ICibrar^,
IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
B05TON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
'SHELF N'
ajO|o.iB
.V ..
(/',
nntc</ ^vr JohiL ^ivino'ton atui t/ie- rejt(7ft/ie^^/^7'cytrte&4[^^\).
THE
Gardeners Kalendar;
Direfting what Works are neceiTary to be performed
EVERY MONTH
I N T H E
Kitchen^ Fruity and Pleafure-G ardens^
As alfo in the
Confervatory and Nuriery :
SHEWING
1. The particular SEA SONS for propagating
all Sorts of Esculent Plants and Fruitsj with the
Time when each So/t is proper for the Tabk,
■ II. The proper SEASONS forTranfplanting all Sorts of
Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, with the 1^\^^ of their
Flowering.
By PHILIP xM I L L E R, '^,^,^,
Member of the Botanick Academy at F l o r £ n c £, and
Gardener to the Worfiiipful Company of ApothecarieSj
at their Botanick Gardeji in Cktljea,
The FOURTEENTH EDITION,
With a L I S T of the Medicinal Pl ants-, which
may be gathered for Ufe each Month.
To whicii is jtrefixfdj
A fhort Introduction to the Science of
Botany, illyfirated with Copper Plates.
L O N D O N:
Printed for the A U T H O R ;
And fold by ] o h ?j R i v i n g t o ?. in St, Pa-aFs Church-Turd,
H. WooDFALL, A. Millar, J. Whiston and B. Whitf,
G. HawkjnSj J. HiNTON, R. Baldwin, L. Hawes and
W.Clarke and R.Collins, W. Johnston, T. Lono-
MAN, T. Caslon, B. Law, C. Rivincton, Z. Stuart,
J. DoDSiEY, and M. KicHARi'SON, 1765.
^ hkm\^^,<^
T O
THOMAS HARRIS, Efq; Mafter;
Mr. John Peck, Iwardens-
Mr. Marmaduke Westwood, J '
And the other Members
O F T H E
COURT of ASSISTANTS
O F T H E
Worfliipful Society of Apothecaries
OF
LONDON,
This EDITION of the
Gardeners Kalendar,
Is with the greateft Refpefl Infcribed, by
Their mofl: obedient humble Servant,,
Philip Miller,
THE
PREFACE.
^^^^i ^ ^^^^^ ^^'^^ been fever al edi-
^M^^ ^^^^^ ^f ^^^^ Gardeners Kalen-
^f^ dar already publijhed^ it is
pref tuned that the public is fo well ac-
quainted with the perfor7nance^ as to ren^
der it unnecejjary to ^nention any thi72cr
of it here.
In each of the editions fubfequent to
the fir ft ^ there have beenfuch alterations
a7id additions made^ as were neceffary to
include fuch new pla?7ts as have been an^
nually introduced into the Englijh Gar-
dens ; and alfo to meiitionfuch df cover ies
sv have been 7nade in their culture and
management^ which have not been few
fnce the firft publication of this work :
therefore if thefe bad been omittedy it
A 3 would
vi PREFACE.
njoould have rendered the ^erjormanct
imperfeEi.
The improvements which have heen^
made in the art of Gardenings within
jifty years paj}^ are very great ; Jo that
we ?nay without prefumption affirm ^ that
every part of this art is in as great per-
feEiio7t at this time in England^ as in any
part of Europe. Our markets being
better fupplied with all forts of efculent
pla72tSy through the whole year^ than
thofe of any other country ; and thefe in
their fever al feafo?is are afforded at fo
cheap rates^ that they are become a
great part of the food of the poor : to
which we 772ay i^tpart attribute the abate-
7nent of thofe violent fcor'hutick difor-
ders^ which formerly raged fo much in
this CQU7ttry.
The Kitchen Garde7iers (efpecially
thofe 72 ear Eondo77)^ have experie72cedy
that by treating ?nofl of the efculent ve-
getables i7t a lefs te7ider 77ia7iners than
was before praSlfedy their crops fucceed
77iuch better j and by fowing half the
quantity
1^ R E F A C E. vii
quantity of feeds 07i the fa?ne extent of
ground^ there is a great faving of both
feed and labour^ and their plants thrive
much better.
The Florifls afo have found out ma?iy
better methods of raifing aitd ijnpi^oving
all the forts of flowers^ with which the
E7tglifD Gardens hre now much more
plentifully fored than was known to their
predeceffors ; fo that 7na7iy forts which
were fome years pafl nurfed up with the
greateft care^ a77d. treated i7t the fnofi
tender 7nan7ier^ are now conmtonly plant-
ed i72 the open borders of the Pleafure-
Garden ; where they thrive and are i7t
greater vigour^ than whe7t they were
treated with 772uch greater 7iicety^ where-
by the Flower-Garden is ?nore co7npletely
adorned with thefe beauties.
As to the 7iumber of exotick trees^
fjrubs^ a7id plants^ which have bee7ir
brought into Efjgland within half a ce7z-
tu?y paji^ it is doubtful if it is not nearly
equal to thofe before known here ; and a
great part of thefn are become ^ as it were^
A 4 deni-
viii PREFACE.
denizens in Engla77d^ bei?^gfo far natu-
ralized^ as to thrive in the open air
without jhelter^ a77d thereby afford much
greater pleafure^ hecaufe they approach
7iearer to their natural beauty. And by
snaking trials with ma?iy of thofe pla?2ts
which were formerly nurfed up in green-
houfesj and treated with great tender-
nefs^ they have been found to thrive a?id
flower much better whe?t planted in the
full grou77d^ and treated with lefs de-
licacy.
'Thefe new difcoveries which are an?7U-
ally 7nade iii the differ e77t parts of Gar-
deni77g^ occafon a neceffity for altera-
tio77S a77d additio7is to he 7?iade^f7^07n time
to time^ in the booh which are written
7ipo?i this fubjecl ; therefore the author
hopes ^ that what he has done of this na-
ture^ in the late editions of his wo7^h^
will 720t be ifiterpreted^ as if done with a
defg7i to depreciate thefonner ifnprefftons^
or to e7iha77ce the J ale of the book^ both
which are far from his i72tention : but
here he ca7mot helpjobfe?'vi?ig^ that the de-
mand
PREFACE. ix
mafjd for this book has been fo great ^ as
to tempt feme of the Bookfellers to endea-
vour to impcfe on the publick^ by emploj-
ing their hackney fcrtbblers^ to purloin
fro7n this^ and the author s larger work^
materials for booh on the fame fubjcEi.
How 'well thefe have been executed^ thofe
who are the beft acquainted with the fub-
jeci^ are the mofi capable judges. But if
we may prefume to guefs at the receptio?i
which theje books have ?net with fro7n the
publick^ by the demand there is for them^
we may conclude^ that neither of thofe
performances will ever come to another
editio7i.
In a work of this nature^ which is de-
fgned only to inflruB the praBitiG?ier
at what times of the year each zvork is
to be perfor7ned^ it can?20t be expe&ed^
that the ma7iner of doing thofe works ca7i
be here i?ferted^ as that would fwell the
book greatly beyo77d the li}7iited fize^ and
re7ider it lefs poj'table ; and as i7i the
Gardeners DiEiionary^ there are ample
i?ifl7^u8lions for the raifrng and manage-
7 ment
X PREFACE.
ment of all the forts of trees ^ fJoruhs^
and plants^ with which the E^^glijh Gar-
dens are at prefent furnifhedy not only
for the embellifnme7^t of the Pleafure-
Garde7iy but alfo the many ki?tds of ef--
culent plants which are at prefent culti-
vated in our Kitchen-Gar dens ^ which
were unknown here in the lafl age : fo
the curious Reader is defired to turn to
thaty for direEiions how to perform the
fever al works ^ in the different bra?2ches of
Garde7mig\
The i?2ferting in this work what efcu-
lent plants and fruits are in feafoit^
and alfo the trees ^ fhrubs^ a72d flower s^
which bloffom in each mo7ithy the author
believes to be as neceffary as afiy other
part of the performance \ for by this thofe
gentle7nen who refide in the country but
a part of the year ^ may be i72/lru&ed to
make choice of fuch fruit s^ and to culii-^
vate fuch ef culent plants i7i their Gar-
densy as will be in feafon at the parti-
cular time of they ear -i when- they can en-
joy thefn. The trees ^ fhrubs^ and flow-
ers
P R E F A C £• xi
ers for ador7nng their Gardens^ may alfo
be adapted to the fame ti?ne.
In this edition the titles of many of
the plants are altered^ fo as to correfpond
with thofe mentioned in the laft edition of
the Gardeners Di&ionary^ which was
altered to correfpond with Linnceus'^s
fyfem.
The direBions here give7t for the
times of fowing of feeds ^ the tranfplant-
ing and management of all forts of
plants^ as alfo when the fever al efculent
plants and fruits are in their maturity^
as the time of trees^ fhrubs^ ajid plants .
being in flower^ are here put down for
thofe Gardens which are ftuated near
Lo?2dony and according to the new fly le ;
fo that i7i the 7nanage?nent of thofe Gar-
dens which are ftuated i7t a 7nore nor-
thern latitude^ there mtfl be an allow-
a7tce made for the difla77ce they are re-
moved from this 77ietropolis. This mufl
he, under food in general^ for there are
fome particular war 7n foils and ftuati-
ons^ at a great difance fro?n Londo?!^
in
xii PREFACE.
in which vegetation is almojl as early as
the lands in general near Lo7tdon,
It may aljo be necejfary to inform the
Reader^ that the calculations here 7nade^
are not taken from a7^y particular feafon^
but by comparing a diary which the au-
thor has kept 7na7ty years ; and from a
medium of feveral years objervation^ the
whole has been compiled. For there is
frequently the differe7ice of a fortnight
or three w^eks^ betwee^i one feafon and
a7tother^ i7i th& ti77ies of fruit ripent7ig^
aftdalfo in the 7naturity of efculent plants.
But in many of the wi72ter fruits^ there
is ofteTi 7nuch more j for infome feafo7ts^
the pears of a tree which grew to afouth
eaft afpetl^ were ripe the 7niddle of Oc-
tober^ a7id by the e7idof thefa7ne month ^
thofe which wers 7iot eaten were beco7ne
rotte7t ; and in fever al other years ^ the
fruit of the fa77ie tree were itot eatable
before the e7id of Dece77tber. Therefore
the Reader is defired to excufe the author ^
when he fmds fG7ne forts of autu7nn or
winter fruits-^ r/ientioned to be in eatings
at
PREFACE. xiii
at a different tune from that 272 which
they are fome years i7i their maturity^ be-
caufe fuch alterations frequently happe^t
in the feafons^ as will occafo72 the diffe-
rence befcre-mentioned in t^he time of
ripening of fever al fruits.
There are aljo the fame kinds of worh^
direBed to be pejfonned i7t diffei-ent
mo7iths^ which to thofe who are unex-
perienced in the praEiical parts of Gar*
de7ii?tg^ may appear to be abfurd\ but
thofe who are better acquainted with the
fubje&Sy hiow^ that in differ e7it feafo7ts
a72d ftuatio72s^ the farne work 77iay be
performed to advantage^ three weeks or
a 7no77th earlier or later \ fo that the prac-
titioner 7nufl be dire&ed herein by his
own judgment and obfervatio7i^ as it is
impojffible to prefcribe rules for the va-
riety of feafons and fetuations^ without
repeating thefe necejjary works i7i dif-
ferent months ; therefore the 7770ft fkilful
Gardeners will allow of thefe frequent
repetitions^ knowing it to be very necejjary
to put crops into the grou77d^ when thofe
before
xiv P R E F A C E^
before fown or planted may have failed^
otherwife a whole feafon may be loji.
And it is hoped thofe who are lefs ac-
quainted with the praSiice^ will not cm-
Jure what ihey do not underjland.
"To this edition of the Gardeners Ka-
lendar^ the author was advifed to fub-
join a Jhort IntroduElion to the Scie7tce of
Botany ; in which the definitions and
terms of art which are ufed in the pre^
fent favourite fyjlem of DoElor Li?i7tceuSy
Jhould be explained^ for the benefit of
praEiical Gardeners \ efpecially ftnce the
having fome jkill iit the knowledge of
plants^ is now become anecejfary qualifi-
cation for thofe who have a defire to ad-
vance themfelves in their profeJfion\
therefore the author was foon prevailed on
to undertake it^ and accordingly had the
plates engraven^ and the whole prepared
for the prefsy before the iranfiation of
]Li7inceus' s Philofophia Botanic a ^ publifh-
ed by Mr. Lee^ made its appearance.
When that was made publick^ the author
of the Gar defter s Kale?ider had fome
doubts
PREFACE. XV
doubts about the publication of bis ; but
upon farther co?tfideration^ he was deter-
mined to add it to the Kalendar^ as the
fubjeSi is treated differently^ a7td only
the more effential parts of the Linncean
fyfiem are here explained^ the whole being
C07nprifed in fo fnall a compafs^ as to
enhance the price of the book but little :
and for the benefit of thofcy who ' are al-
ready poffeffed of either of the former edi-
tions of the Gardners Kalendar^ this
fmall traEi is printed feparately^ and
may be pur chafed by thofe who ate de-^
frous to have it.
As the author has beejt careful in the
revifeng the whole work^ and injerting of
the neceffary additions aiid alteration^
made i7i this impreffo?t^ he hopes it will
m^et with the^ like favourable reception
from the publick^ as the former editions
have done^ and for which he thi?iks he
ca7tnot better tefify his gratitude to tha>
pub lick ^ than by endeavouring topro7notey
to the ut7noft of his abilities'^ the ujeful
art of Garde72i?ig.
I A
A SHORT
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
Science of BOTaN Y.
/fcl^AC^ has almoft as many different
^tej^& R^^i^ses as there are difFercnt
L L the fciences have each their
^^^ proper language : but Botany alone
lan-
cnt au-
thors, each uiing names and particular phrafes,
to reprefent the fame plants ; and fometimes
the fame denomination is applied by differexnt
authors to different plants ; but although the
Nomenclature of Botany has in all times been
varied, yet it never was fo much altered as of
late years. Nev/ views have occafioned new
obfervations, which have enabled the modern
Botanifts to reiflify the denominations of the
antients.
2 An IntroduEiion to
A denomination is fo much more perfed,
as it contains fewer arbitrary things, and has
lefs relation to foreign. This is a kind of de-
finition, which muft be rendered as exadt as
poffible, ufing the vifible attributes and qua-
lities of the plant itfelf, making an abftradtion
of the affinity it has to other plants of the fame
genus, or of different genera.
The modern Botanifts have an advantage
over the antients in following this rule ; they
name the plants from the parts which they
contain ; whereas the others have generally
given them by their outward appearance, or
fuppofed virtues ; ^he moderns in each of theii:
phrafes, have regard to the eflential parts of
the plant they exprefs : that in a word is the
mod particular charafter, which can be known
by the firft infpedion, avoiding the long de-
nominations and terms which are fuperfluous,
and only burden the memory to no purpofe,
they have bani(l:ied the names of the countries
where the plants grow, their virtues, and pro-
perties, &c, from the titles.
When there is but one known fpecies of a
genus, it is not neceffary to add a fpecific de^
nomination to its generical name, becaufe there
is no other fpecies to didinguifli it from. And
it were to be wifhed, that each plant had but
one
the S'cie7ice of Botany. 3
one effential character to diftinguidi it from
all the other fpecies of the genus: in which
cafe, each denomination would be comprifed
in two or three words. But as it often hap-
pens, that one fpecies has many different cha-
racters common to one or other fpecies of the
fame genus, they are then obliged to add a
longer denomination to it. However, all othei:
things being equal, the fl:iorteft phrafes are
always beft. In confequence of this. Dr.
LinfiauSy the celebrated Profeffor of Botany at
TJpfal in Swede?!^ has propofed fimple and
proper terms, not only to exprefs all the dif-
ferent parts of plants, but alfo the principal
qualities, forms, figures, fituations, dircdions,
and manners of exifting of each of thefe parts.
He is not fatisfied to join the definitions and
explications to each of thefe terms, to fix
and determine their true meaning : but he has
alfo added figures, to fuch as were neceifary
to give a more juft and complete idea of
them. Thefe principals have been almofl uni-
verfally adopted, by thofe who have wrote after
him. This rule he will not permit to be de-
parted from, and his manner of expreffion is
become the living language of Botany.
The fexual method of claffing plants, efla-
bllfhed by Dr. Linnmis^ is much prefer-
a 2 able
4- ^n IntroduEiton to
able to all the fyftems of Botany which have
yet appeared, j. Becaufe of all thofe which
have been propofed, there is not one of them
which approaches fo near to a natural method
as this, moft of the claffes being very natural.
2. It is founded upon the parts of the plants,
which are the moft conftant, and leaft fubjedl
to variation, the ftamina and pointals, which
are the true organs of generation.
Thefe are fimple and eafy to retain in me-
mory. The claffes are eftablifhed upon the
ftamina or male organs 5 the orders or fubdi-
vifions of the claffes upon the pointals or fe-
male organs ; and the genera upon all the
parts of the frudtification. All thefe parts be-
ing confidered according to their number,
their figure, their proportion, and their fitua-
tion, the fpecifick differences are taken from
the habit or external appearances of the plants.
Thofe who will take the trouble of examin-
ing this method, and comparing it with any
of the former, will be much better acquainted
with its excellence than words can explain it.
The author does not pretend to fay it is per-
fecS; the only natural method, if there is one,
fhould have an advantage of this, but in de-
fault of the laft, he endeavours to follow that
which approaches nearcft to it.
Dr.
the Science of Botany. 5
Dr. Linnceus has taken the moft elTential
parts of the plants, which are thofe of the
fruftification, to eftablifti the charadters of
the genera, in a more fabftantial manner, than
all the authors who have preceded him. The
exacl defcriptions which he has given of all
thefe parts, and the fliort natural terms which
he has ufed, together with the obfervations
which he has added to thofe of his genera,
which carry any effential charader, or which
are liable to exception in any of the fpecies,
are owing to the labour of this worthy bota-
nift. It is certain, that thefe defcriptions will
have this advantage, that they can be applied
to any method which may be hereafter invent-
ed, for the eftablifliing of new genera, when
the old ones are infufficient, by the jundion of
thofe whofe identity have efcaped the firft me-
thodifts, by the difmembering of fome of them,
which were overcharged with fpecies, (which
fatigue and embarrafs the learner,) in fhort, by
clearing of fome other whofe charaders are
equivocal or obfcure. Dr. Linnam has found
a way of janging the fpecies under their true
genera, and of feparating thofe which do not
properly belong to them.
Thediftinguifhing varieties from real fpecies,
is a part of the fcience of botany not well un-
dcrftood. 5 for as variety of foils, fituation, and
a 3 culture,
6 An IntroduSiion to
culture, greatly alter the appearance of plants^
fo there are too many, who from a fondnefs
of {hewing their great nicety in diftinguifhing,
are apt to make fpecies of fcveral plants, which
are only accidental variations -, while others, on
the contrary, are as ready to fuppofe many
plants which agree in fome particular charac-
ters, are only accidental variations ; and it muft
be confelTed, that the learned author whofe fyf-
tem we here adopt, is of this number ; for in
all his books where he has enumerated the
fpecies of plants, he has joined by way of
fynnnim many plants as varieties of the
fpecies, which are always conftant in their eflen-
tial charaders, when propagated by feeds, be
the foil or fituation ever fo different : but this
may be readily excofed ; for as he has not had
experience enough in the culture of plants,
to know how far, that with the difference of
foiis and fuuations will alter the appearances of
plants, fo it cannot be expected he fhould be
perfedt in an article, which requires many
years trial and obfervation to determine. Nor
has this learned author lived long enough in a
country, where he might have opportunities to
fee and examine the plants growing ; fo has
been obliged to form great part of his fyflem
from dried famples of the plants, which tho*
6 they
the Science of Eotcmy. j
they may have been well preferved, yet fome
of thofe eflential parts of their flowers and fruits
from whence he has taken their charadters,
may have been v^/anting ; or at lead fo much
impaired, as to render it impoffible for any
one, abfolutely to determine their clafies or ge-
nera : therefore future obfervations on the
plants made by perfons of Hcill, who have oppor-
tunities of examining them when growing and
in a perfedl ftate, it is hoped may reduce this
method nearer to a natural one.
The following circumftances are excluded
by Dr. LinnceiiSy from having any fhare in
diftinguifliing the fpecies from varieties, ^viz.
fexy magnitude, time of flowering, colour, fcenty
tajie^ virtues and ufes, duration^ midtitudey
pubefcensy leaves and monjlrous fowers. Molt
of which it muft be confefTed, fliould not be
allowed as diftingui(hing characters to fpecies i
but there are fome which muft be admitted,
where other marks are wanting to diftinguifh
two fpecies which have great affinity, pro-
vided the charaders fo ufed are permanent :
and thefe we find have been frequently ufed
by Dr. Linnceus himfelf in his later works,
with great propriety, and it may be prefumed
as he becomes more knowing, he will adopt
many more. For inftance in the Crocus, the
Dodtor has fuppofed that the vernal forts are
a 4 only
8 An IntroduSlion to
only varieties of the true Saffron, which always
flowers in autumn ; but whoever will examine
flowers of each, will find the ftigma of the lat-
ter divided into three parts to the bottom (and
this is the part in ufe), whereas the ftigma of
the vernal Crocus is globular and almoft intire.
There are alfo many other plants, which have
efcaped the notice of the author, and by hirri
fuppofed to be only varieties, which are in rea-
lity diftinftfpecies.
According to modern Botanlfts, plants are
fuppofed to confift of the fix following parts,
the Root, Radix, the Trunk, Trunciis^ the Sup-r
port. Fulcra^ the Leaves, Folia^ the Flowers,
Fhres, and the Fruit, Frudlus,
The Root, Radixy
Is that part of a plant which is faftened to
the ground, or to fome other body, from
whence it draws its nourid^irrient.
Roots are divided into three forts, ''oiz.
fibrous, bulbous, and tuberous.
A fibrous "root is compofed of many fmall
foots, which divide at the ftalk or trunk,
fee fig. I. plate I. Thefe are fometimes per-
pendicular, and are called tap roots, as at ^, /,
or horizontal, which are called fpreading roots,»
as at b, Flefliy, or Carnofe^ as the Carrot and
Parf72epy fee fig. 2. Hairy, Fiiameniofaj which
appear
the Science of Botany. 9
appear like flende" threads or hairs, like the
roots of Grafs^ as at Cy fig. i. fingle at fig. 2.
and branchiiig at fig. i.
Bulbous roots are of the five following forts,
I. Solid, Soliday as fig. 3, thefe are of a thick
flefhy folid fubftance, as the Tiirfjep^ repre-
fented at fig. 4. which is cut horizontally
through the middle. 2. Coated, Timicata, as
the Oniony fee fig. 5. which are compofed of
inany lamina, or coats, clofely furroundingeach
other, as is reprefented fig. 6. where it is cut
through the middle. 3. Scaled, Squainofa, as
the Lily^ fee fig. 7. thefe are compofed of
many flciliy fcales lying over each other. 4.
Double, Duplicatay as in fome Species of Or--
chis, fee fig., 8. where there are two folid bulbs
joined 3 thefe are alfo called Tefticulated roots.
4. Clullered, Aggregata^ as the JVhite Saxi-
frage^ fee fig. 9. thefe are alfo called Granulous
roots, having fome appearance of grain.
A tuberous root is one that is compofed of
many flefhy tubers, as the Garden Ranunculus ^
which fwell more than the ftalk, fee fig. 10.
when thefe adhere clofely to the ftalk, tliey are
termed feffiUsy i. e. filing clofe ; or if they are
fufpended by threads, as the Peony, and He-
moracalis, they are called pendulous, fee fig. 11.
thefe are of different figures.
7 Th?
zo An IntroduSiion to
The Trunk, Truncus,
Is that part of a plant which rifes immedi-
ately from the root, and fuftains the branches ;
this denomination is therefore only given to
trees ^ and that of ftalk to plants.
Stalks are divided into fimple or compound.
A Simple Stalk, Caulis Simplex, is one which
arifes fingle from the root, and continues fo
without interruption to the top. This is alfo
called an intire ftalk, caidis integer. When the
ftalk has no leaves or branches, it is called
a naked ftalk, caulis nudis. When it is gar-
niflied with leaves, caulis foliatus, a leafy ftalk.
When it it is upright, caide reBus, Or if it is
oblique to the root, caule obliquus. When it
twines round a fupport, caide volubilis. If it
is pliant, caule flexuojus. When it reclines to
the ground, caule reclinatus. If it lies upon the
ground, caule procumbens. When it puts roots
out of the joints which faften to the ground,
caule repens, a creeping ftalk. When it puts
out roots the whole length of the ftalks, far-
mentofus. If the ftalks live feveral years, they
are termed, perennis, abiding ftalks, if but one
year, annuus, annual. When they are lignous
or v^oody, jruticofus, ftirubby, ox fuffruticofuSy
under Ihrubs. If they are cylindrical, teres,
or
the Science of Botany. ii
or taper. When they have two angles, anceps 5
if three angles trigomis ; if many angles, poly^
gonus. When a ftalk is ftrecked, Jiriatus. If
fixrrowcd y canaculatus, channelled. When it is
fmooth, glaber. If it is hairy, villofus. If
rou^yfcaber. And if the hairs are prickly,
hijpidus.
A branching Stalk, Caiilis ramofus^
Is one that puts out lateral branches as it
afcends. If the branches are irregular and
thinly placed, it is called a diffufed ftalk, diffufus.
If they are large, brachiatus, or limbed. When
there are a great number of branches, ramo-'
fiffimmy very branching. If they have fupports,
fulcratus. When they are prolifick, proliferous.
A compound Stalk, Caulis compofitusy is one
that foon divides into branches j when it is
forked, it is called dichotomus ; if it has two
ranges of branches, dijlichus \ or when thefe
are again AiviitAfubdiviJus. A ftraw, culmttSy
is a fiftulous ftalk garniflied with leaves, and is
generally terminated by a fpike or panicle, as
in graffes or corn. If this is intire, integer ; or
branched, ramofus ; if uniform, aqualis ; if
jointed, articulatus ; or fcaley, fquamofus ; if
without leaves, nudus 5 or when garnifhed with
leaves, foliatus.
The
12 An Introdu&ion to
The fupports, fulcra, are certain parts of a
plant, which ferve to fuftain or defend the
others. Thefe are of the ten following forts.
The Jlipiila. The leaf which fupports the
flowers br&Bea, The tendril or clafper cirrhiis^
er capreoliis. The fpine fpina. The thorn
aculeus. The footftalkof the leaf^^//W^^. The
footftalk of the flower or im\\.pedimculus. The
Aolkfcapus. The gland glaiidula. The fcale
fqnama.
The footftalk which fuftains the flower or
fruit is called pedunculuSy If this fuiT:ains but
one flower or fruit, unicam. If two, geminam\
if feveralj phirimam -, and when it fupports a
great number, numerofam. When thefe arife
from the root, I'-adicalem j from the ftalk, can-
linam \ from the wings of the ftalk, alarem y
or from the extremity, terminatricem, or termi-
nalem, ]f they are ^in^Q.foUtariam^ or thinly
placed, Jparfam 5 if in groups, conghhatam ; in
cluflers, conglomeratam^ if in panicles, /^2;?/V«/^-
tam ; or in roundifli bunches, corymbofam ; if in
clofe bunches, or hundlts,fo/dcu/atc7m. When
they are in w^horles round the ftalks, verticil"
latam 5 or in fpikes, fpicatam. If m long
bunches like grapes, racemofam ; or in form of
an umbrella, umbellatam\ if in form of a
head, capitaiam. ^v-ii ^rii \<^ b^v
the Science of Botahy. t ^j
The ftalk fcapus is fo called, when it rifes
fingle from the root without branches, and
immediately Tupports the flowers and frufti-
fication, as the Arum.
The footftalk of the leaf petiolus^ is that
w^hich fuftains the leaf as the pedwiculm fuf-
tains the flower and fruit, and is fometimes
called the tail of the leaf.
The tendril, cirrhus or capreoluSy is a clafper,
by which a plant faftens itfelf to any other body
for fupport, as the Vine^ Briony^ &c.
The braElea^ or floral leaf, is of a different
form and colour from the other leaves, and
is always fituated near the flower, and never
appears but with it -, fo may be termed a floral
leaf.
The Jllpula is a fcale which forms the iw^
ture bud, and is fituated at the infertions of
the leaf.
The thorn, accukus, is a iharp brittle point,
which is fo flightly faflened to the plant, as
to be taken off* without tearing ti-e other
parts.
The fpine,^//;^, Is fo firmly faflened to th$^
plant, that it cannot be taken off without tear-
ing it.
The gland, glmidula, is a kind of teat which
ferves fpr the fecretion of the humours.
The
14- An IntroduEiion to
The {Q2i\Q^ f quanta y is generally found in kat-
kinSj where they ferve as a cover to the {lami-
na and apices of the male flowers ; and in fome
flowers at the bottom of the flower-cup, or
under the flowers themfelves, in fome plants.
Of Leaves, Folia.
I jfhall not here mention all the varieties of
leaves, which are taken notice of by fome of
the late vmters in Botany, but (hall only in-
clude their principal or moft eflential diffe-
rences ', and {hall not take the terms from a
fingle difference, but from fuch as are com-
mon to many ; for the inferting too great num-
ber of terms will burden the memory too much,
which will embarrafs the learner in the ap-
plication of them ; and if thofe here menti-
oned are not fufficient to diftinguifii every va-
riety, we iliould endeavour to keep a jufl me-
dium between the old and new terms, avoid-
ing the two extremes.
When two genera pf leaves are combined to
form one fpecies, or the fpecies is compofed of
two genepa, which become the parts of the
fpecies, thefe genera being once e{labli{hed, it
will not be difficult to form the fpecies, fo as
to require no other definition, provided the
genera
the Scie?Ke of Botany. 1 5
genera are well defined, and do not burden
the memory j as for example,
CordatO'Oiuitum . Ovato-cordatiifn .
CordatO'oblo7igum. Oblongo-cordatum.
Cordato-lanceolatum* Lanceolato-cordatum,
Cordato-fagittatum, Sagittato-cor datum.
CordatO'haJlatum, Hajiato-cordatum^
There muft be great care taken in placing
the genera either firft or laft, in the formation
of the fpecies, for this is not indifferent 5 the
laft denotes the form in which the leaf re-
fults, and the firft in fome meafure corredls it,
by adding a fort of exception to it 3 fo that
by changing their place, it will alter the defi-
nition of the leaf. As for example, Cordato^
ovatum, by this is to be underftood a leaf more
approaching to an oval. But when it is Ovato^
cordatum, the leaf is fuppofed to be more of a
heart-fhape. But this will be better conceived
by their figures hereafter referred to.
Leaves are divided into the three following
claffes.
1. Single leaves.
2. Compound leaves.
3. Determinate leaves.
The
t6 An IntroduElion to
The ifl clafs of fingle leaves. Plate II.
Thofe leaves are called fingle, f.mplkiai
-whofe footftalks fupport but one.
There are feven forts of fingle leaves, Vv'here
we confider a leaf according to its circumfe-
rences, f^nus, its borders, its furface, its fum-
mit, and its fabftance.
The circumference {^clrtiimfcriptio) of i
leaf depends upon its border having vidfinusOT
angle 5 therefore v^^e fliould comprehend in
this title all thofe leaves vi^hofe figures are in
form of a ring differently comprefied, if they
have nojinus or angles*
1. We call a leaf orbicular or round [orbi-
culum) whofe length and breadth are equal,
and whofe borders are equally diftant from the
center, as the SoUanella, fee fig. i . plate II.
2. A roundlfli leaf (fubrotundum) is one
whofe breadth is greater than the length, fee
fig. 2. but this term is often ufed in a more
extenfive fenfe.
3. An oval leaf [ovattmi) is in form of ant
egg, and is longer than it is broad; and
when the bafe or lower part forms a fegment
of a circle, but the upper part drav/s nearer
to a point, fee fig. 3.
An obverfe oval leaf {obverfe-oijatum) is
one ia form of an egg reverfed, the fame as
A' ,,
1(1 II
hr
r1
V4^
'/\ -^-f] '-'A. '-^M -'''C^ ■/'^'
■/'^'j#^ /"^j
1
p tl
(UH
6,/r^ 6-,
the Science of Botany, i j
fig. 3. when the part which is faftened to
the footftalk is narrower than the top.
4. An oval or elliptick leaf, is one which is
longer than it is broad, and whofe upper and
lower parts have the fame fegment of a circle,
fee (vr, ±. •*
An oblong leaf {pbhnguni) is one whofe
length is more than twice the breadth, and
the two points are narrower than the fegment -
of a circle, fee fig. 5.
A wedge- fl>aped leaf [cuneiforme) is one
that is fhaped like a wedge j the length is
much greater than the breadth, and is nar-'*
rowed from the top to the bafe, fee fig. 45.
The angles of a leaf {anguli) are the pro-
minent parts which projedl from the border of
an entire leaf.
An angle is different from a finus, as it
is the projecting part of a leaf, fee fig. 20.
e^ a, e^ whereas the finus is the part which
is diminiflied, fee fi.g. 20. a, c, b, fo the angle
exifts in the leaf, and the finus is without the
leaf. We muft not confound the fides with
the angle, as is frequently done. The angle
in a leaf is confidered horizontally, fig. 20. a^b^c^
and the fide of a leaf in a perpendicular view,
fee fig. 58. ^, b, c.
1 8 A7i httroduEiion to
A fpear-iharped leaf [lanceolatiim) is fliaped
like the point of a fpear ; it is oblong, and gra-
dually narrowed from the middle to both"
ends, where it ends in points, as in the narrow^^
leaved Plantain, &c. fee fig. 6.
A linear or narrow leaf {Uneare) is that,
which commonly is narrowed toward the two
ends, but the fides are parallel its whole length,
as Rofefnary, &c. fee fig. 7.
An awl-(haped leaf (fubulafiim) is fomewhat
like the former on its upper furface, but the
under part is thicker in the middle, growing
narrower to a point at the top, like the point
of an awl, as in the Mefemhryanthemum fca--
hrim, Lin. fee fig. 8.
A triangular leaf {iriajigulare) is one with
three redangular fides, and three angles, the
two lower being even with the bafe, as in the
MefembryanthemumbelUdijloriimy fee fig. 12.
A deltoide leaf {deltoides) is one with four
angles, the two at the top being at a greater
diftance from the center, than thofe of thj3
fides, as in the SeaOracb^ fee fig. 58.
A quinqueangular or five cornered leaf
{quinqiie angular e) is one whofe fides are ftrait
to the middle and are not broken, as in that
of Lavateria Olbia^ fee fig, 20. a^ b, this fome-
times happens.
After
the Sde?2ce of Botany. 1 9
After thefe differences are once e (lab! i (Led,
it will be eafy to figure any other varieties
which may arife from the number of angles,
which rarely happen.
A round leaf (rotiindwn) Is one that has no
angles or indentures, fo is different from the
preceding, efpecially the feventh and twelfth.
A finus divides the dllk of the leaf into
many parts at the bafe, as in fig. 14, and 18.
at the top, as in fig. 21, 22. at the fides, as ia
.23, 25. the whole length, as in fig. 26.
A kidney-fhaped leaf {renifonne) is that
which is fhaped like a kidney, it is almoft or-
bicular, but indented at the bafe without an-
gles, as the common Scurvy-grafs^ fee fig. 9.
A heart-fhaped leaf [cordaium) is fiiaped
fomewhat like an egg, but is indented at the
bafe without angles, as the Water Figwort^ fee
fig. 10.
A moon-{haped leaf {lunatum) is fomewhat
like an half orbicular leaf, but is deeply indent-
ed into two curve angles at the bafe, like a
half moon, or fome forts of Pajjiflora^ Lin,
fee fig. II.
An arrow-pointed leaf (fagittatiim) is a
triangular [leaf indented at the bafe "like the
point of an arrow, as the fmall wild Convcl-
viilnSy fee fig. 13.
b 2 An
20 An IntroduEJion to
An heart arrow-pointed leaf {Cordato-hajla-^
inni) is like the former, but the borders are
convex, as in the Arum, fee fig. 14.
A pike or javelin-ihaped leaf [hajlafum) is a
triangular leaf whofe fides and bafe are in-
dented, and the angles are expanded like the
point of an halberd, as the Sheeps Sorrel^ fee
A bifid leaf {hijidiini) is a leaf divided at the
top in two parts, whofe inferior borders within
the divifion are ftrait, as the B-anhinia^ fee
fig. 16.
There are fome leaves which are divided
into three parts {trifidurn) as the Riie-leavd
Whitkw-gJ'afs 'y others into four [quadrifiduni)
as the Lejfer Mallow ; fome into five {jiuinque^
fidum) as the Althaa Vulgaris ; and others into
many [tjmltifiduni) as the five-leav'd Ladies^
Mantle, From the number of thefe divifions,
they are eafily known.
A trilobate or three-lobed leaf {trilohum)
is one that is divided into three lobes to the
middle, which are feparated from each other,
and their borders rounded, as the Trefoil and
Wood Sorrel^ fee fig, 17.
When the leaves are divided into two lobes
(bilobiirri) or four {quadrilobufn) or five [guin^
qiidobum)y as in fome of the Mallows ^ fo from
the.
the Science of Botany. 2 1
the number of their lobes they may be eafily
defined.
A palmated*leaf [palmatum) is in form of
a hand opened ; it is divided into feveral parts
from the top to the middle, or almoft to the
bafe, as Hemp^ fee fig. 22.
A wing-pointed leaf [finnatifiduni) is* one
;ivhich is cut into feveral lateral finufes, feparat-
cd their whole length like the feathers of a
wing, as in HartJJ:or?t Flantain^ &c. fee
fig. 23.
A jagged leaf {laciniaturn) is one that is
cut into many finufes, to the midrib, and the
lobes are alfo cut undeterminately on their
borders, as in fome of the Centaiirea, fee
fig, 24.
A finuated leaf (Jinuatiini) is one that is cut
on the borders into finufes the whole length,
which are feparated by lobes which are but
{lightly intended, as the Acanthus^ fee fig. 25.
An indented finuated \^z.i (finuato-dentatum)
is the fame with the former, but the lateral
lobes are narrower, as Cicory^ fee fig. 26.
A quinquepartite leaf [quinquepartitu?n) is
one that is divided into five parts to the bafe>
as ih^ Black Hellebore, fee fig. 28.
In changing the number of parts into
which the leaf is divided, we may denote their
b 3 fignifica-*
2 2 An IntroduBion to
iigniiication, as in two ibipartitum) in three
{tripartitiirn) in four {quadripartitum) and if
into many ijmdtifartitum).
An entire leaf {tntegriini) is one which has
no finus on its border, and an undivided
leaf [indivijurn) is the fame, but integrum
muft be diftinguifhed from mtegerrimum \ the
firfl denotes a leaf which has no finus in its
difli, and the fecond has none on its border.
The margin or border of a leaf {jnargo)
denotes the variety there is feen on the edges
of leaves ; but thefe have no relation to their
difk, nor are the extremities at the top included
in this diftin£tion.
An indented leaf {dentatiwi) is one that has
its borders end with horizontal points of the
fame confiilence with the leaves, but are
feparate and diftindl from each other, as the
common Horehound,
A fawed leaf {/erratum) is one vvhofe bor-
ders are (liarply indented like the teeth of a
law, lying one over the other like tiles, an^l
generally point toward the top, as the AnniUil
Nettle^ fee fig. 31. When thefe indentures
point toward the bafe, it is termed retrorjum
Jerratiim, i. e. fawed backward.
A double fawed leaf [diipli c at 0 /erratum) is
one whofe borders are garniflied with two
forts
the Science of Bota7iy. 2 3
forts of teeth, one fmall and the other large,
fee fig. 32. the lefs upon the greater, as in the
Wild Sage.
A crenated or notched leaf [cre?2atum) is one
whofe borders are cut into angles or inden-
tures, which are contiguous and turn inward,
Avithout any bend either to the top or the bafe,
as the Common Betony^ fee fig. 38. V/hen the
notches are pointed, it is termed {acute creiia-
tuni)j fee fig. 35. and when they are rounded
{pbfiife crenatum)^ fee fig. 36. and a double
crenated leaf, is one that has fmall crenatures
upon the larger, fee fig. 33.
A repanded leaf (repandeduni) Is one whofe
border is indented the whole length, and the
lobes are each a fegment of a circle, with ob-
tufe finufes between them, fee fig. 46.
A cartilaginous or grilllyleaf (<:^r///^^/m/;;;)
is one whofe border is diftinguifhed from the
other part of the leaf by a cartilage or mem-
branous flefliy fubftance, fee fig. 34.
A ciliated leaf [ciliatum) is one whofe bor-
der is fet round Vv^ith fmall parallel hairs, like
thofe of the eye-lid, fee fig. 50.
A lacerated or torn leaf (lacerum) is one
whofe border is compofed of torn fegments
of different fizes and figures, as iu the Sea
Cabbage^ fee fig. 24.
b 4 A
24 ^^ IntroduSiion to
A curled leaf [crifpum) is one whofe bor*-
der Is plaited and fringed like a furbelow, as
the curl'd ox f ring d- leav 'd Mallow ^ fee fig . 39,
A knawed leaf {erojum) is one whofe linus
and difk ap:'eur as if they were eaten oxi their
borders, as the Tyenian Clary ^ fee fig. 1 1 .
An entire leaf {integerrimuni) is one whofe
border is quite entire without any kind of in*
denture, fee fig. 42.
The fuperficies of a leaf denotes its furface
above and below*
A downy leaf {tomentofum) is one whofe
furface is co veered with hairs fo fmaii, as not to
be diftinguiihed by the naked eye, like cotton
cloth, as the Mullein, fee fig. 48.
A velvet leaf {pilofum) is one whofe furface
is garniflied with hairs which are difcernible,
as in the yimcus, fee fig. 47.
A hairy leaf [hirfutum) is very near a-kin
to the former, but the hairs are longer, as in
xht hairy Hawkisueed.
A ftinging leaf [hifpidum) is one whofe fur-
face is covered with rough brittle hairs, which
fting the iie(h when handled, and are eafily
bj'oken, as in the Nettle, fee fig. 49.
A rough leaf (fcabrum) is one whofe di{k
is covered with fniall inequalities, or tubercles.
the Science of Botany. 25
A briftly leaf [aculeatum) is one wliofe fur-
face has many cartilaginous briilles which ea-
fily feparate from the leaf, as in fonae Rofes,
A prickly leaf ffpifiofum) has its dlfk or
border armed with cartilaginous thorns which
adhere clofely to the leaf, and cannot be fepa-
rated without injury to the leaf, as the Blacks
berry,
A warted leaf [papillofiim) is one whofe fur-
face is garnifhed with fmall protuberances or
veficles> as in the Mefembryantbemum CrijlaUi^
72um, fee fig. 54.
A polifhed leaf {nitidiim) is one whofe fur-r
face is fmooth, and fhining as if polifiied, as
the Chryfophyllum,
A plaited leaf [plicatum) is one that is plait-
ed from the bafe by a fort of nerve which
extends to the border, one being raifed, and
another depreffed alternately, fo as that the
diflc appears in angles, as the White HeU
lebore^ fee fig. 37.
A waved leaf {imdulatum) is that whofe
outer part of the difk becomes extended be-
yond a circle of the fame diameter, in fuch
a manner that the borders rife and fall like
waves, as in the fringed Hartjiongue^ . {fc
fig. 46.
26 An IntroduSiion to
A wrinkled leaf i^rugofuni) is one that has
deep veins, leaving betv^een them fpaces, where
the fubftance of the difk rifes like flefti inter-
pofing, as the Primrofe^ fee fig. 51.
A veined leaf {yejjofum) is one that ha^
branching veins or veflels running thro' it, or
appears to have a great number of orifices of
veins 'pined, as the Card Beef, fee fig. 52.
A nervofe leaf {iiervojum) is one that has
fingle veins, extending parallel from the bafe
to the top without branching, as the Scorzo^
nera, fee fig. 53.
A naked leaf {nudum) is one that has no
marks or veins, fo is oppofite to the former.
The point or top of a leaf [apex) reprefents
the diverfities there are in the upper extre-
mity.
A truncated leaf {truncatum) is one whofc
top is terminated by a tranfverfe line.
A blunt leaf {retufum) is one whofe top is
terminated by a blunt line.
A bitten leaf [fr^emorjum) is one whofe top
is divided by an open pointed finus, as the
Maple Tree, fee fig. 18.
A hollowed leaf {emarginatum) is one that
is flopewife indented at the top; when it is
terminated by blunt fummits, it is termed {pb-
tuje'emarginatum) fee fig. 45. and when it is
6 termi-
the Scie?tce of Botany. 27
terminated by pointed fummitSa as the Tulip
Tree {aciite'emarginatuni)^
An obtufe leaf (ohtufutn) is one that is ter-
minated by a fegment of a circle, fee fig. 40.
A pointed leaf {acutum) is terminated by
a (harp point, fee fig. 41.
An awl-pointed leaf (aciiminatuni) is one
whofe fum."nit is terminated like the point of
an awl, fee fig. 42.
A blunt-pointed leaf [obtufum cum acumine)
is one whofe top is blunt and terminated by a
fharp point, fee fig. 43.
The fides of a leaf [later a) is perceived
when all the parts are confidered in a perpen-
dicular fituation.
A taper leaf [teres) is one that is of a cy-
lindrical formj or fhaped like a pillar except
the fummit, as in Anthericum frutejcens^ fee
fig. 62.
A piped leaf [tubulofum) is one that is hol-
low, but cannot be perceived unlefs it is cut
tranfverfely, as the Onion.
A flefhy leaf [carncfuni) is one that is full
of pulp, or flefhy fubftance between the mem-
branes, which form the upper and lower fur-^
face, as the Aloe "^jiilgaris.
2S An l7ii7'oduEiion to
A membranaceous leaf [membranaceum) is
one that the membranes .do not inclofe any
pulp.
A deprefled leaf {deprejfum) is one that
appears as if it was preffed on the fide which
regards the ftalk.
A com preffed leaf [comprejjum) is one that
is impreffed on the two oppofite fides which
do not regard the ftalk.
A flat or plain leaf [phmini) is when both
the furfaces are level and parallel every where.
A convex leaf {convexzm) is a depreffed
leaf raifed in the middle above the fides.
A concave leaf [concavurn) is one that is
hallowed in the middle.
A channelled leaf {ccinali(;iilatum) is one that
is channelled or guttered the whole length, fee
fig. 6 1.
A fword-fhaped leaf {enfiforme^) is one that
is compreffedj and edged like a fword on both
fides, with a convex middle the whole length,
as the Flag'leavd Iris, &c.
A fabre-fliaped leaf (^acinaciforme) is a com-
pre&d flefliy leaf like the point of a fpear, with
one edge convex and narrow, the other broad-
er and raifed, and the inner blunt and fi:raiter,
as in the Mejembryanthemum acinaciformi^ Lin.
fee fig. 56,
An
the Science of Botuny. 29
An hatchet- (haped leaf [dolabriforme) is a
comprefled luborbicular leaf like a plainer ; it
is blunt, projeftmg or fwelling outwardly with
a fharp edge, and almoft cylindrical toward
the lower part, as in the Mejctnbryanthemum
dolabriformiy fee fig. ^y,
A tongue-fliaped leaf {linguiformi) is a de-
prefled linear fleihy leaf, a httle convex on the
upper fide, and has generally cartilaginous bor-
ders, as the "Tongue-paped Ahe^ fee fig. 55.
A three fided leaf {tnouetrum) is one that
has three ilac longitudinal fides, but is genet*,
rally awl-pointed.
A three cornered leaf {trigoniLm) is like the
former, but the faces are channelled and the
projedions are membranous.
Of Compound Leaves, Plate III.
Compound leaves are divided into fimple
and decompound.
A compound leaf is compofed of feveral
fmall leaves united together upon the fame
common footftalk, which is but one com-r
pound leaf.
A leaf is called (folium) but when it is
compofed of many fmall leaves, thefe fmall
leaves are called ffoHoIum) which form a com-
pound leaf.
A
JO An IntroduSiion to
A compound leaf when properly under-
flood, is one which is produced from a fingle
compofition.
A fingered or handed leaf {digitatum) is
one compofed of fevcral fmall leaves fitting on
the top of a common footftalk, but in a ftridl
fenfe it (hould be compofed of more than foui^
fmall leaves, as the Agnus CaftuSy or Chajlt
TreCy fee fig. i .
A trifoliate leaf {fernafum) is one compofed
of three fmall leaves ftanding upon one com-
mon footftalk, as the Alpine Ladies Smock^ fee
fig, 2. when thefe have no proper footftalk,
it is termed (foliolis fejjilibus) but when each
has a proper footftalk (foliolis petiolatis).
When a leaf is compofed of two lobes {bi-
natum) thefe fit upon a common footftalk, as
in the Pajfijlora bilobis, fee fig. 3.
When it has many fmall leaves branching
upon a common footftalk, it is called a branch*-
ing leaf (ra??iofujn) fee fig. 4.
A w^inged leaf (^innatiirri) is compofed of
many fmall leaves, ranged along on each fide
the common footftalk like wings, as the Water-
crefs ; but as thefe are ranged in different man-
ners, fo they have different appellations, viz.
When it is terminated by a fingle lobe or
little leaf^ it is an unequal winged leaf, {impart^
^innatum)
th^ Science of Bota7ij. 3 1
pinnaturri) fee fig. 5. when it is not terminated
by a fmall leaf or tendril, it is called an abrupt
winged leaf {abrupt uni) fee fig. 6.
When the fmall leaves are placed oppofito
on the footftalk, as in fig. 6. it is called an
oppofite winged leaf; but when they are
placed alternately, it is called an alternate wing-
ed leaf.
When the fmall leaves are alternately un-
equal, as in fig. 7. it is called an interrupt
winged leaf.
If it has clafpers or tendrils by which it
fattens to any other body or fupport, it is
called a [cirrbotis) winged leaf, as the Vetcb^
fee fig. 8.
When the fmall leaves have borders run-
ning along the footftalk from one to the other,
as in fig. 9. it is called a running winged leaf
{decurrentibus).
When the footftalks have a jointed mens-
brane between the fmall leaves, as in fig. 10.
they are termed membranaceous footftalks.
When the leaf is compofed of one pair of
little leaves placed oppofite, as in fig. 11. it is
^iJlled a conjugated leaf.
A lyre-fhaped leaf [lyrafum) is one lear
whofe lower part Is cut in fuch a manner, as if
the fegments at the bafe were feparated from
32 An IntroduEiion to
the body of the leaf, and detached from thofe
on the top, as in the Fiddle Docky fee
fig. 12.
A double winged leaf [duplicato-pinnatum)
or {^pinnalQ'pmnatu7}i) is a leaf compofed of
leaves, which were compofed before of wings,
as the Melia, or common Bead Tree^ fee fig. 13,
A decompofite \t2ii [decompofita) is that whofe
common footftalk divides twice before it is
garnllhed with leaves^ as in fig. 23, and 24,
this is alfo called a double winged leaf, as the
Rue {duplicatO'pin?iatU7?i).
A fupradecompofite leaf is one whofe com-
mon footftalk divides feveral times before it is
garnifhed with fmall leaves, as in the Achillea^
fee fig. 19, and 22.
A double trifoliate leaf {dupJicato-ternahifn)
is one which is compofed of two orders of
trefoil leaves ; and when the common footftalk
is divided into three, each fuftaining three
leaves, it is called a triplicate trefoil leaf
{tripUcatQ-ternatum)^ as the Bart'en'wort^ fee
fig. 15.
Of the determination of leaves.
The determination of leaves confifts in this
-difference, "oiz, that a leaf is diftinguiflied with-
put any regard to its ftrufture o;: form \ this
7 is
the Science of Botany. 33
is divided into four orders, which confift in
the diredlion, the place, the infertion, and the
fituation.
I. The direflion, fee fig. 16. is the expan-
fion which the leaf requires from the bottom
to the top. If it is arched [inflexiun), that is,
when it returns toward the footftalk, as at ^, ^ ;
when it is upright [ereBum)^ that is, if it
makes an acute angle with the footftalk, fee
bi b. If it fpreads open, or ftands almoftina
right angle with the perpendicular c, r, it is
called [patens) 5 when it is horizontal, that is,
when it makes a right angle with the perpen-
dicular, as at ^, J, {Jjorizo7itale) ; when the leaf
is reclinated, or the fummit is turned fo that it
is lower than the bafe [rechnatum)^ as at ^, e y
when it is turned back, or rolled, as at y, f^
{revoIutum)y or a revolved leaf.
When a leaf puts out a radicle from its top,
asfome of the ferns do, it is called radicans-^
if it puts out roots from its under furface,
radicatum ; and if they float on the water,
iiatans,
II. The place, fee fig. 17. this is determined
by the place where it is fattened to the plant;
the feed leaf ([eminale)^ a, a, is that which is
firft put out from the feed, and is often called
CQtykdon, or Seed-leaf,
c A-
34 ^^^ IntroduSiion to
A radicle leaf [radicalc) is one which rifes
from the root, and is not faftened to the ftalk,
b y thofe leaves which are faftened to the ftalk
are called [caulmum) r, c, c, thofe which fit
on the branches {ramofiim) dy d, thofe which
are under the ramifications or wings of the
ftalk, (fubulare) e^ e, and the floral leaf (fio-
rale) is always fituated near the flower.
III. The infertion is the manner in which
a leaf is faftened to the plant, fee fig. 18.
A buckler or ftiield-flmped leaf [peltafum)
is one whofe footftalk is faftened to its diflc,
and not to the bafe or border a^ as the Wat£r
Lily>
When the leaf has a footftalk at its bafe by
which it is faftened to the plant as at b^ it is
called petiolattim.
If it is faftened to the branch without a foot-
ftalk as at r, (fijfde) fitting clofe.
V/hen the bafe of the leaf \% faftened by a
membrane running along the ftalk as at d^
decurrenSy as in the White or Woolly Thijlle.
When the bafe of the leaf extends foas to em-
brace the ftalk quite round, as at e^ amplexi-
caide, as the Honeywort^
But when the lobes of the bafe are too
iliort for to wholly embrace *the ftalk, it i§
izxi^i^A Jemiampkxicaule^ half embracing.
A
the Scknce of Botany. ^5
A perfoliate leaf (perfoliatu7ii) is one whofe
difk furrounds the ftalk, the branch, or the
footftalk, without any of the borders adhering
to it, like the Hares Ear^ commonly called
Ferfoliatum^ as at f.
A coherent leaf (folia connata) is where
the bafe of two oppcfite leaves unite, and ap-
pear to be but one leaf, as the Eafiern Myofotis^
fee a ; when the^ bafe of the leaf is like a cy-
linder, and furrounds the ftalk or branch like
a {heath as at h, it is termed {yaghtans).
IV. The fituation of the leaves (Jitus) de-
pends upon the polition of each with regard to
the others, fee fig. 21.
A jointed leaf (folia articulatd) is one whofe
fummits are joined to each other, fee fig. 26.
Starry leaves (folia Jlellata) are fuch as
have fix or more fmall leaves {urrounding the
ftalk which are pointed like ftars, as at a, as the
Goofegrafs^ or Clivers.
When there are but three of thefe leaves,
they are termed ternata, as the Trefoils ; whea
four, as at b^ qtiatema -, when five, quina.
When two leaves are placed oppofite on the
ftalk as at c, c, it is termed (folia oppofita) and
when they are ranged one above the other as
at dy d, (folia alternata) alternate leaves.
c z When
36 An IntroduSfton to
When the leaves are fituated loofely without
order upon the branches as at e^ they are
termed (folia fparfd)^ fcattered leaves.
When there are many leaves fet upon a
common footftalk, v^hich are fo clofely placed
as that their fituation cannot be eafily difcover-
ed, they are termed {conferta) cluftered, as at
letter/.
When they are ranged like the tiles of a
houfe, or fcales of fifb, imbricata^ as at g.
But when the leaves are placed in clufters,
proceeding from the fame point as at h, faj-
ciculatay cluftered or bundled leaves.
Of the parts of frudification.
Thefe parts are either general or particular 3
the general are two, viz. the flower and the
fruit. The particular are fubdivided into the
eight following parts, viz, the impalement or
cup {calyce)y the flower-leaves, or petals [corol-
la)y the ftamina (Jila?nenta)y the fummits
{antbera)y the pointal or ftyle (Jiylus), the,
pericarpium or fleihy fubftance which furrounds
the feeds, as in Apple and Pear-y the feed
(Jemina)^ and the receptacle or placenta ta
which the feeds are faftened. The five firft
belong to the flower, and the three laft to the
fruit.
The
the Science of Botany. 3 7
The parts of the flower, plate IV.
L The cup of the flower [calyx)^ is that
which inclofes or fuftains the other parts ; thefc
are divided into the feven following forts, the
perianthium^ the involucrum^ the fpatha^ glu^
ma^ amentum ovjulus^ calyptra^ and volva.
TliQ peria72thium is the mofl common fort of
flower cup 3 it is often compofed of many parts,
or when it is of one part or piece, it is divided
or cut half way into more or lefs parts 3 this al-
ways furrounds the flower.
The involiicrum or outer cover embraces
many flowers, which are coUefted together, and
have each their proper perianthium* They are
difpofed in form of rays, and are fometimes
coloured ; fee fig. 1, a^ a^ a. This is often met
with in the fecond order of Limtaus's fifth
clafs, which includes the plants with umbel-
lated flowers.
The fpatha or (heath is a particular fort of
cover to one or feveral flowers, which feldom
are provided with any particular perianthium i
it confifl:s of a membrane fafl:ened to the flalk,
and is of different figures and confiflence, as
the Arum, fee fig. 2. b, b, b.
It is fometimes compofed of two pieces, as
at fig. 2. c, c\ this often occurs in Linnauss
I, III, VI, and XXth claflbs.
c 3 Gluma
3§ An IntroduSiton to
Gliima or chaff, is a fort of cover only be-
longing to the corns and graffes ; thefe are com-
pofed of two or three membranaceous valves,
as at fig. 3. d, d^ which are often tranfparent
on their borders.
A julus or katkin (ameniiim) is a mafs of
male or fecnale flowers faftened to an axis in
form of a rope, being covered v/ill fmall fcales
which ferve for calyces, fee fig. 4. thefe occur
frequently in Linnceus\ twenty-firft clafs.
The coif [cahptrd) is a thin membranace-
ous cover of a conick form, which covers the
parts of fruftification, and is often met with in
many kinds of mofs on the top of the flowers.
The purfe [volva) is a thick fort of cover-
ing; which inclofes feveral of the mufliroom
tribe, and opens lengthways to let them out.
II. The petal or flower leaf {corolla) is that
which immediately furrounds the parts of ge-
neration ; there are two forts of thefe, the
petal and the nedarium. When it is of one
piece, it is called [monopetalous) and when it is
of many pieces, {polypetalous).
The flower leaf, or petal, is generally dif-
tinguiihed by the beauty of its colour, fee
>, ^, e, fig. 5. When this is of one piece, it
is diftingulfhed by the tube {tubus) h, and the
limb or border {Jimhus) g, when the flower is
of
the Science of Botajty. ^ Q
of many petals, each are diftinguifhed by their
tail [unguis) /, and the blade {lamina) /.
The neftarium is that part of the corolla,
which is deftined to contain the honey or fvveet
juice of the flower, and is of different figures,
as a tube, a fcalc;, a pimple, or tubercle, fee
/> /> /> %• 5-
A floret [corollula tuhuhtd) confifts of one
piece formed in a kind of tube or bell-fhape,
cut at the top into four or five parts which opea
and turn backward, fee fig. 9.
A half floret [corollula ligulata) confifts of
a flat narrow limb or tail turning outward,
whofe fummit is either intire or indented in
three or five points, fee fig. 10.
III. The ftamen is the male part of genera-
tion in flowers, and is compofed of two parts,
the filament and the fummit.
The filament (filamentum) ferves to fuftain
the fummit or apex; this is fometimes in form
of a thread, and at others it is awl-fhaped.
The fummit [anthera)^ or apex, is the ef-
fential part of the ftamina, or the male organ
of generation ; it confifts of a little bag of one
or more cavities, which is commonly faftened
to the point of the filament, and contains the
rnale farina.
c 4 IV.
AC An IntroduBion to
IV. The pointal [pijlillvm) includes the fe-
male parts of generation in flowers, which is
compofed of the germ {germen)^ the ftyle
(JiylHs)y and the ftigma.
The germ inclofes and defends the embry-
ons of the feeds, and is properly the matrix
of the plant.
The flyle fits upon the germ, and fuftains
the fligma ; but there are fome flowers which
have no flyle.
The ftigma is tlie female organ of genera-
tion, and is of differenr figures -, it is generally
fituated upon the extremity of the ftyle 5 and
when there is no ftyle, it fits upon the germ.
The Parts of Fruit.
The [pericarpium) is forned of the germ
which enlarges and inclofes the feeds j fee m^
n^ fig. 6. it is divided into eight fpecies ; the
capfule, the (hell, the pod, the huflc, the nut,
the apple, the berry, and the cone.
The capfule is coinpofed of many dry elaf-
tick cells, which, when the feeds are ripe, ge-
nerally open at the top j when it has but one
cell, it is called uniloailaris j if two, bilocularis 3
or if feveral, midtilocularis.
The ihell {conceptaculum) is different from
a capfule of one cell, in the cover being fof er,
7 and
the Science of Botany. 41
and not fo rough s opening lengthways on one
fide, and the feeds are not faftened to it.
The pod (filiqua) fig. 7. is compofed of
two lids, a, 0, which open from the bafe to-
ward the point, feparated by a diaphragm or
membraneous partition, to which the feeds are
faftened by an umbilical cord*
A leguminous pod [legiimen) fig. 8. is an
oblong cover of two fhells joined above and
below by a longitudinal future -, the feeds, q^ q^
are faftened alternately to the upper border of
each ihell. Moft of the pulfe are of this kind.
A ^\\im{dn4pa) is a fruit compofed of a flefhy
foft plup inclofing a nut or ftone in the middle.
A berry ibacca) inclofes many naked feeds
in the middle of a fucculent pulp.
An apple {j)omu?n) is a fruit compofed of
a folid fieftiy pulp, in the middle of which
are little ceils with membranaceous covers, in
which the kernels or feeds are inclofed. .
A cone (Jirobilus) is a hard dry fruit, ge-
nerally of a conical form, compofed of many
fcales lying over each other like the tiles of an
houfe, or the fcales of fi(h.
VI. Seeds are alfo diftinguifhed into two
forts, viz. nuts, and grains or feeds.
The nut is a fruit with a hard (hell, inclofing
the true feed.
The
4 2 ^^ IntroduEiton to
The, feed (femen) is of all forts of figures,
and is that part which vegetates awd produces
a plant of the fame kind with that from which
it was taken ; the feeds are fometimes adorned
%vith a crown.
The crown {corona) is either fimple as at
ficr. II. /, or tufted, as at fig. lo and ii. a:,
2;, u. When the down or tuft fits c'ofe upon
the feed, without any footftalk, or fupport, as at
u, it is termed (fejfilh) ; but if it has fupports,
as at r, x^ Sy z, (fiipite infidem)^ each of thefe
tufts are again divided into fimple and branch-
ino-, the fimple, 11, x, is compofed of fingle
rays; and the branching, u, x, fig. 10 and 1 1.
of bearded or feathered plumes.
The receptacle {receptaculuni) is the placenta
upon which is placed the flower, or fruit, or
both together, and is of different figures.
An Explanation of the Classes.
Plate V.
Plants have flowers vifible or almoft invifiblej
the vifible flowers are either hermaphrodite,
that is to fay, they are each furnifhed with
ftamina and pointals ; or of one fex, either all
male, v^'hen they have only ftamina and no
6 pointals,
'.%,
V/'
y'9-
"/■-
\y,„j.
■'/'■I-
f f f f
\y/r;S.
\
"/■
\y..U,
;y/o
yy.,,\J '^;n
'^T7
T Im
W^
&/.,
'^"^■^."m 'y-''
the Scie72ce of Botany. 43
pointals, or all female, when they have pointals
withon.t (lamina.
The ftamina are either detached from each
other, or united together by one of their parts,
as alfo fometimes with the pointal.
The ftamina are not of equal length, or
there are conftandy a certain number which
are inorter than the reft.
The clafles of plants which are eftabliflied
upon the principles of the fexes, are diftin-
guifhed according to the number, proportion,
and the fituation of the ftamina in their
flowers.
The plants which have hermaphrodite flowers.
Fig. I. [Mo72andria) with one ftamen.
Fig. 2. [Diajidria) two ftamina.
In this clafs the learned author has ranged
feveral genera, which would with greater pro-
priety come in his fourteenth clafs, intituled
Didynamia-, the flowers and fructification a-
greeing in every refped with thofe of the four-
teenth clafs, excepting the number of their fta-
mina, which in thofe of this fecond clafs have
but two, and the other have four, tv/o long and
two fliort: however, in Salvia there are general-
ly four ftamina, two of which are of (hort dura-
tion, feldom laftingone day after the flower is
open.
4.4 * -^^ IntroduBiion io
open, before they fhrink up : but in that time
they may have difcharged their farina, fo an-
fvvered the intended purpofe, therefore iliouldby
no means be feparated from their congeners.
The learned Dodor Van Royen^ late profeflbr
of Botany at Leyden^ has joined all thefe plants
in the fame clafs, titling it Ringentes Gymiioffer^
7nice y he alfo has ranged feveral other genera of
Do£tor Linnaeus s fecond clafs, under the firft
order of his twelfth clafs, called Ringentes An^
giofpermce.
Fig. 3. {Triandria) three flamina.
In the third clafs DocSor Linnceus brings all
the liliaceous plants whofe flowers have three
ftamina in each, by which they are feparated
from their congeners, which are ranged in his
fixth clafs 3 therefore it would have approached
nearer to a natural method, if thofe plants
whofe flowers have but three fl:amina in each,
were ranged immediately before thofe whofe
flowers have fix, in the fame clafs : and if all
the graflTes w^ere joined in one clafs, ranging
thofe whofe flowers have but two ftamina
firft, and thofe with three following them, and
then thofe with fix, &c, it would ftill be nearer
nature, than dividing them into fo many dif-
ferent claflfes.
Fig. 4. {Tetrandria) four ftamina.
Fig. 5-
the Science of Botany, 45
Fig. 5. {Tentandria) five ftamina.
Fig. 6. [Hcxandria) fix ftamina.
Fig. 7. {Heptandrid) feven flamina.
Fig. 8. [p^andria) eight ftamina.
Fig. 9. {Enneandrici) nine ftamina.
In the ninth clafs is ranged Lauriis^ where-
as all the different plants ranged under that
generical title, have male flowers upon different
plants, from thofe which produce fruit, fo
with more propriety (hould be placed in the
twenty-fecond clafs, titled Dicecia 3 but as the
learned author may not have had opportuni-
ties of feeing the frefli flowers of many ofthefe
plants, fo he has been obliged to take his cha-
radters either from dried famples, or from im-
perfedt defcriptions, fo may have been eafily
led into thefe miftakes.
There are alfo in fome of his other claffes the
like miftakes with thofe before mentioned,
which may have -happened from the fame
caufes ; however, upon the whole, there is
certainly great merit due to this author for his
difcoveries.
Fig. 10. [Decandria] ten ftamina.
Fig. II. [Dodecandria) iwtXvc 9i^mim,
Fig, 12. {Icofandria) when there are more
than twelve, and thefe are faftened
to the interior part of the flower
cup, and not to the receptaculum.
Fig. 13.
46 An hitrGduSiion to
Fig. 13. {Polyandria) when there are mora
than twelve, which are faftened to
the receptaculum.
The plants whofe flowers have two ftamina
fhorter than the other, are diftinguiflied in the
following manner.
Fig. 14. [Didynamia) thefe flowers have
two long and two (horter fl:amina.
Fig. 15. i^etr adynamia) thefe flowers have
four long and two fhorter ftamina.
Thofe plants whofe flowers have their fl:a-
mina united together, or with the pointal, are
diftingulflied in the following manner.
Fig. 16. [Monadelphia) thefe have all their
ftamina united by their tails into
one body.
Fig. 17. [Diadelpbia) thefe have all their
ftamina united by their tails into
two bodies.
Fig. 18. {Polyaddphia) t!ntkh2ivt all their
ftamina united by their tails into
three or more bodies.
Fig. 19. (Syngeitefia) thefe have all their
ftamina united by their fummits in
form of a cylinder.
Fig. 20. {Gynandria) the ftamina of thefe
fit upon the pointal, and not upon
the receotaculum.
Thofe
the Science of Bota7iy. 47
Thofe plants whofe flowers are of diiFerent
fexes are thus diftinguilhed.
Fig. 21. {Moncecia) the plants of this clafs
have male and female flowers upon
the fame individual.
Fig. 22. {Dicecici) thefe have male and fe-
male flowers upon different plants.
This clafs of plants is fubjeft to variation,
for feveral plants included in it by the author,
which when young produce only male flowers,
but after fome years growth, have produced
fruit which have grown and produced plants
of both fexes.
Fig. 23. [Polygamla) thefe have heritia-
phrodite flowers, v/ith flowers of
one feXj either male or female upon
the fam.e individual.
Thofe plants whofe flowers are inclofed in
the fruit, or are fo fmall as not to be feen by
the naked eye, are included in the 24th clafs,
intituled Cryptogamia^ fee fig. 24.
In this clafs our author in the former editions
of his method ranged Fiais^ which in thelaft
edition he has removed to his clafs Dicecia^ but
it ftiould rather be placed in the clafs Monce--
cia \ for all the fruits which I have examined
of the difl^erent kinds of Figs, have male and
female flowers in the fame covers, and do all
produce
48 Aft httroduEimi to
produce good feeds : but being generally with-
in the ikin or covers, are feldom ieen unlefs
they are opened.
An Explanation of the Orders.
The orders or fubdivifions of the claffes are
eftabliilied upon the pointals, as the claffes are
upon the ftamhia, the number of pointais taken
to the bafe of the ftyle, and when there is no
ftyle, the ftigmas are counted.
The order of the 13 firfl claffes are,
1. {Monogynid) flowers with one pointaU
2. {Digynid) thofe with two pointais.
3. {Trigyjiia) with three pointais.
4. {T'etragymia) with four, &c.
When the flower has a great number of
pointais, Folyginia,
The 14th Clafs {Didynamia) is divided
into the two follow^ing orders.
1. {Gymnojpermia) thefe have four naked
feeds fucceeding each flower fitting
in the cup.
2. {Angiofpermid) the feeds of thefe arc
inclofed in a cover.
The 1 5th clafs, (T^etr adynamia) is alfo di-
video into two orders,
I. [SUicuhfa)
the Sdence of Botany. 49
1. [Siliculofa) fliort poded, t\\Q peri car piiim
or cover is fuborbiciilar, and garnifhed with
a ftyle of the fame length.
2. [Siliquoja) long poded, the pericarpiwn
of this is long, with a ftyle fcarcely feen.
The 19th clafs [Syngenefia) h divided into
the five following orders.
{Polygamid) is a flower compofed of many
florets.
1 . [Polygamia cequalis) i? a flower compofed
of hermaphrodite florets, in the diik and the
circumference.
2. [Polygamia jiiperfiiia) the flowers of this
order are compofed of hermaphrodite florets
in the diflc, and of female in their circum-
ference.
3. [Polygamia fruJlrmea)h'^'^t^o\vQxs^ com-
pofed of herm.aphrodi:e florets in the difk,
and of neutral in their circum- fere nee. *
4. {Polygamia iiecejfarid) the flowers of this
order are compofed of male florets in their
difli, and of female in their circumference.
