The garden farmer: profitable market gardening

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THE GARDEN FARMER.

PROFITABLE

MARKET GARDENING.

ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF ALL GROWERS

AND GARDENERS.

BY

Author of "High Class Kitchen Gardening" "How to Grow Mushrooms^* "How to Grote

AsvaroQUs* &c.; Horticultural Editor, * Lloj/d's Weekly London NetDS;" Judge

of Market Garden Farms, Royal Agrictiltural Society; eight years* Member

of Fruit Committee, Royal Horticultural Society; seven yearn* only

Writer Calendar of Operations in " Gardeners* Chronicle, &c

LONDON :
L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, BTEAND W*C.

IP. I

I

IX,

LONDON :
PBIVTED BT A. BRADLEY, 170^ STBAMD, W.C.

n2;EE^JLOHI.

Much has been written on the cultivation of vegetable crops,
but, nevertheless, the fact must be admitted that, even to this
present date ; whilst all else seems to be advancing, very little
improvement from very old-fashioned ways has taken place in
Home Gardens and Allotment Gardens.

Seeing this to be the case, we have prepared the following
chapters on all essential crops, founded upon long practical
experience and observation, and trust that the information
contained in them may go some way towards securing beneficial
results in the shape of larger and better crops in gardens
of limited area, and will aid those engaged in this particular
industry.

William Eablet.
Ilford, 1882.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTEE XI.
Lettuces 39

CHAPTEE XII.
Onions 42

CHAPTEE Xm.
Parsnips 67

CHAPTEE XIV.
Peas 69

CHAPTEE XV.

Potatoes 81

CHAPTEE XVI.
Spinach 87

CHAPTEE XVII.
TUBNIPS 88

CHAPTEE XVIII.
Vegetable Marbows 90

CHAPTEE XIX.
Addenda ,., 93

CHAPTEE XX.
Gabden Mabket Measubes 96

PROFITABLE
MARKET GARDENING.

Chapter I.

INTRODUCTORY.-THE SOIL: ITS
PREPARATION. ETC.

In writing a work on the culture of '* open air " plants we da
not intend to follow the customary plan, consisting, as it does, of
stereotyped repetitions regarding manuring, digging, trenching,
^., for it is certainly not the one pursued by market gardeners
with the good results which usually attend their operations.
The soil with its proper preparation is doubtless the medium
through which their success is attained, but they are accustomed
to proceed on broader considerations and more matter-of-fact
knowledge.

The chief considerations with successful culturists are three>.
viz., abtmdance of manure, thick and constant cropping, and
little hoeing.

2 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

The Soil.— The groand will not bear heavily nnless it be
well manured. It will, indeed, unfailingly return threefold
more on the outlay than will "poverty fare" in this respect,
however well it may be worked by means of spade or fork.

Not that we advise a too limited forking or digging for the
purpose of fine individual produce; but in dealing with a
practical method to be followed, in view of good results from
a moderate outlay, it is imperative to state facts as they are.

The market gardener invariably manures heavily after each
crop, and before the next is planted. And there should be no
time lost between the crops ; indeed, it is no uncommon thing
to observe a crop being removed one morning and on the
following day to find another on the point of being planted
in its place. Though the ground is heavily manured, in the
majority of cases it is only once ploughed, harrowed, and
planted.

Some soils require to be ploughed deeply at times, on account
of the nature of certain crops, but it should be observed that the
deeper the ploughing the less power has the harrow, which
follows, to break up the lower layer of land.

The inevitable conclusion from this fact is that the top spit is
turned down below and there merges with the fresh fertilising
manure given, and the action of the manure and the latent
moisture pre-existing in the ground so ameliorate or soften
the hardened surface clods as to make them useful and proper
mediums or roadways through which root-growths can travel,
and amongst which the extreme and minute root-mouths or
spongioles can feed freely.

It explains, besides, a truth which too few culturists give heed
to, viz., that if by means of the proper manure a fertilising
medium exists, roots really like a moderately firm soil, and

THE SOIL: ITS PREPARATION, ^c. 8

develop a far better surface growth than would be the case in
a too loose one.

It is especially important to note this fact in connection with
late spring ground workings, and when a dry period may
prevail. For, far too generally, ground which is dry late in the
'spring — as many vegetable grounds invariably and improperly
'are — ^becomes too dry, and it needs no great skill to know that
the less such ground is manured and the more it is manipulated
<or broken fine with spade or fork the drier it becomes.

If these facts were recognised more than they are, it would be
well ; they are worthy the deepest thought of all who would be
:growers for profit, as they really indicate the pro and con of
^successful growth, or the reverse.

Thick Cropping.— Whenever the ground is well prepared,

it stands to reason that it ought and will give heavy crop

'results; and, whether in the case of green cabbage, kale, or

broccoli and bean crops, &c., the small home grower will do well

to follow the grower for profit in this respect. There is little,

if any, reason why almost double the number of plants of every

rsort should not be grown on all limited vegetable grounds.

It will be seen hereafter that as much as 15s. per acre is paid

for putting in vegetable plants on field-garden grounds. Now,

were these not planted more thickly together upon given areas

than home growers usually put them, a price equivalent to 6s.

^er acre would often suffice. Yet does the result, as seen in

the excellent produce supplied to our metropolitan and large

town markets, speak loudly in justification of the means which

we commend to notice. Oonsideration should, as a matter

•of course, be given to all imduly shaded sites, &c. This

•matter of thick cropping has, beyond doubt, great infiuence

on the extent of subsequent outlay.

b2

4 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

Hoeing Between Crops.— One great and profitable result
from thick planting is to be found in the fact that the proper
crop by this means covers the ground all over, to the necessary
and most profitable exclusion of weeds. When, therefore, crops
are planted thickly not a tithe the usual weeds form. Many
perhaps may germinate, but the stronger plant-crop without
difficulty assumes the mastery, and the weeds have perforce to
succumb. To secure this great desideratum the more com-
pletely, a time is chosen after the legitimate crops have laid
hold, and a start made (always during fine weather) to give the
soil one good rapid '' move-soil " hoeing. Before the weeds can
shoot again, or others form, the proper crop, moved by a com-
bination of incentives — ^not the least of which is this very
hoeing — ''grows over the ground," and the result intended is
thus easily secured.

It remains for us now to treat of the important crops
seriatim, in connection with each of which we shall (fwell on
the special features of culture which may be needed.

Chapter II.

ARTICHOKE.

The Jerusalem Artichoke is growing greatly into favour as a
marketable crop, and it would appear that the liking for it is
increasing. A few years since the crop was a very limited one,
and the produce on offer was priced at as much as 10s. per
bushel. Now, however, the usual rate is not more than a
third of this, and we know that in one market, where our
influence has tended to increase the supply, the crop— being
increasingly grown— is more generally offered.

In growing this vegetable, very little trouble or attention is
requisite beyond planting sets somewhat thickly, upon new and
not over-manured ground. During an early spring and bright
summer season, excellent crops are produced by this simple
means.

It is immaterial whether the sets be planted in rows similar
io potatoes or broadcast across lands. The sets produce best
when placed the same distance apart as are potatoes, though
if planted a little thicker, a good average crop can be secured.
It is a too general practice to allow sets to remain upon the self-
same ground many seasons in succession. Though this may be
done for one or two years with but very little difference in

6 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

the result, it is not at all advisable to do so beyond a second
crop.

The labour incidental to this crop might be materially lessened
by cutting down the excessive head growth before it becomea
too hard and aged^ and ploughing the crop up subsequently,
when, even should the ground be stiff, a harrow would soon set
the crop free and in proper state for picking up. It is not
judicious to plant very small sets. All will grow and form
young crops readily, but they succeed far best when strong;
shoots result from strong sets.

Chapter III

ASPARAGUS.

This is a crop which hitherto has heen grown extensively in
the southern suburb of London, and moderately in the western
suburb and at Colchester. Beyond this, the large quantities sold
are obtained chiefly from across the Channel. The method
employed is the old one of deeply trenching the ground and
when this is done forming beds thereon some 5ft. across
with 2ft. alleys between. The beds are allowed to nicely
'' mellow " over, by a few weeks' exposure to the sun and air,
when they are broken down finely on the surface by aid of the
rake, and the plants, with their roots spread out both straight
and evenly apart, are put in some inch or two deep, and about
one foot apart.

The plants are raised by sowing seeds in rows across the
kitchen garden, or selected quarter, about the month of April in
each year. The seedlings make a growth and form good plants
during the first season, and are allowed to die down ; the root
bases then rest in the ground for the winter, and are carefully
taken up and planted during the months of March or April of
the following year, or the year after, as the case may be.

Planted in the beds they make a goodly growth during the

8 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

next two summer seasons, especially if good surface mnlcli-
ings be placed over them during each spring month. The
upper growths are cut away when ripe in the autumn, and the
alleys are dug up as soon as convenient. But previously a layer
of manure is placed over the beds, and some of the super-
abundance of soil in the alleys is then used for the purpose of
covering them over. The latter operation, though performed
at this season, is much better done during the month of March
in each year. By this means a deeper, lighter, and drier surface
is obtained, through which the young blade produce can push up
and become well suited ior market uses.

There are some new sorts accredited as being improvements on
our old varieties ; these are Imown by the name of Oonnover's
Colossal, &c., and are of American origin.

Chapter IV.

BEANS.

As Beans comprise some very distinct species, it will be
well to give each which is of marketable importance under a
separate heading, commencing with the

Broad Bean. — Though the Broad Bean is on an average a
good paying crop, it is not so generally cultivated as most of
the other sorts. Its culture is, nevertheless, of a very ordinary
land.

A singular fact connected with it is that only the oldest or
original garden variety now gains any great amount of patronage
in the metropolitan markets and those of other large towns.
This is the old true broad variety, in contradistinction to the
newer long-pod, the Early Mazagan, and others. Indeed, so very
distinct is the inquiry for this old '' stock," that some growers
who happen to possess it very pure are so scrupulously protective
of it that they refuse seeds of their variety to any friend or
neighbour, and the best kinds are therefore of limited dis-
tribution. Our seedsmen at this time are advertising very
"improved" kinds,^but these seem, in face of the above, to
have very little influence on the market. They are good for

10 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

gardens, severtheless, and, it may be added, useful for ezhi*
bition. On the other hand, perhaps, as regards actual produce,
the old, short, thick variety is second to none when shelled.

This crop delights in a somewhat stiff, deep soil. The seeds
are sown from November in one year tmtil the end of the month
of April in the next, to keep up a supply as long as demand
exists. They are best sown about l^in. apart in the rows, and
in irregular or triangular form, if possible. Whether the rows
are narrow or wide apart is not of such material importance as
might be surmised, if proper room is left to work between
them. There are many methods that may be employed to
obviate the necessity of having this crop to stand alone. Excel*
lent broad beans can be grown usefully between trenches of
celery. By forming these trenches early in the season, or about
the months of December and January, when open weather pre-
vails, and planting in rows between and somewhat thickly, the
beans will come up early and prove an excellent protection to
the celery crop— in cases where celery seed is sown in the
trenches, as it sometimes is, or when transplanted in very small
seedling form.

Dwarf French Beans.— The Dwarf French Beau is a
prolific cropper, considering the density with which plants
can be grown, and the weight of produce they give successively
for several months of the summer season. They also command
a moderately good sale. The culture is very simple, though the
ground cannot be too well prepared beforehand, being freed
from weeds, and not too tenacious.

As regards the sowing, row-planting only is admissible, and
the rows need only be sufficiently wide apart to allow room
to work between the crop— ''room," that is, for hoeing, &c.-—
and the proper picking of the produce when ready. This crop

SCARLET'RUNNER BEANS. 11

is generally marketed by the bnshel measture. Though many
good old varieties exists probably few exceed in usefulness that
idiown as Canadian Wonder,

Scarlet-Runner Bean.— Though the fact may not be
readily admitted, the scarlet-runner type of bean is unsurpassed
in usefulness by any other green or transitory crop grown. If
this is not exactly true as regards the consumption of the
higher class of purchasers, those who visit the thoroughfares
in the poorer districts of the metropolis and other large towns
know it to be so in the case of the lower.

The practice followed in the culture of this crop is not at all
intricate, provided certain simple rules are strictly carried out.
On the whole, it is a very profitable one, and, moreover, does not
greatly impoverish the ground. It has also another merit,
which, when fairly good preliminary cultivation has been
observed, is assured, and it is this : it grows such an abundance
of foliage dwarf and down upon the ground as to choke the
whole crop of seedling weeds which germinate and attempt to
grow up during the summer and autumn months.

The crop is one which must be hand-sown, necessitating
manual labour somewhat similar to that requisite in the case
of many other green crops, such as cabbages, &c., though, of
course, far less dibbling work is requisite per acre than is the
case in connection with these.

I do not consider it necessary to enter into a minute con-
sideration of the requisite soils or to determine which is best,
because the plant is found to thrive pretty well even upon
poor or but moderately manured soils. One fact should, how-
ever, be considered and strictly acted on, namely, that to form a
fairly good crop the surface soil must be moved deeply and well.
The initial starting or germination of the seeds demands this

12 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

the more especially because^ if the soil be too lumpy above or
too hard immediately below, the spearing bean seed cannot erect
its head, and the delicate roots which simultaneously issue forth
below cannot prosper.

It is probably difficult to make growers upon good free lands,
and lands of good depth and a not too harsh or antagonistic
subsoil, understand how very important are these considerations
in the case of certain lands to be found in some neighbourhoods,
and in Essex more especially. Though, as I have intimated,
moderate success is certain on many soils, nevertheless the gain
is immensely increased when the ground is ploughed up again
and again, — twice, at least, — a good manuring being given
before the second ploughing.

Much consideration should at all times be given to the seeds,
which, well-ripened, are a very important factor in strong and
sturdy young plant formation; but this result can only be
insured by making it a subject of special care ; and the plant is
far best grown up in its own climbing habit upon sticks, the
first, or nearly the first, flowers being permitted to produce
seeds, and all others which follow, until the plants exhaust
themselves and the pods hang thickly together. Indeed, they
should in such a case be really set apart for seed production
pure and simple, and however exceptional this practice may
seeln, it is really in the end as economical as any.

In all instances where the seeds are not well grown and
ripened, their germinative power is also, independently of the
strength of the seedlings, considerably reduced — a fact which
tells considerably against them during all inclement or bad spring
seasons. However the seeds be grown, it is nevertheless needful
to use judgment and care in the matter of sowing. There are,
of course, two objects in view in this connection.

Some growers, anxious to be first in the market, sow excep-

SGARLET^RUNNER BEANS. 13

tionally early, but seeds so sown are very liable to injury.
Should the soil be dry — as it not unfrequently is during the
months of March and April— and continue so for some short
time afterwards, with an approach to a low temperature, they
are very liable to a kind of dry rot, which will result in an
absence of aDj^hing like full rows, and the great drawback of
a most irregular and imperfect crop will be the result.

It is better, therefore, not to risk too early sowings, nor yet
to sow seeds during what appears to be a settled or prolonged
period of dryness. An important reservation, however, is to be
noted in favour of early sowings, which we advise at all times
to be made.

That is to say, sow half the crop only at an early date
and the other half later, when the weather is more settled.
An advantage will be found in thick sowing, inasmuch as it
advances early cropping, and, along with earliness, increases
the quantity produced. Not only are thick sowings best for
purposes of produce, but such cropping should prove of material
assistance also in the matter of securing perfect rows. It will
be well, therefore, for the purpose of an early crop, to err on the
side of sowing too many seeds rather than too few.

As regards early sowings, one fact should not be overlooked.
The scarlet-runner type of beans has an enduring capacity far
beyond many which re-appear annually. The roots of the past
year can be taken up, stored away, and planted out again in the
early spring months in precisely the same way as those of Marvel
of Peru, or the dahlia. The resting part, though very much
smaller than either, has, nevertheless, very enduring vitality.
Some market-garden farmers have occasionally retained these
roots, clamped, during the winter, and replanted in rows in
the early spring. The practice, however, did not pay so well as

14 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

was antioipated> ; conBequentlyy it is not one that we can recom-
mend generally.

Another characteristic of the scarlet runner is that when late
frosts kill off the yonng growths of the beans just as they
begin to ''spear/' or issue from the ground, the bean below
ground has still the capacity to form other young growths and
to re-appear as before. We do not suggest that this is desir-
able. We only point to the fact that early sowmgs are not
always lost, even when smitten by late frosts. The crop is not
so good nor the plant quite so robust; nevertheless, we have
picked a fair average quantity in such a case, and that in good
season. Probably this characteristic is exceptional in the
economy of plant life. Few, if any, other seeds seem to possess
the power of making a similar duplicate effort, and that, too,
immediately on the failure of the first.

Early produce, as already intimated, is the most profitable,
because a moderate crop, produced by judicious management and
placed in the market before the influx arrives, makes much
higher prices.

Early pickings, then, being a result of early sowings, another
important factor may be noticed— viz., thicker sowings produce
marketable beans much earlier than do ordinary distance ones.
It is advisable, therefore, in a sunny situation and a warm soil, to
«ow the bean seeds more thickly together in the rows.

A good ordinary distance for the plants to be apart is from
^in. to 9in., but for thick sowings 5in. or 6in. may be ample.
In view of horse-hoeing, stopping, &c., and late autumn growth^
it is not judicious to sow more thickly between rows, the same
•distance as for peas, or about six to seven rows to the '< land,"^
being necessary.

One wordy en passant, regarding the work of sowing and con-

SCABLET'RUNNER BEANS. 15

«eming quantities. Something will always depend on the size
and quality of the seeds. In general, however, if the latter
•consideration be satisfactory, one bushel of seeds per acre will
sufiSce.

Two methods of planting are followed, both of which are con-
venient and advantageous. One plan is to have a man with a
hand dibble, using it as for potato dibbling, but, of course,
making holes much more shallow and nearer to the surface than
for the potato crop. The more general method pursued is for
the man to plant his own seeds, with the aid of a long line, and
in company with a boy— one being at each end of the line ; or
two men together use small hand dibbles, making holes very
rapidly, and inserting the seeds as they go on. The price paid
for this is about Gs. per acre, or, in other words, 6s. per bushel.
It should be considered that only 15s. per acre is paid for trans-
planting cabbages or autumn hardy greens, which, in quantity,
are about three or four times more.

The uniformity of the crops greatly depends on the regularity
with which they are planted in, and it is for this reason that
ihe hand dibble is best. When a larger dibble is used, and the
beans are tossed down into the holes by women or boys who
follow, there will always be great dissimilarity a? to depth, &o.
The hoeing and cleaning are important elements, whfch must
not be left until too late, else the weeds will become so large
that it will not be possible to free the plants without injury.

As already intimated, the season for sowing must be chosen
with great judgment, if real success is to be assured. Indeed,
the ultimate result of a good rather than an indifferent crop
depends upon successful germination.

Only those who are accustomed to bulk or weight results, as
shown respectively by a regular and an irregular crop, can

16 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

lealise how veiy great is the difference. The two great draw-
backs to successful germination — ^viz., sowing immediately before
or during either a yery dry or very wet season,— can, however,
only be neutralised in many instances by sowing in some shel-
tered position a good batch of seeds, and taking care by
artificial waterings, when the weather proves exceptionally dry
or by some kind of protection when too wet, that these really
germinate freely.

These ultimately come in very handy for the purpose of trans*
planting and the filling up of such ''gaps" as occur in the crop
generally. Where, on the other hand, no preparation has been
made to secure this, then, in the case of thin crops, the next
best thing is to take up a row or two from field side or headland,
and with these to make good all vacancies.

Field culture for market does not admit of stick or pole
supports, and for this reason the plants require more direct and
constant attention than when they are induced to dimb such
thingSy and so exhaust their energies. The young seedlings, as
soon as they assume strong leaves and show a tendency to " run/*
are well earthed up with horse labour, after having, where
necessary, been first thoroughly hand-hoed around from end to
end of the rows.

The next process, as soon as the young growing shoots are a
few inches in length, or from two to three joints long, is to stop
them. This operation, both in the first instance and subse-
quently, is quickest and best done by the aid of a sharp long-
bladed table-knife.

Any active lad or woman can cut off the tender young points,
a row at a " bout," almost as fast as they can walk. From this
stage the real secret of abtmdant crops consists in keeping all
shoots which form subsequently persistently and regularly cut

SGABLET^EUNNER BEANS. 17

off. As soon as shoots begin to appear they should be stopped,
becaTise, as they contmne to form in very antagonism, as it were,
to snch severe treatment, they become more and more short-
jointed. Hence, even if they be taken off very short, or very
young in their stages of development, nevertheless, as they
distend their growth after they are stopped, they will be seen
to possess generally not less than three joints. These will be
ample ; each will produce at least three or four spikes of scarlet
bloom and their ultimate accompaniment of as many pods.

By neglecting to " stop " the crops as indicated, a too gross
growth will be the result. The leaves will become too large —
60 much so as to unduly shade the whole base of the plant.
This will cause the young shoots to form far less abundantly, and
such as do form will become drawn and weakly ; hence, also,
fewer flower spikes and a less likelihood of fruiting in such as
do form; and so the crop gradually becomes enervated and quita
the reverse of what is essential for purposes of fecundity both
in the present and — what is more serious — ^in time to come.

Next in importance, which should ever be attached to a
judicious method of stopping, is the gathering of the crop.
The least negligence in this regard will cause a check whick
always proves but too lasting.

The pods being picked young, the plants do not seem to-
suffer nearly so much as when left too long unattended to in
this regard. The reason is obvious. Picking the pods when
they are a mere mass of tender succulency obviates the tax
which is placed upon the plants when two or three bean-pods are
permitted to become large and the bean-seeds within them to-
swelL

Not only does this take place to their detriment, but also —
and it should be borne well in mind — there are other pods^

18 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

adyancing, in such maimer as to force the plants to support,
all at once, a weight equal to two crops, compared with what
they would carry under the system of early and constant pidking.
We have dwelt upon this matter somewhat emphatically,
knowing how yeiy important it is, in order to impress it upon
the mind of the reader.

Produce that is worth growing is certainly worth growing
well, and in such manner that, whilst it shows the best possible
results, will also give the most continuous and enduring ones.
In picking, every care must be taken to remove too aged pods
which may have escaped the vigilance of the pickers.

It is important also to get the sample which is sent to
market as clean, uniform, and young as possible, in conjunction
with good size of the pods. Bean-pickers often require to be
very narrowly watched when picking, which is generally done
at 80 much per bushel ; else they may throw a mixed lot into
sack or basket, which not only destroys the sample from an
immediate pecuniary point of view, but is very likely to injure
the credit of the grower to his lasting detriment.

