723

,, ,, WIERIILACINIATUM.10tol4feet,girth3to5inch.
„ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet.
,, REITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
,. SCHWEDLERII, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches.
„ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth

4 to 9 inches.
BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches.
CERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet,

girth 4 to 7 inches.
CHESTNUTS, Horse. 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches.
„ „ Double White, 14 to 18 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches.
„ „ Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches.
,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
ELMS, English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches.
,, Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches.
LIMES, 12, 16, and 20 feet, girth 3 to '0 inches.

„ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6

inches.
,, Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6
inches.
LIQUID AMBAR, 6 to 10 feet.
MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet.
OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.

,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches.
PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches.
POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to

16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches.

„ Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches.
THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet.
„ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet.
,, „ White, 8 to 10 feet.
TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet.
WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet.

WEEPING TREES.
BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet.

„ Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet.
BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to
14 feet.
,, Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to
12 feet.
ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet.
LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet.
POPLAR, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

PRIVATE SALE.

FRUIT TREES.

80,000 FRUIT TREES.

(Standards, Pyramids, and Wall- trained), Apples, Pears,
Cherries, Peaches, Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall
standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The
Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly
rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the
Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen-
drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently
regardless of cost ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses;
40,000 Black Currants, four years o'.d ; and forty kinds of
Gooseberries. Price, half their value. See Catalogues.
Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GERTRUDE JONES,
Churchfield, Cradley, near Malvern.

IMPORTANT LISTS ON APPLICATION.
Surplus Clearance DAFFODIL BULBS, in prime condition
for Pots, Beds, and to Naturalise, at greatly reduced prices.
Conference Michaelmas Daisies and Sunflowers.
Choice Single and Double Paeonies.
Choice Iris, Tall and Dwarf.
Choice Hellebores and Lilies.
Choice Gladioli, Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks.
BARR and SON,

12, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

aR O U N D REQUIRED.
TO BE SOLD. CHEAP.
10,000 LAURELTINUS, 1} to 2 and 3} feet.
5000 CYPRESS MACROCARPA. 3 to 5 and 8 feet.
5000 SILVER FIR, 2 to 2£ feet.
2000 GREEN EUONYMUS, 1 to 2 and 2J feet.
Special offers on application.
HUMPHREY GRIFFITH, Frondy Nursery, Pwllheli, Wales.

Cheaper than Ever.

KOSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 21s.,
or 305. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. AND C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing
and planting ; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old, good
roots, 3s. per 100; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100; 6d. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, £yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. Gd. per 100; ditto
selected, 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6d. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial: — "Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I ever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. Perkins,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford."

J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to GrowThem, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

KENTIA SEEDS.— The following, in splendid
condition, just arrived from our Collector : —
KENTIA FORSTERIANA, 16s. per 1000.
ISELMi IREANA, 16s. per 1000.
CANTERBURYANA, 9s. per 100.
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, 10s. per 1000.
ARECA BAUERI, 10s. per 1000.
HOOPER and CO., Ltd., Covent Garden, London, W.C.

RCOLLYER, Cart House Lane Nursery,
• Woking Station, Surrey, begs to offer the following
TREES and SHRUBS :—
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 6 to 7 feet.

„ ., ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 7 feet.
THUIA LOBBII, 5 to 7 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 5 feet.
THUIA ARBOR-VIT;E, 7 to 8 feet.
HOLLY, COMMON, 3 to 7 feet, stout.

„ Standard and Half-Standard, Waterer's Golden smooth-
leaf, with nice round heads (15 to 20 years' growth).
ENGLISH YEWS, 3 to hi feet, well-grown plants.
SPRUCE FIRS. 2 to 4i feet.
POPLARS, Canadensis Nova, 14 to 18 feet.
LIMES, 12 to 14 feet. .
SILVER BIRCH, 10 to 14 feet.
THORNS, Standard and Pyramid, Paul's Double Scarlet, 7 to

9 feet.
APPLES, 1 and 2 years, good sorts.

May be seen any time ; or, further particulars given on
application. Satisfactory references required.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

-I- have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants; and
500,000 Ponticum and Seedling Hvbrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet ; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently-transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties. 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, also for
Forest Planting; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURELS, &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

New Apple, Chelmsford Wonder.

SALTMARSH and SON,
The Nurseries, Chelmsford, are now sending out this
splendid NEW KITCHEN APPLE, which, after receiving an
Award of Merit in March last, has had an additional award of
a First-class Certificate at the meeting of the Fruit Committee
of the Royal Horticultural Society on November 10.

It is a firm, handsome Apple, of large size, a good keeper,
great bearer, and of superior flavour when cooked. It was
favoured with a well-executed illustration, together with a
faithful description, in the Gardeners' Magazine of April 11,
copies of which may be had on application.

Strong Maiden Trees are now ready at 5*. each, with the
usual discount to the Trade.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SON offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHER-
RIES, and DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
52, MARKET SQUARE, NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

GOOD LUCK LILY.

" Chinese Flower of the Gods."

A few strong Flowering Bulbs, per dozen, 7s. 6<f. \ t> f f

A few Extra Selected Bulbs ,. „ Ws.id.S m^ •

DECORATED VASES, as used in China and Japan for

growing Lilies in, Is. to 7s. 6rf. each.

Cultural Directions to each Purchaser.

THYNES, 83, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

OWEN'S Descriptive and Priced CATALOGUE,

Giving full Descriptions and Results after Flowering of Eng-
lish Seedlings, carefully selected from thouands; also Sports.
American and Continental Novelties, all carefully Selected
after Blooming, only the very best in each section described ;
all inferior varieties discarded.

The following Grand Novelties will be distributed (March) : —
Mrs. Robinson Kirg, new golden yellow sport from Golden
Empress, 5s. ; Six First-class Certificates, 1891. Noel Pragnell,
or Striped Empress of India, Zs. <6d. Prelude, or Striped Alfred
lyne, 3s. 6d. Miss Lilian Cope, or White Etoile de Lyon, 5*.

Orders booked for above, and all other Novelties, and dis-
patched in strict rotation. CATALOGUE free.

R. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley !

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

THE GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND.

THE FOURTH ELECTION of Eleven
Children to the Benefit of this Fund, consisting of an
allowance of 5s. per week (subject to the Conditions stated in
Rule XIIL), will take place on FRIDAY. FEBRUARY 5 next
at the CANNON STREET HOTEL, LONDON, E.C.

A. F. BARRON, Hon. Sec.

Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, C'hiswick.

Chrysanthemums.

pARTERS' LIST of the BEST NEW

Vy SORTS for 1892,

Now ready, gratis and po*t-free, on application to the
Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

pCELOGYNE CRISTATA, from 9$. Chats-

V-/ worth variety. Is. 6<£. each. Trentham variety and

Maxima, cheap.

TRUSTEES of the late J. STEVENSON, Timperley, Cheshire.

FOR FORCING. — PARISIAN LILACS,
just imported, very fine, 305. per dozen,
CUNINGHAM'S WHITE RHODODENDRON, well set, 15*.
18s., and 24s. per dozen. Order at once of —
WALSHAW AND SON. Scarborough.

CHINESE SACRED LILIES.
JOSS or GOOD LUCK FLOWER.
By the 100 or 1000.
WILLIAM BULL, F.L.S., Establishment for New and Rare
Plants. 536, King's Road. Chelsea, London, S.W.

CHOICE FRUIT — CHOICE FRUIT.
Highest Market Prices guaranteed. Prompt cash.
Address— HENRY RIDES, Ceutre Avenue, late 38, Hart
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

TWO Large PALMS (Latania borbonica), and
ONE TREE FERN (Dicksonia). Apply to—
GARDENER, Aelybryn, Llanelly.

WR A VENH I LL, FLO WER and FOLIAGE
• SALESMAN, 38, Hart Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
—We can return good market prices for all choice CUT
FLOWERS, ORCHIDS, best English double VIOLETS, blue
and white ; more wanted. A ready sale. State price for
latter. Boxes and labels sent. Daily sales and accounts.

Cheaper than Ever.
rpELEGRAPH CUCUMBER SEED, Rol-

JL lisson's, 2r. per 100, post-free ; lower price than anyone
by the oz. or lb.
HENRY SMITH, Cucumber Grower, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts.

To Florists.

FRENCH FLOWERS, direct from the
Gardens.— An enormous saving. ROSES, MIMOSA,
MIGNONETTE, MARGUERITES, ORANGE BLOSSOM, &c.
Sample basket, carriage paid to London, for 10s. Postal Order.
The RIVIERA FLORAL SUPPLY, Nice.

NEW HARDY PLANT CATALOGUE of
HERBACEOUS, ALPINE, and SELECT PERENNIAL
GARDEN PLANTS. Over 2000 Species and Varieties. Over
100 pages. Post-free for six stamps (free to Purchasers of
plants), on application to —

MANAGER, Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Millmead,
Guildford.

FERNS! FERNS !!— Trade Surplus Stock.—
Greenhouse and Stove, 25 most saleable sorts, 125. per 100 ;
out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum cuneatum, in 48's, bushy, 6s.
per doz. Large Ferns, 10 most saleable sorts, Aralia Sieboldii,
Primulas, Solanums, superior stuff, all in 48's, 5s. 6d. per doz.
Palms, Ficus, Erica hyemahs, and Cyclamen, in 48's, 12s. per
dozen, for bloom and fine foliage cannot be better. Pteria
tremula, and Adiantum cuneatum, selected bushy, for potting
on, 12s. per 100. Packed free, Cash with Order.
J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction, S.W.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

Sharpe's Victor Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers
• and Merchants, Boston, offer a few tons of this
excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample.
Price, per cwt. or ton, on application.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen Planting.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, large
LAURELS, of sorts, bushy, from 4 ft. high and upwards ;
SCOTCH FIR. from 2 feet 6 inches to 8 feet; SPRUCE,
PINUS AUSTRIACA, PINUS LARICIO, Red-twigged LIMES,
CHESTNUTS. OAK, ASH, SYCAMORE, WALNUT, YEWS,
&c, fine stuff for instant effect. As the ground must be cleared
this Autumn, no reasonable offer refused. All goods free on rail.
C. F. MILLAR, The Nurseries, London Road, Chippenham.

BEGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded
Four Gold Medals, and Gold Cup, and all First Prizes
Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Seed and Bulbs,
eclipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double
varieties, Is.. 2s. <6d. , and 5s. per packet. Collections (Seed) —
single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6rf. ; 6 ditto, 3s.
Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per dozen ; unnamed
seedlings, 12a. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest, 4s., 5s.. 6s.,
and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 42s. per doz. ;
unnamed, choicest, 18s. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for
bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis.J

JOHN LAING and SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London.

724

THE GAfiDENEllS' OHllONlCLK

[llECfcllBfcH ID, iS'jI.

Gratis.^
Buyers should come and View the Stock.

G AR D EK

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSEKY STwCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending postfiee; neither has there ever been such
a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of planta
necessary to keep the gardeu in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give ua and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

WMh$ artd See,.

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

>iUITTREEsf

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

I CHEAL&QONS

fey q vrl Crawley, W Sussex-

SANKEYSYdmous GARDEN POTS

Kessrs. Dicksons, Limited, Chester, write :— *' The Flower Pot3 you have so largely supplied ua w ith are \i$.bt, strong
and wt-11 made, and in every respect highly satisfactory."

Messrs Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write:— "We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your * Garden
Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, and we like them bettt-r than any other we have ever used."

Mr. William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes :— " For nearly thirty years I have been using your
. Garden Pots,' and still hnd tnem the best and cheapest."

Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £,\Q
Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free.

MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus,

Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses,
flluatrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable
Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames ; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot-water Pipes, and all appliances for
heating. This Catalogue, possessing huudreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating,
is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical
hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. PrlCP, 2s. post-free.

A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in \arious parts of the country ; an inspection of
this Catalogue showB, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by
us enable us to carry out work with the utmo»t promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys
made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application.

MESSENGER &

London Office :- 163,

COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH.

Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, E.C.

Established isi8.

65,

LIONEL STREET,
BIRMINGHAM.

HENRY HOPE

HORTICULTURAL

BUILDER and

HEATING ENGINEER.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on referenoe to
this advertisement.

NEW
CATALOGUE

of Greenhouses & Garden
Frames, just issued, will
be sent, post-free, to any
address, on reference to
this advertisement.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

■■ —

THE COTTAGER'S CALENDAR OF CARDEN OPERATIONS.

Post-free 3M. ; 25 Copies, 5:. ; 50, 10s. ; and 100, 20s.

Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only.
Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain,

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.O.

Decembee l'J, 1891.]

THE GARDEN EH V CHRONICLE.

SIIORTIA GALACIFOLIA.—
Per ino Strong Plant-. 1 '..
Spe Gardener? Chronicle, Much 30, l&Sit ; Garden, Au~. ^n
\>i90 ; and Hat. M-ig , tab. 7082.

This is one of the prettiest and most interesting of American
plants; it is a dwarf, liHrdy herbaceous plant, with bell-shaped,
pure white flowers, and roundish, leathery leaves, which turn
a deep red in the autumn.

C. It. V-iN TUBERGEN, .TtlXB , Haarlem. Holland.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.

ATPLES, 1'EA.RS, PLUMS, STRAW-
BERRIES, and all sorts cf Small and Hardy Fnl'ts
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and Ne,v
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most complete issued, tirf. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN W ATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington,
Hereford.

T?OR SALE, CYCLAMEN SEED.

Few ounces of Lord Hillngdon. Certificated. 1888.

Few ounces of Majesticum. Certificated, 1887.

Few ounces of Dixon Hartland. Certificated, 1888.

Few ounces of Miscellaneous, and a small quantity of Bright

Reds, all of the Giganteum Type.

JOHN ODELL, Gould's Green, Hillingdon, Middlesex.

RICHARDIA /ETHIOPICA COMPACTA,

The Dwarf Arum Lily.
Most Useful fob Boom Decoration1.

Award of Merit, Royal Horticultural Society, Oct. 29, 1891.

2s. 6d., 3b. 6d., and 5s. each.

Trade Price on application.

ROBERT VEITCH & SON,

THE ROYAL NURSERIES. EXETER.

Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock.

NOW w the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES

.NTS. '

And Other

AMERICAN

PLANTS

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS,

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldlield Nurseries, Altrincham ;

Also, 10 and 12, Market Street. Manchester.

FRANK CANT'S
ROSES.

CHEAP and GOOD.

Standards, from 21s. per dozen.

Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100.

Send for CATALOGUE.

BRAISWICK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.

HILL & SMITH,

BRIEBLEY HILL,
STAFFORDSHIRE,

And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, EC

ft— «

NEW PATTERN

TREE CUARD,

uThe Porcupine"

The maximum of utility and
the minimum ol cost.

Constructed of Strong Iron Up-
rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel
Wire.

Price 10s. 6d.

u&sLz,

TESTIMONIAL.

The WhiUero. Herefordshire.

'Tec. 28,1887.
Dear Sirs,— I have now had
an opportunity of trying
your Porcupine Tree
GUARDS, and they seem
quite to answer my pur-
pose, so you may send me
50 more as before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly,
RICHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Hill & Smith.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OTJR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s.

l-light, 4 ft. by 6 ft... ^ CASH (2

CASH

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

8 ft. by 6 ft. .

12 ft. by 6 ft..

16 ft. by 6 ft..

20 ft. by 6 ft. .

24 ft. by 6ft.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agmt .Mr. H.Skelton, Seedsman. &c, 2, Holloway Rd.,N.

OUROLINi

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE i GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Wirt
Wove Roofing Co., Ld." May and June iSqi.

INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince of
Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a, Queen Viotoria Street, LONDON, E.G.

THIS GREENHOUSE erected and heated complete, in
any part of the country, best materials only, workmanship
guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50 ; 30ft. by 15ft., £70. Brick-
work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free.

Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for

immediate use, well made, painted four coats, glazed wiih
31-oz. glass, carriage paid:— l-light frame, 4 X 6. 36s. IW. ;
2-light frame. 6x8, 5Ss. : 3-light frame, 12 x 6. 85.. id.

Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £4 7s. 6rf. ; 9 x 5, £3 15s. ;

HARDY BRUIN * CO., ¥££ LEICESTER

JAS. BOYO & SONS,

Horticultural Ruili ers
and Heating Engineers,

PAISLEY.

HORTICULTURAL

STRUCTURES

of every description,

in either Wood or Iror,

or both combined.

Wooden Chapels,

Shooting Lodges,

Tennis Courts,

Cottages, &c.

Hot - water Apparatus

for wanning

Buildings of every

description.

Illustrated Circular!

Post-free.

Complete Catalogue, 3s.

WINTER and SPRING PRUNING,
TRIMMING, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the " STANDARD " and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the "MYTICUTTAH," and
other useful appliances, than by any means. They weTe
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Balh
and Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled with grent
saving of time and labour, and the risk to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the end-
Bevered in a vital condition.

Sold by the principal Ironmongers and Seedsmen, the leading
Stores, and kindred Trades throughout the world, of whom
Illustrated CATALOGUES may be had ; or of the PATENTERS
and MAKERS, at their works and depot, ST. ALKMUND'S
CHURCHYARD, DERBY.

See this Boiler before being Induced to purchase

any other.

DEFRIES' PATENT

HOT-WATER circulating BOILER.

Price, 38/6

For CONSERVATORIES, LEAN-TO HOUSES, &c.

The Patent Oil Stove is the only one that neither smells nor
smokes. It burns with a blue flame, and gives double the heat
of any other large Oil Stove.
Sole Manufacturers, the Metropolitan Light Co., proprietors of

THE DEFRIES SAFETY LAMP and OIL AGENCY
43 and 44. H0LBORN VIADUCT, E.C.

No Agents. Orders executed strictly in rotation.

BARB_WIRE.

CATALOGUES FREE

ON APPLICATION TO

The Longford Wire Co.

(Limited),

WARRINGTON.

I, (.ENWNC.'

726

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 19, 1891.

L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE, Limited.

Dieectoes: MESSRS. J. LINDEN & LUCIEN LINDEN, LEOPOLD PARK, BRUSSELS.

•mr

CATTLEYA REX.

THE MOST FAMOUS ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED.

On the request of several of our English friends, and of our Continental Customers, we have decided to reserve FIFTY PLANTS of our grand

introduction, to be offered directly : —

Good Imported Plants, 126s., 210s , and 420s., according to size, Carriage Free.
The whole of the rest of the importation, about 150 plants, in capital condition, will be offered for Sale, by

Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS,

At their Central Rooms, 67, Cheapside, London, E.C., on JANUARY 8, NEXT.

"We are the ONLY introducers of CATTLEYA REX. Every plant that may be offered by any other firm came

from our introduction.

M. Ellner our intrepid collector, who has been searching for it for two years, writes that " it i* now impossible to find any more."

A marvellous Chromo-lithographed Plate of CATTLEYA REX (18£ inches wide, 23 inches
long), which framed would splendidly adorn the drawing-room of the Orchid-lover, will be sent
free of charge, to every one applying for it, on receipt of 3s. 6d. in English Postage Stamps.

To be issued on January 2, 1892.

About 500 IMPORTED PLANTS of CATTLEYA WAROCQUEANA

(our LABIATA AUTUMNALIS), of the same varieties as exhibited at PROTHEROE and MORRIS'S Central
Rooms, on October 30 last, just to hand, in marvellous condition, will be included in the same Sale, on January 8,
1892. ' They have been collected by Me. P. Silvee, our collector, in " Bungeeoth's hunting-geound," where
no collector of another firm has been up to the present.

TO COUNTRY BUYERS.

5000 PTKEIS TREMULA, 6s. and 8s. per doz., in 48's.
5000 PHLEBODIUM ANDREANUM,8s.&10s.perdoz.,in48's.
NIDULARIA, 6s. and 9s. per doz., in 48's.
HEATHS. GENISTAS, PRIMULAS, CALLAS, &c,
on rail in London.
25,000 LAXTON'S NOBLE STRAWBERRY. 10s. per 1000.
50,000 NORWICH WONDER RASPBERRY CANES, 15s. per

1000, on rail.
R. J. GRIFFIN Florist and Fruit Farmer, Faraborough, Kent.

fiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiHiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiitiMiiin

PLANTING SEASON,

J HARD1LI-GKOWN

Forest, Pruit^

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, ftc.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

VERY EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited-
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

L/ICKSONS Mi!Miui>
(limited) Chester*

IIIIIIIIUIIinMllllllfllllllllllllllUIIIUlllUUMlUnillllHIUUUI

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.
The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

THE KTTRSERIES,

SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

VEITCH'S GENUINE SEEDS.

JAMES YEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIR

CATALOGUE of GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS

FOR 1892

Has now been Posted to all their Customers. Anyone not having received the same,
a Duplicate Copy will immediately be forwarded post-free on application.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

BARR'S»lusCLEARANCESALE°fDAFFODILS

Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation.
Detailed Priced LIST on application.

Per lOOO, 15s., 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s.
BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OF

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS -NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS,

CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SNOWFLAKES, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs,
ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES ORE A TL Y RED UCED. LIST on APPLICA TION.
Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application : —
CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS.
GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES.
SINGLE PEONIES, DOUBLE PyEONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS.

BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London.

Dbcbmbeb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

727

CARTERS'

SPECIAL CASH CLEARANCE SALE of

CHEAP HARDY BULBS,

For massing in large quantities in Parks, Promenades,
Pleasure Grounds, Carriage Drives, Plantations, &c,

AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Carriage and Packing Free for Cash with Order.

s. d.

DOUBLE DAFFODILS price 50 0 per 1000.

SINGLE DAFFODILS price 12 6 per 1000.

DOUBLE WHITE NARCISS ... price 35 0 per 1000.

(Gardenia-like — very sweet scented).
PHEASANT'S EYE NARCISS price 13 6 per 1000.
MIXED DAFFODILS price 15 0 per 1000.

(A Grind Mixture.)

BLUE BELLS price 12 6 per 1000.

WINTER ACONITES price 10 6 per 1000.

SNOWDROPS price 21 0 per 1000.

Buyers from this List must please give the price with

their order.

ALL ARE OFFERED SO LONG AS UNSOLD.

Suppliers of Bulbs to the Royal London Parks,
237
238

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

LILIUM AURATUM,

JUST ARRIVED FROM JAPAN.

Fine sound Bulbs, measuring 8 to 9 in. round,

5s. doz., 15s. for 50, 27s. 6d. per 100.

PACKED AND CAKRIAGE PAID.

SPIR^A JAPONICA,

THE VEEY FINEST CLUMPS IMPORTED.
3s. per dozen, 18s. per 100.

Packed free. Carriage extra.

W. H. HUDSON, F.R.H.S.

Bulb Merchant,
199, HIGH ROAD, KILBURN, LONDON, N.W.

Address for Telegrams — " Auratums, London."

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

ROSES.

Nothing so Profitable

and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free

8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS &BULBS!VEGETa^LFEARFrERi

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

ELEY'S SPECIAL OFFERS.

25,000 CHINESE SACRED LILIES,

or Flower of the Gods.

These have just arrived from China. Extra fine, selected bulbs,
3 for 2s. 6d., 9s. doz. Cultural directions enclosed to purchasers.

50,000 LILIUM AURATUM.

Received from Japan in splendid condition. Warranted all
good, sound, and reliable bulbs, Grand bulbs, 5s.; selected,
Ts. Qd. ; extra large, 10s. per doz. All carriage paid.

ALBERT G. ELEY, Bulb Importer,
84, Drakefell Rd., Hate bam, London, S.E.

Christmas Floral Decorations.

JW. SILVER and CO.'S Special
• CHRISTMAS HAMPERS of CUT FLOWERS for
Presents, and Room and Church Decorations, at 5s., 7s. 6d.,
10s., 15s., and 20s. each. Made up of all the choicest and
most useful Flowers in season.

Memorial Wreaths, Crosses, Chaplets, and AnchorB from 5s.
to 21s. each, of Choice White Flowers. Wreaths and Crosses
of Holly and pretty Ivy, 3s. Gd. to 5s. each.

Bouquets and Posies, for Wedding and Ball-room, in best and
latest West-End Style, of Choicest flowers, from 7s. 6d. to 21s.
each. Boxes, for Wreaths, &c. Is. to Is. 6d. each; for
Bouquets, &c , 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. each. Choice Ladies' Sprays,
and Gent's Button-hole Bouquets, 6d., 9d., and Is., to 3s. lid.
each. The highest value and style, and prompt despatch, for
Cash with Order.

J. W. SILVER AND CO., Court Florists, Marlborough
Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster. (Nurseries, Norbury
and Streatham, S.W.)

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.
COCOS Weddcliana, in thumbs at20s.perl00.

,, „ in 60's at55s. per 100.

KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreaua.in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.

„ in60's, at60s.perl00.

,, ,, ,, in48's, at24s. perdoz.

,, ,, ,, in.32's, at48s.perdoz.

SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in 60's, at32s.per 100.

„ in 48's, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
in 48's and 60's; Pandanus Veitchii. Draceenas Lindenii, and
Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S.W.

FRUIT TREES-FRUTtTREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders : —

APPLES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

APRICOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained.

CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Untrimmed,
Pyramids, Standards.

PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.

PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,
Pyramids. Standards.

DAMSONS, FARLEIGH PROLIFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity /Mrge— Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

CHARLES NOBLE

HAS FINE BUDDKD
RHODODENDRONS, named kinds.
ANDROMEDA FLORIBUNDA.
AZALEA, finest Gheut kinds.

Ditto, Seedlings.

Ditto, MOLLIS. 10 to 8) buds.

Ditto, OCCIDENTALIS.

DWARF ROSES. H. P.. B., and TEAS.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS )

THUIA LOBBII (,,., <„„,

Ditto, AMERICANA > 3 to 6 feet.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANAj
HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet.
HARDY HEATHS.
CLEMATIS, 3 and 4 years old.
The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will be
found superior in every way.

BAG SHOT, December, 1891.

GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON,

WOKING NURSERY, SURREY,

Invite Inspection of the Following Well-grown
Stuff : —

FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears,

Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf-
trained trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and
Nectarines.

ROSES.— A large Collection of Dwarf and

Standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses, in all the lead-
ing varieties ; also Tea Roses, in pot*, for forcing.

RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties

set with flower-buds; also Hybrid Seedlings and Ponticums.

CONIFERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for

Lawn and Shrubbery planting.

SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted

for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c.

CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle-
matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c.

ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks,

Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens.

FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for

Coverts, Woods, &c.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading

Feature. Plans designed, and Advice given as to Laying-
out, Planting, or Renovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea-
tion Grounds, and Private Gardens,

THE

(Hardeners' flprnmirk

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1891.

NEW EOSES.

AT the present time, when one is in the midst
of planting these popular shrubs, it may
not be unseasonable to call attention to a few of
the very best Roses introduced recently. One is
often much puzzled to decide which are the best
from the descriptions accorded in the majority of
Rose-grower's lists, as it is too general a failing
with most to give a glowing description of
anything new.

The few kinds I name have all been proved by
me, and I do not propose touching upon any
variety that I have not given a good trial to, and
found all I claim for it. At the same time, it
must oarefully be borne in mind that many
Roses are grand one season and indifferent the
next, and vice versa ; oftentimes we can discover
no reason for this, and it is indeed unfortunate
when a good and new variety happens to be put
upon the market during a season unpropitious
for that particular kind. Why I mention this
fact is, that there may be some kinds omitted
from this brief list, which will in a future year
rise to distinction ; the summer of 1891 has not
been an ideal one for the majority of Roses.

Dark-glowing kinds, like Sir Rowland Hill,
Earl of Dufferin, and a few others, have had a
good season, because the steady opening of these
grand and double Roses was secured to them by
the dull weather. But such kinds as Madame
Pierre Guillot, Mrs. James Wilson, and a few
others, have been a complete failure with me
during the past summer; and yet from their
manner in opening, and substance when grown
under glass, I have very little doubt they will
prove grand Roses during a fairly dry and warm
summer.

All of those named below are almost as well
worthy of being grown as Gloire de Dijon, La
France, General Jacqueminot, and other standard
favourites.

Augustine Guinoisseau (H.P.), a truly grand Rose,
very sweet, and free-flowering, and partaking of both
Viscountess Folkestone and Mrs. Bosanquet.
Although this is a sport from La France, a few
growers class it as a hybrid Tea, at the same time
that they retain La France among the hybrid Per-
petuals. This is a very confusing subject ; very
many of our best Roses, and those too that are well
known, are classed among the hybrid Perpetuals,
Teas, Noisettes, and hybrid Teas, some growers
placing them in one division and others in another.
This is unsatisfactory, particularly when we find
such as Augustine Guinoisseau called a hybrid Tea
by the same grower, who styles its foster parent a
hybrid Perpetual. Comte Henri Rignon and a few
more that are known to have resulted from a cross
between Tea-scented and hybrid Perpetual Roses

728

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 19, 1891.

are even excluded by some from their list of hybrid
Teas.

Bunnert Fridolin (T.) is a grand new climbing
Rose of distin&t colour, being a very pretty and
deep carmine-rose, deeper in the centre, and with a
lighter base to each petal. This is thoroughly
distinct from everything else among Roses.

Henriette de Beauveau (T.), a pure yellow, of
splendid habit ; sweet-scented, and a continuous and
free bloomer.

Kaiserin Friedrich (T.) is a clear saffron-yellow,
one of the prettiest " Dijon Teas" ever introduced.
There is a grand future before the three Roses named
above. This variety resulted from Gloire de Dijon X
Perle des Jardins, and is thoroughly worthy of its
tine parentage.

Caroline d'Arden (H.P.) is by no means an exhi-
bition Rose, but for garden decoration, or for making
a grand show where massive banks of cut flowers are
required, it is a very useful and lasting Rose. The
colour is a bright rosy-pink, which grows much softer
as it ages ; very sweetly scented, and a showy pot
Rose.

Cleopatra (T.), pink, with the edges of the petals
tipped and splashed with light rose; a thoroughly
distinct and unique flower. This kind has probably
the longest buds of any Rose ; and, although rather
few-petalled, it opens into a Rose of grand form and
size.

Souvenir de S. A. Prince, syn. The Queen (T.)—
I have grown these side by side ever since they were
introduced, and fail to discover the slightest dif-
ference. Both resulted from Souvenir d'un Ami,
and were singularly sent out in the same 3 ear, one
being an English, and the other an American novelty.
Having every good quality of Souvenir d'un Ami,
and being of the purest white colour, this is a Rose
that is rapidly becoming very popular.

ClimbiDg Niphetos has had the benefit of a recent
discussion in this journal, but I am constrained to
give it further notice, as it is such a grand white
Rose ; in fact, I may call it the grandest of all.

Souvenir de Rosieriste Gounod (H.P.) — A good
shaped Rose, very full, free, and of a bright cherry-
red shade.

Sir Rowland Hill (H.P.), is a grand Rose during a
dull season ; sunshine is apt to bum it in much the
same manner as we find Pierre Notting and others
served during bright weather. This Rose is very
correctly described as being an exceedingly dark
maroon-coloured Charles Lefebvre.

Duchesse dAuerstadt (T.), has proved a grand
Rose with me this season, and will soon be known as
one of our best climbing Teas. Colour, pale yellow
in the bud, changing to a pretty nankeen-yellow as
it expands ; very distinct.

ErneBt Metz (T.), all growers of Tea-scented
Roses should possess this grand variety. It is of
wonderfully robust habit, and carries its flowers on a
strong and upright stem well above the foliage. It
is also quite new in colour, being a very pleasing
rosy -car mine, deeper in the centre of the petals, and
brighter still on the reverse side. One of the finest
exhibition Tea Roses sent out for a very long time.

L'Ideile (N.) is one of the finest Noisette Roses
imaginable, quite a rival to the grand William Allen
Richardson. Yellow, splashed and tinted with
beautiful metallic shades of copper and gold. This
is a very free-flowering variety, and one of the best
Roses for cutting from.

Madame Hoste (T.) has much of the splendid
habit found in Anna Ollivier, and is also very much
like a pure yellow specimen of that superb Rose.
This is one of the most useful Tea-scented Roses
grown, and sure to please all who give it a trial.

GuBtave Piganeau (H.P.) is one of the very
largeBt Roses grown, and good in every respect.
During the past Rose season this variety gained the
silver medal as being the best hybrid Perpetual Rose
exhibited bvnurseryraen at the Crystal Palace exhibi-
tion of the National Rose Society. When a new Rose
beats Buch as A. K. Williams, La France, Marie Bau-
mann, Mrs. John Laing.and other tried and standard
varieties, there can be little need for any further

praise ; and yet I must say it is indeed a grand Rose,
and one of the very best of its year (1890). Its
colour is a brilliant carmine-lake, while it has every
quality of size, substance, and form, and is also a
grand habited Rose.

La France of '89 (H.P.) is a perplexingly named
Rose, and is certain to get confused with the old La
France as regards names, although it is altogether
distinct from that variety. There is a strong sus-
picion of the China Rose about this variety, and I
Bhould class it among the H. Chinas if I bad the
task of allotting it its position among the various
sections of Roses. It has long buds, which open
into large and brilliant red-coloured flowers. It will
make a grand garden Rose; I do not expect it to
ever take rank among the grand exhibition kinds.

Earl of Dufferin (H.P.) is one of the best all-
round Roses ever sent out. It is an excellent
grower, carries a large and full flower of most
exquisite shape ; in fact, perfect in that respect.
Colour a very rich and velvety-crimson, with deeper
shadings, while the reverse of the petals is a pretty
and clear maroon. The petals reflex upon them-
selves in a most pleasing manner, and so show up
the grand and intense scarlet shades against the
deep maroon of the reverse side of its petals — quite
first-class.

Mrs. JohnLaing (H.P.) is hardly at home among
new Roses now, but as it was only introduced in
1887, and is the best Rose of recent years, I must
include it in the eighteen I name as being worthy of
anyone possessing. There is no purpose to which
Roses can be put that this grand variety will not adorn.
It is one of the Gold Medal Roses, and when one re-
flects that this honour is only won by the best Rose in
the show, there can be little need to say more respect-
ing its merits. One point I mayadd, however, and that
is, there are more plants of this kind sold since its
introduction than of any other two new Rises of
equal age. This fact speaks for itself.

I am not claiming that the eighteen Roses named
are the best, but they are the best of those which I
have given a thorough trial to in Sussex, and are
certain to do in any soil and locality where the
Rose will flourish. A. P.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

ODONTOGLOSSUM GODSEFFIANUM, hyb. nat.

The number of undoubted natural hybrids in the
genus Odontoglossum is somewhat considerable,
though several of them are still very imperfectly known,
and others have received distinctive names to which
they are not properly entitled. The present hybrid
is a very handsome one, and appeared with Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, last May. It was at
once pronounced to be a natural hybrid between 0.
triumphans and O. Lindleyanum. It might be
described as ( I. triumphans with acuminate segments
and the lip of O. X Coradinei; its resemblance to
the latter being due to the fact that both are derived
from 0. Lindleyanum on the one side. In O. x Cora-
dine', however, the other parent is O. crispum, while
in the present hybrid 0. triumphans stands in this
relation. In almost every respect it is remarkably
intermediate in character, and its relation to each
parent is seen at a glance. Both parents have a
very long column, in which our hybrid also agrees ;
the wings, however, like the lip, are nearer to 0.
Lindleyanum than to O. triumphans, though respect-
ing the sepals and petals just the reverse may be
said. A form with narrower segments, but with
evidently the same parentage, appeared with Messrs.
James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, in May, 1888.
B. A. Bolfe.

Dekdkobium Phaljenopsis, Lee's Variety.

Out of some plants of Messrs. Sanders' importa-
tion of D. Phalcenopsis Schroderianum, there has
flowered a richly-coloured form, which is much darker
than the original. The front view of the flower
is of a glowiog purplish-crimson, without a trace

of white being visible, except in a slight marbling on
the lower halves of the sepals. The reverse side of
the sepals and the middle part of the reverse of the
petals and under-side of the labellum are whit-,
which renders the dark colour more striking ; and in
the same way, the bronzy-purple colour of the base
and side lobes of the labellum serves to Bhow up to
advantage the bright purplish-crimson front lob".
Up to the present, I know of no Dendrobe to equal
this one for bright-tinted and well-formed flowers.
It flowered with W. R. Lee, Esq., Beech Lawn,
Audenshaw, Manchester. J. OB.

THE GLADIOLUS.

On August 25, at the Drill Hall, I heard a very
interesting discussion on the ailments of this line
plant. Great difference of opinion was expressed
regarding the supposed disease to which the Gladiolus
was said to be subject. Some said it was caused by
insects, some by fungus, others by too much damp-
ness. A good deal of difference of opinion was also
expressed regarding its treatment. Some stated that
the Gladiolus was benefited by manure at the
bottom of the trench, others said too rich a soil
kills it ; one gentleman stated that his were planted
on soil that had not seen any richness for years, and
most of his died after growing to a certain stage.
The lecturer stated that dampness could hardly be a
cause of failure, as on one occasion he lost a number
in a very dry season. There appeared to be a sus-
picion that some disease had got into the Gladiolus
corms ; these corms are nothing but the expanded
base of the stem.

Now, along one side of the hall there were about a
hundred magnificent spikes of Gladioli. Well, tn
look at these spikes and connect them with diseased
corms in any way was out of the question. Then it is
still more out of the question to visit Mr. Kelway '»
nurseries, during the Gladiolus season, and see posi-
tively thousands of plants. If the Gladiolus growers
of England can do all this, it seems absurd to fancy
that others cannot grow a hundred plants without
losing a number of them. There must be some
good reason for all these disappointments when
the plant is grown on a small scale.

From what I have seen, I find it impossible to
believe that there is any disease in the English race
of Gladioli, any more than I can believe that the
disease called small-pox is in the marrow of the
British race of people, and for this reason. On one
occasion, in a field at Langport, which may have
contained a million or more of young Gladiol',
divided into plots, each ticketed with the name of
the variety, this is what I observed : most of the
plots in that field were as green as grass ; but a few
plots, of a different variety, only a few inches from
the green ones, were yellowish and sickly. It
could scarcely have been the Boil or drainage
that were at fault ; it could scarcely have been a
disease spread throughout the race of corms, for they
were all descendants from the stock with which Mr.
Kelway commenced the raising of this strain. Then
what was it that made the difference between a Jut
that was as green as grass and an adjoining lot that
was sickly ? It was evident to me that it was the
surroundings of that particular variety, which were
unable to meet the needs of that constitution. It
could not stand the conditions upon which the
adjoining varieties thrived.

The Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society
mentioned that his experiment was made with G.
Brenchleyensis, and all died but two, before they
flowered. Now, this variety is probably not raised
at all in England; certainly, Mr. Kelway does not
raise it, and all the Brenchleyensis corms which aie
sold in England at 2d. and 3d. a corm, probably
come from France, yet it can be seen at cottage-
doors and elsewhere dazzling you with its spikes, and
all florists' shops in London have little else but
Brenchleyensis in their windows. Mind you, all the
Brenchleyensis family are descendants, by bulbils,
of the one great-ancestral progenitor ! Does not aM
this distinctly say, that it is the surroundings and not

Decbubsb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

729

the corms, which are at fault, when the old Brench-
leyensis fails ? Moreover, is it likely that when
so many hundreds of varieties are being raised
from Beed every year, that all would be of an iden-
tical constitution ? The experience of every horti-
culturist will distinctly reply, that nothing of the
kind happens ; and is not the whole of the Dar-
winian theory based on this very difference of con-
stitution ? Is it likely then, that a plant indigenous
to South Africa, could stand the British climate in
all years, and under all conditions ? Is it possible
that Brenchleyensis, which is so common as to be

surroundings and not the corm that were at fault.
Naturally, when the plant begins to decay, all sorts
of fungoid growths, and may be insects also, will
dispatch it. All vegetable and animal tissues, when
decaying, will be so attacked.

I have some suspicion that too much wet will hurt
some varieties, especially if the locality be badly
drained ; and what piece of ground is there that will
have every square foot equally-well drained ? On
the other hand, Mr. Kelway will tell you, that in
some years he lost acres of Gladioli from drought,
which proves that too much dryness will injure them.

Fig. 105,— habenabia cabnea : flowebs, white and pink.

sold at such a low figure, could be so rotted with
disease as to fare, from inherent causes, in the way
the secretary described ? Is it possible that if there
were widespread disease in the corms, that Mr.
Ktlway could grow such fine Gladioli by the tens of
thousands ? Why, the whole thing is unbelievable.

Mr. Kelway, if I remember lightly, told me that
on one occasion, as an experiment, he took up some
corms, the plants of which were turning yellow, and
dried them. Next year these same supposed diseased
corms produced healthy plants ! If there be no
mistake about this point, it would prove that the
corms were sound, and that the roots, from some
cause yet unexplained, had perished. It was the

In its own country this corm is never lifted, and yet
it grows up again every year ; and there are many
people who will say that they never lifted their
Gladioli (possibly Brenchleyensis), and they came up
regularly every year at the proper season.

In order that the Gladiolus may thrive in such a
changeable climate as this, in every soil, and in every
situation, and under all circumstances, it requires to
have an iron constitution, and in an exceptionally
wet season, such as this, it is not surprising that
so many, even of the hardier sorts, failed. In
some places the Gladioli may have been killed by
one cause, and by a different cause in other places.
One variety may perish in one place, and thrive in

another. Moreover, damp and drought, and insects
and fungi are not the only possible causes of ailmeLt
in plants. We never suspect that electrical changes
can have anything to do with health, yet every day
the opinion is becoming strengthened that electricity
has to do with everything, and more especially
wherever what we call life is concerned.

Whatever the cause of failures in the hands rf
certain individuals may have been, the great fact
remains, that Mr. Kelway every year succeeds in
growing immense numbers of Gladioli without losirg
anything but a very small percentage. After the
first growth, the plant depends on the roots, and
not on the corm, for sustenance, and if these perish
from whatever cause, the plant must suffer. The
new corm, being a part of the plant, is subject to
attacks of fungi when decay sets in. Further light
is needed on the subject. E. B.

HABENARIA CARNEA.

This is a new and attractive species, which has
been in flower at Kew recently. Although bearing
the name of carnea, the only portion of the flower
which seemed to justify this was the hooded or
helmet-like upper segment, which was of a soft pink
colour, the other portions being almost pure white.
Each bloom is furnished with a pale brown spur,
about 2J to 3 inches long, at the base of the large
three-lobed lip. The leaves are small, dark green,
paler in the centre and at the edges, and heavily
covered with small white spaces, which give them a
charming effect. The plant is a native of Singapore.
J. W.

FOSSIL RESINS FOR VARNISH-
MAKING.

The connection of varnish-making with gardening
pursuits is at first sight not apparent, except that
varnish as a manufactured article is perhaps as much
used by gardeners as by other people. The basis of
all varnishes, however, is resin of some kind or other,
and as resins are vegetable products, there is another
reason why the subject of varnish-making may be
referred to in the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle.
The manufacture of varnish is a science but little
known or understood by those not concerned in the
mysteries of the industry, and therefore the appear-
ance of a work devoted to the subject may be
fitly alluded to here. Under the title of A Few
Notes on Varnishes and Fossil Resins* Mr. R. Ingham
Clark has succeeded in producing not only an accu-
rate record of the resins used in varnish-making, but
also a readable book, treating on the early origin of
varnish, its preparation, and use on ancient pictures ;
its demand, growth, and commercial extension, &c.
On these subjects, the author remarks as follows: —
" It is difficult to trace the period when varnish first
became known to commerce, although it is of neces-
sity allied to the art of painting. The manufacture,
as now understood in Europe, is of comparatively
modern date ; but a crude knowledge of the article
must have been existent at a very early period, for
so-called varnishes have been taken from the wrappei ■
of Egyptian mummies, though these were more
probably prepared resins or natural balsams. . . ,
Pliny states that Apelles invented a varnish, the
composition of which was known only to himself, and
it is also certain that the varnishes which had been
made for many centuries by the inhabitants of the
eastern parts of Asia were in part known to and
employed by the Komans. . . . The works of
Apelles, and of those who preceded him, disap-
peared with the period which saw them produced,
and there is no monument in existence to enable us
to solve the question as to whether the preservation
of the colouring matter employed by these early
painters was attributable to varnish or any substance
of a similar nature. ... It may readily be believed
that the discovery of varnish was the fruit of rt-p-ated

* A Jew Notes on Varnishes and Fossil Hesins. By R.
Ingham Clark, F.L.S., F.R.lJ.S.. &.C. Illustrated by Jamei
West. (Charles Letts & Co., 3, Royal Exchange, Loudon.)

730

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 19, 1891.

trials ; and though those who made it had con-
tinually in their hands the essential materials, yet
there was still a motive wanting— that of sustained
demand, which was, however, soon created among
peaceable and industrious nations by a taste for
luxury, and extended by commercial intercourse."

Mr. Clark of course refers to the art of varnishing
or lacquering in Japan, and points to it as being of
very ancient origin, though it is considered doubtful
whether the art existed previous to the time of the
Emperor Jimmu, B.C. 581 to 560. Plantations of
Rhus vernicifera, however, were established during
the reign of the Emperor Mommu, ad. 701 to
704, when an edict was issued that each farmer em-
ploying six hands should plant eighty lacquer trees on
his grounds ; one employing four hands, seventy, and
so on ; and also that the annual taxes should be paid in
lacquer. This law led to the founding of plantations
in every village. The information regarding Japanese
lacquer and the references to detailed works on the
subject, will be valuable now that fresh interest on
the subject has been awakened by Professor Rein's
experiments in the trees planted at Frankfort. Mr.
Clark next treats rather fully of the much-vexed
question of the composition of the varnish used by
the old violin makers, and concludes the first part of
his book with the statement that of fossil and semi-
fossil resins used in varnish-making " the total
annual imports into England, a part of which is re-
exported, amount to about 4,000 tons, two thirds
being represented by the Kauri gum of New Zealand ;
about 400 tons come from our west African colony of
Sierra Leone ; 400 or 500 tons from the Philippine
and adjacent Islands ; and the remainder from
various parts of the world, principally that portion
of Africa bordering on the torrid zone.

In the second part of the book we find much
information on these fossil resins, or gums as they are
always known in commerce. A good deal of atten-
tion has been paid to this part ol the work, and much
information carefully brought together, therefore the
very few mistakes that occur are the more to be
regretted. Thus on p. 30, under the figure of
Hymensea Courbarii, the pod is described as en-
larged about one-fifth natural size when it should
have been reduced. Again on p. 67, Pistachia is
printed for Pistacia, and Perebinthasas for Tere-
bintbacese. These are simply misprints, but in a
book so well got up, and so extremely well
printed, it is a pity for it to be marred even by these
slight faults.

NOTES FROM HATFIELD.

Hatfield is celebrated for its connection with
past history and its antiquity, but it is not my
intention to notice that part of the subject now.
A special supplement of the Gardeners' Chronicle
appeared on May 9, 1874, which dealt with this
matter at some length ; still I found many things
worthy of notice during a recent visit. The chief
feature at the time of my visit (September 23) was
the crop of hardy fruit. Abundance of Apples and
Pears was to be seen in most gardens this year,
but at Hatfield the crops were unprecedented.

The trees in the garden are mostly in the form of
huge pyramids or bushes, many of them 16 to 20 feet
high, and are composed of a varying number of
loDg branches, like natural cordons — from twelve to
twenty on most of the trees ; and herein lays the
secret of success. When Mr. Norman took charge
of the gardens, these trees were about 3 or 4 feet
in height, and had been regularly cut back to form
round-headed bushes, looking anything but healthy
and prosperous, and giving but little fruit. They
were allowed to grow away until they reached the
size they ore now. The growths were kept thinned
out, so that all parts of the trees get abundance of
light and air, and now they are in perfect health, and
most prolific. Some of the best croppers among the
Apples this jear were Dutch Codlin, Mere de
Manage, Line's Prince Albert, Bismarck, Nelson's
Codlin, Lord SulHeld, Red Astrachan, Hoary Morn-
ing, Yorkshire Beauty, among the pyramids; and

Caldwell or Rymer, Sturmer Pippin, Adam's Pear-
main, Dutch Mignonne, Mannington's Pearmain,
Peasgood's Nonsuch, Lady Henniker, Ribston Pippin,
very healthy on standard ; Round Winter Nonsuch,
Belle Dubois, and Cox's Orange Pippin, on espaliers
and standards.

Pears also were borne in large quantities. The
best croppers as pyramids were Beurre Clairgeau,
Clapp'a Favourite, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Knight's
Monarch, Doyenne du Cornice, Emile d'Heyst, and
Crassane, the latter being conspicuous for its heavy
crops all over the garden. Among espaliers and
trees on walls, the beet were Marie Louise, Fon-
dante d'Automne, Van Mon's Leon le Clerc, Jo-
sephine de Malines, Passe Calmar, >nd Comte de
Lamy; the latter variety was bearing a fine crop,
but the fruit had been thinned out, as had also
several of the other varieties of Pears, and smaller
Apples, such as^Dutch Mignonne, Cox's Orange
Pippin, &c. Such varieties as these generally crop
too heavily in a good season, and the fruits do not
swell to a large size, but timely thinning evidently
makes a vast difference.

Peaches and Nectarines on the walls had also
some good fruit on them, and a large quantity had
been gathered. The walls are bnilt of concrete, and
wired ; thus, the trees get very little benefit from
absorbed sun-heat, as they would do on a brick
wall. The branches of the trees are kept well
thinned out, especially the shoots of the current
year ; none are allowed to grow unless they are
required, and thus all of them get a chance of
ripening. Tomatos were well grown outdoors, the
variety being a selection from Ham Green Favourite.
Plants lor decorative purposes are grown in very
large quantities under glass. All looked remark-
ably clean and healthy, as did also a fine lot of
Coelogyne cristata and Cypripedium insigne, and a
miscellaneous collection of Dendrobiums, &c. Plants
of Saccolabium Blumei growing in baskets hung up
near the glass in a large plant-stove were particularly
noticeable. One large house full of Adiantum
cuneatum with Eulalia japonica variegata dotted
amongst it formed a very pretty sight. In the long
conservatory, Salvia coccinea was flowering well,
and is well worth attention for early autumn work
for its distinct appearance. Paesiflora Constance
Elliott, Solanum jasminoides, Brugmansia san-
guinea, Cassia corymbosa, were also full of flower.
A large quantity of healthy Camellias were well with
flower-buds, and Mr. Norman attributes his success to
affording all the water they require overhead so as
to thoroughly wash the plants. In a stove adjoin-
ing, I also noticed a healthy lot of Eucharis amazonica,
some plants being in pots, others planted as an
edging to the path.

Chrysanthemums are grown in great quantities
for producing a large supply of flowers for decora-
tive purposes. A fine batch of the new Marguerite
Carnations from seed, had been lifted and potted for
early winter use, for which purpose it seems ad-
mirably adapted, the plants being full of flower-buds.
Among many other things, Canna Madame Crozy
deserves especial mention for its large flowers of a
showy but refined appearance, also a fine lot of
Nerines just commencing to flower.

In the fruit-houses some fine bunches of Madres-
field Court, Alicante, Lady Downe's, Raisin de
Calabria, &c, were hanging. Peaches had borne
very heavy crops, and looked promising for another
season. The demand for Strawberries in early
spring is enormous, and many thousand plants are
forced annually. Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury, Sir
C. Napier, Sir J. Paxton, and Noble are the kinds
principally grown ; Sir C.Napier produces extra fine
fruit here in pots, but is almost a failure in the open
quarters.

Vegetables require to be grown in very large
quantities, especially Brussels Sprouts, Celery,
Cabbages, &c, and some fine brakes of them were
noticeable, Veitch's Exhibition and Nowthaw Prize
are the varieties of Brussels Sprouts most in favour.
Large quantities of Lettuce, Endive, Parsley, &c,
were also doing well, and I especially noticed a fine

row of Cardoons. Flower-gardening is also carried
out on an elaborate scale at Hatfield, eariy-flowering
Chrysanthemums being used extensively for an
autumn effect. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall, Stamford.

Orchid Notes and Gleanings,

LMLIA. AUTUMNALIS FROM HIGHBURY.
Specimens exhibiting the wide range of variation
in these, come from the collection of the Right Hon.
Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., Highbury, Birmingham.
The two extremes are represented by a large narrow-
petalled form, and a stout highly-coloured variety,
broad in all its parts. In the former, the segments
are over 2 inches in length, and not more than half
an inch in width. The whole of the lip but the
extreme half of the front lobe is pure white, except
a few brown dots at the base, and a pale primrose
tinge on the front of the keels running down its
centre. The column, also, is white, with a rose-
coloured tip. The other, the darker and broader
flosver, exhibits but little white, the base of the lip
and keels being yellow, profusely and showily
streaked with dark red. Were it not for the known
and endless variation in this species, these two would
well merit varietal names.

Cattleya ladiata, Lindl.
Two varieties of Messrs. F. Sander & Co.'s impor-
tation of autumn-flowering C. labiata are now in
flower at St. Albans, which exhibit a marked im-
provement on any other forms of autumn-flowering
labiata in having a greater breadth of petal, and in
one instance a rich, violet- tinted crimson colour in the
labellum different from anything observed in the old
forms of this species. J. O'B.

BIRDS OF THE COMMONS AND

WOODLANDS.

Under the above heading, we may include nearly
all the various birds whose songs help to make
English country life so enjoyable. Theee birds are
nearly all small ; most of them are dull in colour,
and harmonise so closely with their surroundings,
that it is extremely hard to detect their presence
but for their voices. They are rightly called
" warblers," for their singing is by far the most
noticeable point about them. Birds of this class
are almost entirely " summer visitors," arriving here
in spring to build their nests and rear their young,
leaving us again in autumn for a warmer climate.

The Warblers.

To this family of warblers belong the two most
accomplished songsters heard in England — the
nightingale and the blackcap. The former has the
bigger reputation, still it always seems to me
(although it is high treason to say so), that of the
two, the blackcap is the greater artist. The nightin-
gale gives forth its utterances with such an agony of
fervour, that for the time — especially if you are a
lady — you are quite carried away. Still, his singing
is hardly of the highest style ; it is rather too
sensational and operatic. The blackcap, on the
other hand, always keeps the most perfect control
over his voice ; the notes are deliciouslyr ich, and
you do not hear any effort. The two birds are very
different in appearance — the one is reddish-brown
above and white beneath, while the other is of a
dark grey hue, with a neat little black crown on the
top of his head, and greyish-white on the under
parts. The nightingale frequents the thickets,
whereas the blackcap is perhaps most at home in
fruit-gardens, where the young birds, who, unlike
their mother, have chocolate-coloured crowns instead
of black, may constantly be seen in the Raspberry
bushes.

The garden warbler is another fine singer. This
bird arrives in England rather later than others of
Its class, generally making its appearance in May.
And in addition to the three warblers already men-
tioned, we are visited every spring by two white-

December 19, 1891.'

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

731

throats— greater and lesser ; and by three little green
birds, closely resembling each other, called the
wood-wren, willow-wren, and chiff-chaff, all of which
may fairly be called birds of the woodlands. The
two whitethroats have both white throats, but their
colouring is very different in other respects, the
larger bird having a reddish-brown back, while the
corresponding portion of the lesser whitethroat is
dark brownish-grey. The former has rather a sweet
song, which it gives forth with great energy usually
from the top of a thicket, while the song of the
latter is rather loud and monotonous. The
wood-wren, willow-wren, and chiff-chaff, as we
have said, bear a very close resemblance to
one another. They are all of them green above
and light underneath. The wood-wren is the largest
and the least common, being essentially a bird of the
wooded districts, and it prefers Beeches to other
trees, consequently it is more local than the other
two. All three birds build domed nests : but that
of the wood-wren may always be distinguished by
the fact that it is never lined with feathers. The
willow-wren is a very common species, and has
a bright little song in a descending scale, which it
repeats over and over again ; while the chiff-chaff
can only utter two notes which it constantly repeats,
usually from the top of some high tree. You can
distinguish the willow-wren from its relatives by its
yellow under-parts ; and the chiff-chaff, besides
being the smallest of the three species, is the
(irst to arrive in England, and it has moreover as a
rule dark legs. The colours of the legs of birds are,
however, a most unreliable test for identification, as
they vary very much in different individuals of the
same species. Only a few days ago, I had in my
hand a chiff-chaff which had been stunned by flying
against a window-pane ; its legs, instead of being
dark brown, were of a bluish slate-grey.

The GoLDEN-cnEsTED When.

la localities where Fir woods abound, you will
sometimes come upon a flock of minute birds utter-
ing a curious little call, which is more of a squeak
than a note ; these are golden-crested wrens — the
smallest British species. This tiny bird only
measures 3J inches from the tip of its beak to the end
of its tail, and yet enormous flocks frequently arrive
in England in autumn on the east coast. How these
fragile weak little creatures perform a journey across
the North Sea is truly wonderful. It is certainly a
great strain upon them ; for they sometimes alight
in swarms on fishing-boats in order to rest, and those
which gain the shore are greatly exhausted. It is
impossible to estimate the loss of life which such a
crossing must cause, but this only makes us wonder
all the more at the strength of the hereditary instinct
which compels them to start on the journey. In
colour the golden-crested wren is green, with the
crown of the head orange in the male bird, and
lemon-yellow in the female. The nest is a most
exquisitely-made hammock of moss.