5. {MG?20gamia) is a flower which is com-
pofed of Ample florets.
The fiXteenth clafs (M/W^/^/;/i^), the feven-
teenth [Diadelphia), the eighteendi {Folia"
delphia), the twentieth (G;'.??^Wr/^), the twenty-
firft {Momceda), the twenty-fdcond, {Diocecia),
d and
50 . A?t IntroduSiion^ &g.
and the twenty-third [Polygamia]^ eftablifli
their orders upon the claffical charafters ©f
thofe of the preceding clafles.
The laft clafs {Cryptogamia)y in fhort, i^
divided into as many orders, as the families
which compofe it.
THE
THE
Gardeners Kalendar.
JANUARY.
Work to be done in the Kitchen-
Garden.
^^5F the v/eather in this month is
-(^iQ mild, you ihould continue to dig
feiifj y^*^^ ground, laying it in trenches
^^j^^^l to fweeten, that it may be foon
made ready for fovving or planting
the following months : for by cxpofing of the
earth thus in ridges to the froft, it will be
greatly mellowed, and rendered fertile ; and
a great quantity of land may be foon levelled for
fowing, which would require much time to dig
in a proper manner ; whereby there will be no
occafion to flight this work, as is too often the
B cale
2 7he Gardeners Kalendar. Ja«.
cafe when the ground is to be dug at the time
when the crops are to be put in. On warm bor-
ders and banks, near walls, pales, or hedges, you
may now fow Raduli, Carrot, and Lettuce feeds;
and in Vv^arm fituations {qs^ fome Peas, and plant
Beans to fucceed thofe which were planted in
ihe former months. You may now plant the fir ft
crop of Windfor and Sandv^^ich Beans, about
the ii^iddle of this month, which will come in to
fucceed the early Beans to fupply the table when
they are going off. The Sandwich Beans may
be firfl: planted, being hardier than the Windfor;
therefore are preferred by the market gardeners,
how have more regard to the quantity, than
the quality of their crops ; but the Windfor
Beans are by much the bed fort for the
table*
If the froft fliould prove very fevere, it will
be proper to cover the ridges over the roots of
Artichokes, either with old tanners bark, horfe
dung, litter, or fern, which ever can be mod
e^ifily procured, to prevent the ixQ?i from pene-
trating fo far into the ground, as to deftroy the
Artichokes ; the neglecting of this, has very
often proved fatal to the^e in very fliarp winters.
Vv'hen this mon-th proves feverely cold, and
.the pround is frozen fo hard as not to be dug
(as il often happens), then you may carry dang
and
Jan. The Gardeners Kalenda7\ 3
and fpread it upon the ground, repair hedges,
rub out and clean your feeds, and prepare fiireds
and nails for thofe trees which are to be pru-
ned in the next month : and get all the Gar-
den-tools ready for ufe when the weather is
mild, that you may not be hindered with thefe
things when every other part of the bulinefs is
in great hafte ; for if, in this and the next
month, you omit putting in your crops, when-
ever the weather will permit, you will find a
great lofs attend it the following fpring and
fummer, efpecially in dry land.
Make a hot- bed for fowing early Cucum-
bers; and as there is fome hazard of the plants
fuccceding at this feafon, efpecially in bad years,
or where there is not due care taken in their at-
tendance; fo there fhould be fome feeds put
into the bed at three or four different times this
month, that if fome fhould fail, the others
may fupply their lofs: there fliould alfo be one
or two hot-beds m.ade at about three weeks dif-
tance from each other for to force Afparagus,
to fucceed thofe beds which were made the lafl
month, that there may be no want of it in the
kitchen, w^hereit is required during the winter
feafon.
Sow CrefTes, Muflard, Rape, Radifh, Tur-
nep; and other forts of fmall Sallet-herbs, up-
B 2 oa
4 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
on moderate hot-beds to bring them forward ;
for thofe feeds which are fown in the full ground
feldom facceed : thofe perfons who have no
frames to fpare, may arch the beds with hoops,
and cover them with mats, which will be fuffi-
ent covering in any moderate feafon -, or if, in
fevere winters, the mats are covered with ftraw
to keep out the froft, the fmall Sallet-herbs
will come up in thefe beds, though the plants
will not thrive fo well as thofe covered with
glaffes.
Earth up Celery to blanch it, when the
weather is open, and the ground not too vvet,
for the plants cannot be too much guarded
from froft, by earthing them up at this time.
And, in very hard froft, fome of the Celery,
as alfo the ridges of Endive which were put
into the ground to blanch, fliould be covered
with long litter, or tanners bark, to keep the
froft out of the ground, other wife when the
ground is frozen, they cannot be taken up for
ufe when they are wanted. You muft alfo in
open weather, draw up the earth to your early
Peas and Beans, which will greatly proted: their
ftems from fioil:; but this ihould be done when
the furface of the ground is dry, left the moi-
fture of the earth ihould rot their tender ftalks.
But in doing of this, great care fliould be
7 had.
Jan. The Gardeners Kalendar. 5
had, not to bury the tops of the plants with
earth.
The Mufhroom-beds muft: now be care-
fully covered with long frefh ftraw, and the
old covering removed, for at this feafon the
ftraw foon becomes rotten with moifture, fo
there can't be too great care taken of thofe beds
to preferve them from the froft, and alfo keep
oft' the wet, both which are deftrudive to them
at this feafon ; for which reafon fome perfons .
cover the beds with frames, which is a very
fecure method where frames can be fpared.
In mild weather, you may tranfplant fome
of your beft kinds of Endive plants on a warm
border, for feed ; in doing of which, you
fhould be careful to lay the border a little
floping, that the wet may not lodge about the
plants: and be very careful to make choice of
the ftrongeft plants, which have the greateft
number of leaves, and if it be the curled En-
dive, thofe plants muft be chofen whofe leaves
are moft curled 5 otherwife you will degene-
rate the fort, in two or three years, fo as to be-
come almofl: plain.
Look carefully to your Cauliflower plants,
which are under frames, pulling off* all decay-
ed leaves from them, which, if permitted to
remain upon them, would endanger the plants,
B 3 efpecially
6 The Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
efpecially if the weather (hould prove fo bad,
as that the glaffes could not be opened for
three or four days together to give them air,
which fometimes happens at this time of the
year ; when thefe rotten leaves will caufe the in-
clofed air in the beds to turn rancid, to the
great prejudice of the plants ; therefore you
ihould always pick them off as foon as they
turn yellow, and be fure to give the plants as
much air as poffible, when the weather will
permit ; other wife they will draw up weak, fo
will not be able to refift the cold of the open
air the next month, toward the end of which,
if the feafon is mild, they fliould be planted out
where they are to remain ; and where there are
Cauliflower plants under bell or hand-glafles,
which are defigned to come early, the glaffes
fliould be conftantly raifed on one fide with
props in mild weather, to admit air to the plants,
for the fame reafon. But in frofty weather the
glaffes muil be fet down as clofe as poffible to
prevent the fharp winds from getting under the
glaffes, which may kill or greatly injure the
plants.
Thofe who have Cucumber and Melon
plants already up, muft be very careful of
them at this feafon, otherwife a fmall negledl
will deftroy them all. Therefore the beds mnft
be
Jan. The Gay^dentrs Kaleiidar, j
be conftantly kept to an equal temperature of
heat, and air muft be given to them at every
opportunity, that the fleam of the bed may
pafs off; but this muft be done with great
caution ; for if too much cold air be admitted,
it will be equally deftrudive to the plants ; fo
that the great art in raifing thefe plants early,
depends upon the careful obierving all the
changes and alterations of the weather, and the
temperature of the beds : for as the outward
air is frequently very cold at this time of the
year, fo the hafty admiffion of it to tender
plants may foon deftroy them ; therefore it will
be proper to place a coarfe cloth before the
front of thofe glaffes, which are raifed to give
air, to prevent its too freely entering the
bed, which may give a fudden check to
the plants.
When it fo happens, as that by fevere frof},
or any other accident, your Cauliflower plants
are deftroyed, which were raifed in the autumn,
which, in very fevere winters, fometimes has
been the cafe, and was formerly fo m.ore often
than of late years, then you (liould (fo foon
as the weather vi^ill permit) make a gentle hot-
bed, and fow fome feeds thereon, to raife a
new fupply of plants; which, if carefully raif-
ed, will produce very good heads in about three
B 4 weeks
8 The Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
weeks or a month after thofe which were raifed
in autumn, provided the young plants are
planted upon a frefh hot-bed as foon as they
are fit to remove, to bring them forward. In
Hke manner you fliould alfo raife lome Cabbage
plants, when your firfl crop has been deftroyed.
For want of this care to fow feeds of thefe after
very fevere winters, many times people have
loft all the forward feafon, fo have not had a
fupply of thefe things for the table till very late
in the fummer.
The Afparagos-beds, which were made the
lad month, will now begin to have fome buds
appear, when you mufl earth them the full
thicknefs over the crown of the roots, which
fl:iould be five or fix inches at leaft ; and the
frames fliould now be put over them : but if
you find the heat of the bed begin to decline,
it will be neceflary to add fome hot dung round
the fides (which, in the gardeners phrafe, is
called lining the beds); this will renew the heat
of the bed, and bring the Afparagus forward ;
you fliould obferve alfo to cover the glailes
put over the beds with mats and ftraw every
night, and in bad weather, and when there is
no appearance of fun, the covering may remain
on all the day, till the Afparagus appears again
through the earth with \\ hich is was laft co-
vered i
Jan. The Gardetters Kahndar. 9
vered ; but after the buds are come thro' the
earth, the covering of mats and draw fliould
be taken off every day if the weather will
permit, otherwlfe the Afparagus will be white,
which renders it lefs efteemed by the Englifli.
Towards the end of this month you may
tranfplant Carrots, Parfneps, Leeks, and Cab-
bages, for feed, if the feafon proves mild ; ob-
ferving to hang up the Cabbages by their
ftalks under cover in a dry place, three or four
days before they are planted ; obferving to take
off the outer leaves, that the water may drain
out from between their inner leaves to prevxnt
their rotting. Thefe fhould be planted near a
hedge, pale, or wall, where they may be
fheltered from flrong winds, which often
break down their branches of feed in fummer,
when they are too much expofed thereto ; but
in the doing of this, you muft never plant more
than one fort in the fame place: for where red
and white Cabbages, or Savoys, are fuffered to
produce feeds near each other, the farina of
their flowers will intermix, and thereby the
forts will be degenerated; and it is by the not
obferving this method, the Englifh gardeners
feldom preferve the red Cabbages good and
right in their kind long, and fuppofe it is owing
to the foil and climate 3 therefore this feed is
frequently
1 o The Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
frequently bought of the Dutch, who are
very careful in faving this particular fort of
feed, never fuffering any other fort of Cabbages
to ftand near them for feeds : for the fame vari-
ation frequently happens, where Savoys are
planted near Cabbages for feed ; therefore to
preferve thefe right, each fort fliould be planted
by itfelf for feed, to preferve them from varying.
Make fome gentle hot-beds the beginning of
this month, for to plant fome Tanfey and
Mint, which, if carefully managed, will be fit
for ufc all February and March ; after which time
the beds in the open air will fupply the kitchen.
If the former month, or the beginning of
this, has proved fo fevere as to dcftroy the early
Radifhes and Carrots, w^hich were fown on
warm borders, you mull: make fome gentle
hot-beds to fow fome Radiflies upon to come
early, fo foon as the weather will permjt to do
this work, to liipply the table in the fpring,
before thofe can come which are now to be
fown in the open air : but thefe hot-beds muft
be earthed eight or -nine inches deep, otherwife
there will not be depth enough for the roots to
run down before they reach the dung, which
will ftop the roots from going farther. There
fiiould alfo be fome feeds of each ibrt fown on
warm borders in the open air as foon as the
weather
J
an. The Gardeners Kalendar. 1 1
weather will permit, to fucceed thofe fown on
the hot-beds.
' Tranfplant Endive into trenches to blanch,
when the weather is open and dry; in doing
of which, you mud obferve to lay the trenches
floping, that the wet may pafs off; and put
the Endive on the fide of the ridge, towards
the fun, and at about fix inches from the top
of the ridge, thrufting the plants into the earth
almoft to the extremity of their leaves; where
there is the conveniency of a covered (hed, the
plants fliould be hung up by their roots for
one night, that the wet may drain from be-
tween their leaves before they are put into the
trenches; this will be a good m.ethod to pre-
vent the Endive from rotting. But in very
fevere winters, the Endive is frequently killed,
which is not put into the trenches to blanch
before the froil fets in, unlefs the borders where
it grows are welTprotedted from cold by a
covering oi mats or flraw ; therefore thofe
perfons v/ho defire to have Endive all the
fpring, fliould be at the expence of covering
the plants in hard winters.
You may now deftroy fnails, and other ver-
min, which at this feafon are clofely laid up
in the holes of walls, and under reed-hedges,
and fuch other places of ilielter, but efpecially
5 behind
t i The Gardeners Kale?idar. Jan.
behind the ftemsof wall trees and in empty
pots, where they may be eafily taken before
they get abroad.
Towards the end of the month, if the
weather is open, there muft be feme more
Peas and Beans put into the ground to fucceed
thofe before planted, that there may be a con-
ftant fupply for the table or market from the
beginning to the end of the feafon. There
(liould alfo be fome Spinach, Carrots, and Let-
tuce of the common or brown Dutch forts,
fown on warm borders. 1 hefe fowings (hould
be repeated every fortnight or three weeks,
provided the weather will permit, that if the
forward fowings are deflroyed by froft, there
may not be wanting any of thefe crops in the
kitchen-garden in the early feafon.
Toward the end of this m.onth, you may
fow fome Par fley in drills ; and alfo fome Cher-
vil ; for as thefe feeds lie a long time in the
<yrQund, fo there v/ill be little or no danger of
their being injured by the cold.
FrcduBs cj the Ki t c k e n-Ga rden.
You have now Cabbages, Savoys, Parfneps,
Turneps, Carrots, Potatoes, Leeks, Onions,
Garlic, Shallots, Rocambole, Beets, Borecole,
&c.
Jan. The Gardeiurs Kalendar. t j
&c. in plenty; as alfo Celery, Endive, and
Rampion roots, and on hot-beds Lettuce, and
all forts of young Sallet-herbs, as CrefTes, Tur-
nep, Radilh, Rape, Muftard, Coriander, Cher-
vil, Tarragon, and Mint; and Afparagus on hot-
beds made the latter end of November : you
have alfo Skirrets, white, red, and purple Broc-
coli, Salfafy, Scorzonera,and large Parfley roots,
Muflirooms, Sorrel, Burnet, Parlley, Sage, Rofe-
mary. Thyme, Hyfibp, Winter-Savory, Cole-
worts, and Sprouts from the Cabbage and Savoy-
ftalks, which v/ere cut in Odtober and Novem-
ber, Spinach and Cardoons, leaves of the white
and card Beets, with fome other Soup herbs.
And under frames you may have brown Dutch
Lettuce well cabbaged, with proper care.
Work to be done in the Fruit-Garde
N.
Cover the roots of all new-planted trees
with mulch to guard them from the froH:, pro-
vided it be not already done, or that it may
have wafted ^ and the Fig-trees which are
againfl walls, pales, or efpaliers, iliould be co-
vered either with mats or reeds 3 which will
preferve their tender fiioots from being injured
by froft, and caufe the fruit to come oiit much
earlier in the fpring, and in greater quantity ;
but
1 4 l^he Gardeners Kalendar. Jan*
but before this is done, you (hould diveft the
branches of all the autumnal Figs, if there are
any remaining on ; otherwife thefe will decay,
and infedl the tender flioots, which fliould pro-
duce fruit the fpring following. Wherever
this method is pradlifed, there {hould be great
care taken, not to expofe the trees too fud-
denly to the open air -, but remove the cover-
ings gradually, when the weather becomes
warm. And where there are Fig-trees planted
in efpaliers, it will b'fe a good method to loofen
the branches from the trellifs, and either lay
them down, or tie their branches together,
covering them with dry litter or Peas haulm,
which will preferve their branches from be-
ing killed by the froft, and hereby a good crop
of Figs may be generally obtained.
You may now cut out all the dead or can-
kered branches from your ftandard fruit-trees ;
as alfo fuch as crofs each other, and are ill
placed ; but be careful in doing this, to make
the wounded part as fmooth as poffible, and
floping, that the wet may not enter and be
detained there, to the great prejudice of the
trees.
If the feafon be mild, you may prune dwarf
trees of any hardy forts of fruits, as Pears,
Apples, Vines, Goofeberries, Currants, and
Rafpber-
Jan. The Gardeners Kalendar. 15
Rafpberries \ but ftone fruit (which was not
pruned in autumn) iLould be deferred until
the end of the next month, or the beginning
of March ; becaufe if hard froft fliould follow
foon after they are pruned, it will penetrate
the wound of the tender fhoots, and injure
them..
In moid weather you may clear your fruit-
trees from mofs, wherever they are infefted
with it ; which may now be eafily fcraped oiF
with iron inftruments, made hollow in fuch a
manner as to fit the branches of the trees; but
thefe inftruments mufi: not be made too (harp,
left, by being incautioufly ufed, they iliouid
wound the bark of the trees.
Cut grafts from all the forts of early fruits
in niild weather, toward the end of this month,
or the beginning of next, according as the fea-
fon is more or Icfs forward, laying them in
the earth clofe lo a di-y wall or pale ; and^ if
the weather (liould be fevere, they il^ould be
covered with litter or liraw, to proted them
from injury. The reafon for cutting them fo
early, is to prevent their buds from fwelling too
much ; therefore, as the winter proves the more
orlefs fevere, fo you muft bedireded to cut the
grafts fooner- or later, according as the trees a^e
difpofed for budding. In the choice of thele^
ycu
1 6 7he Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
you (liculd prefer fuch as grow upon the fruit-
ful branches of healthy trees, and that have
good buds to them.
In mild weather you muft prepare fuch bor-
ders as are defigned for planting with fruit-
trees the fucceeding month, laying a good
quantity of frefh earth thereon, making it level,
that it may have fome time to fettle before the
trees are planted. You may alfo repair the
borders about old fruit-trees, which want
amendment, by laying fome frefli earth and
well-rotted dung upon them ; if the foil is cold
and moift, then the rotten dung from the old
Melon and Cucumber-beds, will be the moft
proper; but where the foil is hot, neats dung
is by far thebeft; or where that cannot be had,
rotten hogs dung is very good manure for fruit-
trees; thefe being naturally colder than any
other fort of dung, will keep the earth cool
about their roots in the fummer feafon. Where-
ever any of thefe dungs are applied to fruit-
trees, they fliouid be thoroughly rotted before
they are laid on the borders, otherwife they
will do more harm than good. But if the
trees are old, it will be of little fervice to add
this near their ftems; for the roots which fup-
piy them with nourifhment, are extended to a
confiderable diftance : therefore the whole
ftould
Jan. The Gardeners Kalendar. 17
fliould be mended to the diftance of fourteen
feet from the ftems, where the borders are
wide enough to admit of it, that the young
roots may receive nourifhment therefrom.
Mend and repair all your decayed efpaliers
with new poles, where they want them, and
faften fuch places where the poles or rails are
loofe, with wire, which is the ftrongeft faflen-
ing. You muft alfo train and tie the branches
of your fruit-trees thereto with fmail ofaer
twigs, but obferve to place their branches regu-
larly at proper diftances, never to crofs each
other, and not to faften them fo clofe with the
twigs as to pinch the (hoots, when they fliall
have grown larger the following fummer.
You may yet plant Strawberries and Rafp-
berries, if the weather is mild, and the ground
in proper order, tho' it would have been better if
done in autumn, efpecially where the foil is dry,
Thofe who are curious to have early Strawber-
ries, fliould now plant them in pots filled with
good earth, and place them in a fheltered fitu-
ation till they are rooted; after which the pot5
fliould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed,
which will bring them forward in a fliort time ;
though it would have been miuch better if thefe
had been planted into the pots in Odober,4hat
they might be well rooted beforf they are put
C on
i8 The Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
on the hot-bed, whereby they would be capa-
ble of bearing a much larger quantity of fruit
than thofe which are newly tranfplanted; or if
they were planted into pots at this feafon, and
kept in a fliady fituation all the following fum-
mer, keeping the plants always clear from run-
ers, tfhey will be in good order to force the next
feafon. But where there has not been aprovi-
fion made of thefe plants in time, the plants
fliould be tranfplanted with good balls of earth
to their roots, and put upon the hot-bed, and
in this cafe there will be no occafion for plant-
ing them in pots^ but it muft be obferved, that
the plants (hould have been kept clear from
runners, and to fingle heads the foregoing fum-
mer ; for if they were permitted to fend out
fuckers from their fides, the principal roots
will have been fo much weakened, as not
to be in a condition to produce much fruit when
they are forced. The earth of the hot-beds
wherein the Strawberries are planted, fhould
be loamy and flrong, but not enriched much
with dung, which will only add to the luxuri-
ance of the plants, and prevent their fruiting
in plenty. Thefe hot- beds muft not be kept
covered too clofely; but whenever the weather
will permit, the plants (hould have a large
(hare of air, efpecially when they are in flower,
7 otherwife
Jan. The Gardene7''s Kalendar. 19
otherwife the Woflbms will fall away, and not
produce much fruit; at which time the plants
will alfo require to be frequently refrefl:ied with
water, otherwife the bloffoms will fall off,
without having fruit to fucceed them, but the
waterings mud be perforn^.ed with difcretion.
Thofc perfons v, ho arc very curious to have
early fruit in forcing-frames, mufi: now begin
to add their heat, whether it be dung or fire
which they ufe; but, for the earlier fruits,
fire is better than dung, becaufe the heat of
that may be kept more equal ; for the dung at
this feafon, efpecially where it is expofedto the
weather, being often damped by great fnows,'Or
too much wet, is very fubjedl to lofe its heat;
and when the trees have been forced, there
muft be great care taken to keep up the heat ;
for if, after the trees have been forced out into
bloflbrn, they are negleded, and the air within
the glafles is not kept nearly to the fame tem-
perature of heat, the bloflbms will fall off, and
no fruit will fucceed them. There fnould
alfo be the fame care taken to let in frefh air
whenever there are opportunities, for if they
are kept too clofe, they feldom fucceed well >
therefore it is not proper to apply the heat too
early to the trees, becaufe this monthis often un-
favourable to tender bloffoms, when the exernal
C 2 air
20 Tlje Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
air Is generally too cold to be admited to them ;
ib that, if the heat be not applied before the
beginning of this month, the bloflbms will
not appear till the beginning of the next,
when the weather is generally lefs fevere than
in this J io that there will be lefs danger of mif-
carrying, and the fruit will be ripe almoft as
early as thofe which were forced all December.
Fruits in Prime ^ or yet lajling.
Tears; L'EiTacherie, Colmar, Virgoleufe,
Ambrette, Epln d'Hyver, St. Germain, St.
AugUiline, Vv^inter Beurre, Martin Sec, Win-
ter Boncretien, Citron d'Hyver, Rouflelettc
d'Hyver, France-Real, Bugi, or Bergamot de
Pafque, Bergamot d'Holland, Mufcat Alleman,
' Ronville, Portail, Befi de Caiflby St. Martial,
and Beii de Chaumontelle from efpaliers,
which will keep near two months longer, than
thofe from good afpeded walls ; and for bak-*
mg, the Cadillac J, Black Pear of Worcefter,
arid the Pickering.
Apples ; Golden Pippin, Nonpareil, French
Pippin, Golden Railet, Wheeler's Ruffet, Pile's
Riiffet, Harvey Apple, Kentifh Pippin, Hol-
latid Pippin, Aromatic Pippin, Kirton Pippin,
Winter Pearmain, Monflrous Rennet, Pear .
RuiTet,
Jan. T^he Gardeners Kale7idar. 2 1
Ruflet, Aromatic RufTet, John Apple, Vvlnter
Queening, Pomme Roy, Pomme d'Apis,
Winter Gilliflower, with many others of lefs
note 5 as alfo Nuts, Almonds, Services,
Medlars, and Grapes, where they have been
carefully preferved ; by cutting the bunches
with a knot or joint of the vine, and hanging
them in rows, in a dry warm room, at fuch
diftance as not to touch each other, and that
the air may pafs freely between them, other-
wife they will foon grow mouldy and rot. By
this method Grapes have been preferved good
until the end of February, but it muft be the
Frontiniac, and other late forts, which fhouJd
be thus treated.
Work to hedonein the Pleasure-Garden
^72^ Wilde RNESS.
In frofty weather you fhould cover the beds
of Ranunculufes, Anemonies, Hyacinths, and
other choice flowers : fuch of them as are not
come up above-ground may be covered with
tanners bark, peas haulm, or fome other
light covering, but fuch of the beds of flowers
as are come up, muft be arched over with
hoops, and covered with mats or cloths ;
for if they are not proteded from the froft at
C 3 this
2 2 7he Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
this feafon, their leaves will be killed, where-
by the roots are many times deftroyed, or at
leaft greatly weakened ^ but in mild weather
they (hould be uncovered, and expofed to the
air as much as pofiible 3 for if they are too
clofely covered, they are apt to take damp
and mould, which frequently caufes them to
decay: wherever this covering is pradtifed,
it (hould be continued until the weather is
become warm, otherwife it is better not to
ufeiti for by being covered, the plants will
become tender, and fo will be lefs able to re-
fift the cold, than thofe which have been con-
ilantly expofed to the open air.
The Hyacinths, Narciflufes, and other
bulbous-rooted flowers, whofe leaves do not
yet appear above ground, may be covered over
with tanners bark, which will prevent the froft
from penetrating the earth, which in fevere
winters, where there is no covering, frequently
deftroys the roots. And in wet land, where
the beds are raifed much above the paths,
there (hould be tan, litter, or dung, laid in
the paths to raife them, otherwife the froft
will enter through the fides of the beds to
the roots, and greatly weaken or kill thofe on
the out-fides of the beds .This method is con-
flautly pradtifed by the fiorifts in Holland,
who
Jan. The Gar dealers Kalendar. 23
who preferve their flower roots much better
than the Englifh gardeners generally do,
though the. winters there are commonly more
fevere than in England.
Cover all pots and tubs of feedling flowers
in hard frofts, and alio from great fnows, which
are very injurious to them, efpecially to the
feedling Hyacinths, Perfian Irifes, Spring Cy-
clamen, Ranunculufes, Anemonies, Narcifliifes,
and fome other bulbous and tuberous-rooted
flowers, which, though hardy enough to refift
the cold of our climate, when their roots are
fully grown, yet, while young, are in danger
of being defl:royed by fevere froft. And where
thefe pots or tubs are not plunged into the earth,
there fliould be tan, litter, or dung, laid about
them, to prevent the froft from entering thro*
their fides.
In mild weather you may plant fuch roots
of Ranunculufes, Anemonies, and Tulips, as
were kept out of the ground to retard them,
that they may fucceed thofe which were plant-
ed in autumn ; but this fliould not be done
when the earth is over wet, which would en-
danger the rotting of their roots ; and if there
fhould happen to fall much rain after they are
planted, or hard froft (hould foon after follow,
the beds muft be covered with mats, ftraw, or
C 4 peas
24 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
peas haulm, otherwife the roots will be in
great danger of perishing.
Turn over your heaps of compoft, that
the frofl: may mellow them, and break the
clods: the oftener thefe are turned, the fooner
they will be fit for ufe. You fhould alfo, at
this feafon, make new heaps of compoft in
mild weather, when there is more leifure for
doing It, than when the feafon is farther ad-
vanced, and many other neceffary works re-
quire, attention ; therefore at fuch times when
the labourers have not full employment in the
garden, the preparing of comports for the pots
and borders (hould not be negleded, as thefe
fhould have time to lie and fweeten before they
are ufed: for without this, there can be fmall
hopes of having choice flowers in any tolerable
degree of perfedlion.
Your choice Carnations and Auriculas
/hould be guarded from heavy rains, fnow,
and fevere froft, which are often very deftruc-
tive to them 5 but they fliouid have as much
free air as pofTible in mild weather, other-
wife they will draw up weak, and will not
blov/ ftrong. At this feafon you muft alfo be
careful to protect them from vermin, which,
for want of other food, will deftroy them ;
particularly rats and mice often make great
havock
Jan. The Gardeners Kak?2da?\ 25
havock with them; and where hares or rabbets
can come to Carnations, they generally make
clear work, feldom leaving any in their reach.
The fparrows alio, at this feafon, often peck
out the heart or inner leaves of thefe plants,
if they are not prevented.
At the latter end of this month you muft
provide fome new dung, which (hould be
thrown on an heap to warm for about ten or
twelve days, and turned over two or three
times, to mix the parts well together, in the
fame way as is pradlifed for Cucumber beds,
to make fome hot-beds to fow the choiceft
forts of annual flowers upon, as the Amaran-
thus Tricolor, Cockfcomb, Globe Amaran-
thus, Diamond Ficoides, double Stramonium,
fome of the forts of the annual Ketmia, Me-
longena, and other tender kinds of annual
plants that they may be brought forward to
flower ; for the plants which are raifed early
will be ftronger, than thofe which are fown
later in the feafon ; and by this method you
may exped to obtaiij good feeds from all the
forts, whereas many of them will not produce
any in this clim.ate, when they are not brought
forward in the fpring.
Prune up wildernefs trees, and flowering
ilirubs where they grow too much out of
Ihape,
26 The Gardeiiers Kalendar. Jan.
fliape, but their (hoots muft not be {liortened,
for that v/i!l prevent their flowering, and dig
up the ground in wildernefs quarters^ obferving
to clear it from the roots of all hurtful weeds.
This digging will be of great fervice to the
trees, and add a neatnefs to the wildernefs.
But in doing of this, you muft be careful
not to difturb the roots of thofe wood plants
v/hich are intermixed under the trees for the
fake of their flowers.
You may yet fow the feeds of Auriculas
and Polyanthufes, in mild weather, if it was
Tiegleded in Odober and November, and
where the pots or tubs in which the feeds are
fown, are guarded from too much wet, the
plants will often come up in good time. But
jfthey fhould not come up the firft fpring,
the earth (hould not be difturbed, for fome-
times the plants will come up in autumn or
the following fpring, provided the feeds are
not buried too deep in the ground.
Plants now in Flower in the open Air,
Winter Aconite, Helleborafter or Bears-
foot, Green flowered Black Flelleborei True
Black Hellebore or Chridmas Rofe, fome
fingle Anemonies in warm fituations. Blue
and
Jan. Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. 2 7
and White Winter Hyacinths, Early Starry
Hyacinth or Seilla BifoHa, Polyanthufes, Prini-
rofes, Single Snowdrops, Round-leaved Snrino-
Cyclamen, Hearts-eafe, or Panfies, Yellow
Alpine Alyffon, Cyprefs Narciffus with many
double flowers on each ftalk, Periwinkles,
and, fometimes in a warm fituation, the Duke
van Tol Tulip. ;,
Hardy Trees and Shrubs no'p 171 Flower,
Lauruftinus two forts, Glaftenbury Thorn
Mezereon, Spurge-laurel, Strawberry tree,
Manna Afh, Cornelian Cherry^ Clematis B^-
tica, Alatcrnufes, Box tree, Hamemelis or
Wich Hazel, Phillyrea, Shrubby Baccharis of
Virginia, Pyracantha in fruit, St. PeterVwort
flirub in fruit, and fome others.
Medicinal Plants 'which may now be
gathered for TJfe.
White and Black Maiden-hair, Golden
Maiden-hair, Smallage roots, Birthwort roots.
Arum roots, Afarabacca, Swallowwort roots,
Afparagus roots, Spleenwort, Mafterwort roots.
Beet roots, Biflort roots, Briony roots, Buglofs
roots, Dwarf Elder roots, Leffer Celandine, or
Pilewort
S 8 7^^ Garde7ters Kalendar. Jan,
Pilewort roots, Iris or Oris roots, Cyprefs Cones,
Dragon roots, Elecampane root, Eryngo root,
Dropwort roots, Male and Female Fern roots.
Fennel roots. Greater Gentian roots. Liquorice
roots. Ivy berries. Monks Rhubarb roots, Ali-
fander roots, Dock roots, Henbane roots, Man-
drake roots, Spignel roots, Piony roots. Butter-
bur roots, Parfley roots, Hogs Fennel roots.
Valerian roots. Meadow Saxifrage roots, Pine-
tree Cones, Solomon's Seal roots, Madder roots.
Orchis or Satyrion roots. White Saxifrage roots,
Skirret roots, Tarmentil roots. x^U thefe roots
are much better for ufe, when they are taken
up befoie they begin to flioot ; for after they
have iliotout new fibres, they either grow hard
or fticky, or foon (hrinlj. when taken up, and
lofe all their virtue.
Work to he done in tieNvRSER y.
If this m-cnth fhould prove to be hard froft,
you muft carry on dung upon the ground where
you intend to tranfplant young trees or ftocks
in the fpring ; you may alfo lay fome dung
between the rows of young trees where it is
wanted, that it may be ready to be dug into
the ground when the Froft is gone out of it.
You may now trim and plafli hedges, but it
is
Jan. H^e Gardeners Kalendar. 29
is better to delay it until the froft is over,
becaufe where trees are greatly wounded, the
froft often penetrates, and much injures them ;
and when the {hoots are frozen, they will not
bend, but are apt to crack.
When the weather is mild, you (hould con-
tinue trenching the ground ,where you intend
to plant young trees in the two following
months ; and prepare fome beds for fowing
kernels of fruit trees, or maft and berries of
foreft trees, or flowering (hrubs, fome of which
muft be fown the latter end of this month, or
the beginning of the next. You fhould alfo
continue digging the ground between the rows
of trees in the nurfery, when the weather is
favourable, being careful not to injure their
roots ; but you (hould {h.orten all fuch roots as
extend too far from the trees, which will caufe
them to put out new fibres near the ftems,
and thereby render them much fafer to tranf-
plant : this ihould be particularly pradifed to
all the forts of ever-gteen trees, otherwife they
will be unfafe to remove in a few years.
In frofty w^eather you (hould carefully look
to your young trees in the nurfery to prevent
their being eaten by hares, rabbets, or othef
animals, which, in fevere feafons, often eat
down young trees, and alfo difbark large trees
:aad firirubs^ la
30 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
In open weather you may trim np your
hardy foreft trees in the nurfery, but be care-
ful to leave fome fmall (hoots on the ftcms of
all young trees, to detain the fap for the aug-
mentation of their ftems, othervvife they will
bo too weak to fupport their heads ; but thefe
{hould not be left in too great quantity, left you
prevent the upright growth of the trees.
You may, towards the latter end of this
month (if the weather is mild), tranfplant
ftocks for fruit trees ; as alfo young foreft
trees, where it was negledled to be done, in
the autumn ; for the fooner it is done, it will
be the better, provided the foil be dry 3 for
when it is done late in the fpring, if it (hould
prove dry weather, they will be in danger of
being deftroyed, efpecially if there is not con-
venience to water them.
Work to be done in /& Green-House and
Stove.
If this month proves very fevere (as it often
happens), you muft be careful to keep the
froft out of the green-houfe; for if it reaches
the earth of your Orange-trees fo as to freeze
it, it will caufe all the fruit to drop off, and
many times a great part of the leaves alfo ;
there-
Tan. The Gardeners Kalendar. 31
therefore it is very ufefu! to have a flue con-
trived under the pavement, in the front of the
green-houfe, w^hich may be ufed in very hard
winters, v/hen it will be very dijSicult to keep
the frofl out of the houfe, where this is want-
ing ; but where there is no fuch contrivance,
the glalTes in front fhould be clofdy covered
with mats, reeds, or ilraw ; and you ihould
light fix or eight large candles to burn in the
green-houfe every night \ which are much bet-
ter than burning of charcoal, as is by fome
'-pradifed, which is equally pernicious to plants
as animals, where the air is confined, as in
green-houfes it muil be, when they are clofcly
{hut. Befides, in great thaws, when the air is
filled with moiflure, which occafions a great
damp in green-houfes, it v/ill be of great ufe
to make two or three gentle fires where there
are flues to rarefy and warm the air, which
otherwife often occafions the leaves of the trees
to grow mouldy, and drop off.
You muft alfo obferve to pick off all dead
leaves, or fuch as are mouldy, which, if fuf-
fered to remain on, would infed: thofe which
grow near them, and alfo corrupt the air of
the houfe, to the prejudice of your plants ;
befides, this adds a neatnefs to the houfe, and
renders the plants more beautiful, as alfo more
healthful.
32 The Gardeners Kale^tdar. Jan.
healthful. In mild weather you muft let air
into the houfe, without which the plants will
alter their colour, and fometimes eaft their
leaves ; but this muft be done cautioufly at
this feafon. You muft alfo refrefh them with
water as often as you find it neceffary, but give
it to them fparingly ; for it is better to give it
them often, and in fmall quantities, than to
over water them at this time of the year ; bc-
caufe it may prove very hurtful to them, efpe-
cially if bad weather ihould fet in foon after,
and no fun appear in the day time to dry the
damp, as is often the cafe at this feafon, when
there are hard frofts ; at which times^ there
may be a neceffity to keep the houfe clofely
fhut up for feveral days -, fo that the moifture
of the earth in the tubs and pot, will greatly
add to the damp of the air.
The hardy fucculent plants muft have as
much air as poffible in mild weather : for if
they are too clofely fhut up, they often caft
their leaves, and appear unfightly, efpecially
the Sedums, Cotyledons, Cacalias, and Me-
fembrianthemi, which, w^hen drawn too much,
will not appear handfome, nor produce near fo
many flowers, as thofe which are kept more
hardy.
: .5 The
Jan. 72^ Gar dealers Kalendar, 3 3
The Ananas, or Pine-apphs, which begin
now to (hew their fruit, muft be carefully
looked after, obferving to refresh them when
they are dry with water; for want of which, thty
are often ftarved, and the fruit is rendered
fmall : but this water fhould be placed in the
ftove at leafl: twelve hours before it is ufed,
that it may acquire an equal warmth with the
air of the houfe, otherwife it will be too
cold for them. You mull: alio keep up the
warmth of the houfe, and not fuffcr the heat
to decline at this feafon, left thereby the fruit
be ftinted 3 the tan muft alfo be kept of a proper
warmth, by ftirring of it up, if neceffary, and
frefh tan put into the beds where it is wanting;
for if the plants have not a proper heat to their
roots, they will not produce large fruit : but, at
the fame time, I muft caution againft the keep-
ing the ftove too hot, which will force the fruit
too much, and render it very fmall; this alfo
occafions the young plants to lliew fruit a year
belore their time, fo that their fruit will be
exceeding fmall, and of little value.
The Coffee trees, and other woody plants
which are placed in the bark-bed in the ftove,
muft alfo be often refre&ed with water, and
their dead or mouldy leaves conftantly taken
off; and where any of the leaves have con-
D trafted
34 The Gardeners Kalendar. Jan.
traded filth, it (hould be carefully waflied oftj
as (hould infedts, wherever the plants arc in-
fefted with them, other wife they will increafe
aftd fpread over ail the plants in the houfe :
this fiiould be performed with a wet fponge.
If the bark in the bed has fettled unequally (as
it often happens) fo that the pots do not keep
their pofition, it will be proper to take them out
of the tan-bed in a fine day,and ftir the bark,
adding a little frefh tan thereto (which (hould
have been in flielter a week or ten days before
it is put into the bed to drain off the moif-
ture) and then plunge the pots down again : this
will renew the heat of the bed, and be verv ufe-
ful to the plants, but the plants muft not be ex-
pofed to the open air while this is doing, at this
feafonof theyear.
The tender forts of Aloes, Cereufes, Eu-
phorbias, and Melon thidles, fliould now
have very litde water given to them ; for
moifture at this feafon is very iiijurious to them,
efpecially where the air of the houfe is not
kept in a due temperature of heat.
Pknts in Flo^ver in the Green-House
II fid Stove.
Double Nafturtium, Phylica, Solidago with
a branching corymbus, Geranium with a fcarlet
flower,
Jan. TheGarde?ters Kalendar. 35
flower, Indian Yellow, Spanifh and Arabian
Jafmines, African Gladiolus, Cacalia with fuc-
culent leaves, Ofteofpermum with poplar
leaves, Lantanas of two or thres forts, Cef-
Vrum, Caffias, Hermannias, Papaya, Tarco-
nanthus, Shrubby Baccharis with fawed leaves.
Aloe Succotrina, Aloe Margaritifera major &
minor, Cufhion Aloe, Hedgehog Aloe, Par-
tridge-breaft Aloe, Tongue Aloes of three or
four forts, common Barbadoes Aloe, fmall
herbaceous Aloe, African Mountain Aloe,
Cobweb Aloe, Ardotufes of two or three forts,
Afcyron Balearicum, Canary Campanula, Pvle-
fembryanthemi of feveral forts, Sedum ar-
borefcens, Crafiulas, Malpighia mali Punici
facie, Euphorbias, Bafella, the fmaller Leo-
nurus, Perfian Cyclamens, Barbadoes Flower
Fence, Plibifcus called China Rofe, fome
forts of Apocynums, Crinum or Lily Afpho-
del, Panoratiums, African Grafs leaved Mary-
gold, Black flowering Lotus, Diofina two
forts, Shrubby African Maliow, Shrubby Afri-
can Lavatera, Shrubby African Groundfel with
ftiff leaves, Amaryllis, Myrtle of Ceylon, Lxia
with white flowers, African Wood Sorrel,
Amomum Plinii, with Oranges and Lemons
in fruit.
D 2 F E-
[ 36]
FEBRUARY.
JVork to be done in the Kitchen-
Garden.
^^g5^^^ F the weather proves mild In this
month, there is a great deal of
'^^ bufinefs to be done in the kitchen-
^^^ garden, which, if omitted, will be
of bad confequence, moft of the
principal crops being now to be fown or plant-
ed ; which, if deferred later in the year, fel-
dom fucceed fo well, efpecially upon dry land.
You muft now prepare your ground for
Carrots, Parfneps, Radifiies, Spinach, Beets,
Beans, Peas, Parfley, and Cabbage Lettuce,
which Ihould now be fown ; and where it is
only for the fupply of a family, there (hould
not be too much of each fort fown at one time ;
for it is a much better way to fow three
or four times of each, (except the Parfley,
Beet, and Parfneps) at about a fortnight or
three
Feb. The Gardeners Kalendar. 37
three weeks diftance from each other, that
there may be a continuation of them for the
kitchen, than to truft to one fovving, which
will laft but a ftiort time ; efpecially the Ra-
difhes, Beans, Peas, and Lettuce ; but if the
other forts do fucceed, one fowing of each
will be fufficient, unlefs where fmall young
Carrots are wanted, as long in the feafon as
they can be procured, and if Spinach is defired
great part of the year, then the feeds fliould
be fovvn at different times, allowing a fort-
night or three weeks interval between each
fowing, according to the time of year; for in
hot weather it will not continue long fit for
ufe : but in moderate weather, and where
there is proper allowance of room for growing,
it will laft three weeks good.
Sow young Salleting upon moderate hot-
beds, but in mild weather, the feeds may
be fown on warm borders near walls, pales,
or hedges, to fucceed that which was the laft
fown ; for at this feafon there (liould be a futj-
p!y fovvn every week, which is as long as each
fowing will continue fit for ufe, before it will
be too large.
This is alio the feafon for fowing Scor-
zonera, Salfafy, and Skirrets, for the firft
crop ; but the general crop mart be fown
D 3 much
38 T'he Gardeners Kalendar. Feb,
much later ; for if thefe are fown too early,
they are very apt to ran up to feed ; but as in
feme families thefe roots are required as long
as they can be procured, they mud be fown
at different feafons, that there may be fome
roots for ufe early before the general crop
comes in. You m.ay now fovv Cornfallet,
large rooted Parfley, V/inter Savory, Mari-
golds, and Sorrel, with moll: other hardy
plants ; thefe are beft fown in feparate fpots or
beds, and afterwards thinned to the proper dif-
tance which each requires j for where they
are fown with other crops, they do not thrive
fo well ; nor ihould they be left too clofe, for
then the plants will draw each other up
weak, and become fmall. But this is not to
be underftood of the common or curled
Parfley, which is frequently fown in drills,
for the more ready cutting of it, and keeping
it clear from weeds, the curled fort is what I
would recommend rather than the common
Parfley, becaufe it is much eafier to be diflin-
gulilied from the leiTer Hemlock, which is a
poifonous herb ; the large rooted Hamburgh
Parfley iliould be fown thin as Carrots, and
hoed out in the fame manner as is pradlifed
fpr thern, that the roots may have room to
|roy/
Feb. The Ga7^de?ters Kale72da?\ 39
grow to a good fize, in which their goodnefs
confifts.
Make moderate hot-beds for fowing fome
Cauliflower feeds, for fumtner plants to fup-
ply the kitchen, after thoie which were fow^n
in Auguft are gone ; but the plants raifed at
this feafon feldom fucceed well but in a moift
foil, for in dry ground they rarely produce
large heads. However, it is ncce'Jary to have
them for a family, where the contirwance of
Cauliflowers are required, though they feldom
pay the market Gardener.
Plant Garlic, Shallots, Rocambole, and
Cives ; as alfo Onions which have fprouted in
winter to draw up for Scallions in April, when
the dry Onions will bealmoftgone, and the
Michaelmas Onions will be too fmall for many
kitchen ufes.
If the laft month was fo fevere, that little
work could be done in the garden, then there
will be a neceffity for forwarding bufinefs in
this, provided the feafon is favourable : there-
fore now fhould be planted out fome of the
fugar-loaf and long-fided Cabbages, to fucceed
thofe which were planted in November. You
muft alfo tranfplant your Cauliflower plants out
of the winter beds, to the places where they
are to grow 5 towards the end of the month.
D4 If
40 The Ga7'deners Kakndar. Feb,
If the feafon is forward, you may flip feme
of your old Artichoke flocks if the fhoots
are forward enough, and plant out fome of
the clearcft and mofl promifing plants for a
^new plantation ; for on dry foils thefe flips
fliould be planted early in the feafon, otherwife
the heads will be fmall, and when the plants
are late planted on dry ground, they frequently
mifs bearing the fame year. Thefe young
plants will produce fruit in autumn, after thofe
on the old flocks are gone. The pardcular
directions for doing this are exhibited in the
Gardeners Dictionary.
Continue to plant Beans, and fow Peas,
every fortnight or three Weeks, that there may
be no want of thefe things in the kitchen dur-
ino- the feafon : the Windfor Bean is by much
the beft fort for planting at this feafon, being
much preferable for the table to all the forts
for eating except the fmall Mazagan Bean j
which feme perfons prefer to all the other
kinds, therefore they continue planting that
fort during the whole feafon of Beans. Some
of the larger forts of Peas (hould now be fown,
particularly the Spanilh Morotto, which is a
plentiful bearing fort, and a good Pea for eat-
ing, and the Marrow-fat j thefe are for the
common ufe of the family ; but fome of the
- Charlton
Feb. 7Z^^ Gardeners Kakndar. 41
Charlton Hotfpur Peas (hould be fown for the
principal table, becaufe they are by much the
beft Pea to eat green.
This is a proper feafon for planting of Li-
quorice. The ground where this is to be
planted, fiiould be trenched three or four fpits
deep, that the roots may more eafily run down ;
for the goodnefs of Liquorice depends on the
length of the roots. The gardeners, who
cultivate this plant, commonly fow a crop of
Onions on the ground the fame fpring when
they plant the fets ; and the keeping of the
ground clean from weeds is done by hoeing the
Onions, and thefe are little or no prejudice to
the Liquorice the firft year of its planting, be-
caufe the Onions will be drawn oft before the.
Liquorice fhoots are much advanced.
Make new hot-beds for Afparagus to fuc-
ceed thofe which were made the laft month ;
for otherwife there will be a v/ant in the
kitchen, one of thefe beds feldom continuing
much longer than a fortnight to produce good
buds : fo that in this month there (hould be
two beds made about eighteen or twenty days
diftance, that they may fucceed each ether
regularly.
The Cucumber and Melon plants, which
were raifed the laft month, will now be fit to
7 tranfplant ;
42 The Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
tranfplant ; therefore there niuft be new beds
made for them, which fhould be well wrought,
and the Dung well mixed to continue its
t^armth : but the plants muft not be planted
therein, until the violent heat of the bed is
over, which feldom lafls above a week, efpe-
daily if the dung had been two or three times
turned over before it was ufed» At this feafon
you muft attend very clofely to your hot-beds,
to admit frefh air to the plants as often as the
"weather will permit ; but this muft be ma-
naged with great caution, if you would have
them fuccoed ; for a fmall negledl: at this fea~
fon will deftroy all your plants, and put you
greatly backward. There muft alfo be fome
feeds of Cucumbers now fown, to fucceed
thofe which are firft planted, efpecially if the
beds have not a fufficient depth of earth upon
the dung, the want of this often occafions the
plants to decay very foon : but when the earth
is laid a foot or more deep, the plants will
continue long healthy and fruitful ; by this
method a fmall number of plants will be fuffi-
cient to fupply a family j but as the very early
plants feldom continue long in bearing, where
a proper depth of earth is wanting, it is
neceffary to have a fucccffion of hot-beds
t<) fupply the table. This Month is full
early
Feb. The Gardnmrs KaUndar. 43
early to fow Melons for the firft crop, though
by many gardeners they are fown in the former;
but thofe frequently mifcarry, or produce fuch
fruit as are unfit for the table.
The Mufhroom beds muft now be carefully
guarded from great rains and fnow, which, if
they are not well defended from, will chill the
beds, and deftroy all the fpawn, fo that they
will never recover it : therefore it is the fureft
method to have one or two beds covered with
frames, or made under a (hed thatched over
with ftraw, which will protedt them from bad
weather; fo that a good Quantity of Mufh-
rooms may be obtained in the worfl: feafons, by
this method.
Plant fome Kidney-beans upon a moderate
hot-bed for an early crop ; obferving, when
the plants are come up to give them air, when-
ever the weather will permit ; otherwife they
will draw up weak, and not produce fruit.
The beft fort for this purpofe, are the Dwarf
White, or the Batterfea Bean, which never run
much to halm, and are plentiful bearers ; but
it is now generally pradifed in fuch places
where there are hot-beds for the Ananas, to
have a row of pots placed on the walks behind
the tan-bed in which Kidney Beans are plant-
ed, and when care is taken in their culture, a
good
44- ^^^ Gardeners Kakndar. Feb.
good crop may be procured thro' the winter, but
the beft Ibits for this purpofe are the Scarlet
Flowering, and hirge Dutch White Beans j
which are by much the I'weeteft for the table,
and the plants will continue bearing a long
time, provided they have room to grow tall.
But many people plant for this purpofe,
the upright, or, as fome call them, the Tree
Kidney-bean, whofe feeds are black and
white ; this fort is indeed a plentiful bearer,
but is by no means fo gcoi for the table as
the other, the pods being foft, and of a rank
taAe.
If the weather be favourable, toward the
end of this month, you muft plant your Cos,
Cilicia, and the other befl forts of Lettuces,
from the beds or borders where they grew in
the winter? in doing of this fome of thofe
plants in the borders (hould be left to remain
for cabbaging, becaufe they will come earlier
than thofe which are removed. You (hould
alfo fow fome feeds of thefe forts upon a fpot
of good ground, in a warm fituation, or on a
moderate hot-bed, to come after the winter
plants are gone.
The latter end of this month you may fow
fome Cabbages and Savoys for winter ufe ; but
thefe are not defigned for the main crop, but
only
Feb. He Garde?iers Kalendar. 45
only for a few to come early in the autumn :
and upon hot-beds, or warm borders, muft be
fown fome fmall Sallet herbs, as Lct:iice,
Creffes, Muftard, Rape, Radiili, Turnep, ^c.
that there may be a conftant fupply of thefe
young Sallet herbs for the table.
Sow fome Celery feeds either upon a mode-
rate hot-bed or on a border of rich earth, in
a warm fituation, to come up early; but there
(hould be little fown at this fealon, btcaufe it
will foon pipe, and beccm.e flicky, when fit
for ufe ; fo that no more (hould be planted out
of this fowing, than can be ufed in a moiuh or
live weeks, which is as long as this early crop
of Celery will continue fit for ufe ; and you
(hould now fow Aipaiagus feed in a bed of
good earth, to raife plants againft the next
year to make frefh plantations.
Tranfpiant Cabbages, Savoys, Leeks, Parf-
neps, Carrots, and Beets, for feed, if it was
not done the former month, obferving (as was
there direded) to hang up the Cabbages and
Savoys in a dry place for five or fix days, that
the wet may drain out from between their
leaves, which, if left in, would rot them.
You may alfo plant fome Endive for feed, if it
was omited before, and fome of the ftrongeft
plants of Celery fhoald alfo be left for {ztd^^
Plant
46 The Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
Plant Potatoes and Jerufalem Artichokes,
toward the end of the month, if the weather
is inclinable to be good, and the ground dry,
otherwife it will be better to defer this work ^
month longer, obferving to plough or trench
the ground deep, that the roots may be placed
at lead fix or eight inches below the furface,
otherwife they will not fucceed fo well : thefe
fhould have a loamy foil ; and when the roots
are placed in the trenches, there (hould be
ibme dung laid over them, efpecially in poor
ground, otherwife the roots will not be large.
This muft be underfcood for the Potatoe \ for
the Jerufalem Artichoke is fo very hardy, as
to multiply too faft in any foil or fituation.
Dung and trench the ground well, where
you intend to plant Afparagus, letting it re-
main in ridges until the feafon for planting,
which wnll be the latter end of next month ;
but in doing of this, you fhould be careful to
make the bottom of each trench level, before
you put in the dung, which mull: alfo be laid
level : otherwife when you come to make the
d;ii!s for laying in the plants, the dung will
be turned up in thofe places where it lies
fl}allow.
The Cauliflower plants which were placed
under bell .or hand glaffes in Oftober laft
r fliould,
Feb. The Gardeners Kalendar. 47
fhould, toward the end of this month, be
parted, leaving only one of the ftrongeft plants
under each glafs, if you intend to have large
heads, but many people who are covetous leave
two plants remaining to flower; but where
this is pradlifed, they cannot be fo long cover-
ed with the glalTes as where one plant is left :
fo that they cannot be protefted from thefrofts
which often happen in March, when, if the
glaffes are not over the plants every night, they
will be in danger of fuffering ; nor will the
flowers come fo early, nor their heads be fo
large; therefore it is bad managenjent to leave
two plants, when it is certain one early large
Cauliflower will be worth more than three
fmall ones. But in parting of thefe plants,
there muft be great care taken not to diflurb
the roots of thofe plants which are left 5 and
the holes m.ade in taking out of the plants
fiiould be filled up level, that the roots of the
plants left, may not fufier from the drying
winds which ufual blow the next month. But
when the plants which are left are grown io
large as to prefs againft the glaffes, you fhould
raife the earth up into a border about the ftems
of the plants two feet and a half broad, and
five or fix inches high, that the glaffes mi ay be
advanced io as not to crufii the leaves of the
plants :
48 The Gardeners Kaie?tdar. Feb.
plants : by doing of this, the glafles may be
kept over the plants in bad weather, until
the middle or end of March, which is often
of great ufe to them when tlie feafon is bad,
and hereby they will be brought earlier to
flower. When this is done, great care ninft
be had that the earth doth not get into the
heart of the plants, which will greatly injure,
if not deftrcy them.
The Peas and Beans, which were fown in
autumn, and have flood through the winter,
will novv' begin to advance -, therefore the
ground about them (hould be hoed, and the
earth drawn up to their flems; which will
flrengthen them, and guard their flems from
the injury of froRs ; but this (hould be done
in drv weather, when the furface of the
ground is dry, for when that is wet, it may
injure the tender ftems of the plants.
Toward the end of this month, you may
fow fome Purflane feeds upon a moderate hot-
bed, which will be ht for ufe in April; tho*
that is earlier than the generality of people care
to eat it, however in fome iam-ilies it .is re-
quired fo foon.
Look well to fnails and other vermin, which
'may be deftroyed in the holes of walls, and be-
hind the ftems of wall fruit trees, &c. for if
they
Feb. ^e Gardeners Kalendar. 49
they efcape till the next month they will get
abroad, and make great havock in the kitchen-
garden. If your early fruit trees againft the
walls begin to open their flowers, they muft
be carefully covered with mats, reeds, or fome
other coverings ; otherwife they will be in
danger of fuffering by frofls, or cold winds,
which frequently happen at this feafon. But
where any of thefc coverings are ufed, it muft
be done with great care, fo as not to bruife or
rub oft the buds or bloflbms, therefore reeds
are the beft covers, becaufe they are not fo
liable to beat againft the trees as mats and other
loofe coverings, and they are alfo much eafier
to remove at all times in mild weather, where-
by the bloflbms will not be made too tender,
nor the (hoots of the trees draw weak, for this
will be attended with worfe confequences than
if they were expofed to the inclemency of the
feafon.
You may now plant Hops, dig the ground
and prune the roots of the old hop grounds,
being careful not to injure the buds of the
plants which now begin to fwell.
Froducls
50 The Gardeners Kakndar. Feb.
ProduBs of the Kitchen-Garden.
- Cabbages, Savoys, Borecole, Broccoli, Car-
rots, Parfneps, Turneps, Red Beets, Skirrets,
Scorzonera, Salfafy, Cardoons, Coleworts,
Spinach, Potatoes, Jerufalem Artichokes, Oni-
ons, Leeks, Garli«k, Rocambole, Shallots, Sage,
Parfley, Sorrel, Sprouts from the ftems of
Cabbages and Savoys j and, on the hot-beds,
Mint, Tanfey, and Tarragon, where they were
planted early in January; and, in fome warm
borders, there are ^Radiilies which were fown
in autumn : upon hot-b$ds, all forts of fmall
Sallet herbs, as Lettuce, Creffes, Coriander,
Turnep, Rape, and Muftard; Mufhrooms on
the beds which have been carefully defended
from the wet and froft j you have alfo Endive
and Celery, for foups, as alfo Chervil, which is,
by many perfons, greatly efteemed: and on
the hot-beds, made in December, you have
Afparagus, which, towards the middle of this
month, when there begins to be more fun-
fliine to colour it, will be very good ; you
have alfo many forts of pot-herbs, and aroma-
tic plants, as Winter Savory, Hyffop, Thyme,
Lavender, Rofemary, Pot-marjoram, and Bur-
net 5 alfo the leaves of the Chard-beet.
Work
Feb. The Gardeners Kalendar. 5 1
Work to be done in the Fruit-Garden.
You may now continue to prune fuch of
your fruit trees as were not before pruned,
either againft walls, efpaliers, or ftandards, ob-
ferving to prune the more hardy forts firft, and
let the tender kinds alone till laft, when there
will be lefs danger of their fufFering by cold.
And where any trees are too luxuriant, they
{hould be the laft pruned -, but thofe which
are now pruned fhould not be nailed to the
wall till the beginning of next month, for the
branches ftanding from the wall will keep their
flower buds from opening too foon.
The Fig trees, which were covered in
frofty weather to protedt their tender branches
from injury, {hould be opened in warm wea-
ther to admit frefh air -, otherwife the (hoots of
the former year will be apt to grow mouldy,
which would decay them, whereby the trees
will be deprived of fruit the following fcafon,
but if the froft returns they muft be covered
again, otherwife they will be in more danger of
having their tender branches and the fruit de-
ftroyed, than thofe which were never covered.
Whenever the frames of your efpaliers are
decayed, and have not been repaired the
E 2 former
52 'The Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
former months, It fhould be no longer defer-
red, becaufe the flower-buds of the fruit trees
will now begin to fwell, and thereby be in dan-
ger of being rubbed off; therefore thefe frames
ftiould always be repaired when the trees are
pruned, that their branches may be fattened
thereto, to prevent their breaking by ftrong
winds. And fuch of your trees as have been
trained to the efpaliers already, muft now be
pruned, if it is not before done, and fattened
thereto regularly, at their proper dittances,
that when their ihoots come out, with their
leaves, they may be at equal dittances, fo as
not to crofs each other, or occafion confufion.
Tranfplant all forts of fruit trees, where
they are wanting, this being the moft proper
feafon for mpiit land (in which it is not fo well
to plant in autumn) ; but you mutt obferve to
work the ground well, and break the clods be-
fore planting, that the earth may the better
join between every part of the roots. The
heads of thefe trees (hould alfo be left on until
they begin to pu(h, when thofe which require
heading muft be carefully cut down after the
manner direfted in the Gardeners Dic-
tionary, under the article Planting.
The latter end of this month (if the feafon
proves mild) you muft begin to graft Pears,
Plpms,
Feb. The Gardeners Kakndar. 53
Plums, Cherries, and other hardy kinds of
fruit; being very careful that they are well
clayed or covered with the compoiition di-
rected in the Gardeners Dictionary,
under the article Grafting, that the wind can-
not enter to the graft, upon which chiefly de-
pends your fuccefs. Where grafts of fruit trees
are wanting, they fhould be cut off the be-
ginning of this month, and laid in the ground
till they are ufed ; for as their buds will now
begin to fwell, if the feafon is mild; fo if they
are left any longer upon the trees, they will be
fo forward as to be in danger of uniting with
the flocks.
You may now fow the kernels and ftones of
hardy fruits for flocks, to bud and graft the
more generous kinds upon, obferving to cover
them equally with aarth, that none may ap-
pear above-ground to entice the mice or other
vermin io them, which often deftroy whole
beds of feeds, if they are not prevented. It
will alfo be proper to have fome traps for micCj
placed on the beds, that if theie vermin fhould
approach, they may be taken before they at-
tack the feeds.
In moift weather, clear your fruit trees fi'om
mofs (where they are infefUd with it) ; which,
at this feafon, may be eafily done widn an iron
E 3 ir.fliu-
54 7Z^ Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
inilrument fhaped like axriioe, and hollowed
in the middle to the fee of the branches, which
are to be fcraped ; fo that there (hould be three
fizes of thefe inftruments, which wUl be fuffi-
cient for all the dificrent branches s and the
mofs being tender at this time, may be eafily
rubbed off.
Look carefully after bullfinches to deftroy
them ; for, at this feafon, they do great mif-
chief to all forts of fruit trees, by pecking off
their bloflbm budsj fo that where they are not
molefted, they often deftroy all the fruit of a
garden in two or three days.
The early fruit frame, or forcing frame,
iDuft now be duly attended, to give air to the
trees in fuch proportion as the warmth of the
feafon may require \ as alfo to keep up the heat,
without which the bloifoms or tender fruit
will drop off, and come to nothing.
You mufl now look carefully to the Straw-
berries which are in hot-beds, obferving to let
them have a large (hare of air, as alfo to re-
frefh them with water ; otherwife the bloffoms
will drop off, and there will be very litde fruit
produced. You may alfo, in this month, make
new plantadqns of Strawberries, Rafpberries,
Goofeberries and Currants, if it w^as omitted
ii) autumn, which is by far the bed feafoa
for
Feb. l^e Gardeners Kalendar. 55
for this work, efpecially on dry foils \ for thofe
plants which are removed in autumn, will have
their roots fo well eftablidicd in the ground, as
to be in little danger of futfering by drought ia
the fpring ^ whereas thofe which are now plant-
ed, will require conftant waterings if the fpring
proves dry, otherwife they will fail, nor will
thefe produce fruit the fummer following.
Fruits /;/ prime, or yet hjling.
Pears j Winter Boncretien, Befly de Caf-
foy, Citron d'Hyver, Winter RuiTelet, Bugi,
or Bergamot de Pafque, Lord Cheyne's Green
Pear, Portail, Double Fieur, Saint Lezin, Car-
mehte, Saint Martial ^ and for baking, the Ca-
dillack. Union, or Pickering, Englifli Warden,
and Black Pear of Worcefter.
Apples; Aromatick Pippin, Golden Ruffet,
Nonpareil, Golden Pippin, Holland Pippin,
French Pippin, Kentifh Pippin, Stone Pippin,
John Apple, Harvey Apple, Pile's Ruffet,
Wheeler's Ruffet, Winter Pearmain, Pomme
d'Api, Haute Bonne, with fome others of
lefs note.
E 4 JVork
56 "The Gardeners Kalendar. Feb,
JVork to be done in tbeFLEASVSL e-G a r d e n*
If the weather Is mild, toward the end of th'e
month you may plant out your choice Carnati-
ons into the pots v/here they are to remain to
flower; in doing of which, you (hould not take
too much of the earth from their roots 5 and,
when they are planted, it will be proper to place
the pots in a warm fituation (but not too near
w^alls and pales, which will draw them up
w^ak) ; and arch them over with hoops, that
in bad weather they may be covered with
matsj for unlefs they acquire ftrength in the
fpring, before the heat comes on, they will
not produce large flowers.
You may yet fow Auricula and Polyanthus
feeds in tubs or pots of light rich earth, place-
ing them where they may have the morning
fun only until April, when they muft be re-
moved into a rnore fiiady fituation, there to re-
main during the fummer feafon. Thefe feeds
fliould be very flightly covered with light
earth ; for if they are buried too deep, they
often lie a year before they come up, and fre-
quently mifcarry; therefore fome perfons ne-
ver cover the feeds, but leave them to be wafli-
ed into the ground by the rain.
If
Feb. The Gardeners Kakndar. 5 7
If your' Auriculas in pots were not frefli
earthed the laft month, that fhould be no
longer deferred, the manner of doing this is
dire<Sed in January; for now their flower-
buds will begin to (hew apace, fo that if it be
not done in a fliort time, their flowers will not
be improved by it; and, in frofty weather,
thefe flowers muft be covered with mats efpe-
cially every night tb^ prevent their tender flow-
er-buds from being injured, otherwife many
of the flower-buds will be killed, fo that the
trufes will be thin of flowers.
Toward the end of the month, if the feafon
proves favourable, ftir thefurface of the ground
of your flower-beds, and clear them from
weeds, mofs, and whatever filth may appear
thereon ; which will be very ferviceable to the
flowers, and add a neatnefs to the garden.
Dig and prepare your ground in the flower-
nurfery for fowing of feeds, and to receive
plants the next month, when you will have
much bufinefs of different kinds to do ; fo
that if you do not get things in forwardnefs
this month, you will be fo much hurried in
the next, that many things mufl: be omitted,
or but flightly performed. Therefore it is a
good method to dig the ground at all leifure
times, laying it in trenches, which will be of
great
5 8 The Gardeners Kakndar. Feb.
great fervice in fweetening and mellowing the
ground, and then it will be always ready for
fowing and planting.
Tranfplant Canterbury Bells, French Ho-
neyfuckles, Daifes, Role Campions, Fox-
gloves, Pinks, Sweet- Williams, Perennial
Catchfly, Double Ragged Robins, Bachelors-
buttons, Gentianellas, Hepaticas, Campanulas,
Thrift, Scarlet Lychnis, Columbines, Star-
worts, Golden-rods, with many other fibrous-
rooted plants, into the borders of your pleafure-
garden, where they are defigned to flower 3 but
this is better if performed in Odtober, efpeci-
ally where the ground is dry, becaufe the plants
will have taken root, and obtained ftrength,
before the dry weather of the fpring comes on,
fo will produce a greater quantity of flowers,
and will not require watering in dry weather.
In dry frofly nights you muft cover your
beds of choice Ranunculufes, Anemonies, and
Tulips, with mats, to protefl: them from the
injury of the weather ; otherwife they will be
in danger of fpoiling, at leaft their flowers
will not be fo fair, nor numerous j and many
times the roots are deftroyed by frofts at this
feafon. Where this is not pradtifed, the froft
often pinches the buds of th& forward Ane-
monies, fo as to deftroy the middle of the
6 flowers,
Feb. The Gardeners Kalendar. 59
flowers, which the Gardeners call the thrum,
whereby the fineft double flowers are rendered
Angle, which is a very great difappointment ;
and if the roots were purchafed, the perfons
who fold them are often blamed for having
cheated the purchafer, when it is entirely ow-
ing to the negledl of covering them. This
often occafions the roots to run barren, fo as
not to have any more flowers.
You may yet, where there is neceflity for it,
tranfplant all forts of hardy flowering trees and
{hrubs, as Lilacs, Laburnums, Bladder Se-
nas, Scorpion Senas, Rofes, Honeyfuckles,
Jafmines, &c, and moft forts of forefl: trees,
which may be tranfplanted with fafety, efpeci-
ally on moift land, or where there is conve-
niency to water them j but many of the ever-
greens, defigned for the fpring planting,
fhould not be removed till the beginning of
April, when they are jufl: ready to pufli out
their buds, which is the fafeft feafon for tranf-
planting them.
Plant Dutch Box for edgings to borders:
but it is a better feafon in Od:ober, efpecially
for dry ground, becaufe it will be firmly root-
ed before the drought of the fpring, which
is often very deftrudive to fuch edgings as
are
6o The Gardeners Kahndar. Feb.
are late planted, efpecially if they are not duly
watered.
Break up your gravel walks, and turn
them, where they begin to be mofly, and re-
quire turning to make them clean ; but do not
rake them until the middle of next month,
where they are not wanted for ufe, by which
time they will be well fettled.
The latter end of this month you fliould
rake and clean the quarters of your wildernefs,
becaufe the flowers which are under the trees
will now begin to blow 5 fo that there is a
neceffity of making the place clean, that it
may appear fightly. The edges of the grafs
walks and lawns fhould be cut by a Hne, that
they may be even 3 and the water-tables on the
fides of the walks fhould be dug and raked,
that they may be clear from weeds and mofs.
Your grafs v/alks, lawns, Gfr. muft now be
duly rolled, when the ground is foft j for un-
lefs this is conftantly perform.ed, the grafs will
not be fine. Make hot-beds for your tender
annual flowers, which require to be brought
forv/ard early in the fpring, which otherwife
are in danger of not ripening their feeds ; as
the Amaranthufes, Gomphrena, Double flow-
ering Stramonium, Double-flriped Balfa-
mine. Zinnia, Annual Mefembrianthemum,
5 Momor*
Feb. He Gardeners Kalendar. 6i
Momordica, tender kinds of Hibifciis, Rici-
BUS, with fome others. You muft alfo plant
fome Tuberofes on a hot-bed, to come early'
in the fummer, provided you did not do it the
laft month. You may now few the double
Larkfpuron warm dry borders, and thefe early-
fown flowers will be ftronger and more double
(if they fucceed) than thofe which are fown
later. The feeds of China Starworts muft be
now fown in a warm border of light earth, or
upon a very moderate hot-bed, juft to bring
up the plants ; then they fhould have a large
fliare of air every day, that they may not be
drawn up weak.
Plants now in Flower in the Pleasure-
Garden.
Winter Aconite, Helleborafter or Bears-
foot, True black Hellebore, Green-flowered
Black Hellebore, Snowdrops, feveral forts of
Spring Crocufes, Single^Anemonies, Spring Cy-
clamen, Great Snowdrop, Early White and
Blue Hyacinths, Early ftarry Hyacinth with
white and blue flowers, Perfian Iris, Hepaticas,
fingle Wall-Flower, Early Tulips, Polianthufes,
Fennel-leaved Perennial Adonis, Dwarf Ver-
pal Navehvort, Polyanthus, NarciflTus, Panfies or
Heart's-
62 7he Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
HeartVeafe, Periwinkles, Yellow Alpine Alyf-
fon, Eaftern Alyflbn with purpla flowers, Vio-
lets, Blue Mountain Saxifrage, Soldanella Al-
pina, ^c. with fome others.