It may not be in our province to state the fact, but it often
happens that much leaf or growth finds its way in lieu of beans
into these sacks. In filling the latter, take care that a few are
put in at a time, and that the bulk is shaken down as the filling
advances. It is a bad practice for two men to throw the sacka
down and tread upon them.

Chapter y.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

It is only during very recent years that Brnssels Sprouts have
l^eoome at all general or moderately cbeap^ and to be found
plentifully on sale at our metropolitan and other large town
markets. They are grown very commonly as permanent or
-standard crops upon market garden farms. A few years since
they were very paying, and though they often return a goodly
price at this time> the market is '' kept down " somewhat by
the quantity produced. -The crop is not at aU a difficult one
io manage, though it is generally considered so.

Every possible attention should invariably be given to the
proper preparation of the ground, because Brussels sprouts are
of little, if any, real value unless thoroughly well and efficiently
produced. The object to be held in view is the formation of
^ood sprouts. To grow fine stalks, therefore, is of little avail,
tmless these are also forthcoming.

The soil should, as far as practicable, be well manured and

ploughed up during the late months of autumn — ^the later the

better — ^the surface being left as rough as possible. This should

be done in all instances where circumstances allow of winter

fallow, which, however, is not generally available to the real

o2

20 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

market-garden farmer, wliose land must produce crop after-
crop in rapid succession ; and the land will perhaps have been-
occupied with peas, Lisbon or winter onions^ lettuces, and similar
early crops.

Meanwhile a serious drawback occurs to this all but forced
method of. culture, especially in connection with so important a
crop as the one under consideration; and it demands the
utmost possible practical cultural skill. When the ground is
turned up— however well it may be manured—following such
crops as those just described, during the months of April, May,
or June, as the case may be, it is very liable, should the
weather proye at all dry, to lose what latent moisture it may.
possess, to be incapable of becoming again thoroughly moistened,
until the advent of the autumnal rains, and so to lie hollow
and parched for the summer months.

When, therefore, it is imperative from the exigencies of routine*
that Brussels sprouts should follow such spring crops, the-
ground should be ploughed up as soon as possible after the
previous crop is off, then rolled over with a heavy roller imme-
diately after the plough, and, if very lumpy, again harrowed and
rolled. By these means, evaporation wiU be less, and such
latent moisture as may exist will be retained in the soil,,
whilst that which is in the manure will be conserved and better
capable of dissemination throughout the mass. From this point
of view it will be readily observed also that the more moist
and solid is the manure that is placed in such soils, and the
more direct it is taken from the manure heap and buried, the
better.

We must not omit reference to one great drawback which
occurs in connection with this as with all other '' seed-beds " of
the kind. The black fly often proves a very discouraging and'

BRUSSELS SPROUTS. .21

determined enemy> often destroying the entire plant as soon as
lihe young seedlings show well through the ground.

As a cure or preventive of this, lime is often sown broadcast
in a freshly slackened state, lightly and thinly all over ; or in
the neighbourhood of London or where there are breweries,
fresh spent hops are freely sown. Once the young plants can
be freed of the pests, or can be induced to outgrow the attack
and assume a somewhat matured leaf, the crop then is generally
"free from danger ; hence, therefore, too great precaution cannot
be taken in this regard at the earlier stages of growth.

The plants should be of moderate size before the final process
of transplanting takes place, though, of course, comparatively
young ones may be used during showery and all more favour-
able states of weather. The nearer they are to a full-grown
size, however — as full-grown, that is, as it is possible for them
'to be in beds so close together — the better; because, in the
case of this particular crop, we by no means recommend any
■severe check to growth at so early a stage.

It will probably always remain a matter of dispute as to what
is the best and most profitable distance for planting apart, in
•view of producing the longest stalks, strong or stout, and
abundant sprout producers. While some insist on rather thick
planting, in the belief that the practice tends to encourage and
increase length of growth, others advocate wide planting, because
by that means a sturdier plant is formed, bearing finer and more
numerous sprouts. We incline, for our part, to a happy medium.
The three remarkable stalks which gained the premier honour
for ourselves at the International Exhibition of tho Boyal
Horticultural Society were certainly grown somewhat closely
together. Yet, for length and for mass of sprouts, they could
oiot well be excelled. The medium we recommend, therefore.

22 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENINO.

would be 24m. to 28m. apart in the rows^ a wider interval to be-
chosen as indiyidoal growers may determine. In sheltered
places, meanwhile, the plants do not succeed better, if so well,
as when sown in open fields upon properly prepared beds. Thia
is no doubt owing to the fact that a more favourable mean exists
in the field than near to walls, &c., which are subjected to*
radiation by day and to the cold by night. No one, therefore,
should have misgiving as to early sowings in fields.

The seeds so treated will succeed equally, if not better, than
they generally do under what may appear to be more favourable
circumstances. As regards the '* seed-bed " formed in the field,
it requires to be levelled and broken down fine, precisely similar
to such as are made in gardens. Boiling and harrowing are
necessary until this has been insured. The seeds should be
sown broadcast.

Though we have given what we consider to be a desirable
distance for planting the young plants apart, it will be well to
add that we have done so with a full knowledge of the practice
usually followed. This is, to plant five rows to the land, or 2ft.
between rows, and 20in. between plant and plant in the row.

There is, of course, a customary fixed price for transplanting^
It averages 7s. 6d. to 9s. 6d. per acre, according to state of
ground and weather, as the work is very much influenced by
varying conditions. Where the soil can be prepared for the crop
beforehand, there is every probability that even during very dry
weather there will prove to be an ample amount of latent
moisture within it.

When, on the other hand, ground has to be ploughed up
following other crops, especially such as tares, &o., which not
unfrequently happen to be excessively dry at the base, it is
necessary to add very liberal dressings of manure, and this as

BRUSSELS SPROUTS. 23

nearly as possible immediately after or even daring rain. These
flhonld in turn be rolled down, if at all conyenient so to do, to
cause them to become more £urm, and thereby aid in the reten-
tion of moisture.

Hence to have a stock of early plants and plant at an early
date often proves beneficial. Moreoyer, the ground is generally
cooler, more moist, and the sun's rays less scorching, which
together tend to aid the plants in getting a firm and ready hold
So much we have said by way of contrast to a practice which
sometimes obtains of ploughing up ground and planting daring
hot weather, with the not improbable result that the plants dry
up and die.

The necessary operation of periodical hoeing performed, the
plants now require little attention beyond occasional careful
hoeing as weeds continue to grow, and as soon as growth
really commences and is well established, the needfal operation
of moulding up. When this is done, the soil should be in the
best possible condition for '' soiling," and the plough must be
''led ** and held with care not to approach unduly near to the
roots of the growing crop.

The crop now remains to perfect itself, and needs no other
attention or anxiety until it becomes ready for use, unless '
indeed, the ground be what is known as foul, and long large
seed weeds grow which may need pulling or some other mode of
destruction.

The gathering of the crop is generally influenced by markets
and the weather. Sometimes the heads are cut off, sieyed, and
sold at a very handsome price, during seyere " bouts " of
weather, &c., and the sprouts are often handy for gathering
when other things are not. There is one indefensible practice
connected with the marketing of the crops, which is, that, whilst

24 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

the general bulk is gathered smd put into the body of the Bieyes,
some of the finest sprouts are selected to be placed neatly oyer
the top. This may be well for appearance sake^ but it is hardly
commendable^ and really brings no gain in the end.

Buyers become accustomed to such practices, and are not
deceiyed by them ; but they haye, neyertheless, their ill effects.
Good produce is always saleable, and generally at good prices ;
but owing to the manoeuyre I haye described, assorted — ^legiti-
mately assorted throughout — goods are rarely appreciated at
their yalue. Those, howeyer, who would excel in market work
^^^Jt by the maintenance of an uniformly genuine article,
generally attract good buyers in the end, and so establish a good
name and a profitable business. Sprouts, or shoots of spring or
«econd growth, often repay the picking when but a moderate
supply of ''green stuff" exists. When the crop is done, it is
necessary to pull up the stalks and cut them off the ground
before the land can be again worked up.

Chapter VI.

CABBAGE.

Thb word Cabbage is often accepted^ in a general sense, as
meaning more tlia(n it really does. Certain sorts included
together require to be separately classed, and for this purpose it
is necessary to divide our subject anew, and distinguish several
fresh divisions in giviog each under a distinct heading. First,
then, we properly plsice —

Cabbage. — ^This is a variety of Brassica, sown, grown^ and
intended for '^ hearting in," so as to form large heads of well-
defined distinctiveness. Cabbages proper are the produce of
autumn-sown seeds. At least, the custom is to sow after the
middle of July and during the early part of the month of August.
There are several esteemed varieties, the most profitable, and,
indeed, popular, with market growers being " Early Bainham **
•{which, when procured true, is a remarkably good stock),
''EDfield," and "Early York." The first is a large, very rapid
iprowing and hearting variety of excellent form and substance ; the
second is also very large and fine, but somewhat slower in develop-
ing, though a great weight producer ; and the third is medium
to small in size, and, as the name implies, 'esurliest to ** heart in."

26 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

In the market garden districts it is not uncommon to see one-
or two acres of seed beds — ^for so are these young cabbage and
other beds called. So evenly are the seeds sown and uniformity
of germination secured that the regularity of the plants is well
worth remarking.

Any land that can be cleared of other crops from about the-
month of August to Noyember is generally utilised for the growth
of this crop. The sooner it is well manured after the former
month, and subsequently ploughed over, the better.

According to the season, these plants from the seed bed are-
transplanted. They are placed in rows apart, so as to leave
sufficient ;room during the time of early growth to be easily
worked between by hoeing, in which a yariety of ways are
employed.

In market gardens the plants are generally placed more thickly
in the rows than in ordinary gardens. Prices for planting by
the acre vary greatly in different localities, though perhaps an
average is 8s. 6d. to 9s. At present, much larger plants are-
used for planting out than was considered requisite some few
years ago.

In all market gardens an importsmt variety is known under
the name of

Hardy Greens.— These are a very hardy or field variety
of what was doubtless first recognised as the ** GoUard." The
stock now grown is, however, slightly different from this, a»
is apparent not only from its greenness and peculiar hardy-
hearting qualities, but from the fact that it will withstand sue-
cessfully the most severe weather, and continue to heart in
during the mild intervals.

The actual produce in comparison with perfect cabbages ia

HARDY GREENS. 27

individually mncli smaller, thoagli all may well be called ex*
cellently formed minute cabbages. And this crop may be grown
at all seasons, as seed beds are sown equally regardless of season ;
thus there are early and late season, or spring and summer
sowings.

The greater number are planted out permanently about the
months of July, August, September, and October, and they
are set very near together, so near, in fact, as to almost touch
after they have started and had a few weeks' growth. It is cus*^
tomary to pay as much as 15s. per acre for transplanting them,
and, when it is seen how very rapidly this work is performed,
and the quickness, comparatively speaking, with which acres are
planted, some idea may be formed as to the quantity of plants
which go to make up such an area. The modus operandi is to-
tsike cart-loads of plants on to the ground, and then "shoot"
them in heaps, from which girl or boy ** droppers " carry them
on coarse, canvas aprons, and drop each plant in its place ready
for the following planter, who does his work so very rapidly as-
to cause the " dropper " to use every effort to keep out of his
way.

A simple hoeing is all that such crops subsequently require, but
it must be undertaken very judiciously, and in such manner that,
whilst it destroys all weeds which had formed, no other hoeing
will be requisite, owing to the fact that the crop will then cover
the ground before other weeds will have time to grow.

As soon as the crops are ready — but this depends much on the
state of the weather and the markets— they are all drawn and sent
away.

The usual method is to send '' a hand " to draw the desired
quantity. This he does with a stiff short stick, and while
with the right hand he pulls each up by the roots, with the stick

^8 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

in his left hand he strikes the hase of the root, so as to jerk off
^ the soiL Then each is laid separately upon its crown^ roots
upward. The next process is carting, for which the plants are
'Conveniently laid. They are then taken into ''bunching sheds/'
where they are generally washed in large water tubs, and
are next tied into tempting display bunches for an . early
morning's transit and sale. There is quite a " knack " in this,
the finer and whiter hearts being exposed most, while the lesser
ones, as fillings in, occupy the less prominent interstices. And
it is to keep them neat and retain both form and freshness that
peculiar shaped and packed loads have come to be the charac-
^teristic of our esurly morning yegetable market carts. It only
remains for us to mention the

Savoy. — ^This is near akin to though distinct from some

of the former in general] appesurance. The crops when well

.grown are very heavy, and have, no doubt, as a consequence,

additional power of robbing the ground whereon they grow. The

vculture should be precisely the same as that which is needful to

secure good crops of Brussels sprouts, to which we shall, in view

-of saving repetition, refer the reader. Though several varieties

are grown, none seem to gain more firmly in favour than the

larger varieties, though it is also too evident that many such

have been unduly crossed with the coarser form of so-called

^cow cabbage. This appears from the fact that the leaves of

many grown stocks have of late years become so very much

^smoother than they should be, and at one time were. The

minor or dwarf varieties, are, however, unsuited for market

purposes.

Purple Broccoli Greens.— These can well be added here,
•as they are all but invariably grown for and sold as broccoli

PURPLE BROCCOLI GREENS. 29

greens, being cut and marketed in the green or all leaf form.
Immense quantities are grown in some eastern districts of the
metropolis and elsewhere. The crop is treated precisely as
are savoys, so far as the earliest kinds are concerned, the plants
being put closer together the smaller they are and the later in
the season they are planted. Often young plants become greatly
drawn in the seed beds, so that the stalks are as much as two
feet in length. When this is the case, they are laid on their
sides with their roots in a farrow from which a plough ia
retreating, and are ploughed in by a return bout. Purple
broccoH greens are generally sold in a trimmed state in heaped,
sieves*

Chapter VII.

CARROTS.

TThb carrot being very partial to a light sandy soil, those who
possess that advantage haye so famished the market and
secured a monoply that it would serve no purpose to enter
upon the culture. Suffice it that the soil should be deep,
and if manure can be placed some seven or eight inches down
so much the better will it be for the crop. Thick sowing is
always objectionable. It injures the crop greatly, both in
appearance and in bulL The supply appears quite equal to the
demand, and in point of storing, &c., the crop has its draw-
backs.

Chapter VIII

CAULIFLOWER.

It is not necessary to enter here into all the intricacies of the
•culture of autumn-sown spring cauliflower^ as the crop^ to say
the least; is a precarious one. Besides^ cauliflowers are culti-
vated so abundantly and early in the West of England as to
dissipate the hope of commercial success in the more central
parts of the island.

A profitable trade has, howeyer^ grown up in one speciality,
ihe " working " of which it may be well to notice in passing.

A splendid example of cauliflower is that known as ^'Veitch's
Autumn Giant/' probably of continental origin, which is being
profitably cultivated for late autumn uses around London and
•elsewhere.

Seeds are sown, grown, and transplanted into their perma-
nently blooming ground at the same time and in the same
manner as Brussels sprouts. Anyone, therefore, desirous of
growing this particular kind of cauliflower should follow the
directions given in regard to it, to which we add the fact that
the ground cannot be too richly manured.

**

Chapter IX.

CELERY.

Oeleby is a speciality in certain hands. Some home growers
possessing good ground for the purpose grow as mnch as thirty
acres, and, besides realising the very best of produce, are able,
owing to full power of irrigation during dry summer months, to^
secure the best results ; besides which, the crops which are grpwn
between the rows so thrive in this particular soil as to greatly
diminish the chance of a profitable return elsewhere. To suc-
ceed well these conditions are of great weight, as the land,
besides being fit for summer growth, should, be of a compara-
tiyely dry porous nature for winter dr3niess.

In practice the trenches are generally thrown out during the
months of February or March, and are well manured and forked
oyer.

Seeds are sown broadcast in cold frames, having a little fer-
menting material underneath to assist both germination and'
early growth. As soon as the plants in these seed-beds are large
enough to handle, they are *' pricked out " or transplanted into-
other seedling nursery frames somewhat thickly together. By
the time they are large enough, the season has so advanced
that the young plants can be again taken up gradually as they^

CELERY. 83

adyanoe to the requisite size, and finally transplanted in rows
into the enriched soil. This done, even though they be
somewhat small, they will, if placed somewhat thickly, and so
that they can be thinned out as required, furnish sufficient plants
for the rows. Such as are drawn from amongst them can, if
requisite, be subsequently planted into other rows. With the
needful hoeing and watering during dry weather, a slow but
sure adyance will be made until the approsush of autumn, when
a more rapid start will take place.

When the plants become sturdy, so as to fill by the growth
of their leayes the sides of the trenches, all the lower lesser
leayes and side or sucker growths should be remoyed, with-
out in any way causing real injury to the main plant. This is
often effectually done with the aid of a trowel. Next, chop
from the sides of the trenches a little of the soil down, and
leyel oyer between plants, and between them and the sides of
the trenches. Qood waterings would be yery beneficial at this
juncture. After this the rows may be slightly earthed up, some-
two or three inches at a time, and at interyals of about four or
five weeks, at which time they should remain, to be finally
earthed as required for use, or until, if for late uses, sharp
winter weather suggest the need of protectiye measures. Wheneyer
final blanching is requisite, it is absolutely necessary that air be
excluded from entering at the apices of the mounds, and thenca
trayelling directly to the hearts of the plants. Nor must frost
be permitted to descend too freely in that direction. Among,
the numerous sorts of celery grown, Glarke's is, perhaps, one of
the best.

!>■■ I litl

Chapter X.

CUCUMBER.

Few of the many crops habitually grown by market-garden
farmers are so well understood as cucumbers. Numerous, how-
ever, are the country growers who still doubt whether it is
possible to grow a crop on anything like a natural system, and
devoid of some artificial aid. Nevertheless, the facts we give
ivili demonstrate the possibility. To see such a crop grown to
the best of its capacity, the " pickling grounds," so to speak,
should be visited 'at a time when cucumbers, besides many other
things, are annually submitted in huge quantities to the pickling
process.

To commence, then, with the necessary preliminaries con-
nected with the growth, it may be well to say that deep, rich,
loamy soil, well drained, upon a sunny southern field, is of the
utmost importance, and that this ground should be deeply and
well manured during the preceding autumn.

Preliminary to seed sowing or planting, temporary protections
are "erected" by the aid of "growing walls," or, in other words,
by sowing rye seeds in rows in time to grow up and form pro-
tective screens from the colder winds of the early spring months.
The rows are sown thickly, and possess the strength and power to

CUCUMBER. 85

«tand erect and nndeviating without snpport of any kind. The
position is generally from north to south, and in such wise that
the sun shines as fully as possible upon the crops during its
warmer periods, though other angles may be and are at times
•occupied. In the early spring, the space between these rows,
which is allotted to the cucumbers, receives an additional amount
of culture, and is made into the most friable and free state
possible for receiving the seeds.

These are sown in rows, often in triplets at short distances
•apart, about the first week in the month of May, or by some
growers a week sooner, though probably the second week in May
will be found a good time when the season is at all cold and
inclement, as many of the spring seasons have been of late.

Endeavour so to sow as to get germination to take place as
'quickly as possible, for if the seeds lie in the ground either as a
"Consequence of excessive wet or too dry weather, they all but
invariably become abortive, and waste away either by a proceiiss
known as dry rot, or by actual decomposition. By this cause
alone the prospect of many a good crop has been ruined.

The lesson to be learned, therefore, is that too early planting
ds to be deprecated, and that it is well to entrust the seeds to the
keeping of the ground during warm sunny periods and following
>rain, or under as nearly such favourable conditions as may be
'practicable. As soon as the plants are well formed above ground
it will be well to give them a gentle and careful hoeing. This is
the more necessary because such soil as suits these cucumber
^rops properly prepared becomes quickly beaten down very flatly
by heavy rains.

The fact that the seed lobes of the young plants lie flatly

Hipon the surface makes it more needful so to hoe them that

the soil may not unduly cover them during the operation. After

d2

36 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

tHs process is completed, growth onglit, with proper growing
weather, to commence somewhat rapidly. This the more because,
the soil bein^ now nigged on the surface, radiation is freely
effected without any injury accruing from undue fixity of the
sun's rays, which is often a danger for a flattened smooth surface-
with plants lying so closely upon it.

Should growth not prove quick and obviously healthy, as ie
the case sometimes, there will be danger of attacks from insect
pests, and not infrequently the green fly or the aphis gain a
lodgment ere they are known to exist.

Where possible, it wiU be well to hand-hoe this crop fre*
quently after the first hoeing, when the plants begin to extend
and to spread out around. As soon as really rapid growth
commences, it will be well to pinch back or stop the points of
the longest shoots. This will not only cause the more weakly
shoots to extend, but also make laterals form, and these will, in
turn, give the earliest of crops. Every opportunity, moreover,
should be taken to remove such weeds as may form around the
immediate centre of each plant, which are frequently numerous
and very detrimental.

Thus much may be said in favour of the usual or common
method of growing. Great additional advantage is to be found
in abundant dressings of spent hops, cocoanut-fibre, tan, or
finely-powdered horse-droppings and sweepings, such as are pro-
curable from town stables, littered down with sawdust. These
are worthy of far more general use. Not only do they tend to
maintain increased moisture, so essential around the base and
over the roots, but they prove also very fertilising after rains.

To grow cucumbers well in the open ground, it is also
requisite, during hot dry weather, to supply the roots with
copious waterings. This may be easily done in case of crops of

CUCUMBER. 37

limited extent and grown conveniently for the porpose, but not
80 in regard to more extensiye plantings^ though doubtless the
outlay would repay itself, and the labour give a good return.

When the crop is well started and growth has become rapid^
it is well to remove the *' rye plant walls " from either side,
and, in lieu of the confined air with extreme radiation of heat,
to let the winds pass freely over all.

Gare must be taken, when the plant commences to form
cucumbers, not to permit them to remain a day longer than
is absolutely necessary for the attainment of the requisite size.
It is a disadvantage of this kind of culture that the cucumbers
are prone to go to seed, and if, therefore, they are not gathered
as quickly as is possible after they become large enough, the
plants will suffer, and a great reduction in bulk of crop will
result.

There is, however, one advantage in this crop over most
. others, namely, that the individual cucumbers may be cut as
they become ready, and stored away in a cool place until a con-
venient market day arrives.

Connected with marketing, it is important to observe that fine
cleanly-grown produce alone brings good prices, and every effort
must be made, therefore, to ensure it ; hence selections of the
best and straightest, greenest and cleanest, should always be
placed together, and all such as are indifferent in size or form
be kept separate, one indifferent example in each dozen fruits
having a tendency to lower the price very materially.