There are two birds of the warbling class which
are essentially birds of commons rather than wood-
lands : one is a resident species, the Dartford
warbler, and the other a summer visitor, called the
grusshopper warbler. The former owes its name to
the fact that it was first discovered, about 120 years
ago, near Dartford ; it has, however, since been
found in most of the southern counties of England.
In appearance it somewhat resembles the wren, but
it has a long fan-shaped tail, which it frequently
opens while flitting about furze bushes, its favourite
haunt. This bird suffered terribly in some places
during the cold winter of 1880 to 1881, and no doubt
the frost at the beginning of the present year caused
a great diminution in its numbers. A. H. Macpherson.
(To be continued.)

Surmising that the appearances were due to a slime-
fungus, such asthatwhichcause8clubbingin Cabbages,
the specimens were sent to Mr. Arthur Lister, who
has made a special study of the Myxomycetes, and
whose report is printed at p. 621. Mr. Lister has
also furnished us with a drawing representing the
swollencondition of the root, together with the enlarged
cells containing the spores. From this drawing it
would seem that the fungus (if fungus it be) is
closely allied to the Cabbage root-fungus, but differs

CLUBBING IN WALLFLOWERS.

Some short time since, some seedling Wallflowers
were submitted to the Scientific Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society on account of the
curiously swollen condition of their roots (see p. 621).

Fig. 106.— clubbing in wallflower, (see text.)

somewhat in the size of the spores. The following
references illustrate the cut : —

A. Young plant of Cheiranthus Cheiri, with " clubbei root."

B. Transverse section of the clubbed root, taken through

x — x1 mag. 13 diara.
c. Cortex.
vc. Vascular cylinder.

p. Pith.
MR. Medullary rays.
V. Reticulated vessels scatteicl through the inner mass

of enlarged parenchyma.
PL. Enlarged cells, tilled with spores of Plasmodiophora.

C. Transverse section of central part of swollen root, showing

twolarge cells (PL) hlled with spores of Plasmodiophora ;
these are here arranged radially, while iu the cortex
they are arranged tangentially to the main axis of the
host plant. Mag. 250 diam.
PL1. Two large cells emptied of Plasmodiophora spores.

D. Three isolated spores of Plasmodiophora. Mag. 251). diam.

PYRAMID APPLE AND PEAR-
GROWING.

Seeino that no one has replied to the request of
" B. B." (p. 316) on the above subject, I venture to
pen a few lines, with the hope that the information
desired may be forthcoming in this article. What
are often termed pyramid trees of both kinds would
be more rightly named bushes ; indeed, but few of the
former are now-a-days to be seen in new plantations
as compared with the latter, and for aught I know,
bushes are the best for the majority of gardens.
Granted, if stiff ornamental fruit trees are wanted for
appearance as the chief point in their favour, then
grow correctly-grown pyramids. But, I take it,
the bulk of owners prefer trees ornamented with
fruit, rather than forms of the individual tree only.
Pyramids of either Apples or Pears differ only from
bushes iu the manner in which pruning and training
are carried out. In pyramids the leading shoot is
allowed to advance but slowly to preserve the shape,
side-shoots below it are restricted in the same
manner; while in bushes more freedom is allowed,
and to the benefit of the fruit crop too. I would
not advise that pyramid trees of either fruit be
planted in preference to bushes, for the reasons
stated, especially in the case of Apples, for more
fruit is obtained from trees which are allowed an
extended growth than from that which is restricted,
but in the case of Pears it differs somewhat ; fruit on
crosely-pruned trees is obtained much more freely
than Apples.

There are two other advantages in growing bushes,
as compared with correct pyramids, viz., they are
cheaper to begin with, and require less labour in
training — two points worthy of consideration. Aoples
will succeed in soil where Pears will hardly exist,
certainly not with advantage ; and before planting
pyramids, or even bushes, some consideration ought
to be given to their future progress. It is
more a question of soil than aught else in the
culture of both Apples and Pears. Some sorts of
the former succeed admirably here, while others will
barely exist ; while in the case of Pears, but few
varieties will give crops at all in the open, while with
the advantage of a wall, they succeed fairly well.
It is then more a matter of selection of varieties
for the kind of soil in which they are to be planted ;
but where the soil is heavy, cold, and retentive, it
seems almost useless to plant Pears at all in the
open. For instance, in Apples, Warner's King never
fails, while Cellini and Wellington do quite the
reverse. With Pears, Marie Louise, on the wall, is
always good, while in the open the trees will not
grow, let alone fruit. I might go on giving instances
of varieties, but these will suffice to show the de-
sirability of making enquiries on the spot before
planting largely of either.

To obtain success with either of these fruits, the
ground must be thoroughly prepared before planting.
In the case of soil which is sandy, deep digging is all
that is necessary ; but in heavy cold soils, clay or
gravel, the stations must be trenched fully 2 feet
deep, and 4 feet square on the surface. The top spit
must be kept by itself, to be returned to the
surface of the hole in which the trees are to grow.
The subsoil ought to be broken up thoroughly, and
left there. Where the soil is stony, draining will
not be necessary ; but in the case of clay, provision
ought to be made for getting rid of superfluous
moisture. A cold wet base for the roots is more pro-
ductive of canker than anything elee. Deep planting
is one of the worst evils to be avoided, therefore
the stations should be prepared early enough, so
that the soil will have time to settle down before
planting takes place. In heavy soil the trees should
stand on the surface, and be mounded up enough to
cover the roots at that time, because in a couple of
years it will be found that the soil has settled down
so much, that the trees then planted on a mound
will only be level with the surface-soil. Trees that
are about two or three years from the maiden are
best to plant, those which are much older do not
start away so freely the first year as do younger ones,

732

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

especially when they have to travel some distance.
No time should be' lost in getting them into their
permanent position after November 1. Any bruised
or broken roots should be neatly pruned to a sound
part, as from clean cuts fibrous roots are freely made
the first year. In the case of heavy soil, some com-
post ought to be provided for covering the roots to
give them a start, such as old potting soil, wood-
ashes, and decayed vegetable refuse; but in sandy
soil it is not necessary, although no harm will be
done by adding it.

Manure should not be mixed with the soil at
planting time, it has a tendency to create a soft,
sappy growth, and which, in a cold heavy soil,
invit»s canker wholesale; the roots are encouraged
downwards after the manure instead of the reverse.
A dry day if possible should be chosen for the plant-
ing, but if no choice is to be had, and the soil is wet,
do not make it firm about the roots ; rather wait for
a time until it dries a bit, but in light soil this is not
eo imperative.

If there is any fear of winds moving the newly-
planted trees, they must be staked at once ; nothing
is more detrimental to newly-planted trees of any
sort than to have their roots loosened by wind and
wet. A mulching of partly decomposed horse
manure should be laid on 3 inches thick, covering
the whole 4- feet space; frost will not injure the roots
of established trees, but those that are newly planted
are under different conditions.

Pruning newly-planted trees is a subject which
does not meet with a quite unanimous opinion as to
the proper method to adopt. I am in favour of cutting
hard back the first year of any long shoots ; my idea
is, that the base eyes do not break freely if the
length of the shoot is more than 6 inches, and if
the eyes remain dormant one year, they seldom if
ever grow another. In this way bare stems are
olten seen in fruit trees. In the case of bushes, the
growth made the next year may be allowed more
extension, which will induce fruitfulness, simply
removing the point of shoots 18 inches or so long,
at the same time training the shoots outward with
a view of keeping the centre of the tree open to
admit light and air. Any weakly, cross-growing
shoots are better cut out altogether, giving more
space to those retained. Pyramid! must be pruned
more severely every year to maintain a rigid outline.
The leader must not be allowed to extend too fast,
or gaps will be formed in the tree, which are bad to
fill up afterwards. More attention must be paid to
the shape of the tree than to fruitfulness, which is
more easily obtained by extension than by restriction
of the growth. Summer pinching of the shoots is
desirable, as it induces a more correct growth, and
by the removal of useless shoots, which would be
cut out at the winter pruning, allows more air
and light to visit the branches and assists in forming
fruit spurs. Where branch space is not limited,
as in the case of bush-grown trees, root-pruning
to induce fruitfulness in vigorous-growing trees
may be avoided. Hard-pruning of shouts which are
strong only induces still stronger growths the next
year if the roots are not interfered with, but by
allowing them to extend Buch vigorous growths are
checked, and end in fruitfulness, even though the
roots receive no check; although it is advisable to
sever strong fibreless roots 2 feet from the stem
all round. In the case of pyramidal growth, root-
pruning must be practised to induce fruit at all to
be borne ; indeed, replanting strong-growing trees
is the best plan to follow to effect a speedy cure.

Although mulching with manure of newly-planted
fruit trees is absolutely neces3iry to give the best
results, it becomes hurtful if not carried rut with
some consideration and tact. To lay on a 3-inch
thickness in November, leave it there until it has
thoroughly rotted in, say May, and then replace it
with as much more, is not mulching with
common Bense. What is mulching applied for,
and what are its attendant consequences when
wrongly carried out ? In the first place, manure
is laid on the surface, and termed mulching,
to prevent the frost injuring inactive roots, and to
maintain the soil in a moist state during dry weather,

so that the roots are induced to remain near to the
surface, where it is moist, owing to the presence of
the manure, instead of their going down deeply after
the moisture they need, and will search for if denied
them on or near to the surface. This aspect of the
case is all right, but when the manure is left on
entirely, so that the roots are kept in one cold state
all the spring and summer through the absence of
sun, then mulching does positive harm. The
proper plan to follow, is to remove the manure when
the sun gains power, say in May, if only for a couple
of weeks, returning it if there is danger of the roots
— which ought to be near the surface, especially in
newly-planted trees— becoming dry or parched. I am
an advocate of suiting the circumstances of the case
to the influence of the weather ; if it be wet, cold
and sunless, remove the mulching, replacing it upon
a change in the atmosphere. E, Molyneux.

Forestry.

COVERT PLANTS.

(Continued from p. 700 )

The long-leaved Gaultheria (G. acuminata) is
indigenous to South America, and is found to be
hardy in most places of Great Britain and Ireland.
Its leaves are of a larger size than G. Shallon,
and it is best adapted for planting in woods
under the shade of trees, where it makes excellent
covert. It is, however, not confined to such places,
as I find it answers very well in mixed shrubberies,
more especially in places where the soil is of a soft
open texture, rich in organic matter. It produces
its pretty white flowers in early summer, and fruit in
autumn, which make a fine contrast with its green,
glossy foliage. The best time to plant these shruls
in dry ground and rocky places, is autumn or early
winter, and it is likewise an advantage to have the
plants prepared in a home nursery, so that they can
be lifted and planted where they are to remain on
the same dav. J. B. Wrhster.

ALASKAN FORESTS.

The whole of the south-eastern portion of Alaska
lying westerly of the coast-range of mountains is a
dense forest.

One of the peculiarities of Alaska forest scenery
that first impresses the observer is the lack of variety
which it presents. The whole forest area is com-
posed of less than half-a-dozen species, and these for
the most part are evergreen trees. The Hemlock,
white Spruce, and Arbor-vita; are the most prevalent
— so prevalent that few would perceive there were
anything else. The Hemlock Spruce, to the common
eye, would appear to be the same as our eastern
species, Abies canadensis, but the botanist notices a
distinction, and names it Abies Mertensiana.

English botanists endeavoured to honour their
Prince Albert in the same way, and in some of the
catalogues of Pacific trees it figures as Abies
Albertiana. The white Spruce, though resembling
the Eastern, is also distinct, and called Abies
Sitchensis, because the Russian botaniBt who first
named it found the trees in the vicinity of the
Russian settlement, Sitka. The Arbor-vitse is there
called Cedar, aid is again different from the Arbor-
vita; of our Eastern States (T. occidentalis). by its
paler green tint, and by the enormous size to
which it grows. Ou this accouut, botanists have
named it Thuia gigantea (Lobbi of English gardens).
The Douglas Spruce is found here and there, as
is also the twisted Pine, Pinus contorta. There
are said to be others here and there which I did
not see. In a general way, we may say that the
three first named make up the forests of Alaska.
Among the deciduous trees, the Oregon Birch
(B^tula oregona) and Alder (Alnus viridis) make
fine trees, and often form dense woods on river
bottoms, or along the wake of receding glaciers.
Then there are a few strong- growing Willows, and
these together make op practically the arborescent
growth of Alaska. Now and then on the high ridges

would be a solitary specimen of the Canoe Birch,
Red Maple, and Elder- leaved Mountain Ash, indi-
cating that east of the mountain ridne they might
be found in quantity ; and among the d iftwood along
streams, trunks of Populus canadensis, one of the
Cottonwoods, would occasionally be seen, so that
somewhere that may be found in some numbers.

Unfortunately, in the matter of timber, the
Alaska forests, as far as I saw them, are of little
value. The trees grow so thickly together that, so
far as the soil is concerned, they starve one another,
and good logs would be very rare indeed. One can
scarcely imagine from usual forest experience how
closely these trees are packed together. I and my
wife undertook to walk 4 miles by an Indian trail
through one of those woods to a poiut where we might
head off our vessel. So thick was the mass of vege-
tation on each side of us, the path being wide enough
for one of us at a time to travel single file only, that
we could not have seen a bear 10 feet away from us,
and only for the rifle carried by the good Presby-
terian missionary who piloted us, we would not have
trusted ourselves amidst the jungle of foliage which
made up these Alaskan forests.

One reason for the dense covering of the land with
trees is the favourable conditions for seed germi-
nation and the apparent scarcity of seed eating
creatures. The warm temperature given oft' by the
sea of Japan, which comes up south- westerly to
break against the Alaska shores, meets the snowy- cold
of the mountain peaks, condensing the moisture so
that the surface of the ground — or, indeed, anything
else — is never absolutely dry, and every seed that
falls to the earth has a chance to sprout and grow.

TOTEM9.

In the old Indian village were white Spruces, 20 feet
high, growing out of the top of totem poles. These
poles are themselves 30 or 40 feet high, and seem to
have been selected from the largest trees. They are
stripped of their bark, and have carved on them
series of likenesses of creatures, real and imaginary,
representing the genealogical descent of members of
the tribe. It was a curious sight to see the white
Spruces, like huge Christmas trees, growing from the
flat tops of these poles. In some cases the roots
from these living trees had split the poles in their
descent to the earth, into which the roots had,
in some cases, so thoroughly penetrated, that, should
the poles finally rot away, the trees would probably
on these stilts of roots continue to grow on as trees
high up in the atmosphere. Nothing but a climate
continually saturated with moisture would permit of
a seed sprouting, and the tree continuing to grow
out of the top of a pole in this manner.

The Awfol Silence.

The woods themselves seem to have the quiet of
the grave. Ravens, which for religious reasons the
natives here as in most countries protect, may once
in a while startle you by a croak so near you as for
the moment to make you believe it is the whoop of
a wild Indian with scalping proclivities; or you
possibly may see a young bear standing on its hind
legs, grasping for steadiness a small tree with one of
its paws, while it uses the other to gather in a whole
armful of branches of wild Gooseberries, from which
it plucks with its mouth, somewhat delicitely, the
fruit. Possibly, also, here and there a snake suddenly
crossing your path may, in your ignorance of its
character, lead to a sudden " On, my ! " and a little
extra perspiration on your travels. B-yond this,
there seems little life to interfere with forest seeds
or any other thing.

These favourable conditions favour underbrush
also. The Shallon grows 3 or 4 feet here, and the
evergreen Berberry or Mahonia, which we have
brought into our gardens from that region, and grows
a couple of feet or so when transplanted, is 3 or
4 feet there. Then there is a form of our Devil's Club,
Aralia spinosa — which certainly beats the most
Satanish specimens of its eastern relative, and which
some botanist has, with excellent discrimination,
named Aralia horrida— with Rispberries, called
Salmon Berries, and prickly Gooseberries of many
species, and we have a thicket of vegetation forming

Decehbeb 19. 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

733

the forest of Alaska, absolutely more impenetrable
than anything we can experience in eastern woods.

Still there are cases when from some cause the
trees are not overcrowded, and then it is wonderful
what magnificent specimens, considering the high
northern latitudes, the trees will make. I measured
trees of the white Spruce, near Kaigan, that were
over 20 feet in circumference, while the Arbor-vita!
averaged the size that our Hemlocks would generally
do in a Hemlock groTe.

How Dug oots aee Made.

Tne favourable nature of the climate for forest
growth may be further illustrated by the enormous
size which Birches and Alders leach in Alaska.
The Almn viiidis, which on the high mountains of
North Carolina I have found as mere bushes, grow in
Alaska as large as our ordinary forest trees.
Wandering through the woods in Chilcat Harbour, I
ca ne on what might be termed an Indian boat-yard.
They were makiug "dug-outs" of these Alder
trunks. It, was customary for our steamer on enter-
ing a " port" to fire a cannon, so that the Indians
might hear at a distance, and come to the wharf to
trade. While they had left the " boat-yard " for the
wharf I was deprived of the chance to see thi-m at
their boar-building work. It was apparent, how-
ever, that ih-y hacked out the log until it was no
more than half an inch thick in any part, then filled
it with water. Near by they heated stones red
hot, which were dropped into the water until it be-
came highly heated and softened the wood. Then
stretchers, such as the gambles our butchers use for
expanding hogs and sheep, were used to spread
apart the upper portion of the boat, which in that
way was brought to a beautiful form, which a naval
architect would consider well adapted to good sailing
character, and the pretty dug-out canoe was com-
pleted. I had never before thought the Alder good
for anything but to make fine gunpowder.

In like manner my estimation of the value of the
Thuya gigantea for timber was increased by my Alaska
experience. In Metlakahtla, a town on the borders
of Alaska, founded by Indians civilised by the mis-
sionary Duncan, a large and beautiful church had
been built out of this — their so-called " Cedar-wood. '
The perfume given to the whole building by this
wood was fully equal to the incense of Roman
Catholic churches. It is 6aid that, in some countries,
Sandal wood, so highly esteemed for making per-
fumed caskets, is nearly exhausted. When Sandal-
wood timber becomes something of the past, Alaska
can furnish a good substitute in her gigantic Arbor-
vitas or " Ctdar."

Flowers of the Forest.
The wild flowers of the forest, or, as would be said,
the forest flora, cannot be numerous or striking when
we consider the density of the arborescent growth, as
described. If we go to the woods at all we have to
look for the wild flowers on the borders, or where an
extra severe cold winter current, or a forest fire, may
have destroyed the arborescent growths. One would
hardly suppose there were forest fires in a wet climate
like this, but they are purposely kindled by the
Indians for various purposes. To this destruction
by fire succeeds the Fire weed, Epilobium angusti-
folium, but instead ot 2 or 3 feet it reaches 5 or even
6 feet in height. Other species of Epilobium grow
tall and rank. A scarlet Columbine, Aquilegia for-
mosa, reminds one of our Wissahickon, while the
blue Aconite, a form of the European Aconitum
Napellus, is quite gay, and is suggestive of the wood-
land scenery of the Old World. Buttercups are
there, not yellow, but of a coppery tint, named
by Hooker as Ranunculus orthorhyncus. Where the
woods are not too dense to allow anything to grow, a
violet, Viola sarmentosa, is found. Like ours, they
only make real flowrrs in the early spring, and from
thence on till winter bear seed vessels and seed
without blooming. Botanists style these cleistogene.
There is also a " Spring Beauty," bat not as pretty as
onrs. It is Claytonia sarmentosa. The Indians eat
it if they do not admire it. Our wood Geranium, G.
maculatum, is there represented by a more showy

species, G. erianthum, but it does not make the same
show, as only here and there on a moist rock, in com-
pany with our own Blue Bell of Scotland, Campa-
nula rotundifolia, can it find a chance to live. The
shooting star of our prairies, Dodecatheon Meadia,
is also in the same company.

The Nutka Rose, Rosa nutkaensis, gives something
like our scenery to the borders of woods, but a very
peculiar form, Rt>sa gymnocarpa, is almost climbing.
It will send its slender branches up among shrub-
bery 10 or more feet, and in the trails through the
woods arch over the path, and with its numerous
small scarlet haws give a bright character to the
otherwise gloomy path. The wood Strawberries are
white, belonging to a different species to ours, and
are known as Fragaria chiloensis. It was first dis-
covered on the South Pacific, whence its name.
The most surprising wild flower of the borders of
Alaskan woods is. perhaps, the Touch-me-not of
our Wissahickon drive, Impatiens fulva. As it is
killed bv the first while frost, it would be wonderful
to see it in the Arctics only for the knowledge that
the seeds are frost-proof. It will sprout, flower, and
seed all within a short sub-Arctic summer. Many
Ericaceous plants are similar to our own, illustrating
the point I desire to make, that, allowing for a
slight change in species, the Alaskan forest traveller
might readily believe he was in a forest in Maine.

Of course, in a humid atmnsphere like that of
Alaska, mosses abound. There is this difference
between a moss picture there and with us, that when
the earth is washed away from a moss-covered bank
in our country, the moss will die and falls away too.
But the moistu'e of the Alaskan climate permits
the moss to live on, and one may see occasionallv
what appear to be ropes of moss extending like
wreaths or garlands from bank to bank, or hanging
in festoons down the sloping sides. In the forests
the feet often sink shoe deep in beds of moss, juBt
as they o'ten do in the forests of Canada or our
Northern States. Thomas Meehan.

CHEMISTRY OF THE APPLE.

(Continued from p. 612.)

In continuation of the chemistry of Apple-tree
foliage, we next have to consider the individual
constituents of their chemical composition, and the
significance of each element upon the welfare of the
tree as a fruit producer.

Moisture. — With the exception of the Fameuse
variety, the percentage of water in all the specimens
of Apple leaves taken May 2d, lies between 71 and
72. The Fameuse is more succulent, and contains
75J per cent, water. In the leaves gathered Sep-
tember 20, we find a general diminution in the
a ■Mount of moisture, the loss bt-ing about 12 per cent.
It is interesting and perhaps instructive to Dotethat
with regard to the proportion of water, the leaves of
May 25 fall into the lame order with those of
September 20 the Duchess of Oldenburg containing
least, and the Fameuse most water, showing clearly
that while all have followed the general law in loss
of moisture, each has retained its own characteristic
individuality. Average percentage of water in young
leaf. 72 36; average percentage of water in mature
leaf, 60 71.

Organic Matter. — This includes all the combustible
material of the leaf, and is composed of carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. In the leaves of
Mav 25, those of the Duchess of Oldenburg and of
the Wealthy, the percentage of organic matter are
almost the same, and head the list. The Telo'sky
and Northern Spy also contain almost identical
amounts, or somewhat less than the two first-
mentioned, while the Fameuse contains the smallest
quantity of organic matter. This order is pre-
served in the leaves plucked September 20. It
may be observed that there was a general diminution
of water, and increase of organic matter, as the
season advances, and that any special variety main-
tains its relative position to other varieties in this
respect throughout the growing season. Avemge
percentage of organic matter in young leaf, 25 31 ;

average percentage cf organic matter in mature
leaf, 35 83.

Ash. — The percentage of all the inorganic or
mineral constituents of the leaf are included in the
ash. With the exception of the Wealthy, we find
the amounts of mineral matter of the leaves of
May 24 closely approximating to one another. The
leaves of the Wealthy fall about one-half per cent,
below the others in ash constituents. In those of
September 20 there is a general increase in the
quantity of ash, amounting from 0 5 to To per cent,
over those of May 25 Average percentage of ash in
young leaf, 2 33 ; average percentage of ash in
mature leaf, 3 46.

Phosphoric Acid. — With regard to the composition
of the ash, it is difficult to discover in many cases
what principle, if any, underlies the distribution of
the mineral constituents throughout the tissues of
the leaf during its growth. Without reading too
much, however, into the results of a single analysis,
the results show most clearly that the young leaf
contains in its ash a much larger percentage of
phosphoric acid than the maturer one; in some
instances the phosphoric acid in the latter is but
one-half, or even less, than that of the younger leaf.
This would lead us to suppose that, as the season
advanced, there was a retrograde movement of the
phosphoric acid of the leaf to other parts of the tree.
As the seed is well known to contain a relatively
large quantity of this acid, we may certainly be
allo.ved to think that the food elaborated in the leaf
finds its way finally, in pirt, at all events, to the
fruit and other portions of the tree. And this un-
doubtedly expresses a truth (though probably not
the whole truth), as the results show that the average
number of pounds of phosphoric acid per 1U00 lb, of
the younger leaf is higher than the corresponding
amount for the maturer leaf, and this in spite of the
fact that the pjrcentage of ash in the latter is con-
siderably higher than the former. Average per-
centage of phosphoric acid in the young leaf, 10 47 ;
average percentage of phosphoric acid in the mature
leaf. 5 82.

Potath.— It would not be safe, from the results
obtained, to advance strongly any theories regarding
the disposition of this irniurtant element in the leaf.
The percentage of potash in the young leaf is some-
what lower than that in the mature leaf. When we,
however, consider the increased amount of ash in the
latter, we find that, per 1000 lb., the older leaves
contain 1 5 lb. mire potash than the younger leaves.
On comparing the amounts of potash (-brained in
these analyses with the quantity as tound in leaves
of other trees, it is at once apparent that the leaves
of the Apple tree are exceptionally rich in this
ingredient.

Lime. — The average percentage of lime in the
ash of the young Waf is 17'4, while that in the
mature leaf is 27 9, an increase of 10.J per cent.
This increase would also appear to be regular
throughout the varieties examined.

Magnesia. — While the percentage of lime increases
during the growth of the leaf, the rt suits show that
the percentage of magnesia decreases during that
period. Thus, in the young leaf we have magnesia
9 77 as the average percentage, and in the mature
leaf this amount is reduced to 4 81. This fact is
the more remarkable and interesting when we re-
member that the percentage of phosphoric acid
diminished in the same ratio during the same period.
It seems quite possible that these two elements of
p'ant-food are intimately related in the economy of
the growing tree, and that in the elaboration of the
plant- food within the tissues, and the distribution of
this food to the different parts of the tree, these two
play a very important rdlc.

Oxide of Iron and Silica. — Throughout the whole
series the amounts of these constituents are found
to be very similar, and the average in the young and
the mature leaf closely approximate each other.
The iron, after it has performed its functions in the
chlorophyll of the leaf, appears to remain in the leaf,
and the results show that there is no extra deposi-
tion of silica in the cells of the leaf as it grows
older.

734

THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE.

[Decembeb 19, 1891.

Nitrogen. — The only constituent of great import-
ance that remains to be discussed is nitrogen. The
differences in the amounts of nitrogen contained in
the organic matter of the leaves of the different
varieties examined are so small that one would not
be warranted in drawing any conclusion therefrom as
to differences in this constituent between the varie-
ties. On taking the averages, however, of nitrogen
of the leaves in the two stages of their growth, a
considerable difference is at once apparent — a differ-
ence that corresponds to 3 per cent, of albuminoids.
The figures are :— Nitrogen in young leaf, 2 94, cor-
responding to 18 61 per cent, albuminoids; nitrogen
in mature leaf, 2 48, corresponding to 15 50 per
cent, albuminoids.

The amount of nitrogen per 1000 lb. of the
mature leaf is 8 87 lb., as against 7 42 lb. in the
young leaf. This is due to the increased percentage
of organic matter in the older leaf. It is evident
from these results, that changes which affect the
relative percentage of nitrogen in the organic matter
take place in the leaf during its development.

Phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen are the
three constituents which above all others must be
put back into the soil if we are to preserve its
fertility. Plants of certain orders require more of
one or other of these ingredients than plants of
other orders. Some soils are specially rich or poor
in one or more of the materials, and, consequently,
in the rational mode of application of fertilizers
much intelligence and patience must be exercised.

That the leaves of the Apple trees draw a large
amount of food from the soil annually has been
shown. This must be replaced in excess for the
vigorous growth of the tree. The leaves of the
tree play no unimportant part ; respiration and
digestion are their two chief functions, which, if
they do not perform well, the tree cannot live and
bring to perfection its fruit. Therefore, when we
feed the leaves we are indirectly feeding the fruit.

The results of these analyses seem to point in the
direction cf mineral fertilizers, and specially of
potash, as being more particularly required for the
growth of the leaves, and, therefore, for the vigorous
development of the tree, including an abundant crop
of fruit.

Florists' Flowers.

THE CINERARIA.
We grow our Cinerarias mostly from offsets, in
order that the plants should be true in colour, habit,
&c, and our plants fill the side stages of a house that
is 50 feet long. These plants continue in flower from
about Christmas to May. Visitors when beholding
the plants have sometimes remarked that they did
not care to grow Cinerarias because of their liability
to the attacks of greenfly, which might be a good reason
if the aphis could not be kept off. I must admit
that it is difficult to keep these plants clean when
they are badly attacked, and plants produced from
cuttings or offsets are even more difficult to keep
clean than seedlings; but both may be kept in good
health, and the present is the proper time to have
them cleaned. We fumigate with tobacco about
once in three or four weeks as a precautionary
measure. Another parasite, of a still more insidious
kind, is mildew, which will generally show itself in
November at the edges of the leaves, which it causes
to curl up, and spreads on the under-sides of them.
It has a downy appearance, that might by some
persons be taken for a natural one, for the slender
white threads of the mildew are scarcely to be ob-
served without a lens, and yet it is capable, if not
speedily destroyed, of permanently injuring the
plants. Our plants became infested to some extent
with grpenfly when in the cold frames, and thty
could not bo fumigated until they were placed in the
houses. They had to contend with greenfly, as well
as with mildew, and, as a remedy, I mixed tobacco
dust wilh an > qual portion of flowers-of-eulphur, and
having laid -the plants on their sides, puffed this
mixture amongst the leaves with a distributor.

This treatment, together with|fumigation on'two or
three occasions, made a clean sweep of both de-
stroyers. Some growers keep the plants during
winter in low lean-to pits, but the larger leaves will,
in snch structures, sometimes damp off, and when
this happens, the full beauty of the plant is gone. A
span-roofed house is the best place for Cinerarias,
and whenever the outside temperature is higher than
40°, there ought to be ample ventilation by means of
the top and side ventilators. Even in very cold
weather, a small amount of air should be afforded at
the top of the house, the hot-water pipes being
slightly warmed, to cause a gentle circulation of air,
if it be but for two or three hours about noon.
Should the specimen plants not yet be in their flower-
ing pots, it ought not to be loDger delayed. It is
better to repot Cinerarias when the weather is mild,
as at that time root action is more active than in
cold weather. An 8 or a 9-inch pot is not too large
for a strong plant, and the potting soil may consist
of fibrous loam four-sixths, leaf-mould one-sixth,
decayed manure one-sixth, and coarse sand in
quantity to keep the compost open. Cinerarias
should be grown-on steadily without check, but never
" drawn up," as it is termed, for want of free air. It
is not a hardy plant, and a few degrees of frost
would destroy some of the leaves, or, if this did not
happen, the growth of the plants would be seriously
checked. During growth, the shoots should be tied
out, and some of the older leaves tied down to allow
them to push out quite freely. Let the plants be
placed near to the glass, as there the circulation of
air is best; but vicissitudes of temperature in such a
situation must be carefully guarded against. Gar-
deners and amateurs doubtless find it is much easier to
raise plants from seeds than to propagate by means
of offsets; but if, at any time, a particularly good
variety is obtained, I would advise that, as soon as
the flowers are past their best, the stems be cut off
an inch or two above the soil. The plant so treated
will soon make fresh growths from its base, and
these, when large enough, can be taken off with their
roots, and planted in small pots. J. Douglas.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

BOX EDGINGS.— Although the planting of Box,
like that of other evergreens, may be performed at
almost any time in the year (weather permitting),
the interval from October to March is the best time ;
and bearing this in mind, any gaps in the lines
may now be made good. To do this expeditiously
and well, remove a little of the gravel and soil to
the depth of about 6 inches, make the soil level and
very firm, and dibble in, or lay in, rooted pieces of
Box, in thickness and height equal to the bulk of the
line, and replace the soil and gravel, and tread it
firmly together. If much, or the whole, of the Box-
edging has become unsightly, it should be taken up,
and laid in a convenient spot, the ground dug, trod-
den, and levelled in accordance with the gradient of
the walk, but making each side level with the
other, and the centre of the walk. Thrs done,
measure the width of the walk at both ends,
putting four stiffish sticks firmly in the ground (two
at tach end) to mark the position of the edgings.
Then strain the line from stick to stick on one side,
and with a spade cut away the soil perpendicularly
on the walk side of the line to the depth of about
4 inches, and in this trench lay the Box after the
roots have been shortened and the tops trimmed
evenly, and made about 2 inches thick. Press the
soil firmly about the roots or slips, as the case may
be, and after the soil has been trodden down the
entire length of the edging, fill up the gntter-like
space with gravel, a coat of which should also be
laid on the walk at the same time, raked over, and
then rolled.

THE PRUNING, CLEANSING, AND TRAINING OF
CLIM3ERS. — The present is a good time to prune,
clean, and rearrauge any climbers that may require
attention in that direction. Roses, Cotoneasters,
Pyracanthas Ceanothus, and such like plants, should,
when used as a covering for walls and fences, have
their shoots in the first instance trained regularly
over the space allotted to them. The lateral growths

of the Rose, some Clematis, and other deciduous
climbing plants, should be pruned back to one
bud every year soon after the fall of the leaf,
pruning those trained against walls and fences
having south and west aspects first, and those
occuping less favourable positions at a later period.
Sometimes brown - scale effects a lodgment on
climbers, especially Roses, Cotoneasters, and Pyr-
acanthas. Where this is the case, the insects
should be removed with a pointed stick, afterwards
well washing the shoots and every part of the tree
with a solution, consisting of about 6 oz. of soft-soap
dissolved in a gallon of warm water, and a wine-
glassful of petroleum ; a half-worn out paint-brush
free from paint, or a stiffish brush made of bast, are
good for this purpose, the mixture being well stirred
meanwhile. This done, the trees can be re-arranged,
tying or nailing — as the case may be — the shoots in
their proper places, not too closely together, doing
the work in a manner that will commend itself to
good taste.

SUITABLE EDGINGS FOR WALKS UNDER TREES.
— It is lost labour to try to get turf to grow well
under trees, especially as an edging for walks.
Where this is the case, I know of no plants so suit-
able for covering the otherwise bare ground along-
side roads and walks in the pleasaunces as St. John's
Wort and Ivy, whichever plant is used, and there is
no reason why both should not be used separately at
different points. They should be planted, and allowed
to extend over any bare space that may be within
view of the walk, and simply preventing its encroach-
ing on the gravel space. The present is a capital
time for doing such work. All that is required is to
thrust a spade into the ground, press it forward, and
then drop a few rooted pieces of either plant into the
opening thus made, withdraw the spade, and tread
the soil about each plant.

BAD-WEATHER WORK.— Advantage should be
taken of the too-frequent wet days to make a good
stock of labels of various sizes, and pegs for marking
out designs, &c. ; also to prepare Rose and Dahlia
sticks, and other flower supports. //. W. Ward,
Longford Castle, Salisbury,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Owing to the extreme wetness of the weather,
planting will be much delayed, and the workmen set
on to the pruning and nailing of bush and wall trees,
pushing forward this work while the weather keeps
mild. All kinds of fruit trees, with the exception
of the Peach, Nectarine, and Fig, may be pruned
and nailed.

PYRAMIDS, bushes, and cordons should be so
kept thinned of young shoots that light may pass
freely amongst them. As frequently seen, these
forms of trained trees have an excess of branches,
and as a consequence, large fruit is an exception.
Much of the annual growth should be shortened
back to a few buds at the base, and where crowding
is likely to occur, some of the larger branches
should be cut out. Pyramidal trees should have the
leading shoot fastened securely to a stake, that
should reach some distance beyond the tip, and in
pruning, this leader should be shortened back each
year somewhat ; and if growth is weak, it may be
shortened back to 15 inches, and to a bud on the
opposite side to which it was cut before. Mulch
newly-planted trees slightly, and secure them against
wind-rocking. For greater safety in naming the
trees in newly-planted orchards, prepare a plan of
the planting, and have each tree named on the plan,
which should then be kept as a reference.

APRICOT8. — These trees may now be pruned
and put in order for the season. If scale be present,
brush it off, and then dress the trees with a weak
solution of petroleum and soap-suds. Reserve plenty
of young wood wherever there appears to be space for
it all over the trees, as it is on this that some sorts
mostly carry fruit ; and do not stick in more nails
than are necessary to hold the branches in their
place. If the trees are few and time permits, all
the old shreds should be removed. Where time is
precious, remove only the most decayed or those
which are nipping the bark too closely. The main
branches of young Apricot trees should be shortened
back to the weli-ripened portions, aud forerights
spurred back to a few basal buds, but reserving some
of those which are near to the wall of good length.
Topdress the border with fresh pasture loam, and
when planting make use of burnt earth, wood-aBhes,
old plaster, and loam.

FIGS. — Preparations should be made for winter
protection, notwithstanding the present mildness,

December 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' GERONIGLE.

735

and for this purpose use Spruce boughs, Bracken, or
straw thatch. [In southern counties no protection
is needed. Ed.] Koot-prune any Fig trees that make
much wood and afford but few fruits. H. Markham,
Mereworth Castle, Maidstone.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

PEAS. — Protect the plants as soon as they appear
above-ground with Spruce .Fir boughs of about 16 or
18 inches in length, stuck on each side of the rows.
Failing Spruce, cuttings of Box, Laurel, or Yew
may be made use of. A sharp watch should be kept
for mice, which commit much mischief in a short
space of time, and where cats cannot be employed to
catch mice, traps must be set. Slugs may be kept
at bay by putting fresh sifted coal-ashes and lime
in small quantity mixed together at the side of the
rows. Ttiese remarks apply also to Broad Beans.

POTATOS. — The sets, when shoots from 2 to
3 inches long have grown, may be planted in 10 or
12- inch pots, or in beds of light soil over a mild hot-
bed, at from 4 to 7 inches apart, and 5 inches deep,
12 to 15 inches being allowed between the rows
in beds, according to the habit of the variety.
Cover the sets at first with a layer of soil 3 inches
thick ; and later, make the drills level with the sur-
face of the bed. Water sparingly during the first
stages of growth, but as the plants increase in size,
water may be afforded more liberally. Never use cold
water. Give air freely whenever the weather is
favourable; and at night, and in frosty weather,
cover the sashes with mats, Fern, or straw, and
maintain a mild and nearly uniform temperature.
If in pots, they should be kept up near the glass,
so as to attain a sturdy growth.

YOUNG ONIONS. — These are sometimes asked
for in winter, and to be prepared, some seed may be
sown thickly in boxes or pans of warintd soil.
[Old seed may be watered-in with water in which
camphor has laid for a few days, its germination
being favoured thereby. Ed.] S^ed of good germin-
ating power may be sown on the surface, alter the
boxes, &c, have been watered, and allowed to get a
little dry on the surface; cover lightly with drjiah
mould, press firm and level, and stand in a forcing-
house or pit, having a warmth of 55° to 65°. A
sowing may be made of Onions at fortnightly inter-
vals during winter and spring. Sprouting Onions may
be planted in pots and boxes, and forced for the
sake of the tender leaves.

RADISHES. — These roots are always the best
when grown alone. The Olive-shaped Scarlet and
Wood's Early-frame among the long-rooted varieties,
and the red and white turnip-rooted, are the best
for forcing. The soil of the hot-bed should be light
and rich, and of the thickness of 6 or 8 inches. The
bottom-heat may be 75°, and the top- heat 55° at
night, and 65° by day. One ounce of seed will sow
20 square feet, and the seeds are best put in with the
finger and thumb just under the surface, at about
2 inches apart. If three seeds are sown in a patch
now, thin out to one when it is seen which will make
the best plant. Treat like Potatos. Sow again at
intervals of three weeks. C. J. Waite, Glenhurst,
Esher.

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

THE STOVE. — Pentas carnea, any plants of which
had attention in regard to repotting and the denu-
dation of the flower-heads during summer and early
autumn, will be found very useful in decoration and
cutting from at this season. Their pink-coloured
flowers are generally much admired although the habit
of the plant is rather stiff and ungraceful. The plants
should be grown in a light position, and in an inter-
mediate temperature. The earliest Poinsettia plants
will be showing their gorgeous bracts, and all damp,
which is an enemy to them, should be dissipated by
artificial heat in addition to careful ventilation,
avoiding as much as possible the needless slopping
about of water. The plants, intermixed with Palms
and Camellias, are well set off by the green foliage
of the latter. Later plants, whose bracts are only
partially expanded, should be afforded a little weak
manure water occasionally, which will help mate-
rially to increase the size of these. At the same time,
keep the plants in as light a position as possible.

EUPHORBIA JACQUINI/EFLORA will require the
same kind of treatment as the Poinsettias, one neat
stick being employed in each pot to keep the plants
contained in it from getting loosened at the surface
of the soil. It is best to strike this plant several
together in one pot, and repot with division. Allow

the shoots to hang naturally. Avoid the common
error of keeping the soil over-moist, this being a
fertile cause of the plants damping off between wind
and water. Pay close attention to keeping clean
all such subjects as Palms, Anthuriums, Aralias,
Crotons, Dracaenas, Pandanus, &c, freeing them
of all insect pests, most of which plants are liable
to be infested with scale insects, not readily seen
when few in number, but soon making their presence
known when numerous by the shabby appearance of
the foliage. Clerodendron Thompsonianum, various
Allamandas and Dipladenias at rest often get in-
fested with scale ; this pest is more easily destroyed
now than after the plants commence to grow in early
spring. Now that sunshine is at a minimum, the
temperature should be kept as low as is consistent
with the health of the plants, say 58° to 60° by
night and 65° to 68° by day. On frosty nights it is
economy to cover the roof with tarpaulin, mats, Frigi
Domo, &c, and if not the whole roof, at least some
7 or 8 feet up from the eaves, if. Milner, Penrice
Castle, Swansea.

FRUITS UNDER GLA8S.

FIQS IN POTS. —Some weeks ago, the preparation
of the early lot of Figs for forcing was advised, the
earliest crop being taken from plants in pots, if
these are annually started at this time of the year,
they give a good return in fruit. The buds will be
about to burst, and the plants will require to be kept
steadily moving, replenishing the bottom-heat ma-
terials, so that the temperature may raDge from 70°
to 80° ; this is readily managed by ramming the old
material closer together, and adding some new, for
which purpose fresh sweet leaves are best, if got into
a warm state first. When stable-dung is used, as
it heats quickly and is not lasting, much care is
needed. The trees should be damped over twice a
day in bright weather, and in dull sunless dajs it is
advisable not to syringe ; or, at any rate, to get the
shoots dry before dusk, and to damp the floors, walls, and
dry parts of the house instead. A night temperature of
50° will be a safe one, although 52° to 54° in mild
weather will do no harm, as outside conditions should
be taken into consideration, iu regard to the degree
ot warmth kept up. The day warmth may range 10'
or 15° higher if the weather be bright; air should
be sparingly afforded on cold days, and cold draughts
avoided. The timely thinning of the fruits is
important, as nutriment is to a certain degree
limited, and too many being left sometimes results in
the loss of many fruits. The first house should now
be in readiness for forcing ; trees started in the
first half of December usually give good crops if
forced slowly, and the trees afforded time to finish a
second crop. See that there is no trace of white
scale on any of the trees. The borders should have
the layer of the top soil removed, replacing it with a
rich dressing if the trees are old, or do not make too
much wood. In training Figs, lay in the wood
thinly. In later houses, or in those without artificial
heating, the pruning of the trees may be done
forthwith, and the prunings made use of for increase.
ORCHARD-HOUSE.— If the trees here are wanted
to fruit early, place them in the house without fuither
delay, partly plunging the pots. In placing the trees,
endeavour to keep those kinds requiring more air
near the ventilators or the colder parts of the house.
A temperature of 40° to 45° at night, with a 10°
rise by day will be ample for the present, syringing
the trees with tepid water twice a day in mild, and
more sparingly in dull weather. The roots must be
thoroughly watered at the start, whether the fresh soil
on the surface be moist or not. If early fruits of
Strawberries are looked for, plants may be started
gently on a mild hotbed of leaves, keeping the plants
as close as may be to the lights. If the plants are
dry, water them ; they will not, or Bhould not, want
watering again before the flowers show. A tem-
perature of 40° by night and 45° to 50° by day will
suffice. G. Wythe), Syon House.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE CATTLEYA-HOUSE.— Plants of Cattleya
Skinnerii which are maturing their growths in the
greater warmth of the Dendrobinm-house, should
now be brought back to their proper quarters, other-
wise the season of rest will be curtailed, with the
result of next year's growth suffering. I have
pointed out how necessary it is, where a great
number of Orchids are grown satisfactorily, that
there should be more than one house. The Cattleya-
house affords a good resting-place for Dendrobinms
Bensonisc. Devonianurn, formosum giganleum, Dal-
houseiar.um, end the hybrids of Ainsworthii, which

should not be placed where there is a low tempera-
ture, or the foliage of the current year will be inj ured,
and the strength of the plants impaired. A pretty
Cattleya now in flower, and a free grower, is C.
Walkeriana ; it. is a species that will bloom without
fail twice in the year, i.e., midsummer and Christmas.
The plants do very well when planted in baskets in
peat and sphagnum moss, and placed where there is
full sunlight ; our plants are shaded for only a few
hours in the morning, even in the warmest and
sunniest part of the year. The flower-spikes usually
carry two flowers each, but when they are very
strong, I have known them to show three flowers.
The growth of the plant being weak, a number of
flowering leads may be grown in an 8-inch basket.
The varieties of this plant are considerable in
number, and the colours are also much varied.
The red varieties of I.adia anceps now in flower
fail to fulfil my hopes, for although growth is good,
the flowers themselves are wanting in size. Catt-
leya chocoensis is a species that comes into flower
at this season.

The affording of water to the Cattleyas is now a
most difficult matter to do aright, but when there is
doubt as to the need of water, it is better to err on
the side of dryness. The growing sphagnum is a
poor guide in the matter, and the plants must be
daily under observation before the cultivator is sure
that water is needed. Shrivelling of the bulbs is alto
no guide, as it may be brought about by too much as
well as too little water. The temperatures given in
the last Calendar will still hold good. Atmospheric
moisture must be kept at a low point, as it will be
understood by our readers that the lower the tempera-
ture of the house, the more it will be loaded with
moisture. A. G. Catt, Parkjkld, Hallow, Worcester.

THE APIARY.

PLANTING FOR BEES. — It is a great advantage
to ha/e plenty of pollen-bearing plants in close
proximity to the apiary in early spring, as it causes
colonies to go ahead much faster when there is no
lack of natural supplies of nitrogenous food, so much
of which is required for feeding the larvse. Also,
wh>>n the workers do not have far to go for it, they
stand less chance of succumbing to the elements
than when they have long distances to fly, the mor-
tality among foraging bees from this cause being veiy
large at that early season, and anything to tuitigaU-
the evil is a gain to the colony, the life of every bee
saved as early as this materially helping the stock
to reach the necessary strength to take full advantage
of the first honey flow that arrives. Colonies ought
to be strong enough to yield a good surplus from
fruit blossom, but in the majority of cases this souice
of income is lost to the bee-keeper through his
stocks not being advanced enough at the right
moment to profit him by it. The Willow (Salix
caprea), Hazel, Crocus, and Wallflower, are the most
useful of the earliest-flowering plants for pollen-
bearing, and any supplement that can be made to the
number of these existing in the neighbourhood of
the hives would be a gain to the bee-keeper. To
follow this subject further into the season, it is
utterly useless for any bee-keeper with limited ground
at his disposal to grow small patches of honey-pro-
ducing plants, thinking that his yield of honey will
be perceptibly influenced thereby. It is, however,
possible for farmers and agriculturists who are bee-
keepers, or in sympathy with them, to do useful
service in various ways. It would be practicable to
systematically prolong the flowering season of the
Clovers by having Trifolium incarnatum to bloom in
May, followed by the white, or Dutch, the succession
being kept up nearly to the end of July by Alsike,
the latter having been previously cut for green-
meat ; or perhaps a few acres could be devoted to
such valuable honey-yielding plants as Prickly
Conifrey, Lucerne, Sainfoin, Buckwheat, Melilotus
alba, &c, so as to serve a double purpose by being
useful alike to bees and ordinary farm stock.

FEEDING STOCKS, ETC.— The weather having
been so mild up to the present, much greater inroads
will have been made on stores than would have been
the case if it had been more winterly, and candy
must be given where any insufficiency is suspected.
This can either be slipped under the quilt, or placed
above it, over the feed-hole, or if a section of honey
can be spared, this may be laid over the latter
instead of the candy, afterwards covering all up
warm and snug. Quilts that have got damp should
be replaced by dry ones. Keep a look-out, so that
mice do not gain an entrance to hives, and prevent
tits from taking the bees, either by trapping them,
or keeping them frr.m off the alighting-board with
wire-netting. Expert.

736

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Letters for Pxtblioation.— All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions should be written on one side onxy of the
paper, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the hditor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is
desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Illustrations. — Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro-
duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants,
flowers, trees, Sfc, are solicited.

Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor,
but to the Publisher, at the above address.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

8 A LES.

n50,nno Palm Seeds, Lilium aura-

MOND A Y, DEC. 21 ) tum -™ies- ^"JTl^Z" ' J^l

J ro-e Bulb", Puteta Bulbs, &c , at

{. Stevens' Booms.

f Tla^s Erections. Hot-witer Piping,
Boilers. &c , at the Clock Hou'-e,
White Hart Lane, Tottenham, N.,
by Protheroe & Morris.

( Ropes, Fruit Trees. Border Plants,
\ &c, at Stevens' Rooms.
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 23< Large Consignment of Lilies, Be-
f gonias. Palms, Bulbs, &c, at
" Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

TUESDAY.

DEC. 22

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-38°.9.

This, like most things in America,

Ei Mbit on. 1S to be a bl£ thlng> some five
times greater in extent than the
last great exhibition in Paris ! The last number
•jf the Journal of the Society of Arts contains a
paper by Mr. James Dredge, containing full
details of the condition and prospects of the Ex-
hibition. As there is a large and increasing
trade between this country and the United
States in horticultural matters, we deem it well
to lay before our readers the following parti-
culars relating to the horticultural department,
and to suggest that it would be well for the
Royal Horticultural Society to call a meeting of
those interested to see in what manner the in-
terests of our horticulturists can best be served.

Horticultural Building.
" Opposite the wooded island in the lagoon will
be erected the Horticultural Building, a great
conservatory, 1000 feet in length, and 287 feet
in maximum width. The general features of this
building are to be a central dome, 187 feet in
diameter, and 113 feet high. At each end is a
large rectangular pavilion, and these wings are
connected with the central rotunda by the main
body of the building, each side of which is
divided into two courts, 88 feet wide by 270 feet
long. The courts facing the wooded island are
constructed entirely of iron and glass, and will
be used for especially tender plants. The rear
courts, while they will receive abundance of light,
are not entirely glazed; they will be specially
adapted for fruit-growing exhibits which may
require a cool temperature. A large section of
the courts will be devoted exclusively to the
exhibition of Orange culture in California and
Florida. The central dome will be chiefly given
to Palms, Bamboos, Tree Ferns, Cacti, Euca-
lyptus, &c. Ten miles of l|-inch piping will be
required to heat the dome alone, and a still
greater length will be wanted for the high tem-
perature courts. The ground floor of each
pavilion will be chiefly used for fruit exhibits,
collections of seeds, and horticultural appliances.

Broad galleries will run around these pavilions
about 25 feet above the ground. The greater
part of this area will be used for cafe's and
restaurants, and as the architectural treatment
of the buildings includes an exterior arcade
running around three sides— this arcade being
extended to the upper storey in the pavilions —
an additional amount of open-air space will thus
be obtained, whence some of the most attractive
views in the grounds will be seen. It is the
intention of the chiefs of the horticultural
department to encourage the best possible dis-
plays of all meritorious exhibits in the various
groups of pomology, viticulture, floriculture,
culinary vegetables, seeds, arboriculture, methods
and appliances of horticulture, &c. As the
available space is very limited, a careful selection
will be made of the objects accepted. The
classification of this department will embrace
everything of professional interest to horticul-
turists, whether they are engaged on a large or
a limited scale, and there can be little doubt but
that the display will give us as great an
impetus to the gardener's art as did the
similar but much more limited exhibit at the
Centennial Exhibition of 1876. Already the
applications for space in this conservatory from
the United States alone would fill the building
several times over, and a system of the most
rigid selection is therefore necessary. From Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, from Latin America,
and from China and Japan, applications are
already arriving ; the most curious exhibits
from the last-named country will be the dwarf
fruit and other trees, over a century old, and
not more than 2 feet high. Many of the States
and territories have arranged to make a com-
plete herbarium of their flora, and wax-models
of all their fruits ; it is the intention of the
chiefs of this department to make a great collec-
tive exhibit of these objects.

I think that there is every reason to suppose
that this section will receive very warm and
practical support from English horticulturists.
Not only is our pre-eminence in the art fully
recognised in the United States, but the impor-
tation of plants is not saddled with the heavy
taxation that applies to most other objects to
that country ; in fact, all plants intended for in-
door cultivation, for the production of cut
flowers, and for decorative purposes, are admitted
free. In the same way, many garden seeds are
equally unencumbered, and, as will be seen from
the following list of exports for 1890, a very
large trade is done in them by seed-producers in
this country : —

Untaxed Exports.

Value,

Flower and other seeds £67.000

Trees and plants 11-1,100

Taxed Exports.

Bubs 7 '.730

Garden and agricultural seeds 60.400

Plants, Sec 931,990

It will be within the remembrance of many
persons who visited the Centennial Exhibition at
Philadelphia in 1870, that the Rhododendron dis-
plays made by British growers gained the wonder
and admiration of millions of Amerioan visitors ;
this exhibit laid the foundation for a large and
constantly-growing trade in this particular shrub,
and I was recently informed by one of the chiefs
of this department in Chicago — an eminent hor-
ticulturist— that, despite the advance that has
been made in America in this branch of culture, we
still maintain the lead that we had nearly twenty
years ago. In 1876 there were less than 1000
nurserymen in the whole of the United States ;
this number has been increased more than four-
fold at the present time, and the trade in

America with cut flowers and decorative
plants is enormous. At the beginning of
this year there were 4650 floriculture estab-
lishments in the United States, with nearly
39,000,000 square feet of glass. The value
of these establishments is about £8,000,000
sterling, while the value of the plant sales during
1890 amounted to £2,500,000 sterling, and that
for cut flowers to nearly £3,000,000. With this
very extensive business, with the acknowledged
fact that we, as floriculturists, are far in advance
of the United States, and with the very favour-
able conditions that exist, there is every reason
to suppose that in this department, at least,
British exhibitors may go to Chicago without
the least doubt as to the commercial success of
their undertaking.

Before dismissing the horticultural building,
it may be added, that extensive ground* will
surround it ; that these grounds will be laid out
in the most elaborate manner, and be adapted
for flower displays which will also form exhibits.
The art of carpet-bedding has been carried,
according to our more sombre eastern ideas, to
theatrical extravagance in the United States,
and while one cannot but admire the ingenuity
which tortures foliage plants and brilliant
flowers into " Gates Ajar," terrestrial globes,
canoes, sundials, and the like, the British land-
scape gardeners will probably be oontent with
admiration, and refrain from imitating these
curious triumphs of floral decoration."

" There is a glut of Apples in

Ta^imnian ,. 1 . „ ■ 3

Annies ' mar'Ie<;j 8al°- a morning COll-

tempjrary, the other day; and
" the Canadian crop of Apples is this year
estimattd at a million barrels," an evening
journal had previously stated. All this, of
course, writes a correspondent, means a bad look-
out for low-class English products — first-class
will always hold their own anywhere ; and in
these few words the grower may read his lesson.
As time goes on, all the weedy sorts will have
been cleared from the market, and Apples
worthy of the name will be " worth money," as
the saying is. By the month of March next,
pe iple will begin to sigh for a toothsome and
cheaper Apple, and then— on come the beautiful
varieties from Hobart, in far Tasmania. We
have been threatened with supplies from Aus-
tralia ; they would be very welcome, but they
have yet to be grown, and it is just possible that
Australia is not an Apple-growing country.
This, however, from all accounts, Tasmania is ;
we can readily take this for granted, with the
vivid memory of what has reached us from that
far-off British colony, rapidly rising in import-
ance, for much of which it is indebted to its Fruit-
growers' Association, and the A gent- General,
located in the Broadway, Westminster — a gentle-
man with a firm belief in the future of his country,
and quite able to direct the operations of those
of his friends at the Antipodes who seek to find
favour for their wares in the English markets.
A pleasant interview with this gentleman a few
days since was productive of much information
concerning the Apples of Tasmania, from which
we reproduce the following, almost in the words
of our informant.