Hardy 7rees and Shrubs now in Flower,
Lauruftinus, two or three forts, Mezereon
both Red and White, Spurge-laurel, Spanifh
Travellers-joy, Cherry Plum, White flowered
Almond, Cornelian Cherry, Hamemelis, Man-
n*a Afh, Filberts, Hazel-nuts, Glaflenbury
Thorn, Coriaria Myrtifolia, Blue-berried Up-
right Honeyfuckle, Box tree, Alaternus, Phil-
lyrea, and fome others.
Medicinal Plants which may now be gathered
for life.
Silver Fir, Black, White, and Golden
Maiden-hair, Chickweed, Arbor Vit^ AflTara-
bacca. Ground Ivy, Spurge-laurel, Cyprefs
Cones, Afli-coloured Ground Liverwort, Tree
Mofs, Cup Mofs, Rue-leaved Whitlow-grafs,
Pine tree Cones. And, if the feafon proves
late, moft of the roots which are mentioned
in the former month, may yet be taken up for
ufe.
Feb. The Gardeners Kakndar. 63
ufe. If the feafon is forward, you have Violet
flowers, Colts-foot flowers, Water-crefles ; and
the Birch tree will be fit to tap for the
juice.
Work to be done in /^^ Nursery.
You may now tranfplant mofl forts of hardy
foreft trees, and flowering fhrubs, provided the
feafon be favourable 3 otherwife it will be bet-
ter to defer it a little later. If you did not
take oflf the layers of Elms, Limes, and other
hardy forefl trees or (hrubs, in the autumn, it
fhould now be done, planting them into the
nurfery in rows three feet afunder, and eigh-
teen inches diftance in the rows ^ where maiiy
of the forefl trees may ftand four or five years
to obtain fl:rength, in order for tranfplanting
where they are to remain : but the flowering
flirubs fliould not fl:and longer in the nurfery
than two or three ; for the younger thefe are
when they are planted where they are to re-
main, they will more certainly grow, and will
make greater progrefs.
The ground where you intend to plant a
nurfery of evergreens, fliould now be care-
fully trenched, obferving to cleanfe it from the
roots of all noxious weeds, particularly Couch-
64. The Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
grafs, which, if left in the ground, will mix
with the roots of the new-pianted trees, and
prove very injurious to them, and will be very
difHcuIt to get out again.
Where the ground between the trees in
the nurfery was not dug the former month,
either occafioned by weather, or want of leifure,
it lliould now be done, obferving (as was be-
fore direded) not to injure the roots; but
(horten fuch as were extended far from their
ftems, in order to force out young roots nearer,
that they may be fitted for tranfplanting \ this
ihould be particularly obferved in Hollies, and
many oijier forts of evergreens, which (hould
be conftantly dug round every year, cutting
off all downright roots, and fuch as extend
themfelves far from the plants, which will oc-
cafion a great quantity of ilrong fibres to be
fent forth near their ftems, and render them,
much fafer to remove, becaufe thefe will main-
tain a ball of earth to their roots, when they
are carefully taken up ; the want of which
renders it almoft impradicable to tranfplant
fuch trees as have remained many years, with-
out having been dug round, and their roots
cut.
You muft now plant Cheftnuts, and fow
the feeds, maft, or berries, of other hardy trees
and
Feb. TTjc Gardeners Kalendar. 65
and fhrubs, being careful to cover them with
earth ; for if any of them are left expofed, it
will entice mice, and other vermin, whereby
your feeds may be eaten up, and your whole
feminary deftroyed.
Toward the latter end of this month, if the
fpring proves forward, and the weather is mild,
you fhculd cut off the heads of your flocks,
which were budded with fruit the preceding
fummer, at about four or five inches above the
buds, always obferving to cut the flock Hoping
from the bud, that when the buds (hoot, thev
may not be injured by the flowing of the fap
from the wounded part of the ftock.
If this month proves mild, tov/ard the end
cfityou muft graft Cherries, Plums, Pears,
Apples, and other hardy fruits ^ but if there are
hard frofts, and drying winds, it will be bet-
ter to defer it a httle later : for fuch weather
is often very deftru^tive to grafts.
You may yet plant cuttings of Currants,
Goofeberries, and other trees v/hich will grow
from cuttings, in fliady borders, obferving to
clofe the earth well about them \ and if the
ground between them is covered with mofs ©r
fliort litter, it v»'il! prevent the drying winds of
March from penetrating the ground, which
frequently kill thefe late planted cuttings,
F where
66 I'he Gardeners Kalejtdar. Feb.
where this precaution is wanting. The au-
tumn is however the beft feafon for this work,
efpecially in dry land.
Make layers of all your hardy exotick trees,
which you want to increafe in this month,
after all hard frofts are over ; for fome of thefe
are too tender to be laid in autumn, the wet of
the winter, fucceeded by froft, being very de-
ftrudtive to many of thefe tender plants, when
laid.
You may now increafe fome of the exotick
trees and fhrubs, which do not eafily propa-
gate by layers and cuttings, by cutting ofFfome
of their young flrong roots, dividing them into
lengths of about four or five inches, planting
them into pots filled with light loamy earth,
plunging the pots into a moderate hot-bed, co-
vering them clofe with glafles, which will caufe
them to put out roots below, and (lioots above,
fo that in one year they will make good plants ;
by this method many plants have been increafed,
which are very difficult to propagate in the
ufual ways.
iFork to be done in /& Green-FIouse and
Stove.
If the v/eather proves mild, and the air foft,
you fliould begin to admit air into yourgreen-
houfe,
Feb. TJoe Gardeners Kalendar. 67
houfe, by drawing the upper faflies down a lit-
tle; but this muft be done with caution at firft;
never opening the glaffes when the wind is
ftiarp, or if it blows againft the front of the
green-houfe; for a fliarp air, at this feaion,
will do great damage to your plants, as they
have been rendered tender by /landing in the
green-houfe all the winter. Myrtles, Oranges,
Geraniums, and other hardy plants, muft now
be frequently refreflied with v^ater ; but let
them have it mioderately and often ; for if it be
given to them in large quantities at this feafon,
it will be very injurious to them.
Pick oft all dead and decayed leaves from
your plants, and ftir the furface of the earth
in the pots or tubs, clearing them from weeds;
and if you add a little very rotten neats dung
upon the tops of the tubs or pots of Orange-
trees, it will be ferviceable to the plants. You
fhould at the fame time brufli down all cob-
webs, and make the houfe clean in every part,
neatnefs being as neceffary to the health of
plants as of animals.
Make hot-beds to fow tender exotick feeds
upon, which are brought from very hot coun-
tries, obferving to work the dung well, turn-
ing it over two or three times while it remains
in the heap, and when removed to the beds,
F 2 it
68 T^he Garde7ters Kalendar. Feb.
it fhould be well mixed, that the beds may re-
tain their heat, and fettle equally; for when
the dung is not equally ftirred, and beat down
with a fork, it will fettle in holes, which is
a great fault in thefe beds ; becaufe when the
beds are watered, the water will run into the
holes and caufe thofe places to be over wet,
when the other parts of the bed will receive
little or no benefit from it; but the feeds of
trees and ihrubs vvill fucceed much better if
they are fown in pots of earth, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, becaufe as thefe
feeds often remain a long time before they ve-
getate, and frequently lie in the ground a
whole year, fo if the heat of the bed (hould
decline too much, it may be increafed again
by ftirring it up, and adding fome new tau to it.
If any of the Orange trees have fuffered by
ill management, fo much that their heads are
decayed, you fhould now prune them clofc,
and {hift them into frefli earth ; and then pre-
pare a moderate hot-bed in a glafs cafe, into
which they muft be plpxed to force them out
early in the fpring, that their fiioots may be
placed abroad fo as to have time to harden be-
fore winter.. But when they are taken out of
the pots or tubs, you fiiould be careful to cut
off all mouldy a«d decayed roat^, and to cieanfe
J both
Feb. The Gardeners Kalendar. 69
both roots and ftems from any filth they may
have contra(fled ; and when planted again twift
fome hay-bands round the ftems, from the fyr-
face of the ground up to their heads, which
win prevent the fun from drying of their bark ;
when the pots or tubs are placed on the hot-
bed, you muft be careful that the heat be not
too great, as alfo to frequently refresh them with
water, not only giving it to their roots, but
over every part of their llems, which will fup-
pie their bark, and caufe them to pufh cut vi-
goroufly. But when the fun begins to fhine
with great force^ the glalTes of the houfe fhould
be fliaded with mats or cloths, during the heat
of the day, otherwife it will fcorch their tender
leaves, and alfo dry the bark of the ilioots ;
fo that they will greatly fuffer, if too much
expofed thereto 3 but this heading and forcing
of Orange trees (hould not be too often prac-
tifed on them ; for it will weaken the trees,
when repeated too frequently , therefore where
they are not in a very bad condition, it will be
the better way to fliift them, if there be occa-
fion ; and their ftems mufl: be well rubbed
with a ftrong hair-bru(h, with fcowering-fand
and water ; and cut off all decayed branches,
and place them upon a gentle hot-bed for two
or three months, after which in a fhady fitua-
F 3 im,
70 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. Feb.
tion, when they are brought out of the forcing
frame, by this method they will break out
again very ftrong and well. The Orange ftems
alfo which are annually imported from Italy\
fliould be treated in this way, to force out
new flioots from them ; but the roots of thefe
Ihould be foaked in water two days before they
are planted, and all the decayed and bruifed
roots fhould be entirely cut off, their ftems
carefully wailied, and cleanfed from filth, and
the bed into which they are plunged, muft be
of a moderate temperature for heat.
The tan in the beds of the ftoves will now
require to be ftirred up, and fome frefli bark
added to them to renew their heat, which will
now begin to decline, and if not timely re-
newed, the plants will fuffer gready : but this
muft be done in a warm day, when the air is
foft ; for in very cold weather the glaffes muft
not be opened, fo that the bark could not be
then put in without injuring the plants. At
the fame time, fuch of the plants as are rooted
through the pots, ihould be ftiifted into pots
a fize larger ; but in doing of this, great care
nruft be had, not to injure their roots, be-
caufe at this feafon, they will not foon recover
fuch a check.
Waih
Feb. The Gardeners Kalenda?\ 71
Wa(h and clean the leaves of the Coffee
trees, and other woody plants in the bark-
ftove, to cleanfe them from infeds and filth :
and pick off all decayed leaves, which if left
on, would infecft the air of the houfe. The
furface of the earth in the pots (liould alfo be
frequently ftirred, to prevent its binding, and
fhould always be kept free from weeds.
The Anana plants will now fhew their
fruit apace, fo that they fhould be frequently
watered, giving them but litde each time, to
bring them forward and keep the fruit fwell-
ing; and the tan muft be kept in a moderate
temperature of warmth ; for if that is fuffered
to decline at this feafon, the plants will change
their colour, and the fruit will be rendered
fmall, and worth little. Toward the end of
this month you muft prepare fome frefti bark
to make the fummer beds for the Ananas, in-
to which they fhould be plunged fome time
the next month. But this is to be only under-
ftood of thofe plants which are for a fucceffion,
and the fuckers of the laft feafon , nor fliould
thefe be removed too early into the beds, unlefs
there is a fire-place to warm the air in bad wea-
ther ; for the warmth of the bark alone will
not be fufficient for thefe plants, before the
beginning of April, when the fun will have
F 4 power
72 The Gardeners Kalendar. Feb,
power to raife a warmth in the beds, which
the tan alone would not do ; the beds in which
the fruiting plants are placed, muft be refrefh-
ed with Ibme new tan the latter end of this
month, efpecially thofe beds whofe heat de-
clines : for if the tan is not kept to a proper
degree of warmth at this feafon, the growth of
the fruit will be greatly retarded.
The Aloes, Euphorbiums, Torch-thiftles,
Melon- thirties, and other tender fucculent
plants, fhould have very little water given
them at this feafon ; but the Ficoides, Se-
dums, Cotyledons, and other hardier kinds,
muft be frequently refrefhed -, tho' they fhould
not have it in too large quantities, becaufe
much wet at this feafon often rots them. ^
You muft now make frelli hot-beds of tan,
to fow the feeds of fuch tender cxoticks as are '
annual, or that you may have received from ';
abroad ; into which you (hould plunge fmall
pots, filled \v\i\\ light frefli earth, that the ']
mould may be warm before the feeds are
fown. This method of fowing the feeds in
pots is preferable to any other, becaufe the
plants may be iliaken out of the pots, when
they are fit to tranfplant, with the earth about
their roots, wherebj they will be in litde dan-
ger
Feb. The Garde7ters Kalendar. 73
ger of fuffering, becaufe their roots will be
preferved entire. And fuch of the feeds as re-
main long in the ground, may be removed into
a frefh hot-bed, when the heat of the firft
declines, which will forward their vegetation.
Toward the end of this month, there fliould
be fome hot dung prepared, to make a bed for
to tranfplant fome of the tender forts of an-
nual flowers, in order to bring them forward,
that they may flower and perfecft their feed be-
fore winter.
Flants in Flower in the Green-House
and Stove.
Indian Yellow Jafmine, Ilex-leaved Jaf-
mine or Lantana, Spanifli Jafmine, Heath-
leaved Phylica, Clutia with feflil leaves, Gera-
nium with a fcarlet flower, Geranium with
a variegated flower, feveral forts of Ficoides,
Polygala Arborefcens, Aleppo Cyclamens,
African Shrubby Cacalia with fucculent leaves,
Shrubby Senecio with Buckfliorn leaves,
Herman nia Alni folio, Aloes of feveral forts,
Ardotufes, Turnera, Shrubby American Baf-
tard Sena with a large yellow flower, Eu-
phorbiums, Cotyledon with broad cut leaves.,
Malpighia mall punici facie. Purple-flowered
Ragwort,
74 2^^ Gardeners Kakndar. Feb.
Ragwort, Ciftufes, Coffee tree, Ethiopian Cal-
k, Hypericum Balearicum, Jacobsa Lily,
Mexican Lily, Ixias, Watfonia, African Wood
Sorrel with large purple flowers, African Wood
Sorrel with umbellated yellow flowers. Shrubby
purple Starvrort from the Cape of Good Hope,
Spreading Starwort with purple flowers from
Africa, Sifyrinchium, Crinum, Pancratiums,
Corona Regalis with roundifli leaves, Indian
Gladiolus, Indian Birthwort with a fcarlet flow-
er, African Tanfey, Coral tree, Antholiza, Tree
Houfleek, Shrubby Lionfl:ail, African Bermu-
diana, with fome others.
M ARCH.
[ 75 ]
M
R
H.
^Wk to be do7ie hi the Kitchen-
Ga rd e n.
HE
weather in this month is ge-
\£^ nerally more unfettled than in any
other month of the year : fome-
times it proves dry and frofty ; at
other times cold and wet, with ftorms of hail,
and ftrong v/inds ; which makes a diligent at-
tendance upon the hot-beds of Cucumbers and
Melons abfolutely neceffary ; otherwife they
often mifcarry, or, at leaft, lofe all their firfl
crop of fruit : to avoid which, if your beds
have very much declined their best, you fhould
add a lining of new horfe dung round the fides,
which will renew the heat of the beds ; and
alfo obferve to cover the glaffes clofe v/ith mats
every night j but in the day time they muft
have frefli air, in proportion to the heat of the
beds, whene\^er the weather vv^iil permit, efpe-
7 cially
76 The Gardeners Kalendar, Mar.
daily after the new dung is laid on their fides,
which will often occafion a great fleam in the
beds for fome days; which, if pent in the
frames, will be very injurious to the plants^ and
frequently caufe the fruit to drop off.
Sow the feeds of Cabbages, Savoys, and
Red Cabbages, for next winter's ufe, on a bed
of light earth in the open air, and plant out
all your Cauliflower plants which are remain-
ing in the winter beds, into the quarters of the
kitchen-garden, for the general crop; and
thofe Cauliflower plants which were raifed the
laft month, to fucceed thofe raifed in autumn,
(hould now be pricked out upon frefli hot-beds,
to bring them forward ; but they (hould not
be too clofely covered, becaufe it will draw
them up weak, and greatly injure them ; there-
fore at all times when the weather is mild, the
covers fhould be taken off, to let them enjoy
the open air, and only covered in the night or
bad weather.
Continue to put in Beans and Peas every
fortnight or three weeks, that there may be a
fuccellion of them through the feafon : and fow
Radiflies, Spinach, and young fallet herbs,
every week, to fucceed thofe before fown ; and
fov/ fome Celery feed towards the end of this
monthj
Mar. The Gardeners Kakndar. 77
month, to fucceed that which was fown in
February.
You may now fow Parfneps, Carrots, Oni-
ons, Leeks, Beets, Borage, Buglofs, Burnet,
Dill, Fennel, Chervil, Smallage, Alifanders,
&c, but thefe (hould be fown early in the
month, efpecially if the foil is dry, otherwife
they feldom grow large ; but upon a moid foil,
the middle or latter end of the month is time
enough. But as the feeds of Dill, Fennel,
Smallage, and Alifanders, do often mifcarry
when they are fown at this feafon, io in dry
land they will fucceed much better when they
are fown in autumn.
The beginning of this month you (hould
earth up Alexanders to blanch them, which
will render them very tender, fo that in three
weeks time they will be fit for ufe ; for when
they begin to (boot their ftems for flowering,
they are good for nothing. This is alfo the
time for blanching Dandelion, which fome
people are very fond to eat as a fallet herb :
the plants may be procured from the fields,
and planted deep into the ground, in the fame
manner as is pradifed for Endive, which will
blanch it in three weeks fit for ufe.
You may^ yet fow Parfley, Sorrel, Cher-
vil, Orach, Marigolds, and Spinach, efpe-^
cially
78 The Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
dally if the ground is moift^ for in fuch land
this feafon is better than to fow them earlier.
Slip and plant Tanfey, Pennyroyal, Chamo-
mile, Baum, Savory, Sage, Rofemary, HyfTop,
Lavender Cotton, Spike-lavender, Southern-
wood, Thyme, and moft other aromatick
plants, which are now beginning to fhoot, and
will take root better than at any other time of
the year. And divide the roots of Mint,
Tarragon, Wormwood, and other plants which
annually die to their roots, and plant them in
frefli beds, that the old beds may be deflroyed
in the fummer, when thefe are fit for ufe.
You may now flip the oiF-fets from the old
roots of Skirrets, and plant them in rows ten
inches afunder, and fix inches diftance in the
rows, obferving, in dry weather, to water them
until they have taken root 5 but thefe feldom
make fo good roots as thofe raifed from feed.
Your Lettuce plants which have flood the
winter in warm borders, muft now be planted
out into a more open expofure ; otherwife they
will draw up weak, and come to Httle, efpeci-
ally if they are near to walls, pales, or hedges,
or where they are planted but afmall diftance
from each other : in which cafes a good part of
the plants may be tranfplanted, and a few be
left remaining at a proper diftance to furnifh
the
Mar. T^he Gardeners Kalendar. 79
the table early in the feafon. You muft alio
fbw fome feeds of the Cicilia, Cos, Imperial,
and other Lettuces, in an open rich fpot of
ground, to fucceed thofe of the laft month's
fowing.
About the middle of this month you muft
fork the Afparagus beds in the full ground, be-
ing very careful not to hurt the crown of the
roots with the fork ; but you may defer raking
them fmooth till the beginning of next month,
whereby you will retard the growth of
weeds : and that will be early enough, pro-
vided it be done before the buds appear above-
ground; for the only danger, attending this
late dreffing, is the deftroying of the buds.
About the beginning of this month is a good
feafon for fowing of the large-rooted Dutch
Parfley ; which may be fown either in open beds
or in drills about a foot afunder 3 and, when the
plants are come up, they (hould be thined fo as
to leave them three or four inches apart in the
rows, in order to obtain good roots : or they
may be fown thin on a fpot of light earth, in
the fame manner as Carrots, and hoed out ;
and managed as is ufually practlfed for them,
which is the fureft way to obtain large roots.
Toward the latter end of this month you
mav plant new Afparagus beds, if the ground
be
8o TJoe Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
be dry ; but if it be wet, it will be better to de-
fer it till the beginning of next month ; for
thefe plants always take beft, when tliey are
tranfplanted juft as they begin to (hoot. But
in this you muft be determined by the feafon,
either early or late, as it may happen.
Your Radiflies and Spinach, which were
fown in January, and the beginning of Febru-
ary, (hould now be hoed, leaving them four
or five inches afunder \ and obferve to ftir all
the ground between them, which will deftroy
all the young weeds, and greatly promote the
growth of the plants 5 but this work (hould be
done in dry weather.
Continue to make hot-beds for Cucumbers,
Melons, Purflane, ^c\ to fucceed thofe which
'were made the former month ; and the end of
the month fow Cucumber and Melon feeds, to
ridge out under bell or hand glafles, for the
principal crop. And now the feeds of Capfi-
cum for pickling {hould be fown, as alfo the
Tomatos for foups, upon a hot-bed ; and to-
ward the end of the month, a few feeds of In-
dian Crefs (hould be fown upon a very mode-
rate hot-bed, to bring a few plants forward,
where their flowers are wanted earlier than thofe
ufually come which are fown in the open air.
Drefs
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. 8 1
Drefs your Artichokes, obferving to leave
only two or three of the clearefl and heft fitu-
ated plants upon each root to bear, and flip the
reft clean off; the beft of which may be now
planted to make a new plantation ; for thefe
will produce heads in autumn, after thofe up-
on the old roots are gone.
Sow Cardoons upon a bed of rich light earth,
pretty thin, obferving to keep them clear from
weeds y and, in dry weather, they muft be
watered until they are big enough to tranfplant.
Toward the latter end of this month you
may put in fome Kidney-beans in warm bor-
ders, where they may be defended from cold ;
but this muft not be done in wet weather, be-
caufe too much moifture, at this feafon, will
rot them in the ground.
You fhould alfo fow Sweet-marjoram,
Thyme, Hyffop, and other tender aromatick
plants, upon a dry warm foil 3 for they will
not do well on a wet ground.
Continue to fow all forts of young fallet
herbs, twice a week, asCrefies, Muftard, Rape,
Radifh, &c, upon warm borders, until the lat-
ter end of the month, when they will do better
in a more open expofure.
Part the roots of Gives and Efchalions, and
plant them in a (hady fituation to increafe them,
G this
^ 2 l^he Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
this being the right feafon for this work. Plant
Rocambole and Shallots, and the beginning
of the month tranfpant Leeks for feed ; thefe
fliould be planted near a reed hedge to a good
expofure, becaufe the feeds do not ripen till late
in the autumn, which in a bad feafon feldom
ripen well, when they are in an open and cold
fituation.
At the end of this month you may fow
Purllane upon warm borders, in the common
ground ; where it will, at that time, do well
without any artificial heat, provided the feafon
proves warm and dry. You may alfo at this
time fow Turneps upon an open fpot of ground,
to come early.
You muft now fow the feeds of Finnochia
in drills made about a foot afunder, into which
the feeds (hould be thinly fcattered, and cover-
ed over about half an inch thick with light
earth. This fliould have a rich light foil,
otherwife it will not fucceed well.
Toward the end of this month you may
fow Hemp, Flax, White Dutch, and Red
Clover, Saitfoyn, and Lucern, provided the
feafon proves fivourable ; otherwife it is better
to defer it a little longer. This is the feafon
for fowing of Barley and March Rye. In dry
weather you may now hoe and roll Wheat,
Sow
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. "^i,
Sow all the forts of Rouncival and Grey
Peas, for the full crop, in the open fields ; and
thofe Peas which were fown in the former
months, and are come up, fliould be gently
earthed, and the ground hoed between them,
in dry weather.
This month is the proper feafon for fow-
ing of Carrots in the open fields 5 the roots
of which are defigned for feeding of (Iieep,
deer, Gfc. which is now much pradifed by
fome of the moft knowing farmers for (heep ;
for one acre of Carrots will fatten more iTieep,
than three acres of Turneps; and by fkilful
gentlemen as a winter pabulum for deer and
horfes, for as the Carrots are fown in the
fpring, fo they are not liable to the accident
of being defliroyed by the fly, as is the cafe of
Turneps, which renders them a more certain
crop.
PrcduBs of the K i x c h e n-G a r d e n.
Winter Spinach in great plenty, fome Cab-
bages and Savoys are yet remaining ; Sprouts
from the ftalks of Cabbages and Savoys in prreat
plenty, and very good ; Broccoli, Coleworts,
' Borecole, Red Beets, Chard Beets, Cardoons,
' Carrots, Parfneps, Turneps, Potatoes, Jerufalern
G 2 Arti-
84 The Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
Aritchokes, Celery, Endive, and all forts of
young fallet heibs; and, upon the hot- beds,
Cucumbers, Aiparagus, Peas, Kidney Beans,
Purflane, &c. You have alfo, on warm bor-
ders, Mint, Tarragon, Tanfey, and Clary,
with Sage, Parfley, Marigolds, Burnet, Sorrel,
Hyffop, Winter Savory, P.ofemary, Baum, and
other kinds of pot herbs.
Work to he done in the F r u i t-G a r d e n.
The beginning of this month you mud finifli
pruning all the tender forts of fruit-trees, as
Peaches, Apricots, Nedarines, ^c, for their
buds, by this time, (if the fpring has been
mild) will be very turgid, and in danger of be-
ing rubbed off, in nailing the branches. When
you have finiflied the pruning and nailing of
the trees, the ground fliould be dug about
their roots to loofen it, and deftroy the weeds.
A.nd when the trees are in bloffom, if the
weather fhould prove very iliarp, and the
nights frofty, it will be proper to cover them
with mats, canvas, or reeds, to guard them
f;cm the inclemency of weather, but thefe
coverings Hiould be taken off at ail times when
the weather is mild, otherwife they will force
out the fnoots too foon, and render the blof-
foms
Mar. ^h^ Garde?: ers Kakndar. 85
foms fo weak, that the Icart: inclement wea-
ther will deflroy them 5 it v/il! alio be proper,
in very dry feafons, to fprinkle fome water gent-
ly over the branches of fruit-trees, efpecially ia
mild weather J which will ftrengthen the blof-
foms, forward the fruit, and alfo be of great
fervice to the trees, but this muft be performed
with great caution.
You may yet tranfplant fruit trees upon a
moift foil ; but if your ground be not ready
before the middle of the month to receive them,
it will be proper to take them up, and prune
their roots, and then lay them in the ground,
covering their roots and ftems with litter, to
prevent their being dried by the fun and wind :
this will retard their fhooting, and their roots
will be prepared for pufhing, by which method
there will be little danger of their fucceeding 5
provided they are duly watered in dry weather,
and the furface of the ground about their roots
covered with mulch, to prevent the fun and
air from penetrating to the roots of the trees.
This is the principal month for grafting
moft forts of fruit trees, beginning with the
early kinds, that is, fuch as come firft out in
bloffom, and ending with Apples, which are
fome of the latefl in coming out \ but this mud
G 3 bs
86 The Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
be performed earlier or later, according to the
feafon.
Cut off the heads of thofe flocks which
were inoculated the laft fummer, leaving about
four inches above the bud to attradt the fap,
and, if need be, to fallen the fhoot to, to pre-
vent their being blown out of the flock after
they have made fhoots and are covered with
leaves ; after this is done, the ground between
the trees fhould be dug to bury the weeds, aud
loofen it, for the roots of the plants to find
nourifhment.
Drefs and frefh earth your beds of Straw-
berries, pulling off their firings, and clearing
them from weeds, which will caufe them to
produce a great quantity of fruit; and dig be-
tween the rows of Rafpberries (where it was
not before done) to make the ground clean,^
and loofen it, that the roots of the plants may
penetrate the better into it.
Your fruit trees which were planted the laft
autumn, with their heads entire, fhould now
be headed down to three or four eyes ; in do-
ing of v^hich, you mufl be very careful not to
diiturb their roots : to prevent which, you
fhould place your foot clofe to the ftem of the
tree, and hold the lower part of the flock faft
with your left hand, while, with a Oiarp knife
5 in
Mar* The Gardeners Kaleiidar. Sy
in your right hand, you cut off the head.
You fliould alfo cover the ground about the
roots of new planted trees carefully with mulch,
or rather with feme green fwards taken from a
common or pafture, turning the grafs down- '
ward, which will prevent the fun and wind
from penetrating the ground to the roots of the
trees, the neglect of which has deftroyed many
new- planted trees.
Thofe trees which were grafted the former
fpring, and are yet remaining in the nurfery,
fhould be fhortened to four or five eyes, that
they may be furnifhed with lateral branches
near the ground -, othewife they will run up
tall, and become naked at bottom ; but this is
chiefly to be underftood of dwarf trees.
Dig and clear the ground between your
GoofeberriesandCurrants, which willftrengthen
their bloflbms, encourage the trees, and add a
neatnefs to the place.
Fruits in Primes or yet lajling.
Pears; Bergamot Bugi, Saint Martial,
Winter Boncretien, Double Fleur, Royal
d'Hyver, Bezy de Chaumontelle, L'Amo-
zelle ; and, for baking, the Cadillac^ Parkin-
G 4 fon's
88 The Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
fon's Warden, Union or Pickering, with fome
others.
Apples; Loan's Pearmain, Nonpareil, Golden
Ruffet, Pile's Ruffet, Wheeler's Ruffet, Kent-
ifli Pippin, Holland Pippin, French Pippin,
Pomme d'Api, Stone Pippin, John Apple,
with fome others.
TFork to be done m the Flower-Gar den.
In this month you may tranfplant mofi: forts
of fibrous-rooted plants; as Carnations, Pinks,
Sweet Williams, Rofe Campions, Lych-
nifes. Thrift, Afters, Golden-rods, Perennial
Sunflowers, Canterbury Bells, Peach-leaved
Bell-flower, French Honeyfuckles, Daifies,
Buphthalmums, Leucanthemums, Chryfanthe-
mums, perennial Sunflowers, the hardy forts
of Geranium, Speedwell, Columbines, Hiera-
ciums, Hepaticas, Fraxinellas, Ragged Robin,
Wholefome Woolfsbane, with many other forts;
though if the foil be dry, it would have been
better if done in the autumn, becaufe they
would have taken root in the ground, and fo
be better enabled to refift the drought, and alfo
to produce a greater quantity of flowers.
Stir the earth of your borders, and beds of
flowers, which were planted in the autumn
with
Mar. T^he Gardeners Kakndar, 8g
with a narrow trowel ; being very careful, in
doing of this, not to injure the roots, nor the
flower buds, which now begin to appear ; this
will prevent the grov/th of weeds, and, when
raked over fmooth, will render the beds more
agreeable to the eye.
Your choice Hyacinths, Anemonies, Ranun-
culufes, and Tulips, will now begin to (hew
their flower buds, when they fhould be care-
fully covered with mats or canvas in bad wea-
ther ; for, at this feafon, the nights are often
frofty, and if thefe flowers are expofed to the
cold, their buds are frequently pinched, fo that
they will not open fo fair as thofe Vv'hich are
proteded. At this time, there (hould be fmall
flicks put dov/n by the roots of the fine Hya-
cinths, to v/hich their flems (hould be faftened
to fupport them ; otherwife thofe with double
flowers, being very heavy, will bear down the
{talks, and fpoil their beauty.
Plant fome rcots of common double Ane-
monies to flower late, after thofe which were
planted in autumn are pad 3 and if the feafon
fhould prove dry, refrefli them now and then
with water, otherwife thsy will not fucceed
well.
The boxes and pots with feedling Auriculas
fliould nov/ be placed in a fhady fituation ; for
tlie
go TI)e Gardeners Kalendar. Mar,
the plants will begin to appear^ and if they are
expofed to the full fun but one day, while they
are young, it will deflroy moft of them : you
inuft alfo refreih them with water in dry wea-
ther, but give it them very gently, left you
wafli them out of the ground.
Your pots of choice Auriculas muft now
be taken care of, to protedt them from blight-
ing winds and frofty nights, which will other-
wife pinch their flower buds, and fpoil their
blowing : you muft alfo refrefh them now and
then with water in dry weather, but do not let
the wet get into the center of the plants, left it
injure the flower ftems.
Dig up the ground in your v^ildernefs quar-
ters, and between flowering fhrubs, If it hath
not been done the former month : this will
loofen the ground, and encourage the flirubs to
flower ftrongly, and render the place free from
weeds ; for neatnefs is always to be defired in
every part of a garden : but in doing of this,
there ftiould be great care taken not to cut or
injure the roots of fuch flowers as are planted
between the trees and fhrubs.
Give freih earth to the Carnations which
were planted out for good in the autumn,
which muft be done by taking part of the earth
out of the potSj being careful not to diftrub
their
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendg^r. 91
their roots, and then fill up the pots with freQi
earth, and pick off decayed leaves ; this will
greatly ftrengthen them for flowering.
Your pots of double Rofe Campions, Cam-
panulas,. Scarlet Lychniles, &c, which were
alfo planted in the autumn, fliould have all
dead leaves and filth carefully taken from them,
and the earth on the top of the pots taken out,
the pots refilled with frefh rich earth, in which
care mufl: be taken not to let the earth in be-
tween the leaves fo as to bury any part of them^
where this is properly done, it will ftrengthen
the plants greatly for flowering.
Clean the flower beds and borders of weeds,
and gently fl:ir the furface of the ground, to
clear oft Mofs, &c. This will add a neatnefs,
and be of great fervice to the flowers.
Towards the latter end of this month, you
may fow the feeds of all hardy annual flowers
in the borders of the pleafure-garden 3 fuch as
Flos Adonis, Venus Look-glafs, Venus Na-
velwort, Svi^eet-fcented Peas, Tangier Peas,
Lobel's Catchfly^ Large Double Poppy, Dwarf
Lychnis, Dwarf Annual Stock, Candy Tuft,
Lavateras, Hibifcus Trionum of three forts.
Convolvulus Minor, Convolvulus Major, Sweet
Sultans, Annual Sunflower, Naflurtium Indi-
cum, Dwarf Poppy, Dracocephalumof feveral
forts,
92 l*he Gardefiers Kalendar. Mar.
fortSj Hieraciums, Nigella, Sweet Scabious, Cat-
terpillar plant, Snail plant, with many others.
The befl method is to fow the feeds thin In lit-
tle patches, where they are to remain 5 and
where the plants come up too thick, they (hould
be thinned, leaving but few in each patch, ac-
cording to the fize of their growth, for thefe
forts do not fucceed fo well when they are
tranfplanted.
You may now^ fow the feeds of many kinds
of biennial and perennial plants in your flower-
nurfery, to fupply the borders of the flower-
garden the following year; as Columbines,
Canterbury Bells, French Honeyfuckles, Stock-
gilliflowers. Wall-flowers, Sweet Williams,
Pinks, Tree Primrofe, Greek Valerian, Pyra-
midal Campanula, Single Scarlet Lychnis, Sin-
gle Rofe Campion, Single Catchfly, Veronicas,
Catananche with blue flowers, perennial Lark-
fpur, Gaura, Scrophularia, Garden Valerian,
with fome others. Upon a moderate hot-bed
you may now fow the feeds of Marvel of Peru,
French Marigold, Female Balfamine, African
Marigold, Convolvulus Major, Capficums,
Stramoniums, Indian Pink, Sweet Sultan, Po-
mum Amoris, or Love Apple, Tree Amaran-
thus, Purple Amaranthus, or Love-lies-a-
bleeding, and many other forts, which are in-
difi'ercnt
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. 93
different hardy, but require warmth to brliag
them forward in the fpring ; yet if fown too
early, are apt to grow too large before the fea-
fon will be favourable enough to tranfplant
them abroad.
Make frefli hot-beds for your choice forts
of annual plants, which were fown the former
month, and let the earth upon thefe beds be
very good, for otherwife your plants will not
thrive well. When the heat of the bed is mo-
derate, the plants fhould be placed into them,
allowing them proper diftances to grow 5 and
obferve to fhade them in the day time from the
fun, until they have taken new root, and to re-
fre(h them with v/ater, as they fliall require ^
by which method your Amaranthufes, and
other forts of curious annuals, may be brought
to a large fize.
Toward the end of the month if the feafon
be mild and inclinable to wet, youmav tranf-
plant mod forts of Evergreens, as Hollies,
Yews, Phillyreas, Alaternufes, Bays, Mag-
nolias, Cyprefs, Cedar of Libanus, Evergreen
Caffine, Cidufes of all forts, Moontrefoil,
American Junipers, Evergreen Oak, Cork Tree,
^c. with many other kinds of cxotick trees,
obferving to cover the furface of the ground
with mulch after they are planted^ to prevent
the
94 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
the fun and wind from penetrating the ground,
and drying their roots ; but if this month be
cold, and north or eaft winds reign, with dry-
weather, it will be better to wait till the begin-
ning of next month, when the feafon may be
more favourable.
In this month the feeds of the Arbutus or
Strawberry tree may be fown on a moderate
hot-bed, which will greatly forward its growth,
provided the bed is duly watered and fiiaded
from the fun in the heat of the day.
You may now fow the feeds of Firs, Pines,
Bays, Cedars, Alaternufes, Phillyreas, and
other evergreen or hardy exotick trees, in fuch
places where they may be expofed only to the
morning fun 5 obferving, if the place is w^et,
to raife the borders fo much above the level of
the ground, as not to have any water remain
near the furface, as alfo to cover the feeds with
light earth ; but if the feeds of mofl: of thefe
forts of trees are fown upon a very moderate
hot-bed, it will be a more fure method of raif-
ing the plants, and it will greatly forward their
growth. But there muft be great care taken
when the plants appear, to admit the free air
to them at all times in favourable weather,
otherwife tbey will drav/ up weak, and come
to little.
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. 95
Plants now in Flower in the Pleasure-
Garden.
Crocufes of various forts, Double Snowdrop,
large early Snowdrop, feveral forts of Nar-
ciflufes, Perfian Iris, Double Pilewort, Daffo-
dils of feveral forts, Spring Cyclamen, Early
Tulips, Crown Imperials, Hyacinths of feve-
ral Sorts, Fennel-leaved Perennial Adonis,
fome Anemonies, Violets, Hepaticas, Wall-
flowers, AlyfToa, Perennial Fumitary, Prim-
rofes, Polyanthufes, Daifies, Dogs-tooth Vio-
let, Mufcari, Hollow-root, Hermbdaftyl,
Spring Colchicum, Auriculas, Hearts-eafe or
Panfies, Rofe-root, Wood Anemonies, Hel-
lebores, Perennial Navelwort, Blue Moun-
tain Saxifrage, Spanifh White Sedum, Vene-
tian Vetch, Yellow Star Flower, Eaftern Lung-
wort, Borage of Conftantinople, with fome
others.
Ha?'-dy Trees and Sbruhs now in Flower,
Almond trees. Cherry Plum, Mezereons,
Spurge-laurel, Lauruftinus, Spanifh Travel-
lers-joy, Siberian Clematis, Cornelian Cherry,
Benjamin tree, Willow-leaved Sea Buckthorn,
Upright Honeyfuckle, Scarlet flowering Ma-
ple,
g6 The Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
pie, Norway Maple, Laurel or Cherry Bay,
Larch tree. Manna Afli, Siberian Cytifus, with
fome others.
Medicinal Plants which may now be
gathered for Ufe,
Brooklime, Elder buds, Nettle tops. Colts-
foot flowers, Noble Liverwort, Primrofe, Vio-
let, Rue-leaved Whitlow-grafs, Water-crefs,
and, toward the end of the month, the Pop-
lar buds.
Work to be done in the Nursery.
In this month you (liould fow the feeds of
Evergreens, fuch as Firs, Pines, Evergreen
Oaks, Cedar of Libanus, Cyprefs, Juniper, Bays,
and fome other forts ; as alfo of feveral other
hardy exotick trees, as the three thorned Acacia
from Virginia, Perfimon, Liquid ^mber, Vir-
ginia Walnuts, Hickery Nuts, Octidental and
Oriental Plane trees, Saflafras, Virginia Dog-
wood, Larch tree, Arbor Judae, American
Cyprefs, Black Haw, all the forts of Medlar,
Lazaroles, Chinquapin, Tulip tree, Baftard
Acacia, Piftachia nuts, and fome other forts,
6 the
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. 97
the method of fovving each fort is fully inferted
in the Gardeners Dictionary.
You may now tranfplant moft forts of ever-
greens and exotlck trees, provided the feafon
proves favourable; otherwife you had better
defer it until the beginning of the next month,
always obferving to do it when the wind is
fouthwardly, and when there is a profpedl of
fome rain in a fliort time 5 for if it fliould prove
dry weather, and the wind eaftwardly, it would
not be fafe to tranfplant them. This work
Ihould be deferred till toward the end of the
month, for fear the (liarp eaftwardly winds with
frofty nights (hould return after this is per-
formed, which would endanger the plants.
This is the feafon for planting cuttings of
feveral forts of exotick trees and fhrubs, which
generally fucceed beft, when they are planted
juft before they begin to fhoot ; but if the fea-
fon fliould prove dry, they muft be frequently
watered, and the furface of the ground cover-
ed with mofs or mulch, to prevent the fun and
air from penetrating deep into the ground,
which is apt to deftroy fuch plants as arc not
well rooted.
Graft all forts of fruit trees in this month ^
and toward the latter end you may graft Hol-
lies, and inaxch any of the hardy exotick trees
H and
9 8 TkeGdrBeners Kalendar. Mar.
and flirubs ; in the doing of which, you fliould
be careful to clay them well > for if the air or
wet gets into the cleft part of the ftbcks, it
will prevent the grafts from uniting with
them.
Continue to dig between your young trees,
where it was not done in the former months,
that your ground may be ftirred, and made
clean, before the trees begin to^fhoot, which
will not only render the nurfery neat, but be
of great fervice to the growth of the trees.
The end of this month you fhould plant
cuttings of vines, obferving to lay them in the
ground to the uppcrmoll eye, fo that no part
of the cutting may appear above ground. If
this be duly obferved, and fuch cuttings only
chofen which have a knot of the former year's
wood at their bottom, there will be no danger
of their rooting;. ' ^ ^^ ■
Stake and tie up fuch plants as' yoif are de-
firous to have with ftrait (terns j for if youne-
gle(£l this when the plants aix young, it cannot
be fo well performed after their ftems arc
grown large and woody. '^' ^niwoao^ ^r:
At this feafon many of the tr^^^ 'oh^'j jfhfu'lbs,
whofe feeds were fown in auturhn,- or the for-'
mer fpring, will begin to appear, therefore they
ihould be carefully weeded ; and if the feafon
fhould
Mar. The Gardeners Kakndar. 99
(hould prove very dry, they fhould have a lit-
tle v^ater once a v^eek, and be guarded againft
birds, mice, moles, hares, rabbets, and other
vermin, which if expofed to, may in a fiiort time
be entirely deftroyed. And if the nights fhould
prove frofty, all the beds in which the young
feedling plants are come up Ihouid be carefully
covered, otherwife the froft will nip off the
plants which are juft peeping out of the ground;
or by loofening the earth, their roots will be
turned out of the ground : at this time the
Common and Swedifh Juniper, Holly, Yew,
Virginia and Carolina Cedars, American Dog-
wood, Saffafras, and other hard feeded plants,
which were fown the laft year, will begin to
appear i therefore they (hould be diligently
looked after, to prevent their being injured by
frofts, or fharp eaftwardly winds. Such of thefe
as were fown in pots, may be now placed on a
moderate hot-bed, which will forward theic
coming up, and by being pufhed a little in the
fpring, the piants Vv'ill get ftrong by the au-
tumn, fo will be better able to ftand through
the following winter. And fuch of thefe
plants as came up the laft year, and require to
be tranfplanted, fiiould at this feafon be fepa-
rated and each planted in a fmall pot, placing
them on a moderate hot-bed which if it is
H 2 arched
I0O The Gardeners Kalendar. Mar,
arched over with hoops, and covered with
mats will be fufficient for thofe hardier forts of
plants, as the fpring will foon advance, and by
this method they .will be greatly forwarded in
their growth*,^ v/^/ .,.
Work iQ he done in the Green-House
and Stove.
Water your Orange trees, Myrtles, Bays,
Amomum Plinii, and other lefs tender exotick
trees, frequently, but do not give it to them
too plentifully y and begin to inure them to the
air by degrees, opening the glaffes whenever
the air is foft and mild ^ but in cold days, or
when the air is (harp, it fliould not be too
plentifully admitted to them^ for by being
made tender in the houfe, a little {harp air will
be prejudicial to them, until they are become
fomewhat hardier.
Wafli and cleanfe the leaves and ftems of
Orange trees from the filth which they have
contraded, during their confinement in the
houfe I and thofe which do not require to be
flilfted, (liould have the earth taken out from,
the upper part of the tubs or pots, filling them
again with frefli rich earth, which will ftreng-
then
Mar. Tljc Gardeners Kalendar. i o i
then them greatly, and prepare them for
flowering.'^-'^^^ ^^^^^-^ -^ ^n^i-)-
Toward the end of this month (if the wea-
ther is favourable) you may take out your tubs
of Bays, Lauruftinufes, Tree Wormwood, Cif-
tus, and other hardy kinds, placing them near
an hedge, in a fituation where they may be
well defended from cold w^inds^ and this will
thin the houfe of plants, and give room to
thofe that remain, to have a greater fliare of
free air \ but this mud: be underftood if the fea-
fon is very mild, ctherwife it mull be deferred
till next month.
If any of your Orange trees have decayed
heads they (hould now be fliifted, and their
heads pruned clofe, and placed upon a hot-
bed of tanners bark, to force them out again 5
treating them in the manner directed in the for-
mer month.
You may alfo head down fuch Myrtles,
Bays, and other of the hardy kinds of exoticks,
as have ragged or decayed heads, obferving to
place them on a very moderate hot-bed, jufi: to
make them pufli again, but after they have made
(hoots, they fhould have as much free air as
poffible in warm weather, to harden the young
branches. ■" ^^ this method you may renew
their headS; v/hicb, with fkilful pruning, may
H3 be
102 The Gardeners Kahndar. Mar.
be reduced into good order again, and the trees
be rendered beautiful.
The beginning of this month, fow th@
kernels of Oranges, Lemons, and Citrons,
for flocks to bud the feveral kinds of thofe
fruits upon ; if thefe are taken from rot-
ten fruits which had been fully ripe, they are
better than thofe from found ones, provided the
kernels are not decayed ; thefe iliould be fown
in pots, and plunged into moderate hot-beds
of tanners bark, refrefhing them often with
water, which will bring them on prodigioufly 5
but, in very hot weather, the glafles fhould be
covered with mats, during the heat of the day.
The feeds of Amomum Plinii, or Winter
Cherry, may now be fown in pots, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed ; and when the plants
are come up three or four inches high, they
may be tranfplanted into feparate pots, and put
into another hot-bed : thefe plants may be
brought fo forward, as to have plenty of fruit
by the next winter, if they are fown the be-
ginning of this month.
Make fome hot-beds of tanners bark, in
order to tranfplant fach tender exotick plants as
are come up from the feeds fown the former
month ; and, when the beds are in due order,
fome fmall pots fliould be filled with freflb rich
earth, and plunged into the bed, that the earth
may
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. 103
may warm before the plants are placed
therein 3 which fhould be done in a day or two
after the pots are plunged, otherwife the earth
will become too dry when the plants are plant-
ed 5 thefe muft be gently watered after they are
planted, and the glafles (haded until they have
taken root i after which they iliould be fre-
quently refreshed with water, and the air muft
be let into the beds proponionably to the
warmth ofthefeafon.
The fires in the ftoves fliould now be abat-
ed 3 but this muft be done with difcretion ac-
cording as the weather increafes in vv^armth.
Thofe Ananas or Pine apples, which have
been in a dry ftove during the winter feafon,
fhould now be removed into bark-beds ; there-
fore, if the beds were not prepared to receive
them, it fl^ould be no longer delayed than the
beginning of this month, for the blolToms of
the fruit will now begin to appear ; and if the
plants are checked at that time, their fruit is
feldom fo fair, nor fo early ripe ; and thofe
plants v/hich have been in tan all the winter,
the beds ihould now be refreftied with fome
n^w tan to renew their heat.
Si\x up the bark-beds in the ftove which are
filled with tender exotick plants, adding fome
frefli tan to renew their heat 5 and clean the
H 4 leaves
I04 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. Mar.
leaves of the Coffee trees, and other woody
plants, from the filth they may have contra<3:-*iA
cd; picking off all decayed leaves, which, iftq
fufferedto remain on, injure the plants^ and oc-
calion an unfightly appearance.
P)ants in Flower in the G r e e n-H o u s e
and Stove,-
Mefembryanthemiof fevcral forts, Uex-leavcd
Lantana, Spanifli Jafmine,Hermania with Alder
leaves, as alfo with Marfhmallow leaves, Arc-
totufes of two or three kinds, African flirubby -
Polygala, Aleppo Cyclamens, Geraniums of
feveral forts. Shrubby Senecio with fucculent
leaveSj Aloes of feveral forts, Coronilla Cretica,
African tree Houfleek, Pancratium, Turnera,
Cotyledon with a broad cut leaf, Cytifus hirfu-
tus, Shrubby St. Johnfwort of Minorca. Afri-
can Grafs leaved Marygold, Lycium with nar-
row leaves, Canary Campanula, African Flea-
bane with a Sage leaf, Ciftufes of feveral forts,
Caffia of two or three kinds, Medicago ar-
borefcens, Crinums, Coffee tree, Jacobaea with
purple flowers, Tithymals of feveral forts,
Teucrium Baeticum, Phylica, Chryfocoma, Cy-
tifus from the Canaries, Ornithogalums from
the Cape of Good Plope of two or thee forts,
three
Mar. The Gardeners Kalendar. 105
three or four forts of Ixia, Cunonia, Watfonia,
Antholyza, African Wood Sorrel with large
purple flowers, and that fort with large yellow
flowers, Tree Scabious, Shrubby African Ma-
rigold, Othonna with cut leaves, African Shrub-
by Tanfies, Shrubby Candy Tuft, Shrubby
African Starwort, Indian Canna, Celaftrus,
Malpighias, Smallcreeping Cereus with crimfon
flowers. Purple Lotus, Euphorbiums, Tetra-
gonia with trailing branches, Amaryllis of two
or three forts, two forts of Jufticia, African Cal-
ls, Gladiolus from the Cape of Good Hope,
African Bermudiana, Morea, Sifyrinchiums,
Carolina Coral tree, with fome others.
ion if 1^1 l^o "^o^^'^n
!>BDiboM ^abniA
-. '^;9Gdoafi|^ t^^lJ 3^/i:, ..
rinoDol^fidO ,r.jr^vr^''-I ,fnuDiJ3;9 friuiiouaT
a-Bgod :6r^ eiTti;
APRIL.
Cio6]
B^^^4^>^(
A
R I L.
I^ork to be dvne in the K i t c h e n-
Garden.
N the beginning of this month,
you muft prepare your dung by
throwing it up in heaps to mix and
warm, fo as to be fit for ufe by the
middle of the month 5 to make ridges for Me-
lons and Cucumbers, which are to be covered
,^,with bell or hand glaffes; and as this bufinefs
may be continued to the end of the month,
where large quantities are required, fo a fort-
night after fome more dung (hould be mixed
in heaps for this purpofer^burt'thofe beds
£_which are made late in the month need not
have fo much dung in thend as the early
^^^^rifss.^ The middle of this month is a proper
- time to plant out the Melons which are to be
^ laifed under paper. In making of thefe ridges,
if
Apr. The Gardeners Kale7idar. 107
if the ground is dry, the dung (hould lie but
half a foot higher than the furface of the
ground; and the earth fhould be laid at leaft a
foot and half thick upon the dung, that the
Melon plants may have depth enough to root.
Where this is praftifed, the plants will require
no water after they are well rooted 5 and here-
by a good crop of the choicer forts of Melons
may be always obtained ; which, in the com-
mon method, generally mifcarry, or produce
but few fruit 5 but in wet land the ridges fliould
be raifed above the level of the ground, that the
dung may not have fo much wet as to chill it,
whereby the plants are often deftroyed, when
this care is not taken. But the alleys between
thefe beds {hould be afterward raifed with dung
and earth to the level of the beds, that the
roots may have room to extend on each fide,
for the roots of thefe plants fpread as far in
the ground,, as their branches extend on the
)g^ . You may ftill fow Sweet IVlarjoram, Thyme,
Summer Savory, and other aromatick plants ;
the firft of which does not fucceed if it is fown
too early, efpecially if the fpring is cold and
Plant Kidney Beans the beginning of the
month in a warm lituation, and in dry wea-
ther.
loS The Gardeners Kalendar. Apr.
thcr, for much wet will deftroy the feeds in
the ground ; you may now fow Purflane upon
warm borderSy' to come after that on the hot-
bed is gone. i^^tJ
Continue to' hoe your crops of Radiflies,
Carrots, Parfneps, Onions, Leeks, ©"r. thinning
them out to proper diftances \ and cut down
all the weeds among them : this (Tiould always
be done in dry weather, that the weeds may
be deftroyed. This ftirring of the ground be-
tween the plants will be of great fervice to pro-
mote their growth, • and the ground will be
hereby preferved clean from weeds, and by re-
peating it three times may be kept fo till the
crops are fit for ufe.
In moift weather, plant flips or cuttings of
Sage, Rofemary, Rue, Savory, Maflich, Thyme,
Lavender, Stoechas, Lavender Cotton, and
other aromatick plants > for, at this feafon, they ^
take root very freely, efpecially if they are
ihaded from the fun, and duly watered.
Plant Garden Beans for a latter crop, and
continue fowing the Marrow- fat and other
large kinds of Peas, to fucceed thofe which
were fown in the former month; and alfo fome
of the Hotfpur Peas fliould now be fown, at
three different times in this month, to have a
fucceflion of them for the beft table.
You
Apr. Tloe Gardeners Kahndar. 109
You may yet flip Artichokes and plant fuch
©f them as are good for a late crop upon a moift
foil \ but if the foil is dry, they will not produce
fo large heads, nor fo furely bear fruit the firft
feafon as thofe which were planted the laft
month. In the middle of this month plant out
thofe Cauliflower plants, which were raifed in
February for a latter crop. Thefe fliould have
a moift foil, for in dry land if the feafon does
not prove wet they feldom produce good heads.
Continue to fow all forts of young fallet
herbs, as Radilh, Rape, Turnep, Muftard, Cifr.
at leaft twice every week ; for at this feafon they
will foon be too large for ufe; but as the heat
of the feafon increafes, thefe feeds fhould be
fown in a more fhady fituation j for in fummer
they thrive beft on a north border.
Sow fome Cos, Cilicia, and other kinds of
large Lettuces, to fucceed thofe which were
fown the former month ; but thefe alfo fhould
be planted out on a moift foil, otherwife (if the
fummer fliould prove dry] ^ they. ^^illfliQQt,i|p
forfeed, and not cabbage. - -, -
Tranfplant pur young Celery plants into ;
bed^ of.rich earth at about three inches dif-...
tance each way, obfervlng to water them .duly
until they have taken root ; but in doing of thi$,i-,
you ftould not draw up all the plauts clem Of^t ^
no Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. Apr.
of the feed bed, but only thin them, taking out
the large ones, and leaving the fmaller plants to
get ftrength.3oql f.
Hoe the ground between your rows of Beans
and Peas, and draw the earth up to their ftems,
v/hich will ftrengthen them^ for by clearing
the ground from weeds, the pj ants will thrive
better. ■,-OQt^07'»?^^ .it^JT^'' \y eJh'^e* ':.
After a (hower of rain, draw the earth up
to the ftems of your Cabbage and Cauliflower
plants, which were planted either in autumn,
or early in the fpring. This is abfolutely ne-
cefTary, to guard their ftems from the fun and
wind, which dry and harden them ; but in do-
ing of this there ftiould be great care taken not
to draw the earth up into their hearts, which
will deftrov them. • ^ai; .u. .in^^i^' '■'
Be careful to deftroy fnailsaiidflugs, which,
at this feafon, are invited abroad by gentle
fhowers of rain, when they may be eafily
taken ; for if they are fufFered to remain, they
will fopn increafe greatly, and become very
troublefome and deftrudiveto many of your
crops.- -y-' - -..r.,: ^'r:\L^. l^.z 2Z^-^ ■
If the nights prove cbld>vyQd muft be care-
ful to cover the glaffes over your early Cucum-
bers and Mclops; for the young fruit is very
finm -"h^-^ h^^^ fubje(^
5
Apr. The Gardeners Kakndar. 1 1 1
fubjedl to drop off where the beds are grown
cool, or proper coverings are wanting.
Sow Turneps on a moift fpot of ground,
to fucceed thofe which were fown the laft
month J thofe which were then fowed ftiould
BOW be hoed out to a proper diftance, cutting
up all the weeds between them.
Your beds of Mint, Tarragon, Parfley, &c.
fhould now be carefully weeded ; for if the
weeds are permitted to get above the plants, at
this feafon, they will draw them up weak, and
fpoil them: and if the feafon fhould prove dry,
the beds fliould be watered, which will greatly
promote the growth of the plants.
You may now plant cuttings or flips of Mint,
Tarragon, &c, to make new beds where they
arc wanted, for the old plants are apt to decay,
after they have flood two or three years.
Tranfplant fome of your Cilicia, Cofs, and
other large kinds of Lettuces, which were fown
on a moderate hot-bed in February, obferving
to water them if the weather proves dry, until
they have taken new root... w l
The Cabbages and Savoys, tvhich were fown
the laft month, (hould now be thinned and
pricked out into beds, that they may acquire
ftrength before they are tranfplanted out for
good ; and the feed-beds muft be weeded,
to
112 Hoe Gardeners Kakndar. Apr.
to prevent thofe plants which are left remain-
ing in the feed-beds from being drawn up tall
and weak, by the weeds growing among them.
You fhould now fow feme Savoy and Cabbage
feed for the lateft crop, to fucceed thofe which
were fown the former month.
Sow Hemp and Flax, and pole Hops; at
the fame time you fhould clear your Hop
ground from weeds, and make up the hills :
you may alfo fow fome late Rouncival, and
large Grey Peas, in the open fields, for winter
provifion, if the ground is cool and moift.
The latter end of this month you fhould look
over your Artichokes, and draw out all the
young plants which have been produced fince
the flocks were flipt ; for if thefe are per-
mitted to remain on the old roots they will rob
the plants, which are left for fruit, of their
nourifhment, and caufe the fruit to be fmall.
Some of the beft of thefe plants may be trim-
med and planted, where there are any wanted
to repair a young plantation -, but as thefe late
plants rarely produce fruit the firft year,
they are feldom planted, except there be great
want of them.
Sow fome more Celery feed about the mid-
dle of this month, to fucceed that which was
fown the former month \ but this fhould be
6 fown
Apr. The Gardeners Kalendar. 113
fown on a moift fpot of ground, and in dry
Weather carefully watered and fliaded from the
fun, otherwife it will not come up.
You muft alfo fow fome Finnochia feed, to
fucceed that which was before fown ^ for when
it is fit for ufe, it will not continue more than
eighteen or twenty days before it will run to
feed ; fo that there is an abfolute neceffity of
having a fucceffion where this herb is required.
Keep all young crops clean from weeds j
for if, at this feafon, that work is negledted, it
will require much more labour afterwards, be*
fide if weeds are permitted to grow among the
young plants, the crops will be greatly injured
by them.
Produ6ls of the K i t c h e n-G a r d e n.
Sprouts of Broccoli, Cabbages, and Savoys,
are now very good, if they are gathered be-
fore they run up to feed. The young fhcots
of Turneps and Hop tops, are often eaten when
there is a fcarcity of other greens, all forts of
young Sallet herbs, Spinach, Radiilies, Afpa-
ragus, Cole worts, Parfley, Alifanders, Chtird
beet, fome late Celery, and Endive, i"i rnoift
ground ; Sorrel, Burnet, Thyme, HyiTcp,
Winter Savory, Pot«Marjoram j Brown Dutch,
I and
114 22^ Gardeiters Kale?tdar. Apr.
and Cabbage Lettuces, in warm borders ; alfo
fome Cos Lettuce, where they have efcaped
the froft, will be fit for ufe toward the end of
the month ; Chervil, young Onions, Leeks,
Gives, Scallions, Rocambole, Borage, Sage,
Rofemary, and fome Parfneps and Carrots,
where they have been preferved in fand;
for where they have remained in the ground,
thofe which are found will have fprouted, after
v^^hich their roots will become flicky and tough.
Young Carrots, which were fown in autumn,
are now in prime ; and the young {hoots of Sal-
fafy or Tragopogon, which is by fome perfons
preferred to Afparagus. Upon the hot-beds^
Cucumbers, Peas, Kidney-Beans, andPurllane;
and, toward the end of the month, you have
often Peas on warm borders where thev have
efcaped the froft, and fome early Cabbages,
Work to be done in the F r u i t-G a r d e n.
In the beginning of tiiis month you may
graft fome late kinds of fruit, provided the
feafon be backward \ but if the fpring is for-
ward, it will be too late for this work, for if
the Cions have pufhed out leaves, they feldom
unite with the flocks.
Look
Apt. The Gardeners Kakiidar. 115
Look carefully to your young fruit trees
which were planted in the fpring, obferv-
ing to water them in dry weather; and, if you
obferve their leaves beginning to curl up, you
fliould water them gently all over their
branches: this may alfo be pradifed to great
advantage on old trees, when you find their
leaves are curling ; but it mufl not be done in
the heat of the day, left the fun fhould fcorch
their leaves -, nor too late in the evening, efpe-
cially if the nights are cold. Where you ob-
ferve the fruit trees to be greatly infefled with
infecls, you fhould fteep a good quantity of
Tobacco ftalks in water, with which the
trees (hould be waflied \ which, if carefully
done, will deftroy the infefe, and not do
any injury to the trees ; or if the leaves which
are much curled are taken off, and feme To-
bacco duft thrown on the branches, it will de-
ftroy the infeds, and may in a day or two after
be waihed off again.
Thofe fruit trees which were inoculated the
laft fummer, and have fucceeded, fljould hava
the ftocks cut down to three or four inches a-
bove the bud the beginning of the month (if it
was not done the former month) ; for now the
buds will begin to llioot if the ftocks are cut
down in time, otherwife the buds mifcarry or
I 2 if
1 1 6 T'he Ga?^deners Kahndar. Apr.
if they do break out, are fo much weakened
by the growth of the flocks, as to render the
fhoots of the buds very weak.
Toward the end of this month you muft
be<nn to look over your walls and efpaliers of
fruit trees, training in the regular kindly {hoots,
and difplacing all foreright and luxuriant ones,
where they are produced. This is alfo the
time for thinning of Apricots, where they are
too thick ; for the fooner this is done, the better
thofe will thrive which are left on.
Plant cuttings of Vines in the places where
they are to remain, obferving always to have a
knot of the old wood to the bottom of each,
and bury them fo deep in the ground, as that
the uppermoft eye may be even with the fur-
face of the ground ; if this be rightly obferved,
there will be littledanger of their fucceeding.
Look over your Vines again ft the walls,
•rubbing off all fmall dangling flioots, which
are now beginning to pufli out 5 and where
two fhoots are produced from the fame eye, the
Aveakeft, which is generally the under one,
fhould now be rubbed off, in order to encou-
rage the {hoots and alfo the fruit on the re-
maining branches : at this feafon, a great quan-
tity of Vines m.ay be looked over in a very ihort
■time, and much labour faved, which would
1. be
Apr. The Gardeners Kalendar. 117
be occafioned, fhould thefe fhoots be permitted
to remain on a month longer. By this early rub-
bing off the young fhoots, the fruit branches
will be greatly flrengthened, and the fruit for-
warded by the branches being laid clofe to the
wall, and the ufelefs flhoots taken away.
Your beds of Strawberries muft now be
carefully weeded, and their runners muft be
taken off; and if the feafon proves very dry,
it will be proper to v/ater them, for when this
is negleded they will produce but little fruit. .
Keep the borders near fruit trees clean from
weeds, and large growing plants 3 for thefe
rob the trees of their nourifhment. In
fuch foils as are apt to bind very hard, the
ground fliould be loofened with a dung fork-
and if fome mulch be laid afterward on the fur-
face of the ground, and in very dry feafons
watered over once or tv/ice a week, it will be of
great fervice to both the fruit and trees. You
fhould aUb keep the ground clear between the
rows of Vines in the Vineyard ; and in the be- .
ginning of the month the ftakes (hould be fixed
to them, that the branches may be faftened
thereto ; which is better than to let the ftakes
remain to them all the winter, becaufe they
would decay more in one winter than in two
fummers 3 for the Vines need not be ftaked in
I 3 that
1 1 8 The Gardeners Kalendar. Apr »
that feafon, if the lad year's fhoots of them are
tied together to prevent their being broken by
ftrong winds.
In the middle of the month uncover thofe
Fig trees which were fcreened from the froft in
winter -, but this {hould be done with caution 5
for the young fruit which now begin to appear
will be in danger, if they are too fuddenly ex-
pofed to the open air.
The fruit in the forci«g-frame mud now
have a large fhare of frefh air, in proportion
to tha heat of the weather ; their branches
{hould alfo be frequently fprinkled over with
water, which will be very ferviceable to the
treesj and caufe the fruit to be fairer ; and their
roots muft be frequently watered, which wilj
be of equal advantage to the trees and fruit.
Fruits iji prime^ or yet lafling.
Pears 5 Franc-real, Bergamot Bugi, Saint
Martial, Winter Boncretien, Lord Cheyne's
Winter Green, Beffy de Chaumontelle from an
efpalier^ Carmelite, and, for baking, the Ca-
dillac, and Parkin fon's Warden.
Apples 3 Golden Ruffet, Pile's Ruffet,
Wheeler's Ruflet, Nonpareil, John Apple,
Stone Pippin, with fome others,
5' I"
Apr. 7%^ Gardeners Kak^idar. 119
In^he forcing-frame. Cherries, Mafculine'
Apricot, fome Plumbs s and on the hot-bed.
Strawberries.
Work to be done in /Z^^ Nursery.
The beginning of this month may fafely be
removed many forts of Evergreens, as Hollies,
Yew3» Pyracanthas, Alaternufes, Phillyrea,
Ciiiufes, Evergreen Oaks, Firs, Pines, Cedars,
Cypreffes, Medicago frutefcens, Hairy Cytifus^
^e, obferving, if poflible, to do it in a cloudy
day, or when there are fhowers of rain ; be-
caufe the fun and wind are apt to dry the fibres
of their roots, while they are above-ground,
which is very injurious to them. Thefe new
planted trees fhould be well watered to fettle
the earth to their roots j and the furface of the
ground fhould be covered with mulch, to pre-
vent the fun and wind from penetrating to the
roots of the plants.
At this feafon yo^ niay planX out the two
forts of Laurel-leaved Tulip trees, the Carolina'
Bay, Candle-berry Myrtle, Carolina Spindle
tree, Evergreen Cafline, Tupelo, and fuch
other exoticks as are intended to be naturalized
to this climate ; for as thefe are to be turned
out of the pots, the outfide of the balls of
I 4 earth
I20 I'hc Gardeners Kakndar. Apr,
earth only fhould be taken off, to give room
for the new fibres to flioot out.
You may now fow Evergreen Oak Acorns^
and the feeds of Firs, Pines, Cedars, Cyprefs,
Magnolias, Tulip tree ; as alfo feeds of moil
exotick trees, which are brought from Caro-
lina, Virginia, and the more northern parts
of America. The particular diredions for do-
ing this are exhibited in the Gardeners
Dictionary.
The beginning of this rnonth yovi may graft
Hollies, and about the middle you may inarch
Firs, Pines, Junipers, <Sf^.'by which method fome
of the fcarce forts of evergreen trees rnay be pro-
pagated ; but the trees thus raifed will never
grow fo large as thofe raifed from feeds, the
ftocks feldom keeping pace in their growth
with the trees inarched, fo that they are in
danger of being blov^n out 5 for which reafon,
\yhenever this is pradifed, the inarchment
fhould be as near the ground as poffibl^.
You fliould nqw look oyer your grafts, and
dbferve, where the loam is much cracked, to,
renew it, left the drying winds penetrate to the
grafts, and deftroy them. Likewife the buds
of fuch trees which are now H^iooting, fliould
be carefully looked over, and where you ob-
fcrve their tops infefted with infefts, and their
6 leaves
Apr. The Gardeners Kalendar. 121
leaves curled, you fliould pull them off before
the infeds fpread too far.
Keep the ground clean between the rows
of trees in the nurfery ; for if weeds are per--
mitted to grow this month, they will fooa
over-top young trees, an4 greatly weaken
tkem : for there is nothing more prejudicial to
trees, than fufFering the wxeds to grow amongft
them, efpecially in the fpring feafon.
If this month fhould prove dry, you muft
diligently water your feed-beds of Evergreens,
foreft trees, and (hrubs, which fliould alfo be
(haded from the fun in the heat of the day ;
the young plantations of thofe which were
4rawn out of the feed-bed, and the flocks for
fruit-trees, which have been lately planted,
muft be watered in very dry weather ; for thefe
being fmall, the fun and wind will foon pene-r
trate to their roots, and dry them up. This
is to be undcrflood of fmall plantations ; for
in large nurferies, it would be a great work to
water all the (locks.
The beds wherein you fowed feeds either
in autumn or the laft month, /hould now be
carefully weeded, for the young trees will
many of them begin to appear 3 fo that if the
weeds are permitted to grow, their roots will
be fo much entangled with the plants, as to
render
J 2 2 The Gardeners Kalendar. Apr.
render it very difficult to pull them up with-
out drawing the plants up with them j* and as
the weeds are of a quicker growth than the
plants, fo they will foon over-top them, and'
retard their growth. The tuhs or pots of Ce-
dars, which are beginning to come up, muft
now be removed to a fliady fituation > for too
much fun will foon deilroy thcfe young plants.
You mud now be careful to guard your feed-
beds of Pines and Firs, which, toward the end
of the month, will begin to appear, from the
birds, which are very apt to peck off the tops
of the young plants, as they thruil out of the
ground, with the hufe of the feeds upon them,
which are always brought up upon the head of
the plants.
Work to be done in //;^ P l e a s u R e-G a r d e n.
The gravel walks, which were broken up
and turned the laft month, fliould in the be-
einnins: of this be raked level and rolled, that
thev may be ready for ufe \ and the grafs walks
and lawns in view from the houfe mufl: now be
duly mowed, for this is a feafon when moft
people delight to walk out; io that the walks
cf the garden ought to be well kept. Befide,
where this is neglected, in the fpring, the'
grafs
Apr, The Gardeners Kalendar. 12^
grafs will foon become rank and coarfe, fo as
to be fome time before it can be gotten fine
again, where the greateft care is afterward
taken of it.
Clean the borders of the pleafure- garden
from weeds, and tie up all tall growing plants
to (ticks, to prevent their being broken^ or
blown down by wind.
You may now fow fuch annual flowers in the
borders, as do not require any artificial heat to
bring them forward 5 fuch as Candy Tufc,
Venus Looking-glafs, Lupines of feveral forts,
Sweet Peas, Tangier Peas, Dwarf Lychnis,
Lobel's Caichfly, Venus Navel wort, Convol-
vulus Minor, Nafturtium Indicum, Flos Adonis,
Lavatera, Oriental Mallow, Carthamus, orEaf-
tard Saffron, Hieraciums of feveral forts, Cen-
taurea'Sj Lotus of feveral kinds, Snails, Cater-
pillars, Linarias, Securidaca, Aftragalus, Mol-
davicas, with feveral other hardy kinds of an-
nual flowers, which thrive better, if fown
where they are to remain, than if they are
tranfplanted ; therefore they Ihould be lov/n
thin in patches, upon the borders of the plea-
fure-garden -, and when they are come up,
they ihould be thinned, leaving but few plants
in each patch to flower^ that they may be the
(lronP:er.