By the exercise of judgment in going through the crop at the
time of cutting, much good may be done in removing all bottle-
necked or ''seedy '' specimens at the youngest stage ; these are
known by the undue enlargement of the extremities wherein the
eeeds are forming or have developed.

88 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

Where this crop is neatly marketed, the fruit is periodically
sent in stiff wicker baskets with lids, wherein it is laid neatly
together in cool green grass. Much might be done by a
judicious selection of varieties, especially in connection with seed
saying. Some few examples have been chosen, though they are-
not generally to be met with. An excellent variety, known as
Leslie's Bidge, is one, and is probably in the possession of
leading seedsmen.

For pickling, of course, gherkins are employed, and a good
crop of such may often be made to pay well, by uniting two
forms, so to speak, in one ; that is, letting the fine-formed
gherkins extend so that they become long and large enough for
table use, and cutting off the lesser, which are then basketed, for
pickling purposes.

It is hardly within the scope of this chapter to refer to the
great advantage which such a crop receives from additional
protection in the early spring. This may consist of frsutnes
proper, handlights, or cloches of French manufacture, otherwise
known as bell-glasses, &c. An excellent contrivance is that of
small square boxes, about 9in. by 6in., having glass attached to
one fiat side. These dipped in tar before the glass is inserted
last an indefinite time, and for placing in rows, sowing seeds-
below, and retaining over the young plants when they first
germinate, and until, after elevation, they force their way
through, are really useful, and indeed prove very profitable.

» ! —•- < ■

Chapter XI.

LETTUCES.

Lettitoes, like other crops, vary in value at oar metropolitan
and other markets. Often, however, autumn sown early crops
fetch an excellent paying price. This the more, as, no doubt,
our winters destroy many which are grown upon heavy, tena-
cious, and too water-logged soils. Hence it is not advisable to
venture too far upon these. Where, however, a naturally dry
soil, having porous subsoils, exists, good results may be con-
fidently anticipated. Two sorts are most generally grown, viz.,
cabbage lettuce of the hardy or Hammersmith type, and hardy
green cos. Some growers, however, go so far as to plant largely
of the brown cos (black-seeded), which is as hardy as any, and,
though wanting externally in that greenness which is so desirable
a feature in town, proves, nevertheless, grown upon well- enriched
ground, excellent in hearting qualities.

The practice followed in connection with this crop is to secure
a clean space of ground, and to sow seeds broadcast about the
11th of August. The young plants formed thereon are subse-*
quently placed out separately during showery weather, as soon
as they are large enough. The ground requires somewhat excep-
tional preparation, according to our remarks at the commence'*

40 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

xnent, in so far as manaring is concerned. After it has been
ploughed in, it is as well to harrow it across, and to again pull a
cultivator through it, repeating subsequently the harrowing
process. This cannot well be done, however, in the case of very
foul ground, and for this reason it is always desirable not to
choose such ground for this crop.

For lettuces, land cannot be prepared too lightly, nor be too
greatly enriched at thci first, though it should be done in such a
manner as to permit of its settling down nice and firm before the
advent of real growth takes place. When the ground is pre-
pared the plants must be dibbled out in rows some 9in. impart,
the plants being " set " therein about 5in. or Gin. between each
other. It is found in practice that a great enemy to, field
culture are ground slugs, and, to neutralise their injurious nib-
blings, it is necessary to occasionally dust the plantations over
with fresh slackened lime. A slight dusting during showery
weather is equal to a heavy one at any other time.

To produce summer crops, the seeds must be sown on highly
enriched grounds, and transplanting must be avoided. Poor
ground and the process of transplanting will alike have a
tendency to cause the lettuce to bolt, which inevitably destroys
its saleable qualities. To secure a " good market," it is neces-
sary to tie each one up, so as to make good hard, well-blanched
hearts. Women perform this operation of tying, and the best of
all material to use is the ordinary Russian matting, or its equiva-
lent, in the several forms now offered.

For this, or the summer crop, the Brighton cos is the one
employed. Every care must be taken to sow somewhat thinly ;
and hoeing in view of thinning out additionally if neces-
sary, as well as to destroy weeds, and to move and freshen
up the soil, cannot be too well or frequently done. The crop is

LETTUCES. 41

drawn when ready, and is packed^ roots and all^ into carts or
waggons for, direct transit to market^ where it is sold by
"the score/' Those who secure a crop in the early spring
months following a severe winter, and one daring an arid summer,
are certain to find good markets.

■ ! -»- < >

Chapter XII

ONIONS.

With greatly fluctuating markets and foreign competition on
the increase^ farmers may well ask, what crop should be grown
with a fair prospect of paying? Not only, be it remem- '
bered, is foreign competition on the increase in respect both
of variety and bulk, but also in regard to the quality of the
many kinds imported into this country. We say " imported/'
for is it not becoming daily a more confirmed fact that middle
men in metropolitan markets, and those of all large towns, are,,
by personal visits abroad, &c., doing their utmost to induce
foreign growers to place their crops in their hands ?

Onions are a crop for which a steady and sure demand
exists. In price they vary greatly^ owing to the uncertainty of
these foreign importations, though on the whole they fetch at
least remunerative returns. They, however, require some skill
in the growing, and are comparatively weighty as articles of
transit; and these are facts more or less favourable to the
home grower.

With fine summers there is, therefore, no reason why the
British grower should not be able to hold his own in regard to
them.

ONIONS. 4a

The culture of onions for market purposes is by three distinct*
methods, viz., 1, spring sown and summer ripened and stored ;
2, autumn sown and spring transplanted, or drawn in the green
state for market ; and 3, grown for pickling. With respect to-
the last method it would hardly be wise to enter into com->
petition with existing growers in this country, who have
thoroughly established themselves both in the routine of cul*
ture and in the details connected with the process of pickling.
Such, at least, is our advice, and it may be believed that we
have good reason for giving it.

If we turn our attention to the two other crops we have
just referred to, we find that they are each very important
items of commerce in the vegetable markets of the metropolis,
and especially important are they in regard to the markets
of all the great centres of industry in more northern towns.
Indeed, it is not to London alone that the British farmer
should look for all the benefit which he may be able to realise
from a revived prosperity following on what, let us hope, are
passing bad seasons. In London, competition with the foreigner
is as high as it can well be. In other large, and the larger
towns more especially, this is not yet so. The grower will do
well, therefore, to turn his attention thereto whenever possible.

To succeed thoroughly with onions^ land must be held under
perfect culture. It must be deep in quantity, comparatively
open, yet rich in quality, and, independent of liberal cultiva-
tion, must also receive heavy and deep dressings, with well-
prepared or decomposed manures.

From these remarks it will be seen, therefore, that varying
capacities of soils prove important factors for good, or the
reverse. Where the land is very stony it should be more heavily
manured, and this additional manure should as far as possible be

44 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING,

coarse for deep or bottom layers, and finely decomposed for the
surface. Light lands should, besides, be prepared at least a
month or two before the sowing season arrives, requiring only
to be lightly harrowed, or raked over on the day when the seeds
are sown. And for this reason : Onions delight in a firm foot-
hold for their roots, provided always it be in congenial soil, well
prepared and in good heart.

As regards heavy soils, these cannot be manured too liberally
nor worked too much during the six months immediately
preceding seed sowing. Early in the autumn months, a
heavy dressing of manure should be given, and the power of
three horses applied to plough the ** bed ** up, and in so doing
this dressing be placed as deep down as possible. As soon as the
weed surface ploughed in has decayed, another light turn over
will benefit it greatly. Then, towards the early spring months,
or a dry period in the month of February, another slight dress-
ing and a shallow ploughing should finish this part of the work.
This kind of treatment is the more necessary from the fact that
to grow onions the land must be in really thorough working
order. By this I mean that it must be open and so free as to
admit of being hoed well — autunm crops expeditiously and
effectively, as regards the easy destruction of growing weeds.
If this be not the case, it will not be possible to grow a good
crop economically.

It is in this regard that my previous remarks as to culti-
vating the soil had their importance. Where soils will not
''work," and that freely and well, the tmdertaking becomes a
heavy one, and quite inconsistent with profitable returns on the
basis of economy of management. None should, therefore,
attempt to grow this crop under any other condition. It is not
enough to have a dean surface and to get the seeds in com-

ONIONS. 45

paratiyely well if, doriog all the after growth, the grower is not,
in every detail, master of this important element. The great
outlay, it is to be noted, has yet to <k)me, especially should
anything like a " damp " season preyail.

Nor will it answer simply to prepare the land, however well
that may be done, unless judgment be used both in the pro*
curing and sowing of the seeds. As far as possible, every
grower must secure the best strain.

Few vegetable crops show more distinctly the benefit deriv-
able from selection than does this of the onion. It is on this
ground alone that the Danver's, Deptford, Nuneham Park,
Beading, James's, Globe, and other varieties, have attained a
well-earned reputation.

Though it may be difficult always to guarantee that seeds
are thus produced from good strains, little doubt need be
entertained when these are purchased from houses of good
standing ; because, responsible tradesmen who have a reputation
to maintain always examine personally such stocks as they buy
at the growing period, and thus they have the best possible
guarantee, both by ocular demonstration, and in the well*
known honesty of the growers with whom they deal.

Much is often advanced as regards the profits of seed selling.
That our leading salesmen really will, and do, give high prices
for first-class examples of seeds, we can, however, bear ready
witness, having ourselves received as much as £9 per ounce from
them for seeds in large quantities, which they had subsequently
to retail, added to many expenses, before they could get their
returns or any profit.

By all means, therefore, whether in the matter of onion
growing or any other kind of vegetable culture, endeavour to
secure good strains, even if it is necessary to give somewhat

46 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

higher prices for them. As regards onion . culture, ' it is an
-excellent plan also, as far as is possible, to obtain seeds such
as were grown on soil different to your own.

In this regard the sandy grown seeds are generally good,
owing to the fact that the soil has every capacity for producing
them well-formed, developed, and matured. And to these
considerations no mean importance should be attached in con-
nection with the onion.

Having secured seeds, the next requisite is— and it is a very
important on& — ^the soil must be in exactly proper condition
for sowing. Not only should it have received all possible care
and attention in the matter of preparation, but seeds must not
be sown when the ground is in too moist or wet a state. To
do this would be to greatly neutralise all previous efforts. And
. for this reason : it is necessary that the seeds should be got in
cleanly and well to an uniform depth, which is an important
item in culture, and they should also be sown as shallow as
possible. In other words, having been sown lightly ■ upon
. moderately dry land, they need the soil to be placed over them
very Qnely and thinly. This cannot be done if it be at all wet,
or in any degree adhesive.

In preparing the seed bed, therefore, by working it, in the
matter of harrowing, both as regards first harrowing and the
raking wbich follows the roller on the second occasion, the soil
must be dry and in a highly '' workable " condition.

This should be ensured, even if time is lost at intervals during
these successive preparations of the bed.

Thoughtful practical growers will so endeavour to manage
theap things as to make the sowing take place at the same
time as the final preparation of the seed bed. At no date
in the histoiy of agriculture or market-garden farming has it

ONIONS. 47

l)een more necessary for them to economise labour than at this.
The more, therefore, they can nnite their labo^r8 ^'in-and-in/'
the better progress will have been made at the end of each
week.

Though it is well to get onion seeds in in good time, and ere
the month of March has registered too great an advance, yet it
is better to wait another week or two than to entrust seeds to the
ground whilst too cold and wet, even if it were practicable to
do so.

There is a very important reason for all this beyond what may
appear on the surface, to which we have previously alluded,
though our allusion may not have been clearly understood.

Not only are these directions needful for the well-being of the
joung plants, but seeds -should be sown in such manner and at
4uch a time that they immediately start into activity^ and in
that activity gain, in so far as it is possible for them to do, a
start upon the weeds which otherwise (no matter how clean the
land or how well prepared) will run favourably in the race
provided for each alike by the all powerful season and its
•attendant showers.

Let the reader contrast this simple yet considerate method of
|)rocedure with a different one, too often followed, of a " ding
<dong'' routine, and he will not fail to appreciate the immense
advantages which accrue to the profit account by such practical
l)rain-work.

An important element in connection with successful culture is
sowing the seeds to a proper thickness. All but invariably it
is absolutely necessary to sow seeds more thickly than it is
desirable the crop should ultimately be. This for. two reasons :
the first of which is the doubts which may exist as to the full
germinating power of all the seeds ; and, secondly, the desire to

48 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

ensure a really good and full crop, however great the risk of
having the " seed bed " too thick.

So greatly does the weight of onion seeds vary, that it would
be difiScult for the grower to act too stringently in this regard,
fine weighty seeds being, it is almost needless to say, less in
number to the lb. than are seeds as such a season as that of
1881 produced. Tet will very badly matured seeds often ger*
minate and ensure " a plant " of some sort.

With good preparation of a warm light soil, onions may be
sown much thinner than is customary. Our own practice has
been when growing fine examples for exhibition to simply drop
seeds in at distances in the rows of about an inch apart, and at
thinning time to thin out to about three inches between the
plants. A moderately well grown onion should not be less than
12in. to 14in. in circumference, and this should receive about
four inches of room in which to grow.

The mistake often made following too thick sowings is to
insufficiently thin them out. Growers are too prone to allow
their practice to linger on the side of plenty, or numbers, forget-
ful of the fact that two onions 12in. in circumference are more
readily marketable and heavier than are three bulbs measuring
8in. in circumference each.

Having chosen a fine dry day and soil on which to sow the
seeds, it will be of great help to foture growth, &c., to ruh a
wooden roller over the ground, that is, if it can be done without
undue compression of the soil by the horse's feet. In all casea
where sowings are of such limited extent as to admit of a hand
roller being used, its efficient application should be studiously
followed out.

Not only does this enhance, so to speak, the mechanical
capacity of the soil, giving the young seedling plants a firmer

ONIONS. 49

footing which they so delight to have^ bat it also cmshea
sondry intractable lumps, and thus prepares the bed besides for
the readier and more easy use of the hoe when hoeing becomes
necessary.

Having had the ground well prepared^ harrowed, and again
harrowed if necessary — and it is an excellent plan to twice
harrow where the soil is at all lumpy, and for this reason, that a
seed bed well prepared for onions cannot be too firm, nor will it
be so if the final operation of levelling is done when the soil is
neither too dry nor too wet — the actual consideration now is,
what is the proper quantity of seeds required to sow an acre ?
Were we to return an answer to this question on what may be
termed a gardener's practice, accepting his dictum as so much
per rod, we should no doubt frighten the grower, especially at
such a time as this, when seeds are so dear.

Much will really depend on the quality of the seeds employed^
Well ripened, or plump seeds, are not, it is needless to remark^
nearly so numerous, weight for weight in given bulk, as are poor
seeds which have been badly matured and harvested. However,,
the fact that indifferent seeds show more to a given bulk is
obviously counterbalanced by the probability that a larger
percentage will not germinate, or if they do, will form such
weak plants that many will dwindle and die. When good
sound seeds are employed, I should tack my faith in results
on 12^. In the case of inferior seeds, however — such, in fact,,
as may be said to have marked the season of .1881 — ^it will be-
well not to use less than 151b.

In regard to sowing, this is an operation which should only bo'
performed by what we may call an expert in seed sowing. Not
only will a firm, regular step, an unvarying hand or finger
distribution be requisite, but also no mean degree of judg--

50 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

ment as to the bnlk to be distributed on a given spaoe of
ground.

However this operation be carried out, of coarse each division
or ''land" must be sown without cessation, and, as far as possible,
with its own share. Take up only enough seeds as are con-
sidered requisite for a ''land;" measure and sow them. Then
will it be necessary to measure up an equal quantity for the
next, and so on, until all are sown.

There is one fact we wish to touch upon by way of parenthesis
in this place before we turn to the next division of the subject.
We observe that at the present time many soils really in an
•excellent state of culture are greatly infested with insect
pests. Especially numerous are minute slugs, whilst varieties
of the eggs are exceptionally abundant upon even prepared
lands.

The grower who may chance to have prepared his land
xoughly the evening or afternoon before will do well, there-
fore, to give a good harrowing to the beds in the early morning
of the day of sowing. By this means many insect enemies will,
without doubt, be destroyed.

Following sowing my belief lies in bush-harrowing, the bush-
liarrow to be a lightly-constructed and comparatively slender
one. But upon soils which are somewhat ''lumpy/' a wide,
light wooden roller would be the best and only implement
requisite.

With beds more limited in extent, a wooden rake, having
its teeth cut down somewhat, drawn rapidly over the bed,
would be best, followed by a roller such as may be conveniently
io hand.

We have given our opinion regarding sowing, and, as wUl be
seen, it is in favour of ''broadcast," or hand distribution. It must

ONIONS. 61

be understood, however, that onion seeds— like most other kinds
of seeds — are sometimes drilled. It is only requisite to place
a proper quantity of free compost into the drill along with the

m

seeds to do this effectually. For gardening purposes, drilling
seeds is considered best, because it admits of hoeing more readily
between the rows.

It is a strange fact, in contradiction to this, however, that
market-garden farm labourers, those, that is, who hoe such
things as onions, carrots, and turnips by the acre, prefer broadcast
"plant."

The real explanation appears to be this. Not only do they
''take" work to hoe weeds up amongst the ''plant," but they
also at the same time thin the yoimg plants, or, in other
words, ''set the plants out." It would appear, therefore, that
there is far greater freedom for a man amongst an uniformly
scattered plant than where he is " walled in," so to speak, and
has to keep himseK within the limited areas of rows only.
According to the manner in which the seed is got in, and, in
connection with this, to the kind of weather which follows,
favourable or otherwise, will be the working capacity of the
soil during the early part of the young plants' subsequent
growth.

Where seeds have been sown and the beds finished off in
a dry state, showers of rain which come subsequently will only
tend to make them work well.

The longer the young seedling plants stand without subsequent

movement by use of the hoe, or otherwise, the better; this

remark being qualified, of course, by the assumed need of a

thorough good hoeing at an early date. In other words, though

moving the soil around the plants presently will be beneficial and

will be absolutely necessary for the removal oi weeds, it is not

b2

58 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

Jioweyer, at ^ desirable that it should be done whilst they are*
in too young and tender a state.

By permitting them to stand undisturbed for a week or two
after they are well up^ there is every probability that they will
individually push down young roots more numerously than they
are likely to do when hoed early and the soil loosened around^
their base, caiising them to stand during hot weather^ which^ it>
should b^ needless to remark, is antagonistic to duplicate root^
formation. It is owing to the number of roots they are able*
to produce and push down into the soil at this early period of
growth that great success is ultimately possible.

Though we have taken some pains to show this, it should not^
however, be inferred that it is at all necessary for the soil to h^
subsequently kept up well around the base of each. The fact-
is, that, once a good root has been assured, the more the-
rounded bottom of each is exposed the better.

The finest onions are always produced when shallow burie(I>
than when fixed too deep in the soil. The truth of this will be
seen when we turn pur attention, presently, to transplanted*
onions. And it is such considerations as these that cause us to^
attach SQ ;much importance to the formation of a solid bed^ to^
shallow sowing, &c.

After the first hoeing, which requires judgment as to the time
and manner, it will bj9 immaterial how often onions are hoed*
Indeed, it will be necessary to keep ^ perfect mastery over th^
weeds at all cost. Once these are permitted so to extend a^ to>
foul the crop, all hopes of a ''weighty " result will be at an end^

During wet seasons it is often simply impossible to keep the*
beds lolQan, By a little foresight, however, and, above all, by
anticipated hoeings, undertaken in such wise that the last rod
will havQ been )io0d jip^t at the time required, much unnecessary

ONIONS. 5S

labour will be avoided. It wiU be seeiii then, that to let a crop
remain until it really wants hoeing will be to have the last hoed
portion really too dirty ere workmen ean get to do it J hence
will the cost be doubled, even if the weeds are destroyed, whilst
the crop will of a surety receive irremediable injury.

Thinning, or, as growers say, '^ setting out," the plants
might be done finally at the second hoeing, at least. Good
hands with the hoe will, however, with right and left cuts, do
much to reduce any over-thick crops.

As regards the actual thinning out of the crop, the state
which the land is in will influence the thoroughness with which
it should be done. Where a deep rich soil exists the plants
should be considerably thinner than upon such as is of a lighter,
or ** brashy " stony nature. There is little danger of injury to
the crop, however closely it is hoed up to, providing the young
plants are really not hoed up.

Nor should we leave this part of the subject without some
reference to the cost of hoeing, which, per acre, really seems to
he somewhat heavy, though certainly at a charge not too
heavy for the amount of labour necessary during wet rainy
seasons. Indeed, were it not that oft-times whole families work
together at this trying operation, it is questionable whether the
work could be done for as little as it is.

We may quote here a general, or starting price, for such work,
which is £7 per acre, varied, or rather, we might say, increased
according to wet weather, foulness of ground, &c

Gtrowers who live at long distances from the market garden
farms whereon this work is carried out may be surprised to
hear that the work is done with a short-handled hoe, the handle
being about 15in. in length and neatly curved, so as to give the
workman a kind of handy leverage power in its use. Besides this

54 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

a *' weeder " is generally carried in the other hand, which is
really the blade of a knife neatly curved round, and is used to
extract lesser weeds, such as grow too dosely to any plant which
it is desirable to retain.

This short implement is also of great assistance to the work*
man who does not operate upon his knees, serving as a slight
prop, or stay, in alternate hands, which greatly eases a very
trying stooping position.

As with all other crops, much will depend on the season for
efficient hoeing and cleanliness eventually.

During inclement springs and early summer seasons it is
frequently absolutely necessary to carry the weeds when hoed off
the beds, for if this be not done, they again take root, grow, and
soon become as firmly attached to the ground as they were
previous to hoeing.

It is for this reason that some growers bargain with hoers to
maintain the beds clean for certain periods. To save expense,
summer onion beds do not generally receive such late hoeings as
would be beneficial to them. The consequence is that at or
about the harvesting time seed weeds too frequently abound.

It is very desirable to hoe amongst onions whilst *' bulbing **
is in process, by which means not only are these seedling weeds
checked, but the onions also are freed somewhat of an ad*
hering soil, and, as a consequence, they swell more freely and
well.

It is an excellent plan, as soon as some of the earliest have
bulbed and the green tops attached fall into a recumbent position,
to walk through them with a long rod, and, by moving it above
the ground line to and fro, to thereby force all the stiffer-necked
ones down also. Not only do they bulb better by this means
but the whole crop also ripens off together more uniformly.

ONIONS. 55

whiqli is no mtiaXL gain considered in connection with future
harvesting and storing.