Three years since, the import of Apples into
thiscoun try from Hobart was some 30,000 bushels ;
in the year following — 1890— the figures had
risen to 40,000 ; this year the importation had
risen to 140,000 bushels ! It may be stated here
that during the season of 1891 considerable space
was secured in the cool chambers of steamers
loading fruit at Hobart beyond the first-olass
fruit then at the disposal of the shippers. To

December 19, 1891.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

737

save absolute loss of freight, inferior fruit was
shipped, with the consequence that the price fell
from the average of 16s. to 18s. per bushel of
1889 and 1890 to 8s. to 10s. in 1891. It has
been stated in the English press that the Tas-
manian growers are satisfied with this lower rate :
but they are not satisfied. The actual cost to the
shipper in freight, &c, excluding the price of the

need not anticipate the arrival from Tasmania of
any but tirst-class Apples.

Kespecting the area over whioh Apples are
grown in Tasmania, the Agent-General informed
us that the acreage under gardens and orchards
in 1889-90 was 9808, against 6159 in 1880-81,
and this increase is lik-ly to be maintained. It
is anticipated, says our informant, that in ten

FlO. 107. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS IN THE SCILLV ISLES, OVERTHROWN BY THE STORM OV NOV. 11, 1891.

fruit, is over 7s. a bushel, and the Is. to 3s.
remaining over is less than the price which can
be realised i.i the colony. The Government have
noticed the mistake of putting anything but first-
class fruit on the English market, and there is
no probability that the Tasmanian Fruit Growers'
Association, which, conducts the fruit exports,
will allow such a blunder to be repeated. In the
season of 1892 and thereafter, the British public

years hence the acreage will be extended to some
12,000 acres. To our thinking the increase will
be greater. Our informant hinted at the pos-
sibility of an early start in the production of
Peaches and Apricots for this market; certainly
the fruit would be eagerly bought up if in good
condition; and here, surely, what has been done
may fairly be accepted as an earnest of what
remains to be accomplished.

Our Almanac— Secretaries of Societies and
others are earnestly requested to forward, at once,
the dates of show fixtures, and meetings of horti-
cultural societies of any kind for 181)2, for insertion
in the Almanac to be published in our issue for
January 2.

The Large Eucalyptus globulus at
Tresco Abbey, Isles of Scilly.— I send you

a photograph of the Eucalyptus globulus, a victim of
the late gales, which may be of interest to your
readers. It was planted in thpse gardens about
forty years ago, and was probably the oldest Gum-
tree in Eogland, if not in Europe. The stem, 3 feet
from the ground, is 9 feet in circumference. Its
height, a very little over 40 feet, the top having been
constantly blown off by the wind, which gave it a
bushy appearance, iu contrast to the usually erect
habit of the tree. It was blown down on the morn-
ing of November 11, in a severe north-west squall.
A well known gardener advised me to clear some of the
undergrowth from around it. so as to show the trunk.
This I did, with a result that the draught was let in,
and half the tree killed ; hence, the crevice seen in the
illustration. I have been told by some Australians
that if you grow a Gum tree in the bush, and cut
the bush away, it invariably kills it, and this was
the result with one- half of my tree, the other half
was apparently improving till blown down, then
only one side of the undergrowth was cut away in
the case of my tree. Of course, I do not mean you
cannot grow Eucalyptus in the open. We only
registered frost two nights last winter, and did not
lose much — Pelargoniums cut down. I had 500 young
Metrosideros ready to go out ; these were pretty
well destroyed ; they will not stand frost in their
youDger stages, but stand the wind better than
anythine else I know, and grow in rock — any-
where, in fact, where there is ever so little soil.
The Palm shown in the illustration, near the Euca-
lyptus, Areca Biueri, was also considerably damaged
by the fall of its neighbour. T. Algernon Dorrim
Smith, Tresco Abbey, Lies nf Scilly, Nov. 23.

Chambre Synoicale des Horticulteurs
BELGES. — At the meeting held on December 8, in
the CaBino, Ghent, the following plants were awarded
First-class Certificates, Cypripedium (Spicerianum X
liarbatum superburo), shown by M. C. Vuylsteke ;
Abutilon insignis Due de Malakoff foliis marmoratis,
shown by M. L. DesmetDlyivier; Asparagus retro-
fractus arboreBcens, shown by MM. Dubiez ireres;
Cypripedium insigne Moense, shown by M. le Notaire
Morns ; Cypripedium decorum (Sallieri HyeanumX
Lawrenceanum, shown by M. J. IIye; Adiantum
nebulosum, shown by M. E. Fynaert ; Cattleja
Ilowringeana, shown by MM. Boelens ireres;
Dracaena Veitchi folius variegatis. shown by M. E.
Eekhaute ; and an Orchid Herbarium, shown by
M. A. Meulenaere— unanimously.

The Potting Contest at Madison Square

Garden. — The plants used were really dummies,
say Peter Henlersun <f Co., in the Florist's Exchange,
as it was impiacticable to supply rooted cuttings ; we
therefore took tips from an Arbor-vita; hedge, and
trimmed them so as to leave them about the size of
Verbena cuttings. On most of them was left a
Bmall " heel " where they were pulled off the main
stem, so that they bore as close resemblance to
rooted cuttings as could be found. The pots used
were 2 inch, of the old style; these were used in
preference to the standard pot, because more rapid
work could be done with them, the rim on the
latter interfering with the transferring of the pots
after the plant has been placed in them to the flat.
Each of the contestants had a helper, whose duty it
was to keep him supplied with empty pots and to
take away the flat after it was filled, so that the
man who did the potting did not have to stop from
the time he began until he finished. Every enquiry
we received asked ns to explain the motions, and we
cannot do better than detail the manner of potting
which the two leading contestants adopted. Both of
them worked in the same way. In this connection it

738

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

might not be amiss to say that their style of potting is
the same as the late James Market's, the man who,
it will be remembered, potted 10,000 Verbena plants
in a day of ten hours, and right here it may not be
amiss to say that it is a matter of history now that,
on a later trial, James Market potted 11,500
Verbena plants in a day of ten hours, although this
fact was never publicly announced so far as our
knowledge goes. George Martin, the man who
won the first prize by potting 1277 in an hour,
works in this manner. The empty pots are at his
left hand, the first motion is to reach for a pot, and
at the same instant he takes a handful of soil ;
placing the pot in position, he unloosens sufficient
soil from his hand to fill the pot to overflowing ;
while doing this he reaches for a cutting, and at the
same instant, with the index finger of his right
hand, makes a hole in the filled pot to receive the
cutting ; into this hole, with his left hand, he
inserts the cutting to the required depth, and at the
same time puts in the remaining soil which he held
in his hand, this is to fill the hole. He then takes the
pot between the index and middle fingers of both
hands, and presses the soil in the pot with both
thumbs, first on one side of the cutting, then on the
other, to thoroughly fix it. With his right hand
he then transfers the pot to the box in waiting, and
in doing so reaches with his left hand after another
pot and goes through the same operation again.
This may seem complicated to anybody who does
not use this system of potting, yet nothing can be
simpler, and we are satisfied to say that it would be
very difficult to improve upon it, as the quality of
work done by it will attest. Potting, say, 10,000
plants in a day of ten hours by this system we are
satisfied that, when well done, as many plants will
grow as if only one-third of it was done, because
the motions from constant practice will become so
perfect that it is as thoroughly done in a rapid
as in a slow manner. The work of the man who
won the third prize, Dennis Brtnes, is rather
difficult to describe, as it lacked the system of the
other two men, and it seemed to us that he made a
great many false movements. Although he did
1238 plants, yet his work was so poor that the
judges decided he was entitled to only third prize as
against Enright, who won the second prize with a
record of 1155. Mr. Jacob D. Eisele, superin-
tendent for H. A. Dreer, and Mr. John Smith,
superintendent for Robert Craig, who were two of
the judges, said, after it was over, that about one-
third of his work should be disqualified. We are
satisfied that the main cause of his poor work was
the want of a thorough system ; his movements were
as rapid as those of the other men who won the
first and second prizes, and, we believe, with proper
training he might equal their record.

The West Indian Flora and Fauna.— We

take the following extracts from the Report of a
Committee of the British Association, charged with
reporting on the natural history of the West Indian
Islands : —

Saint Vincent. — Of the botanical collections
received from St. Vincent, the vascular Cryptogams
have been determined by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S.,
and an account of them, with two plates, printed in
the Annals of Botany, vol. v. (April, 1891), pp. 163-
172. Amongst the Ferns, the most striking novelty
is a new species of Asplenium, named A. Godmani,
Baker (pi. xi.), found iu damp forests at the extreme
top of Morne a Garou. Other new species are
Hymenophyllum vincentinum, Baker (pi. x.), and
Acrostichum (Elaphoglossum) Smithii, Baker. The
total number of vascular Cryptogams found recently
in St. Vincent amounts to 168 species. Most of these
are widely spread through tropical America, and
only four are endemic. In addition to the above, a
new specieB of Hepatic*, also from St. Vincent
(Kantia.vincentina, C. H. Weight), was described
in the Journal of. Botany, vol. xxix. (April, 1891),
p. 107. Of the Phanerogams from St. Vincent and
some of the Grenadines, the work of determining
these is being carried on as expeditiously as cir-
cumstances permit. The collection is a very large

one, and the results so far attained are recorded in
the following memorandum prepared by Mr. R. A.
Rolfe : — "The flowering plants have been deter-
mined as far as the end of Ratacess. Those from
St. Vincent number slightly over a hundred species,
of which about thirty, consisting for the most part
of common West Indian plants, were not previously
recorded from the island. The most interesting
plant is a species of Trigyneia (apparently new), a
small tropical American genus of Anonaceae not
hitherto detected in the West Indies. A Clasiaand
a species of Tetrapterys, which cannot be identified,
may also prove new. The remainder have been
fully determined. The three most interesting of
these are Norantea Jussisei, Ts. and Pl., previously
known only from Guadaloupe and Dominica; Zan-
thoxylon microcarpum, Griseb., from Dominica and
Trinidad ; and Z. spinosum, Sw., from Dominica,
Jamaica, and Cuba. The composition of the flora
of the Lesser Grenadines, situated between St,
Vincent and Grenada, was previously almost un-
known. The plants hitherto determined are as
follows : From the Island of Bequia, thirty-four
species ; from Mustique, eighteen ; from Canouan,
five ; and from Union, the nearest to Grenada, five.
They are, without exception, common West Indian
plants, and are all also natives of St. Vincent.
From the results hitherto obtained, it seems clear
that the flora of the Lesser Antilles is tolerably
uniform throughout, although the larger islands of
Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and possibly St.
Vincent, appear to have each a very small endemic
element."

Grenada. — The collections made by Mr. Sherring
at Grenada consist of nearly 6000 specimens of vas-
cular Cryptogams, and about 1000 specimens of
Phanerogams. The number of species of Ferns is
about 140, and of these two are new, viz., Alsophila
Elliottii, Baker, and Acrostichum Sherringii, Baker.
The Phanerogams have not yet been worked out.
Sixty species of Ferns were previously known from
Grenada from collections made by Mr. G. R.
Murray, F.L.S., and Mr. W. R. Elliott. Mr.
Sherring has increased this number to 140. The
species of greatest interest, other than those known
to be new, are Asplenium Godmani, Baker, recently
found in St. Vincent ; Polypodium Hartii, Jenman,
first described in 1886, and known only in the moun-
tains of Jamaica and Dominica ; and Acrostichum
Aubertii, widely spread in continental America, but
new to the West Indies. Other interesting plants
collected by Mr. Sherring are Schizeea fluminen-
sis, Miers, new to the West Indies, but believed to
be only a shade variety of S. dichotoma, and Danaja
polymorpha, Leprieur, a critical form of which but
little is known.

Proposed Gardeners' Institute for New-
castle.— At a meeting of the Newcastle and
District Horticultural Mutual Improvement Society
held at the Lit. and Phil. Inst, under the chairman-
ship of Mr. Heslop, the committee, per Mr. J. Hood,
jun , Hon. Sec, reported in favour of establishing a
Gardeners' Educational Institute in Newcastle.

M. CREPIN.— The Director of the Botanic
Garden at Brussels, the main-spring of the Royal
Botanic Society of Belgium, whose quarter-of-a-
century of work was, as we mentioned in our last
issue, celebrated on the 6th inst., at Brussels,
is well known by his excellent manual of the
Belgian flora now in its fifth edition, by
his admirable Manuel du Botaniste, which should
be in the hands of all botanical students, and
particularly by his numerous publications on the
genus Rosa — one of which, a most acceptable sum-
mary, was first published in the Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society on the occasion of the Rose
Conference in 1889. In addition, M. Crepin has
been an ardent student of fossil botany. These and
other services to botany and to horticul-
ture were alluded to by Professor Gravis, of
Liege, who presided at the meeting to which we
have already alluded— a meeting at which a "Prix
Crepin " was established. The Minister of Agri-
culture endorsed Professor Gravis' eulogium, and

M. Doucet called attention to the services ren-
dered by M. Crepin to the Botanic Garden at
Brussels since the period of his appointment, in
1876. M. de Selts Longchamps, speaking on be-
half of the Academy of Sciences, echoed the praises
that had been uttered by other speakers, whilst Pro-
fessor Bertrand, of Lille, became the interpreter for
the foreign botanists desirous of adding their testi-
mony to the value of the work of M. Crepin. In his
reply, M. Crepin alluded to the years he had passed in
the School of Horticulture of Ghent, and the advan-
tages he had received from such men as Dumobtier
and Van Houtte, The banquet was necessarily to a
large extent a repetition of the morning's formal
proceedings, but a dramatic touch was afforded by the
Minister of Agriculture affixing to the breast of
M. Crepin, the insignia of Officer of the Order of
Leopold. This was received, our correspondent
says, with " explosions of enthusiasm, and frenzied
applause" — it was after dinner ! Count Kerchove
de Denterghem presented, in the name of the
staff of the Revue de I' Horticulture Beige, of
which M. Crepin is an old contributor, a mag-
nificent bouquet. That is the way things of
this kind are done in Belgium. We cannot equal
our friends on the other side of the Channel in
manifestations of this kind.

Mr. W. J. Grant.— We greatly regret to learn
that Mr. W. J. Grant, whose appointment by the
Monmouthshire County Council to superintend the
Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, and
Forestry, was notified in our issue for August 15
last, met with severe injuries on the railway near
Monmouth, having been struck by an engine,
fracturing the base of his skull.

The Trade in Fruit between France and

GERMANY. — We read in the trade notices ia
Muller's Gartner Zeitung , that, according to a recent
official statement, the total imports into France of
table fruit for the year 1S89 is valued at 64,000,000 fr.,
and the imports in 1890 at 83,000,000 fr. Against
these figures, there was an exportation of
32,000,000 fr. in 1889, and 3S,000,000 in 1890.
German imports of table fiuits amounted to
23,261 double cwt., in value 673.391 fr., whilst
France exported to Germany 52,972 double cwt., in
value 3,124,738 fr. The fruit imported into France
costing per double cwt. 30 fr., whilst that exported
to Germany was reckoned at 60 fr.

Garden Directories.— Two of these indis-
pensable handbooks have reached us, viz., the
Horticultural Directory and Year Book for 1892,
from the office of our contemporary, the Journal of
Horticulture, 171, Fleet Street; and the Garden
Annual and Almanack, from the Garden Office, 37,
Southampton Street, Strand. Both contain very
complete lists of gardens, with the names of the
gardeners who have charge of them. Also lists of
the new plants that have received Certificates from
the various large societies during 1891, and much
information that is of value to all who may be
engaged in horticulture and horticultural journalism.

The Midland Carnation and Picotee

SOCIETY. — The committee have issued their first
annual report, in which they say that the prospects
of the Society for 1892 are most encouraging. The
committee's great hope and ambition is to have an
annual exhibition that shall be one of the most
representative in the kingdom, and that everything
possible shall be done to encourage the small as well
as the large growers. They request, in consequence,
suggestions for any improvement to the present
existing state of things. The Botanical Society of
Birmingham have offered to hold the show again iu
their gardens. The Society have under considera-
tion the desirability of giving special certificates to
all meritorious honorary exhibits, also silver and
bronze medals for any exhibits of superior merit,
somewhat after the style of those of the Royal
Horticultural Society of London ; bat as these will
only be awarded where the exhibits distinctly deserve
it, the committee hope that these medals may be

December 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

739

looked upon as of great value from an exhibitor's
point of view.

The Botanical Library at Kew.— In the

current number of the Bookworm is a lengthy account
of the library at Kew, from which, when the
exigencies of our space permit, we may be tempted
to make some extracts.

IMPATIENS HOOKERI. — The above plant, of
which a shoot and flowers were kindly sent for our
inspection by the head gardener at Chatsworth, has
some value as a decorative plant at this season.
Mr. N. E. Brown, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, to
whom we forwarded the flowers and shoot of the
plant, in his reply to our note, says : — " The name is
correct, but I do not remember to have seen it in
flower before ; probably it would do so freely enough,
if kept pretty dry, in a dry hot atmosphere, and
exposed to the light as much as possible for a few
weeks each year."

Technical Education.— It may interest some
of our readers to know that Messrs. Newton & Co.,
the opticians of Fleet Street, have in course of
preparation sets of slides for lanterns for the use of
lecturers giving technical instruction in various
subjects.

" Botanical Magazine."— The 117th volume

now completed is dedicated by its Editor, Sir Joseph

HOOKER, tO Sir MoUNTSTEWART GeANT - DuFF,

latterly Governor of Madras, and who when Under-
Secretary of State for India, and afterwards for the
Colonies, rendered important services to botany and
horticulture.

• The December number contains figures of

the following plants : —

Agave albicans, t. 7207. — Leaves oblanceolate
mucronate, finely toothed, with a central stalk bear-
ing a dense cylindrical tuft of purplish flowers.

Bolbophyllum niacranthum, t. 7208. — A curious
species, with creeping rhizome, oblong-acute leaves,
one-flowered peduncles, flowers more than 2 inches
in largest diameter ; flat segments, lanceolate,
spotted; lip narrow, curved, jointed in the middle.
Mr. Ridley gives an interesting account of the
method of fertilisation, of which" a summary is here
given.

Trochetia Blaekburniana, t. 7209. — A highly in-
teresting shrub, with oblong, strongly-ribbed leaves
and stalked flowers, like those of an Abutilon in
form, white, deeply tipped with crimson. The plant
is a native of Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean, its
congeners being found only in Madagascar and in
St. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean. The species are
thus separated by 2000 miles of ocean and the
interposed continent of Africa. How the distri-
bution was effected, and whether any species are or
were once in existence in the intermediate territory,
are matters for speculation. This curious plant
flowered in the garden of Trinity College, DubliD,
under the care of Mr. Burbidqe.

Veronica Lavo.ueliana, t. 7210. — A shrubby species,
figured in Gardeners' Chronicle of the present year,
i,, p. 934, fig. 154. from specimens grown by Mr.
Burbidge in the Trinity College Botanie Gaiden,
Dublin.

Ariseema anomalum, t. 7211. — A Bpecies with a
perennial root-stock, solitary, three to five-foliolate
leaves, and stalked inflorescence, with a purplish
spathe marked with white veins. See Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1890, vol. i., p. 321.

AMBROSE BALFE — It is with much regret that
we have to chronicle the death of this gentleman,
which took place at his residence, 28, Westland
Row, Dublin, on the 7th inst., at the age of seventy-
seven. Mr. Balfe was for many years the genial
and efficient Secretary of the Royal Horticultural
Society of Ireland, and also for a considerable period
he edited the horticultural columns of the Irish
Farmers' Gametic. Originally educated for the
church, he elected gardening as his profession,
and, as many other celebrated horticulturists
have done, he graduated in the College Botanical
Gardens, at Ball's Bridge. Here he met as young

men, or in their prime, many who in after life were
most successful, such as the late Dr. David Moore,
Mr. Charles Moore, his brother, now Director of
the Sydney Botanical Gardens ; the late Dr. J. T.
Mackat (Mackaya bella) ; Eraser, the landscape
gardener and author of a capital road-map of
Ireland ; Wilkie, then Superintendent of the
Phoenix Park ; the late Mr. Ninian Niven ; Professor
Wm. Harvey, M.D. ; Mr. John Bain, A.L.S., and
many others. The late Archbishop Whately was
a constant visitor to the garden in those days, and
many are the stories still told of his witty and
original manner. Mr. Balfe was a sound botanist
and gardener, and took many prizes during the
palmy horticultural shows held in the Rotunda in
former years. He was one of the first observers to
direct attention to the sclerotia of the Potato fungus.
He had retired from the secretaryship of the Royal
Horticultural Society of Ireland some time previous
to his death, and his loss will be much regretted by all
who knew and respected him — and they were many.

The Pharmaceutical Society.— The first

evening meeting of the society in Edinburgh was
marked by an excellent address from Professor
Bayley Balfouu. lie took as his subject " Bo-
tanical Enterprise in Relation to Pharmacology."
After referring to the origin and functions of botanic
gardens, and their relation to Pharmacy, the Pro-
fessor gave an admirable summary of the work done
at Kew in collecting and diffusing not only useful
information but also ^the plants themselves. The
story has often been told with admiration in these
columns, and. we are pleased to find in other quarters
so just an appreciation of the work of Kew in
departments that the general public wot not of.

New Bouquet-holder.— Messrs..!. Taverner

& Co., of Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, have
introduced a new holder for an opera bouquet, of
which a figure is given in the Queen. It is made
flat on one side, so that it can be laid on an opera-
box cushion or elsewhere without injury to the
flowers. The holder is in shape like a " sugar-
paper," slightly cut down at the top in front to form
a sloped aperture for the flowers, and left high at the
back to support them.

Iron w. Wood for Glasshouses. — The

tendency in America, as we learn from Garden ant!
Forest, is steadily toward the most durable material
for greenhouses. The fear of losing heat by radia-
tion from metal is considered groundless.

The LATE GALES. — Much damage has been
done in parks and gardens in the western and
southern parts of the country. In South Wales, the
force of the wind approached that of a tropical
cyclone. In one case, a glass-house 350 feet by
20 feet, erected last spring, was, with several others,
completely overturned by the force of the wind.
The big house contained 6000 flowering Chrysanthe-
mums, which of course were ruined. At Sion, the
Duke of Northumberland's residence in Brent-
ford, much damage was done, and amongst other
trees blown down was the old Sophora japonica,
which had long been in a crippled condition, and
bound together with about one ton of iron chains,
bands, &c.

Horticultural Club. — The periodical
monthly meeting was held at the Club- rooms, Hotel
Windsor, on December 8, the chair being occupied
by Mr. John Lee. There was a good attendance,
and amongst those present were the Rev. W. Wilks,
the Rev. F. H. Gale, Messrs. Cheal, Drueby, C. E.
Pearson, A. H. Pearson. &c. The Rev. W. Wilks
gave an interesting lecture on " Fruit Trees in
Pots."

Royal HorticulturalSociety's Meetings

IN 1892 — Following are the dates of the committee
meetings and shows for the forthcoming year : —
January 12 ; February 9, annual general meeting ;
March 8 and 22^; April 12, April 19 (Auricula and
Primula show; May 3 and 17 ; 25 and 26 (Temple
Show) ; June 7 ; 21 (Rose show) ; July 12 ; 26

(Carnation and Picotee show) ; August 9 ; 23 and
24 (exhibition and conference on Begonias, Apricots,
and Plums at Chiswick) ; September 6 and 20;
October 4 and 18 ; November 1 and 15, December 13.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion.—The fifty-third annual meeting will be held
at Simpson's, 101, Strand, on Friday, January 15, at
3 p.m., for the purpose of receiving the annual report
and of electing seven candidates. Six others will be
placed of right on the list by virtue of their previous
subscriptions. We regret to find that the total
number of candidates is not less than thirty-five,
whilst as above stated, only thirteen can be elected.
The necessity for increased support is thus made
manifest, and we most earnestly hope it will be forth-
coming. The Secretary's address is G. J. Ingram,
Esq., 50, Parliament Street, London, S.W.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. — Travels and Adven-
tures of an Orchid Hunter, by Albert Millican.
Cassell & Co., Limited, London.— The Miniatur:
Fruit Garden and Modern Orchard, by Thomas
Rivers and T. Francis Rivers. Longman, Green &
Co., London. — La Rose: Hittoire ct Culture, par
J. Bkl, Paris Librairie. J. B. Baili.iere et Fils.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Aerides sdavissimom, Linelenia, t. 307.

Cboton Madame Lucien Linden, Illustration
Horticole, t. 140. A broad-leaved form, with green
leaves and yellow veins, and flushed with red on the
under-surface.

Cypripedium Dauthieri var. Poggio GnERARuu,
Bulletin d. R. Soo. Toscana di Orticult., t. xi., 1891.

Disa grandiflora, Lindenia, t. 308.

Doryanthes Palmeri, Revue Horticole. December 1.

Ehyihrina Crista galli, Garden, December 5.

Ljelia Schroderi var. delicata, 1/ lust rat ion
Horticole, t. 139.

Pell.ka Pringlei, Davenport, sp. nov., Mexico.
Garden and Forest, November 25, 1891.

Notices of Books.

British Fungi : Phycomycetes and Ustila-

GINE/E. By George Massee. (L. Reeve & Co.)
The two groups of which Mr. Massee has here
undertaken to give an account are of interest alike
to the botanist and to the cultivator. They com-
prise many forms which are most injurious, e.g., the
Potato mould (Pbytoptbora). The time has gone
by when the mere inspection of a fungus by the aid
of a pocket lens or even of a compound microscope
was deemed sufficient. Nowadays it is requisite
to trace the life history of every species, from its
earliest stage to the period of maturity. In many
cases there is no direct continuity of form and
appearance, but the plant in one stage of its growth
is totally different to what it is at another ; more-
over, its habits and mode of life are correspondingly
different. To study such plants successfully, it is
therefore needful to cultivate them and watch their
progress in every stage and under every variety of
condition. All this has only been made out, broadly
speaking, within the last quarter of a century, and,
of course, only a fragmentary portion has yet been
studied in this exhaustive manner. To those who
have to deal with the numerous diseases of plants,
to prevent or palliate the injuries inflicted by
parasitic fungi, such a study is essential. The
facts, as, for instance, that a mould like a Botrytis
can have any genetic relation with a Peziza, are so
surprising, that we need not wonder if they appear
incredible to some folk, but as the facts become more
and more established and a new generation arises, to
whom they will be familiar, so we may confidently
expect that the power of dealing with these pests
will be strengthened. Mr. Maesee's little book,
though it deals with a limited portion only of thfl
subject, will serve as an excellent introduction, and
as such we heartily commend it ft) the student.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

The Evolution of Plant-Life, Lower Forms.

By G. Massee. (Methuen & Co., 18, Bury
Street, London )

la this little work, after a preliminary chapter
dealing with the general characteristics of plants,
the author proceeds to show what has been and is
the probable course of development from simple to
complex. He begins with the Mycetozoa or Myxo-
mycetes, a group which, nevertheless, he concurs
with others in assigning to the animal, rather than
to the vegetable kingdom. Of almost equally doubt-
ful position are the protophytes or bacteria and
their allies. From these we pass to groups whose
nature is not doubtful, such as the Diatoms, the
Protococcus, and from these we proceed gradually
upwards to the brown Seaweeds, which are distin-
guished by the presence in their tissues of sieve-
tubes and sieve-plates, such as occur in the bast of
higher-flowering plants. As to lichens, the author
adjpts (reely the notion of the interdependence of
the fungus and of the alga, the alga supplying from
its chlorophyll what the fungus otherwise would not
be able to cb'.ain. A " perfect balance and division
of lab mr between two originallv distinct plants, to
form a third possessing marked peculiarities of its
own, with a corresponding loss of the indiwduality of
its components, suggests to the mind the analogy
with the formation of a chemical compound."
Whether this relation is anything more than a super-
ficial analogy remains to be seen.

The author, as will be seen, ranges the orders in
the sequence in which he presumes them to have
originated, but beyond this he does not offer much
evidence from embryology and other sources as
to the actual course of events. Nevertheless,
Mr. Massee's 1> >ok will be very serviceable to
those who desire to obtain a general notion of the
principal groups of plants and their sequence.

Manipulations de Botanique Medic&le et
Pharmaceutic^. Tar MM. J. Herail et
Valere Bonnet. (Paris: Bailliere.)
This work, though especially addressed to druggists
and doctors, may also be recommended to botanists
in general, whilst it is not without interest even to
h rticulturists. The introductory chapter gives a
good account of the minute anatomy of plants, and
of the manner in which it should be studied by micro-
scopical and by chemical means. Then follow
details concerning the minute anatomy of the roots
and other organs of plants, illustrated by excellent
woodcuts. The latter half of the volume is filled
with special details relating to the anatomical struc-
ture ol drugs in common use, such as Sarsaparilla,
Valerian Jalap, &c, the descriptions being supple-
mented by excellent plates, showing the minute
structure. These are useful in affording means for
the detection of adulteration, and are of great im-
portance with reference to the conditions under
which plants grow, and therefore as to the manner
in which they can most effectively be cultivated.

Select Extra- Tropical Plants Readily
Eligible for Industrial Culture or
NATURALISATION. By Baron Ferdinand von
Mueller. K.C.M G„ &c. (Melbourne: Printed
for the Victorian Gjvernment by C. Troedel &
Co.). Price, 5s.

The eighth edition of a hook, which has been trans-
lated into German and French, adapted for Indian
climates and modifi-d for that of New South Wales,
needs no recommendation. The mere mention of a
re-issue is all sufficient. A book of this character,
though to a large extent a compilation, is one which
demands unusual knowledge and consummate judg-
ment on the part of the compiler. Its great success
indicates that these requisitions have been met.
Indeed, it is a book which should not only form part
of the library of every cultivator, but one which should
be on the shelves of all those in any way interested in
economic botany. As a condensed encyclopsediaof the
latter subj ct, the book, within its prescribed limits,
has a value for a class of readers as numerous, or more

so, than those for whom it was more immediately
destined. Those plants which are of special interent
or value are marked by an asterisk. In all, 2.485
plants are mentioned, besides very many others, of
which incidental mention only is made. In the
appendices, details are given as to the temperature
and rainfall in various parts of the colony of Victoria.
Lists are also supplied of the genera, arranged ac-
cording to the purposes for which they are used,
alimentary, textile, constructive, medicinal, and so
on. A systematic index is also provided, in which
the genera are arranged under their respective
natural orders. A list of synonyms and a geo-
graphical index follow, and these are succeeded by
detailed lists of plants which furni»h a crop in one,
two, three, or more years, as the case may be.
Plants adapted for very cold or very dry regions are
separately enumerated, whilst the work ends with an
iudex of vernacular names. The m-re mention of
some of the contents of this volume is sufficient to
justify our remarks as to its utility. But its author
is not yet satisfied, nor, indeed, would he or could he
ever be. Accordingly, we find him, while approach-
ing the eighth decade of his life, hoping not, indeed,
tha". he may see " many unre editions of this work
brought up to the newest standard," but that h" may
" perhaps still be able to publish one more edition
before passing away." Tj this end he solicits that
assistance which all who are able will cheerfully give
to so valiant and indefatigable a worker as Sir
Ferdinand von Mueller.

British Eoible Fungi : How to Distinguish
ano How to Cook them. By M. C Cooke,
LL.D. (Kegau Paul, Trench, Tnnner & Co.)

Thanks to the zeal and energy of fungus-hunters,
public interest in these plants is increasing, and
people are manifesting that interest in a practical
fashion. The necessity for caution in discriminating
the wholesome species from the poisonous ones has
had the good effect of stimulating observation and
intelligence. Some not inconsiderable risk is thus
compensated for by the increase and diffusion of know-
ledge. Sixty-five species are mentioned by Dr. Cooke
as having been tried by him, so that he is a guide
who may be safely followed on the score of practical
experience. As to scientific competency. Dr. Cooke
is too well known to fungus-lovers for any doubt to
arise on that score. In the present book, the expla-
nations and descriptions are given with the clear-
ness and authorititiveness begot of long experience.

While cei tain species are unmistakably injurious,
it is open to doubt whether in many . ther cases the
injurious effects are not due to the method of cooking.
Excess of butter and toughness of texture alike
create symptoms of indigestion, as we had latelv the
opportunity of observing in the case of the Horse
Mushroom, which is universally allowed to be harm-
less, but which if badly cooked, or too freely par-
taken of, is capable of inducing unpleasant symptoms.

With some experience of edible fungi, though less
in extent than Dr. Cooke's, we venture to think the
forced Mushroom of the gardens is by far the best
of all the tribe. Next in goodness we should class
the great white puff-ball, B ivista gigantea, which
is so unmistakable that a blind man could not
mistake it, and which has a peculiarly delicate
flavour. Azaricus procerus and champignons are by
no means to be despised, but some of the fungi over
which enthusiasts expend their superlatives are, to
our palate, not worth the trouble entailed in cooking
them— for instance, the beef-steak fungus. But this
is only a matter of individual opinion. We should
gladly hear of the more general use of fungi for food,
provided the picking out of the wholesome species
could be done with facility. The present book will
serve that purpose excellently, for the descriptions
are clear, and great care has been taken to guard
against errors and mistaken identifications. The
text is, moreover, supplemented by several excellent
coloured illustrations, concerning which we have
only to express our regret that no scale of propor-
tion is given. About the time when this article was
penned, we bad before us a specimen of Agaricus

procerus three times the size of the one figured on
tab. 2, insomuch that we had difficulty in persuading
others that the species was really the same.

Ample details are given as to the various methods
of cooking fungi; the necessary preliminaries of
collecting them are also dealt with, the author
giving full information as to the locality and season
at which particular species miy be. expected. A
good index completes whit we may commend as an
interesting and trustworthy book.

FORSTLICHE Botanix. Von Frank Schwarz.
(Forest Bjtany.) (Berlin: Paul Parey.)
This is a compact volume, devoted to the subject
of forest botany, and comprising in the introductory
chapters details concerning the structure of plants
and the morphology of their organs, copiously illus-
trated with excellent woodcuts. Among them we
find, at p. 69, an illustration of the perforation of a
young Oik- plant by the rhizimes of the common
Twitch, Triticum repens. We have frequently
seen such a transfixion in Potatos, but have not
observed them in seedling Oaks. The manner
in which this was effected has also recently been
elucidated. The construction of the wood, of
course, receives special attention. A separate sec-
tion is devoted to the physiology of trees, and
another to wounds and injuries from frosts, insects,
fungi, &c. A general view of the vegetable kingdom
is then given, beginning with the fungi, and going
upwards, the illustrations being naturally such as
have special reference to forestry. The illustrations
in this part of the volume are specially good, and
render the volume of value even to those who do
not read German. The geographical distribution of
plants, and the climital conditions under which they
grow, are treated of at some length. The chapter
devoted to this sulj-ct is followed by a series of
synoptical tables, constructed for the purpose of
facilitating the recognition of trees by means of their
leaves or buds. The seedling plants are duly
described and figured, and the work ends with a
description of the appearances of the wood in the
principal forest trees. A copious index completes a
bo jk of great value to the student of forestry.

A MARKET-PLANT COLONY.

Amonhst the earliest settlers of what has now
become one of the most noted market-plant, flower,
and fruit-producing districts or colonies about
London, that of Hampton, Middlesex, is Mr. Den-
ning, so well known amongst gardeners some years
ago, and still a prominent member of the Floral
Committee. I called upon him the other day, find-
ing his place eventually, after some difficulty, the
chief of which was found in the state of the roads
and lanes, such as would have disgraced a backwoods'
trail, and was absolutely inconceivable in a suburban
district, under that modern governmental blessing
in disguise — a Local Bjard. About Mr. Denning's
neighbourhood have clustered several other not un-
known gardeners, amongst whom are Mr. Horsefield,
formerly of Heytesbury ; Mr. Bowles, of Rich-
mond ; Mr. Heickle, of Twickenham ; and others.
" We have just started to day the beginning of the
twenty-ninth market - plant and flower-growing
establishment on this Tangley Park side of the
Thames Valley Railway," said Mr. Denning, " and
all these have sprung up within very few years." Then
over on the New Hampton side of the line are many
others, so that it is no exaggeration to say that 'ully
fifty of these market-places, many of them having
very extensive areas of glass, are now within the
boundary of Hampton parish. The Cockney term,
" 'appy 'ampton," has now lost its old significance,
but it does seem to present to the market-grower a
sort of happy hunting-ground for his particular pur-
pose. 1 asked Mr. Denning to give a reason for this
particular flocking together of birds of a feather, and
he said tha*. he thought it was due chiefly to the
excellent atmosphere of the locality. Hampton is,
as the crow flies, perhaps not more than from 10 to
12 miles from the r" ist populous western and

December 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

741

southern metropolitan districts, and under ordinary
circumstances would have between it and London
various populous small towns and suburbs ; but it so
happens that, between Hampton and London, there
exists, and will so remain for a longtime, various great
open spaces, such as Bushey Park, Hampton Ourt
Park, Richmond Great and Home Parks, aud Kew
Gardens, and more to the right, Wimbledon Com-
mon ; so that, whatsoever of a foul or smoky
atmosphere may pass south or south-west from
London, is, in passing over these wide, open areas,
materially purified, hence the Hampton fogs are not
prone to be nearly so black or sooty as they are in
other districts. Of course, the theory may be taken
for what it is worth. Oje thing, however, seems
certain, and it is, that the district is endowed with a
fine deep, retentive soil; and, judging by the awful
condition of what seemed to be cinder-dressed roads,
gravel must be at a premium. However, there is
the fact, that the district is being literally settled by
market growers, and whether there be room in the
market for more of plants, flowers, and fruits, or
not, there is area at Hampton for plenty more of
plant and flower establishments. Mr. Denning has
eight large span-houses, all devoted to the produc-

the back, nearly up to the glass, are two other pipes.
Such a house will force flowers, grow pot-Vines,
Melons, O chids, or anything needing a high tropical
temperature. There is a huge cistern in the floor of
the house also, for plenty of tepid water is essen-
tial. In another house there was a large batch of
Japanese Chrvsanthemum Fulton, a rich deep yellow.
These plants bloom most profusely rather later than
the general run of yellows, and the flowers are highly
favoured in the market. Anything more charming
for domestic floral decoration than bunches of
Fulton can hardly be conceived. Full flowers are
grown, too, butnot yet very largely.and C. Mr. H.Can-
nell is being tried, alt hough its incurved fioweis do not
look so pleasing as are those of C. Fulton. Of white
Chrysanthemums, the sorts grown are Elaine, Lady
Lawrence, practically a white incurved Japanese,
but exceedingly fine and pleasing; and a tinted
white sport, which Mr. Denning has obtained, but
not yet named, not unlike a very broad-petalled
B aine, that produces fine clusters and blooms pro-
fusely through December ; this will, no doubt, in time
make a standard Christmas blooming variety. Gar-
denias are very finely done, nearly an entire house
is devoted to these, the centre being filled with huge

■ «

-^0/A

FlO. 108.— CENTAUREA JIARCiARIT.B : FLOWERS, PORE WHITE.

tion of flowers for cutting — that is his particular
forte. It seems generally to be the case, that at
Hampton particular fortes are found to pay best.
The latest of the eight houses justerected, 65 feet by
20 feet, and a light graceful span, is to be specially
employed for winter-forcing of bulbs, Spirreas, Lilacs
— in fact, of anything which will force well and give
good results. This house has in it not fewer than twelve
rows of 4-inch piping, to furnish the heat-making
with, and turns and feeders about 600 feet, enough
to maintain a very high-forcing temperature with
ease. Mr. Denning, who does all his own bui ding
and heating, holds that it is far wiser to have an
abundance of piping, so as to maintain a high tem-
perature in the coldest of wea'.her, than to be firing
hard all night, and living in a state of anxiety lest
the boilers should fail. The boilers used are saddles,
but set so that the flues carry the smoke first over and
beneath the boilers, so that all the warmth from the
fire is fully utilised. Fires banked up at 9 30 p m in
the hardest of weather keep up the required warmth
all the night without dilficuity. In the new house
there is a block of four pipes along the centre, and
the plants were either stood on the floor, or on a
stage above. On either side of the house brick-pits
have been made, about 3 feet wide. In the bottom of
each run a couple of pipe3 to give bottom-heat, aud at

plants reaching to the roof in 14-inch pots, in
splendid condition, and covered with flowering-buds.
These plants are kept from five to six years, and
then are succeeded by younger ones, of which there
is a fine batch in 9-inch pots. Callas, too, are won-
derfully well done, a big batch now flowering
freely. I noticed that all the plants were stood
upon other inverted pots, and Mr. Denning
said, when asked for an explanation, that it was
difficult to give a practical reason for the pro-
cedure, but that he had always fmnd the plants
to thrive better when elevated from the floor than
when stood upon it. Winter-blooming Carnations are
largely grown, the best being the primrose-coloured
Andalusia, a pure white sport from it, and wonderfully
free ; Miss Joliffe, and the deep scarlet Lucifer. Ras-
pail ; double- scarlet Pelargoniums, in 6-inch pots,
form a perfect mass of foliage and flowers; and the
Ivy- leaved double-flowered Pelargonium, Madame
Carousse, trai ned overhead j ust at the doors of several
houses, gives very beautiful bloom all the year round.
Paper-white Narcissi, planted thickly in boxes, stand
on the floor of one house blooming abundantly, so also
do Tuberoses; and of Tea Roses the best are Niphi-tos,
and Souvenir de S. A.Priuce, white, and the ever- beau-
tiful pink Catherine Mermet, which is largely planted
out ; Eucharis amazonica is well done ; and of

Bouvardias the rich-coloured President Cleveland
is the most favoured, and yet in abundant bloom.

Stephanotis floribunda grows most freely, and
could, if needed, fill houses in no time. There seems
to be no evidence of scale or other parasite about
this plant, or any other indeed, Mr. D-nning
laughingly asserts, that such creaturej are not accli-
matised at Hampton. He has gone in for numerous
Orchids also of late, having a big collection, but still
in small pots, of Dendrobes, Cattleyas, &c, and some
big pieces of Coalogynes. These give a good return
in bloom in proper season. In one house were grow-
ing Tomato plants, some 4 feet in height, and not
only blooming well, but carrying fruits, which
should be ripe at Christmas. It looked as if this lot
of plants would thrive well. I noticed that they
were not put out on to any made border, but planted
in holes made in the hard raised soil, on which plants
had been standing all the summer, that may be con-
ducive to the present fruitful aspect of the plants.
A. D.

CENTAUREA MARGARITA.

Through the kindness of Messrs. Damma* & Co.,
San Giovanni a Teduccio, near Naples, we are en-
abled to portray a very pretty novelty in the form
of a variety of Centaurea odorata, with pure white
fragrant blossoms. The plant is an annual or bi-
ennial, according to treatment, and offers excellent
material for pot culture, beds, and bouquets (fig. 108).

Home Correspondence.

ELMS FOR AVENUES.— In yonr Notice to Cor-
respondents in the Gardeners' Chronicle for Decem-
ber 12, I notice the names of several varieties of
Elms lor an avenue. Your correspondent, I think,
omitted to name the Chichester, or as I believe, it is
sometimes called the Cornish Elm. During the past
autumn I was staying at Eastbourne, and was much
struck with the Elm avenue in the streets and also
in Devonshire Park, this I took to be the Chichester
Elm, and if I am right in my judgment 1 consider it
one of the very best for planting in towns, or for
avenues generally. J. B.

I would suggest to " J. M." that a great

number of varieties of Elms planted in the same
avenue, would, when they came to maturity, show con-
siderable differences in the width of head and height,
and prove very unsightly. " J. M." can have variety
— but I would recommend him to plant either a col-
lection of the large and vide-branching varieties,
or choose the smaller Elms. For an avenue of large
and spreading trees, I would recommend Uimus
campestris. U. montana the Wych Elm, the Hunting-
don, and U. alata the Winged Elm. The smaller
species of Elm which grow into pyramidal form
are Ulmus stricta, Cornish Elm (in some nurseries
called the Jersey Elm), Dutch Elm, and U. parvi-
folia, a small-leaved variety. I have planted a
number of avenues of Elms, and if I can render
" J. M." any assistance in this matter, I have re-
quested the Editor to give him my name and address.
Forester, Hereford.

WINTER HELIOTROPE. — Coltsfoot, Tussilago
fragrans, or, as it is sometimes called, Pctasites
fragians, is flowering uncommonly well on a
border with an eastern aspect, where there are
clumps of it about 8 teet square. In our heavy soil
it thrives amazingly, and in a mild autumn flowers
abundantly. The present seems to have suited it
well; it does not mind ruin, although the flowers
look a bit bedraggled ; a lew hours' ot drying wind
soon restores them. It is one of the few flowers to
be bad out-of-doors at this season, and for that reason
deserves to be planted about a garden. It will suc-
ceed fairly well under the shade of tall deciduous
trees, but, of course, it is much better in the open.
E. Molyneux, Swanmore.

Chrysanthemums. — We send you a few

flowers, in different staaes of blooming, of a Chrys-
anthemum »e have growing here. Tne parent-ILrwer
is deep yellow, called with us "Golden Hermione. ' It
spurted last year, and we have since grown the
sport from cuttings, and the plants have con-
tinued true to the sport. You will observe the young
flowers come tinted yellow, expanding as they grow
into pinkish-white. We think it a very pretty sport,

742

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembrb 19, 1891.

but will be glad to have your opinion of it, and
whether it is worth propagating. B. <$• A.M. [A
pretty Pompon, which we should think is worth
propagating. Ed.]

DR. HOGG PEACH. — I planted in the year 1885,
in a midseason house, a tree of Dr. Hogg Peach,
which grew luxuriantly, but set a few fruits in 1888
and 1889, which dropped in stoning. I adopted the
usual treatment in such cases, and got it to carry in
1890 about thirty-six fruits, which were gathered at
the end of August, and of which one weighed 17 oz.,
and several over 12 oz. ; the flavour, however, was
not very good. This last season it set its fruits
fairly well, and these I reduced to sixty, at about
1 foot apart. They appeared fine healthy fruits of
about 6 to 12 oz. weight, but not one of them ripened.
I cut several right through, and found the flesh
spongy, tough, and discoloured, and consequently
worthless. Should any reader of the Gardeners'
Chronicle have grown this variety, I should feel
obliged if he will kindly give his opinion of its
merits and failings. I may state that its neighbour,
a Noblesse, had fruit which for size and flavour could
not be easily beaten. I read with interest the cor-
respondence of Mr. Divers, Mr. Shepherd, and others
this year on the subject of Peach growing, and
perhaps they will kindly give me their valuable
advice. J. Blayney, Huntley Manor Gardens,
Gloucester.

LARGE PITMASTON DUCHESS PEARS.— Your
correspondent, of Barton Seagrave, writes of some
heavy fruit of th« above Pears, and we have here two
trees on a wall facing south-west, from which were
gathered on October 17 ninety-five fruits from one,
and forty from the other. The six largest weighed
S lb. 6^ oz., two of them turning the scale at 3 lb.
One measured 7.} inches, the other over 7 inches in
length. The total weight of the 135 fruit was 125 lb.
The trees were planted in 1881 by Mr. Howe, the
late gardener, who exhibited fruit from them, and
secured 1st prize several years. The fruit from one
of the trees resembles the old Duchess in form and
colour, but in flavour they are identical. The trees
received last autumn copious supplies of manure-
water. J. Howard, Benham Gardens.

— I have two trees of this variety of Pear, one
of which was planted three years ago. The tree pro-
duced this year 120 good fruits, of which six weighed
6£ lb., and some were sold to a local fruiterer,
who got Id. each for them. In planting my trees, I
always put some brickbats or other hard material at
the bottom of the hole, and keep the roots as near
the surface as possible. Our soil is about 18 inches
deep, resting on gravel. This tree is planted by the
side of a walk with an arched wire- trellis over it, the
trees being tied to the trellis, one side having Pears,
the other Apples. A fruit of Warner's King growing
on this trellis weighed 14 oz. J. Currey, Milford Hill,
Salisbury.

BOCCONIA CORDATA.— Judging by recent com-
munications to the columns of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, it would appear there are some who have a
doubt respecting the perfect hardiness of the above
plant. This, however, is set at rest by the editorial
footnote at p. 651, and if any further evidence were
needed I may be allowed to state that with a twenty
years' experience of it, in all sorts and conditions of
soil, I do not remember a single death from frost or
cold. It is one of the handsomest herbaceous plants
that we possess, and which everyone may plant with
perfect safety on any exposure. Given fair plants to
begin with, it is but little trouble to the cultivator
after, and where needed for standing alone on the
lawn, &c, for which it is capitally adapted, a bed
fully 6 feet across should be given it ; and by planting
roots about 18 inches apart, an effective group would
be secured. It may interest some at least of your
readers to know that it may be increased rapidly
from root cuttings, indeed the main roots are thickly
furnished with buds, and if these main roots are
detached during winter, cut into lengths of an inch
or so, and placed in slight warmth, plants may be
secured by the end of April, ready, if they have been
grown on freely, to plant in the open ground. The
inclination of this plant to break freely from the
root is not generally known, as they do not send
forth stolons as freely as many things while attached
to the parent plant ; those, however, who transplant
it periodically for trade purposes, are familiar enough
with it. To me it appears as though the main
growths by their very vigour keep these underground
buds in subjection ; and I arrive at my conclusions
from the fact that, whenever I have had occasion to

remove it to another bed, young plants quickly and
freely spring up in the old place, and it is hardly
possibly to get out all the roots as they descend so
deeply, and are very brittle. E. Jenkins.

HUMMING-BIRD HAWK-MOTH. — For years I have
found insect-life a pleasant study, and seeing that
the daily occupation of a gardener brings him in
contact with insects, some of which are enemies,
and others friends, it ought to be part of his daily
avocation to watch their habits, and so learn to dis-
criminate between friends and foes. It does not
need much argument to convince the gardener that
he has constantly to be on the alert in case some of
them steal a march on him, and so ruin his crops
or his choicest plants. For years I had collected moths
and other insects, but it was not until I found the
caterpillar of the death's-head moth feeding on the
Potato that the idea entered into my head of
breeding them and insects in general. Boxes were
filled with light soil and a covering of glass, and
whenever a caterpillar of any kind was found on
any plant- it was carefully brought home, placed in
its box, and fed till it changed into the perfect
insect in the following month or year as the
case might be. When we remember that half
the lovely fruits which we enjoy in the garden are
probably the result of a cross brought about by
accidental insect fertilisation, small wonder if
we give the subject a share of our attention.
Apart from this, one is struck with the habits of
many insects, and the more one learns, the less he
thinks he knows. In this county we have a great
variety of wild flowers, and consequently a large
field for the entomologist. In fine autumns one may
see a good number of the moth alluded to above,
and at one of our cottagers' shows, a nurserymen
staged some Phloxes which attracted the moth, and,
notwithstanding its shyness, kept there all the after-
noon, flying away, and returning again and again to
its favourite flower. J. Bust, Eridge Castle, Sussex.

A BROKEN TRIO. — In BusheyPark, and not very
far from the famous Chestnut avenue, for many
years stood a trio of huge evergreen Oaks. The
terrible hurricane of November 11 laid the centre
one of three low, but at least it had spent its life
fully, for the exposure of the roots revealed the fact
that all were dead, and that for a long time the tree
had stood erect rather by tolerance than from inhe-
rent strength. It was for its kind a giant, and the
twins remaining are not less so, whilst one is per-
haps the finest individual tree anywhere in the
Home counties. I have passed through the park
many times in summer when the other trees were in
full leaf, and had failed to observe that these huge
specimens were evergreen. It is when all deciduous
trees are disleaved that the specially fine form and
luxuriant foliage of the evergreen Oak shows with
effect. The finest of the now standing pair has a
noble rounded head, but it is worthy of remark, as
showing the power of the sun to attract branches to
itself, that fully two-thirds of the head are south of
the stem. That defect is evident only when the tree
is looked at from the east or west sides. The
diameter of the head is just about 70 feet, and it is
as lofty as broad. The stem is very clean, with a
slight twist in it, and at 8 feet high breaks into a
dozen huge limbs or branches. At 3 feet from the
ground the stem is about 15 feet in circum-
ference, and the root-area close to the ground is
27 feet. This tree seems to be in rude health,
as the growth everywhere about it is full of robust-
ness. How old these huge trees are it would be
difficult to say, but very likely they date from Cardinal
Wolsey's day. Is there any finer evergreen Oak in
the kingdom than the one I have described ? A. D.

THE MODERN REMEDIES FOR THE POTATO
DISEASE. — It is now forty-six years since I first
began to read the Gardeners' Chronicle, the year when
the Potato disease became so general, though I and
others had seen it (the disease) two or three years
previously, and since which I do not think I have
missed seeing the paper one week. What acres of
rubbish have been written about the disease since
then, and now we are as far off a cure or remedy as
forty-six years since. The atmosphere is of too
large a volume to treat with any antiseptic. X. Y. Z.
[We do not share our correspondent's opinion ; high
moulding and the proper use of sulphate of copper
are remedial measures full of promise. Ed.]

A DIPTEROUS LARVA DESTRUCTIVE TO CAR-
NATIONS.— A well-known horticultural firm has
submitted to me young plants of Carnations and
Picotees much damaged by a dipterous larva. In the

first consignment I could find no larva, and put the
mischief down to the universal weevil (Otiorhynchus).
A second consignment showed unmistakably that
the maggots are the larvte of a dipterous insect,
probably of the family Anthomyiidse ; if I breed the
perfect fly, you shall have the precise identification.
The larva feeds in the stem under the crown, and
at the base of the leaves, often causing the crown to
drop off from the stem, and thus practically destroying
the plant. I could only suggest the radical cure of
burning the affected plants, or the application of
Btrong insecticides. According to the maggots, the
perfect insects should be about the size of the com-
mon house-fly, and many of the Anthomyiidte so
greatly resemble house-flies as to be commonly
mistaken for such. B. McLachlan, Lewisham, Dec. 11.

ROCKERIES. — May I just say that I think admi-
ration for Messrs. Backhouse's rockery is a matter of
course ? But that does not tell us how alpine plants
can best be grown in this country. They have a
fine collection of frames to rely on at York, and the
resources of a splendid nursery at their command.
These frames are very analogous to the method I
follow. Mr. Correvon can scarcely, I think, have
read my letter with much attention. He says "the
' H. E.' system (as he calls it) is not good for some
species, and he (Correvon) prefers the little separate
rock-pockets, and, above all, the wall-plan." Why,
that is just what " H. E." says himself, and, accord-
ingly, he leaves out the not. Surely, Morisia
hypngcea, of Sardinia, which came from the Jardin
d'Acclimatation at Geneva, is a drought-loving
plant. Nothing could do better than it has done here.
The same may be Baid of other things, which Mr. Cor-
revon takes for granted as having failed. H. E., Byde.

STANDS FOR JAPANESE CHRYSANTHEMUMS.—
I quite agree with your correspondent, that a change
in the size of the above is most desirable, as the
beauty of the largest flowers, a9 at present shown, is
greatly hidden by the unavoidable overcrowding, and
judging is made more difficult than it would otherwise
be if each flower was separated by more space from
its neighbours. But to accomplish this latter point,
I consider the size mentioned on p. 708 is still too
small, as it only allows 7 inches from centre to
centre of the flowers lengthways, and a trifle more
in the other direction. If an alteration is made, by
all means let us have enough space this time, as a
change in this respect means a lot of expense in
providing new stands and travelling boxes. I think
the size should be 32 by 24 inches, which would give
8 inches from centre to centre ; and even this would
soon be too small, if we get many more varieties of
the size of Etoile de Lyon. And, again, it should
be optional with exhibitors, but not compulsory
before 1893, or some of the small growers will object
to it, and the exhibitions suffer in consequence.
W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford.

ORIENTAL PLANE. — As an avenue tree, the
Oriental Plane is quite condemned in this country
(Belgium). Those in the Boulevard Botanique, at
Brussels, are being replaced by Elms, and I think
wisely, too. It is not a well-behaved tree here by
any means. It is liable to suffer from frost, and an
early frost in autumn renders all the leaves on the
ground so many " suckers," thereby dangerous to
walk upon, and difficult to gather up, from their fleshy
nature and persistent ignoring of the natural drying
process that other leaves submit to. K.