In
124 T/oe Gardeners Kalendar. Apr.
In this month you (hould few mofl; forts
of hardy perennial and biennial plants in the
flower nurfery, which werfe not fown the for-
mer month; as Canterbury Bells, Sweet Willi-
ams, Pinks, Carnations, HoUihocks, French Ho-
neyfuckles, Stock Gilliflowers, Wall-flowers,
Centaureas, Everlafting Pea, with many other
forts, which are raifed in the flower nurfery
to fupply the borders of thepleafure-garden.
The beginning of this month you may make
fome flender hot-beds, to fow fuch of the an-
nnals as require a little warmth to bring them
forward ; but will do better, if raifed under a
covering of mats, than under glafles, which
generally draw them too much ; and though
they are fomewhat later in this management,
yet there is no inconvenience in that, becaufc
they are defigned to come in autumn, wdien
there is a fcarcity of other flowers, which ren-
ders them the more acceptable : of thefe are
the African and French Marigold, Convolvulus
Major, Balfamines, Marvel of Peru, Sweet
Sultan, Indian Pink, with fome others.
You muftnow make frefli hot-beds for tranf-
planting your tender annuals, as Araman-
thufes, Gomphrena, Hibifcufes, Double ftriped
Balfamines, &c, which muil: be brought for-
ward at thisfeafon ; otherwife they will not a«
rive
Apr. The Gardeners Kalendar. 125
rive to any degree of beauty, which chiefly
confifts in tfceir ftrength. Nor will they per-
fed: their feeds, efpecially if the autumn feafon
fh^ld prove cold.
You fhould now tranfplant the young plants
of the China Starwort, either upon a moderate
hot- bed, or on a warm border, to acquire
ftrength, obferving to water and fhade them un-
til they have taken root.
Put fome more roots of Tuberofes into a
moderate hot-bed, tofucceed thofe which were
planted the former month, that there may be a
continuance of their flowers through the feafon.
The feeds of choice Carnations and Pinks
muft now be fown, either in pots, tubs, or
borders ; but there muiT: be care taken not ta
bury the feeds too deep, by which they are
often deftroyed. Thefe muft be gently wa-
tered in dry weather, otherwife the plants will
not come up.
The pots or tubs of feedling Auriculas and
Polyanthufes muft be carefully fcreened from
the fun 3 for if they are expofed to its full heat
but one day, it will deftroy them while they
are young 5 they muft alfo be frequently re-
frefiied with V/ater.
Set fticks to the Carnations, which now begin
to ftioot up their fpindles for flowering i and
faften
126 T^he Ga7^deners Kale7idar. Apr*
fafteri the ftems thereto, with bafs matting, to
prevent their being broken by the wind \ and
care fliuuld be taken to guard them from fpar-
lows, otherwife thefe birds will peck oiFthe
inner or heart leaves to the flumps.
The line Auriculas will now begin to fliew
their beautiful flowers 3 therefore the pots fhould
be removed under fome covert, to preferve
them from wet, which would wa(h the mea-
linefs from off their fiov/ers, in which great
part of their beauty confifls : they fhould alfo
be defended from the heat of the fun, which
would haften their decay -, but they mufl have
as much free air as poffible, otherwufe the flow-
er ftalks v/ill draw up very w^eak. Thefe pots
are ufually placed on (lielves, which are framed
fo as to rife above each other, which is very
proper for fuch flowers, as they are of humble
growth, otherwife the pots muit be taken up
to view the flowers : but as thefe fl:ands are al-
ways covered over to keep off the rain and fun,
fo the front fhoald be kept open at all times,
whea the w^eather will permit : and thofe of
them, from which feeds are propofed to be
faved to obtain new flowers, flioukl be removed
into the open air, as foon as they are fully
blown, and placed where they may have the
morning
Apr. ^he Gardeners Kalendar. 127
, morning fun, -and a free air, without which
they rarely produce good feeds.
This is alfo a good feafon for taking off the
flips of choice Auriculas, to make an increafe
of them. Thefe flips fliould be put into fmall
pots, and placed in the fliade, obferving to
water them in dry wxather gently, until they
have taken root; but if any of the flips takeri
off fhould be deftitute of fibres, they lliould
be clofely covered with fmall glaiTes, to for-
ward their putting out of roots.
The beds of fine Ranunculufes, Anemo-
nies, Tulips, and Hyacinths, which are now
in flower, fliould be covered either with mats
or cloths, to defend them from wet, and the
heat of the fun ^ by v/hich method, they may
be preferved a much longer time in beauty
than they naturally remain when expofed to the
open air ; but the covers (hould be t^ken off
every morning and evening, when the weather
will permit, that they may enjoy as much of
the free air as poffible, without v/hich the flow-
ers will not continue long in beauty, and their
roots will be greatly weakened.
Toward the latter end of this m.onth take up
the roots of Saffron, Colchicums, Yellow Au-
tumnal Amaryllis, and fuch other bulbous-
rooted flowers as blow at Michaelmas, whofe
leaves
128 The Gardeners Kahndar. Apr.
leaves are decayed. Thefe may be kept out
of the ground until the beginning of Auguft,
when they muft be planted again,
Tranfplant fuch forts of evergreen trees and
(hrubs, which have not begun to (hoot, thefe
may be fafely removed, provided the air is
clouded, and there is a profped of rain in a
fiiort time \ but if the ground is very dry,
where they are to be planted, large holes fhould
be opened in proportion to their fize where they
are to be placed, and a large quantity of wa-
ter poured into each, fo as to render the ground
like pap or mud \ then place the trees therein,
and after the earth is filled in about the roots,
make the furface hollow like a bafon, to con-
tain water ; and cover it v/ith mulch, to pre-
vent the fun and air from penetrating the
ground to dry their roots s and repeat watering
the trees once a week, provided the weather
fliould prove dry.
Where Phiilyreas, Alaternufes, Laurels,
Lauruftinufes, or other hardy evergreen trees,
are grown rude, they may now be reduced to
the figure you intend, by cutting their branches
in clofe to the flems; and when they fhoot,
they may be trained to the order dcfired.
Plant i
Apr. He Gardemrs Kakndar. 129
"Plants now in Flower in the Pleasure-
Gakjpen.
Anemonies, Ranunculufes of various kinds,
Polyanthufes, Auriculas, Tulips, Crown Im-
perials, Hepaticas, Hyacinths of various forts,
Narciflufes, Daffodils, Jonquils, Violets,
Mufcarias, Dwarf-flag Iris, Great Snowdrop,
Spring Cyclamens, Spring Colchicums, Pul-
fatillas. Bulbous Fumitory, Rofe-root, Ducks-
foot or May Apple, Wood Anemony, Friers
Cowl, Italian Arum, Double Ladies Smock,
Double Pilewort, Starry Hyacinths, Dog's-
tooth, Double Daifies, Fritillarias of various
kinds, Gentianella, Double Caltha Paluftris,
Columbines, large green- flowered Ornithoga-
lum, Perfian Lily, Orchifes of feveral forts,
Sanguinaria, Solomon's Seal, American Lung-
wort, Meadia, Hemorocallis with yellow flow-
ers, Double Saxifrage, Venetian Vetch, Lych-
nifes, AlyflxDU Creticum, Bugle, Cats-foot, Lily
of the valley, Dame's Violet, Leopards-bane,
Honeywort, Leontopetalon, Heart's-eafe, Pe-
riwinkle with fingle flowers, both fmall and
large, as alfo with double flowers of a pur-
ple colour. Borage-leaved Verbafcum, blue-
flowered Perennial Moth-mullein, with fome
others.
K Hardy
130 The Gardeners Kalendar. Apr.
Hardy Threes and Shrubs now in Flower,
Lilac with white, purple, and blue flow-
ers, Perfian Lilac with Privet leaves, common-
ly called the Perfian Lilac with intire and with
cut leaves, Laburnums, Double-flowering
Peach tree, Double-flowering Pear tree, Cherry
Plum, Almond with white and Peach-coloured
Bloflbms, Amelanchier, Aria Theophrafti, Vi-
burnum, Bird Cherry, Cornifti Cherry, Arbor
Jud'£, Double-flowering Cherry, Cockfpur
Hawthorn, Dwarf Almond wdth fingle and
double flowers, Hypericum frutex, Benjamin
tree. Berberry tree. Bilberry bufli, Bladder
nut, Service tree. Turpentine tree. Early white
and Italian Honeyfuckles, Yellow Jafmine,
Lauruftinus, Scorpion Sena, Caragana, Eaf-
tern Bladder Sena, Dwarf Cherry, Coronilla
Cretica, Siberian Cytifus, Single Virgin Rofe,
Shrubby Spring Anonis, Hairy Cytifus, Lau-
rel, Pyracantha, Glafl:enberry Thorn, Nettle
tree, Dogwood, Spindle tree, Quicken or
Mountain A(h, Scarlet flowering Maple, Horfc
Chefnut, Spirea frutex, Upright and Fly Ho-
neyfuckle, with fume others.
M E D I C I:-
Apr. The Gardeners Kalendar. 131
Medicinal Plants ijohich may now be
gathered for life,
Brooklime, Water- crefles, Wood-roof;
Moufe-ear, Daify, Rue-leaved Whitlow-grafs,
Bugle, Shepherds-purfe, Dandelion, White
Saxifrage, Coltsfoot, Hare-bells, Ground Ivy,
Dead-nettle, Wood Sorrel, Cowflip, Primrofe,
Radifli-root.
Work to be dene in the Green-House
and Stove.
The Indian Bay, broad fliining leaved Lau-
ruftinufes, Myrtles, Ciftufes, Teucriums, Phlo-
mifes, Olives, Carobs, Melianthufes, Tree
Wormwood, Oleanders, and other lefs tender
plants, may be taken out of the green-houfe
toward the middle or latter end of the month,
according as the feafon proves favourable, that
the Orange trees, and other more tender plants,
may be placed thinner, that they may have a
greater fhare of air ; but thofe plants which are
taken out, fhould be placed where they may
be defended from cold winds ; otherwife they
will fufter, being made fomewhat tender by
ftanding in the houfe.
K 2 Such
132 7he Gardeners Kalendar. Apr*
Such Orange trees, or other exotick plants,
as want fliifting, fliould now be removed ;
and thofe which require larger pots or tubs
muft be placed therein, obferving, when they
are taken out of the tubs or pots, to part off
all mouldy or decayed roots, and wa(h their
ftems and heads, to cleanfe them from the filth
they have contradled by remaining in the
houfe ; and when they are new planted, they
fliould be duly watered j fuch of them as are
expofed to the open air Ihould be placed where '
they may be fcreened from the winds, and
fliaded in the heat of the day from the violence
of the fun. By removing the Orange trees
early in this month, they will have time to
make new roots before they are fet abroad,
and will have ftrength to produce their flowers
in plenty.
Thofe Orange trees which are not removed
at this feafon, (hould have the earth taken out
of the tops and fides of the tubs or pots, and
filled up again with frefti rich earth, and their
ftems and heads cleaned as bcfere : this will
ftrengthcn them greatly for flowering ; but you
fliould never apply any hot kinds of dung to
the furface of the earth, as is by fome unflcil-
fuUy pradlifed, to the deftrudtion of their trees.
If therefore you would lay any dung upon the
7 furface
Apr. The Gardeners Kalendar. 133
furface of the earth in the tubs, it fhould be
rotten neats dung ; but this fhould not be done
in too great quantities j and it ftiould be tho-
roughly rotted.
Open the windows of the green-houfe moft
part of the day, when the air is mild : for at
this feafon, the plants require a large fhare of
frefh air, otherwife their flioots will draw up
weak, and produce but few flowers, and will
be lefs able to bear the open air, when they are
removed out of the houfe.
You may now graft Oranges, Jafmines, and
other tender plants, by approach ; but fuch as
will take buds, are better if propagated that
way ; for trees inarched feldom unite fo well
with the graft, and never grow tofo large alizc
as thofe which are budded 5 fo that this me-
thod of inarching trees is feldom pradifed, ex-
cept on thofe forts which cannot be propagated
fo eafy any other way, or for the fake of hav-
ing fruit upon the trees foon 5 for by inarching
a branch with young fruit on it, the graft may
be feparated from the old tree when it is well
united with the flock, and fo a bearing tree
may be procured the fame feafon 5 but thefe
feldom lafl long, or make much progrefs.
The bark-beds in the flove, which have
declined their heat, and were not renewed the
former month, fhould now be flirred up with
K 3 a
134 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Apr,
a fork to the bottom, and fome frefli bark ad-
ded thereto, which will renew their heat ; at
the fame time fuch plants > as have rooted thro'
the pots, fhould be {hifted, fome of which
fhould be put into larger pots, giving them
frefh erath. However it will not be prudent
to enlarge the pots too often, for if thefe plants
are over potted, they will not thrive, therefore
it will be much better to pare off their roots, on
the outfide of the balls of earth, and put them
into pots nearly of the fize, and then plunge
them down into the bark again immediately;
but this work mufl: be done when the air is
warm, becaufe there will be a neceffity to open
the glaffes pretty often ; and, if the air be
fharp, it will injure the plants.
The Ananas or Pine apples mufl: now be
carefully tended, obferving to refreih them of-
ten with water, as alfo to preferve a kindly
heat in the beds, and fuch plants as are re--
moved into. frames, fiiould be well covered
with mats every night to keep them warm ;
but in the middle of the day when the v/eather
is hot, they ihould have air admitted by raif-
ing the glaffes in proportion to the warmth of
the feafon, othervvife they will be in danger of
fcorching ; and the young plants, which are
for the next year's fruit, fhould be now {Lifted
into.
Apr. T^he Garde77ers Kale72da?\ 135
into thofe pots they are defigned to remain un-
til the beginning of Auguft, when they mud
be planted into thofe pots, in which they are
to remain for fruiting.
Shift fuch of the feedling exotick plants as
require it, into larger pots, and ftir up the
bark of the beds to renew their heat, adding
fome frefh tan to the beds ; and then plunge
the pots down again, obferving to water and
(hade them until they have taken root.
The Coffee trees will now begin to flower ;
therefore their leaves and fiems mufl be cleaned
from filth, by wafliing it off whenever it ap-
pears ; and refrefli the trees with water two or
three titnes a week, according to the warmth
of the feafon, which will caufe them to flower
ftrong.
Plants in Flower in the Green-House
a72d Stove.
African Geraniums of feveral forts, Ilex-
leaved Lantana, Candy Tuft tree, African
Anthericum with Aloe Leaves, and two or
three forts with Onion leaves, Tree Scabious,
Cifi:ufes, three or four forts of Ardotus, Me-
fembrianthemi of feveral forts, Aloes of feveral
kinds, Coronilla Cretica, Cytifus Canarlenfis,
Medicago frutefcens, Aleppo Cyclamens, Her-
K 3 mannias
13^ 7^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Apr.
mannias of four or five forts, Colutea iEthiopica,
Polygala Africana, Hypericum Balearicum,
two forts of African Shrubby Tanfey, Three-
leaved African Sumach, Melianthus minor
foetidus, Cotyledons, Turnera, Malpighia of
tvi^o or three forts, Humble plant, Ciftus Halimi
folio, Olive tree, Watfonia, African Sifyrinchi-
um, Arum iEthiopicum, Crinum, Cunonia,
African Hyacinth with fmooth and with wart-
ed leaves, Dumb Cane, Rauvolfia, Waltheria,
Atamufco Lily, Pancratium, Small creeping
Cereus, Cannacorus, Ixia of three or four forts,
Antholiza, Shrubby African Starwort of two
forts, Tetragonia, Clutia, fome forts of Acacia,
Diofma of two forts, African Shrubby Sage
with yellow and blue flowers, Shrubby Stachys
from the Canaries, Teucrium Bceticum, Shrub-
by Convolvulus from Crete, Heliotropium Sco-
rodoniae folio, Coral tree, Kaemanthus Colchici
foliis, black flowering Lotus, Tree Houlleek,
Craffula, African Wood Sorrel with large pur-
ple and alfo with yellov/ flowers, China Rofe,
Elichryfum Orientale, Spanifh Toad-flax, Or-
nithogalum from the Cape of Good Hope, Afri-
can Marigold two forts, Chyfocoma, Euphor-
biums. Sorrel tree, Lycium with narrow leaves,
Canary Shrubby Fox-glove, Othonna two or
three forts, Peruvian Heliotrope, African Ca-
calia, with fome others.
. MAY.
[ ^Z7 ]
M
Y.
JVork to be done in the Kitchen-
Garden.
gF the weather in this month proves
hot and dry, it greatly retards the
growth of moft efculent plants;
and particularly the Beans and
Peas which are in flower (efpecially thofe on
drylands) frequently fuffer greatly; mofl of
their bloflbms falling off before their maturity,
fo that they are not fucceeded by pods. But
when this month happens to be wet, the mar-
kets are plentifull) flocked with mofl forts of
garden plants. But this does not only increafc
the quantity of plants, but alfo a great plenty
of weeds, whereby the labour of a kitchen-
garden is more than double of what is re-
quired in a dry feafon ; for if the young crops
are neglefted but a very fhort time in moifl
weather.
138 The Gardenars Kalendar. May.
weather, the weeds will get the better of them,
and weaken them fo much, as they will hardly
recover their full ftrength again ^ nor will the
plants (with all poffible care afterward) ever
arrive to the fize they would have grown to,
provided they had net been ftinted by the
weeds. Befides, many forts of weeds will
perfedl their feeds in a fhort time, which,
being fhed upon the ground, will occafion a
great deal of labour for feveral years to extir-
pate them again. Among thefe are Shep-
herd's-pouch, Groundfel, Dandelion, Fumi-
tory, Pimpernel, Chickweed, and fome others.
And thofe of them which do not feed fo early,
will (if let ftand) eftablifli themfelves fo firmly,
as to occafion much labour to get them out of
the ground ; fo that it is certainly the beft way
to clear all forts of crops from weeds as foon
as pofiible in the fpring, and keep them con-
flantly fo.
The- fame caution is necefl^ary in regard to
your dunghills 3 for, at this feafon, there will
be great quantities of weeds produced thereon ;
as alfo upon the heaps of comport, which, if
not defl:royed in time, will fhed their feeds,
whereby the garden and pots will be plenti-
fully flocked, from the manure or compofl
which is carried into it.
6 In
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 139
In the beginning of this month you fliould
few Purflane, in the open ground, and a little
Endive for blanching early in the feafon, but
this which is fown fo early is apt to run up
for feed very foon, fo muft not be depended up-
on to fupply the table long ; continue to fow
all the forts of fmall fallet-herbs every three
or four days, otherwife there will not be a fup-
ply of thefe fit for ufe ; for, at this feafon,
they foon grow too large : but thefe fhould be
fown in a north border, where they may have
little fun, or be well fhaded in the heat of the
d^y.
Sow Peas, and plant Beans, for latter crops 5
but this fliould be done on a moid foil; other-
wife they feldom fucceed well, unlefs the
feafon is uncommonly wet and cold.
Plant Kidney Beans for a fecond crop :
the large Dutch fort and the fcarlet bloifom
Beans are the beft for this feafon, becaufe they
will continue bearing much longer than any
other, and are alfo far better for the table ; a-
bout the twenty-third day of this month you
fliould fow Cauliflowers, for winter ufe, ob-
ferving to fhade the bed with mats every day,
and keep the ground moift ; otherwife the feeds
will dry, and the plants will come up very
fparingly; the plants v/hich are raifed at this
feafon
140 The GardenenKalendar. May.
feafon will produce their heads in Odober and
November, and in mild feafons feme will con-
tinue till near Chriftmas.
In moift weather, plant out to the places
where they are to remain, the red and white
Cabbages and Savoys for winter ufe, and tranf-
plant the firfl: fown Celery into drills for blanch-
ing, which will come early, if planted in this
month.
The early crops of Spinach and Radiflies be-
ing by this time taken off the ground, the
weeds (hould be cleared from the Cauliflower
and Cabbage plants, Beans, or any other crops,
which were planted on the fame ground j and,
in moift weather, draw fome earth about the
ftems of the plants, which will keep the roots
moift, and prevent the fun and wind from
drying their ftems, to which if they are ex-
pofed, it will greatly retard the growth of the
plants ; but in doing of this, great care (hould
be taken not to raife the earth fo high about
them, but efpecially the Cauliflowers fo as to
fall into the center of the leaves, which will
entirely deftroy thefe plants.
Tranfplant Radifhes for feed, placing them
in rows three feet diftance, and two feet afun-
der in the rows; obferving to make choice of
fuch only as have long, ftrait, well-coloured
roots
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 141
roots and fmall tops, rejeding all fuch as arc
forked, or fliort rooted ; for which reafon it is,
that the moft curious gardeners never fave
feeds from fuch as remain where they were
fown, becaufe they cannot judge of the length
or goodnefs of their roots.
The Cucumbers which are under frames,
and have not a fufficient depth of earth upon
the dung, muft be carefully fhaded with mats
in the heat of the day, for the fun is often too
violent at this feafon for thefe plants through
glafles ; but the Melon plants fhould be gradu-
ally hardened to bear the open air in the day
time in warm weather, for the greater fhare of
air they enjoy at this feafon, the better will the
fruit fet upon the Vines ; and where the earth
is laid of a proper thicknefs upon the dung,
the Vines will not hang down or droop their
leaves, but bear the fun well 5 for it is from the
fhallownefs of the earth on the beds, that the
Vines of Cucumbers and Melons are fo fre-
quently obferved to fhrink in hot weather, and
this alfo occafions their decay much fooner
than they would do, if their roots enjoyed a
proper depth and width of foil, for the roots of
thefe plants fpread as far in the ground, where
it is laid on the fide of the beds, as their Vines
extend on the furface -, fo that where the beds
are
142 T^he Gardeiurs Kakndar. May »
are but {hallow or narrow in earth, the Vines
will require (hading in the great heat of the
day : but the covering fliould not remain on
too long, which is as great a fault on the other
fide ; for it is only the mid-day fun which can
be too violent for the plants, and that only in
extreme hot days, which fometimes happen in
this month. But fuch plants as have been
raifed under hand glaffes for the fecond crop,
ihould have full liberty to grow, by raifing the
glaffes upon three bricks or forked flicks, and the
ends of the plants laid out from under the
glaffes : but this muff not be done too foon, ef-
pecially if the nights are cold 5 which if it
fhould fo happen after the plants are laid out,
they muft be covered with mats every night,
to prevent their being nipped by the frofl.
When the Melon plants are fuffered to run
out from under the glaffes, the paths between
the ridges fhould be filled up level with the
ground on the ridges, and the whole trodden
down very hard ; which is a fure method to
caufe the fruit to fet, provided the plants have
no water and they are expofed to the open air
at all times in the day when the weather will
permit.
The early Cauliflowers will now begin to
appear in the center of the plants 5 therefore
they
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 143
they fhould be carefully looked over every day,
breaking dow^n fome of the inner leaves of
fuch as appear in flower (as it is ufually termed)
to preferve them white 5 for if they are ex-
pofed to the fun and air, they will change yel-
low in a (hort time.
Hoe winter crops of Onions, Carrots, Leeks,
Parfneps, and Beets, to clear them from weeds 5
for this method of hoeing between crops is far
preferable to hand weeding, becaufe the whole
furface of the ground being ftirred, the fmall
feedling weeds will be deftroyed, and the plants
are greatly forwarded in their growth ; and the
keeping your crops clear from weeds in this
month will be of great fervice to them, and
fave much labour the fucceeding months.
Tranfplant Cilicia, Cos, Imperial, and
Brown Dutch Lettuces into north borders, to
.fucceed thofe planted the laft month ; and to-
ward the end of the month you may fow fome
Cos, Cilicia, Brown Dutch, and common Cab-
bage Lettuces, to fupply the table in Auguft ;
but thefe feeds muil be fown in an open fitua-
tion, for walls, pales, or hedges, will draw the
plants up weak.
Sow Finnochia in drills, about eighteen
inches or two feet afunder, to fucceed that
which
144 ^^ Gardeners Kakndar. May.
which was fown the laft month j and draw the
earth up to the plants which are almoft full
grown, to blanch them.
N. B. This fhould have a light, rich, moift
foil, when fown at this feafon ; otherwife it is
apt to run to feed, efpecially if the feafon proves
dry.
You may yet plant flips of Sage, Rofemary,
Hyflbp, Lavender, Marum, Maftich, and
moft other aromatick plants, obferving to (hade
and water them until they have taken root ; but
it is much better to plant thefe flips juft before
they (hoot, becaufe the flioots which have been
produced the fame feafon, are tender, fo droop
and frequently decay, whereby the flips do not
takefo well.
The early Cabbages now begin to turn their
inner leaves for cabbaging, which may be for-
warded by tying their leaves together, either
with a withy or bafs mat, as is praftifed by the
gardeners near London, which caufes them to
whiten within much fooner than they other-
wife would, whereby they have them fit for
the market a fortnight or three weeks earlier in
the feafon.
Look over your Artichokes again in this
month, and pull up all the plants from the
roots, which have been produced fince the old
flocks
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 145
ftocks were flipped ; for thefe will draw the
nourifhment from the plants which were left
for fruit, and caufe the heads to be fmall.
You (liould alfo cut or pull off all the fmall Ar-
tichokes which are produced from the fides of
the flems clofe to the leaves; for if thefe are
permitted to grow, they will render the princi-
pal Artichokes on the top very fmall. Thefe
the gardeners term Suckers, and they are, by
the kitchen gardeners, tied up in bunches,
and carried tojriarket. And are frequently eaten
raw with vinegar^ fait, and pepper, and are
by fome foreigners much efteemed.
You may now fow Skirrets, Salfafy, and
Scorzonera, for the lafl crop ; for that which
was fown early ^ will foon run up to feed j ef-
pecially the' Skirret, which, when fown too
early, is feldom good.
Sow Turneps, when there is a profpecl of
rain in a fhort time, which will bring up the
plants very foon ; and hoe thofe Turneps which
were fown the laft month, leaving them about
eight or ten inches afunder, which will be a
fufficient diftance for thofe which are intended
to be drawn very young.
Toward the latter end of this month fiiould
be fown fome Broccoli for fpring ufe 5 and d
AJlJtter crop of Savoys ihould be fown, to fuccted
h thuie
14^ The Gardeners Kakndar. May.
thofe which were fovvn the former month; for
thefe will be fit for ufe after Chriftmas, when
the others are gone.
Sow Cucumbers in the open ground, toward
the end of the month, to produce fruit for pick-
ling; and plant out Gourds and Pompions up-
on dunghills,ci?6\ where they fhould be allowed
a large compafs to fpread, other wife their vines
will interfere and fpoil each other.
The ftalks of your Onions, which were
planted for feed, will now be grown to their
full height ; therefore you fhould provide a
parcel of flakes, which (hould be driven intQ
the ground, at about eight feet diftance from
each other in the rows ; and fome lines (hould
befaftened from (lake to ftake on each fide, to
fupport the ftems of the Onions ; otherwife
they will be broken down by the wind, where-
by a great part of them will be fpoiled.
The fame care iliould be taken of your
Cabbages, Carrots, Parfneps, Savoys, Broccoli,
and Leeks, which were planted for feeds, and
are now run up to flower ; for when the feeds
are formed, it will render their heads too hea-
vy to be fupported by their fiems without help ;
for as they grow pretty tall, they are frequently
broken by the wind ; fo that they fhould al-
ways
May. The Gardeners Kalendar, 147
ways be fupported by lines and ftakes, as foon
as they begin to flower.
The Tomatos for foups, and the Capficums
for pickiingj which have been raifed upon hot-
beds, fhould be tranfplanted to the places where
they are defigned to remain : toward the end
of the month, if the weather proves favourable,
the Tomatos fliouid be planted near a wall,
pale, hedge, or efpalier, to which the plants,
when grown, muft be faftened, to fupport
them ; othervv^ife they will fall on the ground,
which will prevent the fruit from ripening, and
caufe it to rot in the autumn, efpecially in moid
weather r the Capficums ihould be planted in
a rich foil and a warm fituation, and in dry
weather they muft be frequently watered to
have plenty of pods.
Products of the K i t c h e n-G a r d e n,
Radifhes, Spinach, feveral forts of Cabbage
Lettuce, Sorrel, Mint, Balm, Winter Savory,
Borage, Buglofs, Spring Colev/orts, Tragopo-
gon, the young fho^ts of which are by feme
preferred to Afparagus, young Onions, Cives,
Afparagus, Peas, Beans, fome early Artichokes,
Cauliflowers, early Cabbages, young Carrots
from under walls and hedges, Cucumbers,
L 2 Melons,
148 l*he Gardeners Kakndar. May.
Melons, Purflane, and Kidney-beans on
hot-beds, Mufhrooms, Parfley, Coriander,
ChervH, CrefTes, Muftard, and all forts of
fmdll faileting, early Turneps, Burnet, Tar-
ragon, with many other forts of fpring herbs.
Work to be dene in the Fr u i t-G A r d e n.
In the beginning of this month you muft
look over your wall and efpalier trees, and
carefully take off all foreright flioots and fucli
as are luxuriant dr ill placed ; and train fuch
kindly branches as you would preferve, regu-
larly to the wall or efpalier, which will pre-
vent your trees from growing into confufion 5
and ftrengthen the fruit branches, as alfo admit
the fun and air to the branches and fruit, which
are often obftruded by the luxuriant growth of
thofeflioots, to the great prejudice of them both.
The negledt of doing this work early will
occafion much more trouble, and greatly injure
your trees. For where this work is negleded
in this month, the trees cannot be brought in-
to fo good order by any after- management the
fame year.
Where Apricots and Peaches have been left
too thick, when firft looked over, they (liould be
thinned the beginning of this month, obferving
6 never
[May. The Gardeners Kaleiidar. 149
never to leave two or more fruit together (as is
too often pradifed by covetous perfons) tho*
there be but a fmall crop on the trees, for the
leaving of the fruit fingle will make thofe
which are left on much larger, and better fla-
vouredj and render the trees ftronger for fuc-
ceeding years : whereas, when they are over-
charged with fruit, they are often fo much
weakened, as not to be recoverable in lefs than
three or four years, notwithftanding they may
be under the moft ikilful management j be-
fides, one dozen of fair well-flavoured fruit is
preferable to five or fix dozen of thofe which
are fmall and ill-nouriflied, and will fell for
more money in the markets. The diftance
which (hould be allowed to all forts of fruits
m-uft be proportionable to their ufual fizes \ for
inftance, the middling or fmall Peaches and
Nectarines, five or fix inches afunder is fufli-
cient ; but for the large forts, eight inches is
full near enough. This mufi: alfo be propor-
tioned to the fi:rength of the trees, and alfo of
the branches on which they grow : for weak
trees fliould have a lefs number of fruit left on
them than thofe which are firong, becaufe they
are lefs capable of nourilning them 3 and fuch
branches as are weak, mull not have much
frqit left on them for the fame reafoo, becaufc
L 3 when
150 The Gardeners Kalendar. May.
when branches are over charged with fruit,
the]^% are often rendered fo weak as to be hable
to fufFer by the leaft inclemency of the feafon.
Peaches and Nedarines, whofe fruits are only
produced on the fhoots of the former year,
iliould not have more than two or three fruit
left upon a branch where it is ftrong, and but
one on thofe which are very weak.
You muft now look carefully over your
Vines, and ftop fuch fhoots as have fruit on
them at the fecond or third joint beyond the
fruit, and train the branches clofe to the wall
in a regular order ; but fuch {hoots as are de-
figned for bearing the fucceeding year, {hould
not be {topped until the latter end of the next
month, or the beginning of July 5 for when
thefe are {topped toofoon, the lower buds often
puHi out weak fhoots, v/hich is a great preju-
dice to them. At the fame time you muft rub
off all weak trailing branches, clofe to the
places where they are produced ; for if thefe
are fuffered to remain, they will occafion a
great confufion of branches, whereby the fruit
will be greatly retarded in their growth, and
the flioots for bearing the following year, will
be greatly weakened. If this be duly obferved,
there will never be a neceflity for dive{ting the
flioots of their leaves, to let the air and fun to
the
May. TheGu/^deners Kalendar. 151
the fruit, as is by forae unfkilfui perfons too
often pradifed, to the injury ix)th of the fruit
and branches. For the fruit always require to
be fcreened by fome leaves, otherwife the fun
and air will harden, and, inilead of accelerat-
ing, will retard their ripening -, and the (hoots
require their leaves to' infpire and perfpire,
whereby they difcharge the fuperiiuous moif-
ture.
In moift weather you muft look carefully
after fnails, efpecially in the evenings and morn*
ings, or after warm' fiiowers, v*'hen they will
come from behind wall trees, and out of their
places of flielter, fo may be eafiiy taken : f©r
thefe are great enemies to choice fruit, but ef-
pecially to Peaches, Nedlarines, and Apricots.
If the feafon fhould prove dry, you muft not
forget to refrefli all fuch trees as have been
lately planted, with water ; in doing of which,
it will be proper to fprinkle the water over all
their branches, which will be of great fervice
to them in wafliing off duft and filth, which
their leaves may have contradled ; and open
the pores of the flioots, which in very dry
weather are many times almoft clofed, where-
by the trees fuffer greatly -, nor is the water,
when poured to the root only, capable of re-
lieving them when in this condition ; this is
L 4 one
152 The Gardeners Kalendar. May.
one reafon, why rain is much more effectual
than artificial watering : but thefe waterings
flhould be always performed in the evening,
after the heat of the day is over, that the water
may have time to foak down to the roots, and
the moifture may be dried off from the leaves
by the morning fun ; for when this is done in
the morning, the heat of the fun coming upon
the trees foon after, the leaves are frequently
fcalded thereby, the fpherical drops of water,
which remain on their furfacc, caufing the rays
of the fun to converge to a focus meeting in a
point.
Keep the borders about your fruit trees clear
from weeds, and alfo from all flrong-growing
plants, which will exhauft the goodnefs of the
foil, to the great prejudice of your trees; and
this fhould alfo be carefully pbferved in the
nurfery, for the fame reafon.
About the middle of this month you muifl:
look over your vineyard Grapes, taking off all
dangling Ihoots, and flop thofe which have
fruit upon them, which muft now be faftened
to the ftakes, to prevent their being broken by
winds j but the (hoots for the next year's bear-
ing mull: be trained upright to the ftakes, and
not flopped until the end of the next month, or
the
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 153
the beginning of July, for the reafons beforo
given for the wall Vines.
You muft alfo obferve to keep the ground \\\
the vineyard very cle^r frorn weeds, and fuffer
no fort of plants whatever to grow between the
rows of Vines 5 for nothing can be more pre-
judicial, than permitting this in vineyards.
The Vines, and other fruit trees, which are
againft hot walls, fhould now have a large fharc
of air, whenever the weather will perpiit, other-
wife their /hoots will be drawn too weak, and
the trees thereby rendered fliort in their dura-
tion: the Apricots, Cherries, and other llone
fruit trees againft thefe walls^ fhould be fre-
quendy watered ; for as the rain will be ex-
cluded from both the trees and borders by the
covers, fo this muft be fupplied with water,
v/hich (hould be fprinkled all over the branches
carefully in the evening, for the reafons before
given.
Toward the latter end of this month you
(hould break off the clay from thofe trees
v/hich were grafted in the fprinj, and loofen
their bandages J otherwife they will be fubjeft
to break off where they are pinched with the
afs, in windj^ weather.
Fruiti
I
154 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. May.
■^ Fruits in Prime ^ or yet lajling.
Pearss L'Amczelle, or LordCheyne's Green,
Bergamot de Paque, and Beffy de Chaumon*
telle, from efpalier trees, where they have been
well prefer ved, alfo Parkinfon's Warden, and
the Cadillac, for baking.
Apples ; Golden Rufiet, Stone Pippin, John
Apple, Winter Ruffet, Pomme d*Api, Oaken
Pin, Pile's Ruffet, and fometimes the Nonpa-
reil, when they have been carefully preferved.
Cherries; the May and May Duke; and,
in a warm foil, fome fcarlet Strawberries ; to-*
ward the end of the month in very warm litu-
ations, Goofeberries, and green Currants for
tarts ; and in the forcing frame, Mafculine*
Apricots, Nutmeg Peaches, Cherries, Straw-
berries, with fome other early fruits.
Work to be done in t/jeNuRSERY.
In this month you mufl carefully keep the
ground hoed between your young trees; for
nothing is more injurious to them, than to fuf-
fer weeds, or any other plants, to g^ow amongft
them, for thefe rob the trees of their nourifti-
meat; and if weeds are permitted to get ftrength
in
May. Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. 155
in this month, it will be much greater trouble
to root them out afterwards. Nor ilioiid you
plant any kitchen herbs between your rows of
trees (as is by fome unfkilful and covetous per-
fons pradifed) ; for thefe will draw all the
nouriilament from the ^trees, and render them
weak and unhealthy.
The middle of this month you muft look
over your grafts, and take off the loam from
them ; and thofe which were faflened with
bandages, fhould now be untied ; otherwife
the graft will be pinched at the ftock, and be in
danger of breaking off vv'ith the wind ; and
where there are any fhoots put out from the
flocks below the graft, they fliould be rubbed
off, otherwife they would rob the grafts of
their nourishment. You fliould alfo look over
your trees, which were budded the laft feafon ;
and where you obferve the leaves to curl up by
being infefted with infedls, you fliould take
them of?, otherwife they will fpoil the upright
flioot 3 and if there are any flioots produced
from the flocks, thefe fhould alfo be intirely
rubbed ofi\, for the reafon before given.
Where your buds or grafts have m^ade vi-
gorous (hoots, it will be proper to fupport them
with (hort flakes, otherwife they will be in dan-
ger of being broken out of the flocks by flrong
winds,
156 The Gardeners Kakndar. May.
winds, cfpecially thofe which art in expofed
fituatisfis.
Your feed-beds of young plants muft now
b^ carefully weeded, and in dry weather fre-
quently refreflied with water ; otherwife they
will be fo ftinted, as not to make any progrefs
the fame feafon. Your young plants of Ce-
dars, Firs, Pines, Cyprefs, Bay, Arbutus, Ju-
niper, Holly, (Sfc muft now be often refreflied
with water ; this fhould not be given to them
in large quantities, but rather often and mode-
rate. You muft alfo obferve to (hade them
from the fun in the middle of the day, to which
if they are too much expofed, while young, it
is often very deftrudlive to them ; as are alfo
the drying winds, which frequently reign in
the fpring, and are very often the deftrudlion
of numbers of thefe plants, by drying their ten-
der ftems.
You may now make layers of the Doxiblc
and Single Virgins Bower, and of other climb-
ing plants 3 for many of thefe will not put out
roots from the old w^oody (hoots, but the ten-
der branches of the fame year's growth, laid
down in this month, or the beginning of the
next, will take root very well. You fnay alfo lay
down Akternufes, Phillyreas, and feme other
ever-^
, May. li^e Gardeners Kakndar. 157
evergreen trees, which alfo take root better frora
young fhoots, than from older branches.
If this month (hould prove very dry^ you
muft continue to v^'ater fuch Evergreens, and
other young trees, as were removed the latl:
month, other wife they will fuffer greatly. But
you fliould do this with caution 5 for many
people deftroy their trees by over-watering
them. You ihould alfo renew the mulch round
the trees, to prevent the fun and wind from
drying the ground. Where the roots of new-
planted trees are carefully mulched, if they
have water once a week in dry weather, it will
be fufficient.
Work to be done in the Flower-GardenJ
The beginning of this month you fhould take
up your choice Hyacinth roots, v;hich are paft
flowering, and lay them horizontally in a bed
of earth to ripen, leaving their leaves and ftems
out of the ground to decay, in the manner di-
rected in the Gardeners DlCTIONART^
under the article Hyacinth.
Shade your choice Tulips, Ranunculufes-,
Anemonies, and other curious flowers now
blowing, from the fun, during the heat of the
day ; v/hich will continue them in beauty much
longer
158 The Gardeners Kale7idar, May.
longer than if they are fully expofed to the
weather.
Take up the roots of the Saffron and the
other forts of autumnal Crocus, as alfo Colchi-
cums, autumnal Amaryllis, Hicmanthus, Per-
lian Cyclamen, and Pancratium, whofe leaves
are by this time decayed, and fpread them on
mats in the fhade to dry^ after which fome of
the forts may be kept in bags until July, when
it will be a proper feafon for planting them
again. But the Perfian Cyclamen fhould not
be kept long out of the ground, and thofe other
roots Q:iould be guarded from rats and mice,
othervvife they will deftroy them.
This is alfo a good feafon for to tranfplant
fuch of the bulbous and tuberofe-rooted flow-
ers as blow in autumn, which fhould be done
when their leaves are decayed 3 as the autumnal
Cyclamen or Sow-bread, Starry Autumnal
Hyacinth, Gfc. provided their leaves are decay-
ed, other wife this fhould be deferred a little
longer.
Clean the borders of your flower-garden
from weeds, which, if permitted to grow at
this feafon, will be more difticult: to deflroyand
caufe a deal of trouble to extirpate afcervvards.
About the middle of this month, ifthe fea-
fon proves favourable^ you may plant out your
hardy
May. 'The Gardeners Kakndar. 159
hardy annuals, fuch as Marvel of Peru, Sweet
Sultan, China Starwort, Sweet Refeda, called
Mio-nonette d'Egypt, French and African Ma-
rigolds, common Female Balfamine, Capfi-
cum, Brown Jolly or Egg plant, Zinnia,
Foreign Thorn Apple, double China Pink,
fpiked Amaranths, and feveral other forts j
which, if artfully difpofed, will afford an agree-
able pleafure, after the beauty of the fpring is
paft : but thefe plants (hould be thoroughly in-
ured to the open air, before they* are tranfplant-
cd out of the hot- bed.
Sow dwarf annual flower- feeds in patches
upon the borders of the flower-garden, where
they are intended to remain ; as Candy Tuft,
Venus Looking-glafs, Venus Navelwort, Dwarf
Annual Stocks, Dwarf Lychnis, Lobel's Catch-
fly, Convolvulus Minor, Snails and Caterpillars,
with many other kinds 5 thefe will fucceed
thofe which were fown the former month, and
hereby the borders miay be kept in beauty
through the feafon : and alfo plant the feveral
kinds of Lupine, Sweet-fcented Peas, Tangier,
Peas, Seeds of the Indi n Nafturtium, Large
Convolvulus, and other climbing annual plants,
where they may have room to fpread, and have
fome fupport j in which places they will flower,
and
5
i6o TIdb Gardeiters Kate7idar. May,
and make a beautiful appearance late in the
autumn.
Tranfplant fuch biennial and perennial flow-
ers as were fown in the flower-nurfery in
March, if they are grown large enough for the
purpofe, into bedsof freih earth in the nurfery^
where they may remain till the latter end of
September, or the beginning of Odober, when
they mull be removed into the borders of the
flower-garden : of thefe forts are Canterbury
Bells, French Honeyfuckles, Sweet-Williams,
Pinks, Columbines, Fox-gloves, Greek Vale-
rian, Hollyhocks, with many others.
Tie up the fpindles of Carnations, diverting
them of all fide pods, which, if permitted to
remain on, would weaken the top and principal
flower ; and alfo put down flakes to faften the
ftems of all flowers which are to blow,
otherwife they will be in danger of being
broken by the winds.
In this month, if the young flower-ftalks of
the fcveral forts of Lychnidea, the late flower-
ing After or Starwort with narrow leaves, and
the Double fcarlet Lychnis, are cut off and
planted in a fliady border, they will take root
very well ^ and this is the befl method of pro-
pagating feveral of thefe perennial flowers.
The cuttings of th« Starwort will make good
plants,
Mayi The Gardeners Kakndar. i6i
plants, and produce flowers the following
autum».
Make a frefh hot-bed for your Amaran-
thufes, Double-ftriped Balfamine^ and oth^r
tender exotick annuals, and put them into large
pots of good earth, placing them upon the
hot-bed, and fill up the interflices with earth ;
if care be taken of them, at this time, they
will be very ftrong and beautiful.
Your Auriculas which are now pad flower-
ing, fhould be removed into a fliady fltuation
(but not under the droppings of trees, which
will rot them) j in which place they muft re-
main, until the heat of fummer is over.
Tranfplant Stock-Giiliflowers, Wall-gow-
ers. Seedling Pinks, Carnations, and other
perennial, feedling, fibrous-rooted flowers 5 and
fow fome feeds of annual, fcarlet, ^nd purple
Stock-gilli flowers, which v/ill prod^uce flior ter
plants, and many times will endure, the cold
better than thofe which are fov/n earlier, and
are larger.
Toward the latter end of the month you
may take up fuch of the early blowing Tulip
roots, whofe leaves are decayed j alfo Spring
Crocus, Snow- drop?, aed fome of the for-
ward Anemonics, if their leaves are decayed ;
after which, thofe roots which are intended 10
M be
1 6 2 The Gardeners Kalendar. May.
be taken up, (liould not be permitted to remain
long in the ground.
Plant fome Tuberofe roots upon a moderate
hot-bed, to fucceed thofe planted in March and
April; by which method, you may continue a
fucceffion of this fragant flower until the end
of Oftober in beauty.
Your pots or tubs of feedling Irifes, Nar-
clfliiles; Tulips, and other bulbous-rooted flow-
ers, fhould be removed into a (hady fituatioa
the beginning of this month (if it was not don©
in April), where they muft remain until au-
tumn ; nothing being more injurious to thefc
young roots, than to be expofed to the violence
of the fun in fummer, efpecially thofe which
are in tubs or pots ; thofe which are in beds,
fhould be alfo (haded with mats in the heat of
the day.
Toward the end of this month, the leaves
of the Guernfey and Belledonna Lillies will
decay, at which time their roots (houid be
tranfplanted ; and, at this feafon, the roots
may be fafely tranfported, becaufe they may
be kept two months cut of the ground without
injury.
The young plants of Scabioufes, Sweet Sul-
tan, Indian Pink, Chryfanthemum, BuphthaU
liium, and Oriental Perficaria, may now be
planted
May. The Gardeners Kakndar. 163
planted into the beds or borders of the flower-
garden, where they will make a beautiful ap-
pearance when they flower. But this work
fhould be done in moift weather, and the
plants fhould be fliaded until they have taken
new root.
Place your pots of choice Carnations upon
the ftage where they are to flower, to protecft
them from vermin, which will.otherwife infeft
them, and will harbour about the pots, fo as not
to be eafily deftroyed.
The grafs walks and lawns in the pleafure-
garden fhould now be duly mowed and rolled,
otherwife the grafs will foon grow rank and
unfightlys and where Daifies, Plantain, or
other weeds are mixed with the grafs, they
fhould be weeded out, otherwife many of their
feeds will ripen and fcatter, and thereby mul-
tiply their fpecies, which will overpower the
grafs, and render the verdure lefs agreeable.
The gravel walks ihould now be kept clean ;
for a little negledl, at this feafon, will render
it troublefome to bring them into good order
Again.,
Plants now in Flower.
Late-blowing Tulips, Anemonies, Ranun-
Kmlufesj Pinks of feveral forts, White and Yel-
M 2 low
164 The Gardeners Kalendar, MSiy,
lew Afphodel, Lily of the Valley, Daifies,
fome forts of Chryfanthemum, Thrift, Red and
White Garden Valerian, Cyanus Major, Tha-
lid:rums of feveral kinds, Sage, Rofemary,
Moth-Mullein, Double Catchfly, Veronica of
three or four kinds, London Pride, Spanifh
Figvvort, Geraniums of feveral kinds, Ciftus
three or four forts, Tuiky Perennial Poppy,
Fiery Lily, Plonies of feveral forts. Colum-
bines, Monkfhood, Fraxinella with red and.
White flowers. Yellow Moly, Homer's Moly,
Stock-gilliflowers, Wall-flowers, Orobus Viciae
foliis, Tragacantha, Leopard's-bane, Solomon's.
Seal, Yellow Afphodel Lily, Hyacinth of Peru,
Dragon, Biilort, P^hapontic, Ladies Mantle,
Tuberofe Irifes, Dwarf Annual Stock, Fea-
thered Hyacinth, Ladies Slipper, Welfh Pop-
py, Birds-eye, Yellow Violet, Orchifes,
Hearts-eafe, Double White NarciiTus, Pulfa-
tiria, Double Rockets, Corn- flags, Englilh
Hyacinth or Hare Bells, Yellow and Pompony
Martagons, two forts of Starry Plyacinths, Blue
Grape Hyacinth, Bulbous Iris, Flag-leaved Iris
of feveral forts, Tradefcant's Spiderwort, Savoy
Spiderwort, Double Purple and large Blue Perri-
wincles, Peach-leaved and Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower, Maudlin, Birthwort, Afarabacca, Cats-
foot, Noli me tangere. Great Gentian, Honey-
wort,.
May. The Gardeners Kakndar. 165
wort, Mandrake, Greater Navel wort, Spotted
Lungwort, Hedyfarum Clypeatum flore albo
& rubro, Lychindea Virginiana, Greek Valeri-
an with white and blue fiowers, Double white
and red Batchelor's Button, Double white
Mountain Ranunculus, Double Ragged Robin,
Double Feverfew, Foxglove of three or four
fort, Buphthalmums, Sea Ragwort, Double
Saxifrage, Double Ladies Smock, Borage-
leaved Verbafcum, Spanifii Toad-flax, Spurges
of feveral kinds, Grafs-leaved Ranunculas, Ho-
nefty or Satten flower. Upright Speedwell, YeU
low Eaftern Buglofs, Garden Buglofs, Onobry-
chis, Scabloufes, Antlnhinutn or Snapdragon,
Eaftern Veronica with fine cut leaves, Globur
laria, Dw^arf Blue Ornithogalum, Perennial
Adonis, Perennial Omphalodes, Portugal Dead
Nettle v^'ith large fiov/ers, Borage from Con-
ftantinople, Claytonia, Italian Arum, Yellow
Alyffon of Crete, Large Yellow Avens, Sea-
Cabbage, Double Crowfoot, Annual Adonis
with red and yellow flowers, Afarina, Meadia,
Dodartia, Vulneraria, Dalfes of feveral colours,
Pvdatted Pink, Sea Pink, /Indroface, with feme
others of iefs note.
M 3 Hardy
1 66 I'he Gardeners Kalendar. May.
Hardy Trees and Shrubs now in Flower.
Phlomis or Jerufalem Sage, two or three
forts, Yellow Jafmine, Colutea Scorpoides,
Oriental Colutea with bloody flowers, Lilacs
feveral forts, Early White, Italian, and com-
mon Honeyfuckles,Gelder Rofe, White Thorn,
Flowering Afli, Bladder Nut, Cinnamon
Rofe, Monthly Rofe, Damafk Rofe, Bur-
net-leaved Rofe, Scotch Rofe, Apple-bear-
ing Rofe, HorfeCheftnut, Three-thorned Aca-
cia, Lab'jrnums, Cytifus fecundus cluiiis L«te
or Nettle tree, Bladder Sena, Double-flowering
Dwarf Almond, Cockfpur Hawthorn, Double-
flowering Hawthorn, Cinquefoil Shrub, Bird
Cherry, Portugal Laurel, Scarlet Horfe Chefl:-
nut. Perfumed Cherry, Ciftus of feveral forts,
Mallov/ tree. Arbor Judae, Shrubby Moontree-
foil, Sea Buckthorn, Spirsa Salicis folio. Spi-
raea Opuli folio, Spirssa Hyperici folio. Dwarf
Medlar, Amelanchier, Candieberry Myrtle,
Chamcelasa tricoccos, ChrilVs Thorn, Pifl:achia
Nut, Pyracantha, Rofemary, Myrtle-leaved Su-
mach, Toxicodendron or Poifon Afli, Virginia
Service with Arbutus leaves, Wild Service or
Quickbeam, Aria Theophrafl:!, True Service,
Maple- leaved Service, Double-flowering Cher-
ry, Purple Mountain Shrubby Reft Harrow^
6 Hairy
May, The Gardeners Kalendar. 167
Hairy Cytifus, Viburnum, Dogwood, Euonyw
mus. Privet, Black Haw, Plane tree, Common
Montpelier and Afli-lcaved Maple, Flowering
AfhjCoronillaCretica, Common Broorh, Shrub-
by Dyers Weed, Tartarian Robin la, called Ca-
ragana, Bafteria, Diervilla, Clematis's of two or
three forts, Hardy American Annona, Button
tree, Pifhamin, Dwarf Tartarian Cytifus,
Stoechas Purpurea, with fome others.
Medicinal Plants iDhich may nmv
be gathered for Ufe.
Bears-breech, Sorrel, Wood Sorrel, Ladies
Mantle, Lily of the Valley, Pimpernel, Brook*'
lime, Water-crefs, Ground Ivy, Reft Harrow,
Rofemary flowers. Dead Nettle, Archangel,
Clivers, Fumitory, Columbine, Herb Paris,
Silverweed or wild Tanfey, Stonecrop, Wood-
roof, Mandrake leaves, Moufe-ear, Daify, Dan-
delion, Betony, Groundfel, Mercury, Adders-
tongue, Borage, Buglofs, Bugule, Woad, Pop-
lar leaves. Shepherd's Purfe, Ladies Smock,
Piony flowers, Avens, Scurvy-grafs, Chervil,
Comfrey, Plantain, Teafle, Navelwort, Horfe-
tail, Croflwort, Greater Blue-bottle, Mufk
Cranes-bill, Bean flowers, Burnet, Spotted
Lungwort.
M 4 JFork
1 68 7he Garde7urs Kalendar. May.
Work io he done in the Green-House
and Stove.
About the middle or latter end of this
xnonth, if the weather be fettled and the
nights warm, you fliould bring forth your
Orange trees, and (if poffible) take the ad-
vantage of a fhow^er of rain for this work,
which will waih the duft from the furfaces
of their leaves, and greatly refrefh them : you
fiiould at this time (if you have not before
done it) take out the earth from the top of
the pots or tubs, and fill them up with frefli
rich earth, which will greatly encourage their
flowering, and caufe them to make vigorous
(hoots ; and if their fcems have not been
cleaned the preceding month, it fiiould now
be done ; this is only meant for fiich trees as
are not removed out of the tubs or pots the
j'ame year.
You may now inarch Oranges, Jafmines*
Pomegranates, and other tender exotick trees,
cbferving to place them v/here they may be
fneltercd from ftrong vv^inds, Vv'hick would dif-
place the inarched (hoots, if they were too
fpufh expofcd thereto.
Pake
May. T^heGardcfiers Kalendar. 169
Make layers of Myrtles, Pomegranates,
Jafmines,Paffion flowers, Capers, and other ten^
der (hrubs, obferving to lay fome mulch over
them, and fupply them fi'equently with water,
which will greatly facilitate their rooting; but
it muft not be given them in too great quan-
tities.
In the middle of the day, if the weather
prove hot, you fhould fliade the glaffes of the
flove and the hot-beds, where your choice ex-
otick plants are placed, and let them have free
air, in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ;
and fuch of your exotick plants as want fliift-
ing, fhould now be removed, and fome of them
placed in larger pots, giving them frefh earth,
and then plunge them into the hot-bed again,
obferving to fhade the glaffes until they have
taken frefli root.
Toward the latter end of the month
plant cuttings of Mefembryantheipums, Se-
dums, Cotyledons, Cereufes, Euphorbiums,
and other fucculent plants, laying them in a
dry fnady place a week or fortnight, according
as they are more or lefs fucculent, before they
are planted, that the wounded part may be
healed over, otherwife they are fubjefl: to rot ;
r.!vd when they are planted, they fhould be
placed (fuch of them as are hardy) in a (hady
(ituatioa
lyo The Gardeners Kalendar. May.
fituation for a fortnight or more; but thofe which
are tender muft be planted in pots, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, ob-
fcrving to (hade the glafles in the heat of the
day, and refrefli them with water as they may
require : the hardy forts may alfo be planted in
a bed of light earth, where, if they are fcreened
with mats, they will freely take root.
Cleanfe the leaves of Aloes, and other ten-
der exotick plants, from duft and filth, which
they have contrafted in the houfe during the
winter, and cut off all decayed leaves of thofe
plants, for now the wounds given to them will
foon heal : this is alfo a proper time to cut off
the heads of thofe forts of Aloes which grov^
with large flems, and feldom afford off-fets ;
fo that there is no other method to propagate
them, than by taking off their heads for plant-
ing, and thereby caufing their ftems to fend
forth a frefli fhoot or two ; but you muft ob-
ferve to leave three or four good leaves upom
the ftem to draw the fap, otherwife the ftem
will decay without producing any new head ;
you muft alfo icep them in the houfe, and not
cxpofe them abroad to the wet, until the
wounds are perfeflly healed; and if you
plunge them intp a moderate hot-bed, it will
facilitate their ihooting,
Tara
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 171
Turn over your heaps of ^ompofl:, to pre-
vent weeds growing on them ; and the oftener
this is done, the better will they be mixed, and
fweetened for ufe.
Bring out all your hardy exotick plants,
fuch asCiftufes, Geraniums, Phylica, Celaftrus,
Sorrel tree. Amber tree, Ardotis's, Herman-
nias, Yellow Indian and Spanifh Jafmines,
Polygala frutcfcens, Hypericum from Minorca,
Fabagos, Rhufs, Oleanders, African Scabiou-
fes, Phlomis, Spring Cyclamen, Lentifcufcs,
with feveral other forts, which will now bear
the open air ; but you (hould obferve to place
them in a (hady fituation for a fortnight ; for
if they are immediately expofed to the full fun,
it will change their leaves to a brown colour,
and caufe the plants to appear very unfightly.
Thofe exotick plants which are to be con-
tinued longer in the houfe, muft now be
brought forward to the windows, that they
n)ay have a great (hare of frefh air (efpecially
ifthefeafon be warm); otherwife they will
draw very weak, and change to a pale languid
colour \ and where the plants have been drawn
too weak to bear the fun, if the glafles are
(haded in the heat of the day, it will be better
than to expofe them too much to the fun until
they are more hardened. You (liould alfo ob-
ferve
172 The Gardeners Kalendar. May.'
ferv^. to cleanfe their leaves and (Loots from in-
feds, which are very apt to infeft them in the^
honfe, efpecially where the plants are much
crowded ; and if thefe are not waflied off in
time, they will greatly injure the plants, efpeci-
nUy the Coffee tree, which is now flowering,
2nd is ireq^uendy infefted with thefe Imail ver-
min, which at firft appear like duft upon the
leaves, which ihould be immediately wafhed
cff, otherwife they will fpread, in a (hort time,
over moll; of the plants.
If the feaibn (llould prove cool, and the
bark-bed, in which your Ananas are placed,
fliould abate of its heat, you muft ftir it ifp
sgain, and mix a Uttle new bark with it, which
will renevv^ the heat, and be of great fervice in
forwarding the fruit : it will alfo be of great
fervice to the young Anana plants, which are
defigned for fruiting the next year j for if the
tan- beds are kept in a kindly heat all the fum-
mer, and a fufficient fliare of air admitted to
the plants, they will become ftrong and healthy,
fa capable of producing large fruit, ilnd at
this time you (hould ihift thofe plants which
sre to produce fruit the fucceeding year, if it ,
was not done the laft m^onth, into larger pots, !
that their roots may have room to fpread. Bqt
you
May. The Gardeners Kalendar. 173
you muft be careful not to put them in pots too
large, for this v/ill prevent their growth.
Phrats in Flower in the Green-House
and Stove,
Geraniums of feveral forts, Spanifli Teiicri-
um with broad and narrow leaves, Ardotls of
feveral forts, Othonna with hoary divided
leaves, Canary Chryfanthemum, Hermannia
of feveral forts, Elichryfums, Canary Broom,
Ciftus Ladanifera, Ilex-leaved Jafmine, Helio-
tropiuni Scorodoniic folio, Polygala Africans,
^Ethiopian Calla with a white flower, Convol-
vulus Canarienlis, Ficoidefes of feveral forts.
Broad-leaved African Afphodel, African Tree
Scabious, Shrubby African Sage, with blue and
iron-coloured flowers, latropha with multifid
leaves, and another with leaves like Stavefacre,
Lotus argentea Cretica, Turnera with flirubby
ftalks, and an elm leaf, and another with
narrow-pointed leaves, Amaryllis, Crinuin,
Pancratium, Jujubes, Myrtles, Royenia, Myr-
fine, Upright filvery Convolvulus, Bafella,
Arabian Jafmine, Indian Fig, Indian flov/ering
Reed, Bauhinias, Acacias, Apocynums, Phlo--
miles, Melianthus two forts, Watfonia, Ixia,
Cunonia, Sifyrinchium, Coral tree, Maipighia,
5 Papaya,
1 74 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. May»
Papaya, Caffia, Dumb Cane, Rauvolfia, Pur-
ple American Helleborine, Kempferia, Wal-
thcria, Ceftrum, Lyciums of feveral forts, Ce-
laftrus, Clutia, Small creeping Cereus, Antho-
liza, three forts of Diofma, Euphorbiums, Hae-
manthus with fpotted ilalks, Coffee tree, Me-
locaftus Minor, Piercea, Dwarf Yellow An-*^
thericum, Craffulas, Shrubby African Foxlove,
Paffion flowers, Solanums of feveral forts, twd
forts of African Marigolds, Tree Candy Tuft,
Atraphaxis, Evergreen climbing Birthwort,
Tree Wormwood, Kiggelaria, Cotyledons, Fa-
bagos, Pforaba of three kinds, Lotus with
black flowers. Climbing Arum with perforated
leaves. Shrubby Peruvian Heliotrope, PaflTerina,
Cbironia, Shrubby African Lavatera, Blue Star-
wort of the Cape of Good Hope, Oranges,
Lemons, Citr#ns, Limes, and fome forts of
Aloes.
JUNE.
['75 3
U N E.
Tf^ork to be done in the Kitchen-^
Garden.
^ HE beginning of this month you
^^-^^ muft tranfplant Cabbage and Sa-
voy plants, which are to fupply
the kitchen in winter, either on
an open ipot of ground, or between rows of
Beans, Cauliflowers, ^c, which will be taken
off the ground in a fliort time, and then the
new- planted plants will have room to grow ;
and being (haded by the other crops at firft
planting, they will take root fooner than if they
were quite expofed to the fun 5 and by thus ob-
ferving to put one crop to fucceed another, a
fkilful perfon will produce more things from
jone acre of land, than fome others can from
two
176 The Gardeners KahrJar. Jundi
two or three, which is what every perfon, who
is acquainted with the London gardeners prac-
tice, maft be convinced of.
The Cauliflower plants which were fown the
laft month for winter ufe, will be fit to tranf-
plant towards the end of this month ; when
they ihould be pricked out into beds of rich
earth, obfcrving to fhade them until they have
taken root, and be fure to water them duly, in
dry weather, otherwife they are apt to flint and
be infefted with infeds.
Hoe and clean Carrots, Parfneps, Onions,
Leeks, Beets, and all other late crops ; for if
the weeds are permitted to grow at this feafon,
many of them will (hed their feeds in a fliort
time, and become troublefome hereafter, and
the larger forts will overbear the crops, and
draw them up weak, to their great prejudice.
You may yet make flips or cuttings of Sage,
Rofemary, Stoechas, Lavender, Hyflbp, Winter
Savory, and other aromatick plants ; though it
had been better if done earlier in the year, be-
caufe this month often proves hot and dry, and
the plants, having long and tender (hoots, are
in greater danger of mifcarrying. Thefe cut-
tings fl^.outd have a fmall part of the former
year's flioot to them, which is the fureft me-
thod to have them fucceed.
Plant
June. The Ga7^de7ters Kahndar. 177
Plant out young plants of all forts of fweet
herbs which were fown in March ; as Thyme,
Hyffop, Sweet-marjoram, Sf^. and alfo Clary,
Burnet, SojtcI, Marigolds, and many other
forts, obferving to allow them room enough
to fpread, which will render them much
fironger than thofe which remain in the feed-
beds 3 butthefe muft be duly watered, and the
fweet herbs which are planted in beds, fiiould
be fcreenedfrom the fun, until they have taken
root.
Clear and hoe the ground whereon your
earlieft Cauliflowers grew, which will be all
gone by the middle or latter end of this
month. And if you have ridges of Cucum-
bers or Melons made between the rows of Cau-
liflowers, (as is the pradlice of the London gar-
deners) you {hould dig all the ground between
the ridges of Cucumbers, and lay out the Vines
in regular order 5 this will not only loofen the
ground for the roots of the plants, but alfo de-
ftroy the weeds, and render the furface of the
ground wholfomer for the Vines to lie upon :
but in doing of this, you fliould be very careful
not to bruife or break the Vines, which would
be very injurious to them ; and (ifpollible) let
>at be done in moift weather.
, • N Now
1 7 8 "The Gardeners Kalendar. June.
Now you iliould fill up the alleys between
your laft ridges of Melons : if this is done
with loam and very rotten cow dung mixed,
and the whole troden down very clofe, the
plants will not require any water afterwards 5
for if their roots have depth enough of ftrong
land, they will produce a much greater crop of
fruit, than thofe planted on fliallow beds, which
muft be watered, and the fruit will be much
better flavoured, ,
Sow Turneps upon a moift fpot of ground,
when there is a profpecS of rain in a litde
time, for moifture will bring up the plants in a
few days ; but in dry weather the feeds will
remain in the ground, and not vegetate 5 be-
fides, if the plants come up, and the weather
continues very hot and dry, the fly will take
them, and deftroy them in a fliort time.
In the beginning of the month you may
fow fome Broccoli feed for the fecond crop,
and Finnochia, to fucceed that which was fown
in the middle of the former month ; for in
very hot weather this plant will not remain
good above a fortnight, before it will run to
feed ', fo that if it be not often fown, there will
be a want to fupply the kitchen.
Tranfplant Celery into (hallow trenches
for blanching, allowing about four or five
inches
Tune. The Gardeners Kalendar. I79
inches ipace between each plant in the rows %
and make the trenches three feet afunder, that
there may be room enough between them
to earth up the plants, when they are full
grown.
Plant the lad crop of Kidney Beans to fuc^
ceed thole which were planted in May ; and
fow brown, Dutch, and common Cabbage Let-
tuces, for a late crop ; tranfplant fuch Lettuces
as were fown the beginning of May, obferving
to place them in a fliady fituation, but not un-
der trees, nor too near walls or other buildings,
which will draw them up weak, and prevent
their cabbaging,
Tranfplant Endive in an open moift fpot of
ground for blanching, allowing the plants a
foot diftance each way, that they may have
room to fpread ; and the latter end of this
month fow fome Endive feed for the full croo.
Continue to fow fmall fallet herbs every
three or four days ; fuch as CreiTes, Muftard,
Turnep, Rape, Radifii, ^c, for, at this feafon,
they will foon grow too large for ufe.
You mufi: now thin the Finnochia plants,
w^hich were fown the former month, obferving
to allov/ them room enough to grow, other-
wife they will draw up weak, and never fwell
at bottom ; but the plants which are taken out
N 2 iliould
i8o The Gardeners Kalendar. Jiffne*
fhould not be tranfplanted, for they rarely are
good for any thing, being very fubjed to run
to feed, before they arrive to any fize.
The Broccoli which v^as fov^n in May,
fhould be nov;^ pricked out into beds at about
three inches afunder, where they will grow
ftrong, in order for planting out the next
month i for where they are fuffered to grow in
the feed-bed too long, they draw up weak, and
never produce fo good heads as thofe which are
(hort and ftrong in the ftems.
Weed and thin the plants in your Cucum-
ber holes which were fown for pickling, ob-
ferving to leave but four of the ftrongeft and
beft fituated plants in each hole ^ and at the
fame time earth up their ilianks, which will
greatly ftrengthen them ; and give them fome
water to fettle the earth about them.
Plant out Cardoons for good, allowing each
plant four feet of room, otherwife they cannot
be earthed up fo high as they will require when
they are fully grown.
In dry v/eather, gather feeds of all thofe forts
that are ripe, fpreading them upon mats or
cloth to dry, before they are rubbed or beaten
out of their hufks or pods.
Gather herbs for drying of fuch forts as are
now in flower, 'viz. Carduus Benedidus,
6 ]N^nt>
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. i8i
Mint, Lavender, Clary, Sage, Marigold flow-
ers, ^c. and hang them up in a dry iliady
place, where they may ^dry leifurely, which
will render them better for any purpofe, than
if they were dried in the fun ; and this is the
beft feafon for diftilling moft forts of herbs,
which being now in flower, are much better
than when they are fufi^ered to ftand longer.
Your Melon plants, that are growing upon
beds which are not deeply earthed, and are
now fetting of their fruit, fhould be (haded in
the heat of the day with mats, if the weather
fliould prove very warm, otherwife their fruit
will drop ; and you (hould be careful not t©
give them too much water, which is often in-
jurious to them. The beft method is, to wa-
ter the alleys between the beds, which will foak
through to the roots of the plants, and there-
by fupply them with moifture j and there will
be no danger of the plants rotting by this me-
thod, as the water will not come near their
ftems.
Gather up fnails in the morning and even-
ing, and after (bowers of rain, at which times
they will come abroad from their holes and '
places of harbour, fo that they are eafily de-
ftroyed.
N 3 The
Z 8 2 The Gardeners Kalendar. June.
The weeds which now come up in moft
gardens are, Wild Orach, Nightfliade, Thorn-
apple, Groundfel, Sow-thiftles, Shepherd's-
purfe, Dandelion, Pimpernel, &c» which, if
permitted to grow, will many of them foon
filed their feeds, whereby the ground will be
plentifully flocked with them, and by their
growth among crops, will foon get the better
of them, and fpoil v/hatever plants are near
them.
You may nov/ tranfplant Leeks out of the
feed-beds into the places where they are to re-
main, obferving to water them until they have
taken root : this is often praftifed in fmall gar^
dens, where any early crop of Beans or Cauli-
flowers has been produced on the fame ground,
before the Leeks are planted on it.
The young Afparagus-beds, which wero
planted in March, fhould be kept very clean
from weeds, which, if permitted to grovt^>_ will
foon weaken the roots, and fometirnes deftroy
them. For wherever a large weed happens
to ftand near any of the Afparagus plants,
their roots v/ill infinuate themfelves between
thofe of the Afparagus ; fo that in pulling up
the weeds, the roots of Afparagus are many
tirnes drawn cut of the ground with thern.
Prodaffs
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 183
Trodu6ts of the K i t c h e n-Gard e n.
Cauliflowers in plenty, Cabbages, young
Carrots, Beans, Peas, Artichokes, Afparagus,'
Turneps, Cucumbers, Melons, Kidney Beans,
Cabbage Lettuces of various kinds ; all forts
of young fallet herbs ; as Chervil, CrefTes,
Muftard, Rape, Raddifh, Corn fallet, Purflane,
fuckers of Artichokes, Tanfey, Mint, Eaum,
and other aromatick pot-herbs, fome late Rad-
diflies, ^c. fome early Finnochia, large rooted
Parfley, fome Celery and Endive where they
were fown very early, with other kinds.
All forts of fweet herbs, as Lavender,
Thyme, Winter Savory, Hyffop, Marum, Ma-
ftich, Stoechas, ^c. as alfo Sage, Rofemary,
Origanum, Pennyroyal, Parfley, Sorrel, Burnet,
Buglofs, Borage for cool tankards, with many
kinds of n^edicinal or culinary plants.
Workto he done in the Fruit-Garden.
Begin to inoculate fl:one fruits toward the
end of the month, doing it in an evening, or in
cloudy weather : the fiift fort which is fit to
bud, is the Mafculine Apricot, afterward all the
other forts of Apricots, then the Peaches and
N 4 Neaa-
184 7"^^ Gardeners Kakndar. June.
Nectarines, Cherries, Plums, &c, obferving to
take of each fort according to their times of
ripening their fruits.