In regard to haryesting, it is usual to '^ draw " the crop and
throw it singly in neat rows on the ridge of each furrowed
bed. Here it lies until comparatiyely dry, when it is drawn
over during a fine period on to a fresh spot, which, being drier,
assists greatly in ripening off. Nor must it be permitted to
remain out too long, if it is desired to retain a bright fresh
colour, and this is an important consideration from a marketing
pomt of view. Each rain which falls over it after it is drawn
tends to discolour it, and so to reduce the value.

In all operations connected with the regular growth of such
crops, skilled labour contributes much to the right side of
the account. The practised workman, at the collecting and
harvesting, will deftly select and collect the useful bulbs, and fill
his collecting basket in a third of the time tskken by an inexpe-
rienced hand.

Thick-necked bulbs are always objectionable. They come of
a bad selection of seeds and indifferent culture, added to wet
seasons. They must be discarded from the bulk selected for
storing. Not only do they spoil the sample, but they are liable
to decay, and thereby do great injury around.

When a crop is well grown and harvested dry, and with the
outer '^ leaves " rustling, it is not at all desirable to pull these
protective coatings off. Do not these assume the place of paper
foldings, attached, it would appear, for the greater protection of
the bulbs, and which, as such, should be permitted to remain on ?

Onions properly harvested keep well in heaps in a cool shed
where all excess of moisture which abounds can have vent.
The grower should, as a rule, have convenience for storing
his crops, so that he may be the better able to command the

56 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

markets. Even though he may not wish to market his crop
directly himself, he can strike a bargain with those who trade in
this and other produce^ when the purchaser will take advantage
of a convenient storage, and accordingly pay a better price.

The onion crop has one characteristic advantage, in that it is
rarely at so low a price as to be absolutely unremunerative. It
is very marketable^ and has little attendant waste; even the
smallest size command ready prices for pickling, whilst with
proper growth and attention ''pippy necked" examples are
very limited. It is not difficult generally to command £8 or
£10 per ton in the metropolitan markets.

Finally, as regards the permanent crops of bulbing onions, I
may add that they are generally found to succeed best when
grown upon land previously devoted to cabbages, or any similar
winter green crop, such crops having been thoroughly well pro*
vided for and supported from the resources of the farmyard or
stable. When the land is inherently of a poor or impoverished
nature, a surface dressing of short decomposed manure may be
advantageously employed.

Having followed the routine necessary in connection with the
culture, &c., of " bulbing " onions, we now direct attention to
the mode generally employed in the production of the pickling-
onion crop. Perhaps it may be well to say at the outset that it
is necessary either to enter largely into the cultivation of this
variety, or to let it alone altogether. Moreover, it would be
better to ensure a market for such produce before commencing
operations than to grow crops on the risk that '^ a market will
turn up."

Important as has been the proper preparation of the soil, with
strict cleanliness, or in other words, freedom from weeds, &c., in
respect of the main, or bulbing crop, these considerations may

ONIONS. 67

be said to be equally or even more important in connection with
this densely grown one.

And this for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is the
fact that as the seeds are sown thickly, so also are the young
plants so exceedingly dense that if a superabundance of seed
weeds are permitted to form amongst them, especially should a
moist season follow, it will be all but impossible to keep them
clean.

From another point of view, it wiU be seen that to succeed
with this crop, hoeing, which certainly must be done as in the
case of all others, must be reduced as far as possible to a Tninimum
of actual requirements. If, therefore, this is necessary, so
also is it essential that the ground be in that free state which
will admit of its being done easily and well. In a word, the
soil must be of an open, giving texture, well pulverised and as
far removed as possible from all that is of a lumpy retentive
nature. This we scarcely need say is only brought about, or
ensured, before autumn and winter, by continued spring prepa-
ration.

Though it is necessary, as has been premised, that the land
should not only be in good heart, but also in good working
order, it must, notwithstanding, be as firm as possible. It
is not very material what crop has preceded, provided this
can be assured. Crops of peas, potatoes, summer coleworts,
autumn drawn lettuces, &c., would all tend to prepare the
soil.

In regard to growing these pickling onions, some importance
should be attached to the selection of seeds, for without this a
uniform sample cannot be looked for. Small Paris Silver-
skinned is an acknowledged good sort to grow for this purpose,
latterly, also, a new Neapolitan kind, named Queen, has^ been

58 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

bronght prominently forward as an excellent variety. Certainly
it has one great merit : it bulbs or ripens off very qtdckly, which,
is a very valuable feature.

Probably many casual growers will be startled when the
amount of seeds necessary to sow an acre for this pickling crop .
is taken account of^ as much as 60lb. being often employed. As
with the sowing and rapid development of the general crop
before referred to, so also with this. The quicker the seeds
germinate, and the more uniformly also, the better. Well grown
pickles, when they show the young blades, have the appearance^
at a short distance away, of the neatest and trimmest of swards.
Not a weed is to be seen to mar the general effect ; an even, level
expanse lies before the eye.

As soon as the ** blades " are well " straightened," and each
becomes upright, with roots firmly attached downwards, it will
be necessary to move the soil or hoe amongst them, in view of
which a bargain should be struck with a care-taking man. The
rapidity with which this work is performed by those accustomed
thereto is very remarkable. It is generally done on the knees, a,
small bent knife-blade being chiefly used for the purpose. Many
women are also very handy at this work.

Though traces of the workpeople are very evident following
this process of hoeing, they are quickly erased by ulterior growth
and the weather, and when knelt upon and apparently greatly
crushed, the crop does not seem to suffer therefrom. We
have seen drifts, so to speak, in a too strong grown rainy
season crop, caused by the weeders, entirely removed in less
than a week. Hence it will be seen that the most important
consideration is to be rid of the weeds, and in process of doing
so, if the young plants are really not rooted out they suffer in no
degree from being loosened around, even to being ''lain," so

ONIONS. 69

long as any simple rootlets still exist upon them, haying their
originally developed firm hold on the ground below.

Following this thorough hoeing an active growth is generally
made, and with soil in good heart and a dry season following, the
weeds are often greatly mastered by the crop, needing at times
only the withdrawal of the larger solitary ones.

It is otherwise in a wet season, when endless is the work and
the difficulty of thoroughly mastering them. Indeed, it is
sometimes impossible to do so without carrjdng such as are
hoed up away from the bed. Two hoeings in tolerably good
seasons prove, on the contrary, a material preventive of this,
and advantage to the crop. With a sufficiency of seeds sown
evenly throughout, the crop will prove to turn in earlier than
may be supposed. The earlier it does this the more likelihood
is there of good harvesting weather, a dry warm period lessening
and shortening this operation greatly.

Our suggestions show that in dealing with this crop a heavy
outlay is requisite. With a market, it is not, however, more
*' risky " than are many others. A bad season only deteriorates*
and does not destroy its prospects altogether. Certainly the
labour, unless, indeed, very hard bargains are driven with weeders
in the early season, is greatly increased. Thick-necked and
inferior produce abounds, and needs much sorting. Generally,
however, the price is increased accordingly, though, even in.
ordinary seasons, aa acre of goodly-flmshed shotdd produce
about £120, to meet such expenses as are necessarily incidental.

Having treated of ''bulbing" and '' pickling " onion crops, I
now direct attention to ''autunm sown," or such as are for
spring use, in one or two forms. ''lisbons " are those most
generally grown for this crop, in one of several varieties, the
latest and most improved form being known as Giant Boooas.

60 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

The two objects in view when growing, one of whicK at least,
is always in view of growers, consists in producing crops entirely
for drawing for sale in a green state, and growing others on to
a more ripened stage.

For tlie former, it is absolutely necessary that the soil be very
rich and of good heart, and this, we need not add, should include
deep enrichment and working; because, should it not be so
prepared, it will be impossible to carry so thick and trying a
soil-taxing crop to a successful issue.

It may not be a very important consideration what crops
should have preceded, provided the soil is, or can be made such
as I have described. Practically, however, onions are made to
follow crops of cucumbers, vegetable marrows, potatoes, or even
autumn cabbage, which give a main crop in spring and are sub-
sequently retained for a second crop of '' greens" for sunmier
use.

As a matter of fact, the ground is richly prepared for these
preceding crops, though probably it is less thoroughly enriched
after a crop of cabbage than of any of the others named.
After vegetable marrows, or, more rarely, cucumbers, owing to
the lesser number grown, the land is in a highly enriched condi-
tion, and, as a rule, greater success is attained.

The general preparation of the soil for this crop is, in point
of detail, like that needful and abready explained in connection
with bulbing and other crops. The quantity of seeds sown per
acre, and that most generally broadcast, varies somewhat accord-
ing to the quality, the maximum being at the rate of 501b. per
acre.

There is sometimes a difficulty in getting the seeds to ger-
minate at the proper time, for the reasons — ^first, that other
crops may not be quite off the ground, and, secondly, because

ONIONS, 61

even when the land is prepared and the seeds sown, or ready to
sow, such an arid period intervenes as to positively preclude
germination. This is one of the great drawbacks to saccessfol
antumn sown onion culture.

To these drawbacks may be added another. Should the seeds
be sown a week too soon and an early germination take place,
owing to showery weather, especially if a showery autumn
follow, no little risk arises that the crop wiU become too
strong, robust, and forward, being, in effect, what is known a»
** winter proud." Such a crop will naturally incur some danger
of destruction from excessively hard winter frosts.

On the other hand, if the seeds be sown only a week or twa
too late and an arid period ensue, the crop which results
therefrom will be most generally a weak and backward one, such
as will not grow on so rapidly as may be desirable to insure a
useful and marketable size at a saleable time.

Though, then, we intend fixing proper dates at which to sow
this crop, it will be seen from the various difficulties enumerated
that, to succeed, no mean amount of judgment will be necessary
on the part of the grower in these respects, to say nothing of
the peculiarities of soil and situation.

Where proper preparation of the ground can be insured and a
fairly growing or germinating period follows, we would fix
August 1st as, generally speaking, the time at which to sow,
deferring it, the more southerly the neighbourhood, gradually
later, up to August 11th or August 14th,

Where a ready market exists and growers are well versed in
its needs and contingencies— where also they base their practice
upon past experience and probable changeableness of weather,
&c. — two sowings are habitually made.

Even if one sowing fail, there is the support of a second to

62 PBOFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

fall back on ; the general result being that both sowings come in
well and afford to the seller a successional crop which aptly
meets market reqoirements. The former^ or main crop, is gene-
rally drawn when large enough, according as market prices rule ;
whether in very late autumn, in instances where the crop is large
enough, a mild period in winter, or early to late spring. Of
course, the larger the produce and the more bulb end it has,
the more is its value enhanced. Where the crop stands until
April and growing weather invites it to make renewal of growth,
the main point then is to make the tops or green part become
as strong and as green and fresh as possible.

To ensure this, many experienced growers during showery
weather give a slight broad sowing of nitre. We are no great
advocates of this stimulant. It appears to us to incite too much
to growth and to tend to ultimate impoverishment of the
land. Soot is a good fertiliser, and acts both quickly and well.
There are also guano and other artificial manures, many of which
are beneficial.

For marketing, it is necessary to " draw " the crop with all
its roots attached, and with the green parts as little injured as
possible. A good buncher is also requisite not only to make
each bunch showy, but also to form it shapely and large
enough.

It is convenient to buuch on drawing, which can be done by
having a migratory table board on trestles for the purpose. The
produce then needs to be well washed and rinsed. Even in
packing for market, neatness of appearance and avoidance of
bruising are worthy the consideration of all who would succeed
in getting good prices ; and prices are at all times ruled more or
less by the excellence and freshness of the vegetable offered for
sale.

ONIONS. 6S

We tnm finally to early summer bulbing onions, the produce
of autumn-sown seeds. This branch of culture is the one least
generally practised of any, and it is, as we take it, a valuable
one yet in its infancy.

By these means fine large onions and a heavy produce per acre
are the all but invariable result of what is a very simple pro-
cedure. The produce comes in, besides, at a most convenient and
acceptable time — i,e,, about the months of June and July, when
the past season's crop is either quite exhausted or grown pippy
and useless for general culinary purposes. It is the want of
good home-grown produce at such a season as this which creates
for the early Spanish onions, imported at this date, so ready
and profitable a sale— -a circumstance the more easily under-
stood from the fact that the season for young ducks, &c.,
coincides therewith, when something more than green summer-
formed leaves, &c., are very necessary.

Though, however, the production of all good onion crops is,
by comparison with most others of a kindred growth and inten-
tion, an expensive process, this one of sunomer bulbing is perhaps
more so than any other, with the exception of that known as
pickling. The process is, however, a very simple one, as we
shall now endeavour to show.

Probably the best kind to grbw for this purpose is that known
as Giant Bocca, a variety of comparatively recent introduction,
and one which has a capacity for forming fine large bulbs and a
goodly weight per acre.

Those who intend growing this crop should prepare a piece of
ground in an open airy situation by the first week in the month
of August. It is not necessary that it be particularly deeply or
richly prepared, though there are advantages in having the
surface soil to a depth of about six inches pretty well enriched

64 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

with well-deeomposed manure and of a free open teztore
generally.

The seeds should be sown broadcast, at the rate of about
201b. per acre, as near to August 11th as conyenient. If the
season should prove to be an arid one, and not such as is con-
ducive to quick and free growth, it is important that the sowing
should not be later than this.

But in the case of a rainy, growing season, and when germina-
tion, consequent on the amount of latent or actual moisture in
the ground^ is sure to take place quickly, a week later would
have its advantage, from the fact that, by delaying the opera-
tion of sowing somewhat, the plant would be less likely to
become too large, or what is generally known as '* winter proud,"^
a point which is certainly worth considering.

Beyond the sowing of the seeds at this time, nothing more can
be done until about the month of October, or early in Novem-
ber, when the seeds being well up, and a moderately dry period
prevailing, it wUl be a great advantage to hoe well amongst
them.

This operation will be beneficial^ not only in view of de^
stroying all weeds, but also, by opening the soil around the base
of the plants, it will conduce to greater hardihood, fitting them
to stand hard winter weather better, and it will tend further ta
prepare a better root base for subsequent removal. This hoeing
completed, they remain without further attention until th&
month of February following.

As early, therefore, in the month of February as the weather
will permit, let the necessary space of ground which it is in>-
tended should be finally planted with young onion plants for
** bulbing " be prepared. If some preliminaries towards this can

; ONIONS. 65

be done earlier in the autumn months, the land being at liberty,
80 much the better.

In any case, the ground should be as deeply and richly culti-
yated as possible. And it may be well, in this place, to digress
a little in regard to the matter of deep culture as applicable to
onion crops generally, and to explain that, though to many it
may not appear to be the case, onions, nevertheless, are usually
as deeply rooted as perhaps any crop grown. Small and weakly
as these roots may seem, it is to be noticed that they go directly
downwards from first to last, and that they branch out little, if
at aU, in process of growth.

Were we to explain, further, how they are to be found, fol-
lowing a well-grown crop, at depths varying from six feet
onward, we could add little to our suggestion that deep culture
is essential, except, indeed, it were to show that we base our
remarks upon something more than whim or fancy. Deep
culture, in truth, is no figure of speech in respect of this early
spring crop of onions for bulbing.

When the ground selected for the crop is well prepared, it-
should be well harrowed or raked and rolled, and during the
month of February, or as soon afterwards as the weather will
permit, the young onion plants should be carefully forked up
from the seed bed, and each dibbled singly and separately inta
the newly prepared bed. The neatest and best way is to dibble
them out in rows to line. They should be about 4^in. to 5in.
between plant and plant.

One very important fact must be borne in mind in connection
with the dibbling. While it is essential that the roots be*
dibbled down firmly, it is, however, not at all necessary that the-
base of the young onion should be buried in the soil« Indeed,,
it will ''bulb " as well, if not better, without.

66 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

If it be possible to stand eacb on its base witbout boxying
it at all in tbe soil, so mncb tbe better ; even sbould tbe onion
itself lie flat on tbe ground, its roots being dibbled in, it will
succeed well. Owing, boweyer, to tbe babit of worms in tbe
early spring season of drawing sucb tbings into tbeir boles, it is
necessary to fix tbem very firmly in tbe ground. And in any
case, as soon as a bed is planted a dusting oyer witb lime, or
lime and soot mixed, is of great adyantage in warding off tbe
injury worms may do in tbis regard.

As tbe season adyances and tbe young crops get well bold,
frequent boeing becomes yery needful, and sbould not be omitted.
Care must be taken, boweyer, in process of boeing, not to injure
tbe crop by scratcbing tbe bulbs, as is too frequently done by
indifferent workmen. Eyery sucb injury sbows ultimately wben
tbe crop is baryested. As soon as bulbing is well in progress
tbe green tops sbould be bent oyer, or ''laid," a simple process
wbicb bastens tbe perfecting of tbe crop.

Subsequently, wben of goodly size, tbe tops baying ripened
somewbat, it is well to pull tbem up wbilst yet somewbat green,
and tbus secure an earlier market. In yiew of tbis, eacb
process znigbt be done successionally, and so tbe ripening and
marketing be prolonged.

Eyen wben *' pulled '' tbe crop is best out of doors wbilst tbe
leayes are green, but sbould subsequently be placed in an open
sdry sbed.

I >■■ I ■■( I

Chapter XIII.

PARSNIPS.

This vegetable is a conyenient ''cHange-conrse " crop, and will

prove an excellent substitate for a too great repetition of the

several main crops, to wliich, of necessity, greater importance has

hitherto been attached. It succeeds best on moderately stiff

deep loamy soils, and is not at all adapted for light stony ones,

or snch as lose too rapidly a moderate latent moisture in the

arid summer months. It is not one of the most profitably grown

•amongst market crops, as the demand is but a limited one, and

the supply is nearly equal to it. Tljie soil should not be too rich

near the surface, and should be well worked and levelled down

nicely before the seeds are sown. These are generally placed in

rows at distances of about 9in. apart. It is not at all judicious

to sow too thickly, and those who do so in the hope of securing

heavier crops are sure to lose on the score both of quantity and

quality. This is greatly owing to the fact that, when a crop

succeeds, it produces a fine spreading leaf surface as opposed to

an upright one. The more, therefore, the leaves spread along

the ground, the more likely are they to shade and overgrow each

other. Whenever this occurs it is not possible to secure a good

crop of large and heavy roots.

t2

68 PBOFITABLE MARKET QABDENINO.

There is a new variety known as tHe Student, for which
several merits are claimed. Strange it is, however, that, as with
the old broad bean, buyers invariably refuse it in favour of the
long-known original Hollow Grown variety.

It is very desirable to sow this crop early, that is, in the first
week of the month of March. The young plants are very hardy,
and if they commence growth before any diy warm weather
sets in, the crop sJways succeeds much better. In hoeing the
seedlings are chopped out, when it is well to move the soil
deeply that lies between the rows.

Chapter XIY.

PEAS.

To the true market-garden farmer tHe Pea crop is a very im*
portant one in what may be termed market-garden-farm routine
of coltore. Peas are grown not so much by the smaller market-
garden growers to be found immediately aronnd the metropolis
and some few other large towns, bat more especially by those
growers who make a role of ''mixing up " farm produce proper
with market-garden produce. They afford the land an excellent
change from other crops, and bring ready and valuable returns to
the exchequer at a very convenient season. It is in this aspect
that we shall endeavour to treat of them.

Originally introduced from southern Europe, this plant, in its
now greatly improved forms more especially, should not be
accredited with too great hardihood. Indeed, where really
heavy crops of fine pods are to be produced, it cannot be treated
too considerately. Certainly, earlier crops can be picked by very
early sowings, though these special products are light and of
questionable value as a means of profit. To this, however, we
shall refer .more in detail presently.

As a somewhat tender hardy annual, like all its congeners, it
is of rapid growth and equally rapid bloom and ''jading in"

70 PROFITABLE MARKET OARDENING.

m

capacity. This fact shonld explain to all thoagHtful growei»
how very desirable it is that it shonld have a rich, open, free,
and friable soil in which to grow and develop itself. For it ia
true in respect of all plants of rapid development that the most
kindly surroundings are essential to amplitude of growth and
abundant fruitfulness. Seeing that it is the seed-pods only
which are used for commercial purposes, we have, therefore, an
additional incentive to force the plant into as prosperous a state
as possible, in view of its producing much and free .growth,
along with numerous fine pods following free, abundant, and
simultaneous blooms of the freshest kind.

These descriptions sdone are to be accounted as of high merit,,
sad capable of realising the more remunerative prices. For the
grower may be assured there are peas and "peas," and the buyer
at first hand at all our larger markets knows full well, from
experience and external ^tppearances, what are well grown and
tender and likely to be appreciated by his retail buyers.

We can. add but little: in respect of duly preparing the land
on which seed is to be sown; nor is it to be supposed that
much preparation is essential to every crop. As in other cases,
much will depend upon the real .'' heart " lands may be in;
much also on the kind of crops which preceded, and not a
little on the kind of early summer weather experienced.

A moderately moist season, with sunshine and warm winds,
gives just that kind of southern weather which this crop so
delights in, thrives and develops so rapidly upon.

The Pea, like the Onion, is deep rooting, and, though thia
may not be anticipated by those unaccustomed to it, has a
wonderful capacity for impoverishing the ground and absorbing^
the latent moisture within it. Indeed, so much is this the case,
that during a moderately showery period the soil immediately

PEAS. 71

below a crop becomes extremely dry — ^a fact which goes far to
show how necessary it is to place abundance of manure for the
plants to warm down amongst and feed upon.

As already intimated, the pea is a very convenient crop,
from the fact that it may be sown in succession to many others.
For instance^ it will succeed admirably after a wheat crop, and
also after a collard crop, which is well known in districts where
it is grown as a " hardy green " crop.

It may be well to add one word in regard to the nature, as to
firmness or otherwise, of the various soils in which the pea
may be grown, the working condition of these having something
to do with ultimate success.

Where soils are habitually strong, light, and porous, with an
open subsoil, it is not well to plough up during a dry early
spring season immediately before sowing. The grower should
aim rather at a late January deep ploughing following a free
manuring, and so work only over the immediate surface at
the sowing time, in such manner that all superficial seedling
weeds be destroyed and the work of drilling be carried on in a
free and easy manner. The somewhat compressed, naturally
light soil wiU by this means, especially with its leaven of manure
lying amongst it, form the best possible bed for the roots to
'' prospect " amongst.

Heavy lands, on the contrary — and they comprise a very large
area of pea-growing districts— ought, as far as possible, to be
worked when at a medium state of moisture some week or two
only before the seeds are committed to the ground. These latter
soils claim in the working a certain peculiar treatment which
helps to develop such a state of soil consistency and firmness as
meets this crop's requirements. For instance, after the manuring,
ploughing, and cross-harrowing, such soils are invariably very

72 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

lumpy> the whole surface being a mass^ so to speak, of soil
boulders, which it is imperative should be crushed. This is
invariably done either by an ordinary roller or a crusher.