CHRY8ANTHEMUM ETOILE DE LYON.— Much of
the grumbling occasioned by this variety is caused by
the wrong methods adopted in its culture. If people
will try and obtain such extra large — in breadth —
blooms of it, they must put up with the coarse,
irregular florets, and washed-out appearance which
the flowers have. There is no variety which has
been subjected to so much adverse criticism as Etoile
de Lyon, and none which deserves less, for if it
grows very coarse, it is the fault of the growers, who
do not understand its requirements. It is a splendid
bloom in three ways, and it is not every variety
about which the same can be said. In the first place,
if large blooms are desired, they can be had without a
shadow of coarseness, with well-developed centres, and
of a rosy-purple colour, which cannot be found in any
other variety, but the buds must not be "taken"
before August 20, or the blooms which are so
adversely criticised will be the result. In the
second place, there is no variety which makes a
better bush than Etoile de Lyon ; or as a trained
specimen either it is useful. Early in the season I
saw some splendid free-flowered ones of it not more
than from 3 to 4 feet high, densely clothed with the
kind of foliage which this variety is remarkable

December 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLE.

743

for ; and again, at York, I saw some finely-grown
plants of it. In the third place, it is the best that
we have in bloom on the wall out-of-doors now,
December 12, and this, too, in spite of the heavy
winds and the continued wet weather ; for not a
stem or a brick can be seen behind where this plant
is growing for the dense mass of leaves. Under all
these conditions of excellence, I would advise those
who grumble so much at a variety which does not
deserve it, to grow it better before rushing into print
needlessly. E. M.

UNLUCKY GARDENERS?— At p. 709, Mr. VV.
Napper, Chelsea, says, " I quite expect that the " men
of mark" mentioned by Mr. Burbidge, owe their dis-
tinction in a large measure to tact and patronage.
For instance, there would have been no Sir Joseph
Paxton had there not also have been a Duke of
Devonshire; and my late lamented friend, John
Dominy, would probably have gone down to his
grave a poor obscure Devonshire gardener, instead
of an Orchid specialist and hybridiser, but for the
great house of Veitch." I totally disagree with the
logic thus employed by Mr. Napper, holding that
men of the calibre of Paxton and Dominy, are not
lights to remain long hidden under a bushel, no
matter how big the bushel may be ! Paxton saw
the structure of the hollow ribs of the Victoria leaf,
and logically applied the principles of their construc-
tion to the iron girders of the great exhibition of
1851, now the Crystal Palace, Sydenham. The late
Duke of Devonshire approved of his project, but
Paxton's was the master mind, and his idea was all
his own, and the only feasible one of its time for the
purpose intended. Then, John Dominy was not
instructed how to hybridise Orchids and Nepenthes
by his employers, but by Dr. Harris, of Exeter, a
friendly amateur. The late Mr. Jas. Veitch found in
Dominy a staunch and faithful ally, and if history
speaks the truth, it will be said in the future how that
James Veitch and John Dominy built up the great
business in London hand in hand and side by side,
more like brothers than master and man. Neither
Paxton nor Dominy were men that could be
" patronised," by which, I mean bolstered and cod-
dled into success or popularity. Both were born gar-
deners, and born gentlemen; if the scriptures of Burns
about gentlemen be true, then their's was, indeed,
a noble heritage. I am very sorry that Mr. Napper
thinks that " patronage " is necessary! tor a gar-
dener's prosperity. A good gardener is not like a
marionnette — a tiring to be worked by wires ! I think
the less patronage a man of any kind gets the better
for the man, if he has common sense and grit in him ;
and, of course, if he has not these, patronage will
only land him still deeper into the mire. Surely the
days of patronage are doomed. Only the other day,
I saw the nursery as a refuge for gardeners out of
place styled " the poor house," by a Scotch gardener
who was lamentiug the practice of gale day in Scot-
land. Now what is " tact " if not common sense, i.e.,
a logical mind? Of course, if a man is illogical, he
will suffer for it, and perhaps screen his own short-
comings under the unmeaning phrase " unlucky."
Luck is a poor thing for anyone to trust to, and
a bad peg on which to hang an argument. I
yield to no one in sympathy and respect
for "all sorts and conditions of men," who fail
through no fault of their own ; for example, if a
gardener is stricken down by accident or by disease,
or, as sometimes happens, is suddenly cast adrift
with a large family by the death of his employer.
There are cases that demand pity and real assist-
ance ungrudgingly given, as I well know. Some of
us think that, good as is the Institution now
devoted to the relief of aged gardeners and their
widows, something better could be devised — some-
thing of aid and help to all honest gardeners of all
ages and at all times, providing they would subscribe
when their employment was sure. What we really
do want is a society that would tale up the case of
the gardener, enroll his name, guarantee his honesty
and respectability, and when he may happen, through
no fault of hisjown, to be unemployed, then provide for
his immediate wants — i.e., supply food and shelter — and
at the same time aid him to gain another situation.
Some of us think, and say, that the Royal Horticul-
tural Society of England has never done its real
duty towards the gardeners of England, whatever it
may have done for their employers. It is just now
good in its action, as far as it goes, but it
certainly does not go far enough, nor deep enough in
Its relations with the practical gardeners. It
" patronises " the nurserymen, rather than seeks to
elevate and strengthen the gardener ! So long as
good honest men are, as Mr. Napper states, left " to

haunt the London nurseries" for situations, or even
for temporary employment at starvation wages, so
long is the true mission of our Royal Horticultural
Society undone ! The building of a horticultural
hall, and the publication of belated information in
its journals, that but few ever read (as compared
with those who read the gardening journals), is one
way " how not to do " a great and wide-reaching and
a glorious work. I shall have something to say on
this subject ere long, but dare not now further
trespass on vour space. In conclusion, I should like
to ask Mr. Napper if he has not known some gar-
deners who had no one but themselves to blame for
being " unlucky ? " I still say, that there is a scarcity
of good all-round gardeners, especially so of good
hardy plantsmen. F. W. Burbidge.

RENOVATING LARGE

STANDARD FRUIT TREES.

These may often be seen bearing fruit far inferior
to what is found on. younger trees; such fruit, in
fact, as is scarcely worth gathering and storing in a
plentiful season. Many people seem to imagine that
a standard Apple or Pear tree which has grown to
its full size requires no more attention beyond picking
the fruit, hence the trees gradually decline in vigour
until they die from exhaustion and bad management
long before their time. This is more often the case
when the land beneath is sown down with grass.
Sometimes these trees are sawn oft' and grafted with
another variety, and again give good crops after the
three or four years rest which they get; but many
of them, if not too far gone, may be improved and
restored to good health by a much quicker process.

They should be taken in hand if possible before the
leaves fall, and the first operation is to thin out all
useless wood from the top. Take out all small
branches from the centre, for although these bear
the largest and finest-looking leaves, the fruit from
them is of no use, being small and flavourless from
lack of sun and air. After clearing all this away,
the outer branches should be thinned out, so that
sun and air can reach all parts of the tree. By
doing this while the leaf is on, the operator has a
good guide as to the healthiest branches, and the
densest parts of the head ; but after the foliage is
off, the branches spring upwards again, and the top
is very different to what it is in the growing season.
The weak branches also are not so easily found. If
any wounds are made more than 2 inches in diameter,
they should at once be covered with pitch, to pre-
vent frost penetrating and causing decay. None of
the outer branches on old trees require shortening
unless there is danger of the trees overlapping each
other. This should always be prevented by keeping
a space of 3 feet clear around each tree, or the
weakest growers will gradually be overpowered.

The roots will next require attention. If turf is
growing under the trees, it should be broken up for
a time, and the soil must next be taken off until
the roots are reached. Do not interfere with these
unless there is reason to suspect that they have got
down into bad soil. If such is the case, and the
trees are comparatively young, they should be under-
mined, and the thick roots which grow downwards
shortened back, preserving all the fibres carefully,
and filling in again with good soil, keeping the roots as
near the surface as possible. The top must be firmly
secured with cable- wire before the roots are cut, and
only half should be done in one season, the other
side being left for one or two years, in order that
the tree may not be too-severely checked. The
whole of the space where the soil has been moved
should be mulched over with some strawy manure
as soon as finished.

If there is no occasion to disturb the roots, a good
layer of manure should be put on as soon as they are
found, and the whole of the soil returned on the top
of this, laying it in a slight ridge all round the outer
part, and covering the whole with some strawy litter,
in order to keep out frost, and encourage root-
action. If the succeeding summer is a dry one, the
trees that have been thus operated upon should have
a little assistance occasionally with water ; or, better

still, some liquid manure, giving enough to thoroughly
soak the whole mass of roots whenever it is applied.

A great improvement will be seen the first
season after the trees are thus treated, and they will
continue to improve for some time if well attended
to. Any mulching that remains the succeeding
autumn may be lightly forked in, and the following
Bpring a good dressing of rich manure should fce
given as a mulching. This will assist the trees
during another summer's growth, at the end of which
the ground may be levelled over, if no more remains
to be done, and grass may be sown again if required.

But prevention is always better than cure. Large
trees often get exhausted through bearing an extra-
heavy crop of fruit. Nothing is done to make amends
for the great exhanstion of the soil, and it takes the
trees several years to recoup themselves. Instead
of this neglectful treatment, the roots should be
supplied with plenty of sustenance during the time
the crop is swelling. A liberal dressing of bone-
meal, superphosphate, and nitrate of soda mixed
together should be forked into the soil in order to
supply in part the extra demand made upon the
roots ; this may be supplemented by liquid manure
occasionally, and a mulching of good rich manure
from the farm-yard. Thus treated, the tree will
come out of the ordeal far better prepared for
another year's crop, and the above measures may be
supplemented in the autumn, if deemed necessary, by
giving more farm-yard manure, and in the following
spring with chemical manures. This is, of course,
only possible in cultivated land ; trees on grass can
only be aided with liquid manure, while the grass
remains permanent. W. H. Divers.

Scotland.

DEVAIINA HOUSE, ABERDEEN.
This fine old house and gardens are the property
and residence of W. Henderson, Esq., ex-Lord Pro-
vost of Aberdeen, and of world-wide maritime fame.
Although it is situated almost in the town itself, yet
once one is inside the gates, so effectually and skil-
fully has it been planted, that its park-like character
completely masks the surrounding houses. The
gardens have been well laid out, and equipped with
several ranges of commodious glasshouses, which are
well filled with a selected assortment of plants, many
of which have, from time to time, appeared on the
exhibition tables of the Royal Horticultural Society
of Aberdeen and elsewhere, and with almost unvary-
ing success ; indeed, Mr. Proctor, the gardener, is the
fortunate possessor of many cups and vases, all duly
recording the fact of his successes at those exhibi-
tions. Amongst the many things grown here, foliage
plants and Orchids are perhaps the most prominent.
Amongst the Orchids we noted a fine example of
Cypripedium Harrisianum, carrying eleven flower-
scapes, six of which were twin-flowered. Cattleyas
are well represented, there being fine masses of
Mendelii, gigas, Sanderiana, superbiens, guttata,
Dowiana, a huge mass of crispa, and a grand piece of
Harrisonae, and LiElia Perrini. Dendrobiums of the
nobile, Wardiauum, and densiflorum types, were
well represented, many of them having made fine
growths, which will no doubt give a good account
of themselves later. The useful winter-flowering
Laelia anceps had thrown up many spikes, and was
very vigorous. The same remark applies with equal
force to Cypripedium insigne and Odontoglossum
crispum. There were numerous examples of 0.
vexillarium, all growing away freely. There are
many other plants equally noteworthy, but it
will suffice to mention a few of the more pro-
minent, as Cypripedium Stonei, C. Roezlii, C. Gode-
froya;, C. Lawrenceianum, Angrascum Leonis, a
grand plant of Peristeria elata, Miltonia spectabilis
var. Morellianum, Oncidium Marshallianum and
curtum, Masdevallia Veitchii, M. ignea, M. amabilis,
M. Lindeni, and M. Harryana, Bull's blood variety ;
and a useful batch of Ccelogyne cristata. In the
stove we noticed some grand potfuls of Eucharis
amazonica, some of which Mr. Proctor told us
recently had as many as thirty to forty scapes of

744

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

flowers. A couple of fine plants of Adiantum far-
leyense were conspicuous objects on the side-stages ;
and several specimens of Cocos Weddeliana. The
roof was festooned with Dipladenia Brearleyana, D.
boliviensis, and Stephanotis, &c. In the large
conservatory there are some noble Palms and Tree
Ferus. One Dickson ia antarctica, although only 6 (eet
high, girthed 12 feet at the base, and had a spread
of about 20 feet, the deep green colour of the fronds
demonstrating the health and vigour of the plant.
Scarcely less noteworthy were fine examples of Also-
phila australis, Cyathea dealbata, and in its way
Platycerium alcicorue. There were several fine
Kentia australis, Corypha australis, Diplothemiums,
and Chamserops excelsa.

The distinct Araucaria Rulei was represented by
a fine specimen, also Dasylirion serratum, a repre-
sentative of a class of plants which, we think, might
be more largely used, where rather hardy decora-
tive foliage subjects are required ; indeed a few
degrees of frost does not seem to affect them —
Phormium variegatum, Imantophyllums, Camellias,
Vallotas, Primula obconica, and flowering tuberous
Begonias are largely grown, and gave the necessary
colour to render the whole arrangement effective.
In the section of Lobelias of the Erinus type, many
distinct forms have been obtained. But we do not
remember having seen anything more distinct or
meritorious than a variety which is grown here,
under the name of Royal Purple. The flowers are
very large, of a deep purple colour, with a clear and
well-defined white eye. This and similar forms of
Lobelia Erinus strikingly illustrates what may be
done by exercising proper selection in habit and
flowers.

Devahna House has, for at least a quarter of a
century, been famed for its collections of plants, and
unler the present able management of Mr. Proctor,
there is little fear of its prestige being lost or
diminished. F. JR.

OUT IN THE FRUIT NURSERIES.

Althocoh the surroundings of Fulham and the
close contiguity of the River Thames are unmis-
takable, yet once within the Southfields Nursery,
where Messrs. James Veitch & Sons grow such myriads
of fruit trees of all kinds, it is very easy to imagine
that, after all, one may be in some country district
where the air is pure, and London smoke and fogs
are unknown elements, so wonderfully robust and
healthy do all the denizens ot this nursery enclosure
seem to be. Whatever may be said as to the diffi-
culties of tree culture in and about London, it is
certain that here, in a low-lying, populous district,
fruit trees, even of presumably the tenderest kinds,
do wonderfully well — so well, in fact, that it seems
almost impossible they could do better. Peach trees
of all forms and sizes are bo numerous, that it would
seem as if all the wants of the kingdom for the
ensuing winter could be more than satisfied, and yet
every saleable tree will be sent out presently, and
myriads of others, now maidens — and such maidens,
too — will have to be prepared and trained ready for
the next season's service. Peaches, Nectarines, and
Apricots, in profuse variety, are formed from
standards or riders, half-standards, or dwarf-trained
trees, from 7 or 8 feet across, and admirably fur-
nished. What profits some of these trees make, is
found in the fact related to me by a wealthy man
who purchased and planted many Peaches in new
houses, and the very first season cropped and sold
from them on the average 94 dozen of fruits each, at
16s. per dozen, the sample was so fine. That was a
good investment in any case, and at that rate the pro-
duce will soon pay for the houses. Half-standards in
18-inch stems are favourite trees with many Peach
growers, and these are found in great abundance.
Standard trees and natural pyramids or bushes in
pots for fruiting under glass are also plentiful, and
very superior stuff. Cherries of every conceivable
sort are also found at Southfields in great quantities.
Especially so are Morellos in trained trees of all
sizes, so that walis may be furnished instanter.

The constantly transplanted trees turn out masses
of roots like mop-heads, to use a rough simile,
and they may be safely moved at almost any age.
What a wealth also is there of trained Apple and
Pear trees. We see these in bush, pyramid, standard,
half-standard, erect cordon, horizontal cordon,
gridiron, or quintuple erect cordons, horizontal or
espalier trees, fan-shaped, and even in various other
forms, so ready is the management to fashion from
Nature whatever the fancy of purchasers may require.
Excepting a few quarters of Lilywhite Seakale
grown at Southfields, just to give the soil a little
change, we see there nothing but fruit trees in all
stageB of growth, the budded quarters just ready for
the trees to be taken off, the maidens from last
year's budding, and through various gradations up to
well-matured trees four and five years old, specially
retained to suit the demands of certain customers
who want large trees, and do not mind cost. Not
that after all the trees are dear ; indeed, when we
see what trouble has been expended in getting a
wall tree into shape, and that it is well qualified to
carry many good fruits the first year, the prices seem
low. However, there is powerful competition just
now in fruit tree production, and high prices do not
pay. One curious product of the taste for odd things
in fruit, is seen in some tall heads of Gooseberries
worked on clean stems of a variety, the taller ranging
from 4 to 6 feet high. Cordon and pyramid Goose-
berries are also in great request.

In the case of Plums, differing from what is
usually the case in other nurseries, every other or,
perhaps, third plant in the quarters is rnn up into a
standard, thus giving each class of trees ample head
room. It need hardly be said that Plums, of which
some seventy sorts are grown, are largely repre-
sented, for it is certain that one result of the
present season's crop will be to create a big demand
for trees presently.

Pears, as everywhere, fruited well, but it is a
rule here not to allow trees for sale to crop
heavi'.y, as in such case the trees are somewhat dis-
tressed for the following year ; just a few fruits are
taken from each, that intending purchasers may note
the samples produced, and these are invariably good.
The same thing may be said of Apples also, of which
there are many grand samples. Finely fruiting of
Pears were BeurrfS Superfin, Madame Treyve, Beurre
Bachelier, Beurr6 d'Amanlis, Beurre d'Anjou, Do-
yenned Boussoch, Doyenne du Cornice, Fondante de
Cuerne, and many others of great excellence.

Whilst Apples showed fine fruits in all directions,
some fan-shaped trees, just to show what these
can do in the production of fine fruits, have been
left to crop more freely. What pictures would
•ome Cellinis of this form of training make !
It is very evident that a return to the old espalier
and the fan- shaped tree in the choice sorts of Apples,
we have seen, and on Paradise stocks, presents a
method of culture well worthy the attention of those
who would find home-grown fruits to compete with
the American Apples in our markets ; the method,
beyond furnishing fine samples, also gives rich
colour. Those who want colour specially, can hardly
do better than grow plenty of trees of Baumann's Red
Reinette ; this variety, wherever seen about the nursery,
glows in colour like to a Cockscomb, and, apart from
its value as a fine keeping Apple, presents beautiful
garden objects. Bismarck, too, colours finely, and
so also do Cellini Pippin, Emperor Alexander,
Gascoigne's Seedling, Landsberger Reinette, Salt-
marsh's Queen, Sops in Wine, &c. German Apples
seem to give colour generally more than home-raised
varieties of the later kinds, but in Mr. Gladstone,
Duchess Favourite, Worcester Pearmain, Lady
Dudley, Jefferson, Red Quarrenden, &c, we find
plenty of colour. In earlier sorts of varieties less
coloured, Ecklinville Seedling, Stirling Cantle,
Winter Hawrhomden, the very best of all the Haw-
thorndens; Ribitone Pippin, wonderfully fine on
dwarf trees ; Bramley's Seedling, Sturmer Pippin,
Peach Apple, carrying a thick bloom ; Calville St.
Sauveur, not unlike Dutch Codlin, but is a good
keeper ; Schoolmaster, Warner's King, Small's

Admirable, D'Eclat, something after the style of
Bismarck; B^tty Geeson, Crown Apple, something
after Cellini, but keeps much longer; Lord Suffield,
Frogmore Prolific, Pott's Seedling, Line's Prince
Albert, are but a few only of the many large-fruited
sorts, giviog samples of great excellence. Ot smaller-
fruited sorts, the good old and ever-ready cropping
Cockle Pippin, Wormsley Pippin, White Calville, Rose-
mary Russet, Franklin's Golden Pippin, Mannington's
Pearmain, Small's Golden Pippin, Sturmer Pippin,
King of the Pippins, Cox's Orange Pippin, &c, are
all good. Truly, it is difficult, if not impossible,
to find any thing bad in fruits here, especially
as in these days purchasers will have of the best
only, so that it does not pay to grow inferior
varieties.

Foreign Correspondence.

ARISTOLOCUIA DUCHARTREI.

The gigantic Aristolochia recently flowered in
Kew Gardens, and illustrated in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, November 7, suggests to me to call your
attention to another interesting species of this
genus which flowers freely with us under the name
of Aristolochia Duchartrei.

The flowers are pale rose, with markings of dark
violet-pnrple, the blotch adorning the throat much
more intense than the others. The aperture, which
reminds one of some Nepenthes, is almost pure
white, and the edges and interior of this tubs are
covered with woolly hairs, like those seen on the lip
of Dendrobium Dalhousieanum, whilst all the
remaining surface of the flower is shiny. The
flowers vary considerably in size — we have bad some
measuring over 14 centimetres across, some 11 c.
They are produced in clusters of three to five, on the
oldest part of the stem, and they expand in succes-
sion.

The plants we flower are from cuttings struck
last year, and planted out in an ordinary stove in
June, since which time they have grown rapidly,
climbing along a wire which runs close to the glass.

We may take this opportunity to mention a plant
of Aristolochia elegans with numerous seed-pod9,
probably fertilised through insect agency. We think
it advisable to grow A. elegans with more air than
is usually afforded it, and have planted it out near
the door of a temperate-house, which, during the
summer, remains open the greater part of the day.
It is in fine health, and has produced scores of
flowers. A. Lefebvre, Griineburg.

Vegetables.

WRIGHT'S GROVE PINK CELERY.

We have received from Mr. C. R. Clark, nursery-
man, Retford, an excellent variety of Celery
under the above name. It grows to about the
height of Major Clarke's Red, but is much heavier
than that favourite Celery. The sticks are stout,
fleshy, solid, and sweet flavoured. The leaf growth
is small. The samples sent had been planted on
July 16, and in consequence of the short time that
had elapsed, they were not fully blanched.

Societies.

SOTAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

December 8. — Present : D. Morris, E«q., in the
chair; and Mr. McLachlan, Dr. Michael, Dr. Miiller,
Rev. W. Wilks, Dr. Scott, Professor Oliver, Professor
Rev. G. Henslow, Hon. Sec, and M. H. Vrlmorin
(visitor)

Primula Forbesi, Franchet. — M. Vilmorin ex-
hibited growing plants and cut blooms of this new
species. It was discovered by Abbe D^lavay in the
province of Yunan, China, grow ig wild in marshes
and Rice fields, where it is practically an auuual.

December 19, 1891.]

THE GA BD ENER S ' GHR ONI GL E.

745

The plants were raised from seed received from the
Abbe, and under cultivation proved to be most per-
petual bloomers. It much resembles P. obconica in the
succession of flower stems, but otherwise is quite un-
like it in appearance. The flower stems are very
slender, and bear several (.3 to G) whorls of flowers,
which, individually, resemble those of P. farinosa. It
has produced but few seeds as yet, it possibly requiring
a high temperature. It does, however, well in a
cool house. The specimens appear to be all of the
long-styled form, which may possibly account for the
paucity of seed. The growing plants were presented
by M. Vilmorin to Kew and to the Horticultural
Society. A vote of thanks was given by the
committee to M. Vilmorin for his very interesting
communication.

Tltelephora sp. (.'). — Dr. Miiller exhibited what
appeared to be some species of this genus growing
round the stems of Rhododendrons in peaty sand.
He thought it appeared to be parasitic. It was
forwarded to Kew for further examination and
report.

Fog and Haiti. — Professor Oliver asked of M.
Vilmorin if he had experienced in Paris any ill-
effects of fog comparable to those familiar to
growers of plants in the neighbourhood of London.
He replied in the negative, as a typical yellow fog
is unknown in Paris. He observed, that sometimes
a well-marked local increase of rain was induced to
fall, through condensation brought about by trees.

Narcissus bulbs attacked by Merodon. — Mr. G. Lee,
of Clevedon, sent bulbs with this well-known pest.
The only methods of destruction are either to cut
out the portions containing the grubs, soaking the
bulbs in water to drown them, or else by destroying
the bulbs altogether.

Bcnthamia fra, if era, fruit. — Mr. R, G. Lakes, of
St. Austell, Cornwall, sent some tine ripe fruits of
this species of tree.

Citrons. — Mr. P. Crowley, F.L S., forwarded two
fine fruits of Citrus medica, which were taken from
trees growing at Waddon House, Croydon.

NORTHERN BOTANICAL AND HOR-
TICULTURAL.

December 9. — The annual meeting of the Botani-
cal and Horticultural Society of Durham, Northum-
berland, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was held at the
chambers of the Secretary, Mr. Jas. J. Gillespie,
A.C.A., Cross House, Westgate Koad, Newcastle,
on the above date. In the absence of the Chairman,
Mr. Benjamin Plummer presided.

In their report for 1891, which was submitted, the
Council state: — In previous reports the Council
have invariably had to attribute the failure of the
year's operations entirely to the wet weather which
had prevailed at the shows ; in spite of which they
have struggled from year to year to keep the Society
together, notwithstanding that there has often been
a large deficiency in the funds. This year the
Society commenced free from debt ; the spring show,
held in April, was a financial success, and the
Council looked forward with confidence to the
autumn show, which was likely to have been one of
the best ever held, exhibitors having brought their
plants from an area extending as far south as Wilt-
shire, and as far north as Aberdeen. What happened
is now a matter of history, as on the Council as-
sembling in the early morning of August 2(>, at the
L.»azes Park, to place the exhibits, they found the
tents had been almost destroyed by the gale of the
previous night. The Council then decided to abandon
the show. The Council again met on Thursday,
August 27, and after considering the claims sent in,
and the available funds of the society, it waa found
there was a deficiency of £335, and it was subse-
quently decided to appeal to the public for assistance.
The response was generous, and far exceeded the
expectations of the Council, with a result, as shown
in the statement of accounts submitted, that not
only were the liabilities of the society paid off, but
there is a sum of £560 to the good. The shows
have been fixed for next year as follow : — Spring
show, April 27 and 28. in the Town Hall ; and the
autumn show, August 24, 25, and 26, in the Leazes
Park.

In the course of his remarks on the past fortunes
of the Society, he commended to the notice of the
Society an essay on profitable fruit-growing, which
had gained the prize offered by the Fruiterers' Com-
pany of London. One paragraph in that essay dealt
with the successful results which had followed the
distribution of fruit trees among cottagers and

artisans. He asked if the Council of this Society
could not do something without very much coat to
follow this example. Speaking of the small attend-
ance at their annual meetings, he suggested that,
to induce increased attendances, they might arrange
to hold these meetings in the afternoon, and have a
paper read connected with some particular branch of
their operationa. If they could move in this direc-
tion, they would hold the public more with them.
He had heard it frequently thrown out aa a reproach
to the Society that they did nothing but cater to
amueement, or practically did very little towards
the purposes for which the Society waa formed.

Mr. Nesbitt seconded the adoption of the report
and accounts, and this was agreed to.

The re-election of Mr. Thomas Nelson. J P., aa
President, and election of the Mayor of Newcastle
(Councillor Wm. Sutton) as Vice-President, were
then formally carried, and other officials were also
appointed. Extract from Newcastle Daily Leader,
Thursday, December 10.

The Weather.

EDINBURGH BOTANICAL.

December 10. — The Society met at 5. St. Andrew
Square, in the evening of this date, Dr. Cleghorn,
Vice-President, in the chair.

A branch of Posoqueria multiflora in fine flower
waa exhibited from the Koyal Botanic Garden.

Dr. William Craig read an account of the excur-
sion of the ScottiBh Alpine Club to Tyndrum in
1891. One of the party, Mr. W. B. Boyd, of Faldon-
side, Melrose, found three good varieties of Asple-
nium viride, which in the event of their peculiarities
being permanent, he proposes to name respectively
vars. bifidum, truncatum, and convolutum. An in-
teresting form of Scirpus fluitans found in deep
water was exhibited. Dr. Craig gave an outline of
the history of the Club since its foundation, twenty-
one years ago. With three exceptions, viz , to Tees-
dale, Norway, and Connemara, the excursions had
always been made to the highlands of Scotland.

Dr. A. P. Aitken read a paper on " Roots of
Gra8ses," in relation to upper growth. Details were
given of experiments with agricultural grasses, all
grown for a year under similar conditions, in zinc
boxes 2 feet deep and 6 inches square. The roots
were then removed, cleaned, measured, and weighed.
Striking results were obtained, showing the relative
amount of root in the upper 8 inches of the soil, and
that occupying the deeper 16 inches. Lolium
perenne, grown from good seed, waa the only grass
with greater development of root below the 8 inch
line than above it. Cynosurus cristatus had almost
all its roots in the upper 8 inches. The practical
importance of ascertaining the relative power of
rooting above or below this limit was pointed out.

Nates on the Flora of the Moffat District for 1891,
were sent by J. Thorburn Johnstone.

Report on Temperature, §c„ at the Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh, by R. Lindsay, Curator. — The
past month of November, although somewhat
changeable and unsettled, has been mild. Storms
of wind and rain were less frequent than usual, and
no snow fell. The thermometer was at or below the
freezing point on twelve mornings, indicating collec-
tively 41° of frost for the month. The lowest
readings were on the 18oh, 28° ; 23rd, 24° ; 24th, 2(1° ;
27th. 24° ; 28th. 25°. The lowest dav temperature
was 38° on the 27th, and the highest, 55° on the 2nd.
Rain fell on eleven days. Out-door vegetation is as
nearly as possible in a resting condition. Not a
single plant came into flower on the Rock Garden
during the month.

Report on Temperature, $c , at the Botanic Garden,
Glasgow, by R. Bullen, Curator. — This was another
wet, variable, unseasonable month ; much dark and
foggy weather prevailed. The maximum and mini-
mum readings of the thermometer were both high for
the season. No frost waa regi8tered until the night
of the 21st, but after that light night-froats were
frequent. The lowe8t reading was 7° during the
night of the 23rd, and the total only 26°. Owing
to the wet state of the ground, out-door work had to
be abandoned.

Variorum.

[By the term " accumulated temperature " is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

itKlUHX

Sun.

a on

Accumulated.

**.--

1 a

T'"'

•&

•■!

8 2

•2 8"

5-2 §
|"£Q

o .

■4

u
o .

°"S
*

Above 42°, different
from Mean since Jan

4, 1891.
Below 42°, difi'ereuc
from Mean sinceJan

4. 1891.

— ' »

Is
°p

d
Z

a
3

a
a

Is
o

- c

-.2

S —

C -

Day-

Day.

Day- loths

deg.

deg. Inch.

Ins.

2 —

+ soi + no] 6 +

2J8

49 8

1 —

— 63'+ 166 7 +

175

291

3 +

- 77 + 8s!l0 +

17.'

21 II

6 +

- 37 + 915 +

187

25-6

6 +

— 71 + 7611 +

183

29-6

•

6 +

— 8>' + 103 9

ISO

32 3

2 +

+ 1U2 + 51 20 +

193

461

4 +

+ 46 + 24 21 +

175

31-5

4 +

— 122 + 10013 +

188

12 3 17

2 +

+ 13 + 58 13 +

212

83-6 11

2 +

— 40 + 55 2! i-

19 J

39 l 17

5 +

- 3 + 35 12 +

!-'.•

35-3 33

The districts indicated by number in the first column
the following : —

principal Wheat-producing Districts — 1, Scotland,
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England,
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Principal Grazing, B[C., Districts— 7 , Scotland, W.
England, N.W.; 9, England. S.W.; 10, Ireland.
11, Ireland, S. ; 12. Channel Islands.

N.;
E.;

THE PAST WEEK.

Tub following summary record of the weather
for the week ending December 12, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office : —

" The weather during the week waa extremely un-
settled and changeable, with frequent and heavy falls
of rain, alternated, however, by fine, clear intervals.
A good deal of snow fell over all our more northern
and north-weetern districts towards the close of the
week.

" The temperature was a little below the mean in
the north and east of Scotland, but in all other dis-
tricts it was again above, the excess over eastern,
southern, and central England being as much as 6°.
The highest of the maxima were recorded either on
the 9th or 10th, and ranged from 56° in the south
and east of England, the south of Ireland, and the
Channel Islands to 50° in 'Scotland, N.' The
lowest of the minima, which were registered during
the earlier part of the week in Scotland, and towards
its close elsewhere, varied from 19° in ' Scotland, N.,'
and 21° in ' Scotland, E.,' to 29° or 30° in most
other distriots, and to 37° in the ' Channel Islands.'

" The rainfall exceeded the mean in all districts,
the fall in most cases being nearly three times the
normal.

" The bright sunshine waa more prevalent than
during the previous week in the wheat-producing
districts as well as in ' Scotland, W.,' and the ' Chan-
nel Islands,' but shows a slight decrease elsewhere.
The percentage of the possible duration ranged from
12 in ' Scotland, N.,' and fmm 13 to 17 in most of
the western districts, to 27 in ' England, E., and
N.E.,' and to 33 in the ' Channel Islands.' "

A Nice Name for a Tally, Schtschurow-

Skia. — It applies to a genus of Unibelliferaa, near
Coriandrum.

Markets.

C0VENT GARDEN, December 17.
No alteration in prices ; business somewhat brisker.
James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s.d. | s. d. t. d.

Apple?, Canadian and Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0

Nova Scotian, per r,emont>. per c«se ...15 0 - &) 0

barrel 10 0- IS 0 Pine-applea, St. Mi-

Appleh, l-eieve ... 1 0- 4 0 cbael, each ... 2 0- 6 0

Grapes 0 6-26

746

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Acacia or Mimosa,

Freuch, per bunch 10-16
Azalea, p. doz. sprays 10-16
Camellias, white.doz. 3 0-40

— red, perdoz.... 10-16
Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-30
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms ... 1 0- 5 0

— 12 bunches ... 3 0-12 0
Eucharis, per dozen 5 0-70
Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-60
Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09
Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 6-10
Lilac, white (French)

per bunch 6 0-80

Lilium Harrisii, doz. 4 0-80
Lily of thejValley, per

doz. sprays ... 16-26

Maiden Hair Fern ,

12 bunches ... 4 0-90

Mignonette, doz. bun. 16-20
Marguerite?, perdoz.

bunches 3 0-40

Orchid-bloo

Narcissus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun.
Orchids: —
Cattleya, 12 blms.
Odontoglossum
crispum, 12 blms.
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun.

— 12 sprays
Poinsettia, 12 blooms
Primula, sing. ,12 bun.
Roses, Tea, per dozen

— coloured, dozen

— yellow (Mare-

chals),perdoz.

— red, per dozen ...
Tuberoses, 12 blms.
Tulips, p. doz. blms.
Violets, Parme, per

bunch

— Czar, per bunch

— English, 12 buns.

M in variety.

.d. s.d.

6 0-12 0
3 0-60

4 0-
1 0-
4 0-
6 0-

1 0-

2 0-

4 0-
1 6-

0 4-

1 0-

3 6-

2 0-
1 0-

6 0

1 6
9 0
9 0

3 0

4 0

6 0

2 0

0 9
2 0

4 0

2 6

1 6

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantums, per doz. 4
Aralias, perdoz. ... 6
Aspidistra, per doz. 18
Azalea, per doz. ...36
Begonias, per doz. ... 4
C h r ysa n t h e mums,
per dozen ... 6

— large, each ... 2
Coleus, per dozen ... 3
Cyclamens, per doz. 9
Cyperus, per dozen 4
Dracaenas, each ... 1
Epiphyllums, p. doz.

pots 9

Erica hyemalis, per
dozen 12

— small, per 100 8

d. s. d.
0-12 0
0-12 0
0-63 0
0-60 0
0-6 0

0-9 0
0-3 6
0-6 0
0-18 0
0-10 0
0 5 0

0-18 0

0-18 0
0-15 0

s.d. s.d.

Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

Ficus each 16-76

Scarlet Pelargo-

niums, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
LilyoftheValley,pot2 0-3 0
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 6
Mimulasinensis, doz. 4 0-60
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0
— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Poinsettias, perdoz.12 0- 18 0
Roman Hyacinth, p.

doz. pots 9 0-12 0

Solanums, per dozen 9 0 12 0
Tulips, per doz. pots 9 0-12 0

Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices.
s.d. s.d.

0 6

1 3

0 6

Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4-06

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6-10
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30
Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-06
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3-06
Celery, per bundle... 10-30
Cucumbers, each ... 0 6-09
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10

POTATOS.

Arrivals continue heavy, but stocks have not increased to
the extent that was expected, which may be accounted for by
the fact of the usual increase in the demand about this time of
the year. Prices have ruled fairly firm, the medium quality
only having a tendency to fall. Best samples, 90s. to 100s.;
medium, 60s. to 70s.; common, 55s. to 65s. J. B. Thomas.

s. d. s.d.
Lettuces, perdoz. ...16-2 0
Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ...
Mustard and Cress,

punnet 0 4- ...

Parsley, per bunch... 0
Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6-
Spinach, per bushel 3 6-
Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 9-
Turnips, per bunch . 0 4-

SEEDS.

London, Dec. 16.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed
Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report to-
day's market thinly attended, with, as is usual, towards the
close of the year, less business doing in Clover seeds. How-
ever, as regards values, a strong undertone is observable all
round. American red, in particular, is extremely firm. Blue
Peas, with for the moment a less excited demand, are held
with great steadiness; existing stocks, it is now well estab-
lished, are wholly inadequate for the requirements of the
approaching winter. Haricots and Runner Beans realise full
prices. Linseed is slow.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Spitalfields : Dec. 15.— Quotations :— English Apples,
3s. to 6s. per bushel ; American do., 10s. to 18s. per barrel ;
Pears, Is. to 2s. id. per half-sieve ; English Tomatos, 4s. to
6s. per peck ; foreign do., Is. to 2s. ; Seakale, Is. to Is. id.
per punnet ; Cabbages, Is. 3d. to 2s. id. ; Savoys, Is. id. to
2s. id. ; Cauliflowers, 6s. to 10s. per tally ; Greens, Is. to
Is. !W. ; Turnips, Is. id. to 2s. id. ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. id. ;
Parsley, Is. 6d. to 2s. per dozen bunches; Spinach, Is. 6rf.
to Is. M. per bushel ; Parsnips, Is. id. to 2s. per score En-
dive, Is. to Is. id.; Cabbage Lettuces, id. to Is.; Beetroot,
3d. to id. per dozen ; Mustard and Cress, Is. id. to 2s. per
dozen baskets; Bordeaux Onions, 4s. to 4s. id. ; Spanish
do., «s. to 7s. per case; Belgian do., 3s. id. to 4s. 9d. ; Dutch
do., 3s. 9d. to 5s. per bag of 110 lb.; Celery, 6o\ to Is.;
Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle.

Stratford : Dec 15. —There has been an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week,
and a brisk trade has been done as under:— Savoys, 3s. to
6s. per tally ; Greens, Is. to Is. id. per dozen bunches ;
Cauliflowers, Qd. to Is. 3d. per dozen ; do., 3s. to 6s. per tally ;
Turnips, Is. id. to 2s. 3d. per dozen bunches ; do., 30s. to 40s!
per ton; Carrots, household, 34s. to 45s. do.; do., cattle-
feeding, 25s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, 60s. to 70s. do. ; Mangels.
14s. to 18s. do; Swedes, 18s. to 25s. do.; Onions, English
100s. to 120s. do.; do., Dutch, 3s. to 4s. per bag; Apples]
English, 2s. to 6s. per bushel ; American, 14s. to 20s. per
barrel; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. id. per half-sieve; do,,
Is. 9rf. to is. id. per sieve; Horseradish, <W. to Is. id. per
bundle.

BORorjflH : Dec. 15.— Quotations :— Savoys, 2s. id. to 3s. 6<2. •
Broccoli, 5s. to 8s. per tally ; Spinach, Is. id to is. p'dr bushel ;'

Turnips, Is. to Is. id. ; Carrots, Is. to Is. $d. per dozen
bunches; English Onions, 4s. id. to 5s. per cwt. ; English
Apples, 2s. to is. ; Pears, 2s. id. to 7s. per bushel; Cana-
dian Apples, 12s. to £5s. per barrel ; Newtowo Pippins, 16s.
to 30s. do.

POTATOS.

Spitalfields: Dec. 15.— Quotations:— Magnums, 57s. id.
to 70s. ; Regents, 60s. to 70s. ; Champions, 55s. to 60s. ; Impe-
rators, 60s. to 75s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 75s. ; Bruce Magnums,
60s. to 70s. ; Snowdrops, 55s. to 75s. per ton.

Borough : Dec. 15. — Quotations : — Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s. ; Imperators, 60s. to 85s. ; Magnums, 60s. to 90s.
per ton.

Stratford : Dec. 16.— Quotations :— Magnums, 60s. to 85s. ;
White Elephants, 65s. to 75s.; Hebrons, 65s. to 75s.; Scotch
Magnums, 90s. to 100s. per ton.

CHRISTMAS CATTLE MARKET.

Notwithstanding the aboormal atmospheric conditions under
which graziers have laboured during the past twelvemonths,
but little indication of this was evident at Islington la^t
week at the Great Christmas Cattle Market, when, though
the numbers were less than on the previous occasion, the
quality was of very high order, and fair average prices were ob-
tained. As usual, the Scots were to the fore in largest numbers,
and in prime condition ; so also were the Devons and Here-
fords, &c. The market opened slowly until an idea of the
demand was obtained, and a very fair trade resulted. The
same remarks apply to sheep; here and there among the
Downs some pens of rare excellence were to be found ; but the
principal characteristic is reported as a good all-round even-
ness, which met with a fair demand at average prices.

Notices to Correspondents.

Abalia Sieboldi : F. R. From seeds, or cuttings of
shoots in heat in the spring, or of the roots in the
autumn and treating them cool.

Aspahagus in the French Method : A Constant
Reader. The variety may be the common or the
Argenteuil, it does not much matter which. In-
stead of growing it on raised beds as here, it is
grown in broad, shallow trenches, about 9 to 10
inches deep, with broad alleys between. The
soil is carefully scraped off the crowns in the
autumn, and placed in the alleys ; the bed
is then heavily dressed with rotted manure,
and just a little of the soil is thrown over
it — sometimes. When the Asparagus starts, or,
rather, just before it does so, some of the soil is
returned to the bed from out of the alleys, adding
more and more until it is all put back. The shoots
having to grow through this thick stratum of
mould become blanched, as you see it in our
shops in spring and summer. When it is eaten
quite fresh from the beds, a good portion of the top
is eatable, but it soon toughens, till only the top
can be eaten. However, it sells here, and the
Frenchman pockets a large sum yearly from its
sale. A great deal of this kind of " grass " is
grown on sewage-farms near Paris.

Aspahagus Roots : T. C. The portions sent look
like the outside crowns of larger clumps, or seed-
lings stunted by bad culture.

Bog-bed : T. L. C. The hole seems to have been
excavated unnecessarily deep ; 2 feet 6 inches
would have been a better depth. In place of
stagnant water, it would be better for the plants if
you were to conduct a stream of water through the
bog-bed. This stream should have a clayed
bottom, over which water-worn pebbles might be
laid, and by letting the peat soil abut on this
stream in places, sufficiently moist spots could be
found for bog plants.

Books : Clara. My Gardener, a Practical Handbook
for the Million, and the Rosarian's Year Book, are
published, the former by Messrs. Eyre & Spottis-
woode, East Harding Street, E.C., and the latter by
Messrs. Bemrose & Sons, 23, Old Bailey, and at
Derby. We cannot tell you the price, that is a
matter of business which the advertisers should
attend to. — A Constant Reader. Handbook of
Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, by
Decaisne, Naudin, and Hemsley (Longmans, Green
& Co.) — Coniferous Plants : The Manual of
Conijerat, by J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic
Nursery, KiDg's Road, Chelsea.

Celery : A Constant Reader. The strain possibly
is not a good one. In large quantities of plants
there will always be a few that will have divided
stems.

Cckrulea : J. C. G. As printed.

Common Peppermint : A Constant Reader. The

common Peppermint is ceitainly not an annual ;

it is a herbaceous perennial. It is extensively

grown at Mitcham.

Correction. — In our last issue, p. 706, My Gardener,
for M. W. Ward read H. W. Ward.

Early Potatos in Malta : H. B. P. The planting
wonld need to be performed about ten or twelve
weeks — according to the time of year — before they
are required for market. We do not know the
name of the varieties grown, but we do know that
the quality is about as bad as could be, and that if
we, in this country, put such poor ware on the
market, there would be but a poor sale for it.

Echinocactus and Cactus : Old Reader. Pot the
former almost on the surface of the soil, which
should consist largely of burnt earth broken fine,
sandy loam, and a small portion of leaf-mould ;
the drainage should occupy one-third of the pot.
Echinocactus never require much water, and during
the six months of autumn and winter none at all.
Some will do well in an intermediate-house, some
in the stove, and a few may be grown in the
greenhouse. Cactuses like a somewhat similar
soil, but rather richer in humus ; they will even be
benefited by occasionally getting manure-water
whilst growing — let them have at that time full
exposure to the sun. Afford no water from
October to March, and keep them at the warmer
part of the greenhouse.

Florist : H. H. By all means let your son go to
some suitable establishment in Germany, Belgium,
or France for two or three years before settling at
home.

Grevillea robusta : L. T. From seeds generally.

" Horticultural Transactions " : R. D. We do
not know. Ask some bookseller or advertise them.

Names of Fruits : Houston. Passe Colmar. — J. W.
1, Bergamote d'Esperen ; 2, Winter Nelis ; 3,
Doyenne; du Cornice ; 4, Vicar of Winkfield ; 6,
King of the Pippins. — Bourne cf Son. 1, Dumelow's
Seedling ; 2, not known. — E. Gilman. 1, Stirling
Castle ; 2, Tibbett's Pearmain.— E. W. Piper. 1,
a pale coloured Tom Putt ; 2, Wyken Pippin ; 2,
pear decayed. — Old Subscriber. 1, Pear Chau-
montelle ; 2, Apple Dutch Mignonne. — H. L. E.
The large russety fruit-streaked red is Tibbett's
Pearmain ; the other probably Dutch Codlin.

Names of Plants : Hordeum. 1, Setaria italica ; 2,
Cynosurus enstatus ; 3, Thamnochortus argenteus ;
4, Avena flavescens. — Peter A. Abies or Picea
pinsapo. — J. H. J. Calceolaria. — H. L. E. Ferns,
small-leaved, one is Adiantum cemuluni ; the
other, A. capillus-veneris Mariesi. — P. W. C.
The tree is Ginkgo biloba, the Maiden-hair tree.
The Lichen is an imperfect form of a Cetraria. —
P. W. C, Hoxton. Erica hyemalis, E. gracilis, red.
J. M. Next week. — D. J. Crassula lactea. —
.7. W. K. Maxillaria punctata — a small form of
it. — J. W. W. Cymbidium giganteum, Cypri-
pedium venustum, and a very good Odontoglossum
Rossii majus. — L. L. Specimen received. Will
refer to it next week. — C. W. 1, Cattleya
Harrisonia ; 2, Hydrangea hortensis medio-varie-
gata ; 3, H. hortensis variegata. — J. M. Nidularium
Scheremetiewii, Kegel.

Pancratium Leaves : J. T. L. The leaves are affected
with a minute fungus, which often occurs when
the bulbs are attacked with the bulb-mite.

Stachys tuberifera : D. H. Clean and scrape the
tubers, and cook in water with a little salt, as you
would French Beans ; or eat them raw, like Radishes.

Trees on the Thames Embankment : Tomsonii. Pla-
tanus orientalis, var. acerifolia chiefly, Common
Plane and London Plane.

Communications Received.— Samuel Ray (next week).—
Americanus.— E. M.— R. D.— A. W. C.— G. J. I.— U. Donat.
— G. H. K.— H. W.— A. G. C— W. W.— G. M.— W. A. C-
J. D.— T. S., Timaru, N.Z.— W. L.-E. M.-J. B.-R. W.—
P. L. S.- Pteris.— R. D.— J. B. W.— J. U.— H. E.— W. A. C.
— J. A. — P. W. (under consideration).

DIED. — We regret to have to announce the death
on December 1, of Mr. John William Vert, at the
age of 77 years, who, for over 52 years was Gar-
dener and Bailiff to the Hon. Arthur and Mrs.
Lasc'elle's, of N irley II use, Frodsham, Cheshire.

December 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

7i7

BOULTON & PAUL,

H0KTb^ludleLural NORWICH.
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

GARDEN FRAMES «£, VARIETY.

BOILERS

Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock.

Our Celebrated No. 4,

CHECK END BOILER

To heat from 300 to 5000 feet of 4-iuch piping.

No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER.

To heat from 100 to 300 feet of 4-ineh piping.

NO. 12.

AMATEUR'S

SLOW

COMBUSTION

BOjLER.

PRICES ON
APPLICATION.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufactures, including HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDINGS and APPLIANCES, IRON BUILD-
INGS, POULTRY, and KENNEL REQUISITES, &c.

BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR WORE, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac
Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free.

Grove Works, Batterbea, London, S.W. ;

15, VICTORIA. STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and BACHELOB'S WALK, DUBLIN.— Dticmht fo'r Cath.

CHEERFUL^ WINTER EVENINGS.

CAMPBELL'S BROAD REED MELODEONS

(Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS.

MELODEONS
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No knowledge of Music is required by the player.

13° GOOD NEWS! M

CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON.

AN UNPARALLELED OFFER.

To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle.
OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "GEM" MELODEON.

6s. tid. 6s. Gd.

With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial
Tone, sent carefully packed and carnage paid to any
address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0.0.
for 6s. id. Selling in thousands.

CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON.

AN UNPARALLELED OFFER.

To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle.
OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "MINIATURE"

MELODEON.
10*. WORTH DOUBLE. 10s.

With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial
Tone, and the Charmiug Bell Accompaniments, sent
carefully packed and carringe paid to any address in
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EF1 NO DECEPTION HERE. lOu.000 TESTIMONIALS. ^
Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion
Melodeon Player of Great Britain, Ireland, aud Wales:—
" Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that
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only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless
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N.B.— All lovers of music should at once send for our New
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100,000 of tUose valuable lists sent out yearly. Send Id. stamp to

CAMPBELL & CO., MDSICAMAffi0MSNT

116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW.

Established 50 Ykak.s.

BOULTON & PAUL, Manufacturers, NORWICH.

PORTABLE IRON and WOODEN BUILDINGS.
For Leasehold Property.

Hospital, School, or Mission Room.

Illustrated Catalogue, containing over 100 designs, free on
application.

STOCK

m, VI

Inches.

14X13 1

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16X12

llj

18x12
20x12

16x14

o 1 -<ff

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20x14 A

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21-0Z. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY."

GEORGE FARHILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass. Oil. and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smithneld, London, E.C.

Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE
GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered iu Truck-
loads to any Station in. England and Wales.— Address,
Or. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Str'set, Birmingham.

"Nothing Succeeds like Success.''

HUGHES' SOLUBLEI

INSECTICIDE

FUTfi

Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, 1,6, 2/6, & 4/6; ^-gallon
7/6, 1 -gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities.

A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its
application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on
application to the manufacturer, addressed to
E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester.

Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and
Patent Medicine Houses.

NEW YORK— A. Roi.ker & Sons-

For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia

Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale,
Worms, Wood Lice, &c.

lt DTTPPMa " T™ UNIVERSAL
Er k\j ri LU i\ i\ , INSECTICIDE.

SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL.

IS, Princes Street, Edinburgh. July 15, 1887.— "Dear
Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide
which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a
gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green
Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at
l'J0°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds;
while 3 oz. to gallon at Bame temperature effectually dissolves
Mealy Bug, and bo far as I have yet observed, without the
slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most
agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies
are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much
severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand- washing
or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A.
MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London,
January 1t 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti-
cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many otherB.
I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual
in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we
have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed)
B. S. WILLIAMS."

Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists,
in Bottles at Is. $d., 2s. 6d., and 3s. 6d. ; in Tins (1 and a
gallons), 10s. tW. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and
upwards, 9s. per gallon.

Prepared only by

DUNCAN, FLOCEHART & CO., Chemists to the Queen,

Edinburgh.

May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise
Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from
WILLIAM EDWARDS and SON, 157, Queen Victoria

Street, London.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMBIGHT,

2-oz. Sample posted free on application.
Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the

Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Manchester

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides.

1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 35.;
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Price in tins— £-Pint, Is
J-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free ou application.
Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD.,

LTXTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.

GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859
for Red Spider, Mildew. Thrips, Greenfly and other
blight, Sounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a
winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather
from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when
paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to
supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, t>d. and Is., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), London.

748 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [dkhou* w, isoi.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

JANUARY 2, 1892,

CONTAIN AS A SUPPLEMENT

SHEET ALMANAC.

As a large Extra Circulation of this Number is guaranteed, it will be
a very valuable medium for Advertisements.

ADVERTISERS DESIROUS OF SECURING SPACE IN THIS NUMBER

are requested to communicate with "The Publisher" not later than

WEDNESDAY, the 30th inst.

THE PUBLISHER, 41, WELLINGTON ST, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

Decembsb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

74 9

HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!!

THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY

BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the

PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY

END, Etc.; VENTILATING CEAR and VALVES.

In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected in the course of a few minutes.

without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE.
UPPER GROUND STREET, 8LACKFRIARS, LONDON, S.E.

Telegraphic Address-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

SCHONSTADT. 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON. E.C.

Freezing.
MORITZ H.

NOW READY.

THE GARDEN ANNUAL

Almanack and Address Book for 1892.

Containing the most Authentic Lists of (1), Nurterymen, Seedsmen, and Florists in the United
Kingdom; (-'), Foreign Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists; (3), Horticultural Builders, Engineers,
and Sun iriesmen in the United Kingdom ; (i), the Principal Nurserymen and Florists in the United
States, and their Addresses ; (5), the Principal Gard-ns of the United Kingdom, in the order of the
Counties; (li), the Principal Gardens and Country Seats in the United Kingdom ; (7), the Gardeners
in the United Kingdom, aud their Addresses; New Plants of the past year; and other information.

The Most Complete and Accurate Reference Book for the use of all
Interested in Gardens.

Price, Is. Post-free, Is. 3i.

Of all Booksellers, Newsagents, or from the Publishing Office:—
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G. c,
Dec. 19, 1891.

'T1 H O S . W. ROBINSON,

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EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES,
SOCKET HOT-WATER PIPES.

Illustrated revised Price List on application, free.

ORCHID BASKETS,
RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS,

AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES.

BEND FOB A

PRICE LIST

from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade,

H. C. SMYTH,

21, GOLDSMITH STREET,

DRUBY LANE, W.C.

aARDEN REQUISITE S.—
Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, B&mboo
Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, Sto. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AND SCULL. »0. Lower Thames Street. London. R.O.

CARDEN REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens,
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack, U. 3d., 10 for 12s.
20 for 20s., 30 for *8s., sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail,
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT. 5s. per tack, 5 for 22s. (M j BLACK do.,
4s. M. per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD. LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE SAND, Is. lad. per
bushel, Ms. half-ton. 25s. per ton. PURE ROVES, finch, lis.
per cwt. ; du9t, lis. 6<f. per cwt. SPHAGNUM. 7s. %d. per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. r.er sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lorf.
per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26s.
ROPE, ed. per lb.. 28 lb., 10s. M. RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel. 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. 6d., lis. tirf.,
and 12s. 6d. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street, London. S.E,

750

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

SAVE HALF THE COST.

GARSIDE'S

BEDFORDSHIRE
COARSE AND FINE

Is admitted by the
leading Nurserymen

to be the Beat

SILVER SAND

Quality obtainable in the Trade.

Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these
Celebrated and Extensive Pita, which contain a practically in-
exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus save half the
ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.

Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price

free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost
promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail-
way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied
at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to
GEO. GARSIDE. Jun., F.R.H.S.. Leigh ton Buzzard, Beds.

EPPS'S-**PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and allother Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.

The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST
ALL FIRST-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Sp<?cialit<5.
For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
near Bexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Trade.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Store and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough, Hants.

BROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s.
per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 tons ; Bags, 55. each ;
10 Bag9, 45s.

PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant
Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Fags, 5s.
each ; 10 Bag9, 45s.

THOMAS WALKER, Tekels Park. Camberley. Surrey.

CHRISTMAS ROSES,

GROWN IN THE OPEN GROUND, SHOULD BE
PROTECTED WITH

FRIGI DOMO CANVAS.

This Protection will insure perfect and beautiful
Blooms.

Protect your Plants and Glass from Frost, Damp,

and Cold Winds, by using

FRIGI DOMO"

(REGISTERED TRADE MARK)

CANVAS.

A perfect Non-Conductor of Heat, keeping wherever

IT IS APPLIED AN EVEN TEMPERATURE.

To be obtained of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen.

CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.

CONSERVATORIES, ORCHID -HOUSES,
VINERIES, GREENHOUSES, PLANT and FORCING-
HOUSES. Best Materials and Workmanship guaranteed, at
Moderate Price*. Intending Purchasers waited upon by ap-
pointment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPA-
RATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of
Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of
Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-
houses, Tool-houses, Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit
Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for

six stamps.

PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH

The Original and Only Makers of the

GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS

WITH SOLID ENDS. Also—
SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM,

With Special Provision forCleaningthelDsule
thoroughly (a Most Important Point).
These Boilers, after long experience, have
proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo-
mical, and Lasting Boilers extant.
Every other kind of Boilers, Sockets, Flanges,
m and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for
_ ^ all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating.

FRED SILVESTERT& CO.,

General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers,
CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable I For Coal !

Pure and ample heat, 24 hours for about lei. ,
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny.

Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in me at Patentee's,

THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S. W.

SEX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for
2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. 4d.
Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for
Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d, Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order,
and in about ten davs you will receive Highly-finished Copies,
with Original.— FRANCIS and CO., 29. Ludgate hill, London.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq.

A Practical and Scientific Treatise, that will be of great
service, both to the oldest and most successful exhibitor and
the youngest grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Shea has, by
the treatment explained in his treatise, had a long series of
triumphs, to which this season he has added, in keen compe-
tition with our most noted growers, at the Kent County,
Watford, a:-.d Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of
1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10.

In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shoesmith is
included in my new Chrysanthemum Catalogue, which also
contains the most complete List of New Varieties ever brought
together, and embraces selections from all the known Chrysan-
themum world.

This valuable work is now ready, post free, seven stamps.
H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewisham.

JUST PUBLISHED.

THE MINIATURE FRUIT-GARDEN

AND MODERN ORCHARD,

By THOMAS RIVERS and T. FRANCIS RIVERS. And

INSECT PESTS,

By H. S. RIVERS.
20th Edition. Price 4s. By Post, is. 3d.
Published by THOMAS RIVERS AND SON, The Nurseries,
Sawbridgeworth.

Now Ready — Greatly Enlarged.

THE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

For 1892.

Price Is.; post-free, Is. 3d.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE OFFICE,
171, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

Now Ready, of all Booksellers. Price Sixpence.

CHRISTMAS NUMBER
OF THE

GARDENERS' MAGAZINE.
Contents :—
Hatfield House and Gardens (Illustrated). GEORGE Gordon.
That Black Night ; a Story. Geo. Manville Fenn.
Through Stratford-on-Avon (Illustrated). J. T. Young, F.G.S.
A Deserted Garden. F. W. BURDIDGE, M.A., F.L.S.
A Talk about the Coffee Tree. J. Lowrie.
Chrysanthemums in Jupan (Illustrated). C. Harm an

Payne.
Winter on the Broads. E. R. Sufflino.
Vegetable Giants (Illustrated). W. Watson.
Foliage for Winter Decoration. J. HUDSON.
A Christmas Table Decoration (Illustrated). P. Blair.
Christmas Dessert Fruits. W. Iggulden.

A COLOURED PICTURE— A GARDEN IN AUTUMN,
and an ALMANACK FOR 1892.
Offices : 4, Ave Maria Lane, E.C.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURALINTERESTS

ARE BEST REPRESENTED IN

THE AMERICAN GARDEN,

United

In
ONE.

WHICH INCLUDES : —

THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... 18th Tear.

THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 32nd Year.

and HORTICULTURIST 44th Year.

THE FLORAL CABINET ... 19th Year.

Making the Largest, Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest

Gardening Magazine in America.

THE LEADING AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR

HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS.

Subscription Price for England

and Countries in the Universal Postal Union, 10s.

E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, Times Building,

New York, U.S.A.

Agents for Great Britain and Ireland :—

STEEL and JONES, 4, Spring Gardens, Charing Cross,
London, S. W. , to whom Orders for Advertisements and Subscrip-
tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for lOd. (stamps).

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

E P P S ' S

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING.

COCOA

BREAKFAST-SUPPER.

BIMBUM'HOMER

43, WELLINGTON STREET,
COVENT GARDEN, "W.C.,

FOR

MATS, MATTING,

RAFFIA, Orchid PEAT,
BAMBOOS, BONES,
FIBRE DUST, CORK,

AND ALL OTHER

GARDEN REQUISITES.

WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

W. Wells, Earlswood Nurseries, Redhill, Surrey— New and

Best Chrysanthemums.
Noune & Hoepker, Ahrensburgh, near Hamburgh— Choice

Seeds.
J. Carter & Co., 2.17 and 238, High Holborn— Catalogue of

Seeds, and Vade Mecum, illustrated.

J. Laing & Sons, Stanstead Park, &c., Nurseries, Forest Hill,

S.E.— Flower and Vegetable Seeds, Begonias, &c.
Stuart & Mein, Kelso, Roxburghshire, N.B. — Catalogue of

Seeds and Amateur's Gardening Guide.
B. S. Williams & Sons, Victoria and Paradise Nurs ries,

Upper Holloway, N. — Flower and Vegetab'e Seeds.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading, Berks— Amateurs'

Guide in Horticulture, and Seed List.
J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road,

Chelsea, S.W.— Garden Seeds, &c.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

MR. George Duffielp, formerly of the Ivies, Winohmore

Hill, as Head Gardener to Henry Jones, Esq., Oak

Lodge, Totteridge, Herts.
Mr. J. R. Booth, formerly Foreman in Lidy Siemens

Garden, Sherwood, Tunbridge Wells, as Head Gardener to

J. C. Drew, Esq., Culverden Castle, Tunbridge Wells.
Mr. James Adshead, as Head Gardener to Sir H. F. de

Traffjrd, Bart., Traffjrd Park, Manchester, in succession

to the late Mr. J. J. LoWRY.
Mr. A. Pokteous. as Head Gardener to E. H. Watts, Esq.,

Devonhurst, Chiswick,
Mr. Carpenter, as Head Gardener to Mrs. Dewhurst,

Hightield, Eastbourne.
Both of the abore have been filled by Messrs. J. Laing & Son

Forest Hill.

PARTNER WANTED, in an established
NURSERY and FLORIST'S BUSINESS, in large south
of England town, an industrious competent Fruit, Plant,
and Cut Flower grower, with good references, to take charge
of Nursery department. Nursery on outskirts, and Conser-
vatory in town. Both on lease. Capital required, from £600
to £750. — PARTNER, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANTED, by the Corporation of Stockton-
on-Tees, a thoroughly PRACTICAL GARDENER, to
Superintend the Laying-Out of the New Park, 40 acres in
extent. He must have a good knowledge of Trees and Shrubs,
and experience in their Planting; and possess an efficient
method in the Management of Men. The person appo nted
would also be required to act as Curator and priocipal Care-
taker of the Park. Salary £100, with House, Gas. Rates, and
Water Free. Applications, with three recent testimonials, to
be sent to me by the 21st inst.

MAT. B. DODD8, Town Clerk, Stockton-on-Tees.

WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER, near St. Albans.— Must be well qualified.
Wages, 25s. and cottage. — Address, by letter, O. R., J. W.
Vickers, 5, Nicholas Lane, E.C.

WANTED, thoroughly experienced SINGLE-
HANDED GARDENER; must be a good all-round
man.— Reply, stating age, experience, length of character, and
wages required, to 4, Morden Road, Blackheath.

Decembeb 19, 1891.]

THE GARDE NE R S ' CHR 0 Nl CL E.

751

WANTED, a practical, energetio MAN, as
GARDENER, to grow Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables
for sale and consumption. Must understand his business
thoroughly, and be able to give satisfactory references. —
Reply, stating age, salary, and copy of last testimonial, to
B. H. MURPHY, Lowville, Merrion, co. Dublin,

WANTED IMMEDIATELY, a good
SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER.— Must thoroughly
understand all its brandies, Inside and Outside. Wages, 20s.
a-week. Age from 3D to 35. Good character essential. — H. G.
HY3WELL, Emberton Manor, Newport Pagnell, Bucks.

Rose Grower.

WANTED, a young tt&N, well-up in -Pro-
pagating and. Growing Roses, chiefly Teas, Indoors.
Muat have had previous experience in Grafting, &c. Perma-
nent position, with progressive salary, to suitable mia. —
State wages and experience to H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane
Nurseries, Upper Edmonton.

WANTED, a thoroughly good SECOND
GARDENER. Married. Must thoroughly understand
the culture of Gardenias, principally under glass. Good refer-
ences required. — Also a SINGLE MAN, as thoroughly good
CARNATION GROWER.— Apply, stating wages required in
both instances, to GARDENER, Loudwattr House, Rickmans-
worth, Herts.

WANTED, January 12, a young MAN, aa
SECOND, where three are kept, Inside and Out.
Abstainer preferred. State age, experience, wages, &c. —
HEAD GARDENER, Kirby Frith Hall, Leicester.

WANTED, a young man, as SECOND, in
the Houses. — Well up in Fruit and Plant-growing.
Abstainer. 17s. per week, bothy, vegetables, and milk.
State particulars.-T. ROBINSON, Elsfieid Gardens, Holling-
bourne, Kent.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN.— Must
thoroughly understand the growing Cucumbers and
Tomatos for Market. Abstainer preferred. — Apply, HUM-
MERSTONE and PIDINGTON, Colney Grove Nursery,
Durant's Estate, Ponder's End.

WANTED, an experienced WORKING
FOREMAN, to Grow Fruit and Cut Flowers for
Market. It 19 requested that only those who can give satis-
factory references will apply to S. W., Mr. H. Rides, Centre
Avenue, Covent Garden.

General Nursery and Seed.

REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY, in a very
old-established Business, twenty-five miles from London,
a thorough competent SHOPMAN, well up in all branches.
Must furnish first-class references as to ability, honesty, and
sobriety. Age about 30, preferred. — Application, by letter in
first instance, to B. Q., 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C.

NURSERY & SEED TRADE.— A VACANCY
will shorly occur in a leading firm for a representative
of good experience, who mast be reliable in every way, active,
pleasant manner, pushing, aud able to hold his own ou the
road. A good salary will be paid to a high-class man if
found suitable. — Apply, in own handwriting, stating age,
experience, and where acquired, references, and salary ex-
pected, to A. B., Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

Traveller.

WANTED, a thoroughly competent
TRAVELLER, who has taken North of England and
Scotland in Seed or Nursery Trade. Good salary to first-class
man. — Apply, RICHARD SANKEY and SON, Bulwell
Potteries. Nottingham.

WANTED, a JUNIOR ASSISTANT, for the
General Seed and Bulb Trade. Good writer, acrurate,
active, and of good address. — Apply, with references and wages
required, to R. P. KER and SONS, Basnett Street, Liverpool.

WANTED, a respectable well-educated
YOUTH, as INDOOR APPRENTICE to the Nursery,
Flower, and Seed Business. Premium required. Comfortable
home.— COOPER and SON, The Nurseries, Hadleigh, near
Ipswich.

WANTED, an IMPROVER for the Garden,
to Help Inside and Out. Must have had a little
experience in the Houses.— Apply, stating wages required, to
W. POTTLE, Barrells Park, Henley-in-Arden.

WANTED, a young MAN, for Shop.—
Must be good hand at making-up Flowers and under-
stand Seeds and Plants.— Apply, FLORIST, Gardeners'
Chroncle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiff a. Foresters, &c.

DICKSONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, CHESTER."

Head Gardeners,

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
London, S.E.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON beg to intimate
• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon
their Register some excellent Men, competent either to till
.the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN,
or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of
the above will please send full particulars, when the best
selections for the different capacities will be made.— Victoria
and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

C A N D~E R S, St. Albans, oan thoroughly

O RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
COMPANY (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and
Nurseries, Garston, near LiverpooJ wish to recommend to any
Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com-
petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who
wis Head Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir
Thomas Edward.* Moss, Bart., of Otterspool, near Liverpool.
— Full particulars on application to t*~' "Company.

GARDENER (Head), ^here t-wo or more are
kept; age 40, married, twQ children.— A Gentleman
can confidently recommend his Gardener. Mas been with him
two years, thoroughly understanding his business. Hard-
working and trustworthy. — WOOD. Holmethorpe, Redhill.

GARDENER (Head, or good" Single-
handed). — Age 30, married, no family. Sixteen years'
experience in all branches. Good references.— GEO. DRAKE,
6. Lawson Road, New Catton, Norwich.

GARDENER (Head).— Single ; trustworthy,
intelligent, and possessed of an excellent knowledge of
his business in all departments. Abstainer. High testi-
monials. Home counties preferred. —J. H., 60, Gordon Place,
Kensington.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32;
experienced in Early and Late Forcing of Fruits and
Flowers, also Flower and Kitchen Gardening, and Grass Land,
Highly recommended from present and previous situations. —
J. BROWN, The Gardens, West End House, Pinner, Middlesex.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29,
single. Thoroughly experienced in all branches.
Excellent references and testimonials as to character and
abilities. Address, stating particulars, GARDENER, ">, Upper
Pellipar Road, Woolwich.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Single.
Long experience in all branches at large places. Good
testimonials, and at liberty any time. Abstainer. — T.
COLLINS, 20. Leamington Street, Tong Road. Leeds.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or more are kept. — Has had excellent experience in
goad establishments. Good character. — J. H., Beaumanor
Park, Loughborough, Leicestershire.

(GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 40,

VJ married when suited. Mr. Coombes, Head Gardener
to the Earl of Dudley, Himley Hall, Dudley, can with con-
fidence recommend his Foreman to any Gentleman requiring
the services of a thorough practical man. Experienced in all
branches.

GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30 ;
thoroughly practical in all branches. Cau be well recom-
mended.— W. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or Second).
— Age 24 ; ten > ears' experience with Tomatos, Cucum-
bers, Melons, Roses, Ac. ; also Flower and Kitchen Garden.
Good references.— A. BEALE, 58, Garland's Road, Redhill.

G^ ARDENER. — Understands Kitchen and
■ Flower Gardening, Carpet Bedding, Stove aud Green-
house Plants, Vines, Cucumbers, Melons, &c. Fourteen years'
experience. Good references. State wages, &c— D.WALTON,
Beighton, Rotherham.

("1 ARDENER (Second), in a good establish-
7* ment. — Age 22. Seven years' experience in private
service. Good characters. Bothy preferred.— A. IRELAND,
The Gardens, Knightshayes, Tiverton, Devon.

GARDENER (Second). — Age 24. Eight
years' experience in large Establishments. Good refer-
ences.— J. YOUNG, Caldecote Hail, Nuneaton. Warwickshire.

ARDENER (Under), Inside and Oat.

—Age 23. George Harding, Maindiff Court Gardens,
Abergavenny, can highly recommend a steady young man as
above. Has been with him three years, and given him every
satisfaction. Bothy preferred.

MANAGER (Seed and Nursery Trade).—
Thirty years' experience, fourteen in present situation.
Highest references. — E. S., Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons,
Chapel Bar, Nottingham.

P" ROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 25;
eleven years' experience in growing Foliage and Soft-
wooded Stuff, Roses, Ferns, Grapes, Tomatos, Cut Flowers.—
F., 1, Baltic Terrace, Portslade, Sussex.

To Nurserymen.

PROPAGATOR and GROWER. Ferns,
foliage, and soft- wooded stuff. — Twentv-five years'
experience.— GROWER, 2, Nursery Place, NorthwoM Road,
Upper Clapton, London, E.

FOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good estab-
lishment.— Over two years in present situation as Fore-
man. Good character from present and previous employers. —
J. WELLS, Sherfield Manor Gardens, Basingstoke.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20;
five years' experience. Well recommended. Left
through reduction ot establishment.— B MARSH, Sturton-
le-Steeple, Lincoln.

JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, under a good
Foreman. — Age 21 ; six years in good Gardens. .Can be
well recommended from last and present situation. — W.COPE,
'6i, Beacon Hill, Newark-on-Trent, Notts.

JOURNEYMAN, Inside, in' a good establish-
ment.— Age 22; eeven years' experience. Can be highly
recommended by present and previous employers. — W. PAlCE,
Alice Holt Gardens, Farnham, Surrey.

IMPROVER, under a good Gardener. —
Age 19 ; five years' experience. Good character.— C. F.,
Bloomsbury Nursery, Timperley, Cheshire.

IMPROVER, in a large Garden. — Young
man, age 19. Three years' excellent character.— C. H.
RICHARDSON, 50, Stewart Road, Sharrow Vale, Sheffield.

IMPROVER. — A young Lady seeks situation
as above.— Age 20 ; fourteen months' experience. Used
to Mounting, Wreaths, Crosses, Sprays, Serving, &c. — R. G.,
14, England's Lane, Haverstock Hill. N.W.

TMPROVER, under Glass, or as GARDENER

X (Under), where three or more are kept. — WILLIAM
PHILLIPS, Gardener, Kelsale Rectory, Saxmundham, Suffolk.

TO COLONIAL GOVERNORS, NOBLE-
MEN, GENTLEMEV, and PUBLIC COMPANIES de-
veloping Estates in England or Abroad, Landscape Gardening,
Fruit Farming. &c. — Advertiser, who has carried out with
every satisfaction Public and Private Grounds, Parks, Ceme-
teries, &c, completes a three years' contract with the Canary
Islands Company in April next, desires re-engagement; mar-
ried, no family. Twenty-five j ears' practical experience ; good
knowledge of Spanish, Budding and Grafting ; Propagator and
Florist. Accustomed to control EDglish and Foreign Labour
iu large numbers; entire charge. Understands Irrigation,
Road - making, &c. Well educated. Irreproachable testi-
monials.—R. T. BIGGS, The Gardens, Sta Catalioa, Las
Palmas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands.

TO GENTLEMEN and GARDENERS.— A
youth, age 18, seeks re-engagement under a Foreman in
a good establishment. Two years in last situation. Good
reference, — W, W., The Gardens, Hafodunas, North Wales.

TO SEEDSMEN and FLORISTS.— A young
Gentleman, age 23, total abstainer, requires a situation
as MANAGER of a s-mall or branch business. Experienced in
Bouquets, Wreaths, Seeds, Bulbs, and the general management
and growiog of Plants and Bulbs. — A. B., 19, Oppidans Road,
Primrose Hill, N.W.

TO GARDENERS.— Handyman wants work.
Good Glazier, Painter, Repairs. Willing to be useful.
Good character. Any district. — GLAZIER, 10, SecretanRoad,
Albany Road, Camberwell, S.E.

TO GARDENERS.— A young man (age 21)
seeks re-engagement under a Foreman, in a good estab-
lishment. Five years in last situation. Good references. Bothy
preferred.— H. KISLINGBURY, Elstead, Godalming.

TO NURSERYMEN.— PROPAGATOR and
GROWER (ASSISTANT).— Age 24 ; nine and a h^lf years'
experience with all kinds of Hard and Soft-wooded Plants,
the Grafting of Roses, Rhododendrons, Clematis, &c. —
J. WHEAT1.EY, 57, AJexandra Road. Waltharmtow, Essex.

TO MARKET GROWERS. — FOREMAN,
experienced in Fruit. Tomatos.Cucumbers, Palms, Ferns,
Cut Flowers, Grafting Tea Roses, Clematis, &c. Could
manage branch business. — ALPHA, 1 Grove Road. Mitcham.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER— Sixteen years'
experience in the London Seed Trade. Highest refer-
ences as to character and ability.— HONESTY, 1, Little
College Street, Westminster. S.W.

SHOPMAN.— Age 37, married ; thoroughly
experienced. First-class hand at Wreaths, Crosses,
Bouquets, &c. Seven years' character.— W. S., 95, Lingfield
Road, East Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ;
thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower
Trade. Good references. State particulars. — W. HARRIS,
Hammerwood, East Grinstead, Sussex.

SHOPMAN (Assistant). — Nine years' experi-
ence; first-class re'erence. Could manage a branch.
Abstainer.— EDWARDS, 275, Stamford Street, Ashton-under-
Lyne.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Weak Stomach.—
The wisest cannot enumerate one quarter of the dis-
tressing symptoms arising from imperfect or disordered diges-
tion, all of which can be relieved by these admirable Pills.
They remove cankery taste from the mouth, flatulency, and
constipation. Holloway's Pills rouse the stomach, liver, and
every other organ, thereby bringing digestion to that healthy
tone which fully enable* it to convert all we eat and drink to
the nourishment of our bodies. Hence these Pills are the
surest strengthened and the safest restoratives in nervousness,
wasting, and chronic debility. Holloway's Pills are infallible
remedies for impaired appetite, eructations, and a multitude of
other disagreeable symptoms which render the lives of thousands
miserable indeed, Thse Pills are approved by all classes.

752

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[December 19, 1891.

TO THE TRADE.

FLOWER SEED NOVELTIES for 1892,

RAISED BY HURST & SON.

CHRYSANTHEMUM-NEW DOUBLE ANNUAL HYBRID VARIETIES.

This valuable and most unique Novelty has resulted from caref^jy hybridising and selecting
for several years the semi-double varieties of this useful Annual, t until"} n'#n degree of double-
ness has been attained. They are extremely variable, but we have succeed 'n fa'r'y fixing five
distinct colours as named below, and which we now offer separately and also m Collections of the five
sorts, as well as in mixture as last year, the latter embracing a great variety of tints ranging
from white and yellow to richest purples and crimsons with intermediate shades of rose, lilac, kc.

The separate varieties are as follow : —
GOLDEN BRONZE, golden-yellow ground, the petals tipped with bronzy-crimson, constant.
LILACINA, delicate lilac-rose, centre shading to deeper lilac-rose.
PURPLE PRINCE, rich crimson-purple, guard petals slightly lighter.
PICOTEE EDGED, creamy-white ground, each petal beautifully tipped with red, very fine.
CRIMSON QUEEN, rich crimson, guard petals often golden-yellow, very beautiful.
Each of the above 5 varieties, Is. per packet, retail.
COLLECTIONS containing the 5 varieties separate, retail.

All colours mixed, 1*. per packet, retail.
PRICES TO THE TRADE ON APPLICATION.

53%

Electros of this Block 'As. dd.

POPPY SNOWDRIFT.

(PAPAVEH ALBA PLENA FIMBEIATA.)

This magnificent introduction among annual Poppies originated in the United States. The flowers are given with wonderful profusion, and are
fine for cutting, particularly from sowings made in the autumn ; and when a duplicate sowing is made in spring, can be cut from June to October. It
grows from 2 to 3 feet in height, and for a bold glistening white mass, in the select herbaceous border or shrubbery, has no equal.

A better idea of the flowers may be given by comparison with the best forms of white Japanese Chrysanthemums, with its cut tissue-paper
like formation.

One Shilling per Packet, Retail. Price to the Trade on application. Please note, we do not in any case supply Retail.

SEED WAREHOUSE, 152, HOUNDSDITCH, LONDON.

LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS,

And replace INEFFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES by

WEEKS'S

PATENT DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUBULAR,

THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE.

It m unparalleled for POWER, ECONOMY, and DURABILITY, the

WATER "BARS ulone being equal to many Boilers.

A TEN YEARS' GUARANTEE ffiven with all Duplex

Boi'ers (subject to printed conditions) when fixed by the Patentees.

FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO

J. WEEKS & CO.,

Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees,

KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher." at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury. AGNEW, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martim, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, December 19, 1891. Agent for Manchester— John Hkywood.

Established i84i.

No. 261.— Vol. X. {ST™.} SATUEDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1891.

Regt. as a Newspaper, f PRICE 3d.

WITH SUPPLEMENT.! POST-FREE, 3|rf.

CONTENTS.

Books:—
Dictionnaire de Bota-

nique 766

Foesil Botany 768

Law of Bankruptcy,

the 766

Orchid Album, the ... 766

Plant World, the ... 768
Bird* of the commons

and woodlands ... 758

Brentford Market, the ... 760

Calendars and almanacs 765

Cedar of Ooa, the ... 761

Celery, Wright's Grove

Pink 768

Christmas numbers ... 765

Egg Plants 760

Florists' flowers 761

Flower garden 762

Fruits under glass ... 762
Gardeners' Orphan Fund,

the 766

German Gardeners' Club,

meeting of 765

Hampton Court, Here-
fordshire 757

Hardy fruit garden ... 763
Hazehvood, Kings Lang-
ley 766

Heating, a novel mode of 767

Hibberd memorial
Holy Citron of Morocco .

Kitchen garden

Law notes ,.

New plants

Obituary : —
Dickson, W. A.
Vert, John

Orchid houses

,, notes

Parsley, protecting

Passing year, the

Peach, Dr. Hogg

Plants and their culture

Plant portraits

Primula nivalis

Queen, The, and horti-
culture

Rockeries

Societies-
Devon and Exeter Gar-
deners'Association...

Linnean

L'Orchideenne

National Chrysanthe-
mum

Royal Horticultural ...

Trees and Shrubs

Veitch Memorial Prizes .

761
763
769
758

769
770
763
758
768
761
768
763
766
768

765
768

765
765
765

769
765
760
765

761
759

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cedar of Goa, the

Chatsworth

Hazelwood, King-t Langley (see Supplement)
Novel mode of heating, a

" The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The
Subscription to America, including Postage,
is $4.30 for 12 months. Agent for America,
E. H. Libby, Manager, The Rural Publish-
ing Co., Times Builiing, New York, to whom
American orders may be sent.

Now Ready, in Cloth, Ws. 6d.," The Gardeners'
Chronicle," Vol. IX., Third Series, January
to June, 1891. The Publisher, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Utrind, W.C.

" Paxton's Calendar." New Edition, '■ The Cot-
tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations,"
Price 3d., post-free, 3id. 41, Wellington
Street, Strand, London, W. C.

ELWAY'S ILLUSTRATED MANUAL

t-jL. of Horticulture and Agriculture for 1892. See larger
advertisement for details and contents.— Lanjrport, Somerset.

FOR FORCING. — PARISIAN LILACS,
just imported, very fine, 30s. per dozen,
CUNINGHAM'S WHITE RHODODENDRON, well set, 155.
18s., and 24s. per dozen. Order at once of —
WALSHAW and SON, Scarborough.

SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands
toselectfrom. Write for Liet. free.— P. MoABTHUB,
The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W.

Cheaper than Ever.

ROSES! ROSES!— A Specialty. Plant at
once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best exhibition
varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send
for sample dozen, 6s. Carriage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, 21s.,
or 30s. per 100, our selection. Descriptive Catalogue^ with full
cultural directions, free on application. Trade supplied.
A. J. and C. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Heigham, Norwich.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL-
TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other
Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction
last year.

A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum- Hardy,
Manchester.

SUTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN
HORTICULTURE FOR 1892,"
NOW READY.

Price Is.. Post-free ; Gratis to Customers ordering Goods
value 20*. and upwards, from

SUTTON and SONS,
The Queer's Seedsmen. Rea.dinq.

To the Trade.

COOPER TABER & CO., Limited, have
posted their GENERAL WHOLESALE CATALOGUE
to all their customers. If not received, another copy will be
sent on application. — 90, Southwark Street, London, S.E.

AG. WATSON,

• Fkuit and Flower Salesman, Aberdeen.
CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED of POT PLANTS and
CUT FLOWERS.

To Florists.

FRENCH FLOWERS, direot from the
Gardens. — An enormous Baving. ROSES, MIMOSA,
MIGNONETTE, MARGUERITES, ORANGE BLOSSOM, &c.
Sample basket, carriage paid to London, for 10s. Postal Order.
The RIVIERA FLORAL SUPPLY. Nice.

BS. WILLIAMS and SON'S
• IMPROVED MUSHROOM SPAWN.

For Out-door and In-door Culture. Per bushel, 5s. ; per cake,

6d. ; per cake, free by Parcel Post, Is.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Fruiting Vines In Pots.

HLANE and SON have, as usual, a splendid
• lot of extra fine, well-ripened Canes, suitable for
Forcing, to carry heavy crops next season.

The Nurseries, Berkhamsted, Herts.

Prize Cob Filbert Trees.

MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms,
Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower
of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom.
20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution.

Descriptive Price LISTS, &c, on application.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Our new Illustrated
LIST, now ready, includes every novelty really worth
having.

J. R. PEARSON AND SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Notts.

Shame's Victor Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers
• and Merchants. Boston, offer a few tons of this
excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample.
Price, per cwt. or ton. on application.

D. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market,

• and 37, Exeter Street, W.C. having commenced
to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE
TOMATOS. GRAPES, &c. Good references.

VINES.- VINES. — VINES.

V We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and
Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application.

JOHN PEED and SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood
Road, London, S.E.

The Best Present for a Gardener.
INES and VINE CULTURE.

The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on

Grapes and their Culture ever published.

New Edition.

Price 5*., post-free, 55. Gd.

A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

X\T ANTED, CHRYSANTHEMUM CUT-

V\ TINGS. MADAME DESGRANGES. LADY SEL-
BORNE, ELAINE.1 and good late yellows. State lowest price
per 1000 to— GRAY and CO., Gatehouse Nurseries, Worthing.

CARTERS' "VADE MECUM FOR 1892"
has now been posted to Messrs. Carters' Customers. It
contains seven elegant coloured Illustrations, and will
be found a most thorough book of reference by all who
desire to cultivate successfully the choicest vegetables
and the prettiest flowers.

Price Is., Post-free, to unknown correspondents.
CARTERS', Seedsmen, by Royal Warrants, to H.M. The
Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
237 aod 23S. High Holborn, London. W.C.

ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.—
Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well-
established, healthy, and easily-grown plants.

W. L. LEWIS and CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate,
London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road.

ROSES! ROSES!! ROSES!!! — The best
and cheapest in the world. 40 Choice Perpetuals for
21s. ; purchaser's selection from 400 best varieties; Catalogues
free on application. Twelve Acres of Roses. 1C0, 000 grand
plants to select from ; plant now.

JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter.

ISO.OOO.-Speclal Offer of Kentlas.

WICETUN has a large quantity of the
• above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per
1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000 ; in 60's, well-
established, at £30 per 1000.

W. ICETON. Putney, S.W.

KILLARNEY FERN.— For Sale, a case of
this lovely perennial Fern. Case 3 feet 3 inches in
length, 22 inches in width.-Apply, HENNESSY & SON,
Waterford. Ireland.

PALMS — For CHRISTMAS — PALMS.—
Silver's Special Offer for Christmas, Church, and Room
Decorations: 12 Latania borbonica (the Fan Palm), beautiful
plants, l£ to 2 feet high, for 10*.; 2 to 2£ feet high, 15s.
Package and packing free for Cash with Order.

J. W. SILVER, streatham and Norbury Nurseries, S.W.

Seeds ! Seeds ! ! Seeds t ! !
VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, saved

V from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with
a garden, and every Market Gardener, should send for a CATA-
LOG LIE before purchasing elsewhere.

SPECIAL LOW QUOTATIONS to Large Buyers.
B. L. COLEMAN, Seed Merchant and Grower, sandwich, Kent.

TMPORTANT LISTS ON APPLICATION.

-L Surplus Clearance DAFFODIL BULBS, in prime condition
for Pots, Beds, and to Naturalise, at greatly reduced prices.
Conference Michaelmas Daisies and Sunflowers.
Choice Single and Double Paeonies.
Choice Iris, Tall and Dwarf.
Choice Hellebores and Lilies.
Choice Gladioli, Carnations, Picotees, and Pink?.
BARR and SON,

12, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

To the Trade.

NUTTING and SONS have posted their Fifty-
first Annual Trade CATALOGUE of Garden and
Flower Seeds to all their Friends; if not received, another
Copy will be sent on application.

Seed Warehouses, 106, Southwark Street, London, S.E.

OSES ! ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now

100 strong dwarf. H.P. Roses for 30*.

The finest in the Trade.

Send for Sample Dozen, 5*. Cash with Order.

CATALOGUES, free on application.

C. H. GORRINGE. Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne.

J WEEKS and CO., Horticultural
• Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De-
partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society,
Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex
Upright Tubular Boilers.

King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLANT
MANURE. — This valuable Manure is made only by us.
Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery
and Seedsmen, and airect from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage
paid . London Agent— Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road. Putney .
WM. THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords. Galashiels, N.B.

754

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Dkcembee 2t>, 1891.

SALES by AUCTION.

Wednesday Next.

600 Lots of HYACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSUS, and other
DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS; PALMS; 40 Lots of
GREENHOUSE and other FERNS, from an English
Nursery, &c.

\f ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will

IVI. SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and
68, Cheapside. EC, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, December 30,
at half-past 12 o'Clock.

On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday Next, January 1, 1892.

IMPORTANT SALE of ESTABLISHED and IMPORTED
ORCHIDS, from a well-known Private Collection.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are
favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION at
their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London,
E.C.. on FRIDAY NEXT. Jan. 1, 1S92. at half-past 12 o'Clock,
about 60 or 70 lots of tine ESTABLISHED ORCHID3, from a
private collection, including some grand Cypripediums,
amongst them Niobe, Graude, Leanum buperbum, CEnanihum
superbum, Sobralia xantholeuci, 35 bulbs; Sobraha virginalis,
and several large plants of Ccelogyne cristata.

81 lots of DENDROBIUMS, CATTLEYAS. ODONTOGLOS-
SUMS, and CYPRIPEDIUMS, from another private collection.

100 lots of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, another Property,
including Cypripedium Morganiae, Harrisianum supeibum,
Ccelogyne cri=tata alba, Lselia elegans Bluntii, Odontoglossuni
elegans, Lielia albida, and other valuable species; an impor-
tation of 50 I Dendrobium McCarthia2, 500 Vanda spathulata,
500 Vanilla Phaleeuopsid, received direct for unreserved Sale.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Friday, January 8, 1892.
PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT.

LINDEN'S

GRANDEST DISCOVERY:

CATTLEYA REX,

JAMES O'BRIEN.

iW THE MOST FAMOUS ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED.

J. JjtNDEN, the discoverer and first introducer of

nearly all the finest Cittleyas in cultivation, viz , CATTLEr a

AURKA. AMKTHl'STOtiLOSSA, GIUA5, ELDORADO, TRIAN.E,

Waruoqueaxa (LiBiATA autum.valis), &c, confidently
recommends—

CATTLEYA BEX

as the

FINEST OF THE GEXUS.

CATTLEYA REX FLOWERS in DECEMBER and JANUARY.

Some amateurs hav<- stated CATTLEYA REX to be a grand

form of Catt'eya nurea, with white sepals and petals, but it is

a Quite New Type.

CATTLEYA REX is described by JAMES O'BRIEN in the

Gardeners' Chronicle, December 13, 1890.
Sepals and petals ;tre creamy-white. The labellum is of the
richest crimson, of various shades— from the rosy hue to the
purple tint — veined in a beautiful manner with g>lden-yellow,
all worked in to form a richly-colouring marbling. " It is a
Wonderful Piece of Colouring."

Mr. R. JOHNSON, Stand Hall Gardens, Whiteneld,
Manchester, writes to Messrs. LINDEN : —
" The CATTLEYA REX has flowered with us, and a grand
thing it is. We have had some of the principil importers of
Orchid* here to see it: thpy think your plate in Lindenia
(English edition, Part I., 1831) a true representation of the
flower, but the lip of our flower is FINER than your Plate."

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
ere favoured with instructions from Messrs. LINDEN,
L'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, to SELL by AUC-
TION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 07 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.C., on FRIDAY January 8, 1893, at half-past 13
o'clock, the wsole of the above importation, just to hand in
capital condition.

The plants h ive been collected by Messrs. Linden's intrepid
collector. M. C Ellner, with the greatest difficulties, who
hss searched with hundreds of natives for two years after this
grandest Cattleya, and only succeeded in discovering those
offered.
He states that '■ it is impossible to find any more."
A portrait made from a plant flowered in Monsieur
Warocque's collection will be on view on the day of Sale.
On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

WANTED to RENT, near a good Town,
600 to 1000 feet run of good GLASS, nnd about 2 Acres
of LAND. Particulars to J. R , 3, Wande Street, Hull.

Tooting.

TO BE LET, about 12 Acrea of MARKET-
GAEDEN GROUND, in good condition. Near two
stations. Rent, £70 per annum. Crops and Tenant-right at
a valuation.

Particulars of PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, 67 and 63,
Cheapside, E.C.

'T'O BE LET, 14 miles from London, on the

j*-.„ Bath Koad, HEATHEOW FARM, Harmondsworth,
Middles"*, from Michaelmas next; contrins 438 acres of good
Arable and 44 of Mesdow Land. Let as a whole, or divided
into three or four Market Gardens. The House and Buildings
are S miles from West Drayton and Ha\es Stations (G. W. E.),
als • Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. E.l. No Agents
nee 1 apply.

For particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND,
Wrot'iam Park Estate Office, Barnet, Herts.

ARTHUR L. BULLEN,

Wholesale Flower Salesman axd Grower.
33, EXETEE STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
Stands, Nos. 271 and 272, Flower Market, Covent Garden,

and Highfield Nursery, Bromley Common, Kent.

Having been established nearly twenty years in Covent

Garden Market, A. L. B. has a daily demand for Choice Flowers,

and giving personal attention to all consignments, he is

thus enabled to command full market prices for same.

rPHE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY

X. (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the
Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without
Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses.
Call or write for Prospectus.

Address. SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C.

PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form-
ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries. Winter
Gardens, Alpineries. &c , as in hundreds of places about the
kir.g lorn, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully
illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by

PULHAM and feOX. 50, Finsbury Square, London, E.C, and
Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Hook sent for inspection
on receipt of twelve stamps.

Myatt'a Prolific Kidney Potatos.

WW. JOHNSON and SON, Seed
• Growers and Merchants, Boston, offer the above
in quantity. Price on application.

Trade Offer of Large Palms.

WICETON has a large Stock of the lead-
• ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet
high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Draccenas,
Bamboos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application.
W. ICKTON, Putney, S.W.

Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I

T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint-
ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersiugham, King's
Lynn, Norfolk.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO.

(JOHN COWAN), Limited,

THE VINEYARD AND NURSERIES,

GARSTON, near LIVERPOOL,

Have just received large and fine importations of
the following

ORCHIDS,

CATTLEYA AUREA,
CATTLEYA GICAS SANDERIANA

(including C. aubea and C. Habdyana),

CATTLEYA TRIAN/E of the finest type

(including some of the pure white forms),

ODONTOGLOSSUM VEXILLARIUM,
ODONTOGLOSSUM MIRANDUM,
ODONTOGLOSSUM WALLISII,
ODONTOGLOSSUM LUTEQ-PURPUREUM.

The Company have also secured a fine lot of
the New and Beautiful

COCHLIODA NOEZLIANA.

Full Particulars on Application to the Company.

Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters.
TSAAC MATTHEWS and SON

-A. have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to
offer cheap : — 100,000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White,
Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and
500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from
1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four
and six-year old, extra strong; COMMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet
and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet; BIRCH, 8 to 9,
9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10
feet; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet,
and speoimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS,
ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES,
fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently-transplanted POPLARS, varie-
ties. 8 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Tree", also for
Forest Planting; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS,
IVIES, LAURELS. &c.

CATALOGUES on application.
The Nurseries, Milton, Stoke-on-Trent.

EXHIBITIONS.

BOURNEMOUTH and DISTRICT CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM and HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
NEXT EXHIBITION, NOVEMBER 9 and 10,1892.
.TAMES SPONG, Secretary,
The Gardens, Lindisfarne, Bournemouth.

FOR SALE, a fine specimen ENCEPHA-
LARTOS VILLOSUS and CiTAKIDOZAMIA MAC-
LEAYI. For particulars, apply to —

GEORGE JACKMAN & SON, Woliiug Nursery, Surrey.

Fruit Trees a Specialty.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW-

XJL BERRIES, and all forts of Small and Hardy Fruits
grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New
Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption.
Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE
and GUIDE, the most complete issued, raf. Ordinary LIST free.
JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withiugton,
Hereford.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen Planting.

FOR IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL, large
LAURELS, of sorts, bushy, from 4 ft. high and upwards ;
SCOTCH FIR, from 2 feet 6 inches to 8 feet; SPRUCE,
PINUS AUSTRIACA, PINIIS LARICIO, Red-twigged LIMES,
CHESTNUTS, OAK, ASH, SYCAMORE. WALNUT. YEWS,
&c, hue stuff for instant effect. As the ground must be cleared
this Autumn, no reasonable offer refused. All goods free on rail.
C. F. MILLAR, The Nurseries, London Road, Chippenham.

DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI-
TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages,
illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in
England as "the most useful list published in the trade."
Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent grans to all who
apply for it and enclose Zd. to cover po=tage.— DOBBIE and
CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland.

Q H O R T 1 A GALAUIEOL1A.—

O Per 100 Strong Plants, 40s.

See Gardeners1 Chronicle. Much 30, 1889; Garden, Aug. 30,
1890 ; and Bot. M.ig , tab. 7082.

This is one of the prettiest and most interesting of American
plants ; it is a dwarf, hardy herbaceous plant, witli bell- shaped,
pure white flowers, and ruuudish, leathery leaves, which turn
a deep red in the nuturun.

C. G. V*N TUBERGEN, JuNn , Haarlem. Holland.

GROUND REQUIRED.
TO BE SOLD, CHEAP.
10,000 LAURELTINUS, 1^ to 2 and 3J feet.
6000 CYPRESS MACROCARPA, 3 to 5aud8feet.
M00 SILVER FIR, 2 to 2J feet.
2000 GREEN EUONYMUS, 1 to 2 and 2* feet.
Special offers on application.
HUMPHREY GRIFFITH, Frondy Nursery, Pwllheli, Wales.

To the Trade.

A COPY of our Wholesale LIST of AGRI-
CULTURAL, GARDEN, nud FLOWER SEEDS for
1&92, has now been posted to all our Customers.

Iu case of miscarriage, another copy will be promptly sent
on application to

JACOB WRENCH and SONS, Limited, 39, King William
Street, London Bridge, London, E.C. Established 1750.

Flower Roots.— Carriage Paid.

DICKSON and KOB1NSON
offer the undermentioned in first-size bulbs, and in

excellent condition, at moderate prices, viz. : —
HYACINTHS, named vara, for pots, at 3s., 4s., and tis. perdoz.
POLYANTHUS NAKdSSUS, best vars., at 2s. and 3s. per doz.
LILIOM LANCIPOLIUM ALBUM, 9s. doz.; RUBRUM, tl.-.doz.
GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS. 4s. 6d. to rJs. per 100.
GLADIOLUS, Lemoine's New Hyhri s, in mixture, 20s. p. 100.
TUBEROSE "THE PEARL," Doubl-, 20s. per 100. 3s. per doz.

Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester.

^TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, TELEGRAPH.

X The Old TRUK Stock of Rollisson.

A Prodigious cropper, and unsuroassed for Marltet Work.
Seed, just harvested, Is. per packet; 25 Seeds, Is. lid. ; 100
Seeds, 4s. Post free, Cash with Order. Price per ounce on
application.- C. A. LB TALL & CO., Seedsnitn, &c, The
Approach, Charing Cross, W.C.

FERNS ! FERNS ! 1— Trade.— Greenhouse and
Stove, 25 saleable sorts. 12s, per 100; out c.f pots, 10s.
Large A. cuneatum, in 48's, tis. per doz. Large Ferns, 10 sale-
able sorts, Aralia Sieboldii, Primulas, Solanums, superiorituff,
all in 48's, 5s. 6rf. per doz. Palms, Ficus. Erica hyemalis, and
Cyclamen, in 48's, 12s. per dozen, for bloom nnd fine foliage
cannot be better. P. tremula, and A. cuneatum. selected bushy,
for potting ou, 16s. per 100. Packed free, Cash wi'th Order.
J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries. Lougnboro' Junction, S.W,

(J H RUBS and CONIFERS. — American

O Arbor-vita?, 2£ feet, 20s. per 100; Bfrberis aquifolium,
2 feet, 16s. per 100; Box Tree, 1^ foot, 12s. per 100; Coto-
neafiter microphylla. 2 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet,
12s. per 100; Eseallonia mac ran tha, pot, 2 feet, 2is. per 100;
Laurel, Common, l£ foot. 10s. per 100; 2 to 2£ feet, 14s. per
100; 3 to 3£ feet, 20s. per 100 ; rotundifolia, 2 to 2£ feet. Id's,
per 100 ; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2£ feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo-
dendron ponticum, l£ to 2 feet, 25s. per 100; 2 to 2£ feet,
32s. per 100 ; 3 feet, 60s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Eng-
lish, l£ to 2 feet. 24s. per 100; 2 to 2$ feet, 30s. per 100;
Araucaria imbricata, 3 to 3£ feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet. 40s. per
doz., Cupressua Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, aOs. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet,
30s. per 100 ; Ereeta viridis, 2 to 2£ feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to 3£
feet, 40s. per 100; Picea Nordmannia. 2 feet, 60s. per 100;
2£ to 3 feet, 12s. j:er dozen ; Retinospora pluraosa, 2£ feet, 30s.
per 100; 4 to 4J feet, 50s. per 100; Thuia Lobbii, 3 to 4 feet,
30s. per 100; 5 feet, 60s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100; 7 feet,
extra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopsis dohibrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100;
2) feet to 3 fett, fine specimens, 24s. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s.
each.

GAKLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer.

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

755

PALM SEEDS.

SEASON 1892.

I have much pleasure in offering the following Palm Seeds,
a large proportion of which are guaranteed to germinate.
Purchasers will find these gi>e very different result* to the
cheap consignments sent by inexperienced speculators to the
London and Continental Markets : —

KENTIA BELMOREANA (Lord Howe Island) ... 20s. per 1000.
„ FOSTERtANA „ ,, ...20s.

CANTERBURYANA „ 40s.

MOOREII „ „ ...40s.

ARECA BAUERII (Norfolk Island) 10*.

CORYPHA AUSTRALIS (New South Wales) ... 6s. „
SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS ,. „ ... 6s.

PTYCHOSPERMA ALEXANDRA (Queensland), 20s.

As these seeds ripen at different times, and all require
immediate despatch, orders should reach here — for Keutias
and Areca, in February ; Seaforthia, in April ; Corypha, in
August; and Ptyeho^pemia, in November.

All Orders accompanied by remittances in full, for not less
than £10 worth in one shipment, will be delivered free at
Marseilles, Antwerp, Bremen, or London. Consul's Fees to
be added to American Orders for free delivery at San Francisco.

Also SEEDS and PLANTS of all our NATIVE TREES and
SHRUBS.

F. J. FERGUSON,

NURSERYMAN,

DOUBLE BAY, SYDNEY, NSW.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

JOHN PERKINS and SUN offer the follow-
ing STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHER-
RIES, and DAMSONS, 5 to 6 feet stems, suitable for Orchards ;
very cheap by the dozen, hundred, or thousand. All the most
popular sorts in cultivation. Special offers on application.
52, MARKET SQUARE. NORTHAMPTON.
Nurseries, Billing Road.

UMALL SHRUBS and CONIFER^.— Abies

O orientali9, 4-yr., 40s. per 100U ; Cupressus macrocarpa,
1-yr., 305. per 10U0; C. Laweoniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 10UO;
C. electa viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000; Cutoneasier Sim-
monsii, 1 foot. 30s. per 1000; Escallonia macraulha, 9 inch,
8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish, 2-yr., His. per 1000 ; Lilac, purple,
2-)r., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per )00;
Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, 50s. per POO; Pinu9
cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. NordmaDnia,
2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 10110; P. nobilis, 2-year trans-
planted, 6s. per 103; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per 1000 ; ditto,
10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000: Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch,
tran-planted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100;
R. squarrosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; Rhododen-
dron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per 100ft; 6 to
9 inch, bSs. per 1000 ; Thuia Lobbii, 10 to 12 inch, 3os. per
1000; 15 to 18 inch, extra, 40s. per 1000; Veronica Traversii,
8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia. 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew,
Eugluh, l'-yrs., 1-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 100O; Irish Yew,
8 to 9 inch. 8s. per 100.

QARLIES MITCHELL. Nurseryman, Stranraer.

ANTHONY WATEKER invites from
intending Planters an inspection of the fallowing well-
grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :—
ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), S to S feet.

„ DOUGLASII, 6 to 12 feet.

„ ,, GLAIICA, 5 to 8 feet.

,, HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet.

„ LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet.

„ ., LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet.

„ „ AURE \ (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet.
PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet.

„ GRANDIS. 5 to 8 feet.

„ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet.

„ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet.

„ PUNGENS, 1J to 4 feet.

„ ,, GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1» to 4 feet.
PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 ieet.

„ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet.
THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet.

„ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet.
THUIA LOBBII (gigantea), 5 to 9 feet.

„ OCOIDENTALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. S to 7 feet.
YEWS, Common, 3. 4, 5. and 6 feet.

„ Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms,
Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of variety,
size, and quality unequalled.

„ Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet.

,, Irish, 5 to 10 feet.

,, ,, Golden, 3 to 6 feet.
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 24 to 4 feet.
BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet.
BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet.
HOLLIES. Common, from 3 to lo feet.

„ ALTACLERENSE,

„ HODGINS or NOBILIS,

„ LAURIFOUA,

" MYRTIFOLIA. j- 3. 4. 5, up to 10 feet.

„ SCOTICA,

„ Yellow berried, and ott er sorts

,, Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet.

f, Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet.

„ Silver Queen, 4, 6, up to 10 feet.

„ Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems,
with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth.

,, New Golden Weeping.
RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet.

Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution.

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN, that the
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Members of
this Institution will be held at " Simp-on's," 101, Strand, on
FRIDAY', January 15 next, to receive the report of the Com-
mittee of Management, to elect the usual Officers, to tran-act
General Business aud to place THIRTEEN PENSIONERS on
the Funds, SEVEN of whom will be ehcted by Ballot.

The Chair will be taken at 3 o'clock, and the Ballot will
clos- at 5 o'Clock precisely.

The Voting Fapers have all been issued, but should any
sub criber not have received a copy, early intimation is
requested to the Secretary.

GEORGE J. INGRAM, Secretary.
Offices, 50, Parliament Street, S.W.

FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS
to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest
stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Pancras.

FRANK CANT'S
ROSES.

CHEAP and GOOD.

Standards, from 21s. per dozen.

Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100.

Send for CATALOGUE.

BRAISWIGK NURSERY,

COLCHESTER.
CHARLES NOBLE

HAS FINF. BUDDED
RHODODENDRONS, named kinds.
ANUK'iMKDA FLORIHUNDA.
AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds.

Ditto, Seedlings.

Ditto, MOLLIS, 10 to S ) buds.

Ditto, OCCIDENTALS.

■ 3 to 6 feet.

DWARF ROSE*. H. P.. B., and TEAS.
THUIOP.-IS BOREALIS 1

THITIA LOBBII

Ditto, AMERICANA
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA J
HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet.
HARDY HEATHS.
CLEMATIS, 3 and 4 years old.
The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will be
found superior in every way.

BAGS HOT, December, 18B1.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

OWEN'S Descriptive aDd Priced CATALOGUE,

Giving full Descriptions and Results after Flowering of Eng-
lish Seedlings, carefully selected from thou amis; also Sports.
American and Continental Novelties, all carefully Selected
after Blooming, only the very beat in each section described ;
all infeiior varieties discarded.

The folowing Grand Novelties will be distributed (March) : —
Mrs. Robinson Kii g. new golden yellow sport from Golden
Empress, 5s. ; Six First-clas- Certificates, i£91. Noel Pragnell,
or Striped Empress of India, 3s. 6d. Prelude, or Striped Alfred
Lyue, '.is. 6d. Miss Lilian Cope, or White Etoile de Lyon, 5*.

Orders booked for above, and all other Novelties, and dis-
patched in strict rotation. CATALOGUE free.

R. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead.

Mi it Tils

For Market and Private Growers.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ETC.

Descriptive CATALOGUES Post-free.

ifbHEAL&J50NS

U9y Crawlej, W Sussex.

New Chrysanthemums.

CARTERS' LIST of the BEST SORTS
for 1892.
Now ready, gratis and pent-free, on application to the
Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

1 0 0(10 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well-

J-\/^ \J\J\J grown, 18 inches to 3u inches, Us. to 15s. per
dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order.

J. J\ CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton,

BEGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded
Four Gold Medals, and Gold Cup, and all First Prizes
Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Seed and Bulbs,
eclipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double
varieties. Is , 2s. 6d , aud 5s. per packet. Collections (Seed)—
single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6rf. ; 6 ditto, 3s.
Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per dozen ; unnamed
setdlings, 12s. to 2ls. per dozen ; bediling, choicest. 4s., 5s., 6s.,
and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 42s. per doz. ;
unnamed, choicest, 185. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for
bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis.

JOHN LAING and SONS, Begonia Growers, &c, Forest
Hill, London.

KELWAY'S ILLUSTRATED MANUAL

Part I. VEGETABLE SEEDS.— Peas. Beans, Cabbage,
Cauliflower, Radi-h, Carrot, Celery, Cucumber, Lettuce,
Melons, Onion, Turnip, Tomato, Mushroom, Asparagus, Sea
Kale, Potatos, &c.

Part II. FLOWER SEEDS.— Asters, Auriculas, Begonias,
Calceolaria, Cineraria, Cockscomb, Cyebmen, Gloxinia, Mari-
gold, Mignonette, Petunia. Pansy, Primula, Stocks, Zinnia,
Wallflower, Annuals of all kinds, Herbaceous Perennials of all
kinds, &c.

Part III. AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.— Mangolds, Swedes,
Turnips, Clover*. Grass Seeds, &c.

Part IV. PLANTS.— Rises, Pteonies, Pyrethrums, Del-
phiniums, Gaillardias, Begonias, Amaryllids. Carnations,
Chrysanthemums, Dahlias. Ferns, Abutilons, Fuchsias, Her-
baceous Perennial Border Plants in most extensive variety,
Alpines, Irises. Phloxes, Geraniums, Pinks, Pentstemous,
Hollyhocks, Christmas Roses. Greenhouse Plants, Clematis. &c.

Part V. TREES, FRUITS, &c— Apples. Apncots, Cherries,
Grapes, Nectarines, Pears, Peache.*, Plums, Strawberries,
Conifers, Climbers, Flowering Shrubs, &c.

Part VI. BULBS.— Gladioli, Narcissi, Hyacinths, Tulips,
Croci, Anemonfs, Lilies. Irises &c.

Most of the above families, and many more, are treated as
to cultivation, and are fully described and priced.
1.?., post free. Gratis to Customers.

KELWAY & SON, Langport, Somerset.

niBHniniaiHummimfiiiitniinfiininifniniiiiiiiiiHiininninniiuMihiflm

-* HARPILY-UKOWW

Forest, SPruit,

A ALL OTHER

TREES & PLANTS,

EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c.

NURSERIES 4QO ACRES:

VEST EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invited-
Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free.

DlGKSONS «™«

NEKIEtt

(LIMITED) CHESTER'

iiuiutiiiiui!i!i!ituumiiim]iuimiiiiuiiii

PRIVATE SALE.

FRUIT TREES.

80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES.

(Standard-*, Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Pears,
Cherries. Peaches, Filberts, and Plums; 20.000 noble tall
standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The
Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly
rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the
Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen-
drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently
regardless of co>t ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses;
40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years o'.d ; and forty kinds
of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value.
See Catalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GER-
TRUDE JONES, Churc^neld, Cradley, near Malvern.

ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing
and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. 3d. per 100; 3-yr. old. good
roots, 3s. per 100 ; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6d. per 100 less
for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old,
5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots, 7s. 6rf. per 100; ditto
selected. 10s. per 100; 6-yr. old, extra fine, 12s. 6d. per 100.
Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at
Covent Garden.

Read the following unsolicited testimonial :— " Please send
me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that
the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I ever bought, and
my employer says the quality is excellent. — C. H. PERKINS,
The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford."

J. J. CLARK, Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton.

756

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 26, 1801.

VEITCH'S genuine SEEDS.

UNEQUALLED

FOR QUALITY.

»v

VEITCH & SONS

TSEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIR

CATALOGUE of SEEDS for 1892,

Is now ready, and nutij be had Post-free on application.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, LONDON.

£<S 10s.
£a lus.
£11 0s.
£15 0s.
18, Fuller Building, Jersey
City, N.Y., America.

LILIUM AURATUM,

New Arrival, second part of January ; only First-class Bulbs
sent cut at the following sizes and prices : —

6 to 7 inches iu circumference, £l 0s. per 1000.
7£to 8*
9 to 9)
10 to 11

F, wf o/sOHliilTZ & CO.',

Wholesale Importers aud Exporters of American, Japanese,
and other Eulbs, Cycas, Palms, &c. Lowest quotation by cor-
respondence. References required of unknown customers.

FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW & CO.

Offer, of good quality, and will esteem the favour of Orders : —
APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pynmids, Standards.
APiUCOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained.
CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.
PEARS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards.
PLUMS— Dwurf Maidt-us, Dwarf Trained. 2-yr. Untrimmed,

Pyramids, Standards.

DAMSONS, FARLE1GH PROLIFIC -Dwarf Maidens, Pyra-
mids, Standards.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf
Trained, Standards, Standard Trained.

Quantity Large — Quality Good— Prices Moderate.

Inspection Invited.

Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD.

"VTAlUABLE SILVER MEDALSTffeied to

V Exhibitors during 1892. All Amateurs and Gardeners
should see Kel way's Manual for 1892 for particulars; Is. post-
free. Gratis to customers. For contents, &c, see larger
advertisement — Laipgport. Somerset.

TRADE OFFER OF PALMS.