You muil now look over your wall and
efpalier trees again, and rub off all foreright,
ill-placed, or luxuriant branches, and train the
others regularly at equal diilances to the wall
or efpalier; but be not too officious with the
knife at this feafon, neither fuffer any of the
leaves to be pulled from the branches, unlefs
they are diftempered ; for the pulling off the
leaves, will expofe the fruit too much to the
fan in the day, and cold in the night, and
thereby check their growth ; befides, by taking
off the leaves too foon, the buds which are
formed at the foot-flalks of thofe leaves will be
greatly injured thereby.
Where Peaches and Nedlarines have been
left too clofe together when they were thinned,
they (houid now be taken off, being careful not
to fuffer two or more fruits to grow nearer than
five or fix inches apart, which will greatly im-
prove the fruit, and Arengthen the tree for the
fucceeding year.
Look careful iy after fnails and other ver-
min which infefl your choice fruit, and, if not
timely prevented, will fpoil it in a fliort time
at this feafon.
In
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 185
In dry weather water fach trees as were
tranfplantcd the former feafon, obferving tO'
preferve mulch upon the furface of the ground
about their roots, to prevent their being dried
by the fun and wind; and faften thofe fhoots
which have been produced, either to the wall
or efpalier, in the order they fhould grow ; for
if they are permitted to grow loofe, they will
be in danger of being broken by winds, d?c.
Obferve to keep the ground about your
trees clear from weeds, and all other plants ;
for if they are fuffered to grow, they will ex-
hauft the nourifhment of the ground, to the
great injury of the trees, and to the fruits
which fuch trees produce ; which wilLnot be
near fo large, nor well tafted, as thofe which
are produced upon thofe trees where no plants
are fuffered to grow about them : you fhould
alfo gently ftir up the earth of the borders about
your fruit trees with a dung fork, to loofen it
where it has been trodden down, by looking over
and nailing of the trees : or if the foil is very
flrong, andfubjed to be bound, or grow hard,
this will prepare the ground to receive every
fliower of rain, and admit it to the roots of
the trees 3 but this (hould be very carefully
perforffied-, fo as not to fork tioo deep, to dif-
turb
1 86 The Gardeners Kalendar. June.
turb the roots of the trees, or to expofe them
to the fun and air.
The Vines fhould now be looked over again,
and the branches which are loofe muft be
faftened to the wall ; and all fide (hoots, or
we^ik trailing branches, muft be intirely taken
off, that the fruit may enjoy the benefit of the
ilin and air, which is abfokitely necefiary to
promote their growth ; but this is often ne-
glefted in many gardens, and the branches per-
mitted to hang from the wall, and intangle
with each other 3 fo that when they are put
in their proper pofition to the wall, their leaves
will be often difplaced io as to have their back
parts upward, whereby the fruit will be retard-
ed in its growth, until they have turned their
furface upward again : and it is this negledl
which occafions the late ripening or ill tafte of
the fruit, and alfo renders the wood foft and
pithy, fo that it produces a much lefs quantity
of fruit the following year.
The vineyard fliould alfo be thus managed
at this feafon, faftening the {hoots to the flakes
in regular order, fo that each may equally have
the advantage of fun and air 5 and keep the
ground perfedtly clear from all other plants
or weeds, which if permitted to grow among
June. Tloe Gardeners Kalendar. 187
the Vines, would greatly prejudice them the
following year.
Fruits in prtme^ or yet lajiing.
Strawberries of feveral forts. Currants,
Goofeberries ; and, from good afpefted walls,
Duke, Flanders-heart, White-heart, and Black-
heart Cherries : Mafculine Apricot in a warm
iituation, toward the end of the month; Green
Goofeberries for tarts, in cold fituations ; and,
in the forcing-frame. Peaches, Nedrarines, and
Grapes , and, in the hot-houfe. Ananas or Pine
Apples. ,
Golden RulTet, Pile's Ruflet, Stone Pip-
pin, Deux Ans or John Apple, Oaken Pin, and
fome other Apples, where they are carefully
preferved.
As alfo the black Pear of Worcefter, Lord
Cheyne's Green, and Cadillac Pears.
Work to be done in /& Nu R s e R Y.
You muft obferve In this month (as was dl-
reded in the former) to keep the ground be-
tween your rows of trees in the nurfery, in-
tirely .clear from weeds ; forthefe are very in-
jurious to the trees, and nothing can have a
worfe
5
1 88 The Gardeners Kale72dar. June.
worfe appearance, tb^n a nurfery over-grown
with weeds; therefore this caution cannot be
too often repeated : obferve alfo to keep the
feed-beds, in which the feeds of trees and
fiirubs were fown, intirely clear from weeds;
for thefe plants being young, are foon greatly ^
injured, if not totally deftroyed by large weeds.
Toward the latter end of this month you
mufl: begin to bud Apricots, and feme early ^
Peaches and Neftarines ; but in this you muft
be guided by the condition of the trees from
whence the cuttings are taken ; for if the fea-
fon has proved very dry, the buds will not ea-
fily part from the flioot, in which cafe it will
be proper to defer this work a little longer.
Obferve to renew the mulch about your
new-planted trees, where it is decayed ; for
at this feafon, if the weather proves dry, the
moifture of the earth will be exhaled, and the
young fibres will foon be dried up, where this
work is not carefully performed.
You may yet lay down the tender flioots of
Virgin Bower, Paffion Flowers, and many other
climbing plants, v^hofe (hoots of the fame year
put out roots readily when laid at this fea-
fon ; whereas if the laying of them is deferred
till autumn they frequently mifcarry, or will
not have roots fit to take off from rfie ftocks
under
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 189
under two years ; after thefe are layed you
fhould oblbrve to water them in dry weather,
which will greatly promote their taking root.
But thefe waterings fliould not be too often re-
peated, nor too much water given at each time,
for that will rot the tender fibres as they are
puflied out ; therefore the beft method is to lay
fome mulch on the furface of the ground after
the layers are put down, to prevent the fua
from drying it too fail:, and then a little water
will be fufficient, and the layers \V\\\ more
certainly take root. You may alfo make lay-
ers of feveral hardy exotick trees, which, if
laid in the young wood, will many of them
take root before winter : whereas when the
older branches are laid down, they frequently
fail ; and when they do fucceed, they will be
much longer before they put out roots : fo that
whatever fjarce plants you have a mind to in-
creafe, may be tried this way, fince we are
not afTured what plants will take root with this
management.
Trim up your Evergreens, according to the
ufes for which they are defigned ; for if you
faffer them to grow rude in fummer, they
cannot be fo eafily reduced afterwards; be-
fides, the ruder they grow, the more naked
they will be near the ftems.
Toward'
190 l^he Gardeners Kalendar. June.
Toward the latter end of this mouth, you
may prick out into beds the feedling plants of
alt forts of Pines, which, if carefully ihaded
and watered, will foon take root at this feafon ;
and thefe plants will be ftronger, and much
better prepaied to live through the following
winter, than, thofe which are left in the feed-
beds, as their roots will be better fixed in the
ground, and their ftems will alfo be fhorter.
All the young feedling exotick trees and fhrubs
IT: ait be now taken great care of, to (hade many
of '•'^m from the fun in the middle of the day
in . hot weather, otherwife they will be in
danger by the earth being dried too faft ab6ut
thcii > for as they are near the furface,
the heat. 1 \ very warm feafons, will be too great
for them where they are expofed to the full
foutii fun ; for when the ground is too foon
dried, that will occafion often watering, where-
by the tender fibres of the plants are frequently
rotted ; fo that by ihading them, much labour
in watering is faved, and the plants will thrive
better.
Work to be done in the Pleasure or Flower-
Garden.
Tranfplant annual flowers out of the hot-
bed, or where they were raifed, into the borders
of
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 191
of the flower garden; fiich as Capficums,
Balfamines, Convolvulufes, Love Apple, Afri-
cans, French Marigolds, Amaranthufes, Indian
Pinks, China Starwort, Marvel of Peru, Chry-
fanthemums. Tobacco, Palma Chrifti, Alke-
kengi, Sweet Refeda, or Mignonette d'^Egypt,
Stramoniums, Yellow Sultan, Cardifpermum,
Zinnia of two forts, Martynia, fmall leaved Ba-
fil, Canary Lavendar, Hibifcus of fome kinds,
&c» obferving to do it in a cloudy day, or in an
evening ; and give them fome water to fettle
the earth to their roots.
You may now lay down your Carnations,
Pinks, double Sweet Williams, and fuch other
fibrous-rooted plants, as are propagated by lay-
ers, being careful to water them as foon as it
is is done ; but it mud be given to them very
gently, otherwife it will endanger the walliing
them out of the ground, or breaking them ;
and this watering (hould be frequently repeated,
which will greatly facilitate their rooting.
^ This is a proper feafon for taking up and
tranfplanting the roots of Cyclamens, Frltilla-
rias, Dens Canis, Saffron, Perfian Iris, Snow^
drops, Winter Aconite, Spring Crccufes, and
fuch other bulbous-rooted flowers, whofe leaves
are decayed, fome of which do not fucced well,
li their roots are kept any long time cut of
tha
192 TJje Gardeners Kale72dar. June.
the ground ; and the Guernfey and Belladonna
Lilies may now be taken up, and either tranf-
planted again immediately, or if they are to be
fent to any diftance, the roots may be wrapped
up in wool, and this will preferve them for two
months, or longer.
Cut off the ftalks of fuch flowers as have
done blowing, and are decaying -, and tie up
fuch flov/ers to fticks as are yet to blow, efpe-
cialiy your tall autumnal plants, which are
often breken down by the wind, if they are
not timely fupported with ftrong flakes.
Take up your Hyacinth roots out of the
beds wherein they were laid the former montli
to ripen, and clear them from earth and filth,
laying them upon a mat in a fhady place to
'dry ; after which they may be put into drawers
or boxes, where they may enjoy the free air,
without which they often grow mouldy and
decay.
It is now time to take up the roots of Tu-
lips, Anemonies, Ranunculufes, NarciiTus, Fri-
tillarias, Crown Imperials, Tulips, and other
bulbous and tuberofe-rooted flowers, whofe
leaves are decayed, and fpread them upon mats
in a fhady place to dry ; then clean them from
filth, and put them up in boxes or bags until
the feafon for planting them, being careful to
put
June, l^he Garde?7ers Kalendar. 193
put them out of the reach of rats and mice,
«)thervvife they will eat them up, but efpecially
the Tulip roots.
Your Carnations, which begin to break
their pods, fliould be opened in two ol* three
different parts, at equal diftances, that their
flow^ers may expand equally on every fide,
otherwife they will throw their petals out onlv
on one fide of the podS; whereby the flowers
.will appear very irregular : you rnuil: alfo ob-
serve to cover them with glafles fbon after their
pods are open, 10 fcreen them from moifture^
and, in the heat of the day, the glaffes mull
be covered with paper, or Cabbage leaves, to
fcreen the flo^vers from, the heat of the fun,
both which are very injurious to them 3 but
fome very curious perfons make their covers
for thefe flowers, with oiled paper, which Is
jnuch better than glafs, becaufe the heat is
not fo great through them, fo the flowers will
not be in danger of fcorching with fuch covers
as with glafs 5 look carefully after earwio^s and
ants 5 for if thefe can come at the flowers, they
will defl:roy them in a (hort time, by eating the
fweet ends of the petals next the nedarium,
whereby the leaves will fall out of ^the pods.
Tranfplant fuch forts of perennial or bien-
nial fibrous- rooted plants as were fown the two
O forraer
194 ^^'^ Gardeners Kalendar. June,
former months, into nurfery-beds, where they
fliould be allowed room enough to grow till
autumn, which is the proper feafon for planting
them in the borders of the flower-garden to re-
main : of thefe kinds are French Honey-
fuckles, Seedling Pinks, Sweet Williams, Stock-
giiliflowers, Columbines, Dames-gilliflowers,
Canterbury Bells, Hollyhocks, Scabioufes,
Wall-flowers, Carnations, Fox-gloves, Cam-
panulas, ^c, all of which muft be raifed in the
flower-nurfery the firft feafon, and in the au-
tumn tranfplanted into the flower-garden, to
flower the following fummer.
You may now inoculate fome of the more
curious forts of Rofes, which do not fend forth
fuckers fo as to be increafed thereby : the beft
flocks for budding them upon are, the Franc-
fort and Damaflc Rofes, which are the freefl:
fhooters. You fliould now inoculate Jafmines,
of all the kinds you want to incrcafe ; and you
may yet alfo inarch Jafmines of all thofe kinds
which are rare : you may yet alfo inarch Oran-
ges, Lemons, Citrons, Pomegranates, ^c.
Plant cuttings of Phlox's of the feveral forts.
Double Sweet Williams, Double Scarlet Lych-
nifes. Pinks, late flowering Afters, and fuch
fibrous-rooted plants as you want to increafe 5
which, if planted m a bed of light rich earth,
fliaded
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 195
Ihaded from the fan, and duly watered, will
take root very well.
Plants now in Flower.
Larkfpur, White Lily, Orange Lily, Red
Day Lily, Everlafting Pea, Canada Golden-
rod, Broad-leaved upright Dogfbane, Apocy-
num Lillii convalii flore, Yeilow and Blue Aco-
nite, Horned Poppies of feveral forts. Cap-
.noides, White, Biack, and Yeiiovv Swallov/-
Wort, Veronicas, Blattarias, Scarlet Lychnis,
Rofe Campion, Pinks, Double and fingle Vir-
gins Bower, Flammula Jovis, HyiTop, Clarys,
Oriental Buglofs, Double Ptarmica, Sweet Sul-
tan, Xeranthemunis, Herbaceous Coronilla, Ja-
ceas, Santoiinas, Acanthus of three forts, Snap-
dragons, Linarias, Tree Primrofe, Willow-weed
or French Willow, Yellow Loofeftrife, White
Loofeftrife, Valerianella Cornucopoides, two
forts of African Marigolds, Hieraciums, Chry-
fanthemums, Lychnifes of feveral forts, Nigella
of two or three forts. Peach-leaved Bell-flow-
er, Phlox's of three forts, Gentianeila, White
Wall-flower with double and fingle flowers,
White and Red French Honeyfuckles, Lobel's
Catchfly, Venus Navelwort, Flos Adonis, Venu$
Looking-glafs, Double and Single Sweet Wil*
O 2 liarTiS^
196 The Gardeners Kahndar. June.
liams, Double Catchfly, Bulbous fiery Lily,
Martagons of feveral forts, Ornithogalums,
Irifes, Bloody Cranefbill, Red, White and
Garden Valerian ; Greek Valerian with blue
and white flowers, Oriental Ox-eye with yel-
low and w^hite flowers, Bachelors Button with
double and fingle flowers. Double Ragged Ro-
bin, Savoy and Tradefcant's Spider worts. Pop-
pies of various kinds, Columbines of various co-
lours, Spanifli and Portugal Figwort, Indian Sca-
bious, fome forts of Thrift, Candy Tuft, Dwarf
Lychnis, Dwarf Annual Stock, Fox-gloves,
Cornflags of two or three forts. White Hellebore,
Yellow Perennial and Tangier Fumitories, Sea
Ragwort, Africans, Female Balfamine, Peri-
winckles, Fraxinella with purple and white flow-
ers, Great Blue and White WolfflDane, Chalce-
donian Iris, Helianthemums, Sea Lavenders,
Smilax, Afphodels, Eupatoriums, Cyanus's of
feveral forts, Birthwort with long and round
roots, St. Peter Vwort, Bean-caper, Double
Camomile, Capficum, Greater Centaury, Dit-
tany of Crete, Dragon, Fennel-Giant, Lava-
tera. Lavender, Sunflower of feveral kinds,
Foley-mountain, Lupines, Water Lily, Cut-
leaved Lavender, Moth-mullein, Eafliern Caf-
fida with yellow flowers, Alpine Caflida with
large blue flowers, Chriflophoriana Virginiana,
Great Yellow Gentian, Ruyfchiana of two
forts,
June. Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. k^j
forts, Sweet Refeda, Phlomifes, Betony of fe-
veral forts, Globe Thiftle, Cirfiums, Trache-
lium. Pyramidal Campanula, Cerinthe or Ho-
neywort, Purple Ragwort, Squill, Oriental
Mallow, Perennial Yellow Adonis, Sea Holly,
Alcea, Ketmia Veficaria of three forts. Sea
Daffodil, Vulneraria flore Cqccineo, with fomc
others of lefs note.
Hardy Threes mtd Shrubs now in Flower.
Bladder Sena of two or three forts, Pome«
granate with double and fingte flowers, Spanish
Broom, Broad-leaved Yellow Jafmine, White
Jafmine, Rofes of various forts, Tamarifk, Vir-
ginian Sumach, Dorycnium, Shrubby Althnsa
with a Briony leaf. Shrubby Althaea with a
fmaller flower, Oleafter, Ptelea, Nettle tree,
Upright Sweet Canada Rafpberry, Lime tree,
Shrub Cinquefoil, Tree Germander, Late Red,
Dutch, Evergreen, and Long-blowing Honey-
fuckles, Spiraea with a Willow leaf, Spirasa with
a St. John's-wort leaf. Shrubby St. John's-
wort, Canary Hypericum, Catefl^y's Climber
or Carolina Kidney Bean tree, Perennial Shrub-
by Lamium or Bafe Horehound, Syringa, Me-
dicago frutefcetis. Mallow tree, three or four
f(5rt& of American Hawthorns, two or three forts
of Vibiirnums, Eaftern Colutea, Paflion-flow-
O 3 er»
198 The Gardeners Kalendar. June,
er, three or four forts of Virgins Bov er, Spindle
tree, American Dogwood, Diofpyros or Perfimon,
Fringe or Snowdrop tree, Toxicodendron, Cif-
tufes of feveral forts, Phlomifes, Virginia Acacia,
Catalpa, Amorpha or Baftard Indico, Caper-
buQi, Coccygria, T.^lip tree, Clethra, Itea, Red
and V/iiite Spiraea, Celaftrus, two forts of Meli-
anthus, Small Magnolia, Cytifu? Gbber nigri-
cans, Hairy Cytifus, Diervilla, Scorpion Senna,
Portugal Laurel, Double Sweetbriar, Periploca,
Genifla of two or three forts. Wormwood tree,
Colutea ^.thiopica, Piftachia nut, American
Dogwood. Tartarian Dogwood, Scarlet-flower-
ing Horfe Chefcnut, and fome others of lefs notCc
Medicinal Plants which may now he
gathered for Ufe,
Mullein, Speedwell, Figwort, Water Be-
tony, Ros Solis or Sun-dew, Sanicle, Self-heal,
Penny-royal, Red Poppy flowers, Pellitory, Cat-
mint, Water Lily, Spear-mint, Pepper-mint,
Yarrov/ or Milfoil, Scabious, Devil's bit. Fe-
verfew, Melilot, Burnet, Mallow, Black and
White Horehound, Burnet Saxifrage, Sage of
Virtue, Red Sage, Dittander or Pepperwort,
Mountain Flax, Yellow Loofefl:rifb, Tanfey,
Privet flowers. Stone-crop, Hare^s-foot Tre^
7 foil,
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 199
foil, St. John's-wort, HyiTop, Rupture-wort,
Alilanders, Afh leaves, Herb Robert, Mulk
Cranes-bill, Doves-foot Cranes-bill, Broom,
Hedge Muftard, Hemp Agrimony, Strawberry
fruit. Broad and Narrow-leaved Plantain,
Dragons, Tarragon, Lavender Cotton, Ladies
Bedftraw, Common Wormwood, Roman
Wormwood, Lavender-fpike, Lime tree flow-
ers. Bears-breech, Comfrey, Spinach, Maudlin,
Mother of Thynae, Houfleek, Agrimony,
Hemlock, Water Hemlock, Vervain-mallow,
Thyme, Marfn-mallow, Succory, Ladies-Man-
tle, Pimpernel, Dwarf Elder, Reftharrow,
Blue-bottles, Rofemary, Marigolds, Silver-
weed or Wild Tanfey, Germander, Orpine,
Cyclamen root. Fox-glove, Mugwort, Bo-
rage,Buglofs, Sowthiftle, Garden Orach, Stink-
ing Orach, Shepherd*s-purfe, Honcy-fuckle,
Betony, Carduus Benedidtus, Calamint, Avens,
Knotgrafs, Camomile, Hounds-tongue, Eye*
bright, Rafpberry fruit, Damalk Rofe, White
Rofe, Red Rofe flowers, Elder flowers, Stce»
chas or French Lavender, and Brooklime.
Work t'Q be done in the Green-House^
Garden and Stove.
Your Orange trees, being now in flower^
fliould be conftantly fupplied vv:ith water in
O 4 dry
200 7he Gardeners Kalendar. June*
dry weather, to encourage them to fet their
fruit s and the earth on the furface of their tubs
and pots fhould be ftirred, and fome rotten
Beats dung laid rhereon, railing it round the
outfide of the tubs or pots, fo as to make an
hollow to contain the water 3 but you fliould
never Fay any new dung upon the pots, nor put
any fheep or deer dung into the water to enrich
it, as is by 100 many perfons pradifed, to the
great prejudice of tiieir trees ; for thefe ftrongly
impregnated waters, inftead of affording nou-
riihm.ent to the trees, caufe their leaves to
change to a pale yellow colour, and the trees
are apt to flower out of the proper feafon, which
renders them weak, and many times dcftroys
them in two or three years time. The beft
water for thefe trees is fuch as is taken from
rivers, or ponds, where it is fully expofed to
the fun and air; fo that if you have no other
than fpring or well water, it fhould always b€
expofed to the fun and air two or three days
before it is ufed. You muft alfo gather off
the flowers as they blow% leaving but few up-
on each tree for fruit; and thofe only upon the
ftrongeft branches, and where they are beft
fituated to ftand.
Plant cuttings of Myrtles in a bed of light
rich earth, obferving to water and fhade thera
uptU
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 201
until they have taken root; and now you may
plant cuttings of Geraniums, Cytifufes, Leo-
nurufes, Dorias, Elichryfums, Hermannias,
African Sages, Othonna, African Marigolds,
Lantanas, Halleria, African Starwort, Ciftufes,
J'abagos, Lotufes, Arftotis, Conyzas, African
Sumachs, and many otlier exotick plants,
which are flirubby ; but in choofing of the
cuttings, takefuch as have no flov^ers on them,
and thofe which have ftrength, and not fuch
as have been drav^^n weak by {landing too long
in the green-houfe^ treating them in the man-
ner directed under their feveral heads in the
Gardeners Dictionary.
You may now (liift any of your green-
houfe plants, putting fuch as require it into
larger pots, obferving to pare off all the mouldy
and decayed roots, which generally grow
round next the fides of the pots; and take out
as much of the old earth from the ball as you
can conveniendy, without leaving their roots
too bare. When they are new planted, they
fliould be placed in a (hady fituation, where
they may be defended from ftrong winds ; it
will alfo be proper to fupport them by driving
flakes into the ground at proper diftances, to
which a rail (liould be faftened at a convenient
height from the ground, and the ftems of the
plants
202 The Gardeners Kalendar. June,
plants faftened to the rail, to prevent the wind
from difplaoing the plants until they have taken
new root, after which they may be removed to
the places where they are to remain during the
fummer feafon : but it will be proper to faften
their ftems when removed to a rail, to prevent
their being blown down by the wind.
Take off cuttings from the feveral kinds of
Cereufes, Sedums, Euphorbia's, Mefembryan-
themi's, Cotyledons, Indian Fig, Craffulas,
fclenias, and other fucciilent plants as are wanted
for an increafe, laying them in a fliady part of the
llove for about a fortnight, that their wounded
parts may heal over before they are planted,
otherwife they will be in danger of rotting.
Stir up the bark in thofe hot-beds which
have been long made, and, where it is wanted,
add fome new bark to them, which will re-
new their heat, and plunge the pots down
again immediately ; this fliould be done in foft
warm weather, when there is litde wind, left,
by expofing the plants in cold weather to the
open air, they fhould fuffer j or if the wea-
ther is bad, the plants fhould be carried into
the ftove while this is doing, for tender plants
will not bear the open air, when the wind is
ftrong or cold.
In
June. The Gardeners Kale7tdar. 203
In hot weather you fhould give air freely to
your moft tender exotick plants : and in fn:iall
ftoves, where the plants are near the glaffes, it
will be of great fervice to the plants, to fliade
the glaffes with mats in the great heat of the
day j but in large ftoves, where the plants have
room, they will not require to be (leaded, un-
lefs at fuch times when they are new-pjDttedj
till they have taken frefli root.
Tranfplant fuch feedling exotick plants as
were raifed in the fpring, into feparate pots ;
and fuch of them as are very tender, ihould be
plunged into a frefli hot-bed, to promote their
growth ; but thofe which are hardy, w^ill only
require to be fheltered until they have taken
root, after which time, they may be removed
to the places where they are to remain the
fummer feafon.
You may now take up the roots of the Ca-
nary Campanula, and moft of the bulbous and
tuberous-rooted plants which come from the
Cape of Good Hope 3 as the Haemanthus, Afri«
can Cornflag, Blue tuberoua-rooted Crinum,
Sifyrinchiums, Squills, Perfian Cyclamen, Cu-
nonia, Watfonia, Antholyza, Ixia, Ornithoga-
lums, and feveral other forts whofe leaves are
decayed : at this time their roots may be fafely
tranf-
204 7^^ Gardeners Kalendar. June,
tranfplanted, or may be carried to a diftant
place, if they are carefully wrapped up in mofs 5
but there are fome which will require to be
planted into pots of frefh earth immediately^
placing them where they may have the morn-
ing fun till eleven o clock, and give them now-
and-then a little water in very dry weather 3 but
do it fparingly, until they pufli forth new
leaves : for much water at this, feafon, when
the roots are almoft inadive, will rot them.
This is alfo a proper feafon for tranfplanting
the roots of the Guernfey and Belladonna Li-
lies, their leaves being entirely decayed 5 and at
this time frefli roots (hould be procured frora
abroad \ for thofe which are taken up after-
wards, when they have put out nev/ roots, fel-
dom fucceed fo well. The roots of the former
fliould be planted in pots filled v/ith the fol-
lowing compoft, or in a warm border where
they can be fcreened with mats in hard froils to
preferve their leaves 3 viz. one third part freih
earth from a pafture, a third part of fea fand,
and a third part of lime rubbifh. Thefe fhould
be well mixed, and the bottoms of the pots or
the borders covered with ftones, to make an
open paffage for the water to drain off; then fill
the pots with the compoil:, and place the roots
therein, and fet the pots in a fituation where
6 thej'
June. The Gardeners Kalendar. 205
they may enjoy the morning fan, but give them
but little water until they begin topuAi out
their leaves, and afterwards they fliould havo
it fparingly. The fecond fort which is pretty
hardy, will thrive beft if the roots are planted
in warm borders ; but if the ground is moid,
the borders fliould be raifed fo high, as that
the wet may not come near the bulbs, and fome
rubbifli fliould be laid at the bottom to drain off
the moifture.
The Tubcrofes, which were planted early,
will now begin to flower, when thofe which
were planted upon the hot-bed may be re-
moved into pots (preferving as much earth as
poflible to their roots) and placed where they
are defigned to remain for flowering, obferving
to refrefli them often with water 3 and thofe
which were planted later, in order to fucceed
thofe firfl: planted, mufl: have as much free air
as poflible, and be frequently watered \ which
will render them flrong, and caufe them to pro-
duce a greater quantity of flowers.
The Anana plants muft now be frequently
refreflied with water, but this ihould not be
given them in too great plenty ^ and in hot wea-
ther they fliould have much free air, efpecially
thofe under frarnes or in very low floves; for
if the glaflTes are kept too clofe down, their
leaver
2 o 6 The Gardeners Kalendar. June*
leaves will be fcorched, to the great prejudice
of the plants, and the fruit will be lefs delicate 5
but if they have too much water, and the glaffes
apened too much in the day-time (as fome have
injudiciouQy done), the plants will fuffer as
much that way; for, upon proportioning the
quantity of air, and water equally, depends
the whole fuccefs.
In the middle of this month you may begin
to take out of the ftove fome of the hardier forts
of Aloes, and other fucculent plants, placing
them at lirft in the green-houfe, where they
may have a large fhare of air to harden them
for a few days ; then they m^y be placed abroad
in a fhady fituation, where fnails and other ver-
min are not in too great plenty ; for when they
are expofed to the violence of the fun as foon as
they are taken out of the houfe, they change
colour, and appear unfightly, fo they fliould be
inured to it by degrees : but if fnails or Hugs
ean come to them, they will gnaw their leaves,
and gready deface them. After the ftove is
thinned of fome of thefe hardier forts, the
other more tender plants fliould be placed at a
greater diftance on the ftands, and cleaned from
filth, by which they will enjoy more air, and be
rendered ftronger, and more vigorous \ and fuch
of them as will bear the open air in the middle
of
June, Hic Gardeners Kale?idar. ±oj
of fummer, will be better prepared to be placed
abroad the beginning of the next month.
Plants in Flo'wer in the Green-House,
Garden a?id Stove.
Oranges, Lemons, Limes, Citrons, and
Shaddocks, Myrtles, Olives, Ciftus Halimi fo-
lio, Male Ciftus of feveral forts, Cifins Ledon,
Pforalea, African Willow-leaved Afclepias of
three forts, Ardtotus of feveral forts, large
yellow and African wiiite Gnaphaliums, Ilex-
leaved Lantana, Hibifcus with a divided leaf,
and another with efculent fruit. Cotton plant,
Mefembiyanthemi of feveral kinds, Indian Yel-
low Jafmine, Sedums of feveral forts, ^Ethiopian
Colutea, Shrubby African Mallow, Barba Jovis
or Silver-bufh, Dwarf American Campanula,
African Tree Scabious, Bafiella, Melianthus
two forts, Mimofa of three or four forts. White
Spanidi Broom, Cotyledons, latropha with a
multifid leaf, and another with a leaf like Staves-
acre, Maranta or Indian Arrow root. Double
Indian Nafturtium, Coffee tree. Shrubby Afri-
can Polygala, Amomum Plinii, African
Sages of two or three forts, Azorian Jaf-
mine. Aloes of feveral forts. Dwarf Pome-
granate, Indian flowering Reed, Phlomi-
fes three or four forts, Canary Broom,
Gera-
2o8 The Gardeners KalepJar. June;
Geraniums of feveral forts, feveral forts of Paf-
fion flower, Plumeria, Caffia, Oleanders, Teu-
cricum Bseticum, Cretan Lotus, Lotus Hae-
morrhoidalis major and minor, Coral tree, Bean-
caper, Hermannias, Lentifcus, Euphorbias,
African Pancratium, Abutilons, Papaws, Ce-
reufes, Lantanas, Crotolarias, Anonifes, Dou-
ble Thorn Apple with purple and white flow-
ers, Lotus with black flowers, Diofma of three
forts, Heliotroplums, Lyciums, Celafl:rus, Mar-
tynia of three kinds, Canary Lavender, Cri-
num, Piper two forts, Tabernemontana, Wal-
theria, Tournefortia, Brunsfelfia, Vinca from
the ifland of Bourbon, Solanums, Alkekengi
of feveral forts, Arums, Hoemanthus Cholchici
foliis, Anthericums, Piercea, Melon Thiftle,
Gefneria, Shrubby Canary Foxglove, Adhato-
da of two forts, Kiggelaria, Grewia, American
Afclepias,Clutia, Paflerina, PhyIianthus,Tithy-
malus, Phytolacca of three forts, Chironia,
Afcyron Balearicum, Arabian Jafmine, Shrub-
by Convolvulus, African Shrubby Lavatera,
Rauvolfia, Bafteria, Wormwood tree, African
Sumachs, Borbonia, Laurus Regia, Sorrel tree,'
Craflula, Palm tree, Malpighias, Turnera, He-
dyfarums, Bupleurum arborefcens, with fome
others, .
JULY.
1 209 ]
u
Y.
JVorli to be done in the Kitchen-
Garden,
^^^^;j HE beginning of this month fow
^ ''^' "^^l the lafl: crop of Kidney Beans,
^ in a fituation where they may be
^^^^ defended from morning frofts iii
autumn ; for this crop will continue bearing
till Michaelmas, provided they are not injured
by froft. If the ground is very dry when
thefe are planted, it will be proper to foak the
Beans fix or eight hours in water before they
are planted, which will greatly facilitate their
growth : the beft fort for this planting is the
Scarlet-flowering Kidney Bean, which will
continue bearing until the froft deftroys the
plants.
Cleanfe the ground where the firft crop of
Cauliflowers grew, from the leaves of the Cau-
liflowers which have fcattered,. and any other
P rubbifh
210 'The Gar defter s Kaleitdar. July,
rubbifli or weeds which may be there ; and if
you have Cucumbers for picklers, between the
wide rows (as is the common praftice of the
London gardeners), you muft draw up the
earth round the holes, in which the plants
grow with a hoe, forming it in a hallow like a
bafon, to contain the water given them ; and
if there are Cabbages for winter ufe, in the
narrow rows (which is alfo by the fame gar-
deners pradtifed), they {hould have earth
drawn to their ftems, and the whole ground
entirely cleared from weeds.
About the end of this month you {hould
fow Spinach for winter ufe, as alfo Coleworts,
Carrots, and Onions, to fiand the winter for
fpring ufe; and Turneps for the laft crop^
fliould now be fown in the open field for to
come in the fpring. Tranfplant Savoys, Broc*-
.coli, and . Cabbages, for fpring ufe, and plant
put Cauliflowers for therautumn crop.
Plant Celery into drills for blanching (if it
be of the Italian fort; but.if it be the Turnep-
rooted fort, it is better, to plant it on level
ground) drawing up a fmall ridge of earth oji
each fide to prevent the water from efcaping ;
and plant out Endive forblanchlng. - Continue
fowing all forts of fmall fall et herbs, which> at
this kz^i^^y foon grov/ too large for ufe.
la
July. The Gardeners Kalendar. 211
In dry weather, obferve to water all fuch
plants as have been lately tranfplanted^ and be
fure always to do this in an evening; for one
watering at that time is of more fervice than
three at any other time of the day, the moift-
ure having time to penetrate the ground (and
reach to the extreme fibres of the root, by
which they receive their nourifliment), before
the fun appears to exhale it ; whereas when it
is given in the morning, the fun coming on
foon after, the moifture is drawn up before it
reaches the root ; and where there is conve-
nience to lay mulch upon the furface of the
ground about the roots of plants, that will pre-
vent the fun from exhaling the moiflure, fo that
one watering will be of more fervice than three
or four, where that is wanting.
You muft now diligently deftroy the weeds
in every part of the garden, which if fufFered
to remain, will foon pcrfedl their feeds 3 and
when thefe are permitted to fcatter upon the
ground, they will fill it with weeds for feveral
years crop, to the no fmall trouble of the gar-
dener, as alfo to the great injury of the crops.
Obferve a!fo to clear dunghills from weeds,
for thefe are too often negkded; andifth«
weeds are permitted to feed there, they will be
brought into the garden, and be as troublefome
P 2 as
212 The Gardeners Kahndar. July.
as if they had fcattered in it, which is what few
people regard, though it is a thing of great
moment ; as is alfo the keeping the borders
round the outfide of the garden free from
weeds, efpecially thofc weeds which have
downy feeds ; for thefe will be wafted by the
winds into the garden, and produce a plentiful
crop.
Gather feeds of Spinach, Corn fallet, Welfh
Onion, Crefs, and all other forts that are ripe,
cutting off their ftalks, and fpreading them upon
mats or cloths in a dry airy place, that they
may harden; and then rubor beat them out
of their huiks or pods, and put them up in a
place where vermin cannot come to them to
deftroy them.
Pull up Onions, Garlick, Rocamboles, Ef-
chalots, &?c. when their leaves begin to wi-
ther; and fpread them thin in a dry airy place,
that they may be perfedtly dry before they arc
laid up for winter ufe.
Continue to earth up your firft crop of Ce-
lery, which was planted in the drills the former
months, as it advances in height ; but be care-
ful not to draw the earth up into the heart or
middle of the plants, for that will ftop their
growth, and rot them. Tie up the Endive
which is full grown, to blanch it, obferving
6 always
July. T/je Gardeners Kalendar. 213
always to do this work in dry weather ; for if
the leaves are moift when they are tied, thdy
will rot in the middle.
Pull up the ftalks of Beans, Cabbages, &c.
and the haulm of Peas, and other leguminous
plants which have done bearing, that the
ground may be clear ; for if thefe are permitted
to remain, they will harbour vermin, to the
prejudice of your adjoining crops.
Your Melons, which now begin to ripen,
fhould have no water given them, becaufe
that will render them watery and ill-tafted ;
though perfons who are fond of very large
fruit, find their account in fupplying their
plants conftantly with water in great plenty, ef-
pecially in hot weather; but thcfe perfons do
not regard the quality of their fruit, fo much as
the fize of them \ for which reafon, the market
gardeners always prefer the hardy forts of Me-
lons, which produce the largeft fruit, though
they are not better flavoured than Pumkins,
In this month you may repair your young
Afparagus beds which were planted the laft
fpring, by planting frefh plants where any of
them have failed ; but this fhould be done in
moift weather. The young plants which are
planted at this feafon will be well rooted before
P 3 winter.
214 ^he Gardeners Kakndar. July,
winter, and put out fome (hoots in the au-
tumn.
The Cucumbers which were brought up
under hand-glafles, being now in full bearing,
mad be duly watered in dry weather, other-
wife they will be exhaufted in a fhort time,
and decay.
Tranfplant the Celery into beds which was
fown in May, that the plants may acquire
rtrength before they are planted into drills :
and tranfplant fome Endive, to liicceed that
which was planted the former month.
Now you may fow the Turnep-rooted Ra-
difh, whiph will be in great perfedtion for the
table in Odober, and continue good until the
hard frofl deftroys them : and where the com-
mon fort of Radi(h is required for the table in
autumn, if fome feeds are fown on moift ground
the latter end of this month, they will be fit to
draw in a month or five weeks after, and will
continue good a month longer.
Clear the Artichokes, which were planted
the lafl: fpring, frorn weeds, and all other
crops which v^ere fown between them, thaj:
they may have full liberty to fpread ; for if they '
are crouded with any other plants at this fea-
fon, thev will produce fmall fruit ^ and thofe
Artichokes which are now fit foj ufe upon the
" ' ^^ " ^^ ' old'
July. The Gardefiers Kalejtdar. 215
old- flocks, fliould have their ftems broken
down clofe to the furface of the ground, that
the roots may not be injured by leaving the
bottom of the ftems upon them, as is too often
pradlifed by unfkilful gardeners.
You may now fow feme Broccoli feed for
the laft crop, which will be fit for ufe in April,
after the heads of all the former crops are gone,
when there are only the fide fhoots of them^
remaining 5 and thefe late fown plants will pro-
duce much more tender heads than any of the
former fowings, though not fo large.
Sow fome Endive for the laft crop, about
the middle of this month, to fucceed that which
was fown the former month, which will not
continue fit for ufe much longer than October;
whereas the plants of this fowing will contidiue
until April, if they are not deftroyed by fevere
froft. '
Where fmall fallet herbs are required, they
(hould now be fown on north borders, and
thefe fowings repeated every three or four days ;
for at this feafon they will foon grow too large
for ufe.
The Cos, Cilicia, and other forts of Let-
tuce, which were fown the laft month, muft
now be tianfplanted out thefe, if the au-
P 4 tumn
2 1 6 The Gardeners Kalendar. July,
tumn proves favourable, will be fit for ufe in
September^
ProduBs of the K i T c H e n-G a r i? e n.
Cauliflowers, Artichokes, Cabbages, Carrots,
Beans, Peas, Kidney Beans, Turneps, Lettuce,
Cucumbers, Melons, and all the forts of fmall
fallct, as Radifli, Rape, Muftard, Crefles, Purf-
lane 5 and from the ealy fowing. Celery and
Endive ; Finochia, Onions, Garlick, Rocam-
bole, Parfley, Sorrel, Chervil, Scorzonera, and
Salfafy of the firft fowing, Beets, Horfe-radilh,
feme early planted Potatoes \ on moift ground
Radiflies and Spinach, Marigolds, Tomatos for
foups, where they have been raifed early, and
are growing in warm fituations, Burnet, Bo-
rage, Buglofs, Mint, Baum, Sage, Thyme,
Swcet-majoram, Bafil, with Tome other aro-
inatick plants and herbs for foups.
Work to be done in the Fr u i TrG a r den end
Vineyard.
The beginning of this month you mull
look carefully over your wall and efpalier trees,
rubbing off all foreright flioots that are pro-
duced ^ and train all fuch regular fiioots as
are
July. The Gardeners Kalendar. 217
;ire defigned to remain clofe to the wall or
efpalier, in their due pofition ; whereby the
fruit will have the advantage of fun and air
to ripen them, and give them their proper
flavour. If this be rightly executed, there
will be no occafion to diveft the branches of
their leaves, as is by fome unfkilful perfons
pradifed, to the great prejudice both of their
fruit and trees : nor can I here forbear repeat-
ing, what I have elfewhere often taken i otice
of, i>iz, not to fuffer fruit trees to remain ne-
gledled till this feafon (as is too often pradifed)
and then to fummer-prune them (as it is com-
monly called), in the doing of which, the
gardeners cut off all the luxuriant branches,
and ihorten thofe defigned to remain, and then
nail them clofe to the wall, fo that from being
(before this dreffing) in a very rude diforderly
way, they are reduced into an exad: order at
once; but hereby the fruit, which was greatly
fhaded by the luxuriant growth of the branches,
is fuddenly expofed to the fun and air, which
hardens their outward fkins, an-d retards their
growth ; whereas, if their (hoots had been
conftantly trained to the wall or efpalier, as
they were produced, the fruit would have con-
tinually been under an equal coverture of leaves,
and fo confequently Icfs liable to , fuffer from
any
2i8 The Gardeners Kalendar. July.
any extremes of weather j whereby they would
alfo be confiderably forwarded in their growth,
than when they are managed in the other way ;
io that as this pradice is too generally follow-
ed, I think it cannot be too much expofed,
and the proper directions cannot be too often
inculcated.
In the beginning of this month you muft bud
all forts of fruits, which were not done the pre-
ceding month, bbferving always to do it in an
evening, or in cloudy weather.
Hoe and clean your ground about your ef-
palier trees from weeds, as alfo the borders near
wall-fruit-trees 5 for if they are permitted to
grow at this feafon, they will rob the trees of
their nourifhment; and cut off all fuckers
which arife from the roots of the trees, as they
are produced ; for thefe injure them much, if
they are fuffered to remain.
Look carefully after fnails in the mornings
and evenings, but efpecially after a fhower of
rain, when they will be tempted to come
abroad, and may be at that time eafily taken \
for thefe vermin do great mifchief, but particu-p
larly to ftone fruit.
Place glafs phials filled with honey-water in
dilTerent parts of the walls, to deftroy wafps
and pifm^ires, which would infeft the choice
fruit \
July. The Gardeners Kalendar. 219
fruit ; but are by the fweetnefs of the water
tempted into the phials, and frequently drov/n-
ed ; but thefe lliould be hung before the fruit
begins to ripen, for then they will be much
fooner tempted to the water, than after they
have tafted the fruit : where there are a fuffi-
cient number of thofe glaffes placed againft the
walls in time, the fruit may be preferved from
thefe vermin.
The Vineyard muft now be carefully look-
ed over, and all dangling flioots and wild wood
muft be difplaced, that the fruit may not be
too much covered with leaves ; but by no
means diveft any of the fruit branches of their
leaves (as fome unfkilful perfons too often
praftife), for thefe are abfolutely neceffary to
the growth of the fruit ; nor will there be any
occafion for this pradice, where the (hoots
are duly placed, and the luxuriant flicots con-
flantly rubbed off as they are produced. Where
this method is begun early in the feafon, and
conftantly purfued, as there may be occafion,
the fruit will be forv^arded above three weeks
(as I have experienced), and will be much
fairer, and better tafted, than in the contrary
management 3 for when the flioots of the Vines
are permitted to hang loofe from the walls
or flakes, their leaves will take a contrary di-
reftion,
2 20 The Gardeners Kalendar. July.
rediion, which, upon having their {hoots af-
terwards faftened up in their right pofition will
have their back-fide upward : and until thefe
leaves are turned into their proper pofition, the
fruit will be at aftand, and make no progrefs
in their growth, which is commonly eight or
ten days in efFeding ; fo that the fruit lofes
eight or ten days in the principal feafon of its
growth, which, together with being too much
fhaded in the former months, is fcarcely ever
to be retrieved in this climate.
You muft alfo keep the ground conftantly
cleared from weeds and other plants between
the rows of Vines, which is alfo of great con-
fequence in this country ; for where there are
other plants fuffered to grow, they not o;ily rob
the roots of the Vines of their nourifhment,
but alfo, by perfpiring, caufe a damp in the air
about the Vines, and prevent the fun and wind
from drying the furface of the ground ; where-
by the fruit is filled with crude nourifhment,
and rendered lefs delicate.
Look carefully over your fruit trees, which
have been budded or grafted the former fea-
fon, and obferve that no (hoots from the flocks
remain, for thefe will rob the buds or grafts of
their nouiifiiment.
Where
July. Tloe Gardeners Kalendar. 221
Where any of your fruit trees againft the
walls or efpaliers, are not of the forts which
you defirc, they fhould now have buds of thofe
kinds put into their tender fhoots ; if there are
feveral buds put into different parts of each tree,
when they fucceed, the walls or efpaliers will
be foon covered by them again, with the defired
kinds, fo that by this method the trees v^^ill be in
full bearing in three years -, whereas when the
trees are deftroyed, and new trees planted in
their places, they will be feven or eight years
before they arrive to that perfedion.
Fruits in Prime y or yet lajling.
Pears ^ the Primitive, Robine, Petit Mufcat,
Mufcadelle-rouges, Cuifle-Madame, Petit Blan-
quette, Jargonelle, Green Chiffel, Orange
Mufque, with fome others ; and where they
have been well preferved, the Black Pear of
Worcefter, and Lord Cheyne's Green Pear,
are yet in being.
Apples ; Codling, Margaret Apple, White
Juneating, Stubbard's Apple, Summer Coding,
Summer Pearmain, Pomme^de Rambour j and
ftill continue the Deaux Ans or John Apple, the
Stone Pepin, and Oaken Pin, of the former
year.
Cherries;
222 The Gardeners Kalendar. July.
Cherries; Kentifli, Duke, Galcoign's Heart,
Carnation, Lukeward, Ox-heart, Amber-heart,
Coroon, Amber, White Spanifh, and Black
Cherries.
Peaches -, Brown and White Nutmeg, and
Anne Peach.
Nedarine ; Fairchild's early Nutmeg.
Plums ; Jaun Hative, Morocco, Orleans,
Blue Primordian, Violet Royal.
Apricots ; the Orange, Roman, Breda, Al-
gier, and Turky.
As alfo Goofeberries, Rafpberries, Currants;
and, in cold fituations, the White, Green, and
Chili Strawberries; and, in the ftove, the Ana-
nas or Pine Apple.
Work to be done in tbelSiiJ rser y.
Continue to bud Apricots, Peaches, Nec-
tarines, Cherries, Plums, Pears, &c. This
{hould, if poffible, be performed in a cloudy
day, or in a morning or evening, when the fun
is not violent, becaufe the cuttings are v^ry apt
to (lirink in very hot fun-(hine, which caufes
the bud to adhere too clofely to the wood, un-
lefs they are put in water, which is what many
people pradlife ; but this is not fo proper ; for
thofe buds, which are covered with water, will
5 t>s
July. The Gardeners Kahfidar. 223
be fo much faturated with moiflure, as to pre-
'Vent their uniting with the flock, fo that they
, often mifcarry : therefore, when it is neceflary
to put them into water, there ftiould be only
the lower part of the cuttings immerfed about
an inch 5 for the upper part will attradl th«
jwater bett^, than if the cuttings are entirely
covered.
In about three weeks after the flocks arc
budded, you fhould look over them to loofen the
bandage, otherwife the buds will be pinched,
and greatly injured, if not dcflroyed.
Obferve to keep your nurfery clean from
weeds at this feafon, for now the weeds will
foon ripen their feeds, if they are permitted to
remain, which will fill the ground fo as not to
be cleared again for years.
You mufl continue to train your evergreen
tregs for the purpofes they are defigned : and
where any of your forefl trees (hoot too vigo-
roufly near their roots, thofe branches may be
pruned off, to encourage their heads.
Keep your beds wherein your young flocks
and trees were fown in the fpring, clear from
weeds ; and in very dry weather fupply them
with water, which will greatly promote their
growth.
About
2^4- ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. July*
About the middle of this month, if the fea-
fon proves moift, you may fafely tranfplant
many forts of evergreen trees j as you may alfo
trani]ilant young feedhng Pines and Firs from
the pots or cafes in which they were fown ; but
the beds where they are planted, fhould be
fliaded with mats every day until they have
taken root ; where this is obferved, the plants
will foon be rooted, ^nd make a great progrefs,
fo that it is by much the fureft feafon for this
work : but this is chiefly to be underftood of
young feedling plants, and where they are not
to be removed to any great diftance ; for their
roots are foon dried, when they are taken out
of the ground at this feafon ; therefore they
fhould be planted again immediately, other-
wife the fibres of their roots will dry, whereby
they will fufFer greatly : therefore, when thefe
plants are carried to any little diftant place,
their roots ihould be placed in (hallow pans of
water, or covered with wet mofs during the
time they are out of the ground.
Work to be done in the Pleasure-Garden
i?;;^ Wilderness.
Take up the bulbs of fuch late flowers as
were not fit the lafl m»nth i fuch as Ornitho-
galums.
July. The Garde7ters Kalendar, 225
galums, Red Lilies, Martagons, and fome
other forts ; and tranfplant the roots of Per-
fian and Bulbous Irifes ; as alfo Fritillaries,
Hyacinth of Peru, Dens Canis, Narcifiufes,
and fuch other bulbous and tuberofe-rooted
flowers which will not endure to be kept long
above ground ; and this being the feafon wheni
they are not in adion, is the moft proper time
for tranfplanting them, before they put forth
new fibres, after which time it will Dot be pro-
per to remove them.
Continue to make layers of Pinks, Car-
nations, Sweet Williams, &c, where it was
not done the former month ; but the fooner
this is done the better, provided the fhoots are
ftrong enough to lay down.
Tranfplant fuch biennial or perennial fi-
brous-rooted flowers as were fown late in the
fpring; fuch as Pinks, Carnations, Stock-gilli-
flowers, Wall-flowers, Hollyhocks, French
Honeyfuckles, Canterbury Bells, Scabioufcs,
Pyramidal Bell-flower, Scarlet Lychnis, Rofe
Campion, Fox-gloves, Tree Prim.rofe, Greek
Valerian, Columbines, Polyanthufes, and fome
others, which fhould be planted in nurfery-
beds, where they may have room to grow until
Michaelmas, when they ihouldbe tranfplanted
into the borders of the flower-garden.
Q^ Ciean
2 26 7he Gardeners Kalendar. July*
Clean your borders diligently from weeds,
but efpecially fuch forts as foon flied their feeds;
for if they are permitted to ftand until their
feeds are fcattered, it will be a conftant trouble
for feveral years to extirpate them*
Gather the feeds of all forts of flowers as
they ripen, drying them in the fhade, and pre-
ferve them in their hufks or pods until the fea-
fon for fowing them j bat you (hould let them
be well dried before they are put up, othervvife
they will grow mouldy and decay.
Cut down the ftalks of fuch flowers as begin
to wither and decay, and tie up all tall-grov/ing
plants which are yet to flower, left the winds
blow them down and break them.
Inoculate Rofes, Jafmines, and other forts of
curious flowering flirubs and trees, this month
being the principal feafon for this work.
-Cut and trim hedges, clip box-edgings,
mow grafs-plats, and keep the walks conftant-
ly rolled; and the weeds fliould be carefully
taken out of them, for if they are fuff^ered to
remain at this feafon, they will feed in a little
time, and fill the walks with weeds.
Your choice Carnations being now in flow-
er, fhould be carefully attended, to open the
pods, when they begin to burft on the con-
trary fide, that they may blow equally ; for if
7 this
Ju \y. The Gardeners Kalendar. 227
this is not done in time, the flower leaves will
come all out on one fide of the pod, and render
them ill fiiaped. You muft alfo guard them
from infedls, efpecially ants and earwigs, which
will deftroy them in a fliort time if thev can
come to them ; the flowers fliould alfo be co-
vered with glafles, bafons,or oiled paper, to keep
08* the wet, and the fcorching heat of the fun.
But in all this, there muft be great diligence in
managing them according to the temperature
of the feafon, where perfons would excel in the
largenefs and beauty of their flowers 3 therefore,
the large Carnations are not fo proper for per-
fons who have much other bufinefs on their
hands, but rather for thofe who wantfomefuch
eafy employment to divert themfelves.
You may now increafe the Double Scarlet
Lychnis, by planting cuttings of the flov/er-
ftems, each of which lliould have three or four
joints; two or three of which fliould be put into
the ground, and the other left above ground :
thefe mufl: be put in a fliadyborder of light fiefli
earth, obferving to refrefh them with water ac-
cording to the drought of the feafon 5 and if
thefe cuttings are clofely covered with hand-
glaffes, they will more certainly take root.
Toward the Jatter end of this month you
may take oft the layers of Pinks^ Carnations,
0^2 Sweet
2 2 8 The Gardeners Kalendar. July*
Sweet Williams, &c* which have taken root >
and plant them either into pots or borders of
good frefti earth, where they may continue
until you have conveniency of planting them
where they are to remain for flowering 5 for
it is not proper to let them continue too long
upon the old roots, becaufe if thofe fhould not
be found, the layers would be infefted by them;
but when you plant thefe out, they muft be
carefully watered and (haded until they have
taken root. When thefe layers are cut off
from the old roots, that part of the (talk
which came from the old root, (liould be cut
off clofe to the place where it was flit when
they were laid down, and their leaves fhould
be trimmed.
The latter end of this month you fliould few
fome feeds of annual flowers, in warm borders,
to ftand through the winter, that they may
flower early the next fummer -, by which me-
thod you may obtain good feeds of many forts
of plants, which if fown in the fpring, do.
not conftantly ripen their feeds in this climate ;
fuch as the Great Blue and Fle(h-coloured Lu-
pines, Sweet-fcented Peas, Sweet Sultan, Ana-
ftatica, fome forts of Orobus, Double Lark-
fpur, Annual Stock, Venus Navelwort, Xeran-
themums, Jaceas, with fome others. If thefe
plants
July. The Garde7ters Kalendar. 229
plants live through the winter they will not
only come earlier to flower, but will alfo grow
much larger, and produce their flowers in
much greater plenty ; and thofe which have dou-
ble flowers, will be much fuller than thofe which
are fow^n in the fprlng; for which reafon when
the winter proves fevere, it will be very proper
to fcrcen fbme of the tendered forts from frofl:.
Your choice Auriculas fhould now be kept
clear from weeds, and all decayed leaves,
which, if fuff^ered to remain upon therii, would
rot and fpoil them ; they ihould alfo be placed
in a (hady fituation, but not under the drop-
pings of trees.
The feedling Auriculas, wltich came up the
lafl: fpring, mufl: now be planted out into tubs
or pots filled w^ith rich earth, and placed in a
Ihadv fituation 5 and as they are fmall, io they
tnufl be treated tenderly, giving them water
gendy ; and be careful, that they are not drawn
out of the ground by worms, nor eaten by
fnails or flugs, both which vermin are great
enemies to them.
Keep the walks and quarters of your wil-
dernefs free from weed and litter, and fuch
trees as grow too much out of order may be
pruned, fo as to render them beautiful; for
this is a feafon, when wlldernefles and Ihady
walks are chiefly frequented 3 fo that they
0^3 fliowld
230 T^he Gardeners Kahndar. July.
fhould be well kept, otherwife they will be
difagreeable.
In the beginning of this month you may
bring your mod tender annual plants out of the
hot-beds ; fuch as Amaranthufes, Gomphre-
naSj Datura with double flowers, Martynia,
Mefembryanthemi, Double Balfamine, and
Ibme others ; which (hould now be placed in
the parterre-garden, to fupply the borders where
the fpring flowers did grow, and are now paft;
fo that by this fucceflion, the borders may be
kept in beauty through the fummer.
"Plants now m Flower in the Pleasure-
Garden.
Carnations, Pinks, Sweet Williams, Fair-
child's Mule, Double and Single Ragged
Robin, Dwarf Annual Stock, French Willow,
Single and Double Virgins-bower, Antirrhi-
num or Calves-fnout, Linarias of feveral forts,
Centauria of feveral forts, Everlafting Pea,
Sweet-fcented Pea, Tangier Pea, Blue-flow-
ered Lathyrus, Hieraciums, While Lily, Scarlet
Martagon, Day Lily, Ornithogalum Spicatum,
White Hellebore with green and purple flow-
ers, Aconitum luteum, Anthora, Aconite with,
large blue and white flowers, Acanthus, La-
vaterasj
July. Tlje Gardeners Kalendar. 231
rateras, Indian Scabious, Sea Holly of four or
five forts, Sweet Sultan, Poppies of divers
kinds, Peach-leaved Campanula, Venus Look-
ing-glafs, Venus Navelwort, Double Ptarmica,
Double Feverfew, Double Chamomile, Buph-
thalmums of two or three kinds, Annual
Stock-gilliflower, Double Rofe Campion, Lark-
fpurs, Spanifli Scrophularia, Nigella, two forts
of African Marigolds, Lupines of feveral forts,
Amaranthufes, Gomphrenas Capficum Indi-
cum, Xeranthemums, Red Garden Valerian,
Holyhock, Carolina, and Spiked Phlox, Sun-
flowers of feveral forts, Virginian Spiderwort^
Scarlet Lychnis, Golden-rods of feveral kinds,
French Marigold, Female Balfamine, Marvel of
Peru, China Pink, fome early forts of Star-
wort, Dwarf Lychnis, Candy-tuft, Mal-
lows of feveral kinds, Nafturtium Indicum
majus & minus, Chryfanthemums, Ricinus or
Palma Chrifti, Globe-thiftle three or four forts.
Campanula Pyramidalis, Limoniums of fe-
veral kinds, Catanance quorundam, Eupato-
riums. Greater Centaury of feveral forts, Statice
Major, Sida of feveral forts, Adonis three or
four kinds, Glycine, Buphthalmums, Inula, Af-
tragalufes, Molucca Baum, Cardinal flow^crs.
Red and White Chelone, Moth- Mullein, Po-
0^4 ^^r
232 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. July.
ley- mountain and feveral other forts, Dittany of
mount Syphilis, Tobacco of feveral forts, Tree
Primrofe, Clcve-gilliflowers, Double and fingle
Sopewort, Coronlila herbacea, Heliotropiqm
majus, Trachelium umbellatum, Eryngiums,
Monarda two or three forts, Achilla;a of feveral
■ forts, Dittany of Crete, Caffida of feveral forts,
Lyfimachia Spicata, Double Marigold, Draco-
cephalum of feveral forts. Birds-foot Trefoil,
feveral forts of Convolvulus, Apocynums of two
or three kinds, Swallow-wort with black andyeU
low flowers, AlyiTums, Sclarea of feveral forts,
Spigelia or Indian Pink, Mimulus, Dianthera,
Parth.nia, Dodartia, Conyzas, Cannacorus of
North America, Amethyftea, Horminums,
Purple and Yellow Honeywort, Santolinas,
Rudbeckia three or four forts, Silphiums,
Ginfeng, Scarlet Beans, Tangier Fumltary,
Veronicas, Ruyfchiana of two forts, Fabago
Eelgarum, Helianthemunis of feveral forts,
Focock's Lis, Carolina Reil- harrow, with fome
others.
Hardy Trees and Shrubs now in Fhwer,
Several forts of Rofes, Spani(h Broom,
White Jafmine, Dwarf Yellow Jafmine, C'a-
nary Hypericum, Shrubby Stinking Hypericum^
Doubiq
July. The Gardeners Kalendar. 233
Double and Single Pomegranate, Virginian
Trumpet-flower, Agnus Caftus, or the Chafte
tree, Male Ciftus feveral kinds, Ciftus Ledon
feveral forts, Phlomis or Sage tree of feveral
forts, Oleafter, Shrub Cinquefoil, Spiraea with
Willow leaves, Spirsea with Marfli Elder leaves.
Althaea frutex, Faffion flower, Cytifus Lunatus,
Glycine of two forts. Bladder Sena, Dutch
Honeyfuckle, Evergreen Honeyfuckle, Long-
blowing Honeyfuckle, Late White Honeyfuckle,
Scarlet Virginian Honeyfuckle, the Tulip tree,
Virginian Sumach, Myrtle- leaved Sumach, Ge-
nifta Tindloria, Geniftella, Cytifus hirfutus,
Elm-leaved Sumach, Celaftrub, Red Spiraea,
Itea, Clethra, Hydrangea, Periploca, Bignonia
of two or three kinds, Anonis of feveral forts,
Cytifus Glaber nigricans, Tartarian Cytifus,
White Spanifh Broom, Mallow tree, Worm-
wood tree, Three-thorned i^cacia, Pavia,
Baftard Indigo, Azederach, Luca Broom,
Flowering Rafpbcrry, Catalpa, Diervjlla, Mufk
Pvofe, Kalmia, Virginian Dogwood, Saflafras,
Ceanoth'js, Dahoon Holy, Portugal Laurel,
Magnolias, Hollies, Privet, Monthly Rofe,
Wild American Rofe, Pifbamin, Myrica or
Cneorum Cand'eberry Mvrrle, Tam.ariil:,
Clematis v/ith blue flowers, Spartium Tri-
phyllum, with fome others.
6 Medici-
234 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. July.
Medicinal Plants which may noi&
be gathered for life,
Tormentil, Winter Savory, Ros Solis or
Sun-dew, Sneezewort, Penny-royal, Clowns
Woundwort, Origany, Catmint, Milfoil or
Nofe-bleed, Spear-mint, Pepper-mint, Fever*
few, Melilot, Black and White Horehound,
Toadflax, Sage of Virtue, Red Sage, Worm-
wood Sage, Wild or Wood Sage, Mountain
Flax, White Lily, Water Lily, Rue, Dittander
or Pepperwort, Lovage, Mafterwort, Mullein,
Sciatica Crefs, Speedwell, Jafmine flowers,
Hyffop, Clary, Oculus Chrifti, St. John's-wort,
Stoechas or French Lavender, Tanfy, Drop-
wort, Eye-bright, Bears-breech, Lavender,
Agrimony, Scordium, Vervain-mallow, Marfh-
mallow. Dill, Reft-harrow, Goats-rue, Ger-
mander, Thyme, Succory, Bafil, Orpine, Ca-
lamint, Ox-eye Daify, Vipers Buglofs, Mari-
gold, Fluellin, Honeyfuckle, Ladies Bedftraw,
Motherwort, Hedge Hyflbp, Clove-gilliflower,
Knot-grafs, Comfrey, Black Cherry, Dwarf
Elder, Cudweed, Mczereon berries. Dodder,
Garden Rocket, Hedge Muftard, Goofeberry,
Water- Dock, Henbane, Maftich, Sweet Ci-
cily,
July. The Gardefiers Kalendar. 235
cily, Purflane, Rafpberry, Mother of Thyme,
Mallow.
Work to be done in the G R e e n-H o u s e.
Garden and Stove.
Gather the flowers of your Orange trees,
where they ^re produced too clofe to each
other ; and where there was a fufficient num-
ber of fruit fet upon the trees the former
month, it will be proper to diveft them of all
the flowers which are now produced ; for thefe
being too late in the feafon, the fruits which
Iliccced them, will not have time to grow to
any confiderable fize before winter, fo will
be in danger of falling off^ before fpring.
You (hould alfo obferve, where you may have
overlooked fome blofl^bms the laft month, which
now are become fruit, to pull them ofl^, leaving
but few upon each tree, and thofe well fituat-
ed, and upon fl:rong flioots^ for where there
are too many fruit left upon the trees, it ren-
ders them weak ; and the fruit, not having
nourifhment, feldom grow to any confiderable
fize, efpecially if the trees are in pots or tubs ;
and where they are upon weak (hoots, they
rarely come to any thing.
Contlfuie
236 The Gardeners Kalendar. J^ly.
Continue to make cuttings offuch exotick
plants which are wanted for increafe, provided
it was not done the preceding months. The
beft method of planting cuttings at this feafon,
is, to prepare a bed of ligh": rich earth, into^
which the cuttings fliould be planted pretty
clofe together ; and then arch the bed over with
hoops, covering the bed clofe with oiled paper
to {hade them in hot weather ; and obfervc to
water them duly v/hen they require \ but let
them be expofed every night to receive the
dew, which will be of great ufe to them ;
but this is to be pradtifed only upon fuch forts
of plants as are not very tender, becaufe the
tender (love plants will require a moderate hot-
bed to make them put out roots, efpecially the
fucculent plants 3 fuch as Cereus, Euphorbi-
ums, Cadus*s, fome forts of Cotyledon, ^c.
but all the forts of Geraniums, Myrtles, Se-
neci, Arftotus's, Hardy Apocynums, Meii-
anthus, Sorrel tree, Leonurus, African Sage
trees, Phlomifes, Hermannias, Amber tree,
and other flirubs from the Cape of Good Hope,
will take root much better in a bed of rich
earth, than if planted in a hot-bed.
Shift fuch exotick plants as bave been raifed
from feeds in the fpring, putting theru into fe-
parate pots, and fuch as were feparated the
latter
July. T^he Gardeners Kalendar, 237
latter end of May, or the beginning of the laft
month, which require larger pots than they
we.re firft planted into, fhould now be fliifted
again j but, unlefs they are fuch as grow fad, it
will be beft to confine their roots, and not over
pot them, for that will prevent their growth ^
then plunge fuch of them as are tender, into the
hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to water
them and (hade the glaffes, until they have
taken new root ^ after which, they mufl have
air and water in proportion to the heat of the
weather.
Wa(h and clean the leaves and tender
flioots of the choice exotick plants from filth
and infecls, both which commonly infeft them
at this feafon (efpecially thofe in the bark-
ftove) : v/hich if not cleaned in time, the in-
feds will fpread themfelves over moft of the
other plants in the fame flove, fo as not to be
eafily deftroyed ; and will not only render
the plants unfightly, but greatly retard their
growth.
In hot weather give the tender exoticks as
much free air as poflible, efpecially when there
is not much wind ftirringj and, in the middle
of the day, it will be proper to (hade the glalTes
of the hot-beds where the glafles are near the
plants, when the fun is violently hotiOtherwife
the
238 The Gardeners Kalendar. July.
the earth in the pots will dry too faft : this
ihould alfo be pradifed in fuch fmall floves,
where the glafles are near the plants 5 for in
large airy ftovcs, where the glafles are at a
dlftance, they will not require fhading, pro-
vided the glaffcs are drawn down ko admit a
fufficient portion of air to the plants.
Stir up the tan of fuch beds whofe heat be-
gins to decline, and add a little new bark to
them, which will renew the heat, and caufe
it to continue a confiderable time Ioniser : at
the fame time fuch plants as require it fliould
now be (hified, giving them larger pots, if their
roots have been confined in their former pots.
The Ananas will now ripen very faft, if the
feafon is warm : therefore when the fruit is cut
from the plants, the pots with the old plants
(hould be plunged into a warm bed, to force
out the fuckers early enough to take off before-
winter 'y in order to which, they (hould have
their large leaves fhortened, and all the under
leaves flaould be ftripped off, which will caufe
the fuckers to pufli out very foon.
Where the Anana plants, which are to fruit
the next feafon, have filled the pots with their
roots, they may be now fhifted into the pots
they are to ftand in to bear fruit : by doing this
fg early in the year, they will have time to
make
July . The Gardeners Kakndar. 239
make good roots before winter : for if they do
not fill the pots with their roots before fpring,
they feldom produce very large fruit. The
tan-beds in which the Anana plants are placed
for the next year, fhould be kept in a good
temperature of heat, but a large fhare of free
air fliould be admitted to the plants at all times
when the weather is favourable.
Make layers of the Spanifli, Arabian, and
Azorian Jafmines ; as alfo of all the tender
forts of Paffion flowers, which will eafier take
root at the tender joints of the new fhoots, than
from the fhoots of the former year : but you
mufl: obferve to plunge the pots into which
they are laid, in a hot-bed, efpecially of thofe
forts which are tender, otherwife they will not
fucceed.
Gather all forts of exotick feeds as they ripen^
and fpread them upon papers in a dry place
to harden and dry -, after which they fhould
be carefully preferved in their pods or huflis,
until the propj?r feafon for fowing them.
Such of the tender annuals as will endure
the open air, fhould be now fet out of the hot-
beds, in fome well-{hcltered fituation, where
feveral forts will produce feeds better than if
kept conftantly in the bed?.
Where
24^ ^^^ Gardeners Kalendar, July.
Where any of the tender ftove plants are ve-
ry much infefted with infe£ts, or have con-
traded much filth upon their leaves^ they
fliould be waflied clean, and expofed to the
open air in a warm fituation, where they may
be (heitcrtrd from ftrong winds, which will be
of great fervice to the plants; but when the
plants are much infefted with infefts, it will be
proper to wadi them with water in which there
has been a good quantity of Tobacco ftalks
fleeped, which will effeclually deftroy the in-
fedls, where it is carefully applied, efpecially if
the plants are in health. Some of the top
glafles of the ftove fiiould alfo be conftantly
drawn down every day in warm weather,
for at this feafon moft plants perfpire freely;
which, if pent up too clofe, will caufe them
to look fickly, and occafion their leaves to
change their colour, fo that infedls will foon at*
tack them.
Plants now in Flower in the Green-House,
Garden ^«^ Stove.
Oranges, Lemons, Limes, Citrons, and
Shaddocks, Myrtles of feveral forts, Amomum
Plinii, Barba Jovis or Silver-bufii, Ciftus Ha-
limi folio> Ciftus Ledon three or four forts,
Male
July. The Gardeners Kahndar. 241
Male Ciftus of feveral forts, Spanifh Jafmlne,
Geraniums of feveral fortSj Tree Scabious of
two forts, Yellow Indian Jafmine, Azorian
Jafmine, Ilex-leaved Lantana, Warner's or
Cape Jafmine, and Arabian Jafmine, Colutea
^thiopica, Afclepias of feveral forts, Blue and
Scarlet Cardinal flowers, Caflias of three or four
forts, Acacia Indica, Grewia, Senfitive and
Humble plants of feveral forts, Coral tree, Lo-
tus Argentea Cretica, Lotus Hasmorrhoidalis,
Anonis two or three forts, Paffion flowers of
many kinds, Coffee tree. White Spanifti
Broom, Fabago with round and oblong fruit,
Fabago with winged fruit, Wackendorfia, O-
thonna of two or three forts, Cape Phillyrea,
Red and White Oleanders, Double Oleander,
Sweet-fcented Oleander, Stapelea of three forts,
feveral forts of Mefembry^nthemi, Creeping
Cereus, Large Upright Cereus, Hibifcus of
feveral forts, Cotyledons of feveral kinds,Ricinus
or Palma Chrifti of feveral forts, Papaya, latro-
pha or French and common Phyfick-nuts, Bel-
ly-ache weed, Cotton-plant, Bafelia, H^eman-
thus Colchici foliis. Double Indian Nafturtium,
Minorca St. Johnfwort, Shrubby Polygala, Di-
gitalis Acanthoides, Heliotropium of feveral
forts, Gnaph-Uiums, Grafs-leaved Marigold
R from
242 T^e Gardeners Kalendar. July,
from the Cape, Shrubby Marigold from the
Cape, Shrubby African Branching Starwort with
bhie flowers, Lantana of five or fix forts, Pha-
langiums, Blue African Crinum, Olives, Te-
tragonocarpos, Rhamnus, Lyciums, Shrubby
Perwinkle from India, Shrubby African Sage
with blue flowers, Lentifcus, Aloes of feveral
forts, Yucca, Indian-flowering Reed, Superb
Lily, Turnera, Adhatoda two forts, Mo-
mordicas, Melon-thiflle, Quamoclit, Tama-
rind tree. Amber tree, Diofma three or four
forts, Sorrel tree, Jacobaea Lily, Phytolacca
Mexicana, Phytolacca Malabarica, Celaftrus
of two forts, Wormwood tree, Bermudiana
Palmas folio, Plumeria, Hedyfarums, Ama-
ryllis, Broad-leaved Afphodel from the Cape,
Pancratium of three forts, Crinum, Iris Uva-
ria, Rauvolfia, Piercea, Martynia three forts,
Johnfonia, Phyllanthus, Spigelia, Chironia,
China Agnus Callus, Crotolarias, Waltheria,
Climbing Dragon, Saururus, Cofl:us, Maranta,
Kempferia, Ciutia, Ceylon Leadwort, Lotus
with black flowers, Ruellia of two or three
kinds, Sol'inums of feveral forts, Phyfalis of
feveral forrs, Double Stramonium, Malpig-
hias, Maurocenia, Shrubby African Alcea,
Perennial Tobacco, Canary Ox-eye Daify,
African
July. "Tloe Gardeners Kalendar. 243
African Doria with Orach leaves, Chryfocoma
of two or three kinds, Bupleurum arborefcens.