Such a process includes the needful artificial compression
which we have suggested as of moment to such a crop, but which
is insured by more natural means in the case of lighter soils.
Before leaving this part of our subject it may be well to suggest
that a pea crop is a convenient one, not only from the fact that
it may be made to follow many previous crops, but owing also
to the various crops which it is convenient to place in the same
ground in succession to it.

It comes off opportunely for transplanting in its place, after
proper preparation, such things as Brussels sprouts, Veitch's
Autumn Giant cauliflower, purple broccoli, celery, when that is
grown, collards, &c., to say nothing of even more permanent
farm crops.

Independent of the value of this crop from its more imme-
diate marketable point of view, the haulm is a useful kind of
provender for cattle generally, when properly used, and it is
capable of being stacked, and will keep a Ipng time. This,
therefore, is a secondary crop of real monetary value, being
worth, at a fair computation, from fifteen to eighteen pence
per truss.

Nor do we understand why pea haulm is not more generally
used for stock feed during the long winter months, more
ec(^ecially in the case of milch cows. Such stock are given
habitually much moist food, including stores of swedes, man-
golds, &c., which are very relaxing. As pea haulm has an
opposite tendency, it presents a corrective of no small value.

Those who have no experience of it should take care not to
feed incautiously or too indiscriminately with it. It may be best

PEAS. 78

and most profitably used by way of adxnixtnie cat up along
with straw and hay for chaff.

We turn now more particnlarly to the matter of sowing the
seed peas. Haying succinctly described the process of land pre-
paration in a variety of phases, our next inquiry has reference
to superficial treatment.

When the land is in good heart, and, indeed, following imme-
diately upon preparation for the crop, it is customary to finish
it off above, in " lands," &c., in the usual way. By this means
the surface is provided more or less against any flooding rain
periods which may follow.

A too flat surface is avoided, and crops are '^ quartered,"
for the better growth of distinct varieties, for sale to jobbers
in separate parts — ^if this method be desirable— and for division
of labour in the matter of piecework, whether hoeing, gang
picking, or the like.

It should be understood that there is really no reason, beyond
those we have referred to, why the crop should not be planted
on a broad level.

It is at the option of the grower either to market his crop
himself or to call in the middle man, better known as '^jobber,"
to whom he can sell it, at per acre, and avoid all future risk.

So greatly do prices vary according to sorts, seasons, and
crops, that it is often difficult to follow the quotations from
maximum to minimum, even on succeeding market days. Well-
grown, well-gathered, and marketed samples always bring fairly
good returns notwithstanding.

Jobbers, of course, give better prices where a degree of
competition can be brought to bear, which is secured by adver-
tising, or advising those who habitually deal in this produce at

74 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

as early a date and "as long before tHe crop approaclies maturitj
as possible. This can be done as soon as the seed is well
throngb the ground.

A convenient time for judging well of the merits of a crop
is immediately after the earthing-up is completed. This process
is done with the usual plough used for such purposes. The
haulm by this means is generally made to lay on one side
uniformly throughout each row, and the soil is so moulded up
to it as to cause it to remain in that position.

The method of sowing suggested, being a medium one, is best
as a general rule ; but something should be allowed in practice
for the particular kinds of peas sown, whether early, dwarfs, or
tall rambling kinds. And it may be as well in this place to
state, as a matter of detail, that market-garden, or field peas,
are hardly ever staked out or ''sticked." Nevertheless, the
height, &;c., of the crops has much to do with the proper
method of sowing, even when they are to be grown recumbent
upon the ground.

Early peas, known mostly as '' Early Whites," consisting of
the old standard kind, called '' Sangsters," in its many forms,
being comparatively early bloomers and yielders, are generally
sown somewhat thickly, more so than Laxton's Supreme — at
least, this should be the case.

Begarding the other methods of sowing practised, sometimes
two rows are sown close together, a little more room being left
between these and the next double row, &c. Again, broader,
denser rows are sown, which in practice are somewhat akin to
the last. By means of these the process of picking the crop
is sometimes expedited. Though each of these seversJ plans has
its merits, much knust ultimately depend upon the season.

PEAS. 75

Should a damp, sloppy period ensue, as I have suggested, each
alike will run greatly to growth. On the other hand, the
double row and the thick row will reviye, owing to the xnulti-
plicity of seedling plants— a check which may in some degree
subdue this. During a fairly favourable season also these
double rows will do very well, but the weather must not
change at or about the advent of podding to drought and
aridity, or the crop must, on the contrary, suffer in great
degree.

On the whole^ therefore, we advocate medium thick sowings
in rows equi-distant apart as most likely to give a fair and
profitable return. It is customary to sow peas due north by
south in the rows when it is convenient so to do. By this means
the sun, morning, mid-day, and noon, exerts an even influence on
all sides, &c., whereas if sown east by west the rows are liable to
be drawn somewhat unduly towards the south.

In dealing with the various methods practised in the actual
sowing of pea seeds, it will, perhaps, be advantageous that we
add, somewhat in detail, further information beyond that pre-
viously given generally in its proper place. For the sake of
the uninitiated, we must not omit the actual quantities of seeds
required, &c.

(Generally speaking, two bushels of seed per acre will be
requisite, however much the sorts may vary; but there are
one or two exceptions. We have already said '' Early Whites "
should be sown thickest. This is reconcilable with the general
rule when it is considered that the seeds in this case are far
more numerous to the bushel than the general run of larger
mid-season and marrows.

A distinction, however, must be drawn in respect of all peas
of a branching habit. It is for this reason, therefore, that

76 PROFITABLE MABKET QABDENINO.

we advise that not more tHan five pecks of seeds of that most
excellent sort^ Veitch's Perfection, and all similar habited sorts,
be sown.

Though some growers may incline to sow large wrinkled
marrow seeds more thickly than by two bushels to the acre, it
will hardly be adyisable to do so, considering that not only does
the haulm become strong, but the leaves do not get large,
which, to insure well '' swollen " and developed pods, they
ought to be.

Besides, each haulm will produce one or two pairs more of
these large pods, where they are permitted to grow away freely ;
whereas, by stinting the growth of all, as is invariably done in
the case of overcrowded plants, "the whole of the pods will
invariably prove to be but of second-rate merit, much to the
lowering of that high price which is only secured by the finest
produce.

After the process of sowing, very little time should elapse ere the
plant is up, and the next stage of operations demands attention,
viz., hoeing or cleaning. The double-bladed horse hoe is gene-
rally used, and it is fixed as regards depth to suit a variety of
conditions of soil.

When weeds, grass-weeds more especially, have been ploughed
and buried therein, it will be well not to plough too deeply, at
the risk of exhuming them. Nor should deep ploughing be
resorted to upon brashy soils and where very shallow sub-soils
exist. In such cases, shallow seedling weed eradication alone
should be aimed at.

On the contrary, where the soil is deep and rich, deep horse
hoeing and consequent lightening up is most advantageous,
because immediately after this process the young roots of active
growth will rapidly run and ramify with great vigour and

PEAS. 77

benefit. The Horse Hoe cannot^ However^ be relied on to do all
that is necessary in tHis regard, and Hoeing should be ** let " to
the men at so much per acre. The price given by piecework
depends entirely on the state which the ground may be in for
cleanness, or the reverse, and the ready or easy working of soils.
As a rule, from 4:S. to 5s. per acre is given at such a stage aa
this.

Of course, in process of hand hoeing, every weed must be
carefully removed from the growing rows of the crop. A
shirking of this part of the work may, indeed, help the
operator in getting over his '' job," but assuredly every weed so
left to grow will soon rise into large proportions and prove most
troublesome at the time of pea-picking.

It is not enough, however, that reliance be placed upon the
first hoeing already referred to. Upon enriched, cultivated,
and worked lands, seed-weeds will continue to germinate very
rapidly after each rain, and it is after some amount of growth
has been made that a thorough hoeing is of even greater
importance in view of thoroughly checking all weeds at the
latest time possible.

We have often seen crops of peas which, during a rainy
season, had been neglected in this respect, and which had, in
consequence, become thoroughly overrun and smothered by the
foul companionship thus forced upon them.

During rainy seasons a crop grown without sticks often be-
comes unduly thick. Indeed, it is liable at such time to run
away or outgrow the seedpods which it is desirable it should
carry. In such a case it is customary, and is probably the only
good plan available, to procure a long thin rod, and by switching
it to and fro, up and down, respective lands, to cut off the too
strong-growing points. By such a check which, from a crop-

78 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

producing point of yiew^ is veiy nseful, tHe strength, of eamk
plant is diverted to pod increase, and ultimate crop prodactioii
promoted.

Next in importance to growing good crops is tHe picking and
marketing them in good order. And it is a fact, which shonld
not be overlooked by the grower, that, however well grown the
produce, if it be not picked and marketed properly, and in the
needful conventional form, no great amount of success is to be
secured.

The earliest pickings, such as are very early, may— nay, of
necessity, should — ^be younger in the pod and less well filled
than later ones are generally expected to be. Fitness of crop is
a very important item for consideration, and the ** slatting " is
a process requiring well watching and some amount of able
calculation in regard to the time when the crop is likely to be
ready ; because, though very early pickings, when they can be
made, may be less well filled than is proper generally, the main
crops must, on the contrary, be secured just at such times as the
pods are well filled, but young.

Two new varieties of pea likely to become popular with
growers are Day's Early Sunrise and Princess Boyal.

The work of pea-picking is onerous if you elect to gather
and market the peas yourself. It requires a large gang of
women, or women with their families, to secure a goodly load
or two per diem. And this, as we have already intimated,
is a very important point, especially during diy, arid, and hot
weather; as it is during such periods that peas develop and
ripen so very rapidly. When it is considered that the chief
markets are only available three days a week, very quick work
is imperative. As regards the prices paid per sieve for

PEAS. 79

gathering; they depend on the season and the kind of crops
produced.

The actual prices have varied from 4d. to 7d. In the former
•case the haulm was moderate, the crop good, and the kind large
in the pod, and such as admitted of the whole crop hieing '
gathered. At such a time we have known one woman and her
child to pick as many as sixteen bushels per day — a really great
and clever performance. When the season is wet, however, and
the haulm long and, as it not infrequently is during such
reasons, wet and muddy, few comparatively can be gathered, and
7d. is not at all too high.

It is usual to place a man along with gangs of pea-pic^rs,
whose duty it is to see that the crop is picked cleanly and
properly, that proper measurement is observed, and that one
finiform clean sample is placed throughout all the bags.
Usually, it is also his duty to give metal checks for each
bushel or bag of peas gathered. This important personage is
•called ''pea bailiff/' He is always to be seen, soldier-like,
switching a small hand-stick about, enjoying a life of rural
•abandonment, save in the duties mentioned, amidst a gang of
very motley appearance, working severely and often for long
iLOurs. At a given period the waggon approaches upon which
the pickings of the day are packed, '' time " is called, and all
•cease as rapidly as even quantities can be secured. It only
remains to add that very fine peas are generally packed in
baskets, and that it pays well to do so. They are bought at a
higher price for the " Upper Ten."

Bags should not be placed nor permitted to lie too thickly
in heaps, whether in the warehouse or open market yards, else
they commence to heat, and no little injury often follows.
Sometimes beginners in the business save a few best pods for

80 PROFITABLE MARKET QARDENINQ.

''topping" with. This is a practice, however, which should
always be discountenanced. It is not osoal, and the buyer is
perfectly justified in returning and "shooting" them, should
he feel aggriered; and this is occasionally done.

» ! *>■ < ■

Chapter XV.

POTATOES.

Gbeat as has been tlie advance in the "garden fann " culture of
the potato^ aided latterly by the addition and diffusion of newer
varieties — ^not excepting the many excellent ones of American
origin — still there remains much more to be done in this respect.
The International Potato Exhibition has, no doubt, been greatly
conducive, not only to the production of improved varieties, but
also to their popularity, for market growers are loth to depart
from old rules and to discard old kinds for which an unfluc-
tuating demand occurs. Nevertheless, it is to their interest to*
grow such varieties as are likely to produce the heaviest crops,^
and such as are in shape and first size likely to be the more-
appreciated.

The potato disease, now so firmly established in this country,,
makes the crop a very doubtful one from season to season,^
though the demand equals the supply, notwithstanding the-
immense quantities annually imported from the Continent and
elsewhere. The chances are, therefore, that a profit wiU accrue-
in all instances where early markets are provided for, and it
has become a very precarious speculation to keep back crops for
late sales, in the hope that better prices may rule at the end o£

the season.

o

82 PROFITABLE MARKET QARDENINQ.

Some among the newer varieties of potatoes are announced
by the holders as disease proof. These may in some respects
have good constitutions. They prove, however, to have no
great capacity of successful resistance. Among these may be
mentioned Champion and Magnum Bonum. It is, indeed,
patent to all growers that the merits claimed for these varieties
are hardly worth taking account of. To the seasons must be
attributed disease or immunity therefrom, and to no other cause.

Success in marketing depends greatly on the rapidity both of
planting and forwarding this particular crop. It is, no doubt,
possible to produce crops which would pay in distant parts
of the country on low rented lands ; but unless something more
than the old method were adopted, it would not be prac-
ticable where rents, as well as labour, are so high as they are
around metropolitan and large town districts.

As with all other crops, the land must be well '' worked,"
and more or less specially for the potato. Deep ploughing is
needed, and manipulatory additions, however set about, which
will obviate all harsh and lumpy tendencies. It has been found
that greatly enriched land is generally preferable to trench
manured on the old plan. If the soil be well worked after a
process of plentiful manuring, it turns up soft and mellow,
and if any crop has an inclination for such a state of root home
it is this. Though such preparation is the best, it is not always
possible for growers to observe it who have two or three crops
succeeding each other on the same ground, within the limits of
the year. Generally the land can be turned over some month
•or two before planting, where no former crop is continued
therein too long a time. It should then be twice ploughed,
receiving afterwards a good dressing of well decomposed heap
manure, which has been twice turned, and is thus doubly fer-
mented.

POTATOES. 83

Between these two plongHings tlie two rows of soil turned
over form a line, whicli becomes tlie first line of planting.
Along this a man travels with a long-handled dibble, which he
thrusts into the soil at the necessary distances apart. Imme-
diately behind him follows a woman generally, having an apron
filled with ''sets," which she drops into the holes. In the
returning bout the plough turns over the next layer on to the
plants, thus completing the process of planting the field. It is
no unusual thing to see a crop of another kind upon the ground
•one day and on the next to observe that a crop of potatoes
has already been safely placed therein. Indeed, on one occasion,
when judging the Essex farms, we walked through and criticised
one of the finest crops of cabbages possible, and two days
after found in their place a crop of potatoes already earthed up.
In this instance the potatoes had been planted between the rows
of cabbages at the nioulding-up time, and when the former crop
was in the smallness of ifcs early stage of growth. This rapidity
of work has many advantages. During the months of March
and April dry weather often prevails ; and to leave the ground
bare for some time after a crop has been removed is to allow
weeds to rob it of much moisture which the former crop had
conserved. Besides, at such a season, manure cannot be too
quickly hurried thereon nor too expeditiously buried.

As soon as the potato plant is weU through the ground, or its

main shoots two or three inches high, it is customary to well

harrow the whole surface of the ground. The grower must have

no fear of injurious results to the young plants. The harrow may

take its course over or through and between the plants, even to

tearing them half down. The sure result will be that in two or

three days the crop will have made quite a rapid advance, the

growth assuming a far more healthy appearance. Not only will

this harrowing kill the weeds which are forming over the ground,

g2

84 PROFITABLE MARKET OARDENINO.

bat in loosening the soil it will make it more friable and better
for the moolding-up process. This latter operation need not,,
however, be completed for some short time yet. And if, by the
way, a heavy rain f oUows this harrowing and batter down the-
soil rmdoly, it will again be judicious and needful to run the-
cultivator between the rows before the moulding-up is done. li
matters not — ^nay, it is better— if in process of travelling betweenr
the rows each plant is seen to rise up as if being exhumed ; no^
injury, but rather good, wiU accrue, and greater growth result.
Potato roots delight to run abroad into light, loose, rich soil, and>
such as has air in free intercourse. Therein they develop^
strongly, and, in the end, a stronger shoot growth forms.

The process of moulding-up must be done at a studied time..
It is not judicious, on the one hand, to mould until the growth,
is somewhat well advanced, as it will have a tendency to check:
its progress. On the other hand, too late moulding causes —
especially during dry weather — some of the best roots to limit
their travels, to contract their growth, and less abundantly to-
form tubers eventually. Nor is too deep moulding-up to be-
commended. In some places, the neighbourhood of Manchester,
for example, the moulded ridges are made nearly upright, so-
much so, that during an arid season the drought travels through
them beneath and amongst the roots. Should a rainy season-
set in, then such a practice may prove beneficial.

As the disease seems now to be general, and during moist
seasons is almost universal, it has become imperative on growers
to plant as wide apart in the rows as possible. By this means
the haulm dries more quickly during fine intervals, and the
virulence of the disease is lessened accordingly. In further-
ance of this design, we would reconmiend that a distance of
2ft. be permitted between rows. If it be thought needfuly

POTATOES. 85

moreover, tlie sets may be planted closer together in the rows,
though we certainly do not advocate that coarse.

Early crops and early digging and marketing have much to do
with this crop on the score of success. Nor is it at all necessary
to wait until the haulm shows signs of ripening before a
commencement is made. It must, therefore, be calculated not
only that an increased price will compensate for want of full
growth, but that it is absolutely needful to make a beginning,
else all will ripen off too quickly before any advance has
been made.

As soon, therefore, as the tubers have attained to a fair size
and saleable, a load should be taken up and despatched, if but
for the purpose of " feeling " the market.

The operation of digging is, as with all other parts of routine,
conducted very rapidly in regular marketing grounds. A man
and a boy are set to work. The man wrenches, so to speak,
each root up, and tosses it from the points of the fork some feet
from him in such manner that it *' skids " along the ground, is
divested of its soil, and the crop rolls up clear and ready for the
boy, who takes hold of the collar of the haulm, beats it against
the side of his basket so that the tubers roll in, and, picking up
all ^ odd ones, he follows onward, keeping pace with the digger.
As soon as the ''skip," or basket, is filled, he carries it on to an
improvised table, leaving it there, and secures other baskets for
filling. A man, on good cropping land, and in a good season,
has been known to fork up as many as three tons of tubers
in one day. This is, however, a very exceptional case, but it
goes far to prove what masters district workmen are of the
isituation.

Not only is it necessary in market garden districts, for the
reasons we have already given, to dig early, but it is, besides.

86 PROFITABLE MARKET QARDENINO.

desirable from the fact that other crops, such as tomips, for
instance, should take their place as soon as possible.

We add one other important fact. It is that early planting
is very desirable and that the practice should always be followed
where possible. Indeed, growers for market— field growers,
that is— generally commence operations in this regard before
many garden-ground growers have begun to prepare their
ground.

With respect to sorts, which vary as the seasons pass on, little
can here be added of permanent utility. Dalmahoy, Ashleaf
(upon light good grounds), Beauty of Hebron, Magnum Bonum,
Snowflake (on light good ground), Victoria, Schoolmaster (not too
heayy ground), and Champion, along with Dunbar Begents, to
succeed the Dalmahoy above, which is a kind of early Eegent,
are those which, at this time, have precedence amongst
growers, though a great change is sure to take place before
long.

Chapter XVI

SPINACH.

Spinaoh can scarcely be said^ as yet, to be a people's crop,
though it is assuming more and more a favoured place upon
urban "Bills of Fare." We refer to it, therefore, as being
amongst the least marketable crops. The summer spinach or
round seeded is generally sown upon deep rich loanis, from the
month of March onward until about the end of the month of
May. Prickly seeded or winter spinach is sown from the 1st
to the 11th day of the month of August. By keeping the latter
well hoed and thinning the young plants out well, it often, if
it stands the winter, gives a good profit in the spring months.
Though a good price is generally obtainable, the quantity
which an acre at that season gives is so small as to reduce the
crop to a secondary place in the grower's estimation. This vege-
table has the merit of being no great drawer of the ground. It
is usual by growers to sow broadcast, and to freely hoe or thin
out the plants before late autumn sets in. It should not be sown
upon land subject to wireworm, nor will it succeed upon winter-
waterlogged or badly drained sites. When marketed, it is first
picked leaf by leaf, and towards the spring months whole plants
are cut up. Both are well washed and sieved for final transit
and sale.

Chapter XVII.

TURNIPS.

Nbxt to the seyeral '' main crops " that are grown, the turnip
takes its stand as a marketable comestible. Throughout the
whole winter season and during such times as it is obtitlnable
in summer, immense quantities meet a most ready sale in all
markets. Even when other vegetables prove a ''glut/' the
•exception is all but invariably to be met with in this product.
Following most spring and summer crops the turnip is sown
— a fact particularly to be noted in its favour. Moreover,
even when the land has been well prepared for former crops
and is in good condition, the turnip may, during any moderately
rainy period, be sown to follow, and with but little additional
preparation, excepting a good scarifying, if at all foul or weedy,
and the necessary subsequent harrowing.

The white varieties are alone cultivated for this purpose, and
if they come of a good stock very little heed is given to the
name, because, owing to the merits of such stocks in large or
reputed seedsmen's hands, there is no danger of doing far wrong.

The seeds are sown in drill rows, in width more or less accord*
ing to the season at which the sowings are made. The earlier
they are placed into the ground the nearer is the usual space of
15in. apart to be approached, but late sowings should be made

TURNIPS. 89

at a less distance. As soon as the plants assume form and con-
sistency the rapid hoeing so usual in market garden districts is
applied.

By a judicious choice of time for hoeing, this one first effort is
ample, and ''the plant" quickly covers the ground to the
exclusion of weeds. As soon as the crop is fit, the best roots
or the whole crop is drawn and thrown into heaps. Oarts
follow, into which they are loaded and carted thence to the
bunching shed. Here they are cleared of needless leaves, have
invariably their tail roots cut off, and are forthwith tossed into a
water tub. The hands have to do the work of washing, and
during very cold weather more especially, fingerless fiannel
gloves are employed for this purpose. Very fine tender young
crop turnips are occasionally washed with the others to save
them from injury by too hard handling. Following this washing
they are launched upon an appropriate table, and neatly
arranged and tightly tied with willow. For the reason just stated,
loading is done with equal care. Each bunch is neatly jerked up
to the loader, caught by him, and planted with the dear white
forming an upright wall on either side. Becently growers from
a distance tried bagging them for market, and for a short season
the reduced price took, even to influencing local growers to do
likewise. The practice has not, however, attained to permanence,
fiimply owing to the fact that neither wholesaleman nor retailer
can exhibit his ware in equal freshness, which, it is needless to say,
is to the individual retail buyer a great recommendation.