-1- COCOS Weildeliana, in thumbs at20s.per 100.

• ■ .. in6o's at55s. per 100.

KR.NTIA Foateriaua and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100.
• • .. i, in BO's, at 60s. per 100.

»» .. ,, in-18's, at24s. perdoz.

„_ »■ ■• ,, in32'a, at48s. perdoz.

SEAFORTHIA Kiegans, in 6o's at32s. per iOO.

_ ;■ . . •• in 48's, at £5 per 100.

W. Iceton has a line Stoik of Asparagus plumosus nanus,
In 18 s and 60's ; Pandauus Veitchii, Dracamas Lindenii, and
Fie js elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S W

til/iamef

NOVELTIES FOR 1892. THE BEsT OF THE SEASON.

PANSY "PEACOCK" (NEW).

Rich velvety purplish-crimson, flushed with blue, shaded
towards edges with light purple, and narrowly margined with
■white; white eye. with small yellow spot on bottom of petal,
very pretty and effective. Per packet, Is. <dd.

POPPY '* MONT BLANC " (NEW).

A pure white double variety, very effective, either for
grouping or for planting singly in borders. It is also very
serviceable as a cut flower lor vases. The plaut grows
about 2 feet high. Per packet, Is.

PEA. WILLIAMS' HOLLOWAY VICTORY (NEW).
This splendid New Pea may be used either for main crop
or as a late variety. It is 6 feet high, a strong grower, with
very broad green pods closely filled with Peas, 7 to 8 in a pod.
Per packet, 2s. 6d.

EARLEY'S HARDY CURLED SPROUT (NEW).
This new variety was raised by Mr. William Farley, the
well-known horticulturist of Ilford, from whom we have
secured the entire stock of this valuable vegetable, and who
described it as follows : " A cross between Brussels Sprouts
and Kale, Scotch Curled. The latter was crossed with
Brussels Sprout pollen. This has produced a robust
variety with true Brussels Sprout habit, the foliage
being midway between Ihe two parents ; the sprouts
also partake of the curled habit of the seed-bearing
parent. It is extremely hardy, carrying its robust green
foliage until late spring, and is destined to fill up the gap
(often a large one) between late Brussels Sprouts and early
Summer Cabbage. Being devoid of the roughness of Scotch
Kale when cooked, and entirely free, from the strong taste
of Brussels Sprouts, its flavour is peculiarly original and
pleasing. The thick-stalked dense crowns add very materially
to its merits." Seeds now offered were grown direct
from the plants produced by the cross-fertiliatd pod. Per
packet, Is. ti</.

NEW ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED BEET.

(McGregor's Favourite).
Awarded First-class Certificate by the Royal Horticultural
Society. Th-s attractive and beautiful variety of Beet is quite
a distinct aud new departure, and will prove a great acquisition
in the Flower Garden. Per packet, Is.

Illustrated SEED CATALOGUE for 1892, gratis and
post-free on application,

B. S. WILLIAMS & SON,

UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Beautifully Illustrated with Six Coloured Plates
(illustrating Tomatos, Lettuce, Beans, Peas,
Radish, Broccoli, Asters, Stocks, Gaillardias,
Cinerarias, and Primulas), and hundreds of En-
cravings. Also containing complete Cultural
Instructions, List of Novelties, &c, &c.

NOW READY, POST FREE, Is ,

which may be deducted off subsequent Orders.
Abridg d Edition, ready on Feb. 1, Gratis and Post Free.

Seedsmen by Royal Warrants,

WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE.

FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 1G*.
per 1000; Ash, 3-yr., 2s. 6d. per 1000; 1| to 2 feet, 13s.
per 10U0 ; 2 to 3 feet, IBs. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet. 20s. per 1000 ;
Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Bee^h, 2 to ?J feet-,
22s. per li 00 ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut. Hor-e,

2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C, 1J to ;^ feet, las per 1000 ;
Elm Wych, 2 to 2i feet, 16s. per li 00 ; Larch. 12 to 18 inch,
14s. per 1000; 1* to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; 1 to 2£ feet, 24s. per
1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1± to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr ,
2-yr. tr., 16s. per 1000; 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3
feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000; Oak,
English, 1J feet, 12s. per 100U; 2 feet, 14s. yer 1000 ; 2£ to 3
feet, 18s. per 1000; Privets, Opal, !£ to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ;
Privets, Common, 1£ feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, 1$ to 2
feet, 12s. per 1000; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Thorns, 2 feet,
10s. per 1000; 2A feet, 12s. per 1000; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000 ;

3 to 4 feet. 17s. per 1000.

UAKLIES MITCHELL, Nurserjman, Stranraer.

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

757

Over 100 Acres, NurBery Stock.

NOW is the Time to Order.
ROSES— ROSES— ROSES,

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

FOREST TREES

NTS.

And Other

AMERICAN

PLANTS.

CLEMATIS, IVIES, and
HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS,

New Illustrated CATALOGUE

Of all above, may be had POST-FREE.

Wm. CLIBRAN & SON,

Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham ;

Also, 10 and 12, Market Street. Manchester.

GARDEN.

BULBS, ROSES, &c.

FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED,
mentioned or not in these columns, please to write im-
mediately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and
NURSERY STUCK is very complete and extensive, and where
nearly everything for the Garden is gruwn and supplied in
large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest
prices consistent with correctness and superior character.
Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue
issued of everything required for the garden as the one we
are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such
a Bplendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants
necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection
as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and
facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask
all to send for a Catalogue, and then

Q$C7ne arid We£,

H. CANNELL & SONS,

SWANLEY, KENT.

For PLEASURE and PROFIT.

FRUIT.

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and Easy to Grow.
74 ACRES IN STOCK.

See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree
to suit all Soils.

Hundreds of

Thousands.

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83. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order.

ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen.
ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES.

4 ACRES of GLASS.
CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen.

N.B.— Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices.

SEEDS fiBULBSl^Infr^r^

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE.

RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER.

SPECIAL CULTURE OF

FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW
OFFERED FOR SALE.

The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of
Fruits, post-free, 3d.

The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON,

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SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS.

GEORGE JACKMAN & SON,

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of the Following
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Standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses, in all the lead-
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RHODODENDRONS.— Choioe named varieties

set with flower-buds; alsoHybrid Seedlings and Ponticums.

CONIFERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for

Lawn and Shrubbery planting.

SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted

for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c.

CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle-
matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rock work, &c.

ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks,

Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens.

FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for

Coverts, Woods, &c.
CATALOGUES FREE OX APPLICATION.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading

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ELEY'S SPECIAL OFFERS.

25,000 CHINESE SACRED LILIES,

or Flower of the Gods.

Thpse have just arrived from China. Extra fine, selected bulbs,
3 for 2s. $d , 9s. doz. Cultural directions enclosed to purchasers.

50,000 LILIUM AURATUM.

Received from Japan in splendid condition. Warranted all
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Buyers should come and View the Stock.

KELWAY'S

ILLUSTRATED

MANUAL.

Heady, January 1, 1892, 130 pages, quarto.

Handsome volume for presentation. Practical for use.
Thirty-second edition, still further improved and enlarged.
Phototype and Wood Engravings. Cultural Articles, and
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Indispensable to every Amateur. Tables useful to the
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Fifty-seven Gold and Silver Medals, London and
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SEEDS, PLANTS, AND BULBS.

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LANGPORT, SOMERSET.

RICHARDIA /ETHIOPICA COMPACTA,

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Trade Price on application.

ROBERT VEITOH & SON,

THE ROYAL NURSERIES, EXETER.

THE

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1891.

HAMPTON COURT, HEREFORD-
SHIRE.

TN Mansions and Manors of Rerefurdnhire, the

-*- author, Mr. Robinson, pronounces Hampton
Court, Leominster, to be the first of the resi-
dences of Herefordshire in interest and beauty.
1 have always held, according to an old adage,
that " comparisons are odious." Hampton Court
is indeed lovely in its valley on the banks
of the Lugg, with its beautiful lawns and gar-
dens, its superb timber trees, giants growing in
a rich soil, with parks around and woods en-
veloping the whole, like the walk which Milton
describes as surrounding Paradise, so that his
Satanic majesty, arriving from the nether regions,
was almost baffled by it. Notwithstanding the
beauties of Hampton Court, which stood confessed
as I entered its precincts, I cannot forget Shobdon
Court, or Bryngwyn. It is not the duty of a
writer who makes sketches like the present to
institute comparisons, but he ought to discri-
minate, and it must, therefore, be stated that
Shobdon Court, the residence of Lord Bateman,
stands higher and commands a wider landscape.
The timber can hardly be exoelled. The house is
an excellent example of the Queen Anne style,
not easily surpassed for comfort and handsome
architecture ; and the absence of running water
might, with some persons, prove a recommenda-
tion. Bryngwyn is a modern house, which was
built by the father of the present owner, Mr.
Rankin, M.P., but it stands on an old site, is a
first-class early English house, on high ground,
with the Welsh hills in the distant prospect ; and,
in the foreground, a park enclosing a lawn of
many aores, with the ruins of Old Bryngwyn, and
as much timber, young and old, and as many
handsome Conifers and groups of ornamental
shrubs as heart could desire. Some persons prefer
an unlevel surface immediately around a house,
and a lawn sweeping downwards towards its
further limits, and in that case they would find
their ideal in Bryngwyn. Having now shown
that the diversities of taste must always render
comparisons dangerous, I may state that Hamp-
ton Court was sold in 1510 to that progenitor of
an illustrious family, Sir Humphrey Coningsby,
whose descendant, in 1808, sold it to the grand-
father of Mr. J. H. Arkwright, the present owner.
The house has been greatly altered from time to
time ; it is now a considerable pile, with an
entrance gateway in a massive tower leading
into a quadrangle, around which the house is
built.

The surroundings of the house are oharming ;
the Lugg, where millions of trout and grayling

758

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 26, 1891.

are bred by the owner, flows in a winding channel
through the park, and near the house, and its
steep and wooded banks close the view. Within
these limits, the sylvan beauty and seolusion of
Hampton Court can hardly be surpassed. The
soil is rich, and the timber superb. All the
EnglVi trees thrive here, and attain the largest
proportions common to their kind. There are
Oaks, Sweet Chestnuts, and Beeches in the park
and grounds, quite first-rate in height and size,
and there are many specimens of Planes which
it would be hard to match for size and beauty.
When those on the Thames Embankment have
attained the same stately proportions, that noble
,oulevard will have become one of the twenty
or thirty wonders of the world, as the
30-mile avenue of Cryptomeria japonica in
Japan, is already. Three great English Elms,
companion trees on the lawn, on the west side
of Hampton Court, measure 18 feet and 20 feet
girth, at 5 feet from the ground, with tall
trunks and lofty heads. Cedars of Lebanon are
scattered about in profusion, and like the other
giants of forest or park, they have grown in this
rich little vale of the Lugg to uncommon sizes
Two of the handsomest of the giant Cedars
stand like guards on the south front of the house,
one at each end, and noble fellows they are,
being among the stoutest and tallest of their
race," and wearing handsome clothing without
a flaw, and richly set with cones. Among
the prime ornaments of the several acres
of level lawn on the south side of the
house, are Cedars of Lebanon, Copper Beeches,
and the Taxodium sempervirens. The Crypto-
meria japonica is green and healthy here at all
seasons. The Yew is another conspicuous tree,
and when it grows in unrestrained beauty,
feathered to the ground and rich in branch and
foliage, few trees are more ornamental, none
more enduring. A row of large Irish Yews, in
one part of this extensive lawn, is deprived if its
funereal aspect by a thick and lofty belting of the
common Laurel in the background, and by other
things which relieve the formal outlines of these
dark-leaved shrubs. One lingers long on such a
lawn, and before quitting it I should like to
mention one of the prettiest pictures devised inone
part of it by a skilful hand. Taking a great
Cedar of Lebanon as a background, clumps of
Ivy have been heaped over rockwork, or some
other structure, now completely covered. In
front of this green and broken wall, some flower
borders enolose a fountain. In familiar language,
this is a oharming bit, and within the sunk fenoe
which divides the park from the lawn there are
many other charming " bits." And so there are
on the high slopes of the deer park, across the
Lugg, where deer and a little herd of long-haired
white goats roam at will amidst ancient timber,
forming a picture worthy of a forest scene in
As You Like It. In walking further afield, one
falls in with the homestead of the Home Farm
and its large orchard, where Hereford cider is
produced, and although the cider of the country
cannot always be commended, the orchards and
rich pastures on the banks of the Herefordshire
streams are always charming.

I cannot refrain from noticing Mr. Arkwright's
cattle. In fact, his beautiful Herefords grazing
in the pasture fields, a herd here and a herd
there beneath the trees, are among the charac-
teristic ornaments of Hampton Court, whose
owner is one of the most distinguished of the
breeders of Hereford cattle. His famous poultry
yards are another of Mr. Arkwright's amuse-
ments, and as an ex-M.F.EL, his reminiscences
are, no douht, of a very interesting character.
With his many occupations, and living in an

atmosphere fragrant with the odour of good
deeds, his country life must be a happy one.

I had forgotten the Roses. They are propa-
gated in a compartment between the lawn and
the kitchen garden, and even the woodland paths
are made bright with them. The houses show
skilful management, the collection of tropical
plants including several Ferns and other speci-
mens, which are not of every-day occurrence—
and all are propagated at home in a frame in the
stove fitted with extra pipes. In walking round
the fruit garden, I observed that the espalier
Apples and Pears, then ripening their fruit,
had their summer shoots partly cut through
and bent down as the fruit began to swell. This,
Mr. Arkwright thinks, assists in ripening the
fruit, and improves its flavour. H. E.

New or Noteworthy Plants.

ODONTOGLOSSUM x IMSCHOOTIANUM,
hyb. nat.

This is a very interesting Olontoglossum which
appeared in the collection of M. A. Van Imschoot,
of Mont St. Amand, Gand, Belgium, in May, 1889,
and which is so precisely intermediate between O.
Lindleyanum and O. tripudians, that there can be
little doubt of its being a natural hybrid between
them. The segments are remarkably like those of
the first-named, except that the markings are a
little more purple, and the same may be said of the
lip, except that it ia broader, and the crest and
markings approach more closely to those of 0. tri-
pudians. The column is also much like that of
0. Lindleyanum. These two species grow together,
and the appearance of a natural hybrid between
them is just what might be expected, considering
the freedom with which Odontoglossums hybridise
together in a wild state. I have not, however,
found auy evidence of the earlier appearance of this
particular cross, unless it be one which appeared
with the Liverpool Horticultural Company at about
the same time. That, too, bears strong evidence
of 0. tripudians in the lip, but the colour of the seg-
ments is much darker, though in shape, they are
very similar. Further materials will probably throw
some additional light on this point. R. A. Bolje,
Herbarium, Kew.

BIRDS OF THE COMMONS AND
WOODLANDS.

(Continued from p. 731.)
The Grasshopper Warbler.

If you go for a walk on some heath early on a
bright morning in May, you may hear a sound re-
sembling the running out of a fisherman's reel.
This sound will at one moment appear to proceed
from some object close at hand, and the next
moment sound as though it came from a distance.
The owner of the voice, which will become silent
directly you make the slightest noise, is the grass-
hopper warbler, a small greenish bird, which arrives
in this country in April and stays with us till Sep-
tember. It is a distinctly shy bird, and not a very
easy one to observe, partly on that account, and
partly on account of its being such an accomplished
ventriloquist that it is often very hard to know
where to look for it. If you want to observe it
closely, you must keep still for some time without
making the slightest sound, wh»n it will perhaps
walk out from under some shrub close in front
of you.

Characters or Birds.

A good naturalist soon learns the characters of
birds, and he uses this knowledge when making his
observatieus. A very short acquaintance with the
grasshopper warbler will teach you that it is very
shy; the nightingale is passionate; the whit'e'throat

fusBy and demonstrative ; the goldcrest the essence
of contentment, and so on. They each have their
marked dispositions. The best way to make the
sedge warbler show himself off, is to throw something
at him ; he is of a noisy excitable disposition, and
will instantly commence to chatter, scold, and
swear at you. But with its near relative, the reed
warbler, it would be fatal to assume the offensive ;
throw a stone at a reed warbler, and you will simply
frighten it out of its wits.

The Wheatear, Whinchat, and Stonechat.
One of the first arrivals in England in spring is the
wheatear. This handsome bird may frequently be seen
on commons and places where there are waste lands,
especially if bounded by stone walls, and it is also
frequently seen on chalk downs and mountain sides.
You cannot help noticing it on account of the white
tail, which is very conspicuous in flight, and from
which it derives its name : " wheat" being merely a
corruption of " white," and " ear " being an Anglo-
Saxon word, and having nothing to do with our
word "ear." In districts where there are stone
dykes, you see them perched on the top, always
flying a few yards further away when you get within
a certain distance. The stonechat and whinchat are
also both birds of the commons, and are often mis-
taken for one another, although they differ in many
respects. Both have reddish breasts and brown
backs, but whereas the head of the stonechat is
black, the whinchat has a clear white streak over
the eye ; and the stonechat stays with us all the year
round, while the whinchat is only a summer visitor.
The two may also be distinguished by their voices;
the call of the whinchat having two syllables, that of
the stonechat three. Both species are fond of Furze
bushes, and the whinchat is also much attracted by
railway banks, on which it frequently builds its nest;
so that they may constantly be seen from the rail-
way train.

" Oven-bird."

When in the neighbourhood of Furze bushes, you
may sometimes come upon a most beautiful oval-
shaped nest, covered with lichens ; this is the home
of the long-tailed or oven-tit. There is a minute
hole in one side of the nest for an entrance, and so
small is the interior that when the bird is sitting on
the eggs it has to fold its long tail over its back, and
the end may sometimes be seen projecting through
the doorway. They lay a large number of eggs, and
it is wonderful how such a large family can be
brought up with such limited accommodation. They
are very sociable, and large family parties may some-
times be seen flying about in search of food.

There are four other kinds of tits which are resi-
dent in England. They usually fly about in flocks,
and are very sociable and tame, as those who are in
the habit of hanging up lumps of fat for them in
winter are aware. As a family, they have frequently
been accused of damaging buds and fruit, but there
seems little doubt that they are on the whole
extremely useful, for they destroy an enormous
number of grubs and maggots. A. H. Macphcrson.
(To lie continued.)

Orchid Notes and Gleanings.

♦

L^ELIA GRA.NDIS TENEBROSA.
Mr. Holmes, gardener to Geo. Hardy, Esq. , Picker-
ing Lodge, Timperley, Cheshire, sends two flowers of
a three-flowered inflorescence of this rare and showy
Orchid, which he states was purchased from Messrs.
Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co., of Heaton. Brad-
ford, and Park Road, Clapham. The expanded side-
Bepals reach eight inches. The sepals are just under
and the petals just over an inch in width. The
beautiful labellum, which is shaped like some of the
varieties of L. purpurata, is blush white, richly veined
from the base to the centre with purple, which
between the lines and on the front of the lip ohanges
to light rose. The sepals and petals have the usual
coppery tinge of the b'est Varieties of this species

December 26, 1891.]

THE GAB DE NEBS' CHRONICLE.

759

The plant is said to be not yet strong. When
established and grown up to the Pickering Lodge
standard, it will be a marvellous form.

ZlGOPETALUM LlNDENI.

A flower of this compact and elegant new intro-
duction of l'Horticulture Internationale, Pare Leo-
pold, Brussels, revtals an unexpected addition to the
Zvgopetalums of the Z. rostratum habit and general
appearance, even although some of the botanical
features of this may not agree with that species.
The lanceolate acuminate sepals and petals are pale
brownish-rose, about two inches in length, and the

Sheen, on the borders of Kichmond Park, has ac-
quired the character of being among the foremost
collections in the country. This is doubtless due to
the care which Mr. Young, who has the charge of the
collection, cultivates his plants. The most pro-
minent feature recently was a houseful of rare Cypri-
pediums and PhaUenopsis, the latter being the more
abundant. Glancing along either side of the house
in which the plants are growing, one was struck by
the large array of flower-spikes presented; all are
of fine quality, and nothing meagre is to be seen
among them. Magnificent plants of P. Schilleriana
with well-marked leaves, in some cases more than

A large batch of Masdevallia tovarensis made a
snowy bank in the Masdevallia- house. A lovely
form of Cypripedium Leeanum excellens, but which
Mr. Young calls superbum, was in bloom, a most
desirable plant, and I have rarely seen a better
form of it. OJontoglossums were pushing ahead,
with stout well-formed flower-spikes that promised
to make a fine show daring the early spring months.
Juno.

Cl-ltuhe of Tropical Orchids.
Herr Richard Pfau, of San Jose de Costa Rica,
lays down the following general rules in his cata-
logue of tropical plants, Orchids, &c, for the guidance

Fig. 109. — view of chatswohth, the seat of the duke of Devonshire, (see p. 765. 1

large ovate acuminate or nearly cordate white
labellum is closely marked with crimson lines
radiating from the fleshy, horse-shoe shaped callus at
the base of the front. The fleshy column has two
large hatchet- shaped wings, and the whole flower has
a grace and novelty which should recommend it to
all collectors of rare and handsome Orchids. It is a
native of Venezuela, and the habit of the plant is
similar to a strong-growing Z. rostratum.

Phaljenopsis at Clare Lawn.

The collection of Orchids at the above pretty
country residence of E. Wigan, Esq., situated at East

12 inches in length, and half as much in width, are
subjects for admiration. P. grandiflora, P. g. aurea,
P. amabilis, P. violacea, and others, were well
furnished with flower-spikes. The Clare Lawn col-
lection may almost claim to be unique in its posses-
sion of the rare and very beautiful P. intermedia,
which bad a spike of eight well-developed flowers,
which are white, with a tinge of pink colour.
Another very rare variety is P. Porteii, which has
large rosy-coloured flowers, much finer than those
of P. Schilleriana. Other Orchids in flower were
Cattleya labiata, many forms of Lcelia anceps, in-
cluding the white forms, which were just bursting.

of Orchid growers. His remarks are based on thirteen
years' experience of the requirements and surround-
ings of tropical Orchids in their habitats in Costa
Rica, Nicaragua, and certain parts of Columbia. He
advocates the necessity of perfect drainage, and a9
thorough ventilation as is compatible with the
necessary amount of moisture. If this be done,
there is no fear of over-watering during growth.
Baskets are preferable to pots, and the soil should
be a mixture of potsherds, charcoal, and sphagnum —
fibrous peat being only suited to strong feeders and
semi-terrestrial species. Charcoal, saturated with
ammoniacal gas, will strengthen the growth. Treat-

760

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 26, 1891.

ment with rather cold water during summer will so
harden many Orchids that they will survive the
winter in an ordinary greenhouse or vinery.

Kodriguezia pubescens, Lindenia, t. 306.
Remarkable for its elegant pendulous racemes of
white flowers. It is the old Burlingtonia pubescens.

Cattleta

Hahdtana X VAE. Lavebsinensis,
Lindenia, t. 305.

The variety here represented has the sepals
marbled with pink on a light ground, the petals
being of a deeper shade, Mid the front lobe of the
lip very richly coloured. It appeared in the collec-
tion of Baron F. de Rothschild, Chateau de Laver-
sine, France. C. Hardyana X is a hybrid between
C. Dowiana var. aureum and C. gigas, and only
o curs in that region of the Western Andes where
tie two species above-named occur simultaneously.

EGG-PLANTS.

Some time ago, in passing a fruit shop in Regent
Street, I saw in the window some fruits of the purple
Egg-plant, Solanum Melongena. Of course, this is
closely allied to the Tomato, but it does not appear
to have taken the fancy of horticulturists ; yet, w ien
cooked, it is one of the most delicious of vegetables
imaginable.

As there are Apples and Apples, so there are Egg-
plants and Egg-plants. The white variety is some-
times cultivated in India, but it is the least valuable,
as it is rather bitter ; but the purple varieties are
cultivated in fields everywhere, and much used by
the natives and Europeans.

The best of all kinds which I have ever tried is
one grown in Delhi, under the name of Maroo
Baingan. Baingan is the native generic name of this
plant, but Maroo is, I suspect, a corruption of the
English word marrow, as, when cooked, its pulp has
a marrowy delicacy. The fruit of this grows to the
size of a child's head, and is of a light purple. I do
not know the origin of the word Baingan. I cannot
find this plant in De Candolle's Origin of Cultivated
Planft. It may possibl) be a South American plant,
originally introduced into India by the Portuguese.
The French call it Aubergine, and also Melongene ;
the Italians call it Melingiana ; and the English in
India often call it Brinjal. All these words, with
the specific Latin name, Melongena, evidently have
one derivation ; and the Indian name, Baingan
makes one suspect that it is a further corruption of
the same name. In India, among dyers, the word
Baingni has been adopted to indicate a purple shade
of colour, so probably the cultivation of the plant is
of old date.

As the French are fond of Aubergines, they should
note that in Delhi are to be procured the seeds of a
very fine variety. It is never certain, however, that
a good variety in one place will maintain its fine
character when grown elsewhere. Tobacco, Tea,
Coffee, the Vine, &c, sufficiently show this ; never-
theless, heredity, as they say in Hindostan, is bari
chlz (a great thing) ; and it has often happened that
a plant retains its good qualities in the country and
soil of its adoption. Then, what is the use of man's
intelligence if, having once got hold of a good plant
he cannot make it stick to its character, or even
improve it? We know that the Tomato in England
is now a " how-is-it-we-ever-did-without-it " sort of
both fruit and vegetable. The Aubergine ought,
likewise, to hold in time a similar position as an
adopted vegetable.

It is not impossible that such a fine thing has not
taken the fancy of English growers because they
have not hit off the right way of cooking it, although
Anglo-Indian housewives must know a good deal
about the way of managing it for the table ; but
they would like to find it in the Bhops at a reason-
able price. I fancy it would admit of being grown
in pots in summer, under glass, exactly as the
Tomato is grown.

For the benefit of those who may happen to grow
me plants of the'purple variety, I herewith give

one of a dozen ways of cooking the Aubergine. In
India, they have many varieties, some of them
almost black, and as long and thin as Cucumbers ;
but the best I have ever tried is the Maroo Baingan
of Delhi.

The rule is, first to "catch the best hare you can
find." The stalk and calyx should be cut off, then
the Aubergine sliced longitudinally, each slice of the
thickness of about a quarter of an inch. Place them
flat on a table or board, sprinkle salt over them,
place another board on the top of them, and some
weights on that. The object of all this is to drain
off, by the help of the salt, the bitter juice which
some kinds contain. I do not think the Delhi
variety needs this trouble. Then wash off the salt,
dry the slices in a cloth, and fry them in lard, or any
other frying material. In Italy, they fry them in
plenty of Olive oil (probably now they do it in
Cotton-seed oil). In the olden time they used to
call these fried slices of Aubergine, " quaglie "
(quails), probably because they thought them deli-
cious. Sometimes after drying in a cloth they are
powdered with flour, which, when fried of a golden-
brown, gives them a crumby appearance. Done in
this way, they can be eaten with meat, or, French
fashion, as a separate dish.

There are many other ways of cooking the Auber-
gine. Roasted, or boiled and peeled, and then
squeezed in a cloth, they may be used in curries, in
omelets, &c. They can be stuffed with force-meat
and baked, and in several other ways ; but as this is
not a paper on culinary subjects, I shall end by
stating that English growers and English cooks will
be unwise if they do not take to the Maroo Baingan
of Delhi. E. B.

THE BRENTFORD MARKET.

By a majority of 952 out of 1756 votes, the
ratepayers of Brentford have sanctioned their Local
Board of Health spending a large sum of money on
the provision of a fruit, flower, and vegetable market
at Kew Bridge. The proposal emanated from the
Board in consequence of the multitudinous com-
plaints received from time to time of the trouble
caused to pedestrian and vehicular traffic by the
congregation at Kew Bridge every morning of many
hundred market-garden waggons, and with which
the police seemed powerless to cope. As a matter
of fact, costers and vendors of garden produce had
established a market for themselves, and the authori-
ties urged that the best way to meet the wishes of
the townsfolk would be to provide legal seats of
custom. The move made was vigorously opposed in
some quarters, and voting at a public meeting was
very close, but the poll has cleared away opposition,
and already the Town Surveyor, Mr. J. II. Strachan,
has all the plans and drawings prepared. The land,
which is to be purchased, consists of 2 acres, 2 roods,
30 poles, the property of Mr. Leopold de Roths-
child, and situated on the main road from Brent-
ford to London, close to Kew Bridge, and adjoining
Kew Bridge Station on the North and South-
western Junction Railway. At present it is only
proposed to deal with about one acre of the site, on
which will be erected shops, and covered stalls,
and standings will be laid down for waggons.

The business to be carried on in the shops to be
erected will rest with the lessee, subject to certain
ordinary restrictions, and already the Board has
received applications from intending tenants. At
the rear of the centre-shops is to be provided a
coffee-stall. The covered stalls will consist of
two rows, running backwards nearly the whole
depth of space utilized, and below them will
be a covered passage 50 feet wide, whilst the
remaining three sides of the land will be de-
voted to five standings of waggons, each 14 feet
wide, and by a paved way, 53 feet wide, between
each. At present, there is no provision for stabling,
but, with so much ground not utilized, there will be
no difficulty in the construction of stalls for horses
as occasion arises. From the situation, the pro-
moters of the scheme are very sanguine of success,

and one went so far as to avow in public, that the
market would rival Covent Garden. It is easily ac-
cessible from all the market gardens in the
centre and west of Middlesex, and for convey-
ances from rural Surrey, Kew Bridge will do
all that is needful, particularly now that the
structure is to be widened, and its slopes im-
proved. In the matter of railway facilities, the new
market can vie with any in the kingdom, for if a branch
line were run into its centre, garden produce could be
transported direct north, south, east, or west by
means of the Willesden Junction route, and at
reduced expense to the consignees, the cost of carting
being done away with. The price of the land is
£3359 7s. 6d., and £4640 12s. 6d. is the estimated
cost of laying-out and putting in order the market,
which can be ready for occupation within twelve
months of the Local Government Board sanctioning
the necessary loans.

Trees and Shrubs.

POPLARS.

The white Poplar, P. alba of Linnaeus, is a native
of different parts of Europe, but has become
naturalised to Great Britain and Ireland, where it
reproduces itself by pushing up suckers from the
roots; and as cuttings from the branches generally
refuse to grow, these suckers should be carefully
lifted and planted into nursery lines to form young
trees. In cases where the roots do not produce
suckers, the roots themselves may be extracted,
formed into cuttings, and planted in nursery lines.
It is but seldom that this species produces seed in
this country, but the tree is often propagated by
layering the shoots that spring from stools or roots
left in the ground after the trees have been felled.
The system of layering the shoots is the same as
that given in my former article for the gray Poplar,
and need not be repeated here.

There appear to be several varieties of this tree
and it is a matter of much importance to planters
to make sure that they propagate the best kinds
when renewing their stock of plants. The distin-
guishing characteristics of the varieties are vigour of
growth, hardiness of constitution, size, colour, and
shape of the foliage. The best kinds for ornament
and utility are clothed with large deeply-lobed leaves
of a dark green colour above, while the under surface
is of a white silvery colour, and slightly coated with
a soft downy substance.

The contour of the tree when young and in a
vigorous state of growth is sharply conical, and when
the leaves are agitated by the play of the wind, they
exhibit a very attractive contrast of dark green and
silvery-white colours, which never fail to attract the
attention and admiration of the most superficial
observer. This variety is generally known as P.
alba acerifolia, and as it is of a hardy, robust
constitution, I have planted it with perfect
success as a standard at an elevation of about
1000 feet above sea-level. There is another
variety known as the White Egyptian Poplar, the
leaves of which are of a large size, with a fine glossy
surface on the upper side, and the colours of green
and white remarkably well pronounced ; but as it is
not so hardy as the former variety, it is best suited
for planting as a standard, or mixed up with other
trees in ornamental plantations to afford contrast
and variety at low elevations. The whole of the
Poplar tribe thrive best in a soft, deep soil, rich in
organic matter; but in cases where it is desirable to ■
establish standard trees on poor thin gravelly soil
I have found it to be a capital plan to mix a quantity
of peat-bog with the staple at the spots where the
trees are to be planted.

This Poplar occasionally suffers damage in dry
weather by a fungus blight, which appears on the
back of the leaves about the time of harvest, when
the leaves then gradually lose their vitality and fall to
the ground, and by which means the tree is prevented
maturing its young wood before winter ; and I need
hardly say that the progress of the tree is often

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

761

retarded to a considerable extent for several years
after the attack. This disease is more prevalent in
the east of Scotland and England than in Ireland,
where the climate is more moist and genial, and the
trees not apt to suffer so much from drought. The
leaves of trees affected with this fungus should be
collected as soon as they fall to the ground, and
burned, in order to kill the fungus spores, and prevent
them spreading.

When the wood of the white Poplar is cut up for
use, it is found to bear a clean white colour, and a
soft silky appearance when dressed and polished,
which enhances its value very much for ornamental
work of various kinds.

The Ontario Poplar, P. candicans (Alton), syn.
P. macrophylla (Lindley), is a native of America,
and in this country is generally called the Ontario
Poplar. In this country it only attains a medium
size of some 40 or 50 feet in height, and as
its branches are remarkably brittle, and easily
broken off by the wind, it should never be planted
on exposed situations. When branches are torn
off by wind, they often leave a scar on the
trunk, which in due time becomes affected with
parasite fungus, which lays the foundation for rot
and decay, and renders the wood of little value, and
accelerates the death of the tree. On inspecting
some plantations last spring, I found several trees of
this species badly affected with fungus growths. One
tree in particular showed the fungus established at
four different spots along the trunk. This fungus is
known by the name of Nectria distissima, and
generally appears in the shape of small warts around
the margin of a wound on the host plant. This
fungus, however, does not confine its attacks to any
one species of tree, as I have found it attack many
species of trees and shrubs in a similar way to that
described.

The best remedy is to pare the lips of the wourd
with a sharp knife, remove all dead matter to the
fresh solid timber, and finish by dressing the
surface with tar to prevent the ingress of water and
kill the fungus spores. The Ontario Poplar has
very large leaves, the under-surface of which is of a
whitish colour ; in early life it makes rapid progress,
and soon betokens a furnished appearance to the
spot where it is planted. It is propagated by
cuttings, and is best suited for planting on grounds
of limited extent. •/. B. Webster.

THE HOLY CITEON OF
MOROCCO.

One of the most important articles of produce and
export from Mogador appears to be Citrons, which
are reported to have been shipped to the value of
£592 in 1890. The larger proportion of these
consist of the ordinary Citron of commerce, a very
large and thick-rinded fruit, often of curiously-
irregular shape, some being of bifurcated or tri-
furcated form. They are sent away in casks, pre-
served in brine, to be converted into candied peel ;
a good many, however, are used locally in native
households as preserves or crystallised fruit. Consul
Payton says there is also a curious, rare, and highly-
esteemed holy fruit of this genus which is sold at
Mogador at an average of id. per fruit, yet appears
never to be eaten. It is the sacred or holy Citron of
the Jews, and is carried to their synagogues at the
feast of tabernacles, it having an emblematical
significance. So highly-prized is this fruit by the
faithful observers of Israelitish traditions, that
specimens without blemish fetch as much as 4s.
each at Mogador, and in England they are said to
be sold at certain synagogues at the extraordinary
price of from one to two guineas each. Their use is
supposed to be derived from injunctions contained in
the 23rd Chapter of the book of Leviticus : " And
ye shall take you on the first day the boughs (Hebrew
version, fruit) of goodly trees, branches of Palm trees,
and willows of the brook." But the Jewish version
of the same passage reads : " And you shall take
to yourselves on the first day the fruit of the tree
Hadar, Palm leaves, boughs of the tree Aboth, and

willows of the brook." These special fruits, boughs,
&c, are particularised in a Jewish book, entitled
The Festivals of the Lard, as fruit of the tree Hadar
or Citron (Hebrew troon), the "capoth temarim " or
Palm leaves, boughs of the tree Aboth or Myrtle,
and brook Willows. The troon, or tabernacle
Citron as it is sometimes called, is a fruit rather
larger than a Lemon, pale greenish-yellow in colour
(being always plucked before it is fully ripe), and
said to contain only one pip, and to be of an ex-
tremely pure nature, and to keep sound for a very
long period. Those which are exported from
Mogadore are carefully packed in cotton-wool or
other soft material, as the price they will realise for
their holy use is entirely dependent on the greater
or less freedom from blemish, which the priests can
certify concerning each specimen.

Flu. 110.— CEDAR OF GOA: C'CPRESSl'S GLAUCA.

Enquiry as to the exact locality of their pro-
duction has resulted in tixiDg it at a place called
Assat9, or As9at, in the province of Soos, at no
great distance from the town of Tarndant, and on or
near the bank of the great Soos River. It is stated,
with regard to this interesting place, that there is
a very ancient Hebrew graveyard there, and orchards
known by the names of Moses, Aaron, David, &c,
also that the authority of the Moorish government
is not respected there. Jewish informants state that
these troons come from no other place but Assats,
but they have been unable to explain how the
faithrul Hebrews in many far distant parts of the
world manage to provide themselves with these
necessary emblems, the shipment of which from
Mogadore in one year amounted to 110 boxes,
containing 9024 specimens of this interesting vege-
table production. J. E. J.

THE CEDAR OF GO A.*

This fine Cypress, for it is no Cedar in spite, we
might almost say by reason, of its popular name, is
best known under the name of Cupressus glauca,
sometimes under that of C. lusitanica. It was in-
troduced into Portugal, but when, whence, and by
whom are still matters of dispute. Much has been
written on the subject, and the evidence pro and con.
has been given by Prof. Henriques, Prof. Willkomm,
and others. No such plant is known wild near Goa, nor
is that a likely locality for such a tree. No such tree
is known in the Nilgiris, nor in the Himalayas,
unless, as Sir Joseph Hooker thinks may be the case,
this Cypress is a variation of the Himalayan C.
torulosa. It may be so; it is certainly more like
that species than any other we can think of.

Under the circumstances, it may seem a little fool-
hardy to suggest another possible origin— and that is
that the tree in question may be of Chinese origin,
and may have been carried to Goa and to Portugal
by the Portuguese missionaries. We have no
evidence to offer in favour of the suggestion,
but in this respect we are no worse off than our
predecessors. We have been led to entertain the
speculation solely from the number of analogous
discoveries made of late in the mountains of Central
China by Dr. Henry and by the French missionaries
in Tibet.

Be this ns it may, C. glauca foims an elegant tree,
often with pendulous branches and loose habit, the
imbricated foliage as well as the cones being more
or less covered with glaucous bloom. It is too
tender for central England, but in the south and
west it might succeed, as it does in Ireland. Along
the Riviera it does well. We have received fine
specimens of it from M. Naudin, of Antibes, while
the spray from which our illus.ration is taken was
kindly sent us by Professor Henriques, of Coimbra.
In the forests of Bussaco, near that city, are trees
of this species 150 feet and upwards in height, and
about 250 years in age. Others have been planted
in more recent times.

A shows a small twig magnified two diameters.
At b c are shown separate leaves, seen from the
side and from the face. At u is sluwn the male
Catkin. At e, a vertical section through it. At v,
a stamen detached, magnified four times. At a the
cones are shown of the real size, though in some
cases they are considerably larger. At H are shown
cone scales, with their central hook-like process seen
from the outside and from the side.

Florists' Flowers.

CHRYSANTHEMUM MRS. ROBINSON KING.

The above is a deep yellow- coloured sport from
Golden Empress, and originated at Mr. Robinson
King's, North Ferriby, Hull, whose gardener is Mr
Hotham.

This is without doubt one of the finest additions
to the incurved class ever introduced ; it possesses all
the excellent qualities of its parent in petal-forma-
tion, and size of flower, and it is as deep in colour
as Jardin des Plantes. I exhibited it at several shows,
and it was the admiration of everyone who saw it.
I have seen several spurious varieties of Mrs.
Robinson King, which are much lighter in colour
than Hotham's variety. The entire stock of the
plant has been acquired by Owen, of Maidenhead,
and plants will be distributed by him in the spring.
Such a grand acquisition as this is sure to be
eagerly sought after, and find its way into many
prize stands next year. Peter Blair, TrenthamGardens.

The Auricula.

The plants at this season should be at rest;

but the difference in the seasons makes a great

difference in this respect. Last jear at about

the middle of December the entire collection was

* Cupressus glauca, Lamarck Diet 2, p. 243(1790); Wil-
komni, in Gartenflora, March. 1890; C. lusitanica, Miller
Diet., n. 3; Lambert Pinus (1803), p. 95, t. 42; C. pendula,
Merit. Stirp. (1784). p. 15, non Thunberg nee Lamarck.

762

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 26, 1891.

frozen, and I do not remember another year when
the leaves died off so suddenly and generally as then.
Many of the December-formed trusses flowered out-
side of the leaves, a condition which is pheno-
menal. We have had a few slight frosts [Written
before the present infliction. Ed.], but not sufficient
to destroy the outer leaves of the plants, and the
plants have consequently been more freely supplied
with water. The plants should be gradually brought
to rest, and the outer leaves will then gradually
become yellow and may be removed, a rosette of
stubby leaves remaining to protect its heart from
moderate winter frosts, and when the plants have
arrived at this stage they need scarcely any water.
Once every week they should be examined, removing
what is decayed. Sometimes a plant may be ob-
served whose centre has begun to rot; that part
affected should be cut out, and some powdered
quicklime applied to arrest its further progress.
Admit air freely to the frames, and remove the
lights altogether on fine dry days. The young
plants raised from offsets during the summer
are looking well this year, and they have
not ceased to grow all through the winter months,
and could we be sure that no intense frosts would
prevail later I would repot them, but it is better
that they should remain where they are in a cold
frame at present. By taking precautions in the
summer to scatter soot inside the frames, we have
either driven away or destroyed the entire race of
slugs. The plants will be placed in the heated house
early in January. In this house are the seed pans,
and the seeds are vegetating pretty freely.

Carnations and Picotees.
The weather was very rainy when the layers should
have been rooting, and at the time of taking them off
a considerable number had not formed roots at all,
but even those that were poorly rooted very soon
became established when stood in the cold frames,
and despite the check the layers received when
detaching their roots, they are now in capital con-
dition. Our mode of action was to take the layers off
carefully, and repot them at once in a compost that
was moderately moist, and take them to the frames,
keeping the lights almost close for a week or ten
days, and any plants that exhibited signs of shrinking
when air was admitted to the frame freely, were taken
out and placed in close hand-lights for a time. Any
stubborn rooting sorts should be placed in a frame
over a dung bed, but the heat should be very gentle
only. We planted out a long bed of plants raised
from layers in good deep rich soil as late as the second
week in November. A few of these plants shrunk
visibly, and some of the more badly-rooted ones died ;
but we have always a reserve of plants to fill up gaps.
Thanks to the favourable weather during the last
month, the plants seem to be well established.
Alternate frosts and thaws throw many of the
plants not firmly established out of the ground,
and these require looking to at once and press-
ing in with the fingers. The plants intended
for pot culture, now established in small pots, and
sheltered in cold frames, have been looked over once
only, to remove all decayed leaves, and to stir up the
surface soil in the pots. Not much water is needed
at this season, but I fancy an error may be committed
by keeping the plants too dry. They grow whenever
the weather is mild, and rest in winter only when the
temperature is below the freezing point.

The Pansy.
This is one of the most charming of spring flowers,
and has been cultivated more generally in the South
during the last few years, probably because of the
weather being favourable to it. Hot dry days are
fatal to good results being obtained ; but the effects
of hot weather can be greatly modified by a good
system ol culture. The Pansy is supposed to be a
common plant and easily grown, therefore it is put
out in the borders to take its chance in any kind of
garden mould ; and as to propagation, if the tufts are
pulled to pieces and stuck in again, that is enough.
No wonder that hot and dry seasons play havoc with
them. The plants like good deep rich loam, with

manure a foot or more below the surface, to feed the
plants in dry weather. The soil must be open;
heavy soil should be made so by road-scrapings or
leaf-mould. The plants should be raised annually
from cuttings, and really ought to be planted where
they are to flower in September, so as to be well esta-
blished for flowering early the following season. The
early flowers are by far the best. To prevent them
being broken, or injured by rough weather in winter,
let the plants be pegged down to the ground ; the
flowering points soon turn up and stand free of the
damp soil.

Polyanthuses.
The old florists still cling with fond affection to
the laced varieties — they are the Polyanthuses, they
do not recognize any other. I do not blame them,
for they are amongst the most beautiful of hardy
plants, but for border plants in the South of England
they are absolutely worthless. They are beautiful
cultivated as pot plants, and require the same treat-
ment as Auriculas in autumn and winter, except
that they really need more water. In the North,
they are planted out-of-doors to regain their vigour.
I tried this plan near London, and sought out a
moist place, entirely shaded from the sun at noon-
day ; the most suitable compound was provided, but
the results were not at all satisfactory. We put our
plants out in the open ground as soon as they pass
out of bloom about the end of April, and re-pot them
again in September. The ordinary garden forms of
Polyanthuses, and Primroses exhibited with them, at
the National Auricula Society's exhibition pass
nearly all their time in the open garden. They
are taken up and potted when the plants are in
bloom. They are both far more valuable than laced
Polyanthuses as useful garden plants. J. Douglas.

New Single- flowered Chrysanthemums.
The following are some of the best of the novelties
in the above, and all are worth growing for decora-
tive purposes or cutting:— Golden Star, large
flower, quite circular, the tips of florets rounded
instead of pointed, as is usually the case in single
varieties ; colour deep yellow, without verging to
orange. Oceana is one of the best, the florets are
semi-drooping at the points ; a full-sized flower, pale
pink in colour. Mrs. D. B. Crane, cerise-pink in
colour, quite distinct from any other Chrysanthe-
mum that I know of in this point. Jenny Lind
has yellow flowers, tinted with orange. Miss A. H.
Bates is pure white, and the flat petals are very
broad for a single-flowered variety. Calliope is of a
deep shade of pink. Milly Agate is blush-white.
Jessie Chignell, dark crimson ; Exquisite, a moat
delicate blush. Coquette, rosy-pink ; and Exquisite
and Guernsey Sunset are charming varieties.

Chrysanthemum W. W. Coles.
Those persons who are in want of bright-coloured
flowers during November, and the first two weeks of
December, would do well to add this variety to their
list if they do not already possess it, or to grow
more of it. The colour is a bright terra- cotta,
edged with gold, the florets are rather narrow, in
many cases with just a slight curl at the tip ; the
flower is very full in the centre, which is not always
the case with late-flowered sorts. The blooms
keep fresh for an exceptionally long time when cut.
A bloom is before me now, that has been in a warm
room for a period of two weeks, and it is not
faded. E. M.

Vegetables.

•

GOOD WINTER BROCCOLIS.
In addition to the list of varieties recommended
by Mr. Wythes, p. 713, 1 should like to add Michael-
mas White, which has kept us well supplied with
tender white heads from the time the bulk of the
autumn Cauliflowers was exhausted, at the end of
October, until the present time. To follow this one,
we have now Winter Mammoth, a variety every one
having a strong retentive soil should grow. By its

appearance at present, we shall have abundance of
white crisp heads for the next six weeks. Pre-
viously to growing Winter Mammoth, we were with-
out Broccolis till the spring. Both of the above are
Messrs. Suttons' strain. E. Molyneux.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDEB GLASS.

CUCUMBERS.— With the past changeable weather
less moisture will have been required, otherwise
mildew and the decay of foliage would soon have
appeared on the plants, and the chance of good
Cucumbers would be small. There are a few impor-
tant details to be carried out at this season which
differ but little from those of the last few weeks.
With cold nights some greater amount of artificial
heat needs be applied, and an arid atmosphere must
be by all means prevented, or insect pests will soon
abound. As one of the means of averting this
mishap, the glass should be covered at night. The
bottom-heat should be carefully attended to, a hling
new fermenting material when required, 80° being
allowed as the minimum. Afford occasional watering
with warm liquid manure, and continue the top-
dressings with light rich compost. Give air in
bright weather for a few minutes so as to dry the
foliage, and crop sparingly till growth begins to
increase. Plants for fruiting in February and
onwards should be kept cooler than those, and no
fruit allowed to set till that time has come. A few
Cucumber seeds may be sown, two in a small 60-pot,
and placed in a frame with brisk bottom-heat. When
they are up keep them near the glass, and when it
can be seen which is the stronger, pull up the other.
Repot low in the pot, and mould up twice.

MELONS. — Those who may require to have ripe
Melons in the month of May, should sow a few seeds
in the way advised for Cucumbers ; and for such
early forcing I would advise for choice an early kind
with a thin rind, and also to grow them in large pots
or tubs, keeping the bine near the light.

STRAWBERRIES —Of these, a few of the earliest
varieties should be brought indoors, viz., Vicomtesse
H. de Thury, which is one of the earliest flowerers,
and La Grosse Suci6e, which is equally good. There
are a variety of ways of starting Strawberries for
early fruiting, and numerous shifts have to be made
by gardeners; but the best one is to plunge the pots
in a mild hotbed of tree leaves, and keep them close
to the glass. The temperature may be from 45° to
50° at the start, the lower degree of warmth at
night. For early forcing, I like to have the plants
in 5-inch pots, each plant furnished with a single
plump well-ripened crown, and healthy roots.
Plants may also be placed on shelves in fruit-houses
just started, and thus brought on gradually. In
preparing the plants, see that the drainage is
perfect ; and with small pots, I prefer to remove
only loose soil on the surface, and not to take away
a lot of it. A good space for holding water is
essential, and for the addition of a feeding mulch.
Plants for succession should be examined, thoroughly
watered if dry, and kept cool till required.

TOMATOS will now make slower progress, and all
the energies of the plant should be directed to swell
up and finish the fruits, as it will be found impos-
sible to get fruits to set for some time yet. Continue
to apply stimulants to healthy plants, and afford
them a little more warmth and air on all occasions
when prudent in the early part of the day, and in
mild weather leave a chink at the top ventilators at
night. G. Wythes, Syon House, Brentford.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

ODD JOBS AND BACKWARD WORK.— Advantage
should be taken of the frosty weather to turn over
and re-turn the accumulated rubbish of the current
year, so as to convert it into fairly good manure,
which well-rotted short grass mowings, weeds,
sweepings of walks, leaves, and other vegetable
matter undoubtedly mak», with which to dress the
beds and borders. Of course, the rubbish is situate
in some out-of-the-way corner, away from the vicinity
of the flower garden or grounds. It should consist of
three sections, side by side, one consisting of fresh
rubbish, another that of 1890, which will be partially
rotted, and thirdly, that which is fit for use. Com-
posts used in the raising and potting of bedding-out
plants should be prepared in due proportions, say

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

763

three parts of waste or other soil and one of leaf-
mould. By turning it over a few times in as many
days, the exposure to frost will sweeten it, and
destroy many grubs, insects, &c.

Walks and road-making, which in many low-lying
places could not be got on with in consequence of so
much rain having fallen, should, now the ground is
firm, be proceeded with in earnest. And for the same
reason gravel should be carted on to any walks re-
quiring a coating of the same. Also the trunksof large
trees blown down during the recent gales, and which
the condition of the ground did not permit of being
sooner removed, should also have attention as soon
as the work can be done without injury to the turf or
gravel. Where the mulching of Rose beds has been
deferred, it should now be performed, putting on
them a coating 3 inches thick of good well-rotted
manure, which will at the same time serve as a
protection against frost,

IVY ON TREES.— While the growth of Ivy is to
be encouraged on the trunks and branches of decayed
and decaying trees, it should by no means be allowed
to establish itself on young trees that we wish to
see grow into large specimens, or on established
trees whose life and vigour we wish to increase
rather than diminish. Therefore, a man provided
with a light hatchet should look over the trees,
and cut the Ivy off close to the ground of any
trees which it is not deemed desirable to drape with
its green tightly-gripping shoots, which, if allowed
to remain, they would ultimately kill. Alter the Ivy
is cut off at the base of the trees, it can easily be torn
off the latter, if not well-established, in which case
it may be necessary to cut the several leading shoots
or branches into short lengths in order to facilitate
their removal.

PROTECTING! TENDER SHRUBS.— Such plants as
Myrtle and Aloysia citriodora (lemon-scented Ver-
bena), will be the better for a little protection being
given them in most counties, excepting a few
favoured spots in the south of England and Ireland.
A few inches thick of sifted coal-ashes placed over
the roots, and a mat or two over the branches (if
trained against a wall or fence) at night will pre-
vent their being injured by frost. If grown in bush
form, as is frequently the case, the branches can be
tied together, and dry Fern or Bracken worked
among and over the shoots, and then tied and
trimmed into a pyramidal shape, thus making them
secure from frost for the whole winter.

BEDDING PLANTS.— See that all kinds of bedding
plants requiring protection from frost receive it, and
ventilate the pits, frames, and houses in which they
are growing fieely on every favourable opportunity
that presents itself so as to preserve a sturdy growth.
H. W. Ward, Longford Cattle, Salisbury.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

CAULIFLOWERS. —Seeds of varieties of these of
which Sutton's First Crop, Magnum Bonum, Pearl, and
Veitch's Extra Early Forcing, are types, may now be
sown, and again early next month. Sow thinly-in with
warm soil in pans or boxes, and keep the plants from
the first close to the glass, and afford them as much air
as the weather will allow, still keeping them in a
gentle heat. When a pair of true leaves are
grown, prick them off into smaller pans, &c, of
sifted sandy loam and leaf-mould, about 3 inches
apart. Sow a small quantity of Stuart & Mein's No. 1,
Ellam's Early, and Sutton's Earliest, Flower of
Spring, and All Heart Cabbages, and treat these seeds
like the Cauliflowers. These Cabbages will come
in close upon the heels of the autumn-sown Cabbages,
and be more tender and succulent than those.

LETTUCES.— Seed of Cabbage and Cos Lettuce
should be sown, and usually one pan of each will be
found sufficient for the first supplies. Sow on the
surface of soil that has been made warm, and place
the pans in some pit or house where there is a warmth
of 55° to 60° at night. When the seeds have ger-
minated, place the pans, without delay, near the
glass, and as soon as the plants can be handed, prick
them out in a slight hotbed, or in boxes, at 3 inches
apart. For varieties, Commodore Nutt and Golden
Ball, among Cabbage Lettuces for early forcing, and
Paris White Cos are amongst the best.

PEAS AND BEANS.— Make a sowing of Peas,
either in boxes on turves or 60-pots, and if the
latter, put a dozen Peas into each. The pots or
boxes should be three-quarters filled with holding
turfy loam and leaf mould, covering the seeds to the

depth of 1 inch. Place in gentle heat until the
young plants appear above ground, and keep them
close up to the glass. When the plants are 1£
inches high, remove to a cooler and better ventilated
house or pit, so that sturdy growth is made, afford-
ing air less fully at first that no check to growth
may occur but after a fortnight ventilating freely
when the weather will admit of it. Chelsea Gem,
William Hurst, Veitch's Extra Early, William the
First, and Sutton's A 1, are all good >arieties for
early sowing, and the two former are suitable for
planting in pits or 8-inch pots for yielding the earliest
gatherings.

BEANS should also be sown in boxes for planting
in favourable sites out-of-doors, when it is considered
safe to do so ; Mammoth Longpod and Giant Seville
Longpod are good early varieties. Use strong loam
and leaf-mould in a partially rough state, and
the plants will lift well when transplanted, and
scarcely any check will be caused by the operation.
Dibble or place the seeds 2J inches apart in the
boxes, and cover them with au inch of rather finer
soil than that beneath, and do not put the Beans
when sown in a forcing temperature — a temperature
of 45° at night, and 50° or 55° by day, will be suit-
able for ensuring sturdy growth.

MISCELLANEOUS.— Continue to put into heat
Seakale roots, Witloof (Chicory), Rhubarb, &c, so
that no break in the supplies occurs. Mint and
Tarragon roots and seeds ot Chervil may be planted
and sown at regular intervals. Examine all roots
in store, removing all that show signs of decay.
Advantage should be taken of frosty weather to
wheel out manure on to all such vacant plots
requiring it, placing it in compact heaps. Refuse
heaps may now be turned over, picking out sticks,
large stones, &c, as the work proceeds, sprink-
ling fresh lime over it as each piece is turned
over. Where much ground is going to be trenched,
this refuse may be wheeled on to the quarters, to be
put during the trenching into the bottom of the
trenches. Trimmings of hedges and other kinds of
rubbish may be collected and burned, saving the
ashes for future use. All indoor work should be
pushed on during frost and wet weather.

The affairs of the garden may now be reviewed in
detail, this being the best time for doing so, before
ordering the seeds for next year's supply, making
notes of those which have done well, whilst the
matters are still clearly remembered. C. J, Waitc,
Gknhurst, Esher.