Caper- bufli, Craffulas, Anthericums> Afri-
can Pafferina, Lavatera Africana frutefcens,
Royenia, Shrubby Heliotropium of Peru,
Shrubby Phytolacca of Peru, D'ayeria, Terna-
tea, Kleinia two or three forts, with fome
others.
R2
AUGUST,
[ 244 ]
AUGUST
Work to be done in the Kitchen-
Garden.
H E beginning of this nnionth you
muft fow Onions, to fupply the
table early in the fpring for fal-
lets, &c. and, left the winter
fhould prove fevere, it will be proper to fow a
few Welfli Onions at the fame time ; for thefc
will endure the greateft cold, when the com-
mon forts are frequently deftroyed 3 but thefe
have a ftronger flavour than the common fort,
which is the only reafon they are not fo much
efteemed.
You muft alfo fow Spinach, to fupply the
kitchen in winter and fpring. The beft fort
to endure cold, is the prickly-feeded kind,
which is what moft people fow at this fea-
fon, it being much hardier than the round-
leaved
Aug. TToe Gardeners Kalendar. 245
leaved kind ^ of this there are two or three
forts, which differ in the fize of their leaves ;
but the largefl: and mofl profitable fort is, what
gardeners call the Burdock Spinach.
About the tenth or twelfth day of this
month, you fliould fow your early Batterfea
and Yorkfhire Cabbage feed -y for that which
is fown earlier, will in mild winters frequently
run to feed in the fpring : and if it is fown
later than this time, the plants will not have
ftrength to refift the cold, nor will they come
fo early, provided they fltand through the win-
ter, as thofe which are fown in this time.
The twenty-firfi: or twenty-third day of this
month you fhould fow fome Cauliflower-feed
for the early crop, to be planted under bell or
hand-glaffes, or clofe to fouth afpeded walls
where they are defigned to fland open 5 there
fhould alfo be fome more feeds fown about the
twenty- fixth day for a fecond crop, to plant
under frames to abide the winter j for it often
happens, in mild feafons, that many of thofe
plants, which were firfl fown, run to feed in
the fpring; for four or five days difference in
fowing of thefe feeds, occafions great alterati-
ons in thefe plants ; therefore, where there is
not a fecond fupply, there will be a great dif-
appointment when the firfl mifcarry j befides,
R 3 thefe
24^ ^^ Gardeners Kahftdar. Aug.
thefe will come to flower after the firft fowing
is gone, fo that the table will be fupplied much
longer with the fecond fowing, efpecially if
the feeds which are laft fown are of a late kind
of Cauliflower.
About the middle, or toward the end of this
month, you (bould fow fome common Cabbage
Lettuce, and fome Brown Dutch Lettuce, to be
planted under frames to come early in the
fpring ; and part of the plants may be planted
on warm borders without covering, which
will live through the winter, provided it be
not very fevere : you may alfo, toward the end
of the month, fow fome Cos and Cilicia Let-
tuce, to plant on warm borders near walls,
pales, or hedges, where, if the winter doth not
prove fevere, they will live without any cover-
ing ', and fome of thefe fhould be left in the
fpring upon the fame borders, which will be
St for ufe very early the following feafon, be-
fore thofe which are tranfplanted out from
thefe borders, or from under frames : but
where they are left, they (hould not be too
clofe together, nor too near the wall, bccaufe
they are apt to draw up weak, near walls,
pales, or hedges.
In moift weather tranfplant Endive and Ce-
lery for blanchinsr, which (hould be well wa-^
tered
Aug. The Gardeners Kalendar. 24.^
tered to fettle the earth to their roots ; and if
the weather fhould alter to drought, they muft
be duly watered until they have taken good
root.
You may now tranfplant fome of the Let-
tuces which were fown the former month, to
fupply the kitchen in autumn : thefe fhould be
planted in a warm fituation, left the frofts,
which often happen early in Odlober, fhould
injure them : they muft alfo be duly watered
until they have taken root.
Toward the latter end of the month you
fliould fow feveral forts of feeds, which remain
a long time in the ground, which, if fown in
the fpring, will often mifcarry ^ as Chervil,
Angelica, Lovage, Mafterwort, Scurvy-grafs,
Fennel, Alexanders, Sweet Sefeli, Corn fallet,
and fome others, which always fucceed better
when fown at this feafon, than when they are
fown in the fpring.
Your beds of Coleworts, &c, which were
fown the laft month, (hould be carefully weed-
ed ; and if the plants are very thick, fome of
them {hould be drawn out, and tranfplanted in-
to another fpot of ground, that thofe which re-
jnain may have more room to grow.
Cut off the flowering branches of moft forts
ofaromatick plants, which are paft flowering;
as Lavender, Rofemary, Savory, Hyffop, &c.
R 4 that
248 The Gardeners Kalendar. Aug.
that they may inake new (hoots before winter ;
but do not perform this work in very dry wea^
ther, for many times the plants are deftroyed
by it, efpecially if they are cut too clofe, when
there happens to be a long drought after.
Pull up Onions, Garlick, Rocambole, and
Efchalots, when their leaves begin to wither
and fall, and fpread them thin in an airy place
to dry, before they are put up where they are
to remain for winter ufe.
In dry weather you muft earth up your Ce-
lery, which is large enough, obferving not to
bury the hearts of the plants, for that will rot
them. You muft alfo tie up your Endive,
which is full grown, or cover them with boards
or tiles, to blanch ; this muft alfo be performed
when the leaves are very dry, otherwife the
plants will rot.
Your Artichokes which were planted the
laft fpring, will now begin to /hew their fruit;
therefore all fmall fuckers, which come out on
tKe fides of their ftalks, fliould be cut off; for
if they are permitted to remain on, they will
weaken, and ftarve the top fruit ; you (hould
alfo clear them from weeds, or any other large
growing plants, which ftand near them.
Tianfplant Broccoli (which was not plant-
ed QUt the former month) into the plage where
it
Aug. The Gardeners Kalendar. 249
it is to remain for flowering, obferving to wa-
ter it duly until it has taken root. Thefe plants
Ihould be planted in rows about two feet and a
half afunder, and a foot and a half diflance
from each other in the rows.
You may tranfplant fome Savoys, to come
late in the fpring ; but if the winter fhould
prove fevere, they will not grow to be large,
nor will they cabbage fo well ; but in mild win-
ters they often fucceed, and come late in the
fpring.
Obferve to keep the Melons from too much
wet, which many times caufes the plants to
decay before the fruit is ripe ; efpecially the
Cantaleupe, and other curious forts, which are
very impatient of wet ^ fo that, where they are
treated in the common method, the plants ge-
nerally decay before their fruit is ripe, fo are of
no value.
The Cucumbers for pickling are now in
feafon ; therefore they fhould be looked over
twice or three times a week, to gather fuch as
are fit ; for, in a fhort time, they will grov7
too large for that purpofe 5 thefe muft alfo be
frequently watered in dry weather, which will
caufe them to produce a greater quantity of
fruit*
The
250 ^e Gardeners Kalendar. Aug,
The Afparagus, which was planted the laft
Ipring, fhould be carefully cleared from weeds ;
for at this feafon it will make new (hoots,
which will be much ftronger, where they arc
not injured by weeds, or other plants, than on
the contrary.
All the winter crops, fuch as Parfncps,
Leeks, Beets, Cabbages, ^c. fliould be con-
ftantly kept clear from weeds, which, if fuf-
fered to grow, will greatly injure them, and the
weeds will foon fcatter their feeds at this fea-
fon; whereby the ground will be plentifully
flocked with them, which cannot be rooted out
in many years.
The dunghills {hould alfo be cleared from
weeds, particularly Chenopodii and Nightfhade,
which at this feafon are very common upon
almoft every dunghill ; and if the feeds are per-
mitted to fcatter upon the dunghills, when the
dung is carried into the garden, the feeds will
be mixed therewith, and thereby fill the
ground with weeds ; therefore they fhould be
pulled up, and caft into a heap, no rot at fome
diftance from the garden or dunghill, or dried
and burned ; for if they are only hoed down,
and permitted to He upon the dunghill (as is
by fome pradlifed), the feed€ will ripen as they
iic, and be almoft as bad as if tl;iey had been
fuffered 10 grow to maturity.
You
Aug. The Gardeners Kalendar. 251
You may, in this month, plant flips of Sage,
Rofemary, Stoechas, Lavender, Maftich, and
other aromatick plants, where it was omitted
in the fpring ; but tbefe will not be near fo
ftrong, nor fo capable of refifting the cold of
the next winter fo well, as thofe planted in the
fpring 5 therefore will require to be iheltered,
if the winter fhould prove fevere.
Cut fuch herbs as are now in flower to diftil,
or to dry for winter ufe, always obferving to do
it when they are dry, and hang them up in a
dry (hady place ; for if they are dried in the
fun, they will (brink up, turn black, and be of
little worth.
Continue to fow the feeds of Crefles, Rape,
Turnep, Raddi(h, Muflard, and other kinds of
Sallet herbs, every week, that the table may
not be unfurnifhed, for thefe forts foon grow
too large for ufe at this feafon.
Gather all forts of kitchen-garden feeds,
which are now ripe, fpreading them upon mats
to dry i and then beat or rub them out of their
hufksor pods, and put them up till the feafons
for fowing them.
The Raddifti feed, which is now in pod,
muft be guarded, to prevent the birds from
devouring it, which they will do in a fhort time,
if they are not continually watched.
Sow
252 The Gardeners Kalendar. Aug.
Sow Turneps for a latter crop, which may
be done any time before the twentieth day of
this month ; but thofe which are fown later,
feldom apple well, efpecially if the autumn
proves cold.
Earth up Finnochia, v/hich is full grown, to
blanch it, that it may be fit for ufe^ and con-
tinue to tranfplant Celery into drills, that
there may be a fucceffion to fupply the table
through the feafon.
The Spinach which was fown the end of the
laft month for winter ufe, will now be fit to
boe, which thould be performed in dry wea-
ther, that the weeds which are cut may be foon
killed 5 for in moift weather, they will take root
again, fo will require another cleaning. Kl this
time the Spinach Ihould be cut down, where it
grows too clofe > for the plants (hould not be
left clofer to each other than three inches, that
they may have room to fprcad, and produce
large leaves, in which the goodnefs of winter
Spinach confifts.
Produ5ls of the K i t c h e n-G a r d e n.
Cabbages, Kidney Beans, feveral kinds of
Peas, Artichokes, Garden Beans, Carrots, Cab-
bage Lettuces of feveral forts, Finnochia, Ce-
lery,
Aug. "The Gardeners Kalendar. 253
lery, Turneps, Cucumbers, Melons, Onions,
Purflane, all forts of young fallet herbs, fome
late Cauliflowers, Endive, Sorrel, Baum, Bur-
net, Marigolds, Beet, Spinach, Potatoes, Mufli-
rooms, Tomatos, Bafil, Thyme, Savory, Mar-
joram, Clary, Mint, Sage, Rofemary, Lavender,
Hyffop, Capficums for pickling, Cucumbers for
pickling, large-rooted Parfley, Fennel, Dill,
Sprouts from Cabbage ftalks, Card Beet, Cicers,
Raddillies, Scorzonera, Horfe-raddifh, Naftur-
tium Indicum, the flowers for fallets, and the
feeds for pickling ; Pumkins, Gourds, Parf-
neps, and fome other forts.
Work to be done in the Frui t-G a r den, and
Vineyard.
Look carefully over the wall-fruit trees, to
deftroy fnails and other vermin, which will
gnaw the choice fruits, and fpoil them. Yo»
fhould alfo deftroy fparrows and tomtits, which
will peck your choice Pears, Figs, and Grapes,
as fail as they ripen, where they are not de-
fended ; and where it was not done the former
month, you (hould fix fome phials with honey-
water on different parts of your trees, to deflroy
the wafps, which will drown themfelves by
attempts
254 The Gardeners Kalendar. Aug*
attempting to drink of the water.- Thefe phi-
als (hould be fixed before the fruit begins to
ripen, when the wafps and flies will be much
fooner inticed to the water, than they will after
they have tafted the fruit : fo that by the timely
ufeof this method, the fruit may be preferved.
Where any branches of the trees projed;
from the wall, or have been difplaced by winds,
G?^. they {hould be carefully faftened to tha
wall in their due pofition, that the fruit may
receive the benefit of the fun to ripen it ; but
do not pull off the leaves of the trees (as is by
fome perfons pradlifed) \ for this expofes the
fruit too much, whereby it becomes hard, and
feldom ripens kindly, efpecially when it is done
long before the fruit is ripe.
The Vines in the vineyard, and thofe againft
.the walls, fhould now be gone over for the laft
time, pulling off all trailing branches which have
been lately produced ; and faften thofe branches
which are loofe in their proper places, that the
, fruit (which is now full grown) may receive the
benefit of the fun and air to ripen it. You
fhould alfo obferve to keep the ground clear
from weeds between the rows of Vines, that
the fun may dry up the moifture of the ground
every day s fo that the refled:ion of heat may
be greater to ripen the fruit.
^ ' Untie.
Aug* iTje Gardeners Kalendar. 255
Untie the buds of fruit trees, which were
inoculated the laft month -, otherwife their
bandage will pinch the bark of the ilocks,
and preveiit their growing equally in the part
where the bud is put in : you (hould alfo ob-
ferve to clear the lower part of your ftocks
from (hoots where any are produced, and keep
the ground clear from weeds, near the roots of
your fruit trees.
Fruits in Prime.
Apples; the Summer White Couflin, Mar-
garet Apple, Codlin, Summer Pearmain, Sum-
mer Pippin, and fc^me others.
Pears -, the Jargonelle, Windfor, Cuiffe Ma-
dame, Orange Mufk, Grofs Blanquette, Mufk
Blanquette, Long-fta^ked Blanquette, Poir fans
peau, Mufcat Rohine, Amber Pear, Green
Orange, Caffolette, Magdalen Pear, Gros Oig-
nonet, Poir Rofe, Summer Boncretien, Cailot
Rofat, Petit Ruffelet, wi:h fome others of lefs
note.
^ Peaches; Red and White Magdalen, Early
Nev/ington, the Mignonne or Minion, Italian
Peach, Nobleft, Bellows or Bcllis. Violette
Hative, La Chevreufe or Belle Chevreufe,
Early Admirable, Albermarle, Nivette- > each,
Moiitau-
2^6 The Gardeners Kalendar. Aug.
Montaubon, Royal George, Purple Alberge,
Chancellor, Bourdine, with fome others.
Nedarines 5 Roman Red, Elruge, Newing-
ton, Brugnon, Italian, and Murray.
Plums ; Orleans, White Perdrigon, Violet
Perdrigon, Red Imperial, White Imperial or
Bonum Magnum, Le Royale, Cheftun Plum,
Drap d'Or, St, Katharine, Roche Courbon,
Reine Claude, commonly called in England
Green Gage, La Mirabelle, Apricot Plum,
Prune Monfieur, Maitre Claude, Royale Dau-
phin, with fome others.
Grapes -, the July, White Sweet-water, Black
Clufter, Munier, Chaffelas, White Mufcadine,
White Frankindal, Black Sweet-water, and
Orleans.
Figs ; the early White, Long Blue, Long
White, Black Ifchia, Brown or Cheftnut If-
chia, Large Yellow Ifchia, Green with white
flefh, Green with purple flefh, and Green with
red flefli, Brunfwick, Malta, Black Naples, and
Cyprus Fig.
Filberts, Nuts, Mulberries, Alpine Strawber-
ry, Goofeberries, Currants, Black Cherry, Hert-
ford(hire Cherry, Amber, and Morello Cher-
ries 5 Melons, and, in the ftove, the Anana or
Pine Apple, and the Mufa.
fr Work
Aug. The Gaf^deners Kale?tdar, 257
fFork to be done in /y6^ N u r s e R r ,
The beginning of this month you (hould
look carefully over the flocks which were
budded the laft month, and loofen the bandage,
left the buds ihould be pinched thereby : and
where there are any Ihoots produced belov/ the
buds, they fliould be cut off. You (hould alfo
look over your trees which were budded the
former year, or grafted in the fpring, cutting off
all fuch (hoots as are produced below the place
where they were budded or grafted ^ for if thefe
are permitted to grow, they will ftarve the buds
or grafts.
Keep your ground clear from weeds between
your trees, and train up the feveral forts of
Evergreens, foreft trees, and (hrubs, for the
feveral purpofes they are defigned ^ but do not
trim the ftems of ftandard trees too clofe ; for
if they have not fome fmall ihoots left on the
fides of their ftems, to detain the fap to ftrength-
en the ftems, they will not be able to fupport
their heads.
You ftiould, toward the end of this month,
begin to clear and trench the ground, where
you intend to plant out ftocks, or young foreft
trees in autumn, that the rain may foak and
mellow the ground before the feaibnof plant-
S iog ;
258 The Gardeners Kalendar. Aug,.
ing j and if your land is iVifF, the laying of it a
month or fix weeks in ridges, before it is plant-
ed, will mellow the clods, and render them
much eaficr to be broken, than if it was newly
dug.
Look carefully to your young feedling trees,
to obferve that they do not fufFer by drought,
nor that they are over-borne by weeds, which,
at this feafon, do foon get up to a confiderablc
height.
Work to be donein the Ple asure-Garden*
Tranfplant the layers of Carnations, Pinks,
and double Sweet Williams, which by this time
will have taken root, if timely laid. Thofc
choice forts of Carnations, which are defigned
for pots, may be planted at this time, each in a
fmall halfpenny pot, filled with frelh light earth,
and placed in a &ady fituation until they have
taken root -, after which they may be removed
into a more open fituation, where they may re-
main until the end of October, when they
iliould be placed under a hot-bed frame; or
plunged into an old bark-bed without heat,
and arched over with hoops, that they may be
covered in winter, to protedt them from hard
rains, fnow, and fevere froft ; but they fhould
be always opened in mild weather, otherwife
they
Aug. The Garder^ers Kalendar. 259^
they will draw up weak. In this manner they
may be much better preferved, than if they
were planted out at firft into the pots where
they are to remain for blowing, becaufe they
will fiand in a fixth part of the compafs ; and
in the fpring they maybe turned out of the
fmall pots with the earth to their roots, where--
by they will not receive any check, and placed
Into larger pots to flower. But thcfe Carnati-
ons, Pinks, and Sweet Williams, which arede-
figned for the borders of the pleafure-garden>
.fhould be now planted in beds in the flower-
nurfery, to remain till th^ middle 6f October,
when you mufl dig the borders of the pleafure-
garden, a::d new plant them : at which time
thefe may be taken up with a ball of earth to
their roots, and planted in the borders with
other flowers.
You may now tliifc your choice Auriculas
into frefn rich earth, obferving to clear them
from dead leaves, and place them in a fliady
fituation until they have taken root : this fredi
earth will ftrengthen the plants greatly, and im-
prove their flowers the following fpring.
You may yet remove the roots of bulbous
Irifes, Fritiliarias, and Hyacinths of Peru ; and
alfo the roots of Lilies, Martagons, Crown Im-
perials, Pii^onias, and Flag Irifes, whofe leaves
S 2 arc
2 6o "The Garde?iers Kalendar. Aug;.
are now decayed ^ but if fufFered to remain
much longer in the ground unremoved, many
of the forts will pufh out frefh fibres, when it
will be too late to remove them ; but efpecially
white Lilies, becaufe they foon put out new
leaves ; after which time, if they are removed,
they rarely flower the following feafon.
Gather all forts of flower feeds as they ripen,
and fpread them to dry in the fun ; after which
they fliould be preferved in their pods or hufks,
until the feafons for fowing them 5 for the feeds.
of moil plants may be kept longer good in
their pods, than when they are rubbed out.
Tranfplant Polyanthufes, Primrofes, and
feedling Auriculas, obferving to lliade and
water them until they have taken root, as alfo
to clofe the earth to their roots, otherwife the
worms will draw them out of the ground; to
prevent which, feme perfons make a bed of
cold dung, beating it down very clofe, then lay
oQoi eardi thereon, three or four inches thick^
and plant dieir feedling Auriculas into it : this
C\\\\-\^ keeps down the worms, and preferves
the plants from being turned out of the ground.
Cut down the fialks of fuch plants as have
done flowering, and are decayed; and faften
all tall' growing plants to flicks, to fupport them
from
All 2. Tlje Gardeners Kalejtdar. 261
V
from being broken or blown down by flrong
' winds, which often reign at this feafon.
The pots of annual plants mufi: now be duly
watered in dry weather, otherwife they will
foon lofe their beauty 5 and fuch of them as are
tender (liould be removed into (heltei* when the
nights begin to be cold, that they may perfeift
their feeds ; which in bad ieafons feldom ripen
v/ell, if they are not proteded from the incle-
mency of the weather, particularly the Double
Stramonium, Double Balfamine, Quam.oclir,
Deep blue Convolvulus, with fome oth^r ten^
der forts.
Toward the latter end of this month you
fhould begin to prepare your beds to receive
your choice Hyacinths, Tulips, and Ranucu-
lufes, that the earth may fettle before the roots
are nla ued ; othervv'ife, when the earth finks
unequ dlv, there will be holes on the tops of
the beds, which will detain the water, v.'here-
by the roots in thofe places will be rotted. If
thefe beds are made three feet deep, and fome
very rotten neats dung laid in the bottom, the
fibres of thefe roots will ftrike down into it in
thefpring; and, receiving great nourifhment
from the dung, it will caufe them to flower
very ftrong ; but the earth of thefe beds fhould
pot be fcreened very fine, but only the larger
S 3 (Wnes
262 T^he Gardeners Kahndar. Aug;
ftones fhould be raked out, and all the clods-
well broken 3 for w .en the earth is fcreened
fine, it is very apt to bind in winter.
Clean all the parts of your flower-garden
from weeds \ which if permitted to ftand, will
ftied their feeds in a ihort time, whereby your
garden will be fo ftocked with weeds, as not to
be rooted out in feveral years.
You may now fow the feeds of Anemonies,
Pulfatillas, Pvanunculufes, Crocufes, Fritilla-
rias. Hyacinths, Tulips, Narciffufes, Cycla-
men, Irifes, Auriculas, Lilies, Martagons,
Polyanthufes, ^c. in pots or boxes filled with
light rich earth, obferving not to cover thcfe
feeds which are thin and light, too deep ; for
thefe will rot in the ground vv^hen buried deep,
efpecially the Raunculufes, Pulfatillas, Ane-
monies, Auriculas, Polyanthufes, and Fritil-
larias ; but the larger feeds may be covered
thicker. Thofe pots or boxes (liould be placed
where they may have the morning fun till ten
or eleven o'clock 5 for if they are too much
expofed to the heat of the fun at this feafon,
the feeds will not fucceed {o well: they muH:
alfo he frequently refreftied with water, but it
fiiould be given very gently, ctherwife the
feeds will be in danger of being waflied out of
the ground.
Thi
Aug. T'he Gardeners Kaleftdar, 263
* The feeds of feveral kinds of annual flowers
may now be fown on w^rm borders to ftand
the winter, that they may flower early the fol-
lowing fummer, whereby they will be much
ftronger, and produce a greater quantity of
flowers, than thofe which are fown in the
fpring, and their feeds will conftantly ripen
better. Of thefe are the Sweet Pea, Venus
Navelwort, Dwarf Annual Stock, Lobel's
Catchfly, Xeranthemums, Sweet Sultan, Ce-
rinthe of three or four forts, Myofotis, Chry-
fanthemum, Adonis, Meadia, Cape Horn
Pea, Indian Scabious, and moft forts of umbel-
liferous plants.
You may now propagate the Double Scarlet
Lychnis, Double Rofe Campion, Double Rock-
et, Gentianella, Double Ragged Robin, Batche-
lors Button Red and White, Double Catchfly,
and Canada Leonurus, by flipping and parting of
their roots 3 but thefe flips fhould be planted in
fliady borders, or otberwife they mufl. be duly
fhaded every day in dry hot weather with mats,
and conftantly fupplied with water, until they
have taken root : thefe flips will make very
good plants (provided they are carefully plant-
ed and duly watered) by the beginning or mid-
dle of October; when they may be either
planted into pots, or the borders of the flower-
S 4 garden.
264 ^he Gardeners Kalendar. Aug.
garden, where they will flower flrong the fol-
lowing feafon.
The pleafure-garden muft now be duly
looked after, to keep it neat ; for in moift
weather the grafs muft be frequently mowed,
rolled, and polled, to have it fine; the gravel-
walks muft alfo be kept clean from weeds, and
conftantly rolled, and as the leaves of trees will
often begin to fall at this time, fo they {hould
be daily fwept up to have the whole garden
decent-
Tlanti new in Flower in the Pleasure-
Garden,
Some Carnations, Painted Lady Pink, Old-
man's-head Pink, Female Balfamine, Marvel of
Peru, Amaranthufes, Gomphrenas,feveral forts
of Starwort, Golden-rods of feveral kinds,
Scarlet and Blue Cardinal's flower, Campanula
of feveral forts. Hollyhocks, Colchicum of Chio,
Autumnal Cyclamens, Greater Convolvulus of
feveral forts, Flos Adonis, Venus Looking-
lafs, Venus Navelwort, Africans, and French
Marigold, Sweet Sultans, Indian Scabious, Ni-
gellas. Candy Tuft, Apocynums, Sweet Pea,
Tangier Pea, Everlafting Peas, Sunflowers of
many kindsj Lavateras^ Mallows of feveral forts,
5 Linarin^^3
Aug. The Gardeners Kalendar. 265
Linarias, Centaurias, Ketmia Veficaria of four
kinds, Stramoniums, Tubcrofes, Sclareas, Gera-
niums, Lychnifes, Annual Stocks, Blattaria lutea.
Double Ptarmica, Xeranthemums, two forts of
Marigolds from the Cape of Good Hope,
Onagras, Lyfimachias, Veronicas, Autumnal
Hyacinth, Globe-thiftles, Dwarf annual Stock,
Nafturtium Indicum, Fairchild's Mule, Virgin
an Spiderwort, Catanance quorundam, Cata-
nancc flore luteo, Eiichryfum Americanum,
Stoechas Citrina, Double Feverfew, Coronilla
herbacea, Chryfanthemums, Eryngiums, Glau-
ciums, Afclepias or Swallow-wort with white,
yellow, and black flowers, Periplocas, Cap-
noides, Aconitum lycodlonum luteum, Aconi-
tum falutiferum, Napellus cceruleus, Alceas,
Helianthemums, Double Sopewort, Arge-
mone Mexicana, Antirrhinums, Lupines of
feveral forts, Lavendula folio diffecSo, Iris Uva-
ria, Cerinthe with purple and yellow flowers,
PerficariaOrientalis, Phyfalis of feveral forts, Li-
moniums,Dracocephalum,Moluc(:5alajvis & fpi-
nofa, Solanums of various kinds, Melongena,
Hedyfarums, Phalangiums, Oriental Buglofs,
AlyflTums, Ambrofia of three forts, Bafil, Cap-
ficum, Palma Chrifti, Tobacco, Clinopodium
Virginianum, Commelina, China Starwort
with fmgle and double red; blue, and white
flowers,
2 66 l^ije Gar defter s Kaletidar. Aug.
flowers, Monarda of three forts, Trachelium
Umbeliifer-um, Convolvulus minor with white,
blue, and ftriped flowers, Hawkweeds of divers
forts, Purple Senecio, feveral forts of Anonis,
feme forts of Aftragalus, Canary Lavender,
Sherardia, Echiums, Globularia, Collinfonia,
Poliums, Spigelia, L37chnideas, Perennial Blue
Lupine, Eupatoriums, Dianthera, Rudbeckia
of feveral forts, Ruyfchiana, Acanthus, Cirfi-
ums, Greater Centuary, Carthamus, Glycine,
Perennial Fumitories of feveral forts, Gnapha-
liums, Lunarias, Chryfocoma, three or four
forts of Bupthalmum, Zinnia, Gaura, Orobr.s,
Tragopogon of two or three forts, Scorzonera,
BiflTerula, Clitoria, Pliblfcus of feveral forts,
Hasmanthus, with fome others.
Hardy Threes and Shrubs now in Flower,
Common White Jafmine, Pafiion flower, Pe-
riploca, Scorpion Sena, Shrubby Althasa of fo-
veral forts, Agnus Cafl:us, Honeyfuckles, Mal-
low tree. Shrubby Canary Hypericum, Stink-
ing Shrubby Hypericum, Lauruftinus, Dou-
ble Virgins-bower,^Bignonia or Trumpet-flow-
er, Angelica tree, Magnolia or Laurel-leaved
Tulip tree, Travellor's-joy, Mufli Rofe, Blad-
der Sena of three forts, Spanifli Broom, Cif-
tufear
Aug. Hje Gardeners Kalendar. 267
tules of feveral kinds, Phlomifes, Celaftrus, Su-
mach of feveral forts, Double and fingle Pome-
granate, Cytifufes of three or four forts, Ca-
talpa, Clethra, Itea, Diervilla, Hydrangea, Lo-
tus of two or three forts, Spireas, Prinos, feve-
ral forts of Dyers-broom, Tamarifk, Medicagi^
fru^efcens, Periclymenum Virginianum, Aza-
lea, Kaimia, Rhododendron, Andromeda, Aze-
derach, Kidnev-btaii tree, Cadiic^berry bu£h,
Thymelea, Toxicodendron, Spartiums, Genif-
tas, with fume others.
Medicinal Plants 'which may now he
gathered for life,
Benr*s- breech, Vervain-mallow, Carlick, Dill,
Nightiliaoe, Biiliopfvveed-feed, Love-apple,
Vervain, Goofeber V, Arum or Cuckow-pintle-
roots, Iraiian Starv/'jit, Yellow Starwort, Gold-
en Rod, Bafil, Summer Savory, Briony-berrics,
Navew-roors, Honeyfuckle, Capficam or In-
dian Pepper, Safflov/er, Knot-grafs, Nettle-
feed, Onion-feed, Flea wort, Cornelian Cherry,
Coriander-feed, Carrot-feed, Endive, Arfe-
fmart, Jafmine-flowers, Glalfwort, Lupine,
Marjoram, Tobacco, Poppy-heads/Stcechasor
French Lavender, Thorn Apple.
Work
268 The GardeHers Kalendar. Aue.
Work to he done in the Green-House,
Garden, and Stove.
About the beginning of this month you may
inoculate Orange trees, obferving to turn that
fide of the ftock where the bud is put in, from
the fun. Cut off" Oranges, Jafmines, and other
exoticksj which were inarched the former
ipring, from their mother-trees, being careful
in the operation, not to loofen the graft from
the flock, nor (liould the clay or wax be rubbed
cfF until the following fpring.
The beginning of this month is a proper
feafon for Ihifting Aloes, Sedums, Mefem-
bryanthemums, Cereufes, Euphorbiums, and
other exotick fucculent plants, which now are
in full growth, fo will take root again fooner
than at any other time of the year : you fliould
at the fame time take off the offsets of your
Aloes, and plant them into fmall pots filled
with freQi fandy earth, placing them where
they may have the morning fun, obferving to
refrell:! them Aow-and-then with a little water
in dry weather ^ which if duly obferved, there
will be no occafion to give them any artificial
heat to encourage them to take root, for at
this
Aug. The Gardeners Kalendar. 269
this feafon they are greatly difpofed to fend
forth roots.
The feveral kinds of tender exotick plants,
which are conftantly preferved in the bark-
ftoves, (hould now be fliifted, that they may
make ftrong roots before winter; for if they
arc fl:iifted too late in the feafon, they do not
recover it before the cold comes on, which
checks their growth, fo that they will not ap-
pear fo vigorous, nor will they be fo ftrong to
tiiaintain themfelves in winter ; but if they arc
not fliifted at this feafon, their roots will be fb
matted in the pots that they will grow mouldy
in winter, and decay ; which has often been de-
{Iruftive to many choice plants.
The beds in which the Ananas are placed,
fnould be now refrefhed with fome new tan-
ners bark (provided it was not done the former
month) 3 for the evenings, toward the end of
this month, often begin to grow cold ; aad if the
heat of the beds alfo decline, the plants will re-
ceive a check ; and this being the principal
feafon of their growth, it v^^ill prevent their
ftrengthening themfelves for fruit the following
year, nor will the heads of offsets which have
been newly planted, be fufficiently furniflied
with roots before winter, if the beds are not
kept in a kindly temperature of warmth ; and,
as
2 7 <^ ^'^ Gardeners Kalendar. Aug.
as the nights grow cold, ihe gkffes (hould be
Covered with mats, to keep them warm : but
thofe plants which are defigned to fruit the next
tear, fhoald not be too much forced at this
feafon, efpecially thofe which are forward, left
it fhould drive them into fruit in the v/inter,
which is often the cafe : and even the fuckers,
taken off early the fame feafon, are fometimes
forced into fruit a year too foon, when they
^rekept too hot, or by receiving a great check
ill their growth* Thofe plants which are to
produce fruit the following year, fhould now
be fliifted into the pots, where they are to re-,
main, if it was not done in July ; for if they
are difturbed later in the feafon, they will not
have time to make good roots before winter.
This is to be underftood of fuch plants as arc
defigned to fruit in the pots : for thofe w^hich
are to be planted in the tan in autumn, fliould
not be difturbed at this feafon \ for they muft
never be tranfplanted after they fhew^ their fruit,
as-that will greatly retard them, and caufe their
f^'uit to be fmall.
The feveral kinds of hardy green-houfe
plants (hould now be ihifted, and thofe which
require it muft have larger pots \ for if their
roots are too much confined, and matted about
the pots, they v/ili grow mouldy and decay.
Whea
Aug. The Gardeners Kahndar. 2 7 1
When they are fliifted, they {hould be placed
in a fhady fituatipn, until they have taken frefli
root ; after which they may be expofed again
to the fun, until the time of houfing them:
but you fliould not expofe them too much to
ftrong winds, which will blow them out of the
pots again, when they have been lately removed,
unlefs they are fupported by flakes.
You fliould now take fome of the earth out
of the tubs or pots of Orange trees, filling theru
up again with rich frelh earth, which v/i!I en-
courage them to fapport their fruit in winter.
Wafh and clean fe the leaves and ilems of
your Coifee -trees, and other exotick plants,
from filth, which they are very fubjed to con-
tradl at this ieafon ;. and if it be not cleaned oft,
will entice vermin, to the great injury of your
plants.
Towards the latter end of the month, you
may remove your Cereufes, Euphorbiums, and
other very tender fucculent plants, which have
been placed abroad, into the flove again j for,
at this feafon, the nights begin to grow cold,
and there often happens much rain -, which is
very injurious to thefe plants, when they are ex-
pofed thereto J but if the feafon is warm, they
may continue abroad a fortnight longer.
Planfi
272 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Aug.
Plants in Flower in ^the Green-House
and Stove.
Geraniums of feveral kinds, Mefembryanthe-
mums of various kinds, Stapelea, feveral forts
of Aloes, Sedums, Cotyledeons, Myrtles,
Oranges, Ciftufes, Colutea ^Ethiopica, feveral
forts of Paffion flower, Senfitive Plant, Hum-
ble Plant, Indian Figs, Oleanders, Alceas,
Kctmias of feveral forts, Hasmanthufes, Cardi-
nal flower, ^Egyptian Sea Lavender, Leonu-
rus minor, Ardtotufes, St. Johnfwort of Minor-
ca, latropha of feveral forts, Quamoclit, Spa-
nifli Jafmine, Arabian Jafmine, Azorian Jaf-
mine, Indian Yellow Jafmine, Laurel-leaved
Jafmine, Apocynums, Acacias, Sena Alexan-
drina, Caflfias of feveral forts, Hedyfarums, Eli-
chryfums, Indian Nafturtiums with a double
flower. Ragwort, Dorias, Senecio folio retufo,
Canna Indica, Fabagos, Trachelium umbella-
tum Azurium, Limonium Afplenii folio, Li-
moniumSiculumGallasferens, Turnera, Con-
volvulufes of feveral forts, Plumeria, Phytolac-
ca, Piercea, Poliums, Solanums, Lotus argon-
tea Gretica, Martynia, Indian Arrow root, Cef-
trums, Bafella, Cotton plant, Indico plant,
Guava, Coftus Arabicus, Eupatoriums, Buph-
5 thalmumsj
Aug. The Gardeners Kalendar. 273
thalmums, Papaya, Conyzas, Cereufes, Eu-
phorbiums, Melon Thlffles, Diofma of three
forts, Blue flowering Sage from the Cape, Cri-
num, Pancratiums, Limocfbrum, Kempfera,
Clitoria, Spigelia, Pafferina, Royenia, Arum
fcandens, Waltheria, Polyanthcs, Sida, Caper,
Chironia, China Chafle tree with cut leaves,
feveral forts of Ricinus, Crotolarias, Anonifes,
Mafpighia, Cacalia two or three forts, Grewia,
Volkhamcria, Black flowering Lotus, Milleria,
Guanabanus, Cornutia, Tournefortia, Polyga-
la, Hermannias, Saururus, Plumbago, Wack-
endorfia, Ambrofla from Peru, D'Ayena,
Shrubby Heiiotropium of Peru, Blue branch-
ing Starwort from Africa, Erhetia, P^obinia,
Tradefcantia, Commelina, Worm^wood tree^
Canary Convolvulus, Shrubby Convolvulus,
Eignonias, Lantana of feveral forts. Sorrel tree,
Toxicodendron, Craflulas, Cyanella, with
fome others.
^^^
<i^
<i^'
Gn^
■mi
SEP-
[ 274 ]
SEPTEMBER.
TVorli io he done in the Kitchen-
Garden,
pp^35^ H E middle of this month you
Wm.
'^^1 mufi: plant out your Cauliflower-
H^''-' hW^ plants which were fown in the
§^^^^^ laft month, placing them either
upon old Cucumber or Melon-beds ; for if
they are put upon beds without any dung un-
der them, the worms will draw them out of the
ground ; but if the feafon proves cold, and the
plants are backward, it will be proper to make
a flight bed with warm dang, which will bring
them forward : the diftance Vv'hich thefe plants
Ihould be allowed in thcfc beds is three inches
from row to row, and about two inches afun-
der in the rows, w^hich will be fufficient room
for them to grow till toward the end of Odo-
ber, W'hich is the time when they mufl be
tranf-
Sept, The Gardeners Kalendar. 2j^
tranrplanted again into their winter-beds, or
in rows to be covered with bell or hand-
glafles.
Toward the middle of this month, you muft
fow fome feeds of Cos, Cilicia, and Brown
Dutch Lettuces, to plant under frames or hand-
glafles, which may be covered in fevere frofl" ;
fo that if thofe on the warm borders are de-
ftroyed, thefe may be preferved : and if thofe
ihould efcape, thefe will come after them, and
the table may be better fupplied.
The Cardoons which were planted out in*
June, fhould now be earthed up; in doing of
which, you muft carefully tie up their leaves
with an hay-band ; then lay the earth up to
each plant, about eighteen inches high, being
careful not to bury their hearts. This work
fhould always be performed in dry weather.
You may now make Muihroom-beds ; in
doing of which, you muft obferve to make
choice of fuch dung as hath lain about three
weeks or a mouth on an heap, whereby its
great heat is loft -, nor fhould the dung, in-
tended for this purpofe, be thrown on a heap
to ferment, as is the pradice for hot-beds; be-
caufe if it ever is violently hot, it will not take
the fpawn of the MuQirocms near fo vi^ell, as
that dung which has not been much ferment-
T 2 ed.
276 T^ke Gardejiers Kakndar, Sept.
ed, which is the reafon why fome perfons pre-
fer the dung of ftone horfes to that of other
animals \ and let your knobs of fpawn be laid to
dry in a Ihady place a fortnight, before you put
them into the bed. The particular directions
for making of thofe beds may be feen in the
Gardeners Dictionary.
Hoe and clean Turneps 5 and the Spinach
which was fown the lafl: month, from weeds,
cutting out the plants where they are too clofe ^
obferving, if poffible, to do this in dry wea-
ther ; otherwife the weeds will take root again,
and be very troublefome. You fliould alfo
weed the beds of Onions, Carrots, Cauli-
flower, Cabbage plants, and Coleworts, which
were fown the lafl month ; for if the weeds
are permitted to grow, they will foon ©ver-top
the plants and fpoil them.
Earth up your Celery as it advances in
height, obferving always to do it in dry wea-
ther j and be careful not to earth it above the
hearts of the plants, becaufe that would pre-
vent its growing tall, and many times occ^afion
Its rotting.
The middle of this month you may fafely
iranfplant moft forts of perennial aromatick
plants ; as Rofemary, Lavender, Stcechas, Gf^.
which will ti}ke root again before the frofl
comes
Sept. The Gardeners Kaletidar. 277
comes on to prevent them ; but this fliould be
done in moid weather.
Continue to fow fmall Sallet herbs ; fuch as
Radiflij Turnep, Creiles, Mullard, Cheivi!,
&c, but as the cold increafes, thev fhould have
a warmer iltuation, otherwife the morning frofls
will loofen the ground, and thereby turn their
rootS;t)ut to the air, whereby they vvill be de-
ilroyed.
Gather all forts of feeds as they ripen, and
fpread them to dry upon mats or cloths -, and
then beat them out of their hufks, and put
them up in a dry place, until the feafons for
fowing them.
In moid weather you may tranfplant your
Colewort plants, which were fovvn in July, into
the places where they are to remain till fpringj
and you fliould alfo tranfplant your Cabbage
plants which were fown the beginning of Au-
guft, that they may acquire ftrength before they
are planted out for good.
Tranfplant fomc of your late fown Endive
on borders under warm walls, pales, or hedges,
toftand till February before it is blanched 3 and
in dry weather tie up fuch Endive ac is full
grown, to blanch it for ufe ; or if the plants
are covered clofe with tiles or boards, they wifl
blanch eaually well.
' ' T 3 If
278 2^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
If the feafon Ihould prove dry, you (hould
water your laft crop of Cauliflowers, which are
to come the next month \ otherwife their heads
will be very fmall, efpecially if the ground is
dry.
Continue to keep all your late crops clear
from weeds ; for if they are not well cleaned
before the great rains of autumn fall, it will be
difficult to deftroy the weeds afterward ; for,
at this feafon, the v/eeds are generally produced
in plenty.
Toward the latter end of this month you
iliould tranfplant Lettuces of feveral forts up-
on warm borders, where they may remain to
cabbage early in the fpring ; but you may
plant them pretty clofe together at this feafon,
becaufe, if they live through the winter, part
of them may be tranfplanted out in the fpring
into an open fpot of ground, where they will
grow larger than thofe left in the border, but
will not be fit for ufe fo foon by a fortnight or
three weeks \ which is an advantage, in hav-
ing them continue fo much longer to fupply
the table.
At the end of this month you may cut down
the haulm of Afparagus which is beginning to
wither, and clear the weeds off from the beds
into the alleys tvhere they (liould be buried,
and
Sept. 7^eGardene?^s Kalenda?\ 279
and the earth of the alleys fhould be laid upon
the beds to new mould them; and where the
beds want dunging, there (hould be fome very
rotten dung taken out of old Cucumber and
Melon-beds, and laid upon the Afparagus-beds,
after the weeds are hoed off, and then the dung
covered over with part of the earth from the
alleys.
If there fhouLd happen much rain at this fea-
fon, your young Cauliflower plants muft bepro-
tedted therefrom ; otherwife it will caufe their
ftemstoturn black, and the outer Han will de-
cay in a fhort time. This is what gardeners
term black {hanked.
Moft of your fummer crops being intirely
cleared from off the ground, you fhould, in
dry weather, hoe and clear the ground from
weeds, which will preferve it neat and clean
until you (hall prepare it for frefli crops, or
trench it up to lie till fpring; the fuffering of
weeds to grow after the crops are taken off the
ground, impoveriilies it, though the weeds are
not fuffered to feed.
At the end of this month you may plant
fome Beans, and fow fome early Peas, in warm
borders ; where, if they abide the winter, they
will produce their crops early the fucceeding
fpring.
T 4 Tranf.
2 8 0 The Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
Tranfplant your latter crop of Celery into
drills, which, at this feafon, {hould always be
planted on drier ground than the former crops 5
for as this is to remain till the fpring, fo it will
be in danger of rotting on a very moift foil.
You fliould now tranfplant the laft crop of
Broccoli where it is to remain, that it may ac-
quire iirength before the frofl comes on to
check it ; and you fhould draw earth up to the
iilems of your former crops, which will greatly
prote(5l them from the frofl.
There may now^ alfo be fome Carrot feeds
fown upon warm borders, where, if they fur-
vive the winter, they will come early in the
fpring, whereby the table may be fupplied with
young Carrots for a month or fix weeks, be-
fore thofc which are fown in the fpring will be
fit for ufe.
The Carrots v/hich were fown in the
fields for feeding of fljeep, or deer, &f^.
(hould, toward the end of this month, be
dr^wn out of the gro'und and houfed, to preferve
them ; thefe fhould lie four or five days to dry,
then they fl:i0uld be properly ftacked up in a
good dry barn, with dry fand laid between
them to prevent their rotting, and when hard
froft comes on they fliould he covered with
i^raw or dried fern^ to prevent their bcipg hor
Sept. The Gardeners Kalendar. 281
zen J where this is pradifed, thefe roots will
be an excellent winter and fprlng pabulum for
moft fort of cattle.
ProduBs of the K i t c h e n-G a r d e n.
Cabbages, Carrots Artichokes, Parfneps,
Potatoes, Shallots, Onions, Leeks, Garlick, Ce-
lery, Endive, Cabbage Lettuce of feveral forts,
Scorzonera, Salfafy, Mufhrooms, Cucumbers
for pickling. Melons, Kidney Beans, Roun-
cJval Peas, Marrovv^fat Peas, Garden Beans
planted late, Beets, Turneps, Radishes, large
rooted Parfley, Black and White Spanish Ra-
difhes. Sprouts from the early Cabbage ftalks ;
and, for Soups, Chervil, Sorrel, Tomatos,
Gourds, Squafhes, Burnet, Cardoon, Chard
Beets, Parfley, Origanums as alfo Thyme,
Biifil, Marjoram, HyfTop, Winter-favory, and
all forts of young Sallet herbs.
Work to be done in the F r u i T-G a R D £ N.
Your fruits (hould now be gathered as they
ripen, for thofe which are in eating this month
feldom continue long good ; but toward the
end of the month, fome forts of winter fruit
will be fit to gather ; but you fhould always
fuffer them to remain as long upon the trees as
5 ^^^^
282 The Gardeners Kale?tdar. Sept*
the weather will permit ; for when they are
gathered too early, their fkins will ihrivel, fo
the fruit will not keep well ; and there will be
no danger of their fuffering upon the trees un-
til the mornings begin to be frofty, when you
mull not let the fruit hang longer, efpecially
the melting Pears ; becaufe if the froft fliould
pinch their ikins, it would greatly injure them.
You muft always obferve to gather your fruit
when they and the leaves of the trees are per-
fectly dry, otherwife it will not keep.
The Grapes of the vineyard, which are now
almoft ripe, muft be guarded from birds, other-
wife they will make great havock of them where
they ^re fuffered to feed upon them without
moleftation ; and where the birds have pecked
any of the Grapes, the flies and wafps will im-
mediately attack them, and eat them up.
Tranfplant Strawberries, Rafpberries, Goofe-
berries, and Currants, tov/ards the end of this
month, if the weather proves moift, otherwife
it will be better to defer it until the beginning
of the next month: and this is the beft feafon
to plant cuttings of Goofeberries and Currants 3
which will take root and make better plants,
than thofe which are propagated by fuckers.
Your fruit trees again ft the wall of your
forcing-frame muft now be pruned and trained
6 clofe
Sept, The Gardeners Kalendar. 283
clofe to the wall or efpalier, that their buds
may be preparing before the feafon for applying
the heat. *
You fhould now prepare the ground where
fruit trees are defigned to be planted the next
month, that it may lie to mellow and fweeten;
and where new borders are m.ade, the ground
will have time to fettle, before the trees are
planted -, but if the borders were prepared in
the former month, the ground fliould be now
turned over again, which will prevent the
growth of weeds, and be of great fervice in
expofing the earth to the air, and hereby the
clods will be broken, and rendered lit to re>-
ceive the trees.
Fruits in Prime.
Peaches 3 the Nivette, Portugal Peach,
Bellegarde or Gallande, RolTanna, Pourpree
tardive, Purple Alberge, Old Newington, Te-
ton de Venus, Pavy Royal, Admirable, Mon-
ftrous Pavy of Pompone, Catherine, Rom-
bouillete, Malacoton.
Plums; White Pear Plum, Bonum Mag-
num, Green Gage, Reine Claude, Perdrigon,
St Catherine, and Imperatrice, Damfons, and
Bullace,
Pears 5
284 The Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
Pears 5 Poir du Prince, Autumn Bergamot,
Sv/ifs Bergamot, Brute Bonne, Beurre-rouge,
Doyenne or St. Michael, Verte-longue, Mou-
ille Bouche d' Automne, Summer Boncretien,
Rouffelet de Reins.
Grapes^ the Chaffelas, White Mufcadine,
Red Mufcadine, Black Morillon, Red Morillon,
White Morillon, Currant or Corinth Grape,
Pariley-leaved Grape, Black, Red, and White
Frontignacs, V/arner*s Red Hamburgh, Black
Hamburgh, St. Peter or Hefperian Grape,
Orleans, Malrnfey, Miller Grape, Damafk
Grape, Pearl Grape, Party-coloured Grape,
with fome others.
Several forts of Figs, Walnuts, Filberts,
Hazle-nuts, Quinces, Medlars, Lazaroles ; and,
againft north walls, fome Currants and Morella
Cherries, upon hot-beds Melons.
Apples ; Embroidered Apple, Pearmain,
Golden Rennet, Red Calville. White Calville,
Courpendu, Aromatick Pippin, Rennet Grife,
Catfliead, Qmnce Apple, Spice Apple, with
ibme others.
In the bark-bed, the Ananas, or Pine-apple.
Work to he done in />5f? N u r s e R Y.
The middle or latter end of this month, you
may plant cuttings of Laurel in fhady borders,
obferving
Sept. "The Gardeners Kale?>dar. 285
obferving to water them frequently in dry wea-
ther, which will promote their taking root;
for at this feafon there is Kttle danger of their
growing, provided they are duly watered.
You may alio plant cuttings of Honey-
fuckles, Goofeberries, Currants, and feveral
other hardy ttees and flirubs, which will grow
from cuttings -, for at this feafon they generally
fucceed better than in the fpring.
The ground where you intend to plant out
your young ftocks for fruit trees, and other
hardy trees and fhrubs, {hould now be well
dug (if it was not done the former month),
that the rain may foak into it, and moiften it
before the trees are planted.
Toward the end of the month you may
begin to tranfplant fome forts of fruit trees,
foreft trees, hardy flirubs, &c, obferving to
remove thofe firft, whofe leaves are moft de*
cayed ; but, if the feafon fiioitld prove dry,
it v;ill be better to defer it till rain falls ^ buC
if there is a neceflity to remove them, they
mull be now and then watered, otherwife
their bark will fhrink ; and thofe trees, which
are thus early removed, will pufli out new
fibres in a fortnight or three weeks time : but
thefe teees iLould be well fupported with flakes,
otherwife the ftrong winds will blow them out
of
286 The Gardeners Kale?idar. Sept.
of the ground in winter, or dliplace them fo
much as to injure their young roots ; there
ftiould alfo be fome mulch layed upon the fur-
face of the ground about their roots the begin-
ning of November, before the cold weather
iits in, to prevent the froft from penetrating
the ground, which would greatly damage thefe
new fibres. The trees thus managed will be
fo well fettled and rooted before the fucceeding
fummer, that dry weather will not injure them
near fo much as thofe planted in the fpring;
for which reafon moft good nurfery-men choofe
to plant out their quarters of flecks for fruit,
foreft trees, and flowering fhrubs, at this fea-
fon ; becaufe, where there are large quantities,
it would be very expenfive to water them ; but,
for very moift land, it will be better to defer
this planting till fpring, becaufe the wet in
winter will often rot the tender fibres of new-
planted trees, as fad as they are put out, but
efpeclally in very moift feafons.
Where Firs, Pines, and other refinous trees
are grown fo rude as to require fome of^ their
branches to be cut oflT, this is the beft feafon
for fuch operations ; for now they are not fo
fubjedt to weep, as in the fpring ; and there
will be time for their wounds to heal over be-
fore the great rains in winter comes on or hard
froft.
Sept. I'he Gardeners Kakndar. 287
froft, both which are hurtful to frefli wounded
trees : Walnut trees and Maples fhould alfo
be trimmed at this feafon, where it is necelTary
for the fame reafon.
Work to be dc72c in the F l o w e r-G a r d e n.
Dig the borders of your flower-garden,
and, if they require it, add fome frefh earth,
or very rotten dung to them, and plant all
forts of hardy flowers therein, obferving to
mix them in fuch a manner, that there may
be a regular fucceflion of flowers throughout
the feafon, in the different parts of the borders
in the garden.
Now is the time for tranfplantlng biennial
and perennial flowers, which were fown and
raifed in the flower-nurfery, into the borders
of the pleafure-garden, where they arc defign-
ed to flower.
The layers of Pinks, Carnations, and Sweet-
Williams, which have not been tranfplanted
from the old roots the former month, fliould be
no longer deferred , becaufe, if they are not
planted early in September, they will not have
time enough to take root before the frofty wea-
ther comes on, fo that they will be in danger
of fuftlering thereby.
Plant
2 88 T^he Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
Plant early Tulips in a warm fituation,
where they may be defended from cold winds 5
in which places they will flower in March, or
earlier, according as the feafon is more or lefs
forward.
The choice Hyacinth roots fhould now be
planted; in doing of which, after having pre-
pared the beds with good earth (mixed up ac-
cording to the directions given in the Gar-
deners Dictionary), about three feet
deep, you (liould take the earth out of the
beds about fix or eight inches deep ; then make
the bottom level, and draw the Tines lengthwife
and acrofs the beds, at the diftance which the
roots are to be placed, that they may ftand
equally in rows ; then place the roots upright
exadlly in the middle of each fquare, and lay
the earth on them gently, being careful not to
dr^lace the roots : thefe beds muft be filled up
about five inches thick with earth, above the
top of the bulbs. This is a much better method
of planting thefe roots, than that of making
holes for each root with a dibble or other in-
ftrument.
The Box edgings, which are grown too tbick,
ftiQuld now be taken up and parted, planting it
down again according to the diredtions given in
the Gardeners Dictionary; and thofe
edgings
Sept. The Garde7ters Kalenda?\ 289
edgings which were planted the laft feafon,
which have not fucceeded well^ may now be
repaired.
Prepare the beds for the choice Anemonies,
Ranunculufes, and Tulips, the beginning of
this month, if it was not done the laft 5 for the
earth (hould be allowed fome time ^o fettle,
before the roots are planted ; other wife it will
fettle unequally afterwards, when there will
be danger of lofing the roots 'in thofe places
where the beds fettle in holes, becaufe the wet
will be detained there, which will rot them.
The beginning of the month you ihould
plant fome of your ordinary double Anemonies
in warm borders, where they may be fcreened
from cold winds 5 in which places they will
flower early in the fpring, provided the feafon
proves favourable.
Slip and plant out Polyanthufes, Primrofes,
London Pride, Thrift, Double Catchfly, Pinks,
Peach-leaved Bell-flower, Scarlet Lychnis,
Rofe Campion, Daifies, Double Camomile,
Double Ragged Robin, Feverfew, and all forts
of hardy fibrous-rooted plants, which are pro-
pagated by parting their roots ; obferving to
clofe the earth faft to their roots when you
plant them, otherwife the worms will draw
them out of the ground.
U Cut
290 The Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
Cut down the flalks of fuch flowers as are
decayed, and, where they are not to be tranf-
planted, dig the ground about thefti, and add
feme rotten dung, or fre(h earth, to the bor^
ders, which will greatly ftrengthen their roots.
You may yet fow the feeds of Irifes, Tu-
lips, Cro-^vvn Imperials, Hyacinths, Fritillarias,
Colchicums, Cyclamens, Ranunculufes, Ane-
monies, and moft other bulbous and tuberofe
rooted flowers ; though it were better if done
the middle of the lafl: month, efpecially if the
feafon was moifl: j otherwife it is as well this
month, provided it be done early. Thefe
feeds fhould be fown in pots or tubs, filled
tvith light fre(h earth 5 and the feeds fhould
be fown pretty thick, obferving not to cover
them too thick with earth, efpecially the Ra-
nunculufes and Anomonies, whofe feeds are
very thin, and fubjefl to rot, if burled too deep.
Thefe pots or tubs mufl: be placed to have only
the morning fan until the beginning of the
next month, when they muft be removed into
a warmer fituation. But if the feafon ihould
prove dry, they fhould be refreihed gently with
v/ater.
Sow the feeds of Auriculas and Polyan-
thufes in pots or boxes of light rich earth,
being very careful not to bury the feeds too
deep^
Sept. The Gardeners Kahndar. 291
deep ; which often deftroys them, or at leaft
will caufe them to remain in the ground until
the fecond fpring, before the plants will come
up.
Toward the latter end of the month you
may plant your choice Anemonies, Ranuncu-
lufes, and Tulips, obferving always to do it in
Ihowery weather, when the earth is not over
dry; for if it fhould continue dry weather any
coniiderable time after the roots are planted,
they will grow mouldy and decay. Thefe
roots mufl: be planted about fix inches afunder,
and the Anemonies and Ranunculufes fliould
be covered about two or three inches with
earth, according as it is light or heavy, over
the top of their roots ; but the Tulips fhouM
have at lead fix inches of earth above their
roots, which will caufe them to flower very
ftrong.
If the feafon fliould prove very wet, you
fhould flielter your pots of choice Auriculas
and Carnations therefrom, or lay the pots down
on one fide, that the wet may run off; for
great rains, at this feafon, will fill the mould
in the pots fo full of moifl:ure, that it will not
dry again before winter, whereby the roots of
choice flowers will be rotted^ or at leafi: greatly
prejudiced.
U 2 Toward
292 TJje Gardeners Kakndar. Sept.
Toward the end of the month you may
tranfplant moft forts of hardy flowering trees
andflirubs, which will fucceed better when they
are removed at this feafon, than in the fpring,
efpecially upon dry grounds, and will not re-
quire fo much watering the following fammer :
for they will, at this feafon, take root in a ihort
time; and fo being well rooted before the
drought of the fpring comes on, there will be
little danger of their mifcarrying thereby.
This is a proper feafon for parting and tranf-
planting all the forts of Flag-leaved Irifes, Peo-
nies, Aconites, Fraxinellas, Gentianellas, Tube-
rofe-rooted Geraniums, Afphodel Lilies, Dou-
ble Meadowfweet, Lily of the Valley, Solo-
mon's Seal, Acanthus, Hardy Apocynums,
Columbines, Scarlet Lychnis, Campanulas, Pe-
rennial Lathyrus, Digitalis, Perennial Poppy,
&c, that they may be w^ell rooted before the
fpring, otherwife they will not flower fo ftrong
the following fummer. You may alfo part
the roots of , the early flowering Afters and
Golden-rods, whofe ftalks are beginning to
wither i and plant them out into large borders,
allowing them proper room, otherwife their
roots will fpread over whatever plants grow
near them.
This
Sept. Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. 293
This is the bed feafon for tranfplanting all
forts of hardy wood plants and flowers into
wildernefs quarters, where they will make a
fine appearance the fpring following.
It is alfo the bcft feafon to tranfplant Lau-
rels, Lauruftinufes, and Arbutus ; for the Lau-
rels now begin to prepare their buds for the
next year's (hoots, and the other two begin now
to produce their flowers : fo that the fooner
they are planted, when the rains begin to fall
in the autumn, the better they will fucceed,
Tlants now in Flower in the Pleasure*
Garden.
Annual Stock-girliflowers, Scabioufes, Sweet
Sultan, Marvel of Peru, Female Balfamine,
China Pinks, Africans, French Marigolds, Hoi- i
lyhocks, Chryfanthemums, Capficums, Lu-
pip.es of feveral forts, Sweet-fcented Peas, Tan-
gier Peas, Double Ptarmica or Sneez-wort,
True Saffron, Carthamus or Bafl:ard Saffron,
A^utumnal Crocufes, Cyclamens, Colchicum,
Autumnal Hyacinth,- Afters of feveral forts,
five or fix forts of Golden-rod, Double Sope-
wort, Double Camomile, Larkfpurs, Tree
Primrofe, Polyanthufes, Spiderwort, Auricu^
las, Snap-dragon, Venus Looking-glafs, Venus
U 3 N^vd
2 94 ^^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Septi
Navelwort, Candy Tuft, China Starwort,
Helianthemums, Heliotropium, Lychnifes,
Campanulas, Autumnal Gentians, Scarlet Bean,
Oriental Perficaria, Stramoniums, Solanums,
Alkekengi with large blue flowers, San-
tolinas, Chryfocoma, Chelone with white
and red flowers, Poliums, Gomphrenas, Xe-
ranthemums, Centaureas, Oriental Mallow,
Lavatera, Hefperis two or three forts, Hibifcus
vefficaria three forts, feveral forts of Sun-flower,
Gnaphaliums, Eupatoriums, Keart's-eafe, Red
Garden Valerian, Catanance quorundam, Ruyf-
chiana, Rudbeckia, Silphium> Large blue Aco-
nite, Wholfome Wolfsbane, Cerinthe, Alyflbn
fruticofum, Dianthera, Hydrangea, Tetrago-
notheca, Monarda, Ambrofia, Old Man's Head
Pink, Anonis two or three forts, Scrophularias,
Dodartia, Echiums, Baglofs of three or four
kinds, Convolvulus of feveral forts, Double and
Single Indian Nafiurtium, w^ith fome others.
^Hardy Trees and Shrubs nciv in Fk^cver.
Jaimine, Monthly Rofe, Mufk Rofe, Paf-
fion-flower. Arbutus, Pomegranate with dou-
ble flowers. Shrub Cinquefoil, Mallow tree,
Lavatera frutefcens, Plibifcus Syri^ica, Larufti-
nus, Honeyfuckle, Scorpion Sena, Agnus Caf-
Sept. iToe Gardeners Kalendar. 295
tus, Sumach of feveral forts, Celaftrus, Medica-
go frutefcens, Shrubby St. John's-wort, Itea,
Clethra, Kalmia, Azalea, Dwarf Medlar from
Crete, Spanifli Broom, Pocock's Bladder Sena,
Hamamelis, Symphoricarpos, Ciftufes, Lucca
Broom, Cytiflus hirfutus, Tamarilk, with fome
others.
Medicinal Plants which may now
be gathered for life.
Calamus aromaticus, the fruit of the Winter
Cherry, Arum or Cuckow-pintle roots, Whol-
fome Wolfsbane roots. Berberry fruit, Hemp
feed, Capficum or Indian Pepper, Baftard Saf-
fron, Cucumber feed, Bitter Vetch feed, Fennel
feed. Fenugreek feed, Alifander feed. Walnut
fruit. Lettuce feed. Lentil feed, Lovage feed,
Gromwell feed. Flax feed. Hops, Millet feed.
Sweet Fern feed. Garden Crefs feed, Macedo-
nian Parfley feed. Candy Carrot feed. Com-
mon Parlley feed, Raddifli feed. Elder berries.
Savin, Sefeli feed, Flixweed feed, Muflard feed,
Nightfhade, Golden-rod.
Work to be done in the G r e e n-H o u s e
and Stove.
The very tender forts of fucculent plants
which were removed out of the ftove in fum-
U 4 m\ir.
296 The Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
mer, muft now be carried in again, efpecially
if the feafon proves wet, or the nights cold j
for, by the favourabienefs of the weather, thefe
plants are fometimes permitted to remain abroad
until the end of this month, when, at other
times, the weather is often fo bad as to render
it neceffary to carry them in at the beginning or
middle of the month ; for much wet is very
prejudicial to them, and fmall morning frofls
would deftroy or greatly damage many of
, them : therefore every one fliould be direfted
by the feafon, when to remove thefe plants into
the houfe.
If the bark-beds, in which the Pine apples
are plunged, have loft their heat, they (hould
be refrefhed, by ftirring the bark up with a fork,
and adding fome frefh tan thereto, which will
renew the heats and, if the nights prove cold,
the glaffes fliould be carefully covered, that the
plants may be kept in a growing ftate^ for it is
better to keep them in the bark until the mid^
die or end of Od:ober, if the feafon be not too
cold, than to place them in the dry fto/e too
early: becaufe, whenever you remove them into
the ftove, there muft be fi' es made every night,
which will dry the earth in the pots fo faft,
that they will require to be frequently watered,
which is not fo proper for thefe plants at this
7 leafon :
Sept. Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. 297
feafon : but this is to be underftood offuch
plants only, as are placed in a dry ftove in
winter ; for thofe plants which are defigned to
be plunged into a bark-bed in the fiove, may
be removed thither toward the end of the
month ; at which time the tan muft be re-
newed with a fufficient quantity of that which
is new, that it may retain a warmth through
the winter ; and thofe plants which are to be
planted into the tan for the next year's fruit,
fhould be now fliaken out of the pots, and
planted as they are defigned to remain, that
they may make good roots before winter ^ for
upon this depends their producing large fruit.
Toward the latter end of this month the
Orange trees fliould be removed into the green-
houfe, obferving always to do it in a dry day,
when the leaves have no moifture upon them -,
and place them thinly in thehoufe, and as near
the windows as poffible 5 for there will be no
occafion for placing them as they are to ftand
during the winter, until the Myrtles and other
hardy plants, are brought into the houfe,
which need not be done until the middle or
end of Odober, unlefs the nights fliould prove
very cold and frofty ; for the longer thefe plants
can be kept abroad, the better they will thrive,
and be in lefs danger of fuffering in winter;
but
2gS T/je Gardeners Kalendar. Sept,
but if the Orange trees are kept abroad too
long, their leaves will change to a paleyellow-
ifh colour; and when this happens, they rarely
recover their verdure till the following fummer.
The other kinds of exotick plants, which
are to be placed in the ftove, or in glafs-cafes
without fires, mufi: be removed into (helter as
the feafon grows cold, beginning with the ten-
dereft firft, and fo proceed on to the more hardy
kinds ; and never place them in exad: order un-
til they are all houfed.
The latter end of this month, or the begin-
ning of the next, tan-beds in the ftove fliould
be prepared, to receive the tendereft exotick
plants, which fliould be placed therein, when
the bark begins to warm ; but care muft be
taken not to fufFer the bark to heat violently,
for that would injure the roots of the plants,
and endanger their health ; becaufe, when they
receive damage at this feafon, it is almoft im-
pofiible to recover them in winter ; therefore if
the bark {hould be found too hot, the pots muft
not be plunged therein until the heat be abated.
When the exotick plants are placed in the
houfe, care ftiould be taken to pick off all de-
cayed leaves from them, and clear their leaves
and branches from filth or infedls, which, if
permitted to remain upon them, will greatly
injure-
Sept. The Gardeners Kakndar, 299
injure them ; and the earth in the pots fliould
be loofened with a Imall trowel, being careful
not to injure the roots of the plants ; and where
the ftems or branches of the plants have con-
traded filth, they fliould be well cleaned be-
fore they are placed in the ftove.
Plants now in Flower in the Green-House,
Garde n, a?2d Stove.
Oleanders with double and fingle flowers,
Colutea iEthiopica, Amomum Plinii, Myrtles,
Tree Candy tuft. Scabious tree, Houfeleek
tree, feveral forts of Mefembryanthemum, Co-
tyledons, Aloes, Indian Fig, Double Naftur-
tium, Spani(h Jafmine, Azorian Jafmine, Yel-
low Indian Jafmine, Arabian Jafmine, Tube-
rofe, Guernfey Lily, Belladonna Lily, Leonurus,
Cytifus incanus. Capers, Granadillas, Senfitive
and Humble Plants, Heliotropium arborefcens,
Amber tree, Apocynums, Afclepias of feveral
forts, Lantanas of feveral forts, Abutilons, Sta-
pelia, Canna Indica, Bean Caper, Indian Ar-
row-root, African Alcea, African Groundfel
tree. Indigo, Palma Chrifti, Spurges, Eu-
phorbium, Phyfick Nut, Gnaphaliums,
Grewia, Papaw, Turnera, Stramoniums,
Diofmas, Chironia, Arftotufes, Solanums,
Spartiums,Dorias, Lotus Ha2morrhoidalis,Car-
i dinafs
3 CO The Gardeners Kalendar. Sept.
dinars flower, Caffias, Sena Alexandrina, Se-
na Spuria, Hibifcus, Piercea, Pancratiums,
Crinuni two forts, Hsmanthus with Colchi-
cum leaves, and alfo the broad-leaved fort,
Plumeria, Bauhinia, Martynia, Millei-ia,
Ceftrams, Limodorum, Rauvolfia, Mal-
pighia, Convolvulufes, BajQella, Phyfalis three
or four forts, Spigelia, Oldenlandia, Mau-
rocenia, Cliffortia, Lotus wdth black flow-,
ers, African Wood Sorrel, Ornithogaluai lu-
teum, Kleinia, Saururus, Anthericums, Ginger,
Coftus, Kempferia, Volkhameria, Galingale,
D'ayena, Rueilia, Barleria, Sweet-fcented Heli-
otrope from Peru, Phylica, Commelina, Ron-
deletia. Upright Torch Thiflle, Clutia, Gera-
niums of feveral forts. Arums, Tournefortia,
Zinnia, Clitoria, Centaurea, Shrubby Phyto^
lacca, with fome others.
OCT Q.
[ 301 ]
OCTOBER
Work to he
done in the Kitchen-
Garden.
U C H Afpax^agus^beds as were not
drefTed in the former month,
{hould now be done by cutting
down the withered hauUn, and
hoeing the weeds from off the beds into the
alleys ; then dig the alleys, and caft the earth
over the beds, burying the weeds in the alleys 5
but where the beds want manuring, there
fhould be fome very rotten dung laid over them
after the weeds are cleaned off, and then
the earth of the alleys fhould be fpread thereon.