Late sown winter turnips, or such as from any cause have
remained upon the ground until they ''bolt " in the early spring,
form a good marketable commodity as turnip greens. These are
especially valuable when, following severe winters, greens of all
sorts have become scarce. They are generally picked when young
and tender, and are marketed in sacks or sieves.

Chapter XVIII.

VEGETABLE MARROWS.

The vegetable marrow crop is often an exceedingly productive
and profitable one, and, like otber crops of market garden
importance, is grown in a manner which would surprise even
a duke's gardener of superior knowledge. The latter takes care
to sow his seeds in pots, and so bring on the seedlings that
he may be enabled to plant out early, cut soon, and, as he
imagines, steal a march on time. Yet, with all this preparation
— ^and unnecessary preparation — afield-grown examples grace the
greengrocers' boards before the gardener has any to see or show.

The simple method followed by our growers for market is to
thoroughly manure the ground, to turn the soil up subsequently
as deeply as possible, and to sow the seeds in the open field
under all exposure, in the same manner as broad beans or
peas.

To secure good crops of young plants, the custom is to place
three separate seeds in the ground at a distance from each
other of about six inches. These are sown in rows at about four
or five feet apart, along the centre of each ''land." Should dry
weather follow immediately on the sowing, it would really repay
to water them slightly, though this is not often done. They

YEOETABLE MARROWS. 91

cannot well genninate too quickly, however, after they are once
placed into the ground ; and this is the more to be desired, from
the fact that such seeds as are not well matured — ^as is often the
case following bad seasons — ^are very likely to contract what is
not inaptly called the dry rot. Whereas, by instant activity
and germination, they may ward off this.

It is not judicious to sow these seeds before about the 15th
of May in any year, owing to the fact that occasionally frosts
which would be likely to injure, if not to destroy them, often
occur during the month of May.

As soon as the plants are up and have formed the first rough
leaf following the cotyledons, they require careful hoeing
between. In doing so it is well to draw the surrounding soil
around them and their collars, so as to steady them and to draw
up a small circular mound of the soil all around. The latter
will act as a protection against the winds, for unfortunately in
most market garden districts the trees have been so destroyed
or injured as to leave none.

Little now remains to be added in regard to this crop beyond
the fact that the whole space around must, by hoeing, be kept
free from weeds, and that it will be well to travel along each
row occasionally, and turn the young shoots into a proper course,
so that all radiate from the common centre in such a way as not
in too great degree to overgrow each other.

Do not, as is too frequently the practice, resort to stopping
the young shoots. By permitting them to grow freely they
advance more rapidly, from the fact that growth comes from
growth ; and marrow crops will come on more quickly upon
such as are allowed freedom in this respect than is possible
where too great restraint is the rule.

When once a crop commences, it will be requisite to look

92 PROFITABLE MARKET QAMDENINO.

through frequently, and to examine minutely the abundant
foliage, because to permit any fruit to remain upon the vines
when of sufficient marketable size is to unnecessarily tax and
rob the parent plants.

The marketable size is, by the way, too large, though it
is difficult to educate buyers in this respect. The crop is
generally cut and loaded into the necessary cart or waggon
beside the growing plants, and taken to market direct. Large
kinds of a white tint, and long in form, are the more sale-
able. It will be found that green skinned and round or oval
varieties do not win favour.

1 1 — > ■■ < I

Chapter XIX.

ADDENDA.

We have, as probably will be observed, omitted some few
subjects in alphabetical order ; this we have done advisedly, how-
ever. Oar aim has not been to write a book, but to afford a
means of useful information and reference in respect of such
crops as can be grown profitably, and for which a market can
be obtained. Certain products, such ' as parsley, Globe arti-
chokes, beet, spring cauliflowers, seakale, herbs and salads
generally, are not included, for the simple reason that they are
mainly a monopoly, and because, unless the grower were a
salesman himself, he would have very great difficulty in dis-
posing of them.

It is one of the drawbacks of our British system that bulk
alone seems to prosper; and for this reason — so different from
most other nations — the very best produce, being in small
spaces and small quantities, as it so generally is in gardens
and allotment grounds throughout the country, lies and rots upon
the ground, for want of a channel through which it might
be utilised to advantage. Besides, as already suggested, sales-
men who sell their own produce always take care to meet all
minor demands by their own personal enterprise.

94 PROFITABLE MARKET GARDENING.

Middle Men, or Jobbers. — Our task would be incom-
plete did we not refer to a most useful class of men connected
with vegetable growing industry to be found so numerously
in all outljdng suburban districts, and generally known as
jobbers. Their practice is to buy ''standing crops," as many
as can possibly be utilised. They give so much an acre, and
by aid of their own horses and carts, collect, dean, cart to
market, and sell them. It is a safe method for the grower,
when sure of his money. By selling at a given sum per acre,
he is master of the situation, dispenses with the always laborious
process of marketing, saves his horses, and is at liberty to
prosecute his more needful future cropping farm work, to say
nothing of the risk he avoids of falling markets and commission
dues. Frequently have we personally known that a jobber
has given as much as £18 to £20 per acre for crops which have
not realized as much ; yet has had all labour to pay out, &o.
As a matter of fact, the debit account is, occasionally, on the
other side.

Finally, for the grower who does not market his own produce,
it will be found a far better plan to grow a few crops in bulk
rather than aim at having some of many things, as the result
often proves that his returns, though numerous, are like his
crops, greatly wanting in bulk.

Foreign Competition. — ^It is well, perhaps, for British
growers to know on what basis they have to contend with the
vast foreign competition, which, though it goes far to feed
our numerous population, nevertheless severely taxes the oat->
come of their home industry. The real secret of the foreigners'
entry into and security of our home markets is to be found in
the fact that he not only has the advantage of nominal land
rents and cheap labour, and possesses a better climate, d^., but

ADDENDA. 95

he is satisfied with yery small profit returns, and while this is
the case, his hold on a share of the trade is unassailable.
To illustrate this : Baskets, about a sieve measure, of excellent
plums, baskets and all, are annually sold by auction in our
market produce auction sales for as little as 2s. 6d. Taking
carriage, commission, gathering, packing, basket, &c., into
account, the profit must indeed be extremely small. So it is,
however, and the facts speak for themselves. It is well, there-
fore, for anyone who would embark in such industry to know
with what he has to contend. English grown fruits, however,
being fresher, always do and will command the best prices,
though they are and must be influenced by the disadvantages
•described.

ijwi I lafi

Chapter XX.

GARDEN MARKET MEASURES.

A buncli of greens , consists of as many as the hand can hold^
spread out neatly and tied firmly.
A buncli of turnips, about two dozen.
A buncli of carrots, not less than three dozen.
A bundle of rhubarb, about twenty-five stalks.
A bundle of celery, from eight to sixteen sticks.
A bundle of asparagus, about 100.
A hand of radishes, fourteen to twenty-eight.
A pottle is 1^ pints.

A pottle of strawberries, one quart to one gallon.
A punnet, 8in. top, 2in. deep.
A sieve, seven imperial gallons.
A sieve of peas, one full bushel.
A bushel sieve, lOi imperial gallons.
A bushel of potatoes, 561b. weight.
Lesser punnet, l^ pints.
Third punnet, one quart.
Second punnet, one pottle.
Large punnet, 5^ pints.
Quarter sieve, one gallon.

GARDEN MARKET MEASURES. 96

Half sieve, one peck.
One sieve, half bushel.
Two sieves, one bushel.
Four half sieves, one bushel.
Eight quarter sieves, one bushel.
Twelve large punnets, one bushel.
Sixteen second punnets, one bushel.
Thirty-two third punnets, one bushel.
Forty-eight least punnets, one bushel.

■ > — < aa ^ I

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ATALOGUE

Of

New and Practical
BOOKS.

Why Dobs Hi
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Ttom laaar eioiai. Somfldi
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It BD Bicellcnt cDrraotive ot the m&ur iDBiilionii tiouroM of Aet»j irlfl
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c. & a. oldridge,

22, Wellinct oh St., Strand, London, W.|

BAT.M: of COLTJMBIArfJ

EardULtntuiij Urwums or Sisir Tham.

Catalogue

of

Practical Handbooks.

ANIMALS, BIRDS, &c.

BBBAEUNG AND TBAINING DOGS: ^, ,^ ^,^ ^ „

Being Oonoiae Directions for the_proper Eduoation, both for tne Field and as Oom*
panions, of Hetrievers, Pointers, Setters, Spaniels, Terriers, &c. By Pathfindkb.""

In cloth gilt, 5s., by post, 5b. 4d.

DISHASHS OF DOGS:

Their Pathology. Diagnosis, and Treatment ; to which is added a complete
Dictionary of Canine Materia Medioa: Modes of Adminlbtering Medicines ;
Treatment in cases of Poisonmg, and the Value of Disinfectants. For the Use
of Amateurs. By Hugh Dalziel (Author of "British Dogs," Ac). NEW,
REVISED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED EDITION.

In paper, price Is., by post Is. Id. ; in cloth gilt 2s., by post Ss. 2a.

BBITISH DOGS:

Their Varieties, History, Characteristics, Breeding, Management, and BxhiU.
tion. Illustrated with 52 Portraits of the Chief Dogs of the r>ay. By Hugh
Dalziel (" OorsIncoB," Author of "The Diseases of Dogf."" The Diseases of
Horses." ftc), assisted by Eminent Fanciers. [May also be had in Divisions, as.
under : 1_

Bevelled boards, extra gilt, giltedges, price 10s., by post, lOs. 6d.

DOGS USED IN PIBLD SPOBTS : „«__,.

Their History. Varieties, Characteristics, fto. With nineteen full page Portraits,
of celebrated Dogs of the Day. {Forming DivUum I. cf " Brituh Dog;")

In paper, price Ss., by post, Ss. 8d.

DOGS XJSEFUIi TO MAN: _

In other Work than Field Sports. Their History, Varieties, Oharacteristios, ftc.
With twenty-four full page Portraits of Leadmg Dogs of the Day. (Forminff'
DMrion II. of " BritUh Dog*.*')

In paper, price Ss., by post, Ss. Sd.

HOUSE AND TOT DOGS:

Their History, Vaileties. Characteristics, fto. Also the General Management of
Dogs, and Breeding and Rearing. Illustrated with nine Portraits of Celebrated
DogH of the Day. (Forming JHvUion III. cf " BritUh Dog$.")

In paper, price 2b., by post, 28. 2d,

OF ENGIiISHE. DOGGES:

The Diversities, the names, the natures, and the properties. Date 1576. Re-
printed verbatim. [Note.— This is the earliest book in the English language on
the subject, and should be in the hands of all who take an interest in Dogs.]

In boards, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2b. 8d.

DISEASES OF HOBSES:

Their Fathologyt Diagnosis, and Treatment: to which is added a complete
Dictionary of Equine Materia Medica. For the Use of Amateurs. By Hugh
Dalziel. Li paper, price Is. 6d., by post, IB. 8d.

FBACTICAIi DAIB7 FABMING:

A short Treatise on the Profitable Management of a Dairy Farm. Hlnatrated..
By G. Seaward WrrcoHSE.

In paper, price Is. Sd., by post, 1b. 7d.

BOOK OF THE GOAT:

Containing Practical Directions for the Management of the Miloli Goat In Healtii.
•nd Disease. Hlustrated. By H. Stephen Holmbb Peoleb.
Cheap edition in paper, price Is., by post. Is. ld«

FIG KEEPING FOB AMATEUBS:

A PiMtioal Guide to the Fvofli able Management of Pigs. By G. Oiuasr ("Garth*' >

In paper, price 1b., by post, 1b. ld«

82—2

2 Practical Handbooks^ Published at 170, Strand^ W.C.

STOCK KSEFING FOB AMATEUBS;

A Manual on the Varieties, Breedintr, and Management of Pifs, Slieepw Hones.
O0W8, Oxen, AsBen, Mules, anri Goats, and the Treatment of their Diaeases.
Deeinied for the use of fonng Farmers and Amateurs. By W. H. Ablxtt (Author
of ** Farmhig for Pleasure and Profit," ** Arboriculture for Amateurs ").

In cloth gUt, price Ss., by post, 5e. id.

BABBITS FOB FBIZES AND FBOFIT:

Containing Full Directions for the proper Management of Fancy Babbits in
Health and Disease, for Pets or the Market ; and Descriptions of every known
Variety, with Instructions for Breeding good specimens, illustrated. By the late
Oharlbs Batson. Revised by the Bditor of *^ The Book of the Babbit." [Maj
also be had in two Parts, as under] :

In cloth gilt, price 2s. Od^ by post. 2s. 9d.

GEinSBAIi MANAQEMENT OF BABBITS;

Including Hutches. Breeding, Feeding, Diseases and their Treatment. Babbit
Ck>verts. &c. Fully illustrated. {Forming Part I, of ** Babbitg for Priut and
Profit'*) In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

EXHIBITION BABBITS:

Being Descriptions of all Varieties of Fancy Babbits, their Points of Ezoellenoe.
and how to obtain them. Illustrated. {Forming Part II, <if **Rabbit» for Priget
and Profit.") In paper, price la., by pos^ Is. Id.

BOOK OF THE BABBIT:

A complete work on Breedixie and Bearing all varieties of Fantnr Babbits, givinsr
their History, Variations, Uses, Points. Selection, Mating, Management, and
every other information. Illustrated with facsimiles of water-colour drawings
specially prepared for this work, and numerous wood engravings. By Various
Breeders and Bxhibitors. Bevised by the Editor of ** Babbits for Prizes and
Profit."

In extra doth gilt, bevelled boards, gilt edges, price 128. 6d.. by post. 18s.

FEBBETS AND FEBBETING:

Containing Instructions for the Breeding, Management, and Working of Feneta.
^.«.^«* ,**^« In paper, price ed.. by post. 7d.

FANOT MIOE:

TheirVarietieet Management, and Breeding. Illustrated.

In paper, price 6dn 07 post. 6id.

FOBEIGN CAGE BIBDS:

Containing Full Directions for Bucoessfolly Breeding, Bearing, and Managing the
various Beautiful Cage Birds imported into this country. Beautifnlly Illustrated.
By C. W. Geohet.

In cloth gilt, in two vols., price 8s. 6d.. by post, 98. ; in extra doth gilt, gilt edges*

in one vol.. price 9s. 6d., by post, 9s. lOd.

FABBAKEETS, FABBOTS, COCKATOOS, IiOBIES, AND
Macaws :
Their Varieties, Breeding and Management. (Forming Vol, I, of "Foreign Cage
Sird$,**) In cloth gilt, price 8s. 6d., by post, 85. 9d.

"WAXBHiIiS, FINCHES, "WEAVEBS, OBIOIiES, AND

Other Small Foreign Aviary Birds:
Their Varieties, Breeding, and Management. Beautifully illustrated. (F^trwUng
Vol, II, of ** Foreign Cage Birde**)

In cloth gilt, price 5b., by post, Ss. id.

CANABT BOOK:

Containing Full DirectionB for the Breeding, Bearing, and Management of
Canaries and Canary Mules; Formation of Canary Societies; Exhibition Oanaxiea,
their points and breedine; and all other matters connected with this fanoy. Ulna-
trated. By Bobkbt L. Wallace. [May also be had in two Parts, as follows] :
In doth gilt, price 5s.. by post 5s. 4d. : in extra doth gUt, gilt edges, prtoe 6b.,

by post, 6s. id.

OENEBAIi MANAGEMENT OF CAN ABIES:

Induding Cages and Cage Making, Breeding. Managing. Mule Breeding, Disoaaea
and their Treatment, Moulting, Bats and Mice. Ac. Dlnstrated. {ForwK^
Part Loffke*' Canary Book,") ^^

In paper, price 2s., by post, 2s. 2d.

EXHIBITION CAN ABIES:

Containing Full Particulars of all the different Varieties, their Points of BxoeJIanos.
Preparing Birds for Exhibition, Formation and Management of Canary Sodetlea
and Exhibitions. Illustrated. {Forming Part II, «f the^ Canary Book.")

In paper, price 28., by poet, 28. 2d.

NOTES ON CAGE BIBDS:

Ott Practical hints on the Management of British and Foreign Cage Birda.

5y5^4?»«*S^^ JP^^l*- ^y Various Hands. Edited by W. T. asuHa, M.A..
J1.U.. Jf.s.B.. a.ZhO,, Ac.

In cloth gilt, price 4s. 6d.. by poBt. iB. lOd.
FANCY FIGEONS:

Ccmtalnin^ Full Directions for the Breeding and Management of Fancy Flgeoaa.
and Descriptions of eveacy known varied, together with all other infonaraoa of
tatereet or use to Ptgejn Panders. Hancbomely illustrated. Bj J, 0. hrmLb,
In extra doth gilt, ptioe 78. 60.. by post, 88.

Practical Handbooks. — Art and Vtrtu, 3

POUIiTBY FOB PBIZSS AND PROFIT:

OontainB Breeding Poultry for Prizee, Exhibition Pooltry. and Xsiiifinient of
ttie Poultry Yard. Handsomely ninstrated. By Jambs Long.
In cloth gilt, price 28. 6d., hj poet, 2b. 9d.

BBXSEDING POniiTBT FOB PBIZES:

Containing fnllinBtmotions for ICating Poultry to ol>ta^n the beat reanlts in each
breed. Illustrated. {Forming Part I. of **Poultrp for Prize* and Praflt,**)

In paper, price 6a.. by pos^ ^d.

EXHTBITIOIT POITLTBY:

Their Varieties, Characteristics, and Points of BxodOence. Illustrated, {Forming
Part II. of **Poultrvfor Prize$ and Profit,")

In paper, price is., by post. Is. Id.

MANAGEMENT OF THE FOUIiTBT 7ABD:

Including Hatching of Eggs, Bearing and Feeding, Houses and Buns, General
Management, Diseases and their Treatment, Fattening, Poultry Fkurminga in.
Illustrated. {Forming Part III. of ** Poultry for Prizes and Pnf/U,")

In paper, price is., by post. Is. Id.

SXJCCESSFin:! chicken BEABING, a Guide to.

Price, in paper, 6d.. by post 6id.

DUCKS AND GEESE:

Their Characteristics, Points, and Management. By Yabious Bbssdkrs.
Splendidly Illustrated.

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

PBACTICAIi BEE-KEEPING:

Being Plain Instructions to the Amateur for the Suooessful Management of t^e
Honey Bee. Illustrated. Be-wrltten and Enlarged. By F&iLNK Ohbshibs.
In cloth gUt, price 28. 6d., by post, 2s. 9d.

BEE-KEEPING FOB AMATEUBS:

Being a Short Treatise on Apiculture on Humane and Suooessful Prinoiples. By
Thohas Addey (the Lincolnshire Apiarian).

In paper, price 6d., by post, WL

KENNEIi CHBONICIiE AND PEDIGBEE BEGISTEB:

A Becord of all matters which are of permanent value and interest to Owners,
Breeders, and Exhibitors of Dogs. A most useful stud Book. Published annually.
Two vols, now ready.

In cloth gilt, price 28. 6d., by post 28. 9d.

With Blank Forms for Begistering Pedigrees, Stud Visits. Produce, Exhibition
Results, Receipts and Expenditure, and other Kennel Matters, price 5s.. by
post* 5s. 4d.

i««-

ART AND VIRTU.

CHINA PAINTING:

Its Principles and Practice. By Waltbb Habvst. Illustrated.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

ABTISTIC AMUSEMENTS:

Being Instructions for a variety of Art Work for Home Employment, and Sugges-
tions for a number of Novel and Saleable Articles for Fancy Basaan. Dlustrated.
Contents are given in Series I. and II. following.

In cloth gnt, price 8s. 6d., by post, 8s. 8d.

BEBIES I. OF '* ABTISTIC AMUSEMENTS":

Colouring Photographs, Imitation Stained Glass, Decalcomanie. Queen Shell Work,
Painting on China, Japanese Lacquer Work, Stencilling.

In paper, price Is^ by post. Is. Id.

BEBIES n. OF "ABTISTIC AMUSEMENTS":

Painting Magic Lantern Slides, Menu and Guest Cards, Spatter Work, Picture
and Scrap Screens. Frosted Silver Work, Picture Cleaning and Beetoring, Illumi-
nating and Symbolical Colouring.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

ENGLISH POTTEB7 AND POBCEIiAIN:

A Manual for Collectors. Beiog a Concise Account of the Devtiopment of the
Potter's Art in England. Profusely Illustrated with Marks. Monograms, and
Engravings of characteristic Specimens. New Edition. [May dso be luid in Farts
as underl : In cloth gilt^ price 8s. 6d., by post, Ss. 8d.

ENGIiISH POTTEB7:

Givtmr the History of the most famous and valued descriptions of English Pottery,
with mustrations of specimens, marks, and monograms, ftc. {Fvrmma Poirt I. v
" JOnglieh Potterv and Porcelain?*)

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d,

ENGIiISH POBCEIiAIN:

Qiyjn|[ the H|rtory of the most famous and valued deaoripfelons of English Porcelain,
•rS ff*5f5?S**°* of specimens, marks, and monograms, Ac {Forming Part II. of
**JBngUik Pottery and Porcelain.**)

In paper, prioe Is. 6d.. by poBt» la. 7d.

4 Practical Handbooks ^ Published at 170, Strand, JV.C.

XNaiilSH. SCOTCH, AND IBISH COINS:

AMannaf for Oollectors; being a History and Description of the Coinage of
Great Britain, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time. Profusely Ulns'
trated. In cloth Rilt, price 4s.. by post, 4s. 4d.

« VALUATION OF BBITISH COINS, A G-uide to the:

Giving the Value of the various <.'oin8. from the prices realised at the chief sales
of the past 20 years. Arranged in chronologicau order. Of immense value to>
oollectors and dealers. [In the press.

GARDENING GUIDES.

GABDEN PESTS AND THEIB EBADICATION:

Oontaining Practical Instructions for the Amateur to Overcome the Enemies of
the Garden. With numezoas Illustrations of the perfect Insects and their LarvaB*
which are particularly harmful to Garden Plants.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

THE HABDY FBUIT BOOK:

Consisting of a Series of Exhaustive Treatises on various Hardy Fruits grown in
this country ; giving the History, the most desirable sorts, the best Methods of
Cultivation, the Prevention or Cure of the Diseases incidental to each. Fnllsr
Illustrated. By D^ T. Fish. [May be had in Parts as follows] :

In cloth, price 10s. 6d., by post lis.
THE APFIiE:

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. ld«

THE FEAB :

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

THE PEACH AND NECTABINE:
In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. 7d.