Sophronitis grandiflora is also another beautiful
Orchid for flowering at this season, and is easy of
cultivation, but it must not be grown in the cold
house as is sometimes advised ; the plants do much
better when grown in the intermediate-house. The
latter plant and Masdevallia tovarensis mixed,
together with pots of Maidenhair Fern, have a
beautiful effect. The temperatures for the Cattleyas
should be 6U° at night, intermediate house 55°, Masde-
vallias 50°, Olontoglossums 45°. and a degree or two
lower on cold nights will do no haim. A. G, Catt,
Parkfieli, Hallow,

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

THE EAST INDIA- HOUSE.— The earliest blooming
Phalamopsie, P. amabihs, and P. grandiflora are
now opening their flowers, and at this dull season
are very useful. Newly-imported plants are now in
the market, and they could not arrive at a better
time, as a long season of growth is ensured. In
previous Calendars I have mentioned that these
Phahenopsis are easily managed when bought as
fresh imported plants. A large amount of moisture
in the atmosphere and at the roots should now be
avoided, this being the chief cause of failure with
these plants; heat must also be reduced. If these
points are neglected, discoloration of the foliage
will set in, and the loss of the leaves will accrue.
If taken in time, this can be easily avoided. Any
plant affected should be placed in a very light posi-
tion in the house, and kept dry. If the leaf is too
far gone to be saved by this means, prick around the
affected part with a needle, making it go entirely
through the leaf at each insertion, but no sulphur
or pounded charcoal must come near the leaf. The
action of the air will entirely dry up the wound,
and, although spoilt in appearance for the time
being, the plant will be in better health and strength
for a strong growth the following season than if the
leaf was entirely cut away. A temperature of 63°
at night, falling to 60° in the morning, is quite suffi-
cient for Phalsenopsis at this season, and a lower
temperature for a short period will do no harm ; but
the greatest care must be taken to avoid drip from
the roof-glass. Where the temperature cannot be
kept up without making the hot-water pipes very
hot, it is much better to place Archangel mats or
old shadings on the roof-glass and around the sides
of the house, for fluctuations in the temperature are
very injurious to Phalamopsis.

THE INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE.— One of the most
satisfactory plauts to grow in this house is Epiden-
drum Wallisii. For fully three years we have
never been without flowers of it, though natur-
ally at some seasons we have more than others.

PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE.

CROTONS. — Large plants of Crotons, which were
cut back as advised in a previous Calendar, will have
commenced to break freely, and should be Byringed
lightly on bright days with tepid water, which will
assist them to break more regularly. Clean the
plants thoroughly, aud be cautious in not over-
watering at the roots until the young shoots get into
full growth and the roots begin to move freely.

PANDANUS.— Old plants of Pandanus Veitchii
throw off a number of suckers from their base, and
these may be propagated as soon as they have attained
the proper size. Place the suckers separately in small
pots according to their size, using a compost of two
parts loam and one each of leaf soil and silver sand.
After potting, place a small neat stick to each sucker,
encircling the leaves with a small piece of bast, and
place in the propagating frame until rooted. By
propagating at different intervals, they will be found
more useful for forming a succession for table
decoration.

CINERARIAS. — The earliest plants are now in
full bloom, and are most useful for decorative pur-
poses. Take precautions that damp does not affect
them. Admit air on all favourable occasions, and
look over the plants once or twice each week, remov-
ing all decayed leaves, &c. The successional plants
which are commencing to show for bloom should be
assisted with weak manure-water afforded once a
week. Keep the plants well up to the glass, always
keeping a little air on, except when there is danger
of frost, and only use fire-heat to expel damp and
frost. Should there be the least sign of green-fly,
have the plants fumigated before the blooms expand.
Any plants requiring a shilt into larger pots should
have attention, using a compost of three parts
fibrous loam, one each of leaf-soil and decayed
manure, with sufficient sand to keep the whole
porous.

ZONAL PELARGONIUM3. — When well-grown
these are always useful during the winter, and if grow-
ing in a suitable structure, there should be no lack of
bloom at the present time. Damp is their worst enemy;
therefore keep the hotwater- pipes warm during
damp weather, and give air on all occasions when
the outside temperature is favourable. Look over
the plants twice each week, and pick off all decayed
leaves and flowers. When giving water, take care
not to spill any about the stages, walks, &c. Young
plants established in 4 or 5-inch pots should have a
little guano given them. B. Milner, Penrio Castle,
Swansea,

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

As long as the frosty weather lasts attend to all
newlv-planted trees, especially where rabbits and hares
abound [and goats. Ed.] Protect the stems by placing
strips of wire netting around them. Painting the
bark over two feet or more from the ground with a
mixture of soft soap, soil, soot, and parafin will also
keep rabbits and hares at bay. The operation should
be repeated when necessary. Staking and re-staking
the trees should now be done, taking precaution that
the bark does not rub against the stakes. Wherestakes
are used for supporting orchard trees, two should be
driven a foot into the earth at 16 inches apart, and a
cross-piece of wood nailed at the proper height, to
which the stem should be tied, placing a pad of hay
or straw between the ties. Advantage should be
taken now the ground is hard to get soil, &c, for
further top dressing or planting, wheeled or carted to
where it will be most needed.

Gooseberry bushes should be watched, or birds,
especially sparrows, will soon destroy the buds.
Soot and lime, well mixed, and strewn over the
bushes at intervals will, to a great extent, preveLt
much harm being done. Red and white Cur-
rants may be pruned when the frost is not severe.
H. Markham.

764

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeh 26, 1891.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

•

Letters for Publication. — All communications intended
for publication, as well as specimens and plants for
naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica-
tions Should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE
PAPER, se?it as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kapt as a gxoirmtee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY,

FKIDAT,

SALES.

I )

DEC. 30 •{ GreeDhouse. and other ferns, at
( Proiheroe & Morris*' Rooms.

{Important Pale of Established Or-
chids, from a private collection,
at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU-
ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS
OF FORTY-THREE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.— 37a.3.

With a fog so black at mid-day

ThYear3iDg that the houses on the °PP°site
side of the street are invisible, we

might be excused for looking forward to the
prospects of the future, rather than for dealing
with the fact of the present. Our duty at this
moment, however, is rather with the past than
■with the present, and not even the fog can anni-
hilate our feelings of gratitude for the many
manifestations of goodwill that were showered
upon us on the occasion of our Jubilee. This
time last year it was our pleasing duty to review
the events of the last half-century as chronicled
in these pages, and the summary we were
then able to give excited much attention
among those interesttd in the progress of
horticulture. Of the share we have taken in it
we need say nothing — others have done it for
us in every quarter of the globe, so that we have
but to repeat our deep appreciation of their kindly
feeling.

As to the year that is now at end, it has been
marked by several features of great interest, to
some few of which we must allude in passing.
First and foremost we would place the question
of horticultural education. The various County
Councils have, from causes into which we need
not enter, been placed in a position to further
technical education in various subjects, and among
them horticulture. As a matter of principle, we
can but rejoice at this ; as a matter of practice, we
can but regret that the announcement of the
good news has come at last so suddenly that we
fear it Cuds many unprepared to turn the cir-
cumstance to proper account. It seems almost
certain that mistakes must ensue, and disappoint-
ment be faced, ere the subject of horticultural
education can be properly dealt with. Gardening
as a practical art must be learned in the garden
by practice alone. But gardening is something
more than a mechanical art, it is, or should be,
the outcome of intelligence brought to bear on
practice. As at present picked up — we cannot
say learnt — it is apt, as we all know too well,
to degenerate into mere routine and rule-of-
tuumb procedure. This, excellent as it is in its
way, requires to be leavened with intelligence, if
progress is to be made, and new conditions are
to be encountered.

The practitioners of an art naturally feel that
practice is what is essentially required, and so it
is ; but to direct, control, and improve that
practice, knowledge is required. Practitioners
are apt to fight shy of " science," theory as they
call it, and do not sufficiently recognise that
scienoj is cnly a yrand name fur knowledge and
theory, only the equivalent of that orderly in-
telligence, by means of which the powers of
knowledge can be turned to the best pract.cal ac-

count. No amount of lectures or book-reading can
make a gardener, but a gardener can make much
more rapid and much more satisfactory progress
if his head is made to work with, and direct the
work of, his hands. Practical'gardening, as such,
has reached its highest level in this country. The
ways and means and the material have vastly
improved during the last half-century ; but if we
eliminate these, we greatly doubt if the merely
practical gardener is any better than his prede-
cessor of fifty years ago. How should he be ?
This is not our opinion only, but that of many
of the leading practical gardeners themselves,
as was noted when we were discussing these
matters. If 'this be true, there is an ample
reason for urging an improved educational
system in order to allow us to take full advan-
tage of the material benefits which the progress
of science has put at our disposal. Again, the
gardening calling, as a whole, is, no doubt,
greatly overstocked and woefully under-paid.
There is no more room for mere routine prac-
titioners ; but, on the other hand, there are
many openings for properly-educated and
properly-trained gardeners which were not
available fifty years ago. The development of
our colonies, the necessity at home of making
the land more profitable than it now is, offer
opportunities for the trained and educated gar-
dener that he had not before. These very con-
ditions render the prospects of the untrained and
uneducated more hopeless than ever.

The prospects of hardy fruit culture, which
are decidedly brighter than they were, do but
add an additional illustration of the validity of
our argument. No doubt we can in this country
— and in some cases we do — produce better fruit
than is yielded by any other country, under at
all like circumstances ; but look at our ne-
glected orchards, and at the wretched quality
of much of the fruits exposed for sale in
the greengrocers' shops, and the need for
intelligent cultivation is painfully made appa-
rent. Let us look again at the questions
relating to plant diseases. Who can estimate
the annual loss caused by insects and by various
fungi ? Are we to go on for ever taking these
things as matters of course which must be
endured, or ought we not to set to work vigor-
ously to devise means, at least, to palliate their
evil effects ? We cannot do this without the
aid of science. We must first of all know all
that can be known of these organisms and of
their ways of life, and then we shall be in a fair
way to deal with them. Take the Potato disease,
as a case in point. There can be no doubt, in
spite of some adverse experiments, that we are
now in possession of various means which, if
properly carried out, will very materially
diminish the evil effects of this pest. Apathy
and ridicule will do nothing, but well-devised
operations will have, at any rate, a large measure
of success.

The general course of events in the horticul-
tural world during the past year has not, with
the exceptions we have mentioned, furnished
much material for comment. The crops have
been fairly good, and the general outcome has
been better than the nature of the season pro-
mised. Flower shows have been as numerous, if
not more so, than ever ; but whether they have
increased their powers for good, as regards
the progress of horticulture, is doubtful.

The fortnightly meetings of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society have been as full of interest
as they generally are, and among the larger
events the Temple show, the shows at Man-
chester and at Edin urgh, have been above
average. The Conifer Congress at Chiswick,

ruined in some respects by the weather, was,
nevertheless, the means of bringing together
the largest and most instructive display of these
plants ever witnessed, and the papers read at
the conference were of so high a quality that
we anxiously await their publication in the
Journal of the society, more especially from the
point of view of practical forestry.

The garden charities have been well supported,
but the lists before us show, unfortunately, how
inadequite they are to cope with the require-
ments of the case. The practical inference from
this needs no insistence.

The publications of the year have been very
numerous, but, with a few exceptions, they have
not been equal in merit to the flood of publi-
cations on horticultural and cognate subjects
which reach us from Germany and other coun-
tries. Of purely botanical publications we can
make no mention, but we cannot avoid referring
to Professor Sargent's magnificent publication
on the Silva of North America, an illustrated
work of reference, which, from its cost, is not
accessible to many individuals, but is one which
no library with any claims to comprehensiveness
should be without.

The Obituary list last year was terrible, not
only in numbers, but for the havo3 it recorded
among prominent horticulturists. It is not much
better this year. We have lost the Emperor of
Brazil, a man who like the Duke of Devon-
shire, whose loss we have to announce to-day,
owed his reputation far less to his high rank
than to his intelligence and ability. The Em-
peror was not only a patron of science in the
best sense of the term, but a man of science
himself and one to whom horticulturists owe
much more than they are at all aware of. France
has lost two men of foremost rank in the horti-
cultural world, Hardy and Alphand, men
thatFrance will find it difficult to replace. Levet
also will long be regretted by Rose growers,
and Herincq will be missed from the small
band of garden botanists. Belgium has lost
Van Volxem, Italy mourns Ricasoli, both
men who greatly advanced horticulture. For
ourselves, we have lost the veteran Schom-
burgk, who did such valiant service in South
Australia; Dr. Henry Bennet, the founder of
Mentone, and who was one of the first to per-
ceive the importance of observing the pheno-
mena of vegetation, and co-relating them with
those of climate for the benefit of his patients ;
Barron, " of Elvaston," a sagacious practitioner
with a knowledge of trees and their ways, espe-
cially of Conifers, and who has been taken from
us at a ripe age ; Dominy, the hybridist, to whose
labours we owe so much ; Jean Sibley, unless
we are to count him as a Frenchman ; Meston, the
landscape gardener ; Frank Miles, artist andgar-
dener; William Richards, known to many as
the publisher of this journal, and whose help when
any charitable enterprise needed assistance, could
always be counted on, must be numbered in the
sad list. These, and, unfortunately, many more,
might be cited ; but before we close the list, we
must not omit two names which are eminently
suggestive — Edmund Roger Cutler, by whose
efforts, mainly, the Gardeners' Benevolent was
raised from an institution pensioning with diffi-
culty one or two members a year, to its present
state, when its pensioners number a hundred or
more, and its invested funds afford the best
proof of its ability to do more in the future, if
the gardeners will only continue their much-
needed support. The last-name on the list that
we will mention is that of James Wells,
centenarian, and we do so because we hope his
example may serve to stimulate others, We do

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

765

not know that he had many claims to notice as
a horticulturist, but he was more than a cente-
narian, and he did his duty to the Gardeners'
Benevolent and to his fellows by subscribing a
guinea a year as long as he could — eighteen
years; and then when he could no longer work,
and circumstances were against him, he claimed
the advantages of his foresight, and received
as a matter of right, not of charity, assis-
tance from the institution he had helped to
support to the extent of £520 — a pretty good
return for his investment, if we look at the
matter from that point only.

And so with this hasty summary we pass from
our Jubilee year to another period of uncertain
duration, but cheered and encouraged by a
largely increased circulation, and by the goodwill
of our numerous friends. With their sugges-
tions to guide us, and their help to support us,
we trust to do good service to horticulture in
the future, as it is acknowledged we have done
in the past.

The Queen and Horticulture.— The Gold

Medal of the Royal Botauical and Horticultural
Society of Manchester was awarded to Her Majesty
the Queen for her exhibition of fruit at the recent
show in this city. Mr. Bruce Findlay, the Secre-
tary of the Society, proceeded to Windsor Castle
and presented the Gold Medal. In acknowledgment,
Mr. Findlay has received the following letter : —
*' Windsor Castle. December 16. 1891.

"Sir, — I am commanded by the Quee.v to couvey to the
members of the Royal Botanical and Horticultural Society of
Manchester the expression of Her Majesty's thanks for the
Gold Medal which the Society has awarded to her for the fruit
exhibited by Her Majesty on the occasion of the last exhibi-
tion there, and to express Her Majesty's satisfaction that the
Apples and Pears sent from the Royal Gardens should have
been so highly approved of by the Society.— Believe me, yours
f I tb fully, "J. C. Coweix.

" Bruce Findlay, Esq., Sec, Royal Botanical and
Horticultural S.ciety of Manchester."

Veitch Memorial Prizes.— At a meeting of

the trustees of the Veitch Memorial Fund, held on
Friday last, the ISth inst., at the office of the
Journal of Horticulture, Dr. Robert Hogg in the
chair, it was decided to offer Veitch Memorial
Medals and prizes for the year 1892 as follows : — ■
(1) At the Temple show of the Royal Horticultural
Society, on May 27, a Medal and prize of £5 for
the best six hard-wooded greenhouse plants in
bloom ; (2) at the special exhibition of Orchids at the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Manchester, to be held in
June, a Medal and prize of £5 for the best hybrid Or-
chid in bloom already in commerce ; and (3) a Medal
and prize of £5 for the best hybrid Orchid in bloom
not in commerce. These Medals and prizes can be
competed for by amateurs and their gardeners only.
It was also decided to award a Silver Medal to Mr.
William Watson, of Kew ; and a similar Medal to
Mr. John Heal, of the Royal Exotic Nursery,
Chelsea, as a recognition of their skill as hybridisers
and cultivators.

Royal Horticultural Society.— As it has

sometimes been made a subject of complaint that
sufficient means are not taken to make the Fellows
acquainted with the conditions under which alone their
privileges of recommending new members for election
into the Council can be exercised, we desire to call
attention to the following notice published in the
last number of the society's journal : — " Any two
Fellows may recommend any other Fellow for
removal from, or election to, the Council, or for
appointment to the offices of President, Treasurer,
or Secretary, and Auditors, such Fellows leaving
notice in writing of their proposal at the offices of
the Society on or before the 10th day of January in
each year."

The Duke of Devonshire.— The praises of

the Lord of Chatsworth are being pronounced by
men of all parties and all cieeds. A Duke— an
owner of many thousands of acres in various parts
of the country, and also in Ireland — he was more

than all these, he was a just and considerate land-
lord, a double-first at Cambridge, a Smith's prizeman, a
patron of art, science, and literature, and well upheld
the name of Cavendish in matters of science. For
many years he was Chancellor of the University of
London, and of that of Cambridge — positions to which
his personal qualities entitled him still more than his
hereditary rank. The Gardens of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society at Chiswick are rented on very favourable
terms from the Duke, one of whose predecessors was
the patron and friend of Sir Joseph Paxton. We
may remind our readers that on June 26, 1875, we
gave in our Chatsworth Supplement, a view of the
house, now reproduced on p. 759, and also of the great
conservatory, the Musa avenue, the tank in the
conservatory, the interiors of the Victoria House,
and the great conservatory, the Amherstia, since
dead, the Italian garden, and others.

CHRISTMAS NUMBER8. — Amateur Gardening
presents its readers with a coloured plate of new
early-Howering Chrysanthemums, and a variety of
useful and seasonable articles, mostly practical, some
scientific, others recreative. The Gardeners1 Maga-
zine has a brilliant coloured almanack, articles on
Stratford and Hatfield, a Christmas story by Mr.
G. M. Fenn, another by Mr. Borbidqe; a pleasant
account of the Norfolk Broads in Winter, while Mr.
Bunyard burgeona forth into poetry as he cata-
logues the Apples in the fruit-room. The Vegetarian
has an illustrated article on the Gardens at Iiamport
Hall, with their whimsical conceits, concerning which
people form as many different opinions as they do
about the gardens at Isola Bella; Mr. E. J. Baillie
has a Christmas-tide reflection — one which entails
no remorse for the past, but one which is full of hope
and promise for the future.

Meeting of the German Gardeners' Club,
— A number of young Germans perceiving the advan-
tages of having a place of meeting for mutual help and
instruction, established some fourteen years ago, a
club, with a very low weekly subscription from its
members. This modest institution, with members
at no one time exceeding fifty in number, had its
locale for many years in a back street off Sloane
Street, but it has had recently to migrate to Soho,
owing to the demolition of its original quarters, and
is now located at Weddes' Hotel in Greek Street.
On Saturday last was held at the latter place its
fourteenfh anniversary festival. The attendance
numbered some forty sons of the Fatherland, who
had assembled in a thoroughly homely manner, with
a plain supper, song, and speech, and a very enjoy-
able evening was spent. On ordinary meeting nights,
the first and third Saturdays in each month, papers
are read on various topics of horticultural interest,
certain articles read from the best English and
foreign gardening journals, and criticism and general
discussion are invited thereon. We hope to be able
on some future occasion to lay before our readers the
proceedings at one of these meetings, which resemble
with some differences, those of our Mutual Horticul-
tural Improvement Societies and Associations. The
President of the Club is Mr. Krumbeioel, who is
employed in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.

L'ORCHIDEENNE.— The thirty-second'meetingof
this Society was held in Brussels on December 13 at
the Horticulture Internationale, when a remarkable
show of Orchids was staged, including several in-
teresting novelties, some splendid Cypripediums, and
an unusually good display of Odontoglossums. We
may mention O. Alexandra; var. nebulosum, very
charming and striking; O. Alexandra; var., specked
with salmon, of elegant colouring; the following
well-grown Cypripediums, C. Spicerianum, C. Wil-
liamai, C. insigne Chantini, and also C. Sallieri
Hyeanum, the latter of unusual height, and bearing
nineteen flowers ; Odontoglossum ramosissimum, 0.
Halli leucoglossum, O. pulcherrimum, bearing four
dense clusters of flowers ; and the new Vanda
Warocqueana. with a quadruple cluster, from M. G.
Warocque. The following Orchids were also admir-
able :— Cypripedium Rothschildianum, the new C.
insigne Moensi, pale in colour, and of good habit ;

and Cattleya xanthoglossa, from M. J. Moens,
Cypripedium Leeanum euperbum, covered with
bloom; C. cenanthum superbum, Epidendrum ciliare,
a dense mass ; Brassia sp., and Laalia Gouldiana,
well-bloomed, from M. A. Van Imshoot ; Odonto-
glossum hastilabium, beautiful and well bloomed ;
and Cypripedium bellatulum, with very large flowers,
from M. G. Miteau ; a splendid mass of Cypripedium
insigne, from M. Madoux Fils; a Hybrid Cypri-
pedium, and Odontoglossum Wilckeanum var., very
elegant, from MM. Vervaet et Cie. ; excellent varie-
ties of 0. Alexandra;, O. Ruckeri, O. tripudians, and
Cypripedium nitens superbum, from M. le Dr.
Capart ; the charming Oncidium cucullatumX
Phaloenopsis, a natural hybrid, intermediate between
the two species ; Dendrobium bigibbum var. mar-
moratum, very finely coloured; Mormodes Rolfe-
anum var. lineatum, the curious Eulophia sp. On-
cidium Bungerothi, Odontoglossum crispum var.
lilacinum, 0. blandum var. maximum, Lselia anceps
Walkeriana, Cypripedium Argus Moensi, C. Lee-
anum superbum, Bletia catenulata, Odontoglossum
Boddtertianum, Masdevallia bella and M. Veitchi
grandiflora, Cattleya Holfordi, Cypripedium Lee-
anum var. Jacksoni, C. Dauthieri, C. cenanthum,
Spathoglottis Augustorum, Aganisia discolor, all
from M. Linden ; Dendrobium formosum gigan-
teum, and L;clia anceps var. Walkeriana, with
unusually large flowers, from M. Treyerau ; Odonto-
glossum Rossi, with large and well-coloured flowers,
from M. J. Van Lansberge ; Cypripedium Robelini,
well-flowered, and C. hirsutissmum, from M. Ch.
Van Wambeke. The jury, which was composed of
MM. G. Warocque, President ; Em. Rodigas, Secre-
tary ; Dr. Capart, Houzeau de Lehaie, F. Kegeljan,
Iluybrechts, G. Miteau, J. Moens, and A. Van Im-
shoot, awarded many diplomas and certificates for
the above excellent collections.

Linnean SOCIETY.— At the meeting of this
Society on Thursday, December 17, Professor
Stewart, President, in the Chair, Mr. G. C. Druce
exhibited specimens of Sagina maritimi, Don MS.,
var. alpina, Syin-", gathered on steep rocky places
on the Cairngorms; and of IUecebrum verticillatum,
Linn., found near Wellington College, Berks. Dr.
R C. A. Prior exhibited some fruits of the Baobab
(Adansonia), and of an undetermined species of Palm,
which had been sent from Matabele Land as good
to eat, under the misleading names of " cream of
Tartar fruit," and " wild Orange." He read an
extract from Oates's Matabele Land, describing the
natural growth and appearance of the Baobab as
observed in that country.

Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Associa-
tion.— On Wednesday evening, December 16, the
usual fortnightly meeting of the Devon and Exeter
Gardeners' Mutual Improvement Association was
held at the Guildhall under the presidency of Mr.
D. C. Towell. The ordinary business of the meet-
ing having been transacted, the Chairman introduced
Mr. W. Rowland, who read a paper on the
" Cultivation of the Tomato."

Calendars and Almanacks.— We have re-
ceived from Messrs. Ward, Lock & Co., publishers,
Warwick House, Salisbury Square, E.C., Glenny's
Illustrated Garden Almanack and Florist's Directory
for 1892, which, besides the usual matter found in an
almanack, has figures of new Strawberries, Onions,
Tomatos, and Potatos ; the novelties in flowers,
fruits, and vegetables, for the period, September, 1890,
to September, 1891, some of which are figured ;
models of improved boilers for heating glasshouses ;
propagating cases, mowing machines, &c, and a
trade directory. Calvert's Mechanics' Almanack is
published by John Heywood, 1, Paternoster Build-
ings ; Simpkin & Co., Stationers' Hall Court, and
others in London; and in Manchester, Glasgow,
Edinburgh, and other large towns. It contains much
information useful to the mechanic, engineer, deco-
rator, and manufacturer. Messrs. Webks & Co.,
horticultural engineers, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.,
send a specimen of a strong leather pocket-book and
almanack combined, well suited for rough usage ;

766

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 26, 1891.

and T. Fletcher & Co., a block Calendar of the
usual useful stamp.

"DlCTIONNAIRE DE BOTANIQUE."-This splen-
did publication, edited by M. Baillon, and published
by Hachette, has nearly reached its termination, if
we may judge from the circumstance that it now
reaches Zyzy. Indexes and references to plates, we
presume, are to follow. The coloured plates have
been issued without reference to the sequence of
the text, and without numbers, so that it will be
difficult to cite them properly.

The Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— At a meet-
ing of the Committee of the above, held on the 18th
inst., Mr. William Marshall presiding, the following
special receipts were announced : — Proceeds of con-
cert at Chiswick in aid of the fund, sent through the
Gardeners' Mutual Improvement Society, £20 ; col-
lected at the Leighton Buzzard Chrysanthemum
Show, and forwarded by Mr. J. Smith, Leighton Buz-
zard, £20 10s. ; sale of flowers and fruit at the Edin-
burgh Chrysanthemum Show, per Mr. M. Todd, £20 ;
and proceeds of twelve money- boxes, collected in
different parts, £18 15s. Si. The Hon. Secretary,
Mr. A. F. Barron, reported that applications had been
received from thirty candidates in view of the
approaching election ; the same were examined, and
all beiDg in accordance with the regulations, were
passed for publication in the voting papers. It was
resolved that January 4 be the last day upon which
applications can be received, and the Committee will
meet upon that day.

Plants of Central Asia.— D^IKanitz, the
indefatigable director of the Botanic Garden at
Kolozsvar (Klausenburg), Hungary, has published
a list of the plants collected in the excursion of
Count Bela Szechenyi in Central Asia, &c. The
title-page and preface are in Hungarian, but the
descriptions of the plants are in Latin. Biblio-
graphical indications and references to plates are
given, whilst of the newly-described species full
Latin descriptions are supplied, and in some cases
excellent lithographic illustrations. Several new
Primulas and Gentians are figured. Gentiana
Szechen)ii, with blue flowers lined and spotted
with white, from Szechuan, is worthy of introduction
t ) gardens.

LETTUCE AS A DRUG. —Most of us have heard
of the reputation of Lettuce as a sleep producer.
" For want of rest, Lettuce and Cowslip wine pro-
bation est." So little virtue, however, has the Lettuce
in this particular, that the drug lactucarium has
quite gone out of use. Latterly, however, Mr.
Dvmond, working in the research laboratory of the
Pharmaceutical Society, has succeeded in extracting
from the wild Lettuce, as well as from various
cultivated forms, an alkaloid having the power, like
atropin in belladonna, of dilating the pupil of the
eye. This alkaloid is identical with hyoscyamin,
but occurs in such infinitesimal proportions that
lettuce eaters need fear no ill consequences. The
occurrence of a principle formerly supposed to be
peculiar to the Solanaceae among the Composites is
noteworthy.

Stock-taking : November. — To those who

c.vre fully note the events of the day in the columns
of their daily paper, and month by, month note the
figures under the above heading, the fact;is very
apparent that we — the great Free-Trade community —
are " in touch " with every commercial nation under
the sun. Rumours of war — market " manipulations"
■ — are at once reflected in our Trade Returns ; the
sympathetic response is given by every factory
throughout the land ; and on the seas our sails
increase or diminish in volume just as our markets
are buoyant or depressed. This paragraph has been
well " in evidence " during the past twelvemonths ;
its usual interest is not decreased to-day, when we
record an increase of 15 per cent, in the imports, and
a decrease of 12 per cent, in the exports — the former
due to the large importation of Wheat, the latter to
a falling off in the exports of iron and iron manu-
factures to the United States, concerning which,

more anon. The following figures are extracted
from the " summary " of imports for the month of
November : —

1890.

1891.

Difference.

Total value for month

£.

£S7, 152.273

£.

£43,861,339

£.

+ 6,709,116

$11.— (A.) Articles of
food and drink —
duty free

11,224,898

15,302,756

+4,077,858

(B.) — do., dutiable

2,786,491

2,619,209

—167,252

$VI. — Raw materials
for textile manufac-
tures (including
Flax, Hemp, and
Jute)

9,495,053

10.968,564

+ 1,473,514

$VII. — Raw materials
for9undry industries
and manufactures
(including wood and
timber, hewn, sawn,
split, dressed ; vege-
table materials, for
paper-making, &c.)

3,536.514

3,484.450

—52,064

§IX. — Miscellaneous
articles (including
Clover, Grass, Flax,
Rape, Linseed)

1,332,415

1,914,693

+612,278

(B.)— Parcel Post ...

42,126

39,214

—2,912

This much being " recorded," we may now with
advantage devote a few lines to the McKinley
Tariff. A few months since, President Harrison
gave directions for " taking stock " of the outcome of
the latest thing in bad statesmanship — a little pre-
liminary fanfare being performed on the Government
trumpet ; and the inquiries were instituted. The
results are now to hand — there are no more trum-
petings ! On receipt of the news respecting the
Presidential movements on the Excise lines, we
communicated with some folks in New York and
Washington, who, experience had long before taught
us, knew somethiog of such matters. The response,
based upon accurate information and a keen out-
look, was somewhat startling, and would have been
given in this coluumn last month ; delay has not
reduced the importance of the Exchequer returns
now published in the Government journals, and
which we summarise as follows, to wit, that the
serious effect of the McKinley Tariff upon the
Custom's revenue is shown by the fact that, during
the five months the Tariff has been in full force, the
period between July 1 (when the tin-plate duty
went into effect) till the end of November, compared
with the same months last year, the Customs
revenue has fallen off over 26 000,000 dols , or at
the rate of about 87 000 000 dols.— say, £17,400 000
— annually. The total receipts of the Treasury are
stated to be 40 000 000 dols— or £8 000,000— less
than in the corresponding period last year. If
this rate of diminution be maintained, the total
loss for the year will, it is stated, exceed
94,000,000 dols— £18,800,000. A few hours pre-
vious to the arrival of these figures in London, our
Board of Trade had published some very interesting
statements as to the share of the workmen in this
country in the money cost of articles produced in
the various industries — we recommend the publica-
tion in the United States of a corresponding series
of tabulated statements— to be followed by Canada
and all other interested and protectionist countries !
The following figures respecting the imports of
fruits and vegetables are extracted from the general
mass of returns for November : —

bush.

1890.

1891.

Difference

$ II. Fruit:—
Apples, raw

600,618

950,011

+349,353

Unenumerated, raw

344,833

134,762

—210.071

Oniona

498.849

581,003

+82,151

Potatos

cwt.

51,779

79,032

+ 27,253

Vegetables, raw, unenu-
merated

value

£19,757

55,896

+6,139

It appears that we have during the past week or
two been receiving large quantities of Tomatos
from the Canary Islands, together with large con-
signments of Cranberries from America— pity the
latter did not arrive in time to "jam" them up
with the Blackberry crop.

Shirley Hibberd Memorial.— At a meeting
of the committee appointed to carry out this scheme,
held at Chiswick on November 17, 1891, Dr. Masters
in the chair, it was announced that the sum received
from all sources was £259 9s. 6d., and that after the
payment of all expenses, amounting to £38 14s. id.,
there remained a balance in the bank of £220 I5s. '2d.
A satisfactory portrait of Mr. Hibberd has been
hung in the Lindley Library. The balance of the
monies received is, after payment of the expenses
of the deed, to be invested for the benefit of
the orphan daughter in the names of Mr. W. R.
Hargreave, Mr. Leonard Barron, and Mr. John
Collingridge. The trust-deed is to contain pro-
visions (1), that in the event of the death of the
child, previous to her attaining her twelfth year,
the amount then standing to the credit of the
trustees shall be paid to the Gardeners' Orphan
Fund ; (2), that in the event of the decease of
the child at any period between the twelfth and
the twenty-first year of her age, then the monies
invested shall become the absolute property of her
uncle and guardian, Mr. C. M. Mitchell.

Himalayan Journals.— We are delighted to
have to announce the re-appearance of an old friend
in the shape of a reprint of Sir Joseph Hooker's
Himalayan Journal. It is now issued in one
volume by Messrs. Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co ,
with an introductory biographical note by the late
Mr. Bettany. A book of this character is of peren-
nial interest to the naturalist and to the geographer,
whilst to the horticulturist it has a special value.
Immense changes have occurred since the original
publication of the book in 1854, but these changes
have only enhanced the value of a book which
should stand on the shelf with Darwin's Journal
of a Naturalist in every garden library. Few more
acceptable gifts could be made to a gardener than
this delightful volume.

" The Law of Bankruptcy."— Some of our
readers are occasionally under the necessity, from
some cause or another, of obtaining some knowledge
of the law of bankruptcy. To such folk we may
commend a little treatise by Mr. C. E. Stewart, and
published by Effingham Wilson & Co., Royal
Exchange, in the earnest hope that they will require
no further practical insight into the subject.

Publications Received. — How to Grow
Onions. By J. A. Taplin, — Report of Proceedings
of Fruit Conference, Manchester.

PLANT PORTBAITS.

Campanola foxla, Garden, November 14.

Lepachys columnaris, Median's Monthly, Novem-
ber.— Yellow Composite, allied to Rudbeckia.

Senecio Heritiehi. — A beautiful greenhouse
plant, allied to S. cruenta, which is the origin of the
cultivated Cinerarias. It is the Cineraria lanata of
Lamarck. Garden and Forest, October 28.

HAZELWOOD, KINGS LANGLEY.

[See Supplementary Illustration.]
Leaving behind the ancient city of Verulam —
the modernized St. Albans of Orchidic fame —
with its renowned and picturesque-looking Abbey
standing on a commanding eminence, where it has
withstood the storms of nigh eight hundred years,
passing along a narrow winding road for some
seven miles or so, when the Hawthorns and
Brambles were putting on their autumn tints, we
reached at length Hazelwood, Kings Langley.
This demesne, which consists of some five hundred
acres, was once the property of Lord Rokeby, but
now for several years has been the seat of Vice-
Admiral Ralph P. Cator.

The time at my disposal allowed me to pay only
a passing attention to the trees and shrubs, of which
there is a very rich variety in the grounds at Hazel-
wood. It is little wonder that artists go into rap-
tures over the colouring of the autumn landscape,
and last season the depth and variety of tints innu-
merable seemed to be more conspicuous than usual —

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

767

perhaps because the sights of previous autumns have,
with time, somewhat faded from my remembrance.
At any rate, the red and brown foliage of the sturdy
and gnarled Oaks, and the deep purple, crimson, or
mellow brown of the Beeches, with their tall, smooth
trunks, formed a beautiful contrast to the deep
green hues of the Deodars and Lebanon Cedars,
Pines of various species, Abies, Araucarias, &c,
with which they were intermingled. The common
Virginian Creeper and Veitch's variety were like-
wise all aglow with various hues of crim-
son and purple-brown. Not so the beautiful Mag-
nolia glauca, which seemed to care little for the

Fine shrubs abound, and good use is made of the
columnar forms of Irish Yew, and of Thuias in
variety.

The parterre depicted in the lower view consists
chiefly of round-headed shrubs, contrasted with the
columnar or pyramidal forms above-named which
stand on turf. Amongst these blended with good
taste are some few shrubs, flowering and others, which
are allowed to grow in restrained negligence together
with beds of herbaceous plants, Rose bushes, flower-
ing climbing plants on poles and arches, clumps of
Adam's Needle, &c. It will be remarked that plenty
of gravelled space is allowed between the groups and

P.-

FlG. 111. — A NOVEL HEATING APPARATUS.

dulness of the season, and several of whose large
white flowers peeped out here and there between the
glossy bright green leaves. One of the arbours in
the garden looked particularly gay, encircled by a
Vine from Balaclava, planted by Lord Rokeby. The
other interesting objects to be seen outside were
numerous, some of which, however, must be included
in my notes of the place, as they are nicely delineated
in the views given in this week's Supplement of the
Gardeners' Chronicle.

As will be seen in the upper view, the dwelling
occupies the higher of the two terraces ; and the
views from the path by the house, and the windows
extend over much of the garden in front and the im-
mediate landscape in that direction. Each terrace
is furnished with a broad path and flights of steps.

beds in one part of this pretty garden, thus affording
not only comfortable access to them in rainy weather,
but a good contrast of colour, better indeed than that
afforded by the turf. There is much in this garden
that we hear sometimes deprecatingly termed old-
fashioned, but which is none the less a source of
pleasure to the owner and beholder for all that.

Chrysanthemums were, at the time of our visit, in
their full glow of beauty, and fine specimens of Soleil
Levant, Lord Beaconsfield, George Atkinson, La
Triompbante, and others, were observed in one of
the houses. Other houses were stocked with the
usual stove plants, and Nectarine and Peach trees.

The Orchids, — Eighteen months ago these plants
hardly existed at Hazelwood, but now it is no
exaggeration to say that a very fine collection of the

best species and varieties is to be found, which is in
a clean and healthy condition. Although the
houses have not been specially constructed for
Orchids, having been built by Messrs. Wright &
Holmes with curvilinear roofs, the glass fitted with-
out putty, nevertheless the plants have thriven well.
In the cool house was to be seen a line display of
Odontoglossum crispum, the flower scapes with from
sixteen to eighteen flowers each ; and the large
golden-blotched 0. grande. Among the Dendro-
biums, the gigantic white-flowered D. formosum
displayed its incomparable blooms in company with
D. Jamesianum and D. infundibulum. The rare
Oncidium Larkinianum — a supposed natural hybrid
between O. crispum and O. Marshallianum, had a fine
flower spike. It is to be hoped that this fine species
will become more abundant than it is at the present
time. Cypripediums are in strong force, most of the
best species and hybrids being represented. Among
Dendrobes not mentioned above might be named
D. nobile with its varieties, Cooksoni, nobilius, and
Sanderianum, D. Pierardi, Wardianum, Falconeri,
a fine batch of MacCarthite, and a few of the so-
called Elephant Moth Dendrobe, D. Phalsenopsis
Schroderianum, which has lately created such a
sensation. Cattleyas were well to the front, and
among the usual kiuds were several pieces labelled
Warocqueana and labiata autumnalis vera, which,
I presume, may now be considered as synonymous
from a botanical point of view. Aerides, Angrue-
cums, Phalajnopsis, Lxlias, Cuelogynes, Sophronitis,
Sobralias, Zygopetalums, Miltonias, Lycastes, Ca-
lanthes, Brassias, and several other minor genera,
all find a place, and altogether they make a choice
and valuable collection. J. W.

AN IMPROVED METHOD OF, AND
APPARATUS FOR, HEATING.

In this apparatus a generator of suitable design
and dimensions is provided with an air chamber, or
with air chambers, and with a boiler fitted with tubes
for generating heat — the boiler being supplied with
water by a suitably-placed cistern — and pipes or
other appliances are attached thereto as required
for circulating, distributing, and using the heat
generated.

The air chambers and the system of pipes have
free communication with the atmosphere by apertures
in the under-surface of the pipes, which provide for
the circulation, expansion, and contraction of the
hot air and vapour, convey the condensed water to
the boiler, and maintain an equal pressure between
the atmosphere outside the apparatus and the
current of heat circulating therein.

The arrows in the generator indicate the rise of
vapour from the boiler, the hot current of waste
heat from the gas flame, and the hot air current in
the air chamber. The heat and vapour unite and
form the moist circulating current.
t;;The arrows in the pipes show the direction of the
flow, and the current of non-radiated heat returning
to the air chamber.

In small apparatus, the fuel may be gas or mineral
oil, and the waste heat may be passed through the
pipes to find its exit through the small pipe a',
covering the aperture for expansion, which is carried
to the outside air.

For large apparatus, breeze, coke, or coal, can
be used, and the quantity of fuel required will be
little more than a third of the amount consumed by
hotwater apparatus of equal size.

The generator can be substituted for the boiler
of existing hotwater apparatus, and the water in the
pipes dispensed with, thereby saving the fuel required
to heat it. H. Stevenson. [We hope soon to be
enabled to see the above apparatus at work, and to
give our readers the results of an actual trial. In
any case, we have here a radical change from the
usual modes of heating, and obtain heat direct from
its source without the intervention of a large body
of water which is always a source of expense. We
are informed that any required degree of heat is

768

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

[Dkcembeb 26, 1891.

obtainable with this apparatus, and that it is far
easier of management than any hotwater apparatus
heated with coal, coke, or breeze. It is particularly
suitable for small houses, where the length of
piping required does not exceed 100 or 200 feet.
In some of its principles it has a resemblance to
the Polmaise system — is, indeed, an application
of those principles, but without their drawbacks.
Ed.]

Notices of Books.

The Plant-World, ETC. By George Massee.
Small 8vo, 212 pp. Whittaker & Co.

" The idea of this little book is to furnish an intro-
duction to the study of botany from the standpoint
of considering plants as living organisms, subject to
all the varied vicissitudes that are more generally
recognised as influencing animal life."

With these words, Mr. Massee introduces his
little volume. The headings of the chapters will of
themselves serve to show how he has carried out his
idea— they are as follow:— 1, Plant Architecture;
2, Chemistry and Physics of Plant-life ; 3,
Protective Arrangements ; 4, Reproduction ; 5,
Eelationship among Plants ; 6, Fossil Plant9 ;
7, Geographical Distribution of Plants. The
chapter, " Plant - Architecture," might as well
have been termed plant-con9truction, for it deals
more particularly with the substances and materials
out of which plants are made than with their archi-
tectural or morphological arrangement. But this
is a detail of no particular moment. It is sufficient
to say that Mr. Massee has well carried out his
programme, and that his book is well suited for
those who desire to obtain, without any great expen-
diture of time or pains, a general idea of plant-life,
and of the principal questions which interest
modern-time botanists.

FOSSIL BOTANY. By H. Graf zu Solms Daubach.
Authorised English translation, by Henry E. F.
Garnsey. Revised by Isaac Bayley Balfour.
(Oxford, Clarendon Press.)

This is another of those useful books for which
we have to thank Mr. Garnsey, Professor Balfour,
and the Oxford Press. The basis of the work con-
sists of notes of lectures originally delivered in the
University of Guttingen, and in its preparation the
author acknowledges the great assistance he has
received from Dr. Williamson of Manchester; Mr.
Carruthers, Mr. Woodward, as well as to M. Renault,
of Paris. Free access has also been granted to the
collectiors of Goppert. The first chapter is devoted to
a consideration of the manner in which plants become
fossilised. The author then proceeds systematically
to describe the fossil forms referable to the lower
Cryptogams, Conifers, Cycadaceoe, Cordaites, Ferns,
Equiseta, Dycopodites, Lepidodendra, Sigillariesc,
Stigmariea:, Calamariere, Sphenophyllea;, and various
miscellaneous groups or little-known assemblages of
doubtful character. The higher-flowering plants are
omitted. The whole subject is treated from the
standpoint of the systematic botanist, which is in
many cases different, at any rate in degree, from that
of the professed geologist. The latter often acts on
the assumption that more is known of the structure
and affinities of certain forms than the botanist is
willing to admit. The geologist hardly lays sufficient
stress on the great changes of form and appearance
which often characterise different stages of growth of
one and the same plant. If botanists are led astray by
such periodic forms of living plants, as they often
are when they are seen isolated, it is not to be
wondered at that the geologist, whose material i9
generally so much more imperfect, and so much more
difficult to analyse, should fall into similar error;
indeed, we suspect our ceological friends will view
with surprise the hesitating manner in which, in some
cases, Count Solms expresses his opinions. His
fellow-botanists, on the other hand, will admire
this cautious handling of doubtful subjects, as much
more likely to conduce to the ultimate establishment

of the truth than any dogmatic assertion on imper-
fect evidence would do. Geologists must bear
in mind the great imperfection of their records,
and the almost absolute certainty that many
forms once existed of which no traces now exist.
Such extinct forms must have furnished many
links between pre-existing and actual vegetation.
The account of the Cordaiteee here given is par-
ticularly interesting, as showing the relation of
these plants to the Conifers. The pollen-cells,
with their male prothallus unusually developed, are
specially interesting. The subject-matter of the
work is not of such a nature to justify any lengthened
critical appreciation in these pages. We can only
indicate the general nature of its contents, and com-
mend their perusal to the student as within its
limits the best general account of fossil plants that
has yet appeared in this country. A few illustra-
tions are given. It is to be regretted that many
more were not forthcoming. The copious references
to the literature will be of great service to the
student, to whom also the ample index will be a great
boon. The"getnp"of the volume reflects credit
on the Oxford Press, who have once again laid the
botanists of this country under heavy obligations.

Home Correspondence.

GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND: A SUGGESTION.—
In the " Rules and Regulations " of this excellent
charity, under "Objects," 1 read the following:—
" The objects of the Fund shall ba to make allow-
ances or grants of money (in accordance with Rules
13 and 14), to aid in the maintenance of the Orphans
of Gardeners, Foremen in Public, Private, and
Market Gardens, and the Managers or Departmental
Foremen in Nursery and Seed Establishments." It
seems to me that this particular rule wants amplifi-
cation, in order to give a wider scope in the benefits
conferred, and enlist the heartier sympathies of those
who are now practically outsiders, but yet who may
be, are indeed, supporters of the Fund. 1. As the rule
at .'present stands, I take it, that the orphan of a
juurneyraan gardener would not be eligible to par-
ticipate in the benefits of the Fund, the word gar-
deners being used. As generally understood, this
means, of course, head gardeners. 2. The fund now
makes appeal, and rightly so, to a pretty wide con-
stituency in the horticultural world — may such ap-
peals be always nobly answered! — and the more
comprehensive it can be in the distribution of its
benefits (where needed) amongst the orphans of those
connected, directly or indirectly, with the " gentle
art," the wider, assuredly, will its popularity and
usefulness be. The annual meeting is approaching,
a fitting time at which to discuss such matters, wheu,
possibly, these hints, which are well meant, and
thrown out in the real interests of the Fund, may
receive any attention they may deserve. J. B.

DR. HOGG PEACH.— In reply to Mr. Blayney,
page 742, I very much doubt if he has got this
variety true to name, as it is not usually guilty of
such tricks as he describes; but, on the contrary, I
have always found it one of the easiest Peaches to
grow, and a very sure cropper — and it flowers mo9t
abundantly, the flowers being of the largest size and
of a deep pink colour. The fruits colour up well if
not shaded by the leaves, but the flavour and size of
the fruits are not first-rate when compared with
other varieties, and I have discontinued growing it
for this reason. Your correspondent gives sure
evidence that his treatment is right from the fact
thit he has grown Noblesse satisfactorily by the side
of the offending variety. I should, if possible, discard
the Dr. Hogg whether it be true to name or not, and
plant either Crimson Galande, Prince of Wales, or
Stirling Castle, in its place— and preferably the first
of the three. If he cannot do this, he should lift the
unsatisfactory tree as soon as possible, cut off any
perpendicular roots and suckers, ensure perfect
drainage, afford fresh soil if necessary, but without
any admixture of manure, and take especial care
that it is not deficient in lime, and not too
adhesive. Peaches like a retentive soil, but it must
not be of a binding nature; burnt earth, charred
rubbish, and mortar rubbish are all valuable as anti-
dotes to retentiveness. It does Peach trees much
good to lift them every few years, even after they
attain their full size, and if this be carefully done, no
damage will occur to the ensuing season's crop,

unless by chance the fruit is a trifle smaller than
usual ; young Peach trees often fail to fruit satis-
factorily under glass, or the fruit does not attain its
full size, through making too strong a growth the
previous season ; to prevent this, they should always
be planted in poor soil, and not grown in a close
atmosphere. It is an easy matter to feed the trees
in after years, when they have heavy croos, and show
by the general character of their growth that they
require assistance. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens,
Stamford.

primula NIVALIS.— I thank Mr. Wolley Dod for
the instruction he gave me at p. 708 of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, in reference to the above plant. I may
now have an opportunity of seeing the plant, and if
it be not so ornamental as P. denticulata and some
others, I have no doubt it is botanically interesting,
as is the whole genus. W. Withers.

PROTECTING PARSLEY.— We tried three ways of
doing this last winter with unexpectedly varied re-
sults. Preparations were first began in the previous
March by sowing two rows of Veitch's Selected on a
narrow border by the side of a wall ; this grew vigor-
ously, and in November looked all that could be de-
aired. When frost commenced, it was protected by
straw hurdles placed against the wall in a sloping
position. In ordinary winters we had always found
this plan to answer well, but the exceptionally severe
frost of last winter killed every leaf on the plants,
and they were late in making a fresh start. Another
lot of the same seed was sown at the same time in a
square patch under the shelter of some tall trees,
where it would be convenient to cover the plants with
a frame ; and when the severe frost came the frame
and some thatched hurdles were put over it, the re-
sult was much the same as in the first instance. The
third batch was sown near to the last-mentioned lot,
in rows by the side of a walk, at the same time as the
others, and did well also during the summer ; in fact
it looked too good to lose, although we did not in-
tend to protect it at the time of sowing. Accordingly,
a small quantity of dried bracken was placed over it,
just enough to cover it. We were very glad after a
few weeks that this had been done, as it was the only
Parsley we had which survived the winter, and it
plainly showed us that bracken is the best protector
for this and similar purposes. W. H. Divers, Ketton
Hall, Stamford.

ROCKERIES.— I fear that "H. E." and I are like
two persons in a room, one window of which faces
north and the other south. " H. E." looks through the
south window and talks about what he sees, while I
look through the north window and talk about what
I see. Though I have not had time to make out the
inquiry suggested by " H. E." of the Gentianella,
the Violet, the Horse Chestnut bud, I will, in
deference to him, so far modify my previous state-
ment as to say many plants are lost through over-
nursing. I will add, too, that giving the plant too
much earth is a form of over-nursing not un-
known to me. Doubtless there is, as " H. E." says,
"coddling" and " coddling," and I can assure him
that 1 should so far coddle such plants as I know to
demand it, under ledges and in little nooks where
they will get the shelter they require. But I fail to
see that " H. E." has proved that the rockery system
advocated by me is wroug, because Mr. Allen has sent
his Snowdrops to Ryde to be saved from the ills to which
they are heirs in Somersetshire. Whilst giving its
full force to " H. E.'s ",wide and well deserved reputa-
tion as a gardener — and nobody wishes to detract from
it less than I do — I might ask whether the Isle of
Wight has no reputation of its own for climate ? I
must say, too, that my method is no more " happy-
go-lucky," no more "free-and-easy " than " H. E.'s,"
though I contend that my rockery will look better
in winter than his alpinery, and in summer will look
as well. I daresay he may at Ryde save the lives of
Myosoti iium nobile and an Opuntia or two, which
we in the North should not plant upon a rockery,
except under very exceptional conditions (although
either of the above-named plants will survive 18° to
20° of frost). He may also save the lives of " many
other things," but as he does not name them, I
cannot give an opinion. " No man can do any more
than his best," as " H. E." very truly remarks ; and
that — though no match for " H. E." with the pen,
nor for his F.R.S. visitor in wisdom — I must continue
to do for my rockery system, while " H E." devotes
himself, I trust, with ever-increasing success to his
alpinery. W. A. C.

CELERY, WRIGHT'S GROVE PINK.— I note some
of our leading exhibitors of vegetables depend upon

December 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

769

this variety exclusively as a red Celery, so highly do
they think of it. It grows large, blanches readily,
does not run to seed quickly, and is, moreover, of
excellent quality ; indeed, by some it is regarded as
qiite the best for that purpose, and do doubt it is
fir general use. 8,

WINTER NELIS PEAR.— I forward a few fruits of
the above variety grown on walls here. I have
taken some pains to get size into the fruit, as you
will observe. Tne fruit sent is fairly well grown,
and it is well known to be small under the usual
management. We have a few trained trets planted
on different aspects to prolong the season of
ripening, and we had the fruits in daily use last year
for a period of six weeks, and are likely to have it
for a longer one this year. This Pear requires high
cultivation, also to have the bloom b ids thinned
out considerably, and the fruit likewise, as it
is liable to set its fruit in bunches. It is one of
the varieties that I recommend to be planted upon
tiles in flat districts and where the S3il is
inclined to be heavy or stiff. It is an excellent
Pear when well grown, of good flavour, rippns at a
reason when it is of great value. Robert Smith,
Yalding, Kent.

Law Notes

In the High Court of Justice, Chancery Divi-
sion, on Thursday, December 17 (before Mr. Justice
Kekewich), Sir Henry Biuce Meux, Bart., V.
Cobley. The trial of this action raised a
question of some interest upon the Agricultural
Holdings Act, 1883. The object of the action
was, in substance, to prevent the defendant, who
was lessee of a farm under the plaintiff, fiom
converting it into a market garden by erect-
ing thereon glasshouses for the cultivation of
Tomatos, Grapes, Mushroom?, and other marks t
produce of that character. By a lease, dated the
21st of January, 1889, the plaintiff, Sir II. B. Menx,
demised to the defendant the Bulls-Cross Farm, in
Cheshunt and Enfield, in the counties of Hertford
and Middlesex, adjoining the plaintiff's mansion,
Theobald's Park, and consisting of arable and pas-
ture land, together twith the messuages and farm
buildings thereon, comprising about 152 acres,
at a rent of £225, rights of sporting being ex-
pressly reserved to the lessor, and the lease
contained a covenant by the defendant that
he would in all respects cultivate and manage the
farm and every part thereof " in a good, proper, and
husbandlike manner according to the best rules of
husbandry practised in the neighbourhood," and would
at all times use his and their utmost endeavours to
preserve the game on the demised premises and the
nests and eggs of all partridges and pheasants. The
plaintiff's complaint was that, without his consent,
the defendant, in 1889, erected on the " arable "
land of the farm two glasshouses for the cultivation
of Tomatos and other hot-house produce for the
London market, and that in 1890 he erected a third
glass-house, in spite of the remonstrances of the
plaintiffs bailiff; also that he was intending to erect
additional houses. The plaintiff contended that the
erection ot glass-houses for the purposes aforesaid
constituted such a change in the mode of cultivation
stipulated for by the lease as to amount to a breach
of covenant, and that the conversion of the farm
into a market garden was " waste " on the de-
fendant's part, and wonld cause loss to, and
impose additional burden on, the plaintiff. ,The
plaintiff accordingly claimed an injunction to
restrain the defendant from committing the acts
complained of. The defendant contended that
he had the right to erect glasshouses on the
land, and that the same constituted an improvement
to the farm and the inheritance thereof. He also
pleaded acquiescence or consent on the part of the
plaintiff. He also contended that the erection of
the houses was authorized by the Agricultural
Holdings Act, 1883, and that they were buildings
which, having regard to the provisions of that Act,
might be removed by the tenant at the expiration of
his tenancy, or might be bought by the landlord.