When this is finiflied, there may be one row
of Cabbage or Colewort plants planted in the
middle of each alley, where, in fevere winters,
thefe will often efcape, when thofe planted on
the level ground are deftroyed \ and as they
will
3 o 2 The, Gardeners Kalendar. Od:.
will be taken away in March, by the time the
Afparagus-beds are drefled in the fpring, they
will not injure it in the leaft.
In dry weather continue to earth up Celery
and Cardoons to blanch them ; and draw up
feme Endive, which is full grown, to plant
down on the fides of the ridges to whiten -, be-
caufe the cold, at this feafon increafing, will
injure it where it remains above ground tied up
to blanch, as was direded in the former
month, efpecially if it prove frofty; but in
mild feafons the Endive, which is tied up, will
continue good till the end of next month.
Tf anfplant brown Dutch, and common Cab-
bage Lettuces, upon warm borders, near walls,
pales, or hedges, to abide the winter ; as you
may alfo fome Cos, Ciiicia, and Imperial Let-
tuces y but it will be proper to plant fome of
ail thefe forts upon beds, to be covered with
frames or mats in winter; becaufe, if thefroft
fhould be very fevere, it will deftroy the Cos
and Ciiicia Lettuces, where they are expofed
to the open air. But thofe plants which are
put under frames, (hould be fmaller than thofe
planted in open borders ; becaufe the large
plants, when covered, will be apt to be too for-
ward in mild winters.
The
Od. "The Gardeners Kakndar. 303
The Spinach, Carrots, Onions, (ifc. which
were fown the end of July, or in Auguft, muft
now be kept clean from weeds j for if they
are permitted to grov/, they will over-run and
fpoil the crops, elpecially the Spinach, which
will rot off wherever the weeds fpread over it.
Plant Beans, and few Peas, upon dry grounds,
and in warm fituations, which fiiould be re-
peated twice ; the firfc at the beginning, and
the other at the end of this month ; becaufe if
the firfl: fliould be too forward to ftand the win-
ter, the other, being put into the ground later,
may fucceed.
Toward the end of this month, tranfplant
the Cauliflower plants into the places where
they are to abide the winter ; fome of which
fliould be put under bell or hand-glafies, if
you have any, obferving to plant two plants
under each glafs, becaufe if one of them (hould
fail, the other will he fufBcient: for in the
fpring, if they both live through the w'inter,
one plant mufl: be tranfplanted out. Thefe
plants which are put under glafles, will come
earlier than thofe which are wintered in beds,
and tranfplanted out in the fpring, by a fort-
night, or more. You may ajfo plant fome of
thefe plants on warm borders, near Vv^alls, pales,
or hedges 5 where, if the v/intcr doth not prove
very
304 TJje Gardeners Kalendar. Od.
very fevere, they will (land very well. But
thofe plants which are for the general crop,
fhould be planted under frames to fecure them
againft hard fioft.
The Cabbage plants, which were fown in
the beginning of Auguft, fliould now be tranf-
planted out for god (efpecially thofe of the
early kind) ; but it will be proper to have fome
plants in a warm fituation referved, left the
froft ihould deftroy thofe which are planted
out in the full ground ; or if any of thefe now
planted out, run up to feed in the fpring,
which is frequently the cafe in mild feafons, or
when the feed is fown too early, there may be
a fupply of plants to make them good. As to
the Long-fided Cabbage, which is a later fort,
that need not be planted out for good till Fe-
bruary.
Where any beds of Welih or common Oni-
ons were fown, they {hould be cleaned from
weeds \ for at this feafon the blades of the
Welfh Onions will intirely decay, fo that be-
fore the culture of them was fully known, many
perfons have fuppofed theOnions were dead and
duo- up the beds \ but in fix weeks or two
months after, they will come up again very
ftrong, and refift the fevered froft 5 fo that
when all the common fort of Onion is deftroyed
by
OS:. T^he Gardcfiers Kalendar. 305
by the cold, thele will remain ; which was the
occafion for their being fo much cultivated in
gardens near London, Tome years fince ; but
their ftrong flavour renders them lefs efleemed
than the other fort, fo that of late years they
have not been fo generally propagated.
You muft now fow all forts of fallet herbs
upon moderate hot-beds, either under frames,
or arched over with hoops, where they may be
covered with mats or cloths, to proted them
from froft ; otherwife they will be in danger
of being deftroyed thereby, as foon as they ap-
pear above ground : but where there are many
bell or hand-glaifes, the feeds may be fown un-'
der them, notwithftanding the two Cauliflower
plants which are there planted \ for if the feeds
are not fown too near the fl:ems of the plants,
or the falletting be not fuffered to remain- toa
long about them, it will not injure them 3 this
being confl:antly pradlifed by the gaxdeners near
London, with good faccefs.
Some of the Colewort plants, which were
late fown, fhould now be planted out Vs^here
they are to remain for fpring ufe, that they
may fucceed thofe which were planted out the
former month.
The Cauliflowers which v;ere fown in May,
will now begin to (hew their heads : therefore ^
X they 5
3o6 T'he Gardeners Kakndar. Od.
they mufl: be diligently looked over two or three
times a week, to break down fome of the inner
leaves upon them, which will proteft them
from the froft or wet, both which, as alfo their
being expofed to the fun, will change their co-
lour, and caufe them to be unfightly.
The ftems of Broccoli plants fhould be earth-
ed up, to protedl them from froft ; but you
miift be careful, that the earth be not drawn
into the hearts of the plants, for that will fpoil
their heads, if not deftroy them.
Toward the end of this month fome of the
leaves of the Artichoke fhould be cut clofe to
the furface of the eartli, and the ground be-
tween them fhould be trenched, obferving to
lay a good ridge of earth over each row of
plants, to protedt them from froft -, but by no
means lay any new dung abput them, as is by
fome unfkilful perfons too often pradlifed,
which renders the plants hard and woody in
the fpring, and caufes them to produce fmall
and ilKnouritlied heads ; but where the ground
wants amendment, there fhould be fome very
rotten dung buried between the rows, when
the ground is trenched, which will greatly
ftrengthen the plants. But if the feafon is likely
to continue mild, this work had better be de-
ferred a month later.
6 You
0(5l. I'he Gardeners Kalendar. 307
You may now fbw fome Radifnes upon
warm borders, to come early in the fprin?-;
and if fome Carrot feed is mixed with the Ra-
diili feed, if the Radifhes (hould be dcftroyed,
the Carrots may ftand, and come early in the
fpring.
Make fome moderate hot-beds to plant Mint
and Tanfey upon, that both forts may be fit for
ufe by Chriftmas, when they are often required
at the table; and thefe beds will continue to
produce, until thofe in the open air com.e in,
provided they are fecured from froft.
Make hot-beds for Afparagus, when it is
required to have it at table in December 3 bat
where it is not wanted fo early, it is better to
flay until December or January, before the beds
are made, for the Afparagus will not be near fo
large, nor well coloured, which is produced
in the middle of winter, when there is little
fun, as thofe which come in February, and af-
ter : but in fome families Afparagus is required
tall the winter ; therefore there muft be one bed,
at leafl, made in this month.
The Mulhroom-beds muft be now carefiiUy
guarded from wet and froft, either with frames
and glaffes, or with thatch 5 for if the wet foaks
into the beds, it will deftroy them. If this be
X 2 care-
30 8 The Gardeners Kalendar. 0£t.
carefully obferved, a crop of Mulhrooms may
be continued all the winter.
At this time the dung of thofe Melon and
Cucumber-beds which were made the laft
fpring, (hould be laid on the quarters of the
Kitchen-garden, as fliould alfo the dung of the
lay-flail, that it may be fpread on the furface,
ready to be dug into the ground, when the
quarters are trenched.
Cut down the decayed ftalks of Mint, Tar-
ragon, Baum, and other perennial rooted plants,
whofe ftalks are annual : the beds (hould alfo be
cleaned from weeds, and if a little rotten dung
is fpread over the beds, it will greatly amend
them : the alleys alfo (hould now be dug, and
the whole made clean.
Where there are beds of feedling Afparagus
plants, which are intended for tranfplanting the
fucceeding fpring, there fliould be fome very
rotten dung fpread over them, toward the end
of the month, when the haulm is decayefl;
this will prevent the froft from injuring the
buds, if the winter (hould prove feveie, and be
of great ufe to the plants.
Where there are Reed fences in the Kitchen-
garden, they (hould now be tied anew with
Ofiers, to prevent their being blown down by
thp
Od:. The Gardeners Kalendar. 309
the ftrong winds which ufually happen at this
feafon, or foon after.
ProduBs of the K i t c h e n-G a r den.
Cabbages, Savoys, Cauliflowers, fome Arti-
chokes, Carrots, Parfneps, Turneps, Onions,
Leeks, Potatoes, Rocambole, Shallots, Beets,
Skirrets, Scorzonera, Salfafy, Turnep-rooted
and Black Spanifli Radifhes, and fometimes
the common fort in mild O:afons are now plen-
ty ; Celery, Endive, Cardoons, Finnochia^
Chervil, Corn fallet, Rape, Radifh, Muftard,
CrelTes, Lettuce, Parfley roots, Chard Beet,
Cauliflower Broccoli, and all forts of young
Sallet herbs ; and on warm borders fome Cab-
bage Lettuce, Spinach, Coleworts, Borecole,
Turnep-rooted Cabbage, Sorrel, Marigolds,
Muflirooms, Sprouts, with Sage, Rofemary,
Thyme, Winter Savory, Pot Marjoram, and
many other aromatick plants.
■ Work to be clone in the F r u i t-G a r d e n.
The middle or latter end of this month Is a
good time for to prune Peach trees, Necflarines,
Apricots, and Vines ; which is much better than
to ftay until the fpring, as is the common
X 3 practice 5
3 1 o ^Tha Garde7urs Kalendar. Od.
pradice -, for if this work be performed early
in autumn, the wounds will heal over before
any hard froft ccmes en to injure the ihoots,
fo will be in no danger of injury therefrom ;
and by cutting off all the ufelefs branches at
this fcafon, and ihortening thofe which are left,
the trees will be the ftrcnger, and the blofTom
buds will be better nourifhed ; for when the
jQioots are left to their full length till fpring,
the buds upon the upper part of the branches
will be larger, and more turgid, than thofe up-
on the lower part : the fap flowing more plen-
tifully towards the ends of the fhoots, whereby
the buds below upon thofe parts of the (hoots,
which are defigned to be left for bearing, are
thereby rendered weaker : beiides by pruning at
this feafon, the borders may be dug and made
clean before winter ; whereby there will belefs
bufinefs to do in the fpring, w^hen the ground
is to be cropt ; fo that the fooner this work is
done, when the leaves begin to fall, the better.
You may alfo prune Pears, Apples, and
Piums, Vv^hich work may be continued until the
latter end of the next month, according as the
feafon proves favourable 5 but this work fhould
never be performed in hard frofly weather, be-
caufe then the (hoots which are weak, are fubjed
to Dcrifh at thofe places where they are cut.
Thi^
Od. 7^^ Gardeners Kakndar. 311
This month the Grapes in the vineyard
fhould be gathered, which fhould always be
done ia dry weather, when there is no moif-
ture on the Vines ; you fhould alfo be careful
not to put any unripe or decayed Grapes
among the good ones, for thofe will fpoil the
wine.
Thofe Grapes which are defigned to be pre-
ferved for the table in winter, after thofe upon
the Vines are gone, fhould now be cut, with a
joint of the Vine to each bunch, and hung up
in rows, fo as not to touch each other, in a
warm room, where fires are pretty conflantlv
kept in winter, in which places they will keep
till February.
If the foil of the garden is dry, this is the
beft feafon for tranfplanting all forts of fruit
trees ; and if the trees are to be purchafed from
Nurfery-gardens, you may have much greater
choice of plants now, than in the fpring,
when the Nurferies are generally cleared of the
beft trees : in the choice of them, take fuch as
are upon young flocks, which have not been
headed down, and whofe grafts or buds are of
one year's growth ; nor fhould thofe trees which
are deiigned for walls or efpaliers be cut down
until the fpring j their roots only fhould be
pruned, and all the fmall fibres entirely cut afF;
X 4 for
312 The Gardeners Kale7tdar. Od.
for if thefe are left on, they foon grow mouldy
and perifii, frequently injuring the new fibres
which are fent out from the roots. After the
trees are planted, their branches fliould be
faftened to the wall, pale, efpalier, or (lakes,
to prevent their being loofened by the \vinds ;
and fome mulch fhouid be laid upon the fur-
face of the ground about their roots before
winter, to prevent the frofl from penetrating
to them ; but this mulch need not be laid
about the trees, until there is danger of hard
froft ; becaufe, where the mulch is laid about
them early, and pretty thick, it will keep out
the autumnal rains, and thereby do more hurt
than good.
Plant Goofeberries, Currants, Rafpberries,
and Strawberries, that they may take root be-
fore winter ^ for many of thofe which are
planted at this feafon, ^wall produce fruit the,
following fummer ; whereas when they are
planted in the fpring, they have feldom ftrength
enough to produce any (or at leaft very few)
until the fecond year.
You may now tranfplant flocks of all kinds
of friiit.into the Nurfery, to graft or bud
the moft generous kinds of fruit upon -, in
doing of which, if you obferve to mulch the
ground about their roots before winter to keep
the
OS:. The Gardeners Kalendar. 313
the froft out, it will be of great fervice to
them.
The old beds of Strawberries fliould now be
drefled ; in doing of which, they fliould be
cleaned of weeds, and the ftrings or runners
taken ofFclofe to the ftems of the plants; then
the alleys fhould be dug, and after breaking the
earth fine, it fhould be fpread over the beds
between the plants, being careful not to bury
them. The rows of Rafpberries (hould alfo be
planted, and thofe intended to remain (liould be
pruned, cutting out the old wood, and the
ground between the rows fliould be dug, which
will make the place neat, and greatly encou-
rage the plants.
The Currant buflies may now be pruned,
and their branches may be tied up with a
withy, and the ground between them dug,
which may be planted with Coleworts or Cab-
bage plants, to remain till fpring, in which
place they will fometimes abide the winter,
v/hen they are deftroyed in more open fitua-
ations; for the Currant bufhes will prevent the
froft from penetrating fo deep into the ground,
as it will where the ground is entirely clear:
you may alfo prune Goofeberry buflies, and dig
up the ground between them 3 and, where
there is room, you may plant fome of the like
forts of plants, which will be taken off the
ground
314 The Gardeners Kalendar. Oct.
ground in the Ipring, before the bufhes put out
their leaves, and by digging of the ground, the
fruit of both forts will be greatly improved.
Preferve the ftones or kernels of fuch forts
of fruit as you intend to fow for to propagate
for flocks, in fand, until the feafonfor fowing
them ; but you muil place them out of the way
of mice and rats, which will deftroy them if
they get to them 5 and, whenever you put any
of them into the ground, the fame caution
mull be obferved 5 for thefe vermin will foon
deftroy your kernels, where they can come to
them, if they arc not prevented.
You ihould now gather all forts of winter
fruit; but this fiiould always be done when the
trees are peifeflly dry, otherwife the fruit will
not keep fo well. Your choice forts of winter
Pears fliould be laid in an heap in a dry place,
for about a fortnight or three weeks, to fweat ;
after which time they iliould be carefully wiped
dry, and each fort put up into a feparate bafket,
with paper put round the fide and the bottom
of each, as alfo over the fruit, to exclude the
external air ; in which method they will keep
much better than where they are fpread thin
on (lielves, and expofed to the air, whereby
their fkins will become flaccid; and if fome of
the moil choice forts are each wrapped in
white
061. The Gardeners Kalendar. 315
white paper, it will prevent their touching each
other, and preferve them longer.
Fruits in Primei
There is yet the Bloody, Malacoton, Old
Newington, Double Swalfh, and fome Cathe-
rine Peaches, Grapes, late Figs, Medlars, Ser-
vices, Quinces, Black and White Bullace, Im-
peratrice Plum, with Walnuts, Hazle-ntits,
and Almonds.
Pears ; the Doyenne or St. Michael, Beurre-
rouge, Swifs Bergamot, Verte-longue, Long-
ftalked Mufcat, Monfieur Jean, Rouffeline,
Green Sugar, Befidery, Marquis, Mufcat
Fleury, Befi de la Mote, Chat-Brule, Swan's
Egg, Crafan, St. Germain, Befly Chaumon-
telle, and Autumn Boncretien from a warm
wall, with others of lefs note.
Apples 3 Golden Rennet, Golden Pippin,
Loan's Pearmain, Qiiiiice Apple, Red Rennet,
Autumn Pearmain, Red Calville, Vv^hite Cal-
ville, Pvcnnet Grife, Royal Rufiet, Embroidered
Apple, with fome others.
JVork to be done in //3^ N u R s e R y.
The beginning of this month continue to
trench the ground for planting out young
ftocks,
3 1 6 7he Gardeners Kalendar. Odl.
flocks, to ingraft and bud the feveral forts of
fruits upon ; as alfo to plant out flowering
fhrubs, and other wildernefs trees. And about
the middV' of the month you may begi»n tranf-
planting of them into quarters, placing them
in rows, allowing them a proper diftance, ac-
cording to their feveral growths.
This month is the moft proper feafon for
tranfplanting moft forts of hardy trees, efpeci-
ally in dry foils 3 for at this time they will foon
pufhout new roots, whereby they will be efl:a-
blilhed before the drought of the fucceeding
fummer, fo will be in much lefs danger of fuf-
fering than thofe tranfplanted in the fpring.
But you muff be careful to flake all flandard
trees ; and thofe planted againfi: walls, pales, or
efpaliers, fhould be faftened thereto, otherwife
the wind will turn them afide and difplace
them, by which the tender fibres, which are
newly pullied out from their roots will fuffer
much, to tlie great injury of the trees.
In dry weather carry dung into fuch parts of
the Nurfery where it is wanted, and fpread it
upon the furface of the ground round the flems
of young trees ; this will keep the froft out of
the ground, and the rains of winter will wafli
in the falts to the roots of the trees \ and in the
fpring,
Od. TTje Gardeners Kalendar. 317
fpring, when the ground- is dug between the
trees, the dung may be buried.
You may now put into beds the ftones of
MulTel Plums for Itocks, obferving to cover
them an inch thick with light earth ; and then
lay fome light mulch over the furface of the
btd, to keep out the froft, and prevent the
mice from getting to them.
This is the proper feafon to fow Acorns,
which will fprout if they are kept long out of
the ground, and are thereby fpoiled. You may
alfo fow Beech-maft as foon as it is ripe, for
this will not keep good long out of the ground.
Hawthorns of all forts, Yewberries, and Hips
of Rofes, fliould now be fown, obferving to
cover the beds, as was direded for the Muflel
Plums: thefe feeds, fown at this feafon, will
often come up the fucceeding fpring -, whereas
thofe fown in the fpring, if they do grow, will
not come up until the fpring following ; but
many people dig a trench in the ground about
a foot deep, and lay the Haws, Hips, and Holly-
berries therein, covering them over with earth
pretty thick, letting them remain one year;
then they take them out, and fow them in beds
the following Oftober, and the plants will
come up the fpring after.
This
31 8 The Gardeners Kalendar. 0£l.
This is alfo the beft feafon for fowing all the
forts of Maple feed ^ for thofe which are kept
out of the ground till fpring, rarely grow, or
at lead not until the year after.
Prune all forts of forefl trees and flowering
fhrubs ; in doing of which, all rude branches
ihould be cut off clofe to the ftems, and not
leave fpurs, as is too often pradlifed^ which will
render them very unfightly j there {hould alfo
be care taken to leave a fufScient quantity of
branches on the flems of young ftandard trees,
to detain the fap for the augmentation of their
trunks, otherwife they will not be ftrong enough
to fupport their heads.
Now is the beft time to make layers of Elms,
Limes, and all other hardy trees and fhrubs
which (lied their leaves in winter ; the doing of
which at this fealbn, will greatly promote their
taking roots for the moifture in winter will fet-
tle the ground about them, and prepare them
for pufliing out roots early in the fpring.
Take off the layers of Elms, Limes, and
other foreft trees, or flowering fhrubs, which
were laid down the former year ; then prune
their roots, and plant them in rows in the Nur-
fery. You may now plant out fuckers of Li-
lacs, Rofes, and fuch other flowering trees and
fhrubs, which are propagated this way, into the
Nurfery,
Od. The Gardeners Kalendar. 319
Nurfery, where they may remain two years, to
get ftrength before they are placed where they
are to remain.
Plant cuttings of the feveral forts of Honey-
fiickles, Laurels, Portugal Laurel, and other
hardy trees and fhrubs : thefe fliould be planted
in a loamy foil, where they will fucceed much
better than in a light, rich, or fandy ground.
This month is a proper feafon for planting
the cuttings of Plane trees, Poplar trees, and
Alders : thefe fhould be planted in a moid
ground but not in very wet foils ; and, in mak-
ing the cuttings, a knot of the former year's
wood fhould be preferved at the bottom of each.
When this is obferved, few of thefe cuttings
will fail.
The befl: forts of Goofeberries and Currants
may now be propagated from cuttings, which,
if properly chofen, and carefully planted at this
feafon, will make good plants in one year, and
the plants fo raifed are much preferable to
fuckers.
Lay down the fhoots of Lauruftinus and
Phillyrea this month : the former of thefe will
be rooted well in one year, but the latter (liould
remain two years before they are difturbed.
TFork
320 The Gardeners Kalendar. 0£l.
Work to be done in the Flower-Garden.
The middle or latter end of this month
finifh planting all the forts of flower roots,
which are defigned to be put into the ground
before Chriftmas ; as Tulips, Anemonies, Ra-
nunculufes, Crocufes, Jonquils, Hyacinthsj
NarciiTufes, Bulbous Irifes, Martagons, Orange
Lily, and all fuch as have been kept above
ground fince their leaves decayed in fummer ;
for if any of thefe roots are fuffered to remain
in the ground a few weeks after their leaves
are decayed, they will pufli out frefli fibres,
when it will be too late to take them up. Nor
fliould thefe roots remain long out of the
ground \ for if fome of the forts are kept long
out of the ground, they will decay : fo that
fuch bulbous rooted flowers as were not taken
up at the proper feafon, fhould not be now
difturbed, left' thereby they fhould be deftroy-
ed ; or, if they do live, they will be fo
much weakened, as to prevent their flowering
the following fummer 5 and fometimes they
are two or three years before they recover.
Tranfplant into the borders of the flower-
garden moft forts of hardy tuberofe rooted
or fibrous rooted plants ; fuch as Hollyhocks,
Canter-
0£t» T'he Gardeners Kalendar. 321
Canterbury-bells, French Honevfuckles, Co-
lumbines, Monks-hoods, Daifics, Chryfan-
themums, Polyanthufes, Sweet Williams, Lon-
don Pride, Campanulas, Afters, Golden-rods,
Spidervvort, Afphodel or Kingfpear, Pionies,
Wallflowers, Thalidrums, Eryngiums, Thrift,
Perennial Sun flowers. Great Bluebottle, Tube-
rofe-rooted Irifes, Centaureas, Double Fever-
few, Double Camomile, Doronicum, Cirfiums,
Caflida or Skullcap, Everlafting Pea, Peren-
nial Aftragalufs, Hardy Apocynums, Peren-
nial Poppy, Yellow and Tangier Fumitaries,
Bean Caper, Foxgloves, Horned Poppy, Pe-
rennial Navel wort, feveral forts of Phlox, Alyf-
fum of Crete, Tree Primrofc, Rudbeckia or
Dwarf Sun flower. Perennial Geraniums, St.
Peter's-wort, Violets, Honefty or Satten flow-
er, Globe Ranunculus, Lyfimachias, Dwarf
Ciftufes, Double and fingle Rofe Campion,
Ragged Robin, Monarda of three forts, Ruyf-
chiana, DoubleTilewort, with many other forts,
obferving to intermix them in fuch a manner,
that there may be a fucceflion of flowers pre-
ferved throughout the feafon.
Clean all the borders of the flower-garden
from weeds \ and thofe which v/cre not dug the
former month, fliould be no longer deferred;
obferving to renew them with fre(h earth, or
fome very rotten dung, in the manner direded
Y in
32 2 The Gardeners Kalendar. Oft.
in the former month. You may alfo continue
to plant Box-edgings to borders where they are
wanted, and repair thofe which are decayed :
this may be done any time before the froft fets
in fo as to freeze the ground.
Thofe borders which were dug and planted
the beginning of Septem.ber, foould now be
raked over again, which if properly done in
dry weather, will deftroy all young weeds
which may have come up fmce, and make
the borders clean and handfome all the winter
feafon.
The beds of feedling Hyacinths, Tulips,
Ffitlllaria, and other bulbous rooted flowers^
which have remained in the ground all the
year, mud now be carefully cleared from
weeds, and have fre(h rich earth fifred over
the beds, half an inch thick, which will pre-
ferve the roots from froft, and greatly ftrength-
en them.
The pots and boxes of feedling flowers
fiiould now be removed out of their fhady fitu-
aCiOn, where they have remained during the
heat of fummer and autumn, and placed in a
warmer pofition, where they may enjoy as
much of the benefit of the fun as poffible, and
be fcreened from cold winds : they (hould alfo
be cleaned fi'om weeds. In doing of this, there
mufl
0(ft. The Gardeners Kalendar. 323
muft be great care taken not to draw the bulbs
out of the ground: for as thefe roots are very
fmall, fo they are eafily drawn out with the
roots of the weeds, efpecially if the weeds are
large, or have taken deep root -, and after this
is done, they fhould have a little frefh earth
lifted over them : but this muft not be laid too
thick, left the roots (hould be buried fo deep as
to rot in the ground.
The end of this month the pots of choice
Carnations (hould be placed under cover, where
they may be defended from violent rains, fnow,
and feverefrofl, all which are enemies to thefe
flowers : therefore, if they are planted in fmall
halfpenny pots, as was diredled in the month of
Auguft, they may be placed very clofe toge-
ther, in a garden frame, or upon a bed arched
over with hoops, that they may be covered with
mats in bad weather j but in mild dry weather
they cannot have too much air ; or if thefe pots
are plunged either into the ground, or in rotten
tan up to their rims, to prevent the froft from
penetrating quite through them to the roots of
the plants, it will be a more fecure method.
The pots of choice x^uriculas (hould have
their decayed leaves taken off, and the pots
muft be laid on one fide, or placed under co-
ver, to prevent their receiving too much wet,
Y a which
324 The Gardeners Kalendar. Od:.
which will be apt to rot theni> though they
will endure cold very well.
Tranfplant moft forts of flowering (hrubs
and trees ; as Rofes, Honeyfuckles, Spanifli
Broom, Cytifus, LaburnumSj Althaea frutex,
Spiraeas, Gelder Rofe, Lilacs, Scorpion Sena,
Bladder Sena, Virgins Bower, Double flower-
ing Peach, Almonds, Double flowering Cher-
ry, Bird Cherry, Robinia, Scarlet Horfe Cheft-
nut, Scarlet flowering Maple, Syringa, Jaf-
mines, Catalpa, Mezereons, Upright Honey-
fuckle, Trumpet Honeyfuckle, Flowering
Rafpberry, Double Bramble, Cockfpur Haw-
thorn, Double Hawthorn, Shrub Cinquefoil,
Cornelian Cherry, Quick-beam, Privet, Cherry
Plum, Sumach, Coccygria, Sea Buckthorn,
Bladder-nut, Arbutus, Lauruflinus, Glafton*
bury thorn, feveral forts of Sumach, Tama-
rifks, &c. which, if planted at this feafon, will
take root before winter, whereby they will be
in lefs danger of fufFering from drought the
following fpring, and moft of them will flower
the next fummer ; whereas thofe which are re-
moved in the fpring will require to be con-
ftantly watered in dry weather, and rarely
flower the fame year : but fuch of thefe fhrub^
which are not hardy and are planted at this fea-
fon, muft have ibme mulch laid upon the fur- -
face
Od:. Tloe Gardeners Kalendar. 325
face of the ground about their ftemsin winter,
to nrevent the froft from penetrating the earth
to their roots : but this fhould not be done till
the f oil comes on ; before which time the
mulch will do more harm than good, by pre-
venting the rain from entering the ground to
their roots.
Clean the walks and lawns near your wil-
dernelTes, of the leaves which have fallen from
the trees ; for if they are fuffered to rot upon
the grafs, they will greatly injure it ; and if
they remain upon gravel walks to rot, they will
difcolour the gravel, and render it unfightly:
and where there are large gravel walks, which
are feldom ufed in winter, they may now be
trenched up, and layed in ridges, which will
prevent weeds and mofs from growing thereon
during that feafon, and preferve the gravel frefli.
But this is only to be pradifed where the walks
are not ufed during the winter feafon, or where
there is not fufficient help allowed to roll thena
conftantly.
Prune all forts of flowering fhrubs ; as Rofes,
Honey iuckles, Spiraeas, ^c. taking off all fuckers
which come from their roots, which, if fuffered
to remain, will ftarve the old plants, and pre-
vent their flowering ; the Lilac, in particular,
which fends forth great numbers of fuckers
Y 3 from
326 "The Gardeners Kakndar. Oct.
from their roots, if they are not annually taken
oft, will fpread over the ground to a great dif-
tance, and make a thicket -, but will not flower,
near ib well, as when the trees are kept clear
and fingle. Thefe fuckers, if wanted, may be
planted in the nurfery ; where, in two or three
years time, they will get ftrength enough to be
tranfplanted where they are to remain.
Where there is any ground which is de-
figned to be laid out for pleafure, either in a
flower-garden or w^ildernefs, which cannot be
got ready for planting before the fpring, there
ihould be no time loft at this feafon, in prepar-
ing of it, that it may be expofed to the froft in
winter, which will mellow it ; befides, if the
froft fhould continue long, it may prevent
working till the feafon is too far fpent for plant-
ing in the fpring, whereby a whole feafon will
be loft.
The beginning of this month plant fome
cuttings of the Double Chryfanthemums, both
white and yellow, in pots filled with good earthy
and place them in a ftiady fituation, obferving
to water them frequently, if the feafon proves
dry. Thcfe cuttings will foon take root 3 and,
if they are placed under a common frame, where
they may be protedled from froft in winter, and
have as much free air as poftible in mild wea-
ther.
Ocl. T^he Gardeiicrs Kalendar. 327
ther, the plants will be (Irong cnoagh, by the
ipring, to plant in the borders of the flower-
garden ', and by this method they will all have
double flowers, and no Angle ones among them,
but the plants To propagated, will foon become
barren and produce no feeds.
In this month you fliould put the bulbous
roots of Tulips, Hyacinths, Jonquils, Narcif-
fufes, &c, upon glafiTes filled with w^ater, for
to flower in rooms early in the fpring : thefe
glalTes fhould be placed where they may have
as much free air as poffible, while the weather
continues mild 3 for if they are kept in clofe
rooms, their leaves and (talks will be drawn up
fo weak, that their flower-ftalks wiU not be able
to fupport the flov/er as they fiiould do ; there-
fore they fhould not be fet into the rooms,
until the flowers are almofi: ready to open :
nor fhould they be expofed to bad weather af-
ter they begin to put out their leaves; fo that
if they are placed near the windows of a Green-
houfe where they may have free air in mild
weather, and be fcreened from cold, they w^ill
produce much ftronger flowers. The glafTes
for this purpofe, are now wxll contrived, and
fo generally known, as to render their defcrip-
lion here unneceflary.
Y 4 Plants
328 The Gardeners Kalendar. 0£t.
Plants 72CW in Flower m the Pleasure-
Garden.
Several forts of Starworts (and in open mild
fcafons there Hill continues Africans, French
Marigolds, Marvel of Peru, Balfamine, Sweet-
fmelling Refeda, Amaranthus Tricolor and
Cockfcomb, Gomphrena with white and pur-
ple flowers, Palma Chrifti, Diamond Ficoides,
and fome other tender annual plants), feveral
forts of Golden-Rod, Autumnal Crocufes, Yel-
low Autumnal Amaryllis, Cyclamens, Colchi-
cums, China Pinks, Sweet Sultans, Polyan-
thufes, Auriculas, Three coloured Violets or
Heart's Eafe, China Starwort of three colours,
Oriental Perficaria, Chryfanthemum Creticum,
Linaria, Stcck-gilliflovvers, Phyfalis, BuphthaU
mum, Tuberofes, Guemfey Lily, Belladonna
Liiv, Rudbrckia or Dwarf Sun flower, Helio-
tropium. Oriental Buglofs, American Dogf-
bane of feveral forts, Aiclepias of three or four
forts. Snapdragon, Saffron, Bafiard Saffron,
Double Feverfew, Convolvulufes of feveral forts,
8weet-fcented Peas, Lupines, Venus Looking-
glafs, Venus Navelwort, Doube Thorn apple,
Centra: ca of feveral forts. Hawk- weeds, fome
fingle Anemonies, Sun .lowers, Lndian Scabious,
Broad-
OS:. Tj3e Gardeners Kalendar. 329
Broad-leaved Phlox, Trachelium, Dianthera,
Eupatoriums, Alyffon fruticofum, Dracoce-
phalum of feveral forts, Oriental Sage, Helenia,
Moneywort, Autumnal Gentian, Old Man's
Head Pink, feveral forts of Lychnis, Double
Sopewort, Tradefcant's Spidevi^ort, Commeli-
na, Chelone, fome forts of Scrophularia, To-
bacco, Aconite with large blue flowers, whol-
fome Wolfsbane, Campanula patula, with
fome others.
Hardy Trees and Shrubs now in Flower.
Arbutus, or the Strawberry tree. Late flowering
Honeyfuckle, Evergreen Honeyfuckle, Althsa
frutex, Pafljon flower, Cytifus, Lunatus, Ket-
mia Syriaca, Lauruftinufes, Monthly Rofe,
Mufk Rofe, Shrub Cinquefoil, Flowering Rafp-
berry, Male Ciftus, Phiomis, Hamamelis, Dou-
ble Pomegranate, Scorpion Sena, Agnus Caftus,
Pyracantha in fruit, Euonymus or Spindle tree
in fruit, Groundfel tree, feveral forts of Su-
mach, Tamarifk, Eartern Bladder Sena, Big-
nonia or Trumpet flower, Hydrangea, Itea,
Clethra, Spaniih Broom, Luca Broom, Red
Spria^a, White American Spiraea, Galeopfis
frutefcens, American trailing Arbutus, Shrub-
by St. John's-wort, with fome others.
6 Medici^
330 The Gardeners Kakndar, Ocl. .
Medicinal Plants ivkich may new be
gathered for Ufe,
Calamus Aromaticus Roots, V/inter Chcx^ry,
Wholfome Wolfsbane root, Arum roots, Afa-
rabacca roots, Berberry fruit, Saffron, Beet
root, Eringo root, Afli-tree feed. Henbane root
and feed, Juniper-berries, Lovage feed. Valerian
root. Savin, Sopewort root. Sea Lavender root,
Scorzonera root, Skirret root.
Work to be done in (he Green-House,
and Stove.
The beginning of this month, if it w^as not
done in the former, you fliould remove your
Orange trees into the green-houfe, obferving,
as hath been already direcfled, to do it in a dry
day j as alfo to clean their heads and flems be-
fore they are houfed, and ftir the earth on the
top of the tubs or pots, adding a little very
rotten neat's dung thereto; which will refrefli
the trees, and prevent mofs from growing in
the tubs or pots.
You muft now alfo carry into the confer-
vatory your tender Geraniums, Double Indian
Naflurtium, Spanifti Jafmines, Azorian Jaf-
mines. Yellow Indian Jafmines, Mefembryan-
7 themi,
Ocl. The Gardeners Kalendar. 331
tliemi, Sedums, Cotyledons, Amber tree, Sor-
rel tree, Malabar Nut, Leonurus, Hcrmanni-.
as, Diofma, Celaftrus Africanus, Phylica, Lotu9
Sandi Jacobi, ftriped and fpotted Aloes, Kiei-
nias, Ardotufes, Canary Campanula, Sifyrinchi-
ums, Elichryfams, Clutia, Arbor Molle, Chiro-
nia, Lyciums, Watfonia, Ixia, z\frican Wood
Sorrel, Gladiolus Indicus, Indian flowering Reed,
Lentifcus, Solanums, Phyfalis frutefcens, Per-
fian Cyclamen, African King's Spear, with ma-
ny other forts, which are hardy enough to re-
main abroad until morning frofls begin to
come on, when they fhould be removed into
(belter \ but thefe muft have as much free air
as pcffible, when they are in the houfe during
the continuance of mild days \ for if they are
too clofe &ut up, when they are firft houfed,
they will take damp, and their leaves will
fometimes decay, and fall off 3 they muft alfo
be frequently refrefhed with water, and the
decayed leaves conftandy picked off.
If the tan-beds in the ftove are not already
renewed, it muft now be no longer deferred ;
for the cold increafing, will check the tender
cxoticks, if they are not placed into new beds;
in doing of which, there muft be care taken
not to plunge the pots into the bark until it
begins to warm > nor (hould they be put deep
into
332 Tlje Gardeners Kahndar. Od.
into the bark, if it be too hot, in which cafe
it v/ill be fafer to plunge them but a fmall
depth at firft, until the violent heat is abated ^ for
if the roots of the plants are fcorched with the^
heat, they rarely recover again. You muft alfo
obferve to wafli the leaves and ftems of fuch
plants as have contracted any iilth, or that are
infefted with infedts j otherwife the infeds will
fpread themfelves over all the plants whiph are
placed near them, and be very injurious to
them.
Toward the latter end of the month it will
be proper to take into fhelter the Myrtles, Ole-
anders, Cytifufes, Dorias, Gum Ciftus, Com-
mon Aloe, Candytuft tree, Ofteofpermum, Pe-
rennial Bupthalmum, Wormwood tree, Roye-
nias, Olives, Tetragonias, Large Magnolia,
Indian Bay, African Tanfey, Heliotropiums,
Cliffortia, Wackendorfia, Shrubby After, and
other hardy exotick'plants^ at which time all the
plants in the green-houfe (hould be placed in
the order they are to remain during the winter,
obferving where there is room to place them in
fuch a manner, that the branches of the plants
may not interfere with each other, but that
their heads may ftand fingle, and the air freely
pafs between them.
The
I
Oft. 7^^ Gardeners Kalendar. '^'^'^
The Ananas or Pine-apples, which are to
fruit the next feafon, muft now be placed in
the bark-bed in the ftove, where they are de-
figned to remain to ripen their fruit, that they
may enjoy a proper degree of heat ^ and during
the winter, the plants (hould be refreflied fre-
quently with water, which, in hard frofts,
fhould be placed in the ftove twenty-four hours
before it be ufed, but not too near the fire-
place or flues, left it is made too warm, but
•nly to acquire a proportionable warmth with
the air of the houfe ; for if the roots of the
plants fhould have their fibres much dried in
winter, the plants will receive fo great in-
jury as to render the fruit fmall ; and by this
negledl alfo many times the young plants^ raif-
ed from the laft year's crowns and offsets are
brought to fruit, which were not defigned
for fruiting until the following year 3 and fo,
confequently, their fruit will be very fmalJ,
and of little value : but, on the other hand,
there muft be great care taken, not to give
them too much water, nor to repeat it too
often ; for much wet, at this feafon, will be
equally injurious to them.
The beginning of this month, if the feafon
has proved fo favourable as to permit thofe
plants which are tender to remain fo long
abroad,
334 ^^ Gardeners Kaleiidar. Od,
abroad, fliould now be removed into the (love
the following forts, American Viburnum of
feveral forts, Acacias, Apocynums, Indian
flov/ering Reed, Coral tree, Lotus Sandi Jaco- -
bi, African Aloes, Torch Thifties, Malpighia,
Tithyn^als, Hemanthus, Phillyrea Capenfis,
Indian Figs, Volkhameria, Protea, Fiddle
Wood, Turnera, Solanums, Hibifcus of feveral
forts, Jufticia, Tree Phytolacca, Myrtus Zela-
nica. Euphorbia of feveral forts, and fuch other
plants as will bear to be expofed to the open
air in fummer: thefc fliould be firfl: placed in
the green-houfe for a fortnight or three weeks,
where they may have free air; but toward the
middle of the month they mufi be placed in the
ftove, where they are to remain during the
winter.
Toward the end of the month, as the nights
grow cold, you muft begin to make fires in
the (loves % but this muft be done with cauti-
on : for if you m.ake the heat too great, it will
caufe the plants to flioot, whereby they will be
v/eakened ; and the feafon being too far ad-
vanced to permit their flioots to grow ftrong,
their leaves will often decay, and fall off. Ob-
ferve alfo to refrefli the plants with water pretty «
often ; for when fires are made in the ftoves,
they will dry the air of the houfe, and occafion
the plants to perfpire more freely than before,
whereby
Odt. The Gardeners Kakndar. 335
whereby they will reqmre more water : but
you muft not give it to them in large quanti-
ties, but rather frequently, and no more than
is fufficient to reach the fibres of the plants
which are toward the bottom of the pots, at
each time. When the leaves of any plants
decay, they (hould be picked off, and the ftove
conftantly kept clear from fallen leaves, cob-
webs, or any other filth ; which not only ren-
ders the houfe neat, but is very neoeffary to
preferve the plants in health.
P la fits 720W in Flower i?i /^^Green-House
ci72d Stove.
The Scarlet flowering Geranium, Gerani-
um Vv'ith an Afarabacca leaf, Mefembryanthc-
mi of feveral forts, Cotyledons, Chryfanthe-
mums, Spanifli Jafmine, Arabian Jafmine,
Ilex-leaved Lantana, Indian yellow Jafmine,
Ardotus, Perfian Cyclamens, Aloes of many
kinds, Canary Campanula, Caffia Bahamenfis,
Senfitlve and Mumble Plants, Guernfey Lily,
Belladonna Lily, feveral forts of Paiiion flower,
Leonurus, Euphorbia of feveral forts, Alcea
Groflularis folio, Double flowering Pvlyrtle,
Yqcca Indica, Polygala arborefcens, Shrubby
St. Johnfwort from Minorca, Papaya, Hibif-
cus
3 3 6 ^^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Ocft.
cus of feveral forts, Senecio folio retufo, Opun-
tia, Plumeria, Turnera, Sherardia, Malpighia,
Sena Spuria, Limodorum with purple flowers,
Solanums, Conyza, Martynia, Clutia, Milleria,
Lantana, Rauvolfia, Maranta, Ginger, Coftus,
Salvia Africana, Arum caulefcens, Arum fcan-
dens>. Spigelia, Diofma, Polyanthes, Crinum,
Phytolacca, Piercea, Kleinia, Cralfula, African
King's- fpear, Phylica, Pancratium, Baflella,
Plumbago, Zygophyllum, Acacia, H^manthus,
Double Oleander, Lotus Sandi Jacobi, Branch-
ing After from the Cape of Good Hope with
blue flowers, Canary Lavender, Grafs- leaved
African Marigold, Volkhameria, Amaryllis
with ciliated leaves, with fome others. /
N O V E M-
[337]
^^mmm
NOVEMBER.
Work to be do?2e i?i the Kitchen-
Garden.
^^^S^^: H E ground between ^
^Sig l:^o rnuft now be trenched,
Artichokes
and the
1.^^ earth between the rows laid la
fti'>^^.aS^d> ridges over the roots, equally on
their fides and tops, to prevent their being in-
jured by froft 5 this will preferve them much
better than long dung, which is by fome igno-
rant perfons ufed for that purpofe. But
before this is done, the plants (houjd be cut
off quite clofe to the furface of the ground, un-
lefs where jhere are fome very flrong plants
which are knit for fruity which may be tied up
with a fmall hayband, and the earth laid up
clofe to them, to preferve them from froft;
but if afterwards the w^eather ihould be very
fevere, it will be proper to cover them over with
% a
338 The Gardeners Kaleiidar. Nov.
a little dry litter, which (hould always be taken
off again when the weather is mild. By this
method, fome Artichokes may be preierved all
the winter : bat if the feafon continues mild,
this work ihould bie deferred to the end of this
month, or the beginning of the next: for
Vv^hen they are earthed too early, they are apt
to {hoot through the ridges of earth before.
Chriftmas, and are then in danger of being cut
off by froft ; fo that, where there is but a fmall
quantity, which may be earthed in a little time,
it {]}ould be done as late in the feafon as the
mild weather will perm.it; but in thofe gar-
dens where there are great quantities, they
iTrivft begin earlier, left the froft fliould fet in
before they have finifhed, Thefe ridges of
earth will be fufficient to prefer^e the Arti-
chokes in all common winters j but if the froft
happens to be very fevere, it will be proper to
lay ftraw, long dung, peas haulm, fern, or tan-
ners" bark, over the ridges, which if either of
th^fe coverings is laid pretty thick, will intirely
fecure tliem from being deftroyed in the great-
eft froft; but this covering fliould be removed,
-as foon""2LS the fevere froft is over.
The Afparagus-beds, which were not dref-
fed the laft month, fhould not be deferred any-
longer than the beginning of this; therefore
the
Nov. l^he Gardeners Kalendar. 339
the haulm (hould be cut down, and the weeds
ihould be hoed from off the beds in the alleys,
where they muft be buried 3 and the earth of
the alleys fhould be fpread over the beds, in
the manner direded in the former month.
In mild weather the Cauliflower and Let-
tuce plants, which are under gkfles, or in
frames, (liould have as much free air as poffi-
ble, by fetting off the glaffes every day, in dry
weather; and, in wet weather, 'the glaffes
Ihould be kept over them : but they muft be
raifed on one fide with props, to let in as.
much free air as poffible 3 for they fhould not
receive too much v/et at this feafon, left it
fhould caufe them to rot : nor muft they be
too clofely covered, left they draw up too
weak, which will endanger them, if there
fliould afterwards be much frofty weather,
without fun in the day-time, when they vvill
require to be clofely covered, perhaps for feve-
ral days together.
Sow Peas, and plant Beans, in dry weather,
to fucceed thofe which were planted the for-
mer month ; and draw feme earth to the ftems
of thofe Peas and Beans which are come up,
which will preferve them from being injured'
by the froft.
Z 2 Sow
340 The Gardeners Kalendar. Nov.
Sow all forts of Sallet herbs upon moderate
hot-beds 5 as Lettuce, Creffes, Muftard, Rape>
Radifli, Turnep, &c. that the table may be
conftantly furnilhed with them y and in dry
weather take up your Endive which is full
grown, and lay it into trenches to blanch, ob-
ferving always to place it horizontally on the
fides of the ridges, that the wet may run off,
otherwife it will rot the plants : earth up Cele-
ry to blanch it, being careful not to bury the
heart of the plants ; but this work muft always
be done in dry weather.
Dung and trench the ground which is defign-
ed for early crops, laying it in ridges until the
time it is wanted, which will be of great fervice
to refrefli and fweeten the ground ; and where
the land is ftiff, the froft will mellow and foften
it : befides, by getting as much of this work
performed as can be conveniently, it will put
the work forward in the fpring, when many
other things will require to be done.
The beginning of this month fow fome Car-
rots and Radiilies on warm borders, near pales
and hedges, to come early in the fpring, pro-
vided it was not performed the latter end of the
laft month; if fo, there maybe fome more
feeds fownthe lattei'end of this, whereby there
will be a greater chance of fucceeding.
The
Nov. T^eGarde?2ers Kalendar. 341
The Spinach, Onions, and other crops which
were fown in July and Auguft, muft be con-
ftantly kept clear from weeds ; which, if per-
mitted to remain at this feafon, will over-fpread
the crops, and, by detaining the moiflure, caufe
them to rot.
Pick all decayed leaves from off the Cauli-
flower plants, and draw fome earth up to the
ftems of thofe which are under bell or hand-
glaffes, being careful not to draw the earth
into the heart of the plants, for that will deftroy
them.
Make hot-beds for Afparagus to fupply the
table at Chriftmas ; but thefe will not produce
fo large, nor fo many heads, as thofe beds which
are made the beginning of January, nor will the
Afparagus be near fo well coloured : fo that
thofe perfons who are defirous to have green
well-coloured Afparagus, fliould not make beds
at this feafon.
Take up the roots of Carrots, Parfneps, Po-
tatoes, Beets, Salfafy, Scorzonera, Large rooted
Parfley, ^c, toward the end of this month, and
lay them in fand, in a place where they may be
defended from froft, wet, and vermin. For froft
and much wet will deftroy them, and vermin
will devour the roots ; w^here this is negledled,
if the ground fhould be frozen up tor any con-
Z 3 tinuance.
34-2 The Garde7urs Kalendar. Nov.
tinuance, there will be no poffibility of getting
the roots cut of the ground for ufe ; and when
the froil is over, thofe which were left in the
grou n d will fo o n decay.
If this month fhoald prove dry and frofly,
you mu-n: carry dung into the quarters of the
' kitchen-garden, that it may be ready when you
want to dig the ground, which will forward
j^our aftVirs greatly. The not obferving of this,
many times caufes a great hurry of buiinefs to-
gether, which (hould be avoided as much as
pofTib'ie 3 becaufe, whenever this happens, ei-
ther fome things are intirely negledted, or are
flighted over too carelefly.,
Frefh tie the reed-hedges with ofiers, if they
were not done in the former month 3 other-
wife the flrong winds which ufually happen at
this feafon, will tear them from the flakes, and
break the reeds, wiiich will render them trou-
blefom-e to repair.
Where there are hot-beds either for Sallst-
ing, Cucumbers, or any other purpofe, they
mufl: be carefully attended at this feafon 3 for
the nights are now long and cold, and the days
either frofly, wet, or foggy, fo that little air can
be given to them 3 whereby the plants often
grow mouldy, and rot ofF3 and the heat of the
s is often greatly abated either by rain or
fnow.
Nov. 7he Gardeners Kaleiidar. 343
fnow, which renders it difficult to manage hot-
beds at this feafon.
The autumnal Cauliflowers fhould now be
carefully looked over two or three . times a
week, to break down the leaves over thofe
whofe heads appear, to guard them from wet
and morning frofts, which will difcolour thofe
which are expofed thereto, and to pull up
thofe v/hofe heads are full grown, for ufe.
ProduBs of the K i t c h e n-G a r d e
N.
Cabbages, Savoys, Cauliflowers which were
fown in May, Browncole or Borecole, fome late
Artichokes, Red Cabbages, SpinacTi, Sprouts of
Cabbages, Onions, Leeks Garlick, Rocam-
bole, Shallots, Turneps, Beets, Carrots, Parf-
neps, Skirrcts, SaKafy, Potatoes, Scorzonera,
Horfe-radifh, Jerufalem Artichokes, Black and
White Spanifh Radillies, Large-rooted Parfley,
Sage^ Cole worts, Mufl::i roomy, and, on the hot-
beds, fome Afparagus, '&c.
For faliets ; Lettuce, Crefles, Turnep, Muf-'
tard, Corn fallet, Coriander, Burnet, and other
fmall herbs from the hot-bed, or v^^arm borders
near walls ; as alfo, Endive, Celery, and, if the
feafon is mild, fome brown, Dutch, and com-
mon Cabbage Lettuces.
Z 4 F^
344 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Nov.
For foups ; Beets, Cardoons, Thyme, Celery,
Chervil, Marigold, Winter Savory, Hyffop, Sor-
rel, Parfley, Pot-marjoram, with fome others.
Workfc be done in the Fruit-Garden.
If the feafon is miid, you may ftill prune
Peach trees, Nedtarines, /ipricots. Pear trees,
Apple trees, Vines, and other kinds of fruit
trees, either againll walls, efpaliers, or flind-
ards J but it is not proper to do it too late in
the month, eipecially if the fe ijn is inclinable
to hard froft and fnow, particularly the tender
kinds of ftone fruity becaufe gieat ihows, fuc-
ceedcd by fevere froft, fometimes hurt the
branches of the trees, v^hen the wounds are
frefli J but Pears and Apples are not in much
danger of being injured thereby.
You muft now diveft your Fig trees of all
their late fruit, which, if left or, will rot and
infed the tender branches ; then nail the (hoots
of the trees clofe to the wall, whereby they
will be protefted from the injuries of the froft
much better than if they were left at a diftance
from It. You may alfo place fome pannels of
reeds before them, if the froft {hould be very
fevere in winter 5 which will preferve the
young fruiting branches from being killed, and
caufe
Nov. T'he Gardeners Kalendar. 345
caufe the fruit to come out much earlier the
following fpring than thofe v/hich were left
open ; and thofe Fig trees which grow againft
efpaliers, fhould be loofened, and their branches
may be tied together, and covered with hay-
bands, ftt-aw, or Peas haulm, to protedl them
from froft ; by which management, a good crop
of Figs may be conftantly obtained.
Such fruit trees as were planted the former
month for llandards (liould be carefully flaked,
and thofe againft walls and efpaliers m.uft be
faftcned thereto, to prevent their being difplaced
by the violence of the vt'ind, whereby their new
fibres, v/hich have been fent forth from their
roots fince they were planted, would be deftroy-
ed, to the great prejudice of the trees. You
muft a1fo obferve to lay fome mulch upon the
furface of the ground, about their roots (where
it has not been done already), to prevent the
froft from penetrating the ground to the roots
of the trees.
The beginning of this month tranfplant fruit
trees upon a warm dry foil, if the weather is
mild ; but it would have been better done the
former month, becaufe the ground being then
v/arm, the trees put out fibres very foon aften
planting, v/hich ftrengthens them to endure
the
346 The Gardeners Kale?2dar. Nor.
the cold ; whereas thofe which are late planted,
rarely take freih rooting until the fpring.
Plant Goofeberries, Rafpberries, Strawber-
' ries, and Currants, if the v/eather is mild 5 and
dig between the rows of Goofeberries and Cur-
rants which were formerly planted, to clear the
ground from weeds ; but you ihould firft prune
the trees, that there may be no litter upon the
ground afterwards 3 and if you want ground
for kitchen herbs, you may plant fome Cole-
worts, for fpring ufe, between them.
Clear the Strawberry-beds from weeds and
runners, and dig up the alleys between the
beds, fpreading a little of the earth between the
plants upon the beds, which will greatly
ftrengthen them ; but if the ground be very
poor, it will be proper to fpread a little very
rotten dung over the beds, v/hich v*'ill be very
ferviceable to them.
If any late fruits araflill remaining upon the
trees, they (liould be gathered the firft diy
day 3 for if they are fuS'cred to hang longer
upon the trees, they will be in danger of pe-
rifhing by froft and wet: and the fine winter
Pears and Apples, which were gathered the
laft month, mud: now be packed up clofe in
baflvcts, which fliould have double papers at-
thei;" bottom, and rcujhd their fides 5 and when
the
Nov. The Gardeners Kakndar. 347
the fruit is well placed therein, and double pa-
pers over them, there (hould be a good cover-
ing of wheat ftraw laid over the paper, and
then placed where neither the frofl nor too
much air can get to them, otherwife they are
liable to perifli, or their (kins flirink, in a fliort
time.
Fruits in Prime,
Pears i Sucre-vert, La Chafferie, La Mar-
quife, Chat-brule, Le Befidery, Crafane or Berga-
mot Crafane, Martin Sec, L'Amadote, Louife-
bonne, Colmar, St. German, Bezy de Chau-
montelle, Petit Oin, Virgouleufe, Spanifh Bon-
cretien, Ambrette, with fome others.
Apples ; Rennette Grife, Aromatic Pippin,
Nonpareil, Golden Pippin, Calville rouge,
Calville blanc, Courpendu, Fenouillette, Here-
ford(hire Pearmain, Holland Pippin, French
Pippin, Kenti{h Pippin, Harvey- apple. Pile's
RuiTet, Golden Ruffct, Wheeler's RulTet, Win-
ter Queening, Winter Permain, Pear Rulitc,
with fome others of lefs note.
BuUace, Cheftnuts, Hazlenuts, Walnuts,
Medlars, Services, Almonds, with fome iaic
Grapes,
mrk
34-S The Gardeners Kakfidar. Nov.
JVork to be done in the Nursery,
If in the former month could not be com-
pleated tranfplanting all the trees in the nurfery,
that work may be continued the beginning of
this ; for when this is compleated early in the
feafon, new fibres will pufli out from their roots
before winter; whereas all fuch trees as are
planted at the end of this month, or in the two
following months, feldom put OJt roots until
the fpring: the ground being then rendered
cold, vegetation is at a ftand, till the warmth of
the fpring puts the juices into motion again.
This is the time to lay fome mulch upon the
furface of the ground, about the ftems of the
new planted trees, to prevent the froft from
penetrating to their roots, which often deftroys
the young fibres, and gready v/eakens, and in a
very wet ground frequently kills the trees.
Continue to carry dung into fuch parts of
the nurfery as require it, when it is dry v/ea-
ther, and fpread it upon the furface of the
ground between the trees, that the rain in win-
ter may wafh the falls into the ground, before
it is dug up in the fpring.
Where new plantations are intended to be
made in the fpring, the ground fliould now be
prepared
Nov. The Gardeners Kah7tdar. 349
prepared by trenching of it well, and laying it
in ridges, that the. froft may mellow it.
Faften all new planted trees with flakes,
G?c. that the ftrong winds of this feafon may
not difplace them.
Where there are hardy exotick trees or fhrubs
in pots, they ftiould now be plunged either into
the earth, or fome old tan-bed, in a warmfitu-
atlon, to prevent the froft from freezing the
roots through the fides of the pots, which is
often defl:rud:ive to them while they are young.
The beds of young feedling exotick trees and
flirubs fliould now be proteded from fevere
froft, by plunging the pots in the manner be-
fore mentioned, and by arching of them over
with hoops, and covering of them with mats,
before the froft is fevere, or by laying fome
Peas haulm, or ether light covering, over
them ; which coverings (liould always be taken
off in mild weather.
Work to be done i?2 the F l o w e r-G A r d e n.
The beginning of this month all the bul-
bous rooted flowers, which are defigned for
planting before Chriftmas, fhould be planted ;
for if they are deferred till late in the month,
there is feldom time enough for them to ftrike
roo
3 50 T^he Garde?7ers Kalendar. Nov.
root before the froft comes on, which will pre-
vent them, fo that they will be in danger of fuf-
fering by this negledl.
The boxes and pots- of feedling bulbous
rooted flowers {hould now be placed in a warm
fituation, where they may enjoy the fun, and
be fcreened f['om cold winds.
Cut down the ftalks of fuch late flowering
plants as nov/ begin to decay, and rake m^er
the borders of the pleafure-garden, to fl:ir the
furface of the ground, which will prevent
weeds and mofs from growing thereon ; bat
be very careful not to ftir the earth too deep,
left the roots which are under ground fhould be
thereby injured.
If the feafon continues mild, you may yet
tranfplent Peonies, Monk*s«hood, Flag-leaved
Irife^, and many other knobed rooted plants, as
alfo Lychnifes, Veronicas, Canterbury-bells,
London Pride, Fraxinella, Gentianella, Yel-
low Gentian, Late flowering Starworts and
Golden-rods, V/a!l-flowers, French Honey-
fuckle, Flonefly, Double Rocket, Double Rofe
Campion, and other hardy fibrous rooted
plants ; though this would have been better if
performed the former month ; becaufe, if the
froft fhould fet in foon after they are planted,
it will prevent their taking root.
T ine
Nov. The Gardeners Kalendar. 351
The beds of feedling bulbous rooted flowers,
which were not removed the lafl feafon, fhould
be raked over, to prevent weeds and mofs from
growing thereon, if it was not done the former
months -, and fome frefh earth fliould be fpread
over their furface, to prevent the froll: from in-
juring the roots; and when there is dapger of
very ievere froft, if the beds are covered over
with fome rotten tan, it will fecure the young
roots effedtually from danger.
The pots of choice Auriculas and Carnati-
ons muft be fheltered from hard rains, froft,
and fnow, by coverings either of mats, cloths,
or frames where they can be fpared 5 but where
there is not conveniency of either fort, the pots
fliould be laid down on one fide, to prevent
the moiuure from foaking into the earth, which
often rots them.
If the feafon continues mild, the following
flowering flirubs may be yet tranfplanted,
Rofes, Lilacs, Syringas, Jafmines, Laburnums,
Spiraea frutex, Floneyfuckle, Hypericum fru-
tex, Colutea, Bladder Nut, Hydrangea, Pvho-
dodendron. Arbutus, Viburnum, Scarlet Horfe
Cheftnut, and mod other hardy flowering
fiirubs, if the foil be dry where they are to be
planted, otherwife it is better to defer it till Fe-
bruary.
Turn
352 The Gardeners Kalendar. Nov,
Turn over the comport which have been
prepared for pots or borders, that the parts may
be equally mixed, and that they may receive
the benefit of air and froft, to fweeten them, and
render them loofer. And prepare fredi com-
ports at this feafbn, that there may not be
wanting a fupply the foUov/ing year ; for it is
much better to have three or four ftocks under
each other, that they may lie the longer, where-
by they will be better meliorated and prepared
forufej for if their parts are not well mixed,
the plants will not thrive near fo well which
are planted therein.
Toward the latter end of this month, if the
feafon fliould prove wet or frofty, the beds of
choice Anemonies, Ranunculufes, and Hya-
cinths, which begin to appear above ground,
{hould be arched over with hoops, that they
may be covered with mats or cloths in bad
weather, to prevent the froft from penetrating
the ground to the roots, and to keep oft' heavy
rains and fnow, which, if permitted to foak in-
to the beds, will often caufe the roots to rot
in the fpring : but as the Hyacinth rarely comes
up fo foon, the bed, in which they are plant-
ed, may be covered with old tan, which will
prevent the frort from penetrating the ground,
and fecure the roots.
-7 The
Nov. The Gardeners Kalendar. 353
The wildernefs quarters fliould now be
trimmed, and the ground dug between the
trees, if it was negled:ed the former months,
which will render it neat, and encourage the
growth of the trees ; but where there are flow-
er roots growing therein, there mufl be care
taken not to deftroy them in digging.
In very wet or frofty weather, when little
work can be done in the garden, you fhould
prepare your feeds ready for fowing in the
fpring, and make a large quantity of numbers
to label your choice flowers; and be fure
to prepare your tools of all forts, that they
may be ready for ufe when the weather is fa-
vourable.
Roll and pole your grafs well at this feafon j
for the ground being well moiftened, the rol-
ler will prefs the ground clofe, which will make
the grafs fine and be a great advantage to the
fward.
Keep the gravel walks clean from weeds and
mofs, for at this feafon they will fpread greatly,
fo will be difficult to eradicate in the fpring.
Plmfs in Flower in the open Air.
Some forts of late Starworts, two or three forts
of Golden-rods, Annual Stock-gilliflower,
Double Colchicum, Heart's-eafe gr Panfies,
A a thrcQ
354 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Nov.
three or four forts of Perennial Sun-flowers,
Plumbago or Leadwort, Indian Scabious, Iron
coloured Fox-glove, Old Man's-head Pink,
Antirrhinum, Tanfey-leaved Ox-eye 5 and,
if the feafon is mild, fome Single Anemonies,
and Polyanthus NarcifTufes, where they were
not removed the lafl: fummer ; as alfo the Pur-
ple Ragwort, Eupatoriums, Clinopodiums, and
Helenias.
Hardy Trees and Shrubs now in Flower,
Arbutus, or Strawberry tree with flowers
and ripe fruit, Lauruftinus, Mufli-rofe, Paflion
flower, Clematis Bostlca, Medicago frutefcens,
Genifta fpinoia, and, in mild feafons, the
Eaftern Colutea, Diervilla, Pyracantha, Cre-
tan Mefpilus, and two forts of Euonymus in
fruit.
Medicinal Plants which may now
be gathered for life.
Calamus Aromaticus roots, Iris roots, Afpa-
ragus roots, Swallow-wort roots, Beet roots.
Elecampane roots, Eryngo roots, Fennel roots.
Henbane root, Artichoke roots. Savin, Scor-
• zonera root, Skirret root, Tormentil root,
6 M^^ork
Nov. The Gardeners Kalendar. 355
Work to be done in the G r e e n-H o u s e
and Stove.
The beginning of this month all the hardy
exotick plants which have been permitted to
remain abroad till this time, but which require
protection in winter, ftiould be removed into
the green-houfe, or the place defigned for them
in winter \ and now it is full time to place" the
plants in the green-houfe, in the order they are
to remain all the winter 5 in doing of which,
obferve to place the tallell: plants backward, and
to let them flope down gradually toward the
front ; but they fhoald not be placed fo clofe
as that their branches may interfere, for that
would greatly injure their heads.
In mild weather the hardy exotick plants
fhould have as much free air as poffible admit-
ted to them, by opening the glailes everyday -,
and the plants fhould be daily looked over, to
fee which of them want vv^ater ; for there are
fome forts of plants which will require to be
watered three or four times in a week, when
many others do not require it above once ; io
thev mufi: not be all v/atered at the fame time,
but only thofe v/nich require it ; this fhould
alfo be performed in a morning, that the damp
A a 2 m,ay
356 The Garde7:ers Kalendar. Nov.
may pafs off before ihe windows are clofe Ihut
in the evening, otherwife the damp occaficned .
thereby will injure the plants.
You (hould alfo* frequently pick off all de-
cayed leaves from the plants, and not permit
them to fall among the pots and tubs, which
make a litter in the houfe, and, as they rot,
will infed: the air, which being imbibed by the
plants, will caufe them to change the verdure
of their leaves to a pale fickly complexion.
As the cold advances, the fires in the ftove
fliould be increafed proportionably, being care-
ful not to over-heat the air, left thereby the
plants (lioot too freely, which is injurious to
them at this feafon ; nor ihould the air be too
cold, left their leaves decay and fall off, and the
extreme parts of the plants perifli : therefore
the fuccefs in managing tender exotick plants,
greatly depends on keeping the air of the ftove
in a proper temperature of heat, and in duly
proportioning the quantity of water given to
them at this feafon of the year.
In winter pick off all decayed leaves from
the tender plants in the ftove, and clean their
leaves and ftems from filth, which they are ve-
ry fubjed: to contract, and wafti off all infecSs,
which often infeft many of the forts, but ef-
pecially
Nov. ^e Gardeners Kahftdar. 35 7
pecially the Coffee tree, which will require to
be frequently cleaned.
The Anana or Pine apple plants mufl not
be fuffered to remain longer in the bark-beds
under frames than the beginning of the month,
at which time they fhould be removed into the
ftove, obferving to do it in a warm day, and
place them where they may have a great fhare
of heat, without which they feldom produce
fruit : this is only to be underftood of fuch as
are kept in a dry ftove in winter ^ for where
there is a tan-bed in the ftove, the plants mud
be placed therein before this time.
Tlants in Flower in ilx Green-House mid
Stove.
Several forts of Aloes, fome Geraniums,
Sedum arborefcens, Cotyledons, Arftotufs,
Phylica, Leonurus two forts, Canary Campa-
nula, Candytuft tree, Yellow Indian Jafmine,
Indian Nafturtium with a double flower, Spa-
ni(h Jafmine, American and Ilex-Ieavcd Lan-
tana, Senecio folio retufo, Large Blue Vir-
ginian Starwort, Double-flovi^ered Myrtle, Caf-
fia Bahamenfis, Papaw tree, Chryfanthemum
arborefcens, African Shrubby Doria, Peren-
nial Buphthalmum, Canary Bafe-horehound, In-
A a 3 dian
358 The Gardeners Kalendar. Nov.
dian Flowering Reed, Malpighia mali punici
facie, Cacalia, Senfitive Plants, Azorian Jaf-
m-ine, Clutia, Tetragonia, feveral forts of
Mefembryanthemij CralTulas^ Guajava, Poin-
ciana, Crinum, Melocadus minor, Piper,
Arum fcandens, Turnera, African Shrubby
Sage with blue flowers, Perfian Cyclamen,
African Afphodel, Gnaphalium two or three
forts, Teucrium Bceticum, Heliotropium Ca-
narienfe, Apocynums, Oriental Ptarmica,
Chryfocoma, Stoechas with fawed leaves, two
or three forts of Paflion flower, African Shrub-
by Mallow, Shrubby Heliotrope from Peru,
Branching China Starwort, Crinum with blue
umbellated flowers, African Wood Sorrel \yith
large purple flowers, iVnthericums, Shrubby
Phytolacca from Peru, Adhotada or Snap tree,
HermanniaSj Diofma, Mexican Clary, Guern-
fey Lily, Belladonna Lily, with fome others.
D E C E M-
[ 359]
DECEMBER.
Work to he done in the Kitchen-
Garden.
^5 H I S month (the days being at
^^ the (horteft) is commonly the
darkeft of the whole year, and
is fubjedl to different forts of
weather ; fometimes the ground is frozen up,
fo that little can be done in the garden ^ and
at other times there are hard rains and thick
{linking fogs, which render it very uncom-
fortable ftirring abroad, but efpecially to per-
fons of tender conftitutions j and this weather
is alfo .very injurious to tender plants.
If this feafon is mild, you may earth up thofe
Artichokes which were neglefted the former
months j in doing of which, if the ground is
not very good, bury fome rotten dung in it,
which will greatly promote the growth of the
Artichokes the following fpring.
A a 4 Carry
360 The Gardeners Kale^tdar, Dec.
Carry dung into the quarters of the kitchen-
garden, and fpread it on the ground, and trench
up the quarters, where there are no crops on
the ground, laying the earth in ridges, that it
may be mellowed by froft, and be fit for ufe
when the ieafon iov cropping the ground comes
on 'y for if this is negledted in winter, there will
be fo much other bufinefs to do in the fpring,
that there will not be time to trench the ground
properly, which frequently occafions its being
flightly performed.
Pick fnails out of the holes of old walls, or
from under pales, hedges, broken pots, or
other rubbifli ; as alfo behind the ftems and
branches of wall fruit trees, in which places
they lay themfelves up during the winter fea-
fon, and may be then eafily taken before they
get abroad again.
Sow CrelTes, Muftard, Rape, Radifh, Tur-
nep, and other fallet herbs, upon a moderate
hot-bed, which {hould be either covered with
fi ames, or arched over with hoops, and covered
with mats ; for at this fcafon thefe feeds will
not come up, where they are expofed to the
open air.
In mild weather obferve to uncover the
Cauliflower plants under frames every day,
that they may enjoy the free air, otherwife they
will
Dec. The Gardeners Kalendar. 361
will draw up week 5 and conftantly pick ofF all
decayed leaves, which, if fuffered to remain
on, will be very injurious to the plants ; efpe*
cially if it {hould happen, that the weather will
not permit the beds to be uncovered for two or
three days together , which is often the cafe at
this feafon, in hard frofts, when thefe decayed
leaves, rotting in the beds, will emit a rancid
vapour ; which, mixing with the confined air
of the bedsj will render it unwholfome for the
plants.
Earth up Celery to blanch it j but this muft
be done in dry weather, otherwife it will rot
the plants. At this time it fhould be earthed up
as near the tops of the plants as poflible, to
protedt it from froft 5 and at the approach of
hard froft, it will be neceffary to cover fome
Celery and Endive with fern, draw, or peas
haulm, to prevent the ground being frozen,
otherwife it cannot be taken up during the
froft's continuance in the ground. And earth
up Cardoons as near their tops as poflible, for
the fame reafon.
In mild weather take up Endive in a dry
day, and hang it up in a dry place for two or
three days, that the moifture may drain from
between the leaves ; and then lay it in ridges on
a dry fpot of ground horizontally to blanch it,
obferving
362 The Garde72ers Kalendar. Dec.
obferving to clofe the leaves up regularly, and
put it into the ground, almoft to the tops of the
plants.
You may now make hot-beds for Afpara-
gus, to fupply the table about the latter end of
January ; for, at this feafon, it will be near fix
weeks from the time of making the beds, be-
fore the Afparagus will be fit to cut, if the beds
are of a due temperature of heat.