The above, forming YoL I., price 5s., by post, Ss. 4d.

THE APBICOT:

In paper, price Is., by post Is. Id.

THE PIiIJM:

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. ld«

THE CHEBB7 AND MEDIiAB:

In paper, price Is., by post Is. Id;

THE FIG. MUIiBEBBT. AND QUINCE :

in paper, p^ce Is., by post li. Id.

THE "WALNUT, CHESTNUT, AND PIIiBEBT:

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

THE GOOSEBEBR7 AND CUBBANT:

In paper, price Is., by post Is. Id.

THE BASPBEBB7 AND STBAWBEHB7:
In paper, price is., by post Is. Id.

The above, forming Vol. II., price 78., by post, 7s. 4d.

VINE CULTUEE FOB AMATEUBS:

Being Plain Directions for the successful growing of Grapes, with the meana andf
appliances usually at the command of amateurs. Illustrated. By W. J. Mat.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

PBUNING. GEAPTING, AND BUDDING PBUIT TBEES:
Illustrated with ninety-three Diagrams. By D. T. Fish.

In paper, price Is., by poet. Is. Id.

OBCHIDS FOB AMATEUBS:

Oontaining Descriptions of Orchids suited to the reguirements of the Amateur, with-
full Instructions for their successful Cultivation. With numerous beautifnlllluBtra-
tions. By Jambs BnirrEN, F.L.S. (of the British Museum), and W. H. Oowbb.
In cloth gilt, price 78. 6d., by post, 7s. lOd.

BOSE GBOWING FOB AMATEUBS:

Being Practical Instructions for the successful Culture of Boses, with eeleotiona-
of the best varieties adapted to the lequirements of the Amateur in Town or
Country. By W. D. E*biob.

In paper, price Is. 6d., by post. Is. Sd.

JtOSE BUDDING:

Containing full Instructions for the sucoeasfnl performance of this interesting'
operation. Dlustrated. By D. T. Fish.

In paper, price 6d., by post, 7d«

Practical Handbooks, — Guides to Gardening, 5

THE CHBTSANTHEMITM:

Its Hiitoxy, Yftrieties, Cultivation, and Diseases. By D.T. Fxse.
I In paper, price 6d., bj post 7a.

BULBS AND BUIiB CUIiTUBS (Vols. I. and H.):

Bein? Descriptions, both historicjil and botanical, of the pnnoipal Bulbs and
Bulbous Plants ^rown in this couotry, and their chief Ywieties ; with full and

Eractical instructions for their sucoessfal Cultivation, both in and out of doors.
Uustrated. By D. T. Fish. Vol. I. includes Parts I. and 11., and Vol. II. Parts
IIL and IV., as named below.

In cloth gilt, price Ss. 8d., by post, 2b. 9d.

THE SNOWDBOF, BULBOCODIUM, STEHNBEBGIA,
Croous, Colohicum, Tulip, and HyaoiAth:
The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, unoer glass, and in the open border.
Dlustrated. {Forming Part J. of **Bulb$ and Bulb CuUure,")

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

THE ANEMONE, THE NABCISSUS. THE IiHiT:

The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, under glass, and in the open border.
Illaatrated, {Forming Part II, of ** Buib$ and Bulb Culture,**)

In paper, price Is., by post, is. 2d.

THE GIiADIOIiXJS, IiACHENAIiIA, CTCIiAMEN, BAN17N-
oulus, and Scilia or Squill (Star Hyacinth) :
The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, unoer glass, and in the open border,
Dlustrated. {Forming Part III. of Bulb$ and Bulb Culture.**)

In paper, price is., by post. Is. lid.

IXIAS, 8FABAXIS, TBITONIA.S, AND BABIANAS ; IBIS,
Tieer Iris; Sohizostylis Cocoinea; and the Dahlia.
The best sorts, and their cultivation, indoors, under glasa, and in the open
border. Illustrated. (Forming Part IV. of ** Bulb Culture,'*)

in. paper, price la., by post. Is. Id.

OBEENHOUSE MANAGE BiENT FOB AMATSUBS:

Descriptions of the best Greenhouses and Frames, with Instructions for BnHding
them ; Particulars of the various Methods of Heating : lists of the most suitable
plants, with general and special cultural directions: and all necessary infcnnnation
tor the Guidance of the Amateur. Illustrated. By W. J. Mat (Author of ** Vine
Culture for Amateurs," ** Cucumber Culture for Amateurs," ftc).
In doth gilt, price Ss. 6d., by post, Ss. 9d. In extra gilt, gilt edges, price is., by post, 4s. 8d.

ABBOBICHTIiTUBE FOB AMATEUBS:

Being Instructions for the PUmting and Cultivation of Trees for Ornament
or Use, and selections and descriptions of those suited to special requirements as to
Boil, Situation, ftc. By William H. Ablbtt (Author of *' WngHsh Trees and
Tree Planting," Ac.).

In doth gilt, price 2b. 0d., by post, 2s. 8d.

GXJCUMBEB CXTLTUBE FOB AMATEUBS:

Induding also Mdons. Vegetable Marrows, and Gourds. Illustrated. By W.J, Mat.

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

VEGETABLE CiriiTIJBE FOB AMATEUBS:

Concise Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables, so as to insure good crops, in
small Gardens, witn lists of the best varieties of each sort. By W. J. mat.

In paper, price ls„ by post Is. Id.

PBOFITABIiE MABKET GABDENING,

Adapted for the use of all Growers and Gardeners, By Willi am Bablbt (Anthor
of **£Ugh Class Kitchen Gardening," &c.}.

In doth, price 2s.. by post. 2s. 2d.

• > — •— 1 »

GUIDES TO PLACES.

THE UPFEB THAMES:

From Bichmond to Oxford: A Guide for Boating Men, Anglers, Pio-nio Parties,
and all Pleasure Seekers on the Biver. Arranged on an entirely new plan. HIub-
tratod with Specially Prepared Engravings of some of the mostBeantlfnlSoenery
and Striking Oblects met with on the Thames.

In paper, price Is., in doth, with elastic band and pocket, 2s., postage 2d.

-WINTBB HAVENS IN THE SUNNY SOUTH:

A comdete Handb«iok to the Biviera, with a notice of the new station. Alaasio.
Bpl^didly Illustrated. By Bosa Bauohah (Author of ** Indications of OuKaoter
n Handwriting," ** The Northern Watering Places of Frano«"}.
In doth gUt» price 2s. (MUTby post. 2s. 8d.

Practical SanMopli, Publithed at 170^ Stnmd, W.C.

Ewlud, Ireland. SsMlu^Waliia, ud tba Iilaudi.

^7uC IL, TOBBI6K WA^BINa PLAOBS, Saalde and InUnd, iDolDdinc

tlw Spii. tba ButiB Idkei, and ths Contliuntal Centrea.

BBASIBB WATBBHra FI1A.OBB:

Bslu ft Onlde toV«»ii«in BMcob oC a Bnltable Pine* lanhloh to Spend EbtfF
SStSm, DO tha Bsaiih ftBd WalA OoaMs. Hew ud BerlKd ■Scim.'Rltli
Sno^tbHual otvIAPImh.

In vvar. prios £7&P«t, IL ad. I irltb oalminl Hap, ed. extra.

MAP or THB SBASrDB AITD IBXANU WATBBlHa
PlMSa of tbs Britlsll lalea;
Slunrina tbe raDwar and ateambsu oommnnliiatliHU, tlia omtnl noliita. and
nrlDiu slMta of incsrwii to ti>nrliti,in addition t« all tlw WaMrlni Plaoea men-
tioned b tba Biltlah Eeotlan (d tlw "DisClonai* of Watarins naeea' and In
■^•aaldaWateilBi Placet," Slie et plat* Uin. b; Mtln, Oolonied.pitoa ad^by
poet, Td.t pbAk print td„bT poet, Id.

NOBTHXBN 'WATHBIIirO FI.AOB8 OF PIUJrOB:

AOidde for Kn(ll>h Peofile to Che Holtdu BiaoRa w tbaOoaautf U

Batberlandi, Pioudr. Hormandy, and BrtUanj. By Bou BAeaHAV (Antbor ot
" (Tlnto' Hareni In the SnnnT aonCh." tuX

L.bjFOil^lLld.

HOUSEHOLD MANUALS.

Tnolodee Slniple Oookarr* Hiddle-olaaR CookeTTt Bnperlor CookeiT, OookefT fcv
lovaUdBi *nd Bieakfaat and LnnchObn Oookarj. Bj MADAMa TiLiaii.

riD the Pnn.
INDIAJf ODTFITB Ain) BST ABLIBHMENTB :

A PnuUiBl Quids tor PerKmi atxmt lo Tedoa In India; detalUcg the arUnlea
wbloh iboold be taken out, and the roqulreioanta of homB llfi

Li by poit, b. Bd.

and Pre^

EZNTB TO ITN-TaAinBD TBAOHBIB8:

Belnt DlnctloTu and Sacniaoiu for tbeAuliUaoe of Fareata and ot^Kce enncad
In Home SdncaUou. Bj Jihb Ascbui.

u linier, prloe M.. bJIiOBt, 7d.
AB^FIBTIO FDOWXB DBOOBATIOH S :

For Ball Boomi, HaUi, fttaacea, Dbiner and Sapper Tablsa : vltb DiraoUoni for

ni»fclii«Bonau«ta.Bnttonhol»,Hait9praj>,fto. niiutr---" "*-■■ " =

In paptc. pdoe te., bj poat, ti. "

lutrMad. BfB.CI>S*«ur

LADIES' WORK.

DIOTIOJUAHT OF NEEDLE WORK:

An EcDTclopiBdla ot Artlsilc, Fl&ln. and Fanoy Needlework,' Eivini the Hiltocj
ol tha vnrioui Works; delaila of the RtitnhtB empl..jad ; tbe Method of 'WorUnKi
the Uatenala vw^ ; the meaniiig of Technics] Term^ ; and other Infoimallon
bearing on the aubjsct. Plain, jructical, qompletq, and niHpniflcentljr UlqatiaWa.
BjS. >. A.OinLTBitDand B. (LaAWiKo. PrinroS with ne- tjiw, and on npar
made apecialli for tbia work. Dedlouted by special peimlasion to H.B.B. Prtnoiaa
LooSae, MaichlonWH of liome.
In demy tm, KSilpp.. eUia olctb gilt, miBbionod bevellad boards, prloe Sla„ wtth

Practical Handbooks. — Mechanics, 7

HONITON IiACE BOOK:

Oantaininff Fall and Praotioal Inatractions for Making Honiton Laoe* With
xuunoronsilliucrationB.

In Qloih gilt, price 88. 6d., by poet. 8s. 9d.

FBACTICAIi DBBS81CAEING:

Being Plain Directions for Taking Patterns, Fitting on« Catting oat, Ma^Hwy
ap, and Trimming Ladies' and Ohild^ren's Dresses. By B. Muhboi.

In paper, price Is., by poet. Is. Id,

ABTISTIO FANCY WOBK SEBIES:

A series of Illastrated Hannals on Artistic and Popular Fancy Work of Tarioas
kinds. Bach number of the series will be complete in itself, and issued at the
uniform price of 6d.

IiXATHBB l^OBK BOOK:

Gontainiog Fall InstructioDS for Making and Ornamenting articles so as to
suoceesfully imitate Carved Oak ; specially written for the use of Amateanu By
BosA Bauohan. Illustrated.

■ In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by poet, 2s. 9d.

CATAIiOaXTl] OF IiADISS' AND CHILDBEN'S DBB88
Patterns (Illustrated) :
Comprising Ladies' Dresses, Mantles, Underlinen, Oirls* and Boys Costumes,
Children's Underlinen, Ladies' Caps, Dressing Jackets, &c. This list is added to
we*^ by week, and at present contains nearly five hundred of the newest and
most seasonable designs. Post free on application.

*^

MECHANICS FOR AMATEURS.

PATENTS, TBADE MABK8. AND DESIGNS:

A Practical Guide to Inventors and Manufacturers for Securing Protection under

each of these heads. By Abchibald Csaio.

In doth gUt, price is. 6d., by post. Is. 8d. ; in paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

PBACTICAIj ABCHITECTUBE:

As applied to Farm Buildings of every description (Cow, Cattle and Calf Houses.
Stables, Piggeries, Sheep Shelter Sheds, Boot and other Stores. Poultry Houses),
Dairies, and Country Houses and Cottages. Profusely Illustrated with Diagrams
and Plans. By Bobebt Scott Bubn.

In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post, 5s. 4d.

PBACTICAIi BOAT BTJUiDING FOB AMATETJB8:

Containing full Instructions for Designing and Building Punts, Skiffs, Canoes,
Sailing Boats, ftc. Fully illustrated with working diagrams. By Adbiav
Neison, C.B. New Edition, revised and enlarged by Dizok Kemp (Author of
"Yacht Designing," **A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing," &c.).
In cloth gilt, price Ss. 6d., by post, 2s. 8d.

ABT OF PYBOTEOHNY:

Being Comprehensive and Practical Instructions for the Manufacture of Fire-
works, specially designed for the use of Amateurs. Profusely Blustrated. By
W. H. Bbownb, Ph.D., M.A.. L.B.C.P., ^. Second Edition.
In cloth gilt, price 28. 6d., by post, 28. lOd.

MINOB FIBEWOBKS:

Containing Instructions for the Manufacture of the Common and Simple Yarieties
of Fireworks. For the Use of Amateurs. Hlostraied. By W. H. Bbowns, Fh.D.t
M JL. Ac. (Author of *' The Art of Pyrotechny").

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.

PBACTICAIi FIBE^WOBK MAKING FOB AMATEUBS :

Being complete and explicit Directions in the Art of Pyrotechny. as applied to
both the Major and Minor Fireworks, for the use of Amateurs and Beginners.
By W. H. Bbowve, Ph.D.. M.A., L.B.C.P:, ftc. Illustrated.
In cloth gilt, price Ss. 6d:, by post Ss. 9d.

PBINTINO FOB AMATEUBS:

A Practical Guide to the Art of Printing; containing Descriptions of Presses and
Matorials, together «ith Details of the Procennes employed, to whioh is added a
Glossary of Technical Terms. Illustrated. By P. B. Batnob.

In paper, price l8.» by post Is. 2d.

TUBNINQ- FOB AMATEUBS:

Containing full Description of the Lathe, with all its working parts and attach-
ments, and minute instructions for the effective use of them on wood, metal, and
ivory. Illustrated with ISO first class wood engravings. Second Edition.
In cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d., by post, 2s. 9d.

CABPENTB7 AND JOINEB7 FOB AMATEUBS:

Contains full Descriptions of the various Tools required in the above Arts*
together with Practical Instructions for their use. By the Anthorof'Toxning
for Amstenzs," «* Working in Sheet MetaL" ftc.

Inolothgiltt prioe 2s. 6d., by post,28.9d«

8 Practical Handbooks^ Published at l^o^ Strand, W.C.

PIOTUBB 7BAME MAKING FOB AMATEUBS:

Beinff Practical Instractions in the Making of various kinds of Fram 8 for
PainungB, Drawings. Photoitraphs, and Engravings* lUuatrated. By the Author
of " Carpentry and joinery for Amateors," &o.

In Cloth gilt, price 2b.. by poBt» 2b. Sd.

-WOBKING IN SHEET HETAIi:

Being Practical InstructionB for Making and Mending small Artidea In Tin.
Copper, Iron, Zinc, and BrasB. niuBtrated, Third Bdftion, By the Author of
** Tnrning for Amateurs," &c.

In paper, price 6d., by poet, 6id.

WOOD CABVING FOB AMATEUBS;

Containing DescriptionB of all the reouisite Tools, and fall Instmotions for theii
nae in prodndng diflerent varieties of Carvings. lilnstrated.

In paper, price Is., by post. is. Id.

FBACTICAIi MECHANICS FOB AMATEUBS:

A Series of Treatises on Taming, Carpentry and Joinery, Working in Sheet Metal*
Wood Carving, Firework Making, and Printing. Illustrated.
In Cloth gilt, price 10s. 6d., by post, lis. 2d.

OBGANS AND OBGAN BUIIiDING:

Giving the History and Constraction of the Modem Organ, and Descriptions of the
most remarkable Instruments. With ImportaQt SpeciOcationa of celebrated
Organs. Illustrated. By C. A. Bowabds.

In cloth gilt, price 6s.. by post, 5s. 4d.

TUNING AND BEFAIBING FIANOFOBTES:

The Amateur's Guide to the Practical Management of a Piano without the inter-
vention of a Professional. By Chablbs Babbinotok.

In paper, price 6di, by post ^kd.

T07MAKING FOB AMATEUBS:

Containing Instructions for the Home Construction of Simple Wooden Toys, aa
of others that are moved or driven by Weights, Clockwork, Steam, Blectrid^,
Ac. Illustrated. By Jambs Lukin, B.A. (Author of "Tummg for Amateurs.

In cloth gilt, price 4s., by post 4s. 4d.

Part I.— SIMPLE WOODEN TOYS, in paper, price Is. 6d.. by post U. 8d.
Part II.-CLOCKWOBK. STEAM, and BLAOTBIOAL TOYS* in paper,
price 2s., by post 2s. 2id.

MODEIi TACHTS AND BOATS:

Their Designing. Making, and Sailing. lUustrated with 118 Designs and WorUnc
Diagrams. By J. nu V. Gbosvbmob.

In leatherette, price 5s., by post, Ss. 4d.

NATURAL HISTORY.

TB^QTLQUa TAXIDEBMT:

A Manual of Instruction to the Amateur in Collecting, Preserving, and Setting^np
Natural History Specimens of all kinds. Illustrated. By Mobttaou Bbowhs.
In cloth gilt, price 8s. 6d., by post, Ss. 9d.

GOIiIiECTING BUTTEBFIiIES AND MOTHS:

Being Directions for Capturing, Killing, and Preserving Lepidoptera and their
Iiarvse. Blustrated. Beprinted. with additions, from ^'Practical Tazidennj."
By Montagu Bbownb (Author of ** Practical Tazidernur ").

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. Id.^

FOFUIiAB BBITISH FUNGI:

Containing Descriptions and Hist(n:ies of the Principal Fungi, both Edible «nd
Poisonous, of our Country. Illustrated. By James Bbittkn, F.Ii.S.a fto.

In doth gilt, price Ss. 6d., by post* 8s. 9d.

BBITISH MABINB AIiG2EI:

Being a Popular Account of the Seaweeds of Great Britain, their OoUeotioii
and Preservation. Magnflcently illustrated with 205 engravings. By W. H.
Gbattak. In duth gilt, price 5s. 6d., by post, 5i. lOd.

ZOOIjOGICAIi NOTES:

On the Structure. Affinities, Habits, and Faculties of Animals; with Adventures
among and Anecdotes of th>m. By. Abthub Nicols, F.G.S.. F.B.G.S. (Author
of ** The Puzzle of Life, and How it Has Been Put Together," '*Oha»tera fkom the
JluBical History of the Earth ")• [in the press.

Practical Handbooks, — Sports and Pastimes.

SPORTS AND PASTIMES.

COUia'TBT POCKET BOOK AND DTABY, 1882:

For Beference and Registration. Fall of facts and forma of the ffreatest Taltit
and interest to Oouncry Gentlemen and Sportsmen. Gontents: Diaries and
Information on Shooting, Fishing. Hunting, Athletics, Football, Bicycling*
Goorsing, Racing, Dogs, t:*oaltr> Exhibitions, Rowing. Swimming, Meteorologyi
Oricket, Parliamentary Papers, fto., &o.. with Pockets, Pencil, ftc., complete.
•Prices: In rassia leather, fie. 6d.; roan,88. (kU; postage, 2d.

BICTCIiSS AND TBICYCIiES OF THU 7EAB (1882):

Being a Ohronicle of the New Inventions and Improvements for the present
Season, and forming a Permanent Record of the proRress in the manofactare of
Bicycles and Tricycles. Designed also to assist intending purchasers in the choice
of a machine. Ulnstrated. By Habby Hewitt Obiffin. (PubUshed Annually.)

In paper, price ls.t by post, is. id.

PHACTICAIi TBAPPINO:

Being some Papers on Traps and Trapping for Vermin, with a chapter on General
Bird Trapping and Snaring. By W. Cabneoib (** Moorman").

In paper, price la., by post. Is. Id.

PRACTICAIi FISHERMAN:

Dealing with the Natural History, the Legendary Lore, the Oaptore of British
Fresh-water Fish, and Tackle and Tackle Making. Beautifully Ulastrated. By
J. H JSjbbne.

In doth gilt» gUt edges, price lOs. 6d., by post. lis.

NOTES ON GAME AND QAME SHOOTING-:

Miscellaneous Observations on Birds and Animals, and on the Sport they Afford
for the Gun in Great Britain, including Grouse. Partridges, Pheasants, Hares.
Rabbits, Quails, Woodcocks, Snipe, and Rooks. By J. J. Manlet. M. A. (Author of
** Notes on Fish and Fishing"). Illustrated with Sporting Sketches by J. Tshpls.
In cloth gilt, 400 pp., price 7s. 6d.. by post, 78. lOd.

FBACTICAIi BOAT BUILDING- AND SAlIiING-:

Containing Full Instruction-i for Designing and Building Punts, Skiffe, Ganoes,
Bailing Boats, &c. Particulars of the most suitable Sailing Boats and xachts for
Aznateurs, and Instructions for their proper handling. Fully Illustrated with
Designs and Working Diagrams. By Adbian Nkisoh, O.B., Dixon Kbhf,
A.I.N.A.. and G. Christopheb Da vies.

In One Volume, cloth gilt., price 78. ; by post, 7s. 6d,

BOAT SAILING- FOB AMATEXJBS:

Oontaining Particulars of the most Suitable Sailing Boats and Yachts for Amatenn,
and Instructions for their Proper Handling, ftc. Illustrated with numerous Dia-
grams. By G. Ghbistopheb Davibs (Author of *' The Swan and her Grew," Ac.).

In cloth gilt, price 5s., by post, 6b. 8d.

PBACTICAIi PHOTOG-BAPHY :

Being the Science and Art of Photography, both Wet GoUodion and the varioos
Dry Plate Processes. Developed for Amateurs and Beginners. Illustrated, By
O. £. Wheelbb. [May also be had in parts as under] :

In cloth gUt, price 48., by post, is. 4d.