The only questions his Lordship had to consider were
first, whether what the defendant was doing was
within the terms of the lease ; and, secondly, whether,
irrespective of the terms of the lease, it was " waste "
according to the common law. A subordinate ques-
tion coming under the first head was whether the
plaintiff had consented to what had been done.
Upon the evidence on that point, his Lordship came
to the conclusion that the plaintiff has either per-
sonally or by his agents consented to the erec-
tion of two of the houses. As to the third
house, there was some difficulty. His Lordship's
impression was that there had been no positive
consent on the plaintiff's part to the erection of
that house ; but that question was really immaterial,
because, even if the defendant had obtained the con-
sent, it would still be necessary to consider whether
he could erect a fourth house. Now, his Lordship
came to the lease, and upon that there was a poiut
of real importance — namely, whether under a lease
of what was called " agricultural land," the tenant was
entitled to put up'glasBhouses for the cultivation of
non-agricultural produce, such as Tomatos, Grapes,
and the like. It was to be observed that, although
this was a lease of a farm — that is to say, an agricul-
tural lease— there was no prohibitive covenant against
the lessee's doing things of this kind, and also no
provis on for a rotation of crops. Therefore, the
lessee was left at large to cultivate the land at his
discretion, the only restriction on that discretion
being that he was to cultivate " in a proper and
husbandlike manner, according to the best rules
of husbandry practised in the neighbourhood ; "
and he was also bound at the end of the term to
yield up in good condition not only the existing
buildings, but all fixtures and other things
attached to or set up on any pait of the demised
premises. So that the lease contemplated cer-
tain additions in the way of fixtures. Also it
was to be observed that anything of this kind done
was to be done at the tenant's risk. He could not
compel the landlord to take it or pay for it, so that,
after spending perhaps hundreds of pounds on the
property, the tenant might be compelled to go out
of possession without having got anything but a
poor return for his expenditure, and possibly with-
out getting anything back. This was so if the Agri-
cultural Holdings Act, 1883, applied, except as to
buildings, erected with the landlord's consent. Now,
what was the tenant here doing which was not " ac-
corjing to the best rules of husbandry practised in
the neighbourhood"? One must bear in mind the
change of circumstances in the neighbourhood, and
the mode of cultivation of land now adopted there.
One must look and see what was going on in the
neighbourhood and not exclude the considera-
tion which came within one's own extra-judicial
knowledge that the wants of the metropolis and
the neighbourhood were constantly extending and
necessitated the increase of market gardens.
Then there was the consideration that in the
neighbourhood of this farm there were other
market gardens, and also other farms conducted on
the principles which the defendant had adopted to
his own advantage — namely, combining the farm
proper with the market garden proper. His Lord-
ship could not see that this was not using the land
according to the beet rules of husbandry practised
in the neighbourhood. Construing the case accord-
ing to the usages of mankind and the words of the
lease, he saw no reason why the defendant should
not erect such 'glasshouses as he thought fit. His
Lordship was of opinion that the defendant was
entitled to use the ground as a market garden, and,
if so, he was entitled to cover it with glasshouses,
and derive advantage from it in that way. Then was
there any injury to the inheritance? The evidence
showed that to be an absurdity ; and that, so far from
the erection of these houses being an injury to the
inheritance, it would be an advantage to the farm,
the ground being in the neighbourhood of London.
The only other point was as to the application of
the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883. In the view
his Lordship took of the case, it was unnecessary to
consider what the meaning of the Act was ; but the

Act appeared to go a long way towards getting rid of
the old common-law doctrine of waste, and to be
quite consistent with the two authorities above
referred to. His Lordship felt inclined to hold that
these houses were " improvements " within the Act
— that is to say, improvements for which the tenant
could get compensation; but he did not think it
necessary to go further than that. His Lordship
could not find a single point on which the plaintiff
succeeded, and therelore there must be judgment for
the defendant with costs. Condensed from the " Times."

Societies.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Decembeh 21. — A meeting of the committee took
place at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet Street, on the above
due, Mr. E. C. Jukes presiding. Mr. R. Ballantine
reported as to an interview he and the Sfcretary
had recently with the Chairman and Secretary of
the Riyal Aquarium as to the exhibitions to take
place there in 1892, with the result that the resolu-
tion passed at the last meeting, that the show in
November next be limited to two days, was rescinded,
and it was resolved, that in accordance with the
request of the authorities of the Royal Aquarium, it
be extended to three days, viz , Tuesday. Wednesday,
and Thursday, November 8, 9, and 10. The two
otherexhibitions will be in September and October, the
dales to be suggested by the Schedule Revision Sub-
Committee. Letters from various exhibitors bearing
upon the revision of the schedule and other matters
were referred to this committee.

An objection raised at the Batley (Yorkshire)
Chrysanthemum Show, to the presence of Amy
Fuize in a class for six reflexed blooms, on the ground
that it is a Japanese reflexed, was upheld by the
committee after some discussion.

The secretary announced contributions to the
special prize fund, including £6 from Messrs.
H. Cannell & Sons, bringing the same up to £35.
Seven new members were elected, including two
fellows. A vote of thanks to the chairman closed
the proceedings.

©iutuarg.

Mf?. W. Alfred Dickson.— We regret to have
to record the death of Mr. William Alfred Dickson,
which took place at his residence at Newton Villa,
Chester, shortly after seven o'clock on Thursday
morning, Dec. 17. Mr. Alfred Dickson was 51 years
of age at the time of his death. He had the entire
management of the nurseries during the whole period
of his active business life. As a nurseryman, very
few men living had such knowledge of trees and
plants in relation to their history, their treatment,
cultivation, and commercial value. The perpetual
acquirement of knowledge in this wide and interesting
field was aided by a memory of marvellous retentive-
ness, and a mental grasp crisp, clear, and in every
way remarkable. He had that quick discernment
which enabled him to pick up a point which gave a
characteristic distinctiveness and a determining
feature to a particular plant, and which once seen
seemed never to be forgotten. If his love for plants
did not lead him into the extravagant excesses which
often mark the enthusiast, it was simply because bis
business brought him into close contact with the
economical properties of flowers and shrubs and
trees. Yet the tender regard he had for plants
and flowers was manifested often to those who might
be brought into contact with him at his offices in the
nursery grounds. At such times when his attention
would be given to some new variety which was shortly
to add to the riches of horticulture, and with the
introduction of which he was closely identified, one
would find on his table, in front of him and about
him, now a Daffodil, now a Rose, now a Carnation,
or something of bright beauty, depending upon the
season of the year when the call might happen to be
made. This was placed so that it seemed to be more
of a companion than a specimen to be critically ex-
amined lor comment, for nomenclature, or for descrip-
tion. In this particular direction many of the newly

770

THE GA ED E NEB S' CHE ONI GL E.

[December 26, 1891.

introduced plants owe their distinctive title to the per-
ceptive and mental endowment of Mr. Alfred Dickson.
As an employer he was firm, without that sternness
which seems inevitable to some men when brought
into contact with the problems and trials involved in
the employment of labour, and in dealing with large
masses of men. He was a strict observer of method
and punctual discharge of duty. When he passed the
word he expected the accomplishment of duty, and
he was not slow to discern how far those about him
could be trusted to carry out his instructions.

Mr. John Vert.— We
death on December 1,
Cheshire, of Mr. John Vert,
and bailiff to the Hon. A.
a period of fifty-two years.
an excellent cultivator, was
Vert, gardener to Lord B
Saffron Walden.

regret to announce the
at Norley, Frodsham,
who had been gardener
and Mrs. Lascelles, for
The deceased, who was
the father of Mr. James
raybrooke, Audley End,

Variorum.

Woes of the Catalogue Man.— A reader

sends us the letter that appears below, and writes :
— "Pity the poor fellow who has customers like
this to satisfy."

" Oct the 30 1891 Deare Sir

I rite you a few lines to get yure Price one a few
Piants, all redy Rooted What you price will be on
these, if you are not too deare. I Will send for
moore. and I can get you good menny orders for yure
plants heare. they all say they will wait and see
mine first. I Will rite What kind I want and I want
you to tell me what they will cost me. 1 want you
to let me have them as cheap as you can and if they
are not to huy I will send for moore and get you all
the orders that I can.

rite at once and let me no what you can do

these are What I want now

one Dabble Red tea Rose one Dubble yellow tea
Rose one Dubble R-d fusa to of the best wax Plants
that you have got ones that has Dubble flowrs an to
colars ot these to best lilies to colours Dubbel if you
have I want them that has the largest flowers. I
don'c want the small kind of Plants, if you do rite
buy me I will buy you." The American Florist.

Markets.

CO VENT GARDEN, December 23.

[We cannot accept any editorial responsibility fur the sub-
joined reports. They are furnished to m regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal
sale-men, who revise the list, and who are responsible
for the quotations. It mu->t be remembered that these
quotations do not represent the price* on any particular
day, but only the general averages for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upou the
quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand; and they fluctuate, nut only from day to day,
but often several times in one day. Ed.]

No alteration in prices ; business somewhat brisker.

JameslVebber, Wholesale Apple Market.

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. s. d. s.d.
Apples, Canadian and Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0
r»ova Scotian, per Lemons, per case ...15 0 30 0
barrel 10 0- 18 0 Pine-applea, St. Mi-
Apples, i-eieve ... 10-40 chael, each ... 2 0- 6 0
Grapes 0 6-26

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s. d.
Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0
Aralias, per doz. ... ti 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-H3 0
Azj.lei, per doz. ...3ti 0-ti0 0
B^gouias, per doz. ... 4 0-60
Chrysanthemums,

per dozen ... 6 0-90

— large, each ... 2 0-36
Coleus, per dozen ... 3 0-60
Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0
Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0
Dracaenas, each ... 1 0 5 0
Epiphyllums, p. doz.

pots 9 0-18 0

Erica hyomalis, per
dozen ... ...12 0-18 0

— nodi, pfer 100 8 0-15 0

s.d. s.d.
Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0
Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90

Pious each 1 6- 7 (5

Scarlet Pelargo-

niums, per iloz. ... 4 0-60
Heliotropes, per doz. 4 0-60
Lilyoftbe Valley, pot 2 0-3 0
Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 6
Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0-60
Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0
— specimens, each 10 6-84 0
Poinsettias,perdoz.l2 0- 18 0
Roman Hyacinth, p.

doz. pots 9 0-12 0

Solanums. per dozen 9 0 12 0
Tuiipd, per doz. pots 9 0-12 0

Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices.

Acacia or Mimosa.

Freuch, per bunch

Azalea, p. doz. sprays

Camellias, white, doz.

— red, per doz....
Carnations, 12 blms.
Chrysanthemums, 12

blooms

— 12 bunches
Eucharis, per dozen
Gardenia, per dozen
Heliotrope, 12 sprays
Hyacinths, 12 sprays
Lilac, white (French)

per bunch

Lilium Harrisii, doz.
Lily of thelValley, per

doz. sprays
Maiden Hair Fern,

12 bunches
Mignonette, doz. bun.
Marguerite?, per doz.

bunches

s.d. s.d

1 0-

1 6

1 0-

1 if

3 0-

4 0

1 0-

1 6

2 0-

3 0

10-50

3 0-

12 0

5 0-

7 0

4 0-

6 0

0 6-

0 9

0 6-

1 0

6 0-

8 0

4 0-

8 0

1 6-

2 6

4 0-

9 0

16-20

3 0-

4 0

. d. a. d.

Narcissus, paper-
white, Fr., p. bun. 4 0-
Orchids : —
Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 0-
Odonto gloss una
crispum, 12 blms. 3 0-
Pelargoniums, scar-
let, per 12 bun. 4 0-

— 12 sprays ... 1 0-
Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 0-
Primuia,sing.,l J bun. 6 0-
Roses, Tea, per dozen 1 0-

— coloured, dozen 2 0-

— yellow (Mare-

chals),per doz. 4 0-

— red, per dozen ... 1 6-
Tuberoses, 12 blms. 0 4-
Tulipa, p. doz. blms. 1 0-
Violets, Parme, per

bunch 3 6-

— Czar, per bunch 2 0-

— English, 12 buns. 1 0-

6 0

1 6
9 0
9 0

3 0

4 0

6 0

2 0
0 9
2 0

Orchii>-bloom in variety.

Vegetables.—.
s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

each 0 4

Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6
Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-
Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-
Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3-
Celery, per bundle.., 1 0
Cucumbers, each ... 0 6
Endive, per dozen ... 2 0
Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9

-Average Retail Prices.
-..d.

Lettuces, per doz. ...
Mushrooms, punnet
Mustard and Cress,

punnet

Parsley, per bunch...
Shallots, per lb. ...
Spinach, per bushel
Tomatos, per lb. ...
Turnips, per bunch .

0 6

1 0
3 0
0 6
0 6
3 0

0 9
3 0

1 0

s. d.

1 6-

2 0-

0 4
0 3
0 6

3 6
0 9
0 4

s.tf.

2 0

- 0 6

1 3

0 6

Potatos.
Christmas trade has affected prices but little, arrivals keep-
ing pace with increased demand. There is still a demand for
good quality, but samples of the best are few. Best, 95s. to
100;.; medium, 65s. to 70s.; common, 50s. to 60s. J. B. Thomas.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Borough: Dec. 22. — Demand moderate at quotations: —
Savoys, 4s. to 6s. ; Broccoli, 7s. id. to 10s. per tally ; Spinach.
2s. id to 3s. per bushel ; Turnips, Is. id. to Is. 9rf. ; Carrot",
Is. to Is. 9d. per dozen bunches; English Onions. 5s. id.
to 6s. per owt. ; English Apples, 2s. id to 6s. per bushel;
Canadian Apples, 15s. to 25s. per barrel ; Newtown Pippins,
15s. to 25s. do.

SPITALFIKLDS: Dec. 22.— Ample supplies, but a bad demand.
Quotations :— EnglUh Apples. 2s. id. to 6s. per bushel; Ame-
rican do., 10s. to 16s. 6<(. per barrel ; Pears, Is. 6oI. t:> 2s. per
half-sieve ; English Tomatos. 4s. to 5s. id. per peck ; foreign
do., Is. to Is. id. ; Cabbages, 2s. to 3s.; Savoys, 3s. to 3s. id. ;
Cauliflowers, is. to 10s. per tally ; Greens, 2s. id. to 4s. ;
Turnips, 2s. 3d. to 3s. ; Carrots, Is. to 2s. id. ; Parsley,
2s. id. to 4s. id. per dozen bunches; Spinach, Is. id. to
2s. 9d. per buhel; Parsnips, id, to SI. per score; En-
dive, Is. to Is. id. ; Cabbage Lettuces, id. to id. per dozen ;
Mustard and Cress, Is. id. to 2s. per cozen baskets; Eng-
lish Onions, 5s. to 5s. id. per cwt. ; Bordeaux do., 4s. to
4s. id. ; Spani-h do., is. to 7s. per case; Belgian do., 3s. 9i. to
4s. 9d. ; Dutch do., 3s. »d. to 5s. per bag of 110 lb. ; Celery,
id. to Is. ; Horseradish, Is. to Is. 2d. per bundle.

Stratford : Dec. 21. —There was an excellent supply
of all kinds of produce at th's market during the past week,
and a brisk trade has been done as under :— Savoys, 3s. to
6s. per tally ; Greens. Is. fid, to 2s. id. per dozen bunches;
do., 7s. to 12s. per tally ; Cauliflowers, Is. to 3s. per dozen ;
do., 5s. to 12s. id. per tally ; Turnips, 2s. to 2s. 3'i. per dozen
bunches; do., 36s. to 50s. per ton; Carrots, household, 32s.
to 45s. do. ; do., cattle-feeding, 28s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips,
9d. to Is. per score; Mangels, 16s. to 20s. per ton; Swedes,
16s. to 20s. do.; Onions, English, 110s. to 130s. do.; do.,
Dutch, 4s. to 4s. 9i. per bag; Apples, English, 2s. id. to 6s.
per bushel ; American, 15s. to 20s. per barrel ; Brussels
Sprouts, Is. id. to 2s. per half-sieve ; do , 2s. id. to 3s. per
flat ; Celery, Is. to Is. 3d. per roll.

POTATOS.

Borough : Dec. 22.— Quotations :— Hebrons and Elephants,
70s. to 90s. ; Imperawrs, 60s. to 85s. ; Bruce Magnums, 60s.
to 90s. per ton.

Spitalfield3 : Dec. 22.— Quotations:— Magnums, 55s. to
70s. ; Regents, 55s. to 70s. ; Champions, 50s. to 60s. ; Impe-
rators, 60s. to 80s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 80s. ; Bruce Magnums,
60s. to 80s. ; SnowdropB, 60s. to 70s. ; Main Crop. 70s. to 80s.
per ton.

Stratford : Dec. 22.— Quotations :— Magnums, 60s. to 80s. ;
Hebrons, 60s. to 76s. ; ImpeTators, 6"5s. to 8*. ; Stalbh Main
Crop, 90s. to loo's, j/ei ton.

CORN.

Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of
British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending Dec. 19,
and for the corresponding period in the previous year : —
1891, Wheat, 36s. lOrf. ; Barley, 29s. id. ; Oats, 21s. id.
1890, Wheat, 32s. id. ; Barley, 28s. Sd. ; Oats. 17s. id. Differ-
ence: Wheat, +4s. id. ; Barley, +\0d. ; Oats, -+3s. lOd.

HAY.

Averages.— The followiug are the averages of the prices at
the various metropolitan markets during the past week : —
Clover, prime, 80s. to 105s. ; do., inferior, 46s. to 75s.; hay,
best, 60s. to 92s.; do., inferior, 26s. to 50s.; and straw, 20s.
to 40s. per load.

The Weather.

[By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the
aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of
temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period
named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day-
degrees — a " Day-degree " signifying 1° continued for
twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for
an inversely proportional number of hours.]

Temperature.

Kainfaix.

Bright
Sun.

j3 E£
^.2

1 a

Accumulated.

a
'S

s Is

3 3-*

a-S'jjS

- s a

» 2

o
h

>
O

J=l

o .

■"J
pq

8 d

c a
a. '"a
5 °i

■3 '=8

o 0

•H a •

*o '« OS

mis

4) u
"" O

+ S

g
o

o
6

t-a

3
3

o
H

S.2

— d
O «
bfiS

S.9

Day-

Day.

Day-

lOths

dcg.

deg.

Inch.

Ins.

) aver

+ 201

+ 114

1 —

233

61 0

2 —

— 67+ 1610 aver

178

29 8

1 —

— 82+ 86

1 —

176

245

1 +

- 37 + BS

1 +

190

26-5

► aver

_ 78 + 73

0 aver

18S

300

2 +

- 82 + 83

183

32 8

1 +

+ 101 + 48 1 +

197

476

1 +

+ 46 + 20 0 aver

178

37 3

2 +

— 115 + 880 aver 191

43'4

3 +

+ 29 + 41) 4 — 216

34 0

3 +

— 26+ 37 0 aver 196

39 9

2 +

■f 7 + 301 1 — 192

1 1

35fc

The districts iudicated by number in the first column
the following : —

principal Wheat-jiYoditcing Districts — 1, Scotland,
2, Scotland, E. ; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England,
5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S.
Frincipal Grazing, A/c, Districts— 7, Scotland, W.
England, N.W. ; 9. England, S.W. ; 10, Ireland,
11, Ireland, S.; 12, Channel Islands.

N. ;
E.;

THE PAST WEEK.
The following Bummary record of the weather
for the week ending December 19, is furnished from
the Meteorological Office: —

"The weather continued mild, rainy, and un-
settled, during the earlier part of the week, but
subsequently became cold and dry in all districts,
excepting the extreme west of Ireland and Scotland.
Heavy snow fell at many of the Scotch stations on
the 15th.

" The temperature was again rather high until the
period drew towards its close, when it fell fast. The
averages were consequently again in excess of the
means generally; in 'Scotland, N.' and the "Mid-
land Counties,' however, it just equalled the normal,
and in ' Scotland, E.' and ' England, N.E.' it was a
little below. The highest of the maxima were
registered on the 15th in England, and on irregular
dates elsewhere, and ranged from 56° in ' Ireland, S.'
to 49° in the north and east of Scotland. The
lowest of the minima occurred during the middle
part of thfe Vfetek in thfe north, and at tWe end in thfe

Supplement to "The Gardeners' Chronicle, December 26th, 1891.

Views in the Gardens at Hazelwood.

Decbubbr 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

771

more southern districts, and ranged from 16° in
•Scotland, E.' and 18° in 'Scotland, N.' to between
20° and 26° in the other parts of Grea'. Britain, and
to 32° in 'Ireland, N.' and the Channel Islands.

" The rainfall slightly exceeded the mean in
' England, E.' and ' Scotland, W.,' but elsewhere it
either equalled or was less than the normal quantity.

" The bright sunshine exceeded the mean in most
of the southern and eastern districts, but shows a
deficit in the west. The percentage of the possible
duration ranged from 6 in ' Scotland, N.,' and from
between 9 and 16 in most of the western and
northern districts to 34 in ' England, S.,' and to
54 in the Channel Islauds. "

Notices to Correspondents.

Coil Boiler : Invicta. Apply to any of the large
dealers in boilers. See our advertisement pages.

Dendkobium Leaves Spotted : J. J. The plant has
been kept too warm and close after its growth was
finished.

Impatiens Hookeri : In reference to the flowering
of this plant, as mentioned on p. 739 of last
week's issue, I regret that I should have written
my note without having ascertained if the plant
flowered at Kew, as I now learn that it flowers here
regularly every year, although, so far as I can
remember, I do not happen to have noticed it.
N. E. Brown.

Names of Fbuits : A. Brown. Round Winter Non-
such.— A. W. H. 1, 5, 6, quite rotten ; 2, Beurre^
Clairgeau; 3. Beurre Bachelier ; 4, Glout Mor-
c/au. — C. Lazenby. 1, much decayed, probably
Oolmar d'Aiemberg; 2, Beurre1 Bachelier.

Names of Plants : A. W. 1, Cypripedium insigne ;

2, C. venustum ; 3, C. javamcum, probably ; 4,
L;clia anc;ps. — A. W. C. Varieties of Zygopetalum
Mackayi. — A. W. Polemonium coeruled variegata.
— P. A. 1, Abies Norduianniana ; 3, A. grandis ■

3, A. nobilis. Pinsapo is a true Siver Fir (Abies)'

Peach Trees in Pots : Royal George. The trees
are as easy to prune as a gooseberry bush,
only the main branches ought to be kept wider
apart, owing to the greater size of the foliage.
Reserve as much of the past season's wood as has
plenty of fruit buds on it, to afford you a chance of
a good crop and some to spare. Let the wood be
distributed all over the crown as much as may be,
cutting the shoots to various lengths, with the view
of presenting a uniform round shape to the
crown. Cut away the shoots which have borne
fruit the past season, leaving a shoot at the base
of each shortened back to 6 inches, 1 foot, or 1J
feet, as may appear desiiable, and never cut a
season's shoot but to a wood bud, or it will die
back to one in early summer. Get The Miniature
Fruit Garden, by T. & T. F. Rivers, Sawbridge-
worth.

Pelargonium Seedling : IV. C. if. Very pretty and
distinct so far as we can judge.

Spice in Anchovies : J. B. J. The sample of
" spice " from the keg of so-called Norwegian
Anchovies is a very mixed substance. There are
traces, more or less, of black Pepper, Juniper
berries, GiDger, Marjoram, and perhaps several
other things, bnt broken up so small as to be
scarcely identifiable.

The Seed Trade : Americanos. It is found in
practice impossible to give other than an approxi-
mate range of prices as a guide to values in the
cases of Clovers, &c, in reports of seed markets.
The range of qualities in each of the leading
articles is very great. Red Clover, which on the
14th was quoted on Mark Lane at from 44s. to 60s.
per cwt., is now quoted at from 30s. to 90s., accord-
ing to quality. Alsike, from 40s. to 100s. White
Clover, which on the 14th ranged from 48s. to 84s.,
is now quoted at from 30s. to 100s. It is impos-
sible, therefore, that values can- be fixed with such
a marked difference in qualities — very much more
than in the cases of fruit and vegetables.

Communications Received J. W.— H. S.— Dr. Dammer,

Berlin — S. M.— N. E. Br— The Secretary, Royal Institu-
tion.—J L.— W. W.— A. MoK.— W. T. f . D.— J. D. H.—
D. M— V. C — C. M. M.— Secretary. Royal Geographl -al
Society — G. B. — L. L., Brussels.— M. Crepin, Brussels.— Ch.
do B. Lierre.— J. W. McH.— D. O., Chicagj.— W. W.
O. T. D.— T. W. Penfold.-W. L.— O. W. D —A. W.— J. W.
- R. D —J. B— V?. S.—J H.( tumor.— R. A. Rolfe.— E, M.
— O. W.'-PtBris.-J. B. W.'— H. E.— P. A.— J. M.'— H. L. E.

TO COUNTRY BTJYERS.

5000 PTERIS TREMULA, 6,t. and 8s. per doz., in 48's.
5000 PHLEBODI0M ANDRE ANUM, 8s & 10s. per doz., in 48's.
NIDULARIA, 6s. and fls. per doz., in 4S's.
HEATHS. GENISTAS, PRIMULAS, CALLA.9, Sec,
on rail in London.
25,000 LAXTON'S NOBLE STRAWBERRY. 10s. per 1' mi.
60,000 NORWICH WONDER RASPBERRY CANES, 16s. per

1000, on rail.
R. J. GRIFFIN, Florist and Fruit Farmer. FamWoueta. Kent.

WHOLESALE SEED CATALOGUE.

We have now published our Wholesale Catalogue of

VECETABLE& FLOWER SEEDS

Containing also the be*t NOVELTIES of the SEASON, and
LEST of over 150 varieties of choice Fern spores. May be had
OX APPLICATION. Any of our customer* not having received
one by past will oblige by letting us know, when another
shall at once be posted.

WATKINS & SIMPSON,

BULB and SEED MERCHANTS,
EXETER ST., STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

Seed and Trial Grounds— Feltham and Twickenham, Middlesex.

GOOD LUCK LILY.

'• Chinese Flower of tho Gods."

's. 6d,

A few strong Flowering Bulbs, per dozen
A few Extra Selected Bulbs ,. ,,

10s. 6d. \

DECORATED VASES, as used in China and Japan for

growing Lilies in. Is. to 7s. 6d. each.

Cultural Directions to each Purchaeer.

THYNES, 83, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.

PIT LIGHTS.

Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.,
iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail iD
London. Cash or reference with order.

CUCUMBER HOUSES.

Timber sufficientto build 100ft. by 13 ft. house, lights, door,
&c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed
specification, to

W. DUNCAN TUCKER,

HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM.

BARB WIRE.

CATALOGUES FREE

ON" APPLICATION TO

The Longford Wire Co.

(Limited),
WARKINGTON.

ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; DROWN
FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO-
DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of
WALKER axd CO., Farnborough, Hants.

21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet

and 200 feet .super.
English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered

free and sound in the country, in quantity.
"BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY."

GEORGE FASHILOE & SONS,

Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants,
34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, E.C.

Stock Li*ts and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle.

CARSON'S PAINT

Patronised by 20.000 of the Nobility, Gentry,
and Clergy, for all kinds of

OUTDOOR, WORK, CONSERVATORIES,

Greenhouses, Frames, &c.
1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations.

Liquid Non- Poisonous Paints for Lnside of Conservatories, &o.
Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Fost-irce.

Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ;

15, VICTORIA STRHET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ;
and USCHEEOK'S WAL& DtIELIN. -Oisenatt fir Cdth.

HORTICULTURAL
BUILDINGS.

Many

Prize Medals.

Conservatories, Greenhouses

f>^" — Vineries, Peach Houses^

'<V *4 >v. Sto,,e and Orchid

7* V\ Houses, &c. Also

WARMING and ><** 0\ ^'aTd KpM'

VENTILATION of \. .^O >\^ Firings.

Churches and Public Buildings ^sj%«, //
(as well as Greenhouses). ^^^^7^*^

. RICHARDSON & CO. ,"'
DARLINGTON.

GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES

OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE.

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES.

These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put
together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one.
Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £

6 feet long, 3 feet wide^ rA<?TT

PRICES,

CARRIAGE

PAID.

Larger sizes at proportionate prices.

6 feet

„ 4 feet

12 feet

,, 4 feet

6 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 5 feet

12 feet

„ 6 feet

HALLIDAY & CO.

ROlfAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS,

MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

London Agent.Mr.B.. Skelton. Seedsman, &c, 2. Holloway Rd.,N.

WINTER and SPRING PRUNING,
TRIMMISG, and THINNING OUT can be better and
quicker done by the STANDARD MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including the "STANDARD" and
"GIANT" TREE PRUNERS, the " MYTICUTTAH," and.
other useful appliances, than by any means. They were
shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibition,
Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Ealh
and Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their
wonderful power and scientific efficiency, coupled with great
saving of time and labour, and the rirk to life and limb
reduced. After Stormy Weather, the&e Tools will be found
invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends
Bevered in a vital condition.

Sold by the principal Ironmongersand Seedsmen, the leading
Stores, and kindred Trades throughout the world, of whom
Illustrated CATALOGUES may be had ; or of the PATENTEES
and MAKERS, at their works and dep6t, ST. ALKMUND'S
CHURCHYARD, DERBY.

\ t*HAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories

\ \J Orchid-houses. Vineries. Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing-
\ puses. Best Materialsand Workmansbipguarauteed.atMode-
t,ite Prices. Intending Purchasers waited upon by appontment.
HOT-WATER BOILERS and BEATING APPARATUS, for
large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Carden Frames
and Handlights kept in stock. All kindsof Garden Requisites,
Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses. Tool-bouses,
Pigeon dotes. Dog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely
illustrat-d CATALOGUE. poat>frep, for six stamps.
PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH.

, OIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for

J 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. Ad.

I Aght-iooh Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 34 for

' is. r)d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Oarte or Cabinet and Postal Order,

and in aboutten daya you will receive Hi ghlv- finished Copies,

» wttn OriginaTi.— FRAJOT3 xnd CO., 2fB, Ludgatte hill, Lonbon.

772

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 26, 1891.

BOULTON & PAUL,

H0KBSTKrL NORWICH.
WINTER CARDENS, CONSERVATORIES,

and GREENHOUSES in all Styles.

CARDEN FRAMES A VARIETY.

No. 60.

PORTABLE PLANT

PRESERVER.

6 ft. by 3 ft.
12 ft. by 3 ft.

Cash Prices

Carriage Paid

. £2 0 0 1 6 ft. by 4 ft.
3 2 0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft.

.£250
. 3 15 0

No. 73.
NEW SPAN-ROOF
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

.£2 14 0 I 12 ft. by 6 ft.
. 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 74.
THREE-QUARTER

SPAN
GARDEN FRAME.

Cash Prices,
Carriage Paid.

... £5 17 0
... 7 8 6

MELON AND
CUCUMBER FRAME.

Cash Prices.

Carriage Paid.

4 ft. by 6 ft.
8 ft. by 6 ft.

No. 77-Smaller size FrameB, j S S" {JJ \ £■ £\ * 5 «
similar to No. 76. jj&gtft. 3 o o

AH Frames made of Selected Red Deal, painted three times,
and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass.

GLAZED LIGHTS 6 feet by 4 feet ... 14S. each.

UNGLAZED LIGHTS 6s. 6d. each.

Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. value.

BOILERS of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates.

VALVES, PIPES, and all FITTINGS always in Stock.

CATALOGUES of all our Manufacturer, including Horti-
cultural Buildings. Frames. Boilers, Iron Buildiugs, Stubling
Kennels, Poultry, and Garden Appliances, Free.

CHEERFUL WINTER EVENINGS.

CAMPBELL'S BROAD REED MELODEONS

(Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS.

MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS

MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEON 3
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS
MELODEONS

NO HOME SHOULD BE WITHOUT ONE.
CAMPBELL'S world-famed MELODEONS have Organ and
Celestial Tone and Charming Bell Accompaniments. TheSolemn
Psalm, the Soul-stirr'ng Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the
Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments.
No knowledge of Music is required by the player.

IS" GOOD NEWS! ~„&1

CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON.

AN UNPARALLELED OFFER.

To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

OfJR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "GEM" MELODEON.

6s. bd. ,5s. M.

With Two Sets of Broad Reeds. Organ and Celestial
Tone, sent carefully packed and carnage paid to any
address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0.0.
for fi.?. 6d. Selling in thousands.

CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON

AN UNPARALLELED OFFER.

To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

OUR GRAND PRIZE MFDAL "MINIATURE"

MELODEON.
10s. WORTH DOUBLE. 10s

With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial
Tone, and the Charming Bell Accompaniments, sent
carefully packed and carriage paid to any address in
Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0.0. for 10s.

13° NO DECEPTION HERE. lOo.OOO TESTIMONIALS. „<§3
Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion
Melodeon Player of Great Britain, Ireland, and Wales: —
" Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that
have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to
advertise themselves." Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the
only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless
imitations.

N.B. — All lovers of music should at once send for our New
Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready.
100, U00 of those valuable lists sent out yearly. Send Id. stamp to

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
MAKERS,

CAMPBELL & CO.,

116,

HILL & SMITH,

BRIERLEY HILL,
STAFFORDSHIRE,

And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C

NEW PATTERN

TREE GUARD,

uThe Porcupine"

The maximum of utility and
the minimum of cost.

Constructed of Strong Iron Up-
rights and Galvanised Rarbed Steel
W ire.

Price 10s. 6d.

TESTIMONIAL.

The Whittero, Herefordshire,

" Dec. 28, 1887.
Dear Sirs,— I have now had
an opportunity of trying
\ *"L y°ur Porcupine Tree
LtwAlU^ Guards, and they seem
jj quite to answer my pur-
pose, so you may send me
50 more as before. I en-
close cheque for your
account.

Yours truly,
RICHD. GREEN.
Messrs. Uill & Smith.

TRONGATE, GLASGOW.

ESTABLISHRD 50 YEARS.

The Original and Only Makers of the

CENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS

WITH SOLID ENDS. Also—
SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM,

With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside
thoroughly (a Most Important Point).
These Boilers, after long experience, have
proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo-
mical, and Lasting Boilers extant.
Every other kind of Boiler?, Sockets, Flanges,
..?»«, and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for
, .^*** all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating.

FRED SILVESTER^ & CO.,

General Engineers, Foundere, and Boiler Makers,
CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE.

TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE
GAS COKE and SMITHS" COKE delivered in Truck-
loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address,

G. J. EVESON, _'*. Corporation Street, Birmingham.

KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM.

FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes
Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to

MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAB, LONDON. E.C.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.

From

A. G. MARTIN,

41, Wellington Stbeet, Stband,
LONDON, W.C.

Please send me "The Gardeners' Chronicl

for

1891.
Months,

commencing

for which I enclose P. 0.0.

&3& Please Note that all Copies Sent Direct from this Office must be paid for in advance,

THE UNITED KINGDOM : — 12 Months, 15s. : 6 Months, 7s. M. ; 3 Months. 3s. Qd. ; Post-free.
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P. 0.0. to be made payable at the Post Office, No. 42, DRURY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN,

Cheques should be crossed " DRVMMOJfJ),"

Dec. 26, 1891.-

December 2o, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS1 CHRONICLE.

77'.

BARR'SsurplusCLEARANCESALEo'DAFFODILS

Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation.
Detailed Priced LIST on application.

Per 1000, 15s , 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s.

BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OP

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS -NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS,

CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SN0WFI.AKE3, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs,
ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES ORE A TLY RED UCED. LIST on APPLICA TION.
Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :-
CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS.
GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES.
SINGLE P.EONIES, DOUBLE P^EONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS.

BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London.

CROMPTON
& FAWKES,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS,

CHELMSFORD.

BOOK of Photo- Lithographed
Sketches of Winter Gardens, Ranges
of Hothouses, Vineries, Architectu-
ral Conservator ies, &c, of various
Designs and Sizes, recently con-
structed, erected, fitted, and heated
complete by us in different parts of
the country ; with particulars of the
most successful Hotwater Heating
Apparatus of the century.

Postrfree on application.

R. HALLIDAY & CO.,

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER.

Vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c, constructed on our improved plan, are the

perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equaUed. We only do one class of work,
and that the very best.

Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of our firm.
from the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed
in all cases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &c, always in stock.

Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of tht Kingdom.

Our Maxim is and always has been —

MODERATE CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS.

SMEYS'faiMs Garden Pars

Messrs. Dicksons, Limited, Chester, write :— " The Flower Pots you have so lirgely supplied us with are light, strong
and well made, sni1 in every re-pact highly satisfactory."

Messrs Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write:— "We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your ' Garden
Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, and we like them better than any other we have ever used."

Mr. Willlim Bull, 636, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes -.-
Garden Pots,' and still hud tnem the best and cheapest."

-" For nearly thirty years I have been using your

Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Mi/lions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £10
Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free.

"DUEtOlINi

(Transparent Wire Wove Roofing)

SUBSTITUTE 1 GLASS

UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE.

See Report " London County Council v. The New Win
Wove Roojing Co., Ld." May and June iSqi.

INVALUABLE FOR FAEM BUILDINGS.

Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.U. Tht Prince of
Wales, The Dukes q/ Westminster and Sutherland, and
thousands of others.

SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE
SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS

THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD.

75a. Queen Victoria Street. LONDON, E.G.

W$m APPARATUS

buy n/R£cr

STOURBRIDGE, J

ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT

STOVES

Terra-cotta i Portable ! For Coal I

Pure and ample heat, 24 hours for about lCl.,
without attention.

For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &c.

GREENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny.
Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent.

See in use at Patentee's,
THOMAS ROBERTS, 34. Victoria St.. Westminster, S. W.

GARDEN REQUISITES.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE,

id. per bushel ; 100 for 25*. ; truck (loose, about 3 tons),
40s. ; 4-bushel bags, 4d. each.

LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5i. 6d. per saok ; 6 sacks,
25s. ; sacks, Ad. each.

BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, U. per sack, 5 sacks, 22*.; sacks,
4d. each.

COARSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per bushel; 16*. per half
ton ; 26s. per ton, in 2-bushel bags, id. each.

YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF-
MOULD. Is, per bushel.

SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6rf. per sack.

MANURES. GARDEN STICKS. VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO
CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.—
H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury
Lane (lately called 17a. Coal Yard). W.C.

THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL,

" DURRANS' PATENT."
This Nail renders any wooden fence perfecily
unclimbable. Jt is a complete protection
against trespassers and cats. The most perfect
fence nail invented. In use at Hurst Park and
Hull Racecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and
hundreds of other places.

A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge.
Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron:— If, 2,
3. 4, 5, and 6-in., 7-lb. Bags, 3s. 6d. ; perewt., 55s.
1 J-in. Steel Nails, for thin palings. Is. per gross.
Machine-cut Nails, for dowelling joinery, wood-
block flooring, &c, j, 1, Sc lj-iu., 9d. per gn>s.
Sample boxes, assorted sizes, 6d. ; by post 8'
DURRANS' PATENT NAIL SYNDICATE, Limited,
43 & 44. Upper Baker strekt. Londu.v. N.W.

rj.A RDKN REQUISITES.—

VJ Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mate, Bamboo
Oanes, Rustio Work, Manures, Slo. Cheapest Prices of
WATSON AKB SCULL, 90, Lower TnameeTltreet, London, B.C.

774

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 26, 1891.

THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES

For Destruction of Insect Pests.

Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers.

KILLMRIGHT,

2-Ci. Sample posted free on application.
Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from
Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the
Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester

THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE.

The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides.

As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and

Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Oreen

and Black Fly, Mealy Bug. Scale and Thrip. Red Spider,

American Blight, Woolly Aphis. Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c.

Price in tins-|-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3s.;
J-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-Gallou Drums, 8s. per
Gallon. Carriage Paid.

Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application.
Prepared Solely by

THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO, LTD,

LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL.

For all INSECT PESTS

in Greenhouses and
Frames, nothing has
proved equal to the

)

(PATENT).

'.*••', They arp now uni-

, , f versally admitted to be

£§£} thoroughly uniform in

strenoth, and safe for

any Plant or Fiower,

\ even if four times the

' quantity are used.

Scale and Mealy Bug
may be completely
eradicated by using the
Cones double strength.

PRICES— For Frames. &o., of 60 cubic feet, id.; 100 ft., M. ;
500 feet, Is. ; 1000 feet, Is. id. ; 4000 feet, 6s. each.

THE HOUSES SHOULD BE WELL SECURED.

CORRY & CO.

Ltd., 16, Einsbury Street,

LONDON, E.C.

BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDE.

1 Gallon, 9s. ; 3 Gallons, 8s. per Gallon.

BENTLEY'S SOLUBLE!

PARAFFIN.

1 Gallon, 5s. ; 3 Gallons, 43. 9d. per Gallon.

SOLE MANUFACTURER:—

JOSEPH BENTLEY,

CHEMICAL WORKS,

BARROW-ON-HTJMBER., HULL.

GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on
wet ground. Boxes, Qd. and 1*., from the Trade.
Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY
(Limited), Ldndoo.

GARDEN. REQUISITES,

As supplied to the Royal Gardens.
BEST QUALITY ONLY.

COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is. 3d., 10 for 12s.
20 for 20s. 30 for 28s.. sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Bail.
near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT. 8s. per sack. BROWN
FIBROUS PEAT, is. per sack, 5 for 22s. 6d. ; BLACK do.,
4s H per sack, 5 for 20s. LEAF MOULD, LOAM and PEAT
MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COARSE S4ND, Is. id. per
bushel. Hi. half-ton, 25s. per ton. PURE BONES, finch, lis.
per cwt. • dust, lis. id. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7s. id. per
sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. TOBACCO PAPER, lOd.
per lb., 23 lb. for 21s. CLOTH, Is. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26«.
ROPE, id. per lb.. 2S lb., 10s. id. RUSSIA MATS. New
Archangel, 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURG, 10s. 6<i., lis. M.,
and 12s. id. per dozen. List free.

W. HERBERT & CO.,

Hop Exchange Warehouses. Southvvark Street, London. S.E.

PEATfor ORCHIDS,

Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Ferns, &c.

LOAM, LEAF MOULD, and POTTING COMPOST,

ALL FIK.ST-CLASS.

PREPARED ORCHID PEAT a Speciality
For Price list, apply to The Forester, Joyden Wood,
nearBexley, Kent. Special Terms to the Traps.

EPPS'S^PEAT,

For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS,

Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton,

ortruckload. SPECIAL OKCHID PEAT, in sack only.
Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAK-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal,
and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE,
fresh SPHAGNUM. PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC-
TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter.
The Original Peat Depot, RINOWOOD, HANTS.

Now Ready— Greatly Enlarged.

THE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

For 1892.

Price Is.; post-free, Is. 3d.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE OFFICE,
171, Fleet Stiieet, London, E.C.

FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES.

Any one desirous of

Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an

Estate, oan have copies of the

MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD

tcutturat » Bcojtomiiit

An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, cf 52 pages
and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate
oE co-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites,
and the sale of produce; organ of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of
pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple-
ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription,
per annum, 5s., inclusive of postage. Single copies Qd, each,
through all Newsagents.

3, Agar Street, Strand, London, W.C.

BOILING WATER OR MILK.

P P

GRATEFUL-COMFORTING

COCO

BREAKFAST-SUPPER

Notice to Advertisers.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

SATURDAY NEXT, JAN. 2, 1892,

WILL COXTAIS AS A

SUPPLEMENT

Sheet Almanac.

As a large EXTRA circulation
of this Number is guaranteed, it
will be a very valuable medium
for Advertisements.

Jig*' Advertisers desirous of

securing Space in this Number are

requested to communicate with the

Publisher, not later than DEC. 30.

"THE PUBLISHER,"

41, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND,

LONDON, W.C.

Decembeb 26, 1891.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

775

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES.

Gardeners' Chronicle Telegrams. — The
Registered Address for Foreign and Inland
Telegrams is " Gardchron, London."

ADVERTISEMENTS.
Scale of Charges for Advertising.

Head Line charged as two.

Lines ,

. £0

Lines .

. £0 8

. 0

. 0 9

)t •

. 0

. 0 9

. 0

. 0 10

t> •

. 0

0 10

. 0

. 0 11

. 0

. 0 11

. 0

. 0 12

. 0

. 0 13

j) •

. 0

j» •

. 0 13

AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE.

If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 205.

[f set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30*.

Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column. £3.

Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances
Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver-
tisements are received without name, address,
or anything beyond the postmark on envelope
by lohich to identify the sender ; this in all
cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and
frequently the sender cannot be identified at all.
Advertisers are requested when Remitting
to give their Names and Addresses, and also
a Reference to the Advertisements which they
wish repeated.

Gardeners and others Wanting Situations.
26 words, including name and address, \s.6d.,
and Qd.for every additional line (about nine
ivords) or part of a line. These Advertise-
ments must be prepaid. This scale does not
apply to announcements of Vacant Situations ,
which are charged at the ordinary scale.

Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each
insertion.

Postal Orders. — To Advertisers, Subscribers,
and Others. — It is very important in remit-
ting by Postal Order that it should be filled
in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to
A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a
Postal Order is known, and it has bee?i made
payable at a particular office, and to a par-
ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any
person inte whose hands it may fall from
negotiating it.

N.B. — The best and safest means of Re-
mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY
ORDER.

Advertisements for the current week must reach
the Office not later than Thursday noon.

All Advertisements should tie addressed to the

PUBLISHER.
Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements,
41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United
Kingdom, 12 months, 15s.; 6 months, Is. 6d.;
3 months, 3s. dd. Foreign (excepting India
and China), including Postage, 17s. 6d. for
12 months; India and China, 10s. 6d. Post-
office Orders to be made payable at the
Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to
A. G. Martin.

ONIONS : How to Grow Them. Revised
Edition, by J. A. TaPLIX, Banbury, Oxon. Price 6(1.
London: HOULSTON and S0.V3, Paternoster Buildings ;
may also be had of the Author.

CH RYSANTH EMUMS,

And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq.

A Practical aud Scientific Treatise, that will be of great
service, both to the oldest aud most successful exhibitor and
the youngest grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Shea ha?, by
the treatment explained in his treatise, had a long series of
triumphs, to -which this season he has added, in keen compe-
tition with our most noted grower*, at the Kent County,
Watford, and Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of
1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10.

In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shoesmith is
included in my new Chrysanthemum Catalogue, which aho
contains the most complete List of New Vaiieties ever broupht
together, and embraces selections from all the known Chrysan-
themum world.

Thi-t valuable work is now readv. post free, seven stamps.
H. J. JONES, ityecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewis ham,

JUST PUBLISHED.

THE MINIATURE FRUIT-GARDEN

AND MODERN ORCHARD,
By THOMAS RIVERS and T. FRANCIS RIVERS. Am)

INSECT PESTS,

Bv H. S. RIVERS.
20th Edition. Price is. By Post, 4s. Sd.
Published by THOMAS RIVERS and SON, The Nurseries,
riawbridgeworth.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Dicksons, Chester— Vegetable and Flower Seeds.

Carter & Co , High Holborn— New Chrysanthemums.

Kelwav & So.\9. Langport— Gladioli, &c.

E. P. DlXOH & Sons, Hull— Garden Seeds, &c.

H. & F. Shakpe, Wisbech— Seed Potatos.

E. H. Krelagf. &. Sox, Haarlem— Herbaceous Pseonies.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. William Leaney, for the last four years gardener to
Mrs. W. Warde. Newbridge House. Bjth, as Head
Gardener to F. J. KlNGSFOBD, Esq , Lacock, Chippenham.

MR. GREATOREX, Mytton Hall, Shrews-
bury, informs the numerous Applicants for his Gardener's
Situation, that the VACANCY IS FILLED.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER. — Must thoroughly understand Stove and
Greenhouse Plants, Vines, Flower, Fruit, and Kitchen Garden-
ing. Good Cottage.— H. E. KEARLEY, Woburnhurst Park,
Addlestone.

WANTED, an experienced MAN, to Grow
Tomato*, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, and Ferns; also
Green'iouse Plants for Market. Well up in Cut Flower Trade.
— H. MATTHEWS, Stockton Brook Nursery, Stanley, Stoke-
on-Trent.

WANTED, a FOKEMAN, thoroughly under-
standing Fruit (Inside and Oat). An abstainer pre-
ferred. Age 2t5. Must have firs'-class references as to cha-
racter and ability. Wages, ISs. per week Bothy, &c. —
Apply byletterouly to HUGH SENESCALL, Walcot Gardens,
Lydbury North. Shropshire.

WANTED, an UNDER FOREMAN, in the
Fruit and Rose Department. Must be well up in
Budding, Grafting, and Layering, aud know Fruit Tr ea and
Roses well.— Apply, stating wages required, to WILLIAM
BARRON AND SON. Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowa*h, Derby.

WANTED, a good Garden LABOURER—
Not under 24 ; wages to commence at 14*. a week. —
Address, Mr. LONG, Compton Gardens Stockbridge, Hants.

Seed Trade.

WANTED, an active young single man as
SHOPMAN, with a good knowledge of garden, flower,
and agricultural seeds. Apply by letter, stating salary re-
quired to K.. Me^sr*. Hurst & Son, 1-52 Hound^diteh. London.

WANTED, as SEEDSMAN, an active Man,
accustomed to the Retail Farm Seed Trade. — Full
particulars and experience to F. S.. Gardeners' Chronicle
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

Temporary Engagement.

WANTED for a few weeks in a florist's shop,
a young LADY who is experienced in all kinds of cut-
flower mounting. Apply to B. MALLEK & SONS, Burnt Ash
Lane Nurseries. Lee, S.E.

WANT PLACES.

Advertisers are cautioned against having letters
addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
authorities and returned to the sender.

SANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly
RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS.

Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c.

DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester
(Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND
MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical
at their business. All particulars on application.
Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS. CHESTER."

Head Gardeners.

JOHN LAING and SONS can at present
recommend with every confidence several energetic
and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character.
Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS,
aud HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or
Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par-
ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill,
Loudon, S.E.

THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL
COMPANY (John Cowan). Limited, The Vineyard and
Nurseries, Garston, near Liverpool, wUh to recommend to any
Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com-
petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who
wis Heid Gardener for the last twelve years to the late .Mr
Thomas Edward-* Moss, Bart., of Otterspool, near Liverpool.
—Full particulars on application to the Company.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents,

STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS.

GARDENER (Head), age 29, married when
suited; where four or five others are kept.— W. H.
DIVERS, head gardener to J. T. Hopwood, Esq., will be
pleased to recommend his foreman to anyone requiring a good
mm, thoroughly experienced in all branches of the profession,
and used to the management of men and the usual routine of
a good establishment.— Ketton Hall, Stamford.

GARDENER (Head, or otherwise).— Age 35,
married ; twenty years thoroughly experienced in
Farly and Late Forcing Fruits, Flowers, and Wgetables.
Excellent testimonials — B. S., West Mill, Buntingford. Herts.

GARDENER (Head, or good SINGLE-
HANDED).— Age 30, married, no family. Sixteen years'
experience in all branches. Good references.— GEO. DRAKE,
Lawson Road, New Catton. Norwich.

r^ARDENER (Head Working) ; age 40,

* J married when suited.— Mr. Coombfs, Head Gardiner to
the Earl of Dudley, Hinsley Hall. Dudley, can with confidence
recommend his Fo-enian to any Gentleman requiring the ser-
vices of a thorough praelical man, experienced in all branches.

GARDENER (Und*r), Inside and Out.
—Age 23. Georgf Harding. Maind-ff Court Gardens,
Abergavenny, can highly recommend a steady young man as
above. Has been with him three years, and given him every
satisfaction. Bothy preferred.

XT E. OWEN, Gardener to Lady Sutton,

Xl • Combermere Abbey, Whitchurch, Salop, can confi-
dently recommend C. Powell ns FOREMAN (age 24), and
T. Robinson as FIRST JOURNEYMAN (ag* 23) to any Gar-
dener requiring the same.

TMPROVER, under Glass, or as GARDENER

-*- (Undek), where Wee or more are kept. — WILLIAM
PHILLIPS, Gardener, Kelsale Rectory, Saxmundham. Suffolk.

IMPROVER, under good gardener.— Age 18.
Three years in London nurseries. Good character.
C. C , 2. Wellesley Terrace. Higher Wellesley Road. Torquay.

"yO GARDENERS.— Wanted, by a respectable

J- lad, age 10, situation in a gentleman's gardea. Two
years' experience in stove and greenhouse. Bothy preferred. — -
J. CURREY, Milford Hill, Salisbury.

TO MARKET GROWERS.— MANAGER—
Experienced in Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Chrvsan-
themums, Palms. Ferns, Cut Flowers, Grafting. Tea Roses,
Clematis, &c. Twenty years' experience.— REX, 1, Grove
Road, Mitcham.

S~EEDSMAN.— One of the leading Houses in
America REQUIRES the services of an experien ed MAN,
capable of taking charge of the Warehouse Department. A good
position will be given to an energetic thoroughly-experienced
man. None other need reply. Address, by letter only,
siating age, experience, and references, also salary required, to
GARSEED, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Stran I, W.C.

SHOPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER —
Age 23 ; experienced in Wreaths, Bouquets, Plants,
Seed-, Sundries, Bojk-keepiog, &c. Energetic Salesman,
with excellent referen -es. Moderate salary. — FLORIST,
4, Ellerslie Road, Clapham.

HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Liver, Lunga, and
Kidneys. — Most diseases of these purifying organs
arise from obstructions, over the removal of which these
celebrated Pills exercise the most perfect control. A course of
them is strongly recommended as a remedy for such chronic
affections as liver enlargements, congestion of the lungs,
torpidity of the kidneys, and other functional disorders which
cause much present suffering, and if neglected lavs the
foundation of organic diseases. Holloway's Pills are specially
adapted for the young and delicate ; their gentle and purifjing
action ranks them above all other medicines. In indigestion,
nervous affections, gout, and rheumatism the^e Pill? hue
achieved for themselves universal fame. They expebill impuri
ties from the blood, and thus lestore cheerfulness and vigour.

77G

THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 26 1891.

THOMAS GREEN & SON, Limited,

SMITHFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEOS, AND SURREY WORKS, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.,

HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS to HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, call Special Attention to their Patent Wrougnt-Iron Municipal or Angular Chambered and TubuJar

HOT-WATER BOILERS,

And others with SHELVES, and Hollow or Ordinary Cast-iron GRATE

. _ . - — .. --, <F-.-n.-i _* i_-_i_ .ii,. .. . 1 . , . ,1 a, 1 fnr TTiiat.iTicr ftroonhrniBPO fniisiil

BARS.

Lex O wm" rjj-^—.j— . — ~ i — —

«.r.r»l r nnil rnn With WATERWAY BACKS and WELDED BOIXERS, any of which are specially adapted for ■Heating Greenhouses, Conservatories, Churches Chapels
SADDLE BOILERS Sch«uspfbUc Buildings, Entrance Halls, Warehouses, Workshops, &c. They are the neatest, cheapest, most effective, and durable of any extant.

UHUUUU UWI1.UIIW, TCsdAR«nei are remarkable for their great heating power, slow combustion, and the length of time the fire will bum without requiring attention.

These Patterns soured the FIRST and HIGHEST PRIZE-a SILVER MEDAL-at the Royal Horticultural Society's Exhibition, South Kensington. London, June 1, 1881.

SECTIONAL PLAN.
— Front Elevation -

The longitudinal section givea a view of the fire-box, water space, flues, &c. The cross section gives a view of the fire-box, water space and V*9naPed back.

The front elevation shows it set in brickwork, which is necessary for this class of boiler.

SIZES AND PRICES.

MBl
MBS
MB3
M B4
MBS

3 ft. 2 in. long by 2 ft. 0 in. wide by 2 ft. 0 in. deep

4
5

6
8

0
0
6
6

by 2
by 2
by 3
by 4

0
3
0
0

Calculated to

heat 4-in. piping

aa follows : —

by 2

„ by 2

„ by 3
„ by 3

TESTIMONIALS.

Re HEATING APPARATUS- Borough Engineer's Office, Municipal Buildings, Leeds. January 9, 1S86.

. 1000 ft.

1280

2200

4000

7000

Price £15
„ 21

32
60
85

MesorS. THOS. GREEN and SON. Ltd., NORTH STREET, LEEDS.

GENTLEMEN, — I have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficiency and satisfactory working of the Hok water Heating Apparatus you erected in these public buildings.

The buildings are four storeys high, and we have a total length of about 28,000 feet of piping in them, varying in size from lj in. to 6 in. diameter, with their connections, &o. The several
offices and rooms can all be in operation at one time or separately, and the heat regulated by means of the valves to the temperature required, even in the coldest weather.

Two of your Patent Municipal Pattern Boilers, No. 4, work the whole of this piping easily, although we have three of them fixed. They are very powerful and economical in the consump-
tion of fuel, and I am pleased to be able to report of them and the apparatus so favourably. I am. Gentlemen, yours truly, THOS. HEWSON, Borough Engineer.

Morley House, Bagot, St. Saviour's, Jersey, November 10th, 1886.

Gentlemen,— The large Municipal Boiler which you sent me last year is doing its work satisfactorily; it is heating 5000 feet of 4-inch pipe in one of my vineries, and I am quite sure that
it has power to work a much greater length, while in cost of fuel it compares favourably with my other Boilers.

I have now five of your Boilers in use, and I cannot speak too well of their heating powers, or their comparatively small consumption of fuel.
Messrs. THOS. GREEN and SON, Ltd., LEEDS. Yours faithfully. (Signed) G. W. BASHFORD.

AND HUNDREDS OF OTHER REFERENCES CAN BE GIVEN IF REQUIRED.

LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS,

And replace INEFFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES by

WEEKS'S
PATENT DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUBULAR,

THE CHAMPION BOILEB, OF THE AGE.

It is unparalleled for POWER, ECONOMY, and DURABILITY, the

WATER'BARS alone being equal to many Boilers.

A TEN YEARS' GUARANTEE given with all Duplex

Boi ers (subject to printed conditions) when fixed by the Patentees.

FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO

J. WEEKS & CO.,

Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees,

KINC'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Aqnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of Loudon, in the Bounty of Middlesex, and published by

Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, December 26, 1891. Agent for Manchester— Joan Hetwood.

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Full text of "The Gardeners' chronicle : a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects"

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