About the middle of this month, if the wea-
ther is mild, fow fome early Peas on warm bor-
ders, to fucceed thofe which were fown the
former moRths; and obferve to draw fome
earth up about the fl:ems of thofe Peas and
Beans which are c^me up, and in bad weather
cover them with ftraw or reeds, to protefl: them
from the froil ; and if fome old tan is laid over
the furface of the ground about their ftems, it
will prevent the frofl: from penetrating the
ground, and gready protedl the plants.
Take up Cabbages and Savoys which are
defigned for feed, and hang them up in a dry
room by their flalksfor a week or ten days, to
drain them of moifture \ and then plant them
down in a warm border, almoft over their
heads, leaving only the upper part of their heads
above ground 3 but the earth fhould be raifed
in a hill about each, the better to throw off the
wet.
Dec. The Gardeners Kalendar. 363
wet, which if detained about them, will caufe
them to rot : but in the planting of thefe, .there
fhouJd be particular care taken to plant each
kind feparately at a diftance j for when they are
planted near each other, the farina of the flow-
ers will intermix, whereby their feeds will be
degenerated : and if after they are planted the
frofl fliould prove fevere, it will be proper to
cover them over with dry ftraw or peas haulm,
or fern, to keep out the froft ; for where this is
negleded in hard winters, they are frequently
deftroyed.
Sow fame Radifhes, Carrots, and Lettuce,
on warm borders near walls or pales, for an
early crop, becaufe it may happen that thofe
which were fown the former months may be
deftroyed, and thefe may efcape ; for which
reafon it is proper always to have two or three
crops, one under the other, which will allow
a better chance than where there is but one.
Toward the latter end of this month plant
fome Sandwich and Toker Beans, which are
hardier than the Windfor kind, and will be
very proper to fucceed the Mazagan or Lilbon
Beans, which were planted the former months,
fo that there may be a conftant fupply for the
table.
When
364 7lje Gardeners Kalendar. Dec.
When the ground is frozen fo hard that it
cannot be dug, the fences of the garden may
be repaired where it is neceffary 5 dung fliould
be carried into the quarters, that it may be
ready when the frofi: goes off; and where per-
fons have any feeds remaining in their pods or
capfules, they (hould now be made clean and
ready for fowdng j and prepare all tools fit for
ufe, that there may be no delay, when the fea-
fon is favourable, for cropping the ground.
You muft. now be very careful of your
Mufhroom-bedSj to cover them with frefh dry
ftraw, fo thick as to keep out the froft and wet,
both which are injurious to thefe beds ; but
where proper care is taken, there will beacon-
jftant fupply of thefe for the table in the mod
rigorous feafons.
Produ5is of the Kit cue n-G a r d e n.
Cabbages, Savoys, Red Cabbages, Borecole,
fome Cauliflowers, if the feafon proves mild j
Purple and White Broccoli, Carrots, Parfneps,
Turneps, Potatoes, Skirrets, Scorzonera, Sal-
fafy, Beets, Large-rooted Parfley, and Horfe-
radilh.
Onions, Leeks, Garlic, Rocombole, Shallots,
Thyme, Winter Savory, HyfTop, Sage, Rofe-
mary.
Dec. The Gardeners Kalendar. 365
mary, Chard Beets, Cardoons, Celery, Endive,
Sorrel, Turnep-rooted Cabbage, Parfley, Cher-
vil, and fome other herbs for foup.
For fallets ; Creffes, Muftard, Rape, Radifli,
Turnep, fmall Lettuce, and other fallet herbs,
upon the hot-bed ; Celery, Endive, Burnet,
and fome Brown Dutch Lettuce from under
glafles in mild v/eather 5 with Mint and Tarra-
gon upon hot-beds made the beginning of lafl:
month, and Afparagus upon hot-beds made
in Odober.
Work to be done in the Fruit-Garden and
Orchard.
If the feafon proves mild, the ground de-
figned for planting fruit trees in February,
fhould now be trenched for that purpofe, and
the borders of the fruit-garden (hould be mend-
ed where they require it, with fome frefh earth,
and very rotten dung well mixed together,
which will greatly encourage the growth of
the trees, and alfo add to the fize and good-
nefs of their fruit.
It will not be proper to prune fruit trees,
either againft walls or efpaliers, at this feafon,
unlefs it fhould be very mild weather, left the
froft (hould follow foon after, which would
injure
366 The Gardeners Kalendar. Dec.
injure the wounded branches, efpccially of
Peaches, Apricots, and other tender ftone fruit
trees.
Examine the trees in orchards, and cut out
all dead branches out of them, as alfo fuch as
crofs each other ; in doing of which obfervc
to make the wound Hoping, and as fmooth as
poffible, that the wet may the eafier pafs oiF
without entering the wounds of the tree 5 but
thefe branches (hould be cut off clofe to the
ftems, and not left in fpurs, as is by fome un-
Ikilful perfons too often praftifed.
Dung and plough the ground of Orchards
between the ftandard trees, v/hich will be of
great fervice to them, and caufe the fruit to be
much fairer, and better tafted.
The Vines in the vineyard fliculd now be
pruned, if it was not done the former month ;
for where there is much of this work to per-
form, it (hould be begun as foon as the leaves
fall, otherwife it may occafion part of them to
be left undone till the fpring, when the fap
will flow out at the wounds, and weaken the
plants.
In frofty weather be careful to cover the
ground about new planted trees with mulch,
to prevent the froil: from penetrating the ground
to
Dec. TheGardefters Kalendar. 367
to their roots, for that would greatly injure
the young fibres.
You muft alfo be very careful to keep the
froft out of the room where the choice vv^inter
fruits are put up; for whenever any of the
fruit arefrozen^ they certainly decay foon after.
Where orchards or nurferies arc inclofed with
quick hedges, thefe may nov/ be trimmed ; and
if they are grown thin, they may now be plaih-
ed and laid fo as to make the fences clofe at
bottom.
»
Fruits in Prime.
Pears j the Colmar, St. Germain, St. An-
drew, Virgouleufe, Ambrette, Lefchafferie,
Epine d'Hyver, St. Auguftine, Beurre d'Hy-
Ter, Louife-bonne, TAmadotte, Spanifli Bon-
cretien. Poire de Livre, Ronville, Citron d'Hy-
ver, Roufellette d'Hyver, Martin Sec, Holland
Bergamot, Mufcat d'Alleman, Bezy de Chau-
montelle, with fome others.
Apples; the Nonpareil, Golden Pippin,
French Pippin, Holland Pippin, KentiQi Pip-
pin, Pile's Ruffet, Winter Pearmain, Wheeler's
Ruffet, Haute-bonne, Rennet Grife, Aromatic
Ruffet, Winter Gilliflower, Golden Ruffet, Pear
Ruffet, Harvey Apple, Winter Queening, with
fome others of lefs note.
As
368 The Gardeners Kalendar. Dec.
As alfo Medlars, Services, Almonds, fome
Grapes, where they have been carefully pre-
ferved, Cheftnuts, Walnuts, and fmall Nuts.
Work to be done in /^^ Nursery.
In this month and the next it is very unfafe
to tranfplant trees ; therefore little can be done
in the nurfery, except carrying in dung where
it is wanted 5 and in mild weather to prepare
the ground, where trees are defigned to be
planted in the fpring.
Obferve now to lay mulch about the ftems
of new planted trees, where it has been omitted
in the former months j otherwife the froft will
enter the ground, .and pinch all the new fibres,
whereby the trees will be greatly weakened.
In frofty weather look well to fuch nurferies
as are expofed to hares, rabbets, G?<:. for in fuch
feafons thefe animals will be apt to bark young
trees, and fpoil them.
If the weather is mild, continue to dig be-
tween the rows of trees in the nurfery, wher^
^t has not been already done; obferving, as
was before direfted, not to injure their roots.
Be careful alfo to fecure fuch young exotick
trees as have not ftrength to refift th» cold of
our cjimate, by laying rnulch round their ftems,
7 an4
Dec. The Gardeners Kalehdar. 36'g
and in fevere froft cover their tops with peas
haulm, fern, ftraw, or other light covering 5
but this mufl not remain after the froft is over,
leaft it caufe a mouldinefs upon the tender
fhoots of the plants for want of the free air.
Cover the beds of feeds and Acorns, which
were fown in Odober, fo as to prevent the
vermin from getting at them, and alfo to keep
the froft out of the ground, which might great-
ly injure fuch of them as are fprouting.
You fliould now plafti hedges round your
nurfery or orchard, and repair your other
fences, for this is the moft leifure time of
the whole year in the nurfery.
Work to he dons in /^^Pleasure-Garde n.
The beds of choice Ranunculufcs, Ane-
monies, and Hyacinths, fhould be carefully co-
vered in very wet or frofty v;eather, both which
are equally prejudicial to them.
The pots or boxes of feedling flowers fliould
alfo be covered in very h-ard rains or fevere froft,
otherwife they vvill be in danger of being d(^-
ftroyed thereby.
Cover the choice Carnations and Auriculas,
to prote(5l them from great rains and fnow,
which are very injurious to them 5 but in mild
B b weather
370 TToe Gardeners Kale7idar. Dec.
weather they (hould have as much free air as
poffible \ other wife they will draw up weak,
and become very tender.
Lay fome mulch about the roots of new
planted trees and flirubs, as alfo about exotick
trees, which are planted in the open air, to
prevent the froft h-om penetrating the ground
to their roots, which would greatly injure, if
not deftroy them.
Turn over the feveral heaps of earth which
are prepared for the flower-garden, that the
froft may m.ellow them ; and mix up fome
new heaps, that there may be a quantity always
prepared eight or ten months, at leaft, before
it is ufed.
In mild weather dig and prepare beds and
borders ready for planting flower roots in the
fpring; in doing of which, it will be proper
to lay the earth up in a ridge, that the heavy-
rains may run ofi^, which would render the
earth too wet for planting, if the beds w^ere
laid flat to receive all the moifture.
Continue to dig up the ground in the wi!-
dernefs quarters, that the whole may be ren-
dered neat againft the next fpring, when the
trees begin to hud, and the flowers blow, which
will invite perfons to walk out; but in doing
of this, there mud be care taken not to injure
any
Dec. TJje Gardeners Kalendar. 371
any of the plants which grow between the
trees.
Prepare fuch parts of the garden In which
lowering Ihrubs or tender forts of exotick trees
are deiigned to be planted in the fpring : but
this ground fhould be laid in ridges till the fea-
fon for planting is come, that it may mellow
and fvveeten.
In hard froily weather, when little work can
be done in the garden, except the covering and
uncovering of tender plants and flirubs, pre-
pare the tallies to number flowers and feeds
when they are planted or fown, and make all
the tools ready for ufe again ft fpring, when
there will be full employment abroad.
Plants now in Flower.
Some fingle Anemonies, Polyanthufcs,
Primrofes, Stock-gilliflowers, Narciffufes, Hel-
leborafter or Bear's foot, AlyiTon Halimi folio.
Red flowered Spring Cyclamen, Tangier Fumi-
tary, Narrow leaved Golden Rod , and in mild
weather fometimes the Winter Aconite, and
Snowdrops toward the end of the month.
B b 2 Hardy
372 "The Gardeners Kalendar. Dec.
Hardy Threes and Shrubs now in Flower.
Ilauruflinus, Arbutus or the Strawberry tree,
in flower with ripe fruit, Spurge Laurel, Glaf-^
tonbury Thorn, Virginian Groundfel tree, Up-
right blue-berried Honey-fuckle, Genifta Spi-
nofa. Clematis Boetica, Medicago frutefcens,
and, in mild weather, the Mezereon, and the
Pyracantha in fruit.^
Medicinal Plants which may now be
gathered for life.
Beet root, Elecampane root. Fennel root,
Henbane root, Helleborafter or Bear's foot,
Lovagc root, Spignel root, Butterbur root.
Hogs Fennel root. Harts Tongue, Polypody
root, Solomon's Seal root. Savin, Sopewort
root, Scorzonera root, Skirret root.
All thefe roots may be taken up, whenever
the froil does not prevent it : for as moft of
thefe plants are, a. this feafon, in an inactive
ftate ; fo they are in the greatefl: perfedion,
either for medicine, or the table.
Work
Dec. Hoe Gardeners Kalendar. 373
Work to be done in the G r e e n - H o u s e,
and Stove.
If the feafon is very cold, keep the windows
and doors of the green-houfe clofely fhut^ and
in frofty nights the (hutters iliouid be duly
faftened to prevent the froft from entering; but
in mild weather they (hould be opened every
day, to give light to the plants 3 and v/hea
there is fun in frofly weather, and the air is
warmed, fome of the glaffes (hould be drawn
dow^n, to let frefli air into the houfe : but this
fhouid be done with caution, for at this time of
the year, there is frequently a damp moift air,
which if pent up in the houfe will caufe the
tender (hoots of the plants to grow mouldy
and decay ; therefore whenever any mouldinefs
appears upon the plants, it fhouid be immedi-
ately cleaned off; otherwife it will fpread, and
infedl the neighbouring plants : and diligendy
pick off all decayed leaves, never fuffering them
to fall upon the floor, or at lead do not let
them remain in the houfe, for they will- rot
and infed: the air, to the injury of the plants.
The plants (hould now be watered very fpa-
ringly, efpecially fuch of them as are of a fuc-
culcnt nature; as Aloes, Cereufes, Sedums,
B b 3 Euphorbia,
3 74 ^^ Gardeners Kalendar. Dec.
Euphorbia, Cotyledons, ©*f. but the Myrtles,
Amomum Plinus,Leonurufes, Oleanders, Bays,
Adhatoda, with many other woody plants,
muft be frequently watered ^ but in cold wea-
ther they fhould not have too much given them
^t a time, but rather give it them often, and
in lefs quantities, fo as only to prevent their
leaves from ihirinking and curling up.
The fires in the ftoves muft now be care-
fully kept up, as well in dark foggy weather as
in fevere froft ; for if the air is damp, it is
equally injurious as a (harp air to the plants ;
fo that in this you muft be direfted by a well
graduated thermometer, as to the degree of
heat which the plants require.
The Ananas, or Pine apples, muft have a
good ihars of heat, otherwile they will not
produce fruit the following fummer : they will
alfo require to be refrefhed often with water,
which iDOuld be given to them in fmall quan-
tities at this feafon, which (hould be placed in
the ftove to warm, at leaft twelve or fourteen
hours before it is ufcd : where this watering is
lieglecfled, or unfkilfully performed, the plants
are often fo checked, as not to be recovered m
fome months after.
The tender exotick plants, which are plung-
ed in the bark- bed, muft now be carefully
tended,
Dec. 7he Gardeners Kalendar. 375
tended, to water them as they fhall require it ;
and pick off all decayed leaves, and clear them
from infedts and filth, which they are fubjedt
to contract, efpecially the Coffee trees, v;hich
muft be often cleanfed, otherwife their leaves
will decay.
Mix up the feveral comports of earth for the
cxotick plants, and turn over thofe heaps
which have been already prepared, that their
feveral parts may be better united together.
Tlants now in Flower in /i^f Green-House
mid Stove.
Leonurufes, Candy-tuft tree, Yellow In-
dian Jafmine, Aleppo Cyclamens, Afcyron
Balearicum, Geraniums, Spanifh JafminCj Ara-
bian Jafmine, Ilex-leaved Lantana, Polygala
arborefcens. Double flowered Indian Naflur-
tium, Onion-leaved Afphodel, feveral forts of
Aloes, Ardtotus, Canary Chryfanthemum,
Rudbeckia, Dwarf Sunflower, Canary Campa-
nula, African Shrubby Mallow, Piercea in
flower and fruit, Virginian large blue Afl:er,
Senecio folio retufo, Phylica, Diofma, fome forts
of Mefembryanthemi, Senfitive Plants, Indian
flowering Reed, Malpighia mali punici facie,
Elichryfums, Teucrium Bosticum, Heliotro-
pium Scorodonis folio, Clutia, Plumbago Cey-
B b 4 lanenfe.
376 "The Gardeners Kalendar. Dec.
lanenfe, Oriental Ptarmica, African Wood
Sorrel with large purple, and with yellow flow-
ers, Black flowering Lotus, Mexican Clary,
Heliotrope from Peru, Sedum arborefcens,
Zvgophylium.Calenduk-AfricanajApocynums,
with fome others ; and in fruit Lycium Pyra-
canthas foliis, Solanums of feveral forts^ Alke-
kengi, Amomum Pliniio
INDEX,
INDEX.
AButilon 208, 299.
Acacia 96, 136, 166,
J 73' 198, 233,
24I5 272, 334, 336.
Acanthoides 241.
Acanthus 195, 230, 266, 292,
329.
Achillaea 232.
Aconite 26, 61, 191, 195,
230, 265, 292, 294,371.
Acorn 120, 317, 369.
Adders- tongue 167.
■Adhatoda2o8,2425 358,374.
Adonis 61, 91, 95, 123, 165,
195, 197, 231, 263, 264.
African 191, 196, 264, 293,
328.
Agnus Caftus 233,242, 266,
294, 329.
Agrimony 199, 234.
Aiaternus 27, 62, 93, 94,
119, 128, 156.
Alcana 197, 242, 265, 272,
299' 335-
Alder 319.
Alexander 247.
Alifander 28, 77, 113, 199,
247,295.
Alkelcengi J91, 208, 294,
376.
Almond 20, 95, 130, 166,
3i5> 324? 347i 3^^'
6
Aloe 34, 35, 72, 73' 1045
135, 170, 174, 206, 207,
242, 268, 272, 299, 331,
332, 334' 335' 357' 373>
375-
Althaea 197, 233, 266, 324,
329.
AlyiTon 27, 62,95, 129, 165,
232, 265, 294, 321, 329,
371-
Amaranthus 25, 60, 92, 93,
124, 159, 161, 191, 228,
23I' 264, 328.
Amaryllis 35, 105, 127, 158,
173, 242, 328, 336.
Amber 96, 171, 236, 242,
299' 331-
Ambrofia 265, 273, 294.
Amelanchier 130, 166.
Amethyftea 232.
AmomumPlinii35, 100, IC2,
207, 3.40, 299, 374, 376.
Amorpha 198.
Ananas 33,43' 7^' ^02, 134,
172, 187, 205, 230, 238,
269, 284, 333, 357, 374.
Anaftatica 228.
Andromeda 267.
Androface 105.
Anemone 21, 23, 26, 58,
61, 89, 95, 127, 129,
157, 161, 163, 192, 262,
289, 290, 291, 320, 328,
352, 354. 3^9' ZV-
Angelica
INDEX.
Angelica 247* 266.
Anonis 130, 167, 208, 233,
241, 266, 273, 294.
Anthericum 135, 165, 174,
208, 243, 300, 358.
Antholyza 74, 105, 1363 174,
203.
Anthora 230.
Antirrhinum 230, 265, 354.
Apocynum35, 173, 195, 232,
236, 264, 272, 292, 299,
321. 334> 358, 37^-
Apple 14, 20, 55, 65, 85,
88, 118, 154, 187, 221,
255' 284, 310, 315, 344,
346, 347. 367-
Apncot 84, 116, 119, 148,
153, 183, 187, 188, 222,
309> 344» 3^^-
April 106.
Arbor Judae 96, 130, 166.
Arbor Vitse 62.
Arbutus 94, 156, 293, 294,
3241 329. 351. 354i 372.
Archangel 167.
Ardotu^s 35, 73, 104, 135,
171, 173, 201, 207,236,
272, 299, 331, 3355357?
375-
Argemone 205.
Aria Tneophrafti 130, 166.
Arrow-root 272, 299.
Arfefmart 267.
Artichoke 2, 40, 46, 50, 8r,
84, 108, 112, 144, 145,
147, 183, 214, 2i6, 248,
252, 281, 306, 309, 337,
338, 343' 354> 359-
Arum 27, 129, 136, 165,
174, 208, 267, 273, 295,
300> 3305 33^5 35^-
Afarabacca 27, 62, 164, 330.
A farina 165.
Afarum, fee Afarabacca.
Afckpia 207, 208, 241, 265,
299, 328.
Afcyrum 35, 208, 375.
Afli 62, 96, 130, 166, 167^
i99> 330-
Afparagus 3, 8, 9, 13, 27,
41, 45, 46, 50, 79, 84,
113, 114, 147, 182, 183,
213, 250, 278, 301, 302,
307, 308, 338, 341, 343,
354, 3^2, 365.
Afphodel 35, 164, 173, 196,
242> 321, 35Sj 375-
After 88, i6o, 194, 292,
293. 321, 332, 336, 375-
Ailralagus 123, 231, 266,
321.
Atraphaxis 174.
Avens 165, 167, 199.
Auguft 244.
Auricula 24, 26, 56, 57, 89,
90, 95, 125, 126, 127,
129, i6i, 229, 259, 260,
262, 290, 323, 328,351.
Azalea 267, 295, 269.
Azederach 233, 267.
B,
Baccharis 27, 35.
Bachelors-bution 58, 165,
196, 263.
Balfamine 60, 92, 124, 159,
161, 191, 196,230, 231,
261, 264, 293, 328.
Barba Jovis 207, 240.
Bark-bed 102,133, 172, 258,
296' 333-
Barleria 300.
Barley 82.
BafU
I N D
Bafil 191, 216, 234, 253,
265, 267, 281.
BaiTella 35, 173, 207, 241,
272, 3oo» 336.
Bafteria 167, 2c8.
Bauhinia 173, 300.
Baum 78, 84, 147, 183, 216,
23^ 253, 308.
Bay 93, 96, 100, lor, 119,
J3i» i56» 33^y 374-
Beech 317.
Bean-caper 196, 208, 299,
321.
Bean- flower 167.
Beans 2, 4, 12, 36, 37,40,
48, 76, 108, no, 137,
^ 139, 140, 147, 175, 182,
J 83, 209, 213, 216,232,
252, 279, 281,294, 303,
3395 362, 363.
Bears-breech 167, 199,234,
267.
Beets 12, 13, 27, 36, 45,
50, 11, 83, 143, 176,
216, 250, 253, 281, 309,
330, 34 J » 343' 344? 354^
364. 3/2-
Bell-Hower 88, 225, 289, fee
Campanula.
Bellv-ache-weed 241.
Benjamin tree 95, 130,
Berberry 130, 295,^330.
Bermudiana 105, 242.
Betony 167, 197, 198, 199.
Bii^nonia 233, 266, 273, 329.
Bilberry 130.
Birch tree.63.
B:rd Cherry 130, 166.
Birds-eye 164.
Birthwort 27, 74, 164, 174,
196.
Eiflio} Tweed 26/,
Bifftrula 266.
E X.
Biftort 27, 164.
Bladder- nut 130, 166, 324,
351-
Bladder Sena 197, 233, 266,
295». 324. 329-
Blattaria 195, 265.
Blue bottle 167, 199, 321.
Borage 77, 95, 114, 147^
165, 167, I'^i^ 199, 216.
Boibonia 208.
Borecole 12, 50, Z^t^^ 309,
343-
Box edgmg 59, 226, 283,
322.
Box tree 27, 62.
Bramble 324.
Biirwiy 27, 267.
Broccoli J 3, 50, 83, 113,
145, 146, 178, 180, 210,
215, 248, 280, 306, 309,
364-
Brooklime96, 131, 167, 199.
Broom 167, 173, 197, 199,
207, 232, 233, 241, 266,
295.
Brown Jolly 159.
Bjunsfellia 2c8.
Buckthorn 95, 166, 324,
Buglofs 27, 77, 147, 165,
- 167, 183, 195, 199,216,
234, 265, 294, 328.
BugLile 129, 131, 167.
Bullace 315, 347.
Buphthalmum 88, 162, 165,
231, 266, 272, 328, 332,
357-
Bupieurum 208, 243.
Burnet 13, 50, 77,84, i r '^,
148, 167, 177, 183, 198,
216, 253, 281,343,365.
Butterbur-root 28, 372.
Button-tre: 167.
C.
INDEX.
i§o, 275, 28r, 302, 309,
C. 3445 361, 3^5-
Carduus benedidus 180, 199.
Cabbage 8,9, 12, 36, 39,44, Carnation 24, 25, 56, 88,
45> 50, 7^5^5 iio» iii> 90» 124, 125, 160, 163,
112, 113, 114,140,144, 191, 193, 194,225,226,
146,. 147, 175^ 183,210, 227, 230, 258, 259,264,
213, 2j6, 245, ^:,o,276, 287, 291, 323, 351, 369.
•277, 281, 3CI, 304, 309, Carob 131.
3^3' 343^ 3^^2, 364, 365. Car^^gana 167.
CacJia 32, ^5,73» ^3^^ ^73y Carrot 2, 9, 10, I?,, 36, 37,
35^- 45> 50» 77» 79» ^3^ io8>
Cattus 236. 114, i43» 14^. i47> i7^>
C.'lamint 199, 234. 183, 210, 216,252, 267,
Calamus 295, 330, 354- 276, 280, 281, 295, 303,
Caicr. -ula 129, 376, iee Ma- 307, 309, 340, 341, 343,
rigold. 363* 364
Calld ;4, 105, 173. Carthamus 123, 266, 293.
Ccimom!)c78, 196, 199,231, Cafhiobcrry-bufn 267.
289, 293, 321. CaiTia 35, IC4, .'74, 208,
Campanula 35, 58, 88, 91, 241, 272, 300, 335, 357.
92, 104, 164, 194, 197, Caffida 196, 232, 321.
203, 207, 231,264,292, CafTine 93, 119.
294, 321, 329, 331, 335' Caralpa 198, 233, 267, 324.
357, 375. Catananche 92, 231, 265,
Caira y Lavender 2c8, 336. 294.
Candy-tuft9i,i05,i23, 135, Catchfly 58, 91, 92, 123,
159, 1745 196,231,264, 159, 164, 195,196,263,
294- 299» 3325 357» 375- 289.
Canna 105, 272, 299. Caterpillarplant 92, 123, 159.
Cainacorus 136, 232. Cat-mint 198, 234.
Canterbury-bell 58, 88, 92, Cats-foot 129, 164.
124, i6o, 194,225,321, Cauliflower 5, 6, 7, 39,46,
350. 475 76' 109, no, 139,
Caper 169, 198, 243, 273, 140, 142, 147, 175, 176,
299. ^77^ 1S2, 183,209,210,
Capnoides 195, 265. 216, 245, 253, 274,276,
' Capficum 80, 92, 147, 159, 278, 279, 303, 305, 309,
191, 196, 231,253,265, 339, 341, 343> 3^^0' 3^4-
267, 293, 295. Ceanothus 233.
Ca'd'ifpermum 191. Cedar 93, 94, 96, 99, 119,
Cardoons 13, 5^5 81, 83, 120, 122, J56,
Celandine
I N D
Celandine 27.
CeJaftrus 105,171,174,198,
208, 233, 242, 267, 295,
331-
Celery 4, 45, 50, 76, 84,
109, 112, 113, 140, 178,
183, 210, 212,214,216,
246, 248, 252, 276, 280,
281, 302, 309, 340, 343,
344, 361, 365.
Centaurea 123, 124, 196,
230, 231, 265, 266,294,
300, 321, 328.
Cerafus, fee Cherry.
Cereus 34, 105, 136, 169,
174, 202, 208, 236,241,
268, 271, 273, 373.
Cerinthe 263, 265, 294.
Ceftrum 35, 174, 272, 300.
Chamslsa 166.
Chard Beet 113, 281, 309,
3^5-
Chafte-tree 273.
Chelone 231, 294, 329.
Chenopodii 250.
Cherry 27, 53, 65, 95, 102,
i^9j ^53y ^54) 184, 187,
222, 234, 284.
Cherry (double flowering)
^ 130* 324-
Cherry Plum 95, 130, 324.
Chervil 12, 13, 50, 77, 114,
148, 167, 216, 247,277,
281, 309, 344, 365.
Cheftnut 64, 130, 198, 347,
368.
Chickweed 62, 137,
China Pink 231, 293, 328.
China Rofe 136.
Chinquapin 96.
Chironia 174, 208, 242j 273,
299, 331.
ChriitophGriana 196,
E X.
Chryfanthemum 88, 162,164,
^73' i9^» 195^ 231, 263,
265, 293, 321, 326, 328,
335> 3575 275.
Chrylbcoma 104, 136, 243,
266, 294, 358.
Cicer 253.
Cinquefoil 166, 194, 197,
.233' 324> 329- '
Ciifium 197, 266, 321.
Ciftus 74, 93, i©i, 104,
1^9. J3I5 135. 136' ^64,
166, 171, 173, 198,201,
207, 233, 240, 241, 266,
272, 295, 321, 329, 332.
Citron 102, 174, 194, 207,
240.
Cives 39, 81, 114, 147.
Clary 84, 177, 181, 195,
^234, 253, 358, 376.
Claytonia 165.
Clematis 27, 95, 167, 233,
354. 372.
Clethra 198, 233, 267, 295^
329-
Cliffortia 300, 332.
Clinopodium 265, 354.
Clitoria 266, 273, 300,
Cliver 167.
Clove-gillifiower 232, 234.
Clover 82.
Clutia 73, 136, 174, 20c,
242, 300, 331, 336,358.
Coccygria 198, 324.
Cockfcomb 25, 328.
CofFee33, 71,74, 104, 135,
172, 174, 207, 241,271,
^ 357' 375-
Coichicuin 95, 127, 129,
158, 264, 290, 293, 328,
353-
Coleworts 13, 50, 83, J13,
147?
INDEX.
147, 210, 247,276,277, Cranes-bill 167, 196, 199.
3oi» 305» 309>3i3>343» Craffula 35, 136, 174, 202,
34^-
Collinfonia 266.
Coltsfoot 63, 96, 13T.
^Columbine 58, 88, 92, 129,
160, 164, 167, 194, 196,
225, 292, 321.
Colutea 136, i65, 197, 198,
207, 241, 272, 299, 351,
354.
Comfrey 167, 199, 234.
Commelina 265, 273, 300,
Compoit 24, 138, 171, 204,
352, 375-
Convolvulus 91, 92, 123,
124, 136, 159, 173, 191,
208, 232, 261, 264, 2b6,
272, 273, 294» 3CC, 328.
Convza 201, 232, 273, 336.
Coral-tree 74, 105, 136, 173,
208, 241, 334.
Coriander 13, 50, 148, 267,
Coriaria 62.
Cork tree 93.
Cornelian Cherry 267, 324.
Cornflag 164, 196, 203.
Cornifii Cherry 130.
Cornfallet 38,183,212, 247,
309v 343-
Cornutia 273.
Corona PvCgalis 74.
Coronilla 104, 1 30, 1 35,
167, 195, 232, 265.
Coii:us242, 272, 300, 336.
Cotton- plajit 207, 241, 272.
Cotyledon 32, 72, 73, 104,
136, 169, 174, 202, 207,
236, 241, 272, 299,331,
3355 357' 374-
CuwHip 131.
208, 243, 273, 336, 358.
Crefs 3, 13, 45, 50, 80, 81,
148, 179, 212, 216,234,
251, 277, 295, 309, 340,
343. 360, 365.
Crinum 35, 74, 104, 136,
^13>'> '^^?>y 2g8, 242, 273,
300* 336> 35^-
Crocus 61, 95, 158, i6r,
191, 262, 293, 320, 328.
Croflvvort 167.
Crotolaria 208, 242, 273.
Crowfoot 165.
Crownlmpenal 95, 129, 192,
259, 290.
Cucumber 3, 6, 16,25,41,
42, 75, 80,84, 106, no,
114, 141, 14b, 147, 177,
180, 183, 210, 214, 216,
248, 253, 281, 295,308,
342.
Cudweed 234.
Cunonia 105, 136, 173, 203.
Cyanella 273.
Cyanus 164, 196.
Cyclamen 23, 27, 35, 61,
'73> 95' i04, 129, 135,
158, 171, 191, 199.203,
2b2, 264, 290, 293, 328,
33i> 335> 358,37^375-
Cyprefs 27, 62, 93, 96, 119,
120, 156.
Cytifus 96, 104, 119, 13O5
135, 166, 167, 198, 201,
233, 267, 295, 299, 324,
329* 332.
Daffodil 95, 129, 197.
Dahoon
I N D
Dahoon Holly 233.
Dairey58, 88, 95, 129, 131,
163, 164, 165, 167,242,
289, 321.
Dames Gilliflower 194.
Dandelion 77, 131, 138, 167,
182.
Datura 230.
Dayenia 243, 273, 300.
Dead-nettle 131, 167,
December 359.
Dens Canis 95, 129, 191,
'^25.
Devil's bit 198.
Dianthera 232, 266, 294,
329-
Diervilla 167, 198, 233, 267,
T. 354-
Digitalis 292.
Dili 77, 234, 253, 267.
Diofma 35, 136, 174, 208,
242, 273, 299, 331, 336,
^.358, 375-
Dioipyros 198.
Dittander 198, 234.
.Dittany 196, 232.
Dock-root 28.
Dodartia 165, 232, 294.
Dodder 234.
Dogfbane 195, 328.
Dogwood 96, 99, 130, 167,
198, 233.
Doria 201, 243, 272, 299,
332, 357-
Doronicum 197, 321.
Dracocephalum 91,232,265,
Dragon 28, 164, 196, 199,
242.
Dropwort 28, 234,
Ducksfoot 129.
Dumb Cane 136.
i
E X.
Dwarf Annual Stock 91, 164,
196, 228, 230, 263, 265.
Dyers-broom 267,
Dyers-weed 167.
Echium 266, 294.
Elder 27, 96, 199, 234, 295.
Elecampane 28, 354, 372.
Elichryfum 136, 173, 201,
265, 272, 331, 375.
Elm 63, 318.
Endive 4, 5, 11, 13,45, 50,
77, 84, 113, 139, 179,
183, 210, 212, 214, 215,
216, 246, 248, 253,267,
277, 281, 302, 309,340,
343^ 361, 365-
Erhetia 273.
Eryngium 265, 321.
Eryngo 28, 232, 330, 354,
Efchalot 212, 248.
Efpaliers 13, 17, 51, 52, 116,
148, 183, 216, 218, 221.
Evergreens 29, 59, 63, 64,
93^ 96, 979 ii9> 121,
128, 157, 189, 223,224,
257.^
Everlafting Pea 124, 195,
230, 264, 321.
Euonymus 167, 329, 354.
Eupatorium 196, 231, 266,
272, 294, 329, 354.
Euphorbium 34, 35, 72, 73,
105, 1365 169, 174,202,
208, 236, 368, 271,273,
299» 334, 335» 374-
Exoticks 66, 67, 72, 94, 97,
100, loi, 102, 103, 119,
120, 132, 135, 161, 169,
171, 189, 190, 201, 203,
236,
I N D
236, 237» 239, 268, 269,
■ 271, 298^ 331, 3325 349'
355> 356, 368, 37c, 371,
374. 375-
Eyebright 199, 234.
fi ^.
174, 194, jql), 199, 2C^,
2255 321, 354-
Fraxinella88j 164, i 96, 292,
350-
French HoneyfuckJe 58, 88,
92, 124, 160, 194, 195,
F. 225, 321, 350.
Friers Cowl 129.
Fabago 171, 174, 201, 232, Frittillary 129, 191^ 192,
241, 272.
Fairchild's Mule 230, 265.
February 36.
Fennel 28, 77, 247, 253,
'295» 354» 372.
Fennel-giant 196.
Fenugreek 295.
Fern 28,295,361,363, 369.
Feverfew 165, 198, 231, 234,
265, 289, 321, 328.
Ficoides 25, 72, 73, 173,
328, 375-
Fiddlewood 334.
Figs, or Fig-tree 13, 14, 51^
118, 253, 256, 284, 299,
225, 259, 262, 290, 322.
Fruit-Garden work 13, 51,
84, 114, 148, 183, 216,
253, 281, 309, 344,365-
Fruits in Prime 20, 55, 87,
118, 187, 221, 255, 283,
^ 315^ 347, 367-
Fruit-trees 15, 16, 29, 30,
48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 84,
85, 86, 97, 115, 116;
117, 121, 152, 153,210,
220, 221, 282,283,285,
311, 345, 360, 365,366.
Fumitory 95, 129, 138, 167,
196, 232, 266,321, 371,-
3155 344. 345-
Figwort 164, 196, 198. vj-4
Ftfbert 62, 256, 284.
Finnochia 82, 113, I43> ^7^> Galeopfis 329
179, 216, 252, 309.
Fir 62, 94, 96, 119, 120,
122, 156, 224, 286.
Flammula Jovis 195*
Flax 82, 112,198,234, 295.
Fleabane 104.
FIcawort 267.
Fl'xweed, 295.
Flower-fence 35.
Flower-Garden work88,i57,
190, 287, 320, 349.
Fluellin 234.
Forefb tree 29, 30, 59, 63, Geranium 34, 67, 73, 88,-
121, 223, 257, 285, 318, 104, 135, 164, 171, 173,
Foxglove ^Sj 136, 160, 165, aoi^y
Galingale 300.
Garlick 12, 39, 50, 212,
216, 248, 267, 281, 343.
Gaura 92, 266.
Geldcr Rofe 166, 324.
Genifta 198, 233, 267, 354,^
372-
Geniftella 233.
Gentian 28, 164, 196,- 294,
329* 350-
Gentianella 58, 129, 195,
263, 292, 350.
INDEX.
20Ij 208, 236, 241,265, 100, 131, 168, 199,235,
268, 295, 330, 355,373.
Grewia 208, 241, 273, 299.
Gromwell 295.
Ground Ivy 131, 167.
GroLindfel 35, 138, 167, 182,
299, 329, 372.
Guajava 358.
Guanabanus 273.
Guava 272.
H.
272, 292, 300, 321,330,
335» 357' 375-
Germander 197, 199, 234.
Gefneria 208.
Ginger 300, 336*
Ginfeng 232.
Gladiolus 35, 74, 105, 331.
Glafrwort267.
Giaucium 265.
Globe Thiftle 197, 231, 265.
Giobularia 165, 266.
Glycine 231, 233^ 266.
Gnaphalium 207, 241, 266, Hsemanthus 136, 158, 174,
294, 299, 358. 203, 208, 241,266,272,
Goats-rue 234. 300, 334, 336.
Golden Rod 58, 88, 195, Hallena 201.
231, 264, 267, 292, 293, Hamemelis 27, 62, 295, 329.
295» 321. 328, 350, 353» Hare-bell 131.
371. Harts-tongue 372.
Goniphrena 60, 124, 230, Haw 96, 167, 317.
231, 264, 294, 328. Hawk-weed 2664 328.
Goofherry 14, 54, 65, 187, Hawthorn 130, 166, 197^
222, 234, 267, 282,285, __3r7, 324
Hazle-nuts 62, 284, 315,
347"
312, 3^3' 3195 345
Gouid 146, 253, 201.
Grafting 15, 53, 65, 85, 98, Hearts-eafe 27, 62, 95
120, 133, 155,220,257, __ 164, 294, 328, 353
268, 311.
Granadilla 299.
Grape 21, 152, 187, 253,
256, 282, 284, 3ii>3^5>
347> 368
129,
Hedges 2, 3, 28, 78, 226,
342, 3^7' ^3^9-
Hedyfaruin 165, 2o8, 242,
265, 272.
Helenia 329, 354.
Grafs 60, 123, 163, 264, Helianthemuiii 196, 232, 265^
294.
Heliotrope 136, 173, 174,
208, 232, 241, 243, 273,.
294» 299, 300, 3.:^, 332,
358, 375-
Hellebore 26, 6r, 95, 174,
196, 230, 371, 372.
C c Hemlock
325^ 353-
Grafb-plat 226.
Grafs V/alks 122, 163, 226,
325-
Gravel Walks 6c, 122, 163,
264, 3255 353-
Green-houie woik 30, 66,
INDEX.
Hemlock 38, 199.
Heniorocailis 129.
Hemp 82, 1 12, 295.
Henbane 28, 234, 330, 354,
372.
Heparica 58, 61, 88, 95, 129.
Herb Paris 167.
Herb Robert 199.
Hermannia 35, 73, 104, 135,
171, 173, 201, 208, 236,
273> 331. 358.
Hermodadiyl 95.
Hcfperis 294.
Hibifcus 35, 52, 61, 91, 124,
191, 207, 241, 266, 294,
30O) 334, 335.
Hieracium 81, 88, 92, 123,
195, 230.
Hips 317.
Hollow-root 95.
Holly, 64, 93, 97, 99, 119,
120, 156, 197, 231, 233,
317-
Hollyhock 124, 160, 194,
225, 231, 264, 293, 320.
Honefty 165, 321, 350.
Honeyruckle 58, 59, 62, 88,
95, 130, 166, 197, 199,
233> ^34-5 266, 267, 285,
294> 3i9> 3245 325> 3^9'
35I5 372.
Honey wort 129, 164, 197,
232, 329.
Hops 49, 112, 113, 295.
Horehound 198, 234, 357.
Horminum 232.
Horfe-cheftnut 1665 324, 351.
Horfe-radifii 216, 253, 343,
364-
Horfetail 167.
Hot-bed 3, 10, 13, 18, 25,
4^ 42> 43? 44-5 45^ 4'^^
50, 54, 60, 61, 66, 67*
6'^> ^9' 73' 75> 7^5 8g> i
^4» 92j 93» 94? 99j loi* I
102, III, 114, 124, 125, ■
161, 162, 169, 170, 190,
202, 203, 205, 236, 237,
239> 275, 305, 307, 340,
341. 342, 343> 36o> 3^2,
3^5-
Hound*s-tongue 199,
Houfleek 74, 104, 136, 199,
299.
Humble plant 136, 241, 272,
299' 335-
Hyacinth 21, 22, 23, 27, 61,
89, 95, 127, 129, 136,
157, 158, 164, 192,225,
259, 261, 262, 265, 288,
290» 293, 320, 322, 327,
352, 369-
Hydrangea 233,267, 294,329,
351-
Hypericum 74, 130, 136,
I7i> 1975 232, 266, 351.
Hyflbp 13, 50, 78, 81, 84,
1 135 I44> 1765 i77> 183^
195, 199, 234, 247, 253,
281, 344> 3^-
I.
Jacea 195, 228.
Jacobaea 104, 242.
January i.
Jafmine 35, 59, 73, 104,
i3o» i33» i^^» i69> 17*5
173' 194' 197' 207, 208,
226, 232, 234, 239, 241,
266, 267, 2b8, 272, 294,
299' 324. 33O' 335' 35i>
357' 358, 375-
latropha 173, 207, 241, 272.
7 Indian
I N D
Indian Fig 173, 202, 272,
334-
Indian Pink 92, 124, 232.
Indian flowering Reed '^^S,
375-
Indian Yellow 35.
Indigo 272, 299.
Indigo (Baftard) 233.
Inula 231.
Johnfonia 242.
Johnfwort 1C4, 197, 199,
234, 241, 272, 295, 329,
335-
Jonquil 129, 320, 327.
Iris 23, 28, 61, 95, 129,
162, 164, 191, 196, 225,
232, 242, 259, 262, 265,
290, 292, 320, 321, 350,
354-
Iteai98, 233, 267,295,329.
Jujube 173.
July 209.
June 175.
Juniper 93, 96, 99, I20, 156,
33c-
Juftitia 105, 334.
ivy 28, 62.
Ixia 35, 74, 105, 136, 173,
^03, 331-
K.
Kalmia 233, 267, 272, 295,
Kennpferia 174, 242, 273,
300.
Ketmia 25, 1973 265, 329.
Kidney-bean 43, 44, 81,84,
10/, 114, 239, 148, 179,
183, 2C9, 216,252,267,
281.
Kiggelaria 174, 208.
Kmg'i> Spear 331, 336^
E X.
Kitchen Garden produces 12,
SO, Ss, 113, J47, 183,
216, 252, 281,309, 343,
..3^4-
Kitchen Garden work r, 36,
75, ic6, 137, 175, 209,
244, 274, 301, 337, 359,
Kleinia202, 243, 300, 331,
336.
Knotgrafs 199, 234, 267.
L.
Laburnum 59^ 130, 166, 324,
Laditfs bedftraw 199, 234.
Ladies mantle 164, 167, 199.
Ladies flipper 164.
Lad:es Imock 129, 165, 167.
Lamuan 197,
Lantana 35, 73, 104, 135,
201, 207, 208, 241, 273,
^ 299, 335, 336, 357, 375,
I/arch-tree 96.
Larkfpur 61, ^92, 195, 228,
^3h 293.
I/athyrus 230, 292.
Lavatera 35, 91, 123, 174,
196, 208", 230, 243, 264, -
295.
Lavender 50, 78, 108, 144,
176, 181, 183, 191, 196,
234, 247, 251, 253, 266,
272, 276, 330.
Lavender Cotton 78, ic8,
199.
Lavender- fpike 199.
Lavendula 265.
Laurel 130, 166, 198, 233",-
284, 293, 319.
Laurus Regia 208.
Lauruftinus 27, 62, 05, lor,
g c 2 ' 128,
I N D
128, 130, 131, 266,293,
294> 3i9» 3245 329? 354>
37^-
Lawn 6O5 163, 324.
Layers 63, 66, 169, 189, 191,
225, 228, 239, 258, 287,
318.
Lazarole 96, 284.
Leadvvort 242, 354.
Leek- 9, 12,45, 5O5 77' ^2,
108, 114, 143, 146, 176,
182, 250, 281, 309, 341,
364-
Lemon 35, 102, 174, 194,
207, 240.
Lentil 295.
Lentifcus 171, 208,242, 331.
Leontopetalon 129.
Leonurus 35, 201, 236, 263,
272, 299, 331, 335, 357,
374, 375-
Leopardfbane 129, 164.
Lettuce 2, 12, 13, 36, 37,
445 45> 505 785 79» 109,
III, 114, 143, 147, 179,
183, 215, 216, 246, 247,
252, 275, 278, 281, 295,
302, 309, 339, 340, 343,
^ 3^3' 365- ^„
Leucanthemum 88.
Lilac 59, 130, 166,318,324,
325' 35^-
Lily 74, 129, 136, 162, 164,
167, 192, 195, 196, 198,
204, 225, 230, 234, 242,
259, 260, 262, 292, 299,
320, 328, 335, 358.
Lime 63, 174, 197, 190,
207, 240, 318.
Limodorum 273, 300, 336,
Linionium 231, 265, 272.
Lmaria 123, 195, 230, 265,
a^6. 328.
E X.
Lionftail 74.
Liquorice 28, 41.
Liverwort 62, 96.
London Pride 164, 289, 321,
350-
Loofeftrife 195, 198.
Lotus 35, 105, 123, 136,
166, 173, 174, 201, 208,
299' 3005 33 1' 334»33^>
^ 376.
Loveage234, 247, 295, 330,
r 372.
Love Apple 92, 191, 267.
Love-lies-a-bleeding 92.
Lucern 82.
Lungwort 95, 129, 165, 167.
Lupine 123, 159, 196, 228,
231, 265, 266, 267, 293,
328.
Lychnidea 160, 165, 266.
Lychnis 58, 88, 91, 92, 123,
129, 159, 160, 194, 195,
196, 225, 227, 231,263,
265, 289, 292, 294, 328,
35c.
Lycium 104, 136, 174, 208,
242, 33^ 376-
Lyfimachia 232, 265, 321.
M.
Madder 28.
Magnolia 93, 120, 198, 233,
266, 332.
Maidenhair 27, 62.
Malabar Nut 331.
Mallow 35, 123, 166, 197,
198, 199, 207, 231, 233,
234, 264, 266, 294, 358,
375-
A4alpighia 35, 73, 105, 136,
173, 208, 273, 300, 334,
33^> 35^> 375' ,, , ,
Mandrake
INDEX.
Mandrake 28, 165, 167.
Manna Afli, fee A(h.
Maple 95, 96, 130, 167, 287,
318, 324.
Maranta 207, 242, 336.
March 75.
Marigold ^5, 38, 77, 84, 92,
104, 105, 124, 136, 159,
174, 177, 181, 191, 195,
199, 20J, 216, 231, 232,
234, 241, 242, 253, 265,
293» 30% 328, 336. 344-
Marjoram 5O5 8 1, 107, 113,
177, 216, 253, 267, 281,
309* 344.
Martagon 164, 196, 225,
230, 259, 262, 320.
Martynia 191,208, 230,2425
272, 300, 336.
Marvel of Peru 92, 124, 159,
191, 231, 264, 293, 328.
Marum 144, 183.
Mafterwort 27, 234, 247.
Maftich 108, 144, 183, 234,
251.
Maudlin 164, 199.
Maurocenia 242, 300.
May 137.
Meadia 129, 165, 263.
Meadovvfweet 292.
Medicago IC4, 119, 135,
IQ7, 267, 295, 354, 372.
Medicinal Plants 27, 62, 96,
130, 167, 198, 233, 267,
295» 330, 354> 372.
Medlar 21, 96, 166, 284,
295> 315* 347» 3^3.
Melianthus 131, 136, 173,
198, 207, 236,
Mehlot 198, 234.
Melocactus 174., 358.
Melon 6, 16,41,43, 75,80,
106, 107, no, 141, 1429
148, 177, 178, 18;, 183,
213, 216, 249, 253, 281,.
284, 308.
Melongena 25, 265,
Melon Thiftle 34, 72, 208,
242, 273.
Mercury 167.
Meiembiianthemum 32, 35,
60, 104, 1355 169, 202,
207, 230, 241, 268, 272,
299> 330, 335> 3585 375-
Mcfpilus 354.
Mezereon 27, 62, 95, 234,
324^ 372.
Milfoil 234.
Milleria 273, 300, 336.
Millet 295.
Mimofa 207.
Mimulus 232.
Mint 10, 13, 50, 78, 84,
III, 147, j8i, 183, 2ib,
253' 3075 308, 3^5-
Moldavica 123.
Molle 331.
Molucca 265.
Moly 164.
Momordica 6r, 242.
Monarda 232, 266, 294, 321.
Monkfhood 164, 321, 350.
Moon Trefoil 93, 166.
Morea 105.
Mofs 15,53, 57, 62, 65,91,
97' 204, 330-
Motherwort 234.
Moth-Mullem 129, 164, 196,
198, 231, 234.
Moufe-ear 131, 167.
Mugwort 199.
Mulch 97, 117, 119, 128,
157, 169, 183, 189, 211,
286, 312, 317, 324, 345?
C c 3 34^>
I N D E X,
34S, 366, 36S, 370. Nolimetangerc 164.
Mufcari 95, 129. November 337.
Mufhioom 5, 13, 43, 50, Nurfery vvork 28, 63, 96^
148, 253, 275,281,307, 119. 154, 187,222,257,
^ 308, 309, 343, 364, 284, 315, 348, 368.
Mufk Rofe 266, 294, 329, Nuts 21, 96, 368.
354-
Muitard 3, 13, 45, 50, 8 r, O.
109, 148, 179, 183, 199,
210, 234, 251, 277, 295, Oaks 93, 96, 119.
309' 340, 343» 3^^> 3^5- Oaober 301.^
IVIyofotis 263. Oculus ChriftI 234.
Myrica 233. Oldenlandia 30c.
Myifitie 173. Oleander 131, 171, 208,241,
Myitle 35, 67, 100, loi, 272, 299, 332, 336, 374.
119,^131, 166, 169, 173, Oleafter 197, 233.
200. 207, 233,236,240, Olive 131, 136, 207, 242,
272, 297, 299,332,335, 332.
357? 374* Omphalodes 165.
Myrtus 334. Onagra 265.
Onion 12, 39, 41, 50, 77,
N. 108, 114, 143, 146, 147,
176, 210, 212,216,244,
Napellus 265. 248, 253, 267, 276, 281,
Narciffus 22, 27, 61, 95, 303, 304, 309, 341, 343,
129, 162, 164, 192, 225, 364.
262, 320, 327, 354, 371. Onobrychis 165.
Naflurtiuiri 34, 91, 123, 159, Opuntia 336.
207, 231, 241,253,265, Orach 77, 182, 199.
272, 294, 299, 330, 'isiy Orange 30, 35, 67, 68, 69,
375. 70, 100, 101, 102, 131,
Navelwort &i, 95, 165, 167, 132, 133, 168, 174, 194,
321. 199, 207, 235, 240, 268,
Navew-root 267. 271, 272, 297, 198, 330.
Nedarine 84, 149, 15O5 184, Orchard work 365.
187, 188, 222, 2565 309, Orchis 28, 129, 164.
344. Origanum 183, 234, 281.
Nettle 965 130, 165, 197, Ornithogalum 104, 129, 136,
267. 165, 196, 203, 224, 230,
Nige]Ia92, J95, 231-5 264. 300.
Nighilhade 182, 250, 267, Orobus 164, 228, 266.
295* Orpine 199, 234.
Ofte-
INDEX.
Ofleofpermum 35, 332.
Othonna 105, 136, 173, 20r,
241.
Ox-eye 196, 234, 354.
Paeonia 259.
Palm tret- 208,
Palma Chrifti 197, 265, 299.
Pancratium 35,74, 104, 136,
158, 173, 208, 242, 273,
- 300, 33^-
Papaw 208, 299, 357.
Papaya 35, 174, 241, 273,
335*
Parlley I2, 13, 28, 36, 38,
50> 77» 79» 84, iii> ii3>
148, 183, 216, 253, 281,
295» 309* 34^ 343> 3445
364^ 365-
Parfnep 9, 12, 36, 45, 5c,
77,83, 108,114,143,146,
176, 250, 253, 281, 309,
34L 343' 3^4»
Parthonia 232.
Paflerina 174, 208, 243, 273.
Pafliflora, or Pailion-flower
169, 174, 188, 197, 207,
233. 2t39» 24i» 266, 272,
294> 3295 335> 354> 35^-
Pavia 233.
Pea (Cape Horn) 263.
Peach (double flowering) 324.
Peaches 84, 148, 149, 150,
183, 184, 187, 188, 222,
255> 3^5' 366-
Peach-tree 130, 309, 344.
Pears 14, 20, 52, SS^ 65,
118, 154, 187, 221, 222,
253, 282, 284, 310, 314,
3^5^ 34^j 3475 3^7-
Pear-tree 130, 344.
Peas 2, 4, 12, 36, 57, 40,
41, 48, 76, 83, 84, 108,
J 10, 112, 114, 123, 137,
i39> H75 159. 183,213,
216, 252, 255, 279, 281,
293' 303' 339> 3^2.
Pellitory 198.
Penny-royal 78, 183, 198,
234-
Peppermint 198, 234,
PericH'menum 267.
Periploca 198,233,265, 366.
Periv/inkle 27, 62, 129, 164,
196, 242.
Perficaria 162, 265,294, 328,
PerfimonorPiftiamin 96, 167,
233-
Peterfwort 27, 196, 321.
Phalangium 242, 265.
Phlomis 131, 166, 171, 173,
197, 198, 207, 233, 236,
267, 329.
Phlox 194, 195, 231, 321,
329-
Phyhca 34, 73, 104, 171,
300, 331, 336, 357> 375-
Phyllanthus 208, 242.
Phyllyrea 27, 62, 93, 94,
119, 128, 156,241, 319,
334.
Phylahs 242, 265, 300, 328,
331, fee Alkekengi.
Piiylic-nut 299.
Phytolacca 208, 242, 243,
272, 300, 334, 336, 358.
Piercea 174, 208, 242, 272,
300, 336, 375.
Pilewort 27, 95, 129, 321.
Pimpernel 138, 167, 182,
199.
Pine 28, 62, 94, 965 119*
Cc4
120,
INDEX.
120, 122, 156, 190, 224,
286, 296.
Pinks 58, 88, 92, 124, 125,
159, r6o, 161, 162, 163,
165, 191, 194, 195,225,
227, 230, 258, 259, 264,
287, 289, 294, 328, 354.
Piony 28, 164, 167, 292,
32I5 350.
Piper 200, 358.
Piftachia-nut 96, 166, 198.
Plane 96, 167, 319.
Plantain 163, 199.
Plants i-n flower 26, 34, 61,
73, 95, 104, 129, 135,
163. 173^ I95» 207, 230,
240, 264, 272, 293, 299,
328, 33Sy 353» 357>37''
375-
PJeafure Garden work 21, 56,
122, 190, 224, 258, 369,
Plumbago 273, 336, 354,
375-
Pjumeiia 208,242,272, 3CO,
33^-
Plums 53, 62, 65, 184, 222,
256,283,310,315,317.
Poinciana 358.
Poley-mountain 196, 231.
Po!ium 266, 272, 294.
Polyanthes 273, 336.
Polyanthus 26, 27, 56, 61,
95, 125, 129, 225, 260,
262, 289, 290, 293, 321,
328, 371.
Polygala 73, 104, 136, 171,
17^3, 207, 241, 273,335,
375'
Polypody 372.
Pomegranate 168, 169, 194,
197, 207, 233, 267, 294,
3^9-
Pomplon 146.
Pomum Amoris, or Tomata
92.
Poplar 96, 167, 319.
Poppy 91, 164, 195, 196,
198, 231, 267, 292, 321.
Potatoe 12, 46, 50, 83, 216,
253, 281, 309, 341, 343,
364-
Primrofe 27, 92, 95, 131,
195, 225, 232, 260, 289,
293' 321, 371-
Prinos 267.
Privet 167, 198, 233, 324.
Protea 334.
Pforalea 174, 207.
Ptarmica 195, 231, 265,293,
358, 37^-
Ptelia 197.
Pulfatilia 129, 164, 262.
Punikin2i3, 253.
Puiflane 48, 80, 82, 84, 108,
114, 139, 148,183, 216,
2355 253.
Pyracantha 27, 119, 130,
166, 329, 354.
Quamoclit 242, 261, 272*
Quick- beam 166, 324.
Quince 284, 315.
R.
Radifh 2, 13, 36, 37, 45,
50, 76, 80, 81, ic8, 109,
213, 140, 147, 179, 183^
214, 216, 251, 253, 277,
281, 295, 307, 309, 340,
343» 360, 363, 365.
Ragged Robin 58, SS, 165,
5 i9^>
I N D
196, 230, 263, 289, 321.
Ragwort 74, 165, 196, 197,
272, 354-
Rampion 13.
Ranunculus 21, 23, 58, 89,
127, 129, 157, 163, 165,
192, 261, 262, 289, 290,
291, 320, 321, 352, 369.
Rape 3, 13, 45, 50, 81,
109, 179, 183, 216, 251,
309> 340» 360, 365-
Rafpberry 15, 17, 54, 86,
197, 199, 222, 235, 282,
312, 313, 324, 329,346.
Rafpberry (flowering) 233.
Rauvolfia 136, 174, 208, 242,
300, 33^-
Reeds 173, 207, 308, 33i>
334> 342.
Refeda 159, 191, 197, 242,
328.
Reftharrow 166, 167, 199,
232, 234.
Rhamnus242.
Rhapontic 164.
Rhododendron 267, 351,
Rhubarb 28.
Rhus 171.
Ricinus 6r, 231, 242, 273.
Robinia 167, 273, 324.
Rocambole 12, 39, 50, 82,
114, 212, 216,^248,309,
343> 364-
Rocket 164, 234, 263, 350.
Rondeletia 300.
Ros Solis 198, 234,
Rore59, 130, 166, 194, 197,
199, 226, 232, 233, 294,
317, 318, 324, 325, 329,
354.
Rofe Campion 58, 88, 91, 92,
E X.
195, 225, 231, 263, 289,
32 1» 350-
Rofemai y 1 3, 50, 78, 84,108,
114, 144, 164, 166, 16-7,
176, 183, 199, 247, 251,
253' 276, 309, 364.
Rofe-root 95, 129.
Royenia 173, 243, 273,332.
Rudbeckia 232, 266, 294,
321, 328, 375.
Rue 108, 234.
Rueliia 242, 300.
Rupturewort 199.
Ruyfchiana 196, 232, 266,
294, 321.
Rye 82.
S.
Safflower 267.
SafFron 123, 127, 158, 191^
293» 295, 309, 328, 330,
Sage30,50, 78,84,108, 114,
136, 144, 164, 173, 176^
181, 183, 198, 201, 207,
216, 234, 236, 242, 251,
^ 253, 273, 343, 358, 364.
Saintfoin 82.
Sallet herbs 3, 4, 13,37,45^
50, 76, 81,84, 109, 113,
^39y 179* ^83, 215, 251,
253> 277, 281, 305,309,
340, 360, 365.
Salfafy 13, 37,50,114,145,
216, 281, 309,341, 342,
343' 364.
Salvia 336.
Sanguinaria 129.
Sanicle 198.
Santolina 195^ 232, 294,
SafTafras 96, 99, 233.
Savin 295, 330, 354, 372.
Savorv
I N D E X.
Savory 13, 38, 50, 84, ic/,
108, 113, 131, 147, 1765
183, 247, 253, 267, 281,
309, 344, 364.
Savoy 9, 12, 44, 45, 50,
76, 78, 83, III, 112,
113, 140, 146, 175, 210,
234. 249, 309, 343, 362,
364-
Saxifrage 28, 62, 95, 129,
131, 165, 198.
Scabious 92, 105, 135, 162,
165, 171, 173, 194, 196,
198, 207, 225, 231, 241,
263, 264, 293, 299, 328,
354-
Scallion 39, 81, 114.
Sclarea 232, 265.
Scordium 234.
Scorpion Sena 1985 266, 294,
324, 329.
Scorzonera 13, 37, 50, 145,
216, 253, 266, 281, 309,
330, 341. 343' 354^ 3^4.
Scrophularia 92, 231, 294,
329-
Scurvy-grafs 167, 247.
Sea-Cabbage 165.
Securidaca 123.
Sedum 32, 35, 72, 95, i69>
202, 207, 268, 272, 331,
. 357' 373' 376-
Self-heal 198.
Sena 59, 73, 130, 166,272,
300, 3285 336.
Senecio 73, 104, 236, 266,
272, 336, 357, 375.
Sentitive plant 272, 299, 335,
^ 358' 375-
September 274.
Service 21, 130, 1665 315,
347' 3^8.
SefTeli 247, 295.
Shaddock 207, 240.
Shallot 12, 39, 50, 82, 281,
^, 309' 343' 364-
Shepherds-pouch 138,
Shepherd3-piirfe 131, 167,
182, 199.
Sherardia 266, 336.
Sida 231, 273.
Silphium 232, 294.
Silverweed 167, 199.
Sifyrinchium 74, 105, 136)
^173' 203, 331.
Skirret 13, 28, 37, 50, 78,
145' 309' 330, 343> 354)
^ 3^4' 372.
Smallage 27, 77.
Smilax 196.
Snail-plant 92, 123, 159.
Snapdragon 195, 293, 328.
Sneezwort 234, 293.
Snowdrop 27, 61, 95, 129,
161, 191, 198, 371.
Solanumi74, 208, 242, 265,
272, 294, 299, 331, 334,
^ 335' 376.
Soldanella 62.
Solidago 34,
Solomon's Seal 28, 129, 164,
292, 372.
Sopewort 232, 265, 293,
329' 33<^' 372-
Sorrel 13, 35, 38, 50, 74,
77' 105' 113' ^3^' ^36*
147, 167, 171, 177, 183,
208, 216, 236, 242, 253,
273, 281, 300, 309, 331,
344' 358' 3^5' 37^-
Southernwood 78.
Sowthiftle 182, 199.
Spartium 233, 267, 299.
Spearmint 198, 234.
Speed-
INDEX,
Speedwell 88, 165, 1985 234,
245.
Spiderwort 164, 196, 231,
265, 293, 321, 329.
Spigelia 242, 266, 273, 300,
. 336.
Spignel 285 372.
Spinach 12, 13, 36,37,50,
76, 77, 80,83, 113, 140,
147, 199, 210, 212, 216,
244, 252, 253, 276, 303,
3<=^9' 34i> 343-
Spindle-tree 119, 130, 198.
Spiraea 130, 166, 197, 198,
233' 267, 324, 32.5, 329,
351-
Spleenwort 27.
Sprouts 13, 50, 83, 113,
253, 281, 309, 343.
Spurge 165, 299.
Spurge-laurel 27, 62, 95,
372.
Squafhes 281.
Squills 197, 203.
Stapelca 241, 272, 299.
Star Flower 95.
Staiwort 58, 61, 74, 105,
125, 136, 159, 160, 174,
191, 201, 231, 242, 264,
265, 267, 273, 294, 328,
^ 350, 353' 357' 358.
Statice 231.
Stock-gilliflowers 92, 124,
161, 164, 194, 225, 231,
^ 293, 328, 353, 371.
Stocks 28, 30, 53, 65, 86,
98, 102, 112, 115, 116,
120, 121, 155, 159, 188,
223, 255, 257, 268, 285,
286, 311, 312, 314, 316,
^ 317' 351-
Stoechas 108, 136, 167, 176,
J83> 199' 2345 251, 265,
267, 276, 350.
Stonecrcp 167, 198.
Siove, work to be done 30,
66, 100, 131, 168, 199,
235, 268, 295, 330, 335,
355' 373-
Stramonium 25, 60, 92, 191,
242, 261, 265, 294, 299.
Strawberry 17, 18, 27, 54,
86, 94, 117, 119, 187,
199, 222, 282, 312, 313,
329' 346, 354' 372.
Succory 199, 234.
Suckers 145, 270, 282, 318,
319' 325' 326.
Sultan 91, 92, 124, 159,
162, 191, 195, 228, 231,
263, 264, 293, 328.
Sumach 136, 166, 197, 201,
208, 233, 267, 295, 324,
329-
Sunflower 88, 91, iq6, 231,
264, 294, 321, 328, 354,
. 375-
^v/allowwort 27, 195, 232,
Sweetbriar 198.
Sweet Cicily 234.
Sweet-fccnted Pea 91, 228,
230, 263, 264, 328.
Sweet-Wiliiam 58, 88, 92,
124, 160, 191, 194, 195,
225, 228, 230, 258, 259,
287, 321.
Symphoricarpos 295.
Syringai97, 324, 351,
Tabernemontana 208.
Tamarind-tree 242.
Tamarifk 197, 233, 267,
295' 324' 329- _
Tangier
INDEX.
Tangisr Pea 91, 230, 264.
Tanfey 10, 50, 74, 78, 84,
105, 136, 183, 198, 234,
307' 332-
Tarconanthus 35.
Tarragon 13, 50, 78, 84,
III, 148, 199, 3085 365.
Teafle 167.
Ternatea 243.
Tetragonia 105, 136, 332,
^358-
Tetragonocarpos 242.
Tetragonotheca 294.
Teucrium 104, 131, 136,
173, 208, 358, 375.
Thaiictrum 164, 321.
Thorn Apple 159, 182, 208,
267, 328.
Thorn (Chrifl's) 166.
Thorn (Glaftonbury) 27,
62, 130, 324, 372.
Thorn (White) 166.
Thrift 58, 885 164, 196,
289, 321.
Thyme 13, 78, 81, 107,
108, 113, 177, 183, 199,
216, 234, 235, 253, 281,
3^95 344' 364-
Thyineka 267.
Tithymalus 104, 208, 334.
Toad- flax 136, 165, 234.
Tobacco 191, 232, 240,
242, 265, 267, 329.
Tomatoe 80, 147, 216, 253,
281.
Torch Thiftle 72, 300, 334,
fee C reus.
Tormentil 28, 234, 354.
Tournefortia 208,273, 300.
Toxicodendron i65, 198,
267, 273.
Trachelium 197, 232, 266,
272,
Tradefcantia 273.
Tragacantha 164.
Tragopagon 114, 147, 266..
Travellers Joy 62, 95, 266.
Trees and Shrubs in flower
27, 62, 95, 130, 166,
197, 232, 266, 294, 329,
354' 372.
Trefoil 198, 232.
Trumpet-flower 233.
Tuberofe6i, 125, 162, 205,
265, 299, 328.
Tulip 23, 27, 58, 61, 89,
95, 127, 129, 157, 162,
163, 192, 193, 261, 262,
288, 289, 290, 291, 320,
322, 327.
Tulip-tr.e 96, 119, 120,
161, 198, 238.
Tupelo 119.
Turnep 3, 12, 13, 45, 50,
82, 83, 109, III, 113,
145, 148, 178, 179, 183,
210, 216, 251, 252, 253,
276, 277, 281, 309, 340,
343' 36O' 3^4' 365-
Turnera73, 104,136,173,
208, 242, 272, 299, 334,
336, 358.
Turpentine-tree 130.
V.
Valerian 28, 92, 164, 196,
23I' 294, 330.
Valerian, the Greek 92, 160,
165, 196, 225.
Valerianella 195.
Venetian Vetch 95, 1 29, 295.
Venus Looking-glafs 91,
123, 159, 195, 231, 264,
293, 328,
Venus
I N D
Venus Navel wort 91, 123,
159, 195, 228, 231, 263,
264, 293, 328.
Verbafcum 129, 165,
Veronica 92, 164, 165, 195,
232, 265, 350.
Vervain-mallow 199, 234,
267.
Viburnum 130, 167, 197,
334. 351-
Vinca 208.
Vines 14, 15, 98, 116, 117,
141, 142, 150, 153, 177,
1865 187, 219, 220, 254,
309, 311, 344, 366.
Vineyard 186, 219.
Vineyard work 216, 253.
Violet 62, 63, 95, 96, 129,
164, 321, 328.
Virgins-bower 156, 188,
195, 198, 230, 266, 324.
Volkhameria 273, 30C, 334,
33^'
Vulneraria 165, 197.
W,
131-
60,
E X.
Water-dock 234.
Watfonia74, 105, 136, 173,
203, 331.
Wheat 82.
Whitlow-grafs 62, 96,
Wildernefs work 21,
224.
Willow 230.
Willowweed 195.
Winter Cherry 330.
Woad 167.
Wolfsbane 88, 196,
295. 329. 330-
Woodroof 131, 167.
Wood Sorrel 167.
Wormwood 78, 1 0 1 ,
174, 198, 199, 208, 233,
242, 273, 332.
Woundwort 234.
Xeranthemum 195, 22285313
263, 265, 294.
294j
131
y.
Wackendorfia24i,273, 332. Yarrow 198
Wallflower 61, 92, 95, 124, Yew 93, 99, 119,
161, 164, 194, 195, 225,
321, 350.
Walnut 96, 284, 287, 295,
315. 347' 368.
Wakheria 136, 174, 208,
242, 273.
W~ater-crels 63, 96, 131,
J67.
Yewberry 31/.
Yucca 242, 335.
Zinnia 60, 159, 191, 266,
300.
Zygophyllum 336, 376.
FINIS,
Lately Puhlijhed^
(Neatly printed in one Volume Quarto, Price 1 1. 5 s.)
THE
A B Pv I D G E M E N T
O F T H E
Gardeners Diftionary :
CONTAINING,
The beft and neweil Methods of cultivating
and improving the Kitchen, Fruit, Flower
Garden, and Nurfery ; as alio for perform-
• ing the practical Parts of Hufoandry :
TOGETHER -tVITH
The Management of Vineyards, and the Method
of making Wine in England.
In which likewlfe are included,
Dire^Slilons for propagating and improving, from real Prac-
tice and Experience, Pafture Lands, and all Sorts of
Timber Trees.
By P H I L I P MILLER, F. R. S.
Gardener to the Worililpful' Company of Apothecaries, at
their Botanick Garden at Chelfca, and Member of the Bo«
tanick Academy at Florence.
.... Digna manet divim gloria rurii, ViRG.G. I.v. 168.
The FIFTH EDITION. Correaed and Enlarged.
Printed for John Riving ton in St. Va-riVs Church-Tardj
H. WooDTALL, A. Millar, J. Whiston and B. White,
G. Hawkins, j. Hinton, R. Baldwin, L. Hawes and
W. Clarke and R. Collins, W. Johnston, T. Long^
MAN, T. Caslon, B. Law, C. Rivington, Z. Stuart,
J. Dodslby, and M. Richardson.
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