"WET COLLODION PBOCESS:

The Art of Photography by this process, developed for Amateurs and Beginnon*
{.Being Part I, qf ** Practical Photography,")

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. id,

DBY PLATE PHOTO OBAPHY:

The Art of li'hotography by this Process developed for Amateurs and Beginnors*
{Being Part II. qf '* Practical Photography.")

In paper, price Is., by post. Is. 2d.

PHOTOGBAPHIC MISCELLANEA:

{fleing Part III. qf ** Practical Photograpim.")

In paper, ptioe Is., by post Is. id;

THE PHOTOGBAPHEB'S POCKET BOOK:

Gontaining Register for nearly looo Negatives. Gompiled by O. B Whsblbk
(Author of ** Practical Pnotography ").

Prices : In doth. Ss. ; in leather Ss. 6d. ; by post. 2d. extra.

CABDS AND CABD TBICK3:

Containing a brief History of Playing Gards. Full Instructions, with Illustrated
Hands, for playing nearly all known games of chance or skill, from WUst to
Napoleon and Patience, and directions for performing a nombec of tt» Tni¥»*g IMoki.
Illustrated. By H. U. Heathbb.

In eloth gilt, price 5s., by post^ 5s. id.

SIiEIGHT OF HAND:

Being Minute Instructions by the Aid of which, with proper practloe, the Neatest
and most Intricate IMcks of Legerdemain can be successfully performed* IUaa>
trated. By Bdwik Sachs. [May also be had in two parts, as follow :]

In cloth gilt, price 5b., by poet. 6s. id.

DBAWING BOOM MAGIC:

Being Gonjuring Tricks suited to Beginners, and for displaj in dnwing roons.
Illustrated. {Forming Part I. of '* Sleight of Hand,")

In paper, price 2s.« by post. 2s. 2d.

Practical ffandioeks, Publilktd at 170, Strand, ff.C.

THBATBZOAZiB ADD TABIjBAIIX TTVANTS FOB

Amateur* :
OItIhi full DlreDUoiu n to Stus Amnnmsats, " Hokliir n:
AcUm, wlch numerous TllmlniSiiii. B; Chu. HiBBisDW.

BAZAABB AND FAIfOT FAIRS. A OFrDB TO:
Their Orfuilkatlon jud MuiA^mfln^ irlth DeCklle of tha Yultnu
EiuaatlBir Moiiay from bba VibltoiB.

fJHABAOTllB INDICATBD BT HANS WBITINa ;

Witb niiulntlaiu la tnppon ot tbt Tb«iil» »dnuioed, uksn from AMocnwh

LetlttB of BUteaman. Iawtui. Soldlcn, Bi»t«tl»U<i>, Anthora, PoeU, HwlciMU.

AoMn. uid ottm vanoiH. Bj B. Bidohui.

Iiiolath«llt,|iriD*ta.«d.. br r«ti ti. «d.
O HU BO H TBI8TIVAI1 SBOOBATIONB :

OamprldnE IHieotloiu Hill D«aiitu for the Snltabls Deoontlos of Otntmlm lor

STOCK AJfS BHABE IS VSBTMKNTS :

Bdnr Bipluuttoiu loc the Qecenl Bwdsi of tha Mutnr* ud QiulItT ot tbs
dUlsiuit OliHH ol BsDoriClH dwlt Is on tha Stook Xnhuiia. B> Albibt

*nd" — lend IB. — ^^ .

eSADUATINa BAZOB «%0I
-'- - ipndiu Mon^wjg jptrodncefl.

ir wants erlndhiff ot aettlnK.
ever? uflt, mui; monuAOH
'- ""-"re Brit introdaced two
gM£g satiafHOoD viU

LtamH for Edvaid Bmlth'a
I MSOP. It ia the beat (or

I it Eiadnatfla Ita alaatfadtr, *"*""!: It mom or laaa elu^
I Bt plennn. b alaatMCr wm iBore tinalDabla to the
I niiBkiUal<aan(or,aaltiriIlp>TaiitbliliioutloDaljticBP-
? ing too hBid n»n tlu bbdt and Injuiliig Ita edn, at Oia

u 611iutSSntota«pM>i»»oriiiii8rfBi*ora8r.

UXWU> BAZOB PABTB, for nM irltli
—'j~ — Should Mver ba withoat it, (or by lu na*

rd ^£? UAHIO BHATIMG STICK. Maliaa the

, jat ehaTliag ao^ em iDTOBted.

The abore fonr arUolca will be lent, pMt tree, toi U. M.

BDWAED SMIT H <late Perry & Co.. Ld.), 3. Cheapai de, London, E.G.

E. SMITH'S New Pocket Postal Leher Weigher.

Thie Tmiime and handj Balance a tmsiirTHaBed. Tt 1a ao amall that It

u be oarTiod in the pocket. traTellinff wntbig Daaa, workbox, 01 deak.

■ '""-.(tbefullpoHtalletterweleht). It li pevf eotly

i no iptlnjEt It eaUDOt set out of order, and til

Bach D^a warranted and puked In b vtmi

LcBteaontbelid. Sent pixt tree IOC ta. «d.,

TEKiriS 1 CBICEET I CBOQTTET 1

T ffamee appphed at natt wholeaale

^.-_. , „_,, !h will be found mnch lower than thB

•t free on application.

£SWABD SHITE (late Fen? & Co., Ld.), 3, Cheapaide, London, E.C.

G. REES' Pictures.

A StniKSle for the Start.

George Rees'

OBIBBBATBD

SNOWFLiaBT, C

Sent OurUfs I'ns for Ui

7 BKORATnrOB b7 tbe bBtt
Master*, for Sla.
SupoiH, bj sir E. LmidiHT, Biia n by tl.
Th<Bl»d1umail,bTSliE. IdadKs. Siis,
A raji ot Landieer'i eipi«oM Animal
BableMa.
Tha Bent I>>y, bi ^ DaildVilkie. Blie

• — -- "- aftctr --

^W«mIaly,llTBon7lM, eiisiDbi

A Cbuinliw Flron Snbjnt.
I LKtn ol InttodnBtlaiLln Wllk

ntnis.

tiB abdTA form ■ oqdtal Ht of pic

The TrwuScnraUoii, by RiSula.

The Bailing o( lAiaitu, by Hlsliael Ao«ela.

I The TiiBln, by MnrOlo, Bl» » to M.

Tlu Holy Fan^, by Sir J. Bernnliil. Sl»

Tti* IdBfSoroer.by I-eoai^a daTind.

WbyH-ITheTiisli

e. B. hai alnyi for ule and Eiportat

Eedr-" "

SKfiBATTHGB. In PABCE]

iL SPECIAL PABOEI£ ot Flctorea baocbt at OnaC
"~ to It, (Or na.

Eednotlon, w1 ^r— —

0LE09rAPHB, in SERIES, of S to K Kir Cl>.

ALL NEW. XnODtod In tta« bert mauner, iDltabl* tor Dmrlni Room, Slnliii Boom. Slttini

RsDm, FailoBT. Htnay, B*fl Boom. NniMry, to., A«. Ail peiioi»wmlttlB| an» «moBnt»,

tntita em, will reoelT* loll nine, and an otra e«h iHacoimt will be adoad. In ordin.

plaaaa lUta what kind ot aiib]*MliiH>t«R<d,whetlMcHlatorio*l.Bali(kiii*,oilAndwiwi«.

SmmiiBmu, GEORGE REES, us, strand.

WholMal* Dttioi-M, u, and U, BoHan BMM^COmit Oaiden, London.

STEVENS' SILICON

JEWELLERY REVIVER

TABLET.

Luge Siu, FoM Free.

THIS UNBIVALLED POLISH

(^Direct from Nature'* Lahoratory)
!■ not a, mBunfaatiiTed Mtiole, but * itry lemiLrluible nftlanl pAduifioii,
tiie best anbBtuioe known iat Cleaning and FoUitiinfr Sold, mlTttr,
And Jeirels«riUioat the least injni;, and will preveut pearls beoominc
duoolonted. ^'

BAA in a bandaome little box, with Bnuh, Jjeather, Diieotioiu tot
Use, Ml Analf Bis, and uDmeroos TaitimaDialiB, prioe 1 b.

A la^e aiie, oont^ninf; also a Bing Cleaning Stick, and one for
.ideoning Stnda and Bnttona, piioe 2h.

The SILICON is aUo «>ld in Powder, for Plate Cleaning, at fid.
and 1b. pet box, and in umiaterg at 2a. 6d.

To be bad tbroi^h all Chemiitt, Fancy Goods DealetB, Jeweller*, Br^fh

Shops, and IioninoDgec^ thronghont tbe kingdom.

Ifbolaaale of oil London Fancy Wazehoues and Wboleaale Dmgn^bi,

wt& of the Proprietor, in bnlt, tough, or in powder.

GEO. STEVENS,

SOLE IMPOBIEE,
376, STIt-AJSTE, LOITXOISr.

BTJir,DEE,

154, Blackstook-road, Finsbury Park, N.,

Manufactures Portable Greenhouses,

ADD

Builds Plain or Artistic Conservator! es,&c.

Price List on appUeation, or by post for two stamps.

^eee porWile honses aia made in The above Poultry Honae is pnmoQnoed

ooDiplet* pkrta. Any amateur could to be the beat and olie&peat in tlie

put them -together, market. Portable, and easily put

Sent free per zaU feom «6 10s. together.

MY LIST CONTAINS:

Sketches of Poultry Requisites,

GEEENHOUSES, GARDEN SEATS, LAWN MOWERS,
GARDEN TABLES, SWINGS,

HEi-A-Tinsro- _A.:P:F_A.E-.A_TTJSHie

And Numerous Articles for the Garden.

Sash Doors, Bars. Olass, Ao., In larEs or small quantities 'fc snit

' Amateur Buildera.

QtriaaN ANNE XjXADBD IilOETa. from 9a, P» Foot. ,

ESTABLISHED 1671.

ALL who Buffer from NEURALGIA,
BHBUUATISM, BHEUIUTIC OOUT, LTJK.
BAOO, SCIATICA, FACE ACHE, ot FAINS in ths
LIHBB, no m&ttflT how chmnlc, should write to
Means. SQDIBE, FOX uid Co., BLOOHSBUBT
MANSION. LONDON, tor pwtfonlan at tliii nw
Eitcaat. iRiioli. li TBOBOnsBLi hannleo, and tXaa^
taatolen. Ws nnd, port tree, to any addren, CoplM
of nearly on« bandcM Anthentloated TotmicmialB, and
I.«Uen bom People in all poaitionB and all part* of
tlie oonntr*, beoTlBg teatintonj to Qie truly nurrelloaa

, e(B«oy of '■EOPTICA." Sold liy lU OiemiMa, in

'-' PHoketa, at 3a. 3d. and 4e. ed.

Biw,— IhATfl anfferfld from Blienniatla Goat for the lait ten jean. I hi
tbita Iiondm Hoqiltida, and^ne numChajM ^^Batb lUnn^Vati- "---'-

and anUHTudm^^^tilw

tieelj end wlthont pain. I ah
It to as lOm an troubled vOi

Bnddeld BeoCocT, Bm? St. Bdnmnda, m». KtK VKL
Miu Di St. Cboix win thank M«in. Saoiu, Foi and Co. to aend hoc another bottle
of tlieii"Eopric.i,"aa tLolaathaaaonaher Bomnoliiroo^.

Snmtn .JutMilieatsl TuHmimtalt Feat Frae.

" Eoptlca " win be forwarfed, Foat Free, to any addraea, for M or B6 Stampa, by
the Sola ConaiKnece,

Messrs. SQTTIBE, FOX & Co.,

BLOOMSBURY MANSIO N, LONDON.

ANB JOUBMAI, or THB HOUSIHOLD.

rVBUSHED EVERY MONDAY, WEDNB3DAY, AND FRIDAY.
Fztoa as., liT port Sid,

Claaailed Adteitisemente'of Tlionaanda of Articlee of evei; deacription for Ei-
olianie of Sale, or Wanted, bj priTHte persona. Throneli thia Depattment bH
Undaof Fraperty may be Prooiired or Diapoaad of withont pnbllclty, with mar.
vallona Cheapaeie, and Ptrftct jSecurOv/roTn Dithimmt Ftritnu. Fall pattionlaia
aresiTan In aadi iHoe.

l£e AdnrUseoMBt* are claaslfled in Uie following Dniart

y descriptioa of Brtiole wanted la readily fonnd : Atubt,

-I aba stvan, I „ ^

Bnic-iiSnac, OonsmT Eonss, Dobesl.., , , ,

tUnimB. JimLUraiAHuFuTi, Kbisbl, Libbiki, Mecsan

PODLtBI YlSD, BUBTTS, BlDIHS UID Duyisa, SciEHTIBIC, S

OmBui. AnviBtiBEiistiTS.— AdrortUemaiits Inserted at t
words, and Id. extra, for every additional 3 words.

, ik; CrltJ((UMoi

iwoD Oanarlea and Tarkga and British Cage Birdai PIa_ —

•nd INwmafcliw: ProYiniiBl and Copper Ocdna anflToienaj 1 , .,

pahltahedi Vangua LiCerary Subjaota : Cof^ery (or Amatenrg ; Uailo Lutenu : FtintUw
on Porcelain j Vaiiooa Branohea o( Amateur Jleohai'IiB ; Domestlo Malteia ; Beotpea ol
allldndB; PieeentFashlam.wiUiorUinal Dhiitcationa: New Hateriala; FaacyWorkof
dUtarent kinda i CnltivaHon of Flovera, Frolt and TeiietahleB ; Qarden OpenUiona :
Dogai BabUtai BnraKi OoaXi Kanoeli Faimius; Foiltiyj PiEeonei Beports oE
Fo^«, Fig«n, KiidB^>Ut8boaB.bI.. Ao.

LONSOM: "THE BAZAAB" OFFICE, 170, STBAKB, W.C.

ROWLAND'S Toilet Articles,

20, EATTON GARDES. LOSDOS.

ROWLAND'S ODONTO

Or PEARL DEMTIPEICE is o[ inestimBble mlaa in preaerving and 'buntl^'hie
th«tsaUi, Btreuatlienli^ the gvmB, uid giving a pleasant traeranca to tbebraatb:
"- — -^'oatea tarnr Frod tha teeth, prarentB uid arreBta decay, and poliahaa and
aa ijie enunel, to whieliltliupartaapearl.UkawhiUneeg. ItsnnprecGdanted
Fornaom than half a centnnahowB thauulTaraal favour Ed which it la held,

Jte (aot at itB beiiur entlrev (rse from anr aoid or mineral inRredientt

oonalitntei It Ha aafeat and pnreat tooth ponder eTSr oaed. To prsTent (rand the
nnnlne Odoato Las a Sd. OoTemment itamp on the box. Aak for Bonland'a

ROWLAND'S MACASSAR OIL

laonlvenaHyinbightapatetoritsunpreceileiitedBaccessdaringtlieluCSO ytKca

' imotina the growth, leatorine, improTins:, f' >■-—'■'— — -•■-•■ <—•-

ITenUhairSomfaliiigoa ort — '

fcim wmrt and dandrifl, and maki
ehBdnD it ia eapaeiallr reoommendea. as ion
iitlij while ttalntrodDi^aii into tlie noreer;

ROWLAND'S KALYDOR,

m hotanlaaJ preparation, perfeotlT' free from all mineial or metallic
■ It ia diatingnuhed tor its extremslr bland, paTUring, tmd soothing

theiUni while br Its asttonim the pcosi and mlmttaaeontarjTanekhii

Horaoteeabealth7taiw,BlIivimaTteiidei>ojtoiii' " — — '"■ ■ — ■ — "-

cataneona TidtBiioni.

, tau, pimi^M, ipoti, fi
•j^ ladlaiit uoMn it im

oaeffMbubj

delloaoj whioh it tndiiMa ol tlie baoda and anna, ita capabilitr of aoothing inita>
tion, uid temoilng cntaneona defeota, render it indispensable to ererr toilet.
Gentlemen aftar Bbaving will find it rendera the aUn acrft, amooth, and pleaaant.
Of all ClifliniatB, at 4a« oa, AjoiA cheap ipiuiona imitatiooL Sold bj all daal ^

Why many Persons Permanently Submit

••rtrmny fttftot tf Satwrt

Art nfftn a mMdji."

GREY HAIR

Ratlier tlian attempt to Restore it.

lit. — BeoMun tlie old foshioned and objsotionible Hair Dyes di7 np and apoil the 'Hair,

2iid. — Beo»n>e tbe majority of " Haic BeBtorera " bring Uie nBers into ridionle by pro-

dodng only a aiokly ysUow tint oi dirty greetiiih stain, Instaad of a proper oolonr.

Th« FoUoviDff ToatlmonlBla (oT 1DU17 handndfl reoelTed] declare tbe tbItts of

LATREILLE'S HYPERION HAIR RESTORER

NATIJKAL colonr, glMS, BofI

A» poiJtiTelr reaioriiiir grey or white h

MldlWHltT of jonlllj It BO McteOllT I

remedj, while aa a nouiiaheT Hud atienjrtheiier of weak haii 11 haf no &^a^
PfloaSl. ea., Bent in return for Stamps or Post Office Order, bjtliBpTopriatorB,
I^TSXIKLE ft ao., Walworth, I^ndon, or ma; tw Iiad of Chemist*;
Bat it ia itronglj adyleed that aujtMns^elaB^oBared from Intereeted n

Lutreflle's Hnierlon

KPEOIHXV TESTWOVUXB.

to, Boyol Oeorge^treet, Stockport, 1 HlRh-fllreet, Conham, WOta,

le thronsh tro

Ir Bastorer 1>rouf bt it back to a »p\0n
nlceaBitwaalDiny jDnngdaji. iBD
ID old. HJid aU mj friendB wonder

in. HlctHtreet, Stoorbiidite. Ma; IS, ISK.
Bib,— I and yoni Hyperion Hair Beatoier U a
Inl-claei and leally innnliie article, and la weU
rotth the mone;. Aft« TaiBg It tbrlM.mr balr
leian to tnm tbe naaml eOlottr wTiwwn before it
raa qnlte grer ; It alto kawa Uw hatr tram taUiiut
'B, and 1 iball Hivan ry^T I P*"*"" It to wtfj one 1
now. Yon are at nb^^ to pnUbh ttali IF yon
booae. YaiDatmly,(IInJII.DxTis.

TMnk. Torka, January tt, 18TA.
DKAa Btb,— 1 use yonF HypBrion Hair RoBlorer,

arouT, 1 am. dear Blr, yonre trolyt T. COATae.

PomfaeBMr.nearTarebam, Hants, Oct.lS, IS^.

HyperloBl

In.) 0. &EBIBI

ra retpeotfuily, E, Hinumw

Bt. Helieia, Janer,

Ao^iut 1, 1QI.

^^Toors traiJ.F. HI IiDnsaiH.

i,Flr4treet, Bidanhani,

Jn]Tls,unL
DiAB Bib,— I am moaC happy to tell yon thail

bare reaaon to commend jonr eioeUatit Hnmlai
HiOi Beatorer. as it ha> already tnmad th* mr
hair of a peraon dfty^eTen yeara old to ita naAmni
oolODr. Yoora reapeotfb^

to, Dewibary-Toad, Laala,

DiAB 81B.-I want kalf^bdoaen mom Man oT '
jour Hyperion Hair ReatorBr, loiiia tor rrianda laA
the roTnainder for myBelf ; It la tin beat re a t ot W If
grey balr to Itl natural colour.

Toura truly, JtMm D«M&

iaotmwria olao oroprletor of Ijatrellle'B Ibzoe^aloT IiOtion, -wlitoh la a aapaiMi
■Breparmtian, or muTeisal repato tox 20 i«&t« paat, aa * FrodnOBr ol SmM*.

LUXURIANT AMD SGAUTIPUL MAIR.

"Look OS tU* plnliua.''

LATREILLE'S EXCELSIOR L0T10N"J

(.uwinuid lEuRK (D uluod <« kotiii* *U uf<T lilt iKulJ H (t]i: ontf n*) pnirtno: iit ^

WHISKERS AND.MOUSTAOHIOSid

ATTB CUBSB OF BALDNESS.

[•mill !;>, na. p« ftsMW, Qm Iw^lad or nor (li-ioilit. Uiiwigli B»k]«i, Sanmifi KinitiUA

Tnai Uia |i»iiii>Mni UiuIilu and Con WklvaiUh L'mdiiai on nufnfac Puivajfllus Ontr
or BUiiTOK,

CiAUSipV.^Bu irustul 10 tit ftiT Ijntnaii/* XXiiittlar Lrniiiiii, mui nifnH imytliiv
*lf* ttoiht Diiq DH d11cthA» V ihti feoarmfjuit tDcoMvu otundluir <i¥Hr trwaCLtf r<iBTfc Iiab ^^il ^ nuUiB
nnl»n tmlia^-, irbli.h om rmy dinpHmi- 'l'^" 'HI" -^ ItKOKliglOK ItOnOIT' vil
miutand 'find* Uuk. lo cwr •Ulcb *iU IUwie Brtmlnal iRthMinilbu. i

HAIR DESTROYER.

MRS. JAMES'S DEPIUTOBYj

INSTASTLT ASD PBllMANEMLT

REMOVES SUPERFLUOUS HAIRS

FACE, NECK, OB ARMS. WITHOUT [NJUKY TO THE S£Iir<j
WO LAST 8BOUXJ1 aa VXTHSTTT t*.

To be had t^nost Qamisis, or a box nfit sentiaith direeSeng
for use) free from dbsereatioK, Post free. Jot 15 Stampt,

MRS, A. JAMES,
2269, CALEDONIM ROAD, LONDON, M.,

T»iiti)t» In KiMwui. 11 u pnvMi-ftrt irim rntiwlj n«winnl flUUnoi priuat., uulnrHaBU
tun- c-™njVrti>Tmwl(Wii oil Mlo iu* uluBtik iwuvhtUmuI Om nmndj. Itiain'6i5wni«

Imp. I Pta,, I*. 4d„ i Pts., Sb. flcL. Fti.. la. Sd.. Qt*.. e«.

0/ ilhpmittji lhrmii1ut,-.l tU m>rU,

■ In Bottlan nt 4M.6a. And 11*. Of alI01iaiii[*t«,kn(l Of

|. JimH i mB\im,^lt^tRB street, LONDQN.

►•T o TJ C3- ^,

A SPECIFIC FDR 1 1 E U R A L G I A .

"lanluiblc in IKj^I Kc«iiiJ(rl*."--V«Utnf Prrn aiuin twit', Vtcn.tmi, S<« alM

J*- 'J,- ^ •. *'

■ «„_

'^*'

V • *.

►^ »